Umwuka W'Imijyi Ibiri
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Umwuka W'Imijyi Ibiri

Umwami, abayobozi b’idini, n’ibikomangoma bari bategetswe kwicisha bugufi bakemera amahano yakorwaga n’abo baturage babaga bariye karungu. Inyota yo kwihimura yakanguwe cyane no kwicwa k’umwami; maze bidatinze abategetse ko yicwa nabo baramukurikira. Hakurikiyeho kwicisha inkota abantu bose bakekwagaho kutemera Impinduramatwara. Gereza zuzuye abantu ku buryo icyo gihe zari zirimo imfungwa zirenga ibihumbi magana abiri. Imijyi yo muri ubwo bwami yari yuzuwemo ibikorwa by’amahano ateye ubwoba. Ishyaka rimwe ry’abaharanira impinduramatwara ryahanganaga n’irindi maze Ubufaransa buhinduka urubuga rugari rw’abantu benshi bahanganye babaga bahinduwe nk’abasazi n’ibyifuzo byabo bibi. “Mu mujyi wa Paris, imyivumbagatanyo yarasimburanaga, abaturage bari baracitsemo ibice byinshi bitagendereye ikindi uretse kwicana ubwabo bakamarana.” Icyiyongeye kuri ako kaga kari rusange, ni uko igihugu cyose cyibonye mu ntambara yamaze igihe kirekire kandi yasenyaga cyarwanaga n’ibihugu bikomeye byo mu Burayi. “Igihugu cyari hafi yo gusenyuka burundu; abasirikare basabaga ibirarane by’imishahara batahembwe, abaturage bo mu mujyi wa Paris bibasiwe n’inzara ikabije, mu ntara hose hari harabaye umusaka kubera kuyogozwa n’ibisambo, kandi gutera imbere no kujijuka byari hafi gusibangana bigasimburwa n’imivurungano no kwigira ibyigenge. Umwami, abayobozi b’idini, n’ibikomangoma bari bategetswe kwicisha bugufi bakemera amahano yakorwaga n’abo baturage babaga bariye karungu. Inyota yo kwihimura yakanguwe cyane no kwicwa k’umwami; maze bidatinze abategetse ko yicwa nabo baramukurikira. Hakurikiyeho kwicisha inkota abantu bose bakekwagaho kutemera Impinduramatwara. Gereza zuzuye abantu ku buryo icyo gihe zari zirimo imfungwa zirenga ibihumbi magana abiri. Imijyi yo muri ubwo bwami yari yuzuwemo ibikorwa by’amahano ateye ubwoba. Ishyaka rimwe ry’abaharanira impinduramatwara ryahanganaga n’irindi maze Ubufaransa buhinduka urubuga rugari rw’abantu benshi bahanganye babaga bahinduwe nk’abasazi n’ibyifuzo byabo bibi. “Mu mujyi wa Paris, imyivumbagatanyo yarasimburanaga, abaturage bari baracitsemo ibice byinshi bitagendereye ikindi uretse kwicana ubwabo bakamarana.” Icyiyongeye kuri ako kaga kari rusange, ni uko igihugu cyose cyibonye mu ntambara yamaze igihe kirekire kandi yasenyaga cyarwanaga n’ibihugu bikomeye byo mu Burayi. “Igihugu cyari hafi yo gusenyuka burundu; abasirikare basabaga ibirarane by’imishahara batahembwe, abaturage bo mu mujyi wa Paris bibasiwe n’inzara ikabije, mu ntara hose hari harabaye umusaka kubera kuyogozwa n’ibisambo, kandi gutera imbere no kujijuka byari hafi gusibangana bigasimburwa n’imivurungano no kwigira ibyigenge.

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Umwuka W'Imijyi Ibiri gukomoka ahantu hatari hasanzwe hatuwe. Umwanditsi w’ikirangirire yasobanuye umwaduko wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika maze avuga iby’” amayobera y’umwaduko wayo ivuye ahantu hadatuwe,” bityo aravuga ati: “Nk’uko urubuto ruba rwicecekeye ni ko twakuze tuba igihugu cy’igihangange.” 613 Mu mwaka wa 1850, ikinyamakuru cyo mu Burayi cyavuze ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ari ubutegetsi butangaje, ‘bwarushagaho gukomera’ kandi ‘bwongeraga imbaraga zabwo n’ishema ryabwo buri munsi mu gihe isi yose ituje.’ Uwitwa Edward Everett, mu ijambo yavuze ku Bagenzi bashinze iki gihugu, yaravuze ati: “Mbese bashakaga ahantu hitaruye, ahantu hari amahoro kandi hatuje kubwo kuba hitaruye ahandi, ahantu itorero rito ry’i Leyden ryagombaga kwishimira umudendezo wo gukurikiza ijwi ry’umutimana? Nimwitegereze amadini akomeye bashinzeho amabendera y’umusaraba mu kuhigarurira mu buryo bw’amahoro!” 614 “Kandi yari ifite amahembe abiri nk’ay’umwana w’intama.” Amahembe nk’ay’umwana w’intama yerekana ubuto, ubutungane n’ubugwaneza, bigaragaza neza imico ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ubwo yagaragarizwaga umuhanuzi ko “izazamuka mu butaka” mu mwaka wa 1798 N.K. Mu Bakristo b’impunzi bahungiye muri Amerika bwa mbere kandi bashakaga aho bikinga gukandamizwa n’abami no kudacirwa akari urutega n’abapadiri, harimo benshi biyemeje gushinga ubutegetsi ku rufatiro rugari rw’umudendezo mu butegetsi no mu by’idini. Ibitekerezo byabo byagaragarijwe mu Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge, rishyira ahagaragara ukuri gukomeye kuvuga ko “abantu bose baremwe bangana” kandi ririmo uburenganzira ntakuka bwo “kubaho, umudendezo no gushaka icyanezeza umuntu.” Kandi Itegeko-nshinga ryemerera abantu bose uburenganzira bwo kwishyira bakizana, rikavuga ko abahagarariye abandi batowe na rubanda bazashyiraho amategeko kandi bagahagaranira ko yubahirizwa. Hatanzwe kandi umudendezo mu myizerere y’iby’idini, umuntu wese ahabwa uburenganzira bwo gusenga Imana akurikije uko umutimanama we ubimutegeka. Amahame y’ubutegetsi bw’abaturage615 ndetse n’ay’Ubuporotesitanti, yahindutse amahame fatizo y’icyo gihugu. Ayo mahame ni yo banga ry’imbaraga no kugubwa neza by’icyo gihugu. Abari barakandamijwe kandi batotezwaga bo mu bihugu byose bya gikristo bagiye bajya muri iki gihugu babishishikariye kandi bafite ibyiringiro. Abantu miliyoni nyinshi bashakaga uko bagera ku nkengero zayo, bityo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zarakuze zigira umwanya mu bihugu by’ibihangange byo ku isi. Nyamara inyamaswa ifite amahembe nk’ay’umwana w’intama, “yavugaga nk’ikiyoka. Itegekesha ububasha bwose bwa ya nyamaswa ya mbere mu maso yayo, ihata isi n’abayirimo ngo baramye ya nyamaswa ya mbere yakize uruguma rwayishe; . . . ibabwira kurema igishushanyo cya ya nyamaswa yari ikomerekejwe n’inkota ikabaho.” 616 Amahembe nk’ay’umwana w’intama n’ijwi ry’ikiyoka bikoreshwa mu bigereranyo, byerekana ukuvuguruzanya gukomeye kuri hagati y’ibivugwa n’iryo shyanga ndetse n’imikorere yaryo. Ukuvuga kw’igihugu gusobanuye igikorwa n’ububasha bw’amategeko 322

