Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba
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Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba

Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya... Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya...

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Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba bari bamaze igihe kirekire bubaha ikinyoma cyasigirijwe, maze ukuri n’ikinyoma babyangira icyarimwe. Kubera kwitiranya uburenganzira n’umudendezo, abantu bari barabaye imbata z’ingeso mbi bishimiye cyane umudendezo bibwiraga ko bafite. Mu itangira ry’Impinduramatwara, kubw’uburenganzira bahawe n’umwami, abaturage bahawe amahirwe yo kugira ababahagararira mu Nteko y’igihugu baruta ubwinshi umubare w’abakomeye ndetse n’abayobozi b’idini bose hamwe. Kubw’ibyo, uruhare runini rw’ububasha rwari mu maboko yabo nyamara ntabwo bari biteguye kubukoresha mu buryo bw’ubwenge n’ubushishozi. Bari bashishikariye cyane gukosora ibibi byari byarabababaje maze biyemeza gutangira kongera kubaka umuryango mugari w’Abafaransa. Rubanda rwari rwarasuzuguwe kandi intekerezo zabo zuzuyemo ibitekerezo bibabaje kandi bibamazemo igihe kirekire by’ibibi bagiriwe, biyemeje kwiganzura ubutindi bari batagishoboye kwihanganira ndetse biyemeza no kwihorera ku bo bafataga ko ari bo ntandaro y’imibabaro bari barimo. Abari barakandamijwe bashyize mu bikorwa inyigisho bari barize igihe bategekeshwaga igitugu maze nabo bihimura ku bari barabakandamije. Ubufaransa bwasaruye amaraso mu mbuto bwari bwarabibye. Kumvira ubutegetsi bw’i Roma kwabubyariye ingaruka zibabaje cyane. Mu itangira ry’Ubugorozi, ahantu Ubufaransa bwari bwarashinze imambo zo gutwikiraho abantu bukoreshejwe n’ubupapa, ni ho Impinduramatwara yashinze icyuma cya mbere cyakoreshwaga mu guca abantu imitwe. Ahantu abazize kwizera kwabo ba mbere b’Abaporotesitanti batwikiwe mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu ni naho abantu ba mbere baciriwe imitwe mu kinyejana cya cumi n’umunani. Mu kwanga ubutumwa bwiza buba bwarazaniye Ubufaransa umuti w’ikibazo, Ubufaransa bwakinguriye amarembo guhakana Imana no kurimbuka. Ubwo ibyo amategeko y’Imana abuza abantu byari bikuweho, byagaragaye ko amategeko yashyizweho n’abantu adashoboye gukoma mu nkokora ibyifuzo bibi bya muntu; maze igihugu kigwa mu kaga k’imyivumbagatanyo no kwigira ibyigenge. Urugamba rwo kurwanya Bibiliya rwatangije igihe cyiswe “Ingoma y’Iterabwoba”mu mateka y’isi . Amahoro n’umunezero byari bitakirangwa mu mitima y’abantu no mungo zabo. Nta muntu n’umwe wari ufite umutekano. Umuntu wabaga afite insinzi uyu munsi, ejo yarakekwaga maze agacirwa urwo gupfa. Ubugizi bwa nabi no gutwarwa n’irari byari gikwira. Umwami, abayobozi b’idini, n’ibikomangoma bari bategetswe kwicisha bugufi bakemera amahano yakorwaga n’abo baturage babaga bariye karungu. Inyota yo kwihimura yakanguwe cyane no kwicwa k’umwami; maze bidatinze abategetse ko yicwa nabo baramukurikira. Hakurikiyeho kwicisha inkota abantu bose bakekwagaho kutemera Impinduramatwara. Gereza zuzuye abantu ku buryo icyo gihe zari zirimo imfungwa zirenga ibihumbi magana abiri. Imijyi yo muri ubwo bwami yari yuzuwemo ibikorwa by’amahano ateye ubwoba. Ishyaka rimwe ry’abaharanira impinduramatwara ryahanganaga n’irindi maze Ubufaransa buhinduka urubuga rugari rw’abantu benshi bahanganye babaga bahinduwe nk’abasazi n’ibyifuzo byabo bibi. “Mu mujyi wa Paris, imyivumbagatanyo yarasimburanaga, abaturage bari baracitsemo ibice byinshi bitagendereye ikindi uretse kwicana ubwabo bakamarana.” 204

Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba Icyiyongeye kuri ako kaga kari rusange, ni uko igihugu cyose cyibonye mu ntambara yamaze igihe kirekire kandi yasenyaga cyarwanaga n’ibihugu bikomeye byo mu Burayi. “Igihugu cyari hafi yo gusenyuka burundu; abasirikare basabaga ibirarane by’imishahara batahembwe, abaturage bo mu mujyi wa Paris bibasiwe n’inzara ikabije, mu ntara hose hari harabaye umusaka kubera kuyogozwa n’ibisambo, kandi gutera imbere no kujijuka byari hafi gusibangana bigasimburwa n’imivurungano no kwigira ibyigenge. Abaturage bari barize amasomo yo kugira nabi no kwica urubozo Roma yigishije. Amaherezo, igihe cyo gusarura ibyo babibye cyararageze. Ubu noneho ntabwo ari abigishwa ba Yesu bashyirwaga muri za kasho kandi ngo bajyanwe kwicwa. Hari hashize igihe kirekire abo bigishwa ba Yesu barabamariye ku icumu naho abandi barahunze. Noneho Roma itaragiraga imbabazi yumvise imbaraga zirimbura z’abo yari yaratoje kwishimira gukora ibikorwa byo kuvusha amaraso. “Urugero rubi rwo gutoteza abayobozi b’idini bo mu Bufaransa batanze mu myaka myinshi, noneho rwabagarukiye rufite imbaraga zikomeye. Aho biciraga abantu hatembaga imivu y’amaraso y’abapadiri. Amato na za gereza byari byarigeze kuzuramo Abahugeno (Huguenots), noneho byari byuzuyemo ababatotezaga. Abayobozi b’itorero Gatolika ry’i Roma babohewe ku ntebe zo mu mato, bakagashya mu buryo bubaruhije maze nabo bagerwaho n’akaga itorero ryabo ryari ryaranyujijemo abantu bari abagwaneza ryitaga abahakanyi.” “Noneho haje kubaho igihe ubwo abari inkozi z’ibibi kurusha abandi mu nkiko zose ari bo bashyiraga mu bikorwa amategeko yuzuye ubugome bw’indengakamere. Icyo gihe nta muntu washoboraga gusuhuza mugenzi we cyangwa ngo ashobore gusenga ngo bibure kumubera icyaha kimwicisha. Ingenza zabaga zihishe ahantu hose; buri gitondo inkerezo zakoreshwaga baca abantu imitwe zakoraga ubudahwema. Za kasho zabaga zuzuye imfungwa nk’uko ibyumba by’ubwato bwatwaraga inkoreragahato byabaga bimeze; icyo gihe imiyoboro yatembaga imivu y’amaraso iyohereza mu ruzi rwitwa Seine. . . .Muri icyo gihe ibimodoka bitunda abantu bagiye kwicwa byanyuraga buri munsi mu duhanda tw’i Paris bibajyanye aho bari bwicirwe. Abayobozi batandukanye bari baroherejwe n’inama y’ibwami ngo bajye gukora mu nzego zitandukanye, bishimiraga kwishora mu bwicanyi bukomeye budakekwa kugeza no mu murwa mukuru. Cya cyuma cyakoreshwaga baca abantu imitwe cyarazamukaga kikamanuka buboro buhoro maze kikarangiza umurimo bagikoreshaga. Imirongo miremire y’ababaga bagiye kwicwa yanyuzwagamo urusasu bakarambarara hasi. Amato yuzuwemo abajya kwicwa yatoborwagamo imyobo hasi. Umujyi wa Lyons wahindutse ubutayu. Mu karere ka Arras, imfungwa zasabaga kwicwa urupfu rubi ariko rwihuse nyamara ntibabyemererwe. Ahazengurutse Loire hose uhereye i Saumur ukageza ku nyanja, ibisiga byose n’inkongoro byahazwaga no kurya imirambo yanamye ku gasozi nta kenda kayikingirije, ihambiranije. Nta mpuhwe zishingiye ku gitsina cyangwa ku myaka y’ubukuru zabagaho. Umubare w’abana b’abahungu n’abakobwa b’imyaka cumi n’irindwi bishwe n’ubwo butegetsi bubi ubarirwa mu magana menshi. Impinja zikuwe ku mabere ya ba 205

<strong>Itorero</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Leta</strong> <strong>ku</strong> <strong>Rugamba</strong><br />

Icyiyongeye <strong>ku</strong>ri ako kaga kari rusange, ni uko igihugu cyose cyibonye mu ntambara yamaze<br />

igihe kirekire kandi yasenyaga cyarwa<strong>na</strong>ga n’ibihugu bikomeye byo mu Burayi. “Igihugu<br />

cyari hafi yo gusenyuka burundu; abasirikare basabaga ibirarane by’imishahara batahembwe,<br />

abaturage bo mu mujyi wa Paris bibasiwe n’inzara ikabije, mu ntara hose hari harabaye<br />

umusaka <strong>ku</strong>bera <strong>ku</strong>yogozwa n’ibisambo, kandi gutera imbere no <strong>ku</strong>jijuka byari hafi<br />

gusibanga<strong>na</strong> bigasimburwa n’imivurungano no kwigira ibyigenge.<br />

