Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba
Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya... Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya...
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba Umujyi wa Paris wahindutse icumbi ry’abatindi nyakujya, ndetse bivugwa ko ubwo Impinduramatwara yatangiraga, abakene ibihumbi magana abiri bahoraga bateze amaboko basabiriza ngo umwami agire icyo yabaha. Muri icyo gihe igihugu cyari mu kaga gakomeye, Abayezuwiti bonyine ni bo bari baguwe neza; bategekanaga igitugu amatorero, amashuri, za gereza ndetse n’amato.” Ubutumwa bwiza bwajyaga kuzanira Ubufaransa igisubizo kuri ibyo bibazo mu mibanire y’abantu n’abandi n’ibya politiki byari bibujije amahwemo abayobozi b’idini, umwami n’abashinga amategeko ndetse bigashora igihugu mu mivurungano no gusenyuka. Ariko mu gihe Roma ari yo yagengaga igihugu, abantu bari baribagiwe inyigisho nziza z’Umukiza zo kwitanga n’urukundo rutikanyiza. Bari barageze aho batacyiyanga ngo bagirire abandi neza. Ntabwo abakire bari barigeze bacyahirwa ugukandamiza abakene bakoraga kandi abakene ntibagiraga uwabafasha muri uko gukandamizwa no guteshwa agaciro. Kwikunda kw’abakire n’abafite ubushobozi kwarushagaho kwiyongera kandi ibyo bigakandamiza rubanda. Mu myaka amagana menshi, umururumba no gusayisha mu bibi by’abakomeye byagiye bibyara ukunyunyuza imitsi ya rubanda rwa giseseka. Abakire bahemukiraga abakene maze abakene bakanga abakire. Mu ntara nyinshi, amazu yari ay’abakomeye gusa, naho abandi baturage bakoresha amaboko bo mu nzego zitandukanye bakajya bayakodesha. Bene amazu bafataga abo baturage uko bashatse kandi bakabategeka kumvira ibyo babasabaga byose bikomeye. Umutwaro wo gutanga ibyabeshaho itorero na Leta wari ku mutwe w’amatsinda ya rubanda rugufi ndetse n’uruciriritse yakwaga imisoro n’abategetsi ba Leta ndetse n’abayobozi b’idini. “Kumererwa neza kw’abakomeye byari nk’itegeko ridakuka; naho rubanda rugufi n’abahinzi n’aborozi bashoboraga kwicwa n’inzara kandi abayibateje ntibabyiteho. Mu byo yakoraga byose, umuturage yari ategetswe gushyira imbere inyungu z’uwo abereye mu nzu. Imibereho y’abahinzi yari imibereho yo gukora ubudahwema kandi bagahorana ubukene budashira. Iyo batinyukaga kwivovota, bafatwaga nabi cyane. Inkiko z’ubutabera iteka zumvaga umukire gusa, umukene nta jambo yagiraga; abacamanza bari bemerewe guhabwa ruswa ku mugaragaro, kandi ibibi byakorwaga n’abategetsi byemerwaga n’amategeko bitewe na ruswa yari yarahawe intebe. Imisoro yakwaga abaturage ku ruhande rumwe ikakirwa n’ababitsi b’umwami, naho ku rundi ruhande ikakirwa n’ababitsi b’abayobozi b’idini. Nta na kimwe cya kabiri cyayo cyinjiraga mu isanduku ya Leta n’iy’idini. Asigaye yatagaguzwaga mu bikorwa byo gusayisha mu bibi binezeza gusa. Nyamara kandi abantu bakeneshaga bagenzi babo batyo, bo babaga barasonewe gutanga imisoro kandi bakagira n’uburenganzira bahabwa n’amategeko n’umuco ku byo Leta ibagomba byose. Amatsinda y’abari bitaweho yarimo abantu bagera ku bihumbi ijana na mirongo itanu mu gihe miliyoni nyinshi z’abantu babaga mu buzima bubabaje butagira ibyiringiro, baruhira abandi gusa.” Ibwami harangwaga n’imibereho ya gikire no kwaya gusa. Hagati y’abategetsi n’abaturage harangwaga ukutizerana. Abaturage babonaga ko ingamba zose Leta ifata ari gahunda zayo bwite kandi zirimo kwikunda. Mu gihe gisaga imyaka mirongo itanu mbere 202
