07.04.2023 Views

Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba

Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya...

Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya...

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<strong>Itorero</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Leta</strong> <strong>ku</strong> <strong>Rugamba</strong><br />

bakora vuba vuba ngo ayo mahirwe bayabyaze umusaruro. Barasha<strong>ku</strong>je bati: “Izi ni imbuto<br />

z’inyigisho za Berquin. Ibintu byose, byaba idini, amategeko ndetse n’ingoma ubwayo, bigiye<br />

guhirikwa n’aka kagambane k’abayoboke ba Luteri.” 225<br />

Berquin yongeye gufatwa. Umwami yari mu rugendo atari mu mujyi wa Paris, bituma<br />

abapadiri babo<strong>na</strong> umudendezo wo gukora ibyo bishakiye. Umugorozi Berquin acirwa<br />

urubanza maze bamukatira urwo gupfa; kandi uretse gusa ko umwami Faransisiko yajyaga<br />

<strong>ku</strong>byitambikamo akamukiza, <strong>na</strong>ho ubundi umwanzuro w’urubanza washyizwe mu bikorwa<br />

uwo munsi rwaciweho. Ku gicamunsi, Berquin yajyanywe aho ari bwicirwe. Imbaga y’abantu<br />

benshi cyane yateraniye <strong>ku</strong>reba uko ari bwicwe, kandi benshi muri bo bareba<strong>na</strong>ga gutangara<br />

n’ubwoba <strong>ku</strong>bo<strong>na</strong> ko ugiye kwicwa yatoranyijwe mu miryango y’abantu bakomeye kandi<br />

b’intwari mu Bufaransa. Gutangara, akababaro, gukwe<strong>na</strong> n’urwango rukaze byari<br />

byijimishije mu maso y’imbaga y’abantu bari aho, nyamara mu maso h’umuntu umwe ho nta<br />

mwijima waharangwaga. Intekerezo z’uwari ugiye kwicwa azira ubuhamya bwe zarebaga<br />

<strong>ku</strong>re y’ibyari bigiye <strong>ku</strong>ba byuzuyemo umuborogo, yiyumvagamo gusa ko Umwami we amuri<br />

iruhande.<br />

Ikimodoka gipfukiranye bamwurije, uburakari bwagaragaraga mu maso y’abari bagiye<br />

<strong>ku</strong>mwica, urupfu ruteye ubwoba yari agiye gupfa, ibyo byose ntiyabyitayeho. Uriho ariko<br />

akaba yari yarapfuye, kandi akaba ariho ubutazongera gupfa ndetse akaba afite imfunguzo<br />

z’urupfu n’iz’i<strong>ku</strong>zimu yari <strong>ku</strong>mwe <strong>na</strong>we. Mu maso ha Berquin harabagira<strong>na</strong>ga umucyo<br />

n’amahoro mvajuru. Yari yiyambitse “umwambaro w’ibirori; imyambaro wa gikire myiza<br />

cyane kandi ikomeye ndetse n’ikote ry’amabara asa <strong>na</strong> zahabu.”<br />

226Yari agiye guhamya kwizera kwe imbere y’Umwami w’abami ndetse n’imbere<br />

y’isanzure ryose ryabyitegerezaga, kandi nta kimenyetso cy’amaganya cyashoboraga<br />

gusibanganya ibyishimo bye.<br />

Ubwo abantu benshi bari bamushoreye bagendaga buhoro buhoro banyura mu mayira yari<br />

yuzuyemo abantu, rubanda rwatangazwaga no <strong>ku</strong>bo<strong>na</strong> amahoro afite, insinzi igaragazwa<br />

n’ibyishimo yabonekaga mu maso he ndetse n’ubutwari bwe. Baravuze bati : “Ameze<br />

nk’umuntu wicaye mu rusengero akaba ari gutekereza <strong>ku</strong> bintu byera.” 227<br />

Ubwo yari ageze <strong>ku</strong> nkingi yagombaga gutwikirwaho, Berquin yagerageje <strong>ku</strong>gira<br />

amagambo make abwira abantu; ariko abapadiri batinye ingaruka yabyo, batangira gusa<strong>ku</strong>za<br />

cyane, n’abasirikari bajegeza intwaro zabo bityo urusa<strong>ku</strong> rwabyo runiga ijwi rya Berquin.<br />

Uko niko mu mwaka wa 1529, urwego ruhanitse rw’abanditsi n’abepisikopi b’i Paris rwari<br />

rwaratanze urugero rubi kandi ruteye isoni rwo gupfukira<strong>na</strong> amagambo yera y’abapfiraga <strong>ku</strong><br />

mambo mu mwaka 1793. 228<br />

Berquin yaranizwe maze umubiri we uratwikwa urakongