Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba
Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya... Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya...
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba gutegeka umutimanama wabo. Ni ihame umuntu wese avukana adashobora gukurwamo n’ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose.” 347 Ubwo inkuru yasakaraga mu bihugu by’i Burayi ko hari ahantu umuntu wese yishimira imbuto z’umurimo we kandi agakurikiza ibyo umutimanama we umwemeza nta nkomyi, abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bafashe urugendo berekeza ku nkombe za Amerika (Isi Nshya). Ibihugu by’ubukoloni byiyongereye vuba vuba. “Leta ya Massachusets, mu itegeko ryayo ridasanzwe, yemeje ko izajya yakira kandi igafasha Abakristo bose bayizamo ikoresheje umutungo wayo kandi itarobanuye igihugu bakomokamo, igihe cyose bazaba bahunga inzara, intambara cyangwa gutotezwa bakambukiranya inyanja ya Atlantika. Uko ni ko hakurikijwe itegeko, abahungagaga bose n’abari barakandamijwe bagiye bafatwa nk’abashyitsi muri icyo gihugu.” 348 “Mu myaka makumyabiri nyuma yuko abantu ba mbere bageze i Plymouth, Abagenzi ibihumbi byinshi bari bamaze gutura ahiswe Ubwongereza Bushya . Kugira ngo bagere ku cyo bifuzaga, “bashimishwaga no kunguka duke baheshwaga n’imibereho yo kudapfusha ubusa ndetse no gukora cyane. Nta kindi bitegaga kubona mu butaka uretse umusaruro nyakuri uva ku mihati yabo. Ntacyo bemereraga kubashukashuka cyabashaga kuba hafi y’inzira biyemeje kunyuramo . . . Bashimishwaga n’amajyambere agerwaho buhoro buhoro ariko mu buryo buhamye mu mibanire yabo. Bihanganiraga ubuzima bubagoye bwo mu butayu, bakavomerera igiti cy’umudendezo barira kandi babira icyuya kugeza igihe cyashingiye umuzi kigahama muri icyo gihugu.” Bafataga ko Bibiliya yose ari yo shingiro ryo kwizera, isoko y’ubwenge, n’ishingiro ry’umudendezo. Amahame ya Bibiliya yitabwaho akigishwa mu ngo, mu mashuri no mu nsengero kandi yeraga amatunda y’ubushobozi, ubwenge, ubutungane no kwirinda. Washoboraga kuba aho abo bantu b’abanyadini bari batuye ukahamara imyaka myinshi ariko “ntiwigere ubona umuntu wasinze, cyangwa ngo wumve urahira ibinyoma, cyangwa ngo ubone usabiriza.” 349 Byari byaragaragaye ko amahame ya Bibiliya ari yo arinda ubusugire bw’igihugu by’ukuri akagihesha gukomera. Twa turere tw’ubukoloni twari dufite intege nke kandi tutegeranye twaje gukura dukora ishyirahamwe rya za Leta zikomeye, maze abatuye isi batangazwa no kubona amahoro no kugubwa neza by’“itorero ritayobowe na Papa ndetse na Leta idategekwa n’umwami.” Ariko umubare w’abambukaga berekeje ku nkengero za Amerika wakomezaga kwiyongera, nyamara babaga babitewe n’impamvu itandukanye cyane n’iy’abababanjirije. Nubwo kwizera n’ubutungane byarangaga aba mbere byagiraga imbaraga yiganza kandi ihindura, ubushobozi bwabyo bwagiye bugabanyuka bitewe n’uko umubare w’abashakaga inyungu z’iby’isi gusa wiyongeraga. Itegeko ryari ryarashyizweho n’abigaruriye utwo turere bwa mbere ryaheshaga abanyadini gusa uburenganzira bwo gutora cyangwa kubona umurimo mu butegetsi bwa Leta, ryaje guteza ingaruka mbi cyane. Icyo cyemezo cyari cyarafashwe ari uburyo bwo kubungabunga ubutungane bwa Leta, ariko cyaje kubyara gusaya mu bibi kw’itorero. Kubera ko kugaragaza 214