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba y’uko Impinduramatwara itangira, intebe ya cyami yari yicaweho n’umwami Ludoviko wa 15 (Louis XV), warangwaga no kutagira icyo yitaho kandi wabashwe n’irari ndetse no muri ibyo bihe bibi. Kuba igihugu cyari kiyobowe n’agatsiko gato k’abantu basayishije mu bibi kandi b’abagome, hakabaho na rubanda rugufi rwashegeshwe n’ubukene n’ubujiji, Leta ikaba yari ifite ibibazo by’ubukungu ndetse n’abaturage bakaba bari bararakaye cyane, ntabwo byasabaga amaso ya gihanuzi ngo umuntu abone akaga gakomeye kendaga kubaho. Ku miburo abajyanama be bamuhaga, umwami yari afite akamenyero ko gusubiza ati: “Mugerageze gutuma ibintu bikomeza kugenda neza igihe cyose nkiriho; ubwo nzaba maze gutanga, bizabe uko bishatse.” Kwinginga umwami bamubwira ko ivugurura rikenewe byabaye iby’ubusa. Yabonaga ibibi byugarije ingoma ye ariko nta butwari n’imbaraga yari afite byo kubirwanya. Amakuba yari ategereje kugwirira Ubufaransa yagaragariraga mu gisubizo cy’Umwami cyerekanaga ko ntacyo yitayeho kandi yikanyiza agira ati: ” Ishyano rizagwa nyuma yanjye!” Ku bwo gukoresha ishyari ry’abami ndetse n’amatsinda yabaga ari ku butegetsi, Roma yari yarabateye kugumisha abaturage mu buretwa. Yari izi neza ko ibyo bizatuma Leta icika intege, kandi igakoresha ubwo buryo igambiriye kugumisha abategetsi na rubanda mu buretwa bwayo. Muri politiki yayo yo kureba kure, Roma yabonaga ko kugira ngo ishyire abantu mu bubata neza, iminyururu yagombaga kushyirwa mu mitima y’abantu; kandi ko uburyo bwiringiwe bwo gutuma badacika ubwo bubata ari ukubima umudendezo. Guhenebera mu mico-mbonera ni byo byabaye ingaruka ikomeye cyane iruta incuro igihumbi umubabaro wo ku mubiri watejwe n’iyo politiki. Abantu bari barambuwe Bibiliya, maze bashorwa mu nyigisho z’imyizerere idafashije no kwikunda. Bazimangataniye mu bujiji, mu migenzo idafite ishingiro, birundurira mu ngeso mbi, ku buryo kwitegeka byari bitakibashobokera. Ariko ingaruka z’ibyo byose zari zitandukanye cyane n’icyo Roma yari yaragambiriye. Aho gushobora kugumisha abantu benshi mu kumvira amahame yayo mu buryo bw’ubuhumyi, umurimo wayo wabateye kuba abahakanamana n’abaharanira impinduka. Amahame n’inyigisho bya Roma barabisuzuguye babifata ko ari ibinyoma by’abapadiri. Babonaga ko abayobozi b’idini ari ishyaka ribereyeho kubakandamiza. Imana yonyine bari bazi ni iy’i Roma kandi inyigisho za Roma ni zo zari idini yabo imwe rukumbi. Babonaga ko umururumba wa Roma n’ubugome bwayo ari byo mbuto Bibiliya yera bityo bakumva batayikeneye. Roma yari yarerekanye imico y’Imana mu buryo butari bwo kandi yari yaragoretse amategeko yayo bityo abantu banga Bibiliya n’Uwayandikishije. Roma yari yarategetse abantu kwizera inyigisho zayo mu buhumyi kandi yishingikirije ku Byanditswe. Ibyo byatumye Voltaire n’abo bari bafatanyije bangira hamwe ijambo ry’Imana maze bakwirakwiza ahantu hose inyigisho z’uburozi zihakana Imana. Roma yari yararibatiye abaturage munsi y’ubutwaye bwayo bukomeye, noneho imbaga y’abantu basuzuguwe batyo kandi bagiriwe nabi, biganzuye igitugu cyayo nta rutangira na mba bafite. Barakajwe nuko 203
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<strong>Itorero</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Leta</strong> <strong>ku</strong> <strong>Rugamba</strong><br />
Umujyi wa Paris wahindutse icumbi ry’abatindi nya<strong>ku</strong>jya, ndetse bivugwa ko ubwo<br />
Impinduramatwara yatangiraga, abakene ibihumbi maga<strong>na</strong> abiri bahoraga bateze amaboko<br />
basabiriza ngo umwami agire icyo yabaha. Muri icyo gihe igihugu cyari mu kaga gakomeye,<br />
Abayezuwiti bonyine ni bo bari baguwe neza; bategeka<strong>na</strong>ga igitugu amatorero, amashuri, za<br />
gereza ndetse n’amato.”<br />