Umwuka W'Imijyi Ibiri yacyo ndetse n’imyanzuro y’ubucamanza bwacyo. Kubw’uko kuvuga rero, icyo gihugu kizavuguruza ayo mahame yo kwishyira ukizana n’amahoro cyari cyaragaragaje ko ari yo rufatiro rw’imitegekere yacyo. Ibyo ubuhanuzi buvuga ngo “izavuga nk’ikiyoka”, kandi ‘igategekesha ububasha bwose bwa ya nyamaswa ya mbere,’ bigaragaza ukwiyongera k’umwuka wo kutihanganirana ndetse no gutoteza waragagajwe n’ubutegetsi byagereranyijwe n’ikiyoka n’inyamaswa isa n’ingwe. Kandi amagambo avuga ngo “inyamaswa y’amahembe abiri ihatira isi n’abayirimo ngo baramye ya nyamaswa ya mbere” yerekana ko ububasha bw’icyo gihugu bugomba gukoreshwa mu guhatira abantu kugira bimwe bubahiriza kandi ibyo bizaba igikorwa cyo guhesha ubupapa icyubahiro. Icyo gikorwa kigomba kuba gihabanye rwose n’amahame y’iki gihugu, gihabanye n’umudendezo, Itangazwa ry’ubwigenge ndetse n’Itegeko nshinga. Mu buryo bwuzuye ubwenge, abashinze iki gihugu bashakaga kwirinda gukoresha ubutegetsi bw’iby’isi ku rugande rw’itorero, ndetse banirinda ingaruka zabyo zitabura kubaho ari zo kutihanganirana n’itoteza. Itegeko-nshinga rivuga ko “Inama Nkuru y’igihugu itazigera ishyiraho itegeko ryerekeye ishingwa ry’idini cyangwa ribuzanya umudendezo wo kuyoboka idini.” Rivuga kandi ko ‘nta genzura mu by’idini rizigera risabwa ngo ribe icyangombwa gisabwa kigomba kuzuzwa ngo umuntu ahabwe umwanya mu butegetsi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.” Ubutegetsi bwa Leta bushobora guhatira abantu kubahiriza iby’idini ibyo ari byo byose, igihe gusa habayeho kurenga kuri ayo mabwiriza arengera umudendezo w’igihugu. Ariko uguhuzagurika mu gikorwa nk’icyo biri nk’uko bigaragazwa mu gishushanyo cyakoreshejwe. Inyamaswa ifite amahembe nk’ay’umwana w’intama (yigamba ubutungane, kugwa neza no kuba inyamahoro) ni yo ivuga nk’ikiyoka. “Ibabwira kurema igishushanyo cya ya nyamaswa.” Aha hagaragazwa neza ubutegetsi aho abaturage bafite ububasha mu gushyiraho amategeko, ibyo bikaba ari igihamya kidashidikanywaho cy’uko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ari cyo gihugu cyavuzwe mu buhanuzi. Ariko se “igishushanyo cy’inyamaswa” ni iki? kandi kiremwa gite? Iyo shusho n’inyamaswa iremwa na ya nyamaswa y’amahembe abiri, kandi ikaba isa na yo. Na none kandi yitwa igishushanyo cyayo. Bityo rero kugira ngo tumenye uko icyo gishushanyo kimeze ndetse n’uko cyakozwe, tugomba kubanza kwiga ibiranga inyamaswa ubwayo - Ubupapa. Igihe itorero rya mbere ryatakazaga ubutungane bwaryo kubwo gutandukira rikareka ukwiyoroshya kwigishwa n’ubutumwa bwiza ndetse no kwemera imigenzo n’imihango ya gipagani, ryatakaje Mwuka Muziranenge n’imbaraga y’Imana; maze kugira ngo ribashe kugenzura intekerezo z’abantu, ryashatse gushyigikirwa n’ubutegetsi bwa Leta. Ingaruka yabaye kubaho k’ubupapa, ari ryo torero ryagenzuraga ubutegetsi bw’igihugu kandi rikabukoresha mu gushaka kugera ku migambi yaryo ariko by’umwihariko mu guhana abahakanaga ububasha n’amategeko byaryo. Kugira ngo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zireme igishushanyo cy’inyamaswa, ubutegetsi mu by’idini bugomba kugenga ubwa Leta 323

<strong>Umwuka</strong> <strong>W'Imijyi</strong> <strong>Ibiri</strong><br />

yacyo ndetse n’imyanzuro y’ubucamanza bwacyo. Kubw’uko kuvuga rero, icyo gihugu<br />

kizavuguruza ayo mahame yo kwishyira ukizana n’amahoro cyari cyaragaragaje ko ari yo<br />

rufatiro rw’imitegekere yacyo. Ibyo ubuhanuzi buvuga ngo “izavuga nk’ikiyoka”, kandi<br />