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba ko hari idini ubarizwamo ari byo byashingirwagaho kugira ngo ushobore gutora kandi ubone umwanya mu butegetsi, byatumye abantu benshi babaga bakuruwe n’impamvu za politiki y’isi gusa bifatanya n’itorero nyamara batigeze bahinduka mu mitima. Uko ni ko ku rwego ruhambaye amatorero yaje kuzurwa n’abantu batihanye by’ukuri, ndetse no mu bavugabutumwa ntiharimo abemera inyigisho z’ibinyoma gusa, ahubwo ntibari banazi imbaraga ya Mwuka Muziranenge ihindura umuntu akaba mushya. Bityo hongeye kugaragara ingaruka mbi, nk’izagiye zigaragara kenshi mu mateka y’itorero uhereye mu gihe cya Konsitantine kugeza igihe cya none. Izo ngaruka zabaye izo kugerageza kubaka itorero hakoreshejwe ubufasha bwa Leta ndetse no kwiyambaza imbaraga z’ab’isi mu gushyigikira ubutumwa bwiza bw’uwavuze ati: “Ubwami bwanjye si ubw’iyi si.” 350 Ukwifatanya kw’itorero na Leta, uko kwaba kuri ku rwego ruto cyane kose, nubwo kubasha kugaragara ko kwatuma ab’isi begera itorero, mu by’ukuri icyo gukora ni ugutuma itorero ari ryo ryegera isi. Ihame ry’ingenzi Robinson na Roger Williams bari bashyigikiye cyane, ryavugaga ko ukuri guhora gutera imbere kandi ko Abakristo bakwiriye guhora biteguye kwemera umucyo wose ubasha kurasa uva mu ijambo ryera ry’Imana, ababakomotseho baje kuriteshukaho. Amatorero y’Abaporotesitanti muri Amerika n’ayo mu Burayi, nubwo yari yarahiriwe cyane kubwo kwakira imigisha yakomotse ku Bugorozi, yaje kunanirwa gukomeza gukurikira inzira y’ubugorozi. Nubwo uko ibihe byahaga ibindi abantu b’indakemwa bahagurukaga bakamamaza ukuri gushya kandi bakagaragaza amakosa yabaga yarabaye akarande, nk’uko byagendekeye Abayuda mu gihe cya Kristo cyangwa abayoboke ba Papa mu gihe cya Luteri, umubare munini w’abantu wishimiraga kwemera ibyo ba sekuruza babo bemeraga no kubaho nk’uko babagaho. Bityo, idini ryongeye gusubira mu mihango gusa, bituma ryizirika kandi rikundwakaza amakosa n’imigenzo y’ibinyoma, byagombaga kuba byararetswe iyo rikomeza kugendera mu mucyo w’ijambo ry’Imana. Uko ni ko umwuka watangijwe n’Ubugorozi wagiye ukendera buhoro buhoro kugeza ubwo habayeho ubukene bukomeye cyane bw’ivugurura mu matorero ya Giporotesitanti nk’uko byari bimeze mu Itorero ry’i Roma mu bihe bya Luteri. Nk’uko byari biri mu gihe cya mbere, icyo gihe hariho gukunda iby’isi no gusinzira mu by’umwuka, hariho kandi guha agaciro ibitekerezo by’abantu no gusimbuza inyigisho z’ijambo ry’Imana amahame y’abantu. Ikwirakwizwa rikomeye rya Bibiliya mu itangira ry’ikinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda, ndetse n’umucyo utangaje wamurikishirijwe abatuye isi yose muri ubwo buryo, ntibyakurikiwe n’amajyambere yo kumenya ukuri kwahishuwe, cyangwa iyobokamana rigaragarira mu bikorwa. Nk’uko byari byaragenze mu bihe byabanje, Satani ntiyari agishoboye gukura ijambo ry’Imana mu bantu; ryari rifitwe na bose; ariko kugira ngo agere ku mugambi we, yateye benshi kuriha agaciro gake. Abantu bakerensaga kwiga Ibyanditswe, maze kubw’ibyo bakomeza kwemera ubusobanuro butari bwo ndetse no gukomera ku mahame adafite ishingiro muri Bibiliya. 215
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<strong>Itorero</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Leta</strong> <strong>ku</strong> <strong>Rugamba</strong><br />
gutegeka umutima<strong>na</strong>ma wabo. Ni ihame umuntu wese avuka<strong>na</strong> adashobora gu<strong>ku</strong>rwamo<br />
n’ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose.” 347<br />
Ubwo in<strong>ku</strong>ru yasakaraga mu bihugu by’i Burayi ko hari ahantu umuntu wese yishimira<br />
imbuto z’umurimo we kandi aga<strong>ku</strong>rikiza ibyo umutima<strong>na</strong>ma we umwemeza nta nkomyi,<br />
abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bafashe urugendo berekeza <strong>ku</strong> nkombe za Amerika (Isi Nshya).<br />
Ibihugu by’ubukoloni byiyongereye vuba vuba. “<strong>Leta</strong> ya Massachusets, mu itegeko ryayo<br />
ridasanzwe, yemeje ko izajya yakira kandi igafasha Abakristo bose bayizamo ikoresheje<br />
umutungo wayo kandi itarobanuye igihugu bakomokamo, igihe cyose bazaba bahunga inzara,<br />
intambara cyangwa gutotezwa bakambukiranya inyanja ya Atlantika. Uko ni ko ha<strong>ku</strong>rikijwe<br />
itegeko, abahungagaga bose n’abari barakandamijwe bagiye bafatwa nk’abashyitsi muri icyo<br />
gihugu.” 348 “Mu myaka ma<strong>ku</strong>myabiri nyuma yuko abantu ba mbere bageze i Plymouth,<br />
Abagenzi ibihumbi byinshi bari bamaze gutura ahiswe Ubwongereza Bushya .<br />
Kugira ngo bagere <strong>ku</strong> cyo bifuzaga, “bashimishwaga no <strong>ku</strong>nguka duke baheshwaga<br />
n’imibereho yo <strong>ku</strong>dapfusha ubusa ndetse no gukora cyane. Nta kindi bitegaga <strong>ku</strong>bo<strong>na</strong> mu<br />
butaka uretse umusaruro nya<strong>ku</strong>ri uva <strong>ku</strong> mihati yabo. Ntacyo bemereraga <strong>ku</strong>bashukashuka<br />
cyabashaga <strong>ku</strong>ba hafi y’inzira biyemeje <strong>ku</strong>nyuramo . . . Bashimishwaga n’amajyambere<br />
agerwaho buhoro buhoro ariko mu buryo buhamye mu mibanire yabo. Bihanganiraga<br />
ubuzima bubagoye bwo mu butayu, bakavomerera igiti cy’umudendezo barira kandi babira<br />
icyuya <strong>ku</strong>geza igihe cyashingiye umuzi kigahama muri icyo gihugu.”<br />
Bafataga ko Bibiliya yose ari yo shingiro ryo kwizera, isoko y’ubwenge, n’ishingiro<br />
ry’umudendezo. Amahame ya Bibiliya yitabwaho akigishwa mu ngo, mu mashuri no mu<br />
nsengero kandi yeraga amatunda y’ubushobozi, ubwenge, ubutungane no kwirinda.<br />
Washoboraga <strong>ku</strong>ba aho abo bantu b’abanyadini bari batuye ukahamara imyaka myinshi ariko<br />
“ntiwigere ubo<strong>na</strong> umuntu wasinze, cyangwa ngo wumve urahira ibinyoma, cyangwa ngo<br />
ubone usabiriza.” 349 Byari byaragaragaye ko amahame ya Bibiliya ari yo arinda ubusugire<br />
bw’igihugu by’u<strong>ku</strong>ri akagihesha gukomera. Twa turere tw’ubukoloni twari dufite intege nke<br />
kandi tutegeranye twaje gu<strong>ku</strong>ra dukora ishyirahamwe rya za <strong>Leta</strong> zikomeye, maze abatuye isi<br />
batangazwa no <strong>ku</strong>bo<strong>na</strong> amahoro no <strong>ku</strong>gubwa neza by’“itorero ritayobowe <strong>na</strong> Papa ndetse <strong>na</strong><br />
<strong>Leta</strong> idategekwa n’umwami.”<br />
Ariko umubare w’abambukaga berekeje <strong>ku</strong> nkengero za Amerika wakomezaga<br />
kwiyongera, nyamara babaga babitewe n’impamvu itandukanye cyane n’iy’abababanjirije.<br />
Nubwo kwizera n’ubutungane byarangaga aba mbere byagiraga imbaraga yiganza kandi<br />
ihindura, ubushobozi bwabyo bwagiye bugabanyuka bitewe n’uko umubare w’abashakaga<br />
inyungu z’iby’isi gusa wiyongeraga.<br />
Itegeko ryari ryarashyizweho n’abigaruriye utwo turere bwa mbere ryaheshaga abanyadini<br />
gusa uburenganzira bwo gutora cyangwa <strong>ku</strong>bo<strong>na</strong> umurimo mu butegetsi bwa <strong>Leta</strong>, ryaje<br />
guteza ingaruka mbi cyane. Icyo cyemezo cyari cyarafashwe ari uburyo bwo <strong>ku</strong>bungabunga<br />
ubutungane bwa <strong>Leta</strong>, ariko cyaje <strong>ku</strong>byara gusaya mu bibi kw’itorero. Kubera ko <strong>ku</strong>garagaza<br />
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