Ubutumwa bwiza bwajyaga <strong>ku</strong>zanira Ubufaransa igisubizo <strong>ku</strong>ri ibyo bibazo mu mibanire<br />
y’abantu n’abandi n’ibya politiki byari bibujije amahwemo abayobozi b’idini, umwami<br />
n’abashinga amategeko ndetse bigashora igihugu mu mivurungano no gusenyuka. Ariko mu<br />
gihe Roma ari yo yagengaga igihugu, abantu bari baribagiwe inyigisho nziza z’Umukiza zo<br />
kwitanga n’uru<strong>ku</strong>ndo rutikanyiza. Bari barageze aho batacyiyanga ngo bagirire abandi neza.<br />
Ntabwo abakire bari barigeze bacyahirwa ugukandamiza abakene bakoraga kandi abakene<br />
ntibagiraga uwabafasha muri uko gukandamizwa no guteshwa agaciro. Kwi<strong>ku</strong>nda kw’abakire<br />
n’abafite ubushobozi kwarushagaho kwiyongera kandi ibyo bigakandamiza rubanda. Mu<br />
myaka amaga<strong>na</strong> menshi, umururumba no gusayisha mu bibi by’abakomeye byagiye bibyara<br />
u<strong>ku</strong>nyunyuza imitsi ya rubanda rwa giseseka. Abakire bahemukiraga abakene maze abakene<br />
bakanga abakire.<br />
Mu ntara nyinshi, amazu yari ay’abakomeye gusa, <strong>na</strong>ho abandi baturage bakoresha<br />
amaboko bo mu nzego zitandukanye bakajya bayakodesha. Bene amazu bafataga abo<br />
baturage uko bashatse kandi bakabategeka <strong>ku</strong>mvira ibyo babasabaga byose bikomeye.<br />
Umutwaro wo gutanga ibyabeshaho itorero <strong>na</strong> <strong>Leta</strong> wari <strong>ku</strong> mutwe w’amatsinda ya rubanda<br />
rugufi ndetse n’uruciriritse yakwaga imisoro n’abategetsi ba <strong>Leta</strong> ndetse n’abayobozi b’idini.<br />
“Kumererwa neza kw’abakomeye byari nk’itegeko rida<strong>ku</strong>ka; <strong>na</strong>ho rubanda rugufi n’abahinzi<br />
n’aborozi bashoboraga kwicwa n’inzara kandi abayibateje ntibabyiteho. Mu byo yakoraga<br />
byose, umuturage yari ategetswe gushyira imbere inyungu z’uwo abereye mu nzu. Imibereho<br />
y’abahinzi yari imibereho yo gukora ubudahwema kandi bagahora<strong>na</strong> ubukene budashira. Iyo<br />
batinyukaga kwivovota, bafatwaga <strong>na</strong>bi cyane. Inkiko z’ubutabera iteka zumvaga umukire<br />
gusa, umukene nta jambo yagiraga; abacamanza bari bemerewe guhabwa ruswa <strong>ku</strong><br />
mugaragaro, kandi ibibi byakorwaga n’abategetsi byemerwaga n’amategeko bitewe <strong>na</strong> ruswa<br />
yari yarahawe intebe. Imisoro yakwaga abaturage <strong>ku</strong> ruhande rumwe ikakirwa n’ababitsi<br />
b’umwami, <strong>na</strong>ho <strong>ku</strong> rundi ruhande ikakirwa n’ababitsi b’abayobozi b’idini. Nta <strong>na</strong> kimwe cya<br />
kabiri cyayo cyinjiraga mu isandu<strong>ku</strong> ya <strong>Leta</strong> n’iy’idini. Asigaye yatagaguzwaga mu bikorwa<br />
byo gusayisha mu bibi binezeza gusa. Nyamara kandi abantu bakeneshaga bagenzi babo<br />
batyo, bo babaga barasonewe gutanga imisoro kandi bakagira n’uburenganzira bahabwa<br />
n’amategeko n’umuco <strong>ku</strong> byo <strong>Leta</strong> ibagomba byose. Amatsinda y’abari bitaweho yarimo<br />
abantu bagera <strong>ku</strong> bihumbi ija<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mirongo itanu mu gihe miliyoni nyinshi z’abantu babaga<br />
mu buzima bubabaje butagira ibyiringiro, baruhira abandi gusa.”<br />
Ibwami harangwaga n’imibereho ya gikire no kwaya gusa. Hagati y’abategetsi<br />
n’abaturage harangwaga u<strong>ku</strong>tizera<strong>na</strong>. Abaturage babo<strong>na</strong>ga ko ingamba zose <strong>Leta</strong> ifata ari<br />
gahunda zayo bwite kandi zirimo kwi<strong>ku</strong>nda. Mu gihe gisaga imyaka mirongo itanu mbere<br />
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