‘igategekesha ububasha bwose bwa ya nyamaswa ya mbere,’ bigaragaza ukwiyongera<br />

k’umwuka wo kutihanganirana ndetse no gutoteza waragagajwe n’ubutegetsi<br />

byagereranyijwe n’ikiyoka n’inyamaswa isa n’ingwe. Kandi amagambo avuga ngo<br />

“inyamaswa y’amahembe abiri ihatira isi n’abayirimo ngo baramye ya nyamaswa ya mbere”<br />

yerekana ko ububasha bw’icyo gihugu bugomba gukoreshwa mu guhatira abantu kugira<br />

bimwe bubahiriza kandi ibyo bizaba igikorwa cyo guhesha ubupapa icyubahiro.<br />

Icyo gikorwa kigomba kuba gihabanye rwose n’amahame y’iki gihugu, gihabanye<br />

n’umudendezo, Itangazwa ry’ubwigenge ndetse n’Itegeko nshinga. Mu buryo bwuzuye<br />

ubwenge, abashinze iki gihugu bashakaga kwirinda gukoresha ubutegetsi bw’iby’isi ku<br />

rugande rw’itorero, ndetse banirinda ingaruka zabyo zitabura kubaho ari zo kutihanganirana<br />

n’itoteza. Itegeko-nshinga rivuga ko “Inama Nkuru y’igihugu itazigera ishyiraho itegeko<br />

ryerekeye ishingwa ry’idini cyangwa ribuzanya umudendezo wo kuyoboka idini.” Rivuga<br />

kandi ko ‘nta genzura mu by’idini rizigera risabwa ngo ribe icyangombwa gisabwa kigomba<br />

kuzuzwa ngo umuntu ahabwe umwanya mu butegetsi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.”<br />

Ubutegetsi bwa Leta bushobora guhatira abantu kubahiriza iby’idini ibyo ari byo byose, igihe<br />

gusa habayeho kurenga kuri ayo mabwiriza arengera umudendezo w’igihugu. Ariko<br />

uguhuzagurika mu gikorwa nk’icyo biri nk’uko bigaragazwa mu gishushanyo cyakoreshejwe.<br />

Inyamaswa ifite amahembe nk’ay’umwana w’intama (yigamba ubutungane, kugwa neza no<br />

kuba inyamahoro) ni yo ivuga nk’ikiyoka.<br />

“Ibabwira kurema igishushanyo cya ya nyamaswa.” Aha hagaragazwa neza ubutegetsi aho<br />

abaturage bafite ububasha mu gushyiraho amategeko, ibyo bikaba ari igihamya<br />

kidashidikanywaho cy’uko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ari cyo gihugu cyavuzwe mu<br />

buhanuzi.<br />

Ariko se “igishushanyo cy’inyamaswa” ni iki? kandi kiremwa gite? Iyo shusho<br />

n’inyamaswa iremwa na ya nyamaswa y’amahembe abiri, kandi ikaba isa na yo. Na none<br />

kandi yitwa igishushanyo cyayo. Bityo rero kugira ngo tumenye uko icyo gishushanyo kimeze<br />

ndetse n’uko cyakozwe, tugomba kubanza kwiga ibiranga inyamaswa ubwayo - Ubupapa.<br />

Igihe itorero rya mbere ryatakazaga ubutungane bwaryo kubwo gutandukira rikareka<br />

ukwiyoroshya kwigishwa n’ubutumwa bwiza ndetse no kwemera imigenzo n’imihango ya<br />

gipagani, ryatakaje Mwuka Muziranenge n’imbaraga y’Imana; maze kugira ngo ribashe<br />

kugenzura intekerezo z’abantu, ryashatse gushyigikirwa n’ubutegetsi bwa Leta. Ingaruka<br />

yabaye kubaho k’ubupapa, ari ryo torero ryagenzuraga ubutegetsi bw’igihugu kandi<br />

rikabukoresha mu gushaka kugera ku migambi yaryo ariko by’umwihariko mu guhana<br />

abahakanaga ububasha n’amategeko byaryo. Kugira ngo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika<br />

zireme igishushanyo cy’inyamaswa, ubutegetsi mu by’idini bugomba kugenga ubwa Leta<br />

323

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