Abaturage bari barize amasomo yo <strong>ku</strong>gira <strong>na</strong>bi no kwica urubozo Roma yigishije.<br />

Amaherezo, igihe cyo gusarura ibyo babibye cyararageze. Ubu noneho ntabwo ari abigishwa<br />

ba Yesu bashyirwaga muri za kasho kandi ngo bajyanwe kwicwa. Hari hashize igihe kirekire<br />

abo bigishwa ba Yesu barabamariye <strong>ku</strong> icumu <strong>na</strong>ho abandi barahunze. Noneho Roma<br />

itaragiraga imbabazi yumvise imbaraga zirimbura z’abo yari yaratoje kwishimira gukora<br />

ibikorwa byo <strong>ku</strong>vusha amaraso. “Urugero rubi rwo gutoteza abayobozi b’idini bo mu<br />

Bufaransa batanze mu myaka myinshi, noneho rwabagarukiye rufite imbaraga zikomeye. Aho<br />

biciraga abantu hatembaga imivu y’amaraso y’abapadiri. Amato <strong>na</strong> za gereza byari byarigeze<br />

<strong>ku</strong>zuramo Abahugeno (Huguenots), noneho byari byuzuyemo ababatotezaga. Abayobozi<br />

b’itorero Gatolika ry’i Roma babohewe <strong>ku</strong> ntebe zo mu mato, bakagashya mu buryo<br />

bubaruhije maze <strong>na</strong>bo bagerwaho n’akaga itorero ryabo ryari ryaranyujijemo abantu bari<br />

abagwaneza ryitaga abahakanyi.”<br />

“Noneho haje <strong>ku</strong>baho igihe ubwo abari inkozi z’ibibi <strong>ku</strong>rusha abandi mu nkiko zose ari<br />

bo bashyiraga mu bikorwa amategeko yuzuye ubugome bw’indengakamere. Icyo gihe nta<br />

muntu washoboraga gusuhuza mugenzi we cyangwa ngo ashobore gusenga ngo bibure<br />

<strong>ku</strong>mubera icyaha kimwicisha. Ingenza zabaga zihishe ahantu hose; buri gitondo inkerezo<br />

zakoreshwaga baca abantu imitwe zakoraga ubudahwema. Za kasho zabaga zuzuye imfungwa<br />

nk’uko ibyumba by’ubwato bwatwaraga inkoreragahato byabaga bimeze; icyo gihe<br />

imiyoboro yatembaga imivu y’amaraso iyohereza mu ruzi rwitwa Seine. . . .Muri icyo gihe<br />

ibimodoka bitunda abantu bagiye kwicwa byanyuraga buri munsi mu duhanda tw’i Paris<br />

bibajyanye aho bari bwicirwe. Abayobozi batandukanye bari baroherejwe n’i<strong>na</strong>ma y’ibwami<br />

ngo bajye gukora mu nzego zitandukanye, bishimiraga kwishora mu bwicanyi bukomeye<br />

budakekwa <strong>ku</strong>geza no mu murwa mu<strong>ku</strong>ru. Cya cyuma cyakoreshwaga baca abantu imitwe<br />

cyarazamukaga kikamanuka buboro buhoro maze kikarangiza umurimo bagikoreshaga.<br />

Imirongo miremire y’ababaga bagiye kwicwa yanyuzwagamo urusasu bakarambarara hasi.<br />

Amato yuzuwemo abajya kwicwa yatoborwagamo imyobo hasi. Umujyi wa Lyons<br />

wahindutse ubutayu. Mu karere ka Arras, imfungwa zasabaga kwicwa urupfu rubi ariko<br />

rwihuse nyamara ntibabyemererwe. Ahazengurutse Loire hose uhereye i Saumur ukageza <strong>ku</strong><br />

nyanja, ibisiga byose n’inkongoro byahazwaga no <strong>ku</strong>rya imirambo ya<strong>na</strong>mye <strong>ku</strong> gasozi nta<br />

kenda kayikingirije, ihambiranije. Nta mpuhwe zishingiye <strong>ku</strong> gitsi<strong>na</strong> cyangwa <strong>ku</strong> myaka<br />

y’ubu<strong>ku</strong>ru zabagaho. Umubare w’aba<strong>na</strong> b’abahungu n’abakobwa b’imyaka cumi n’irindwi<br />

bishwe n’ubwo butegetsi bubi ubarirwa mu maga<strong>na</strong> menshi. Impinja zi<strong>ku</strong>we <strong>ku</strong> mabere ya ba<br />

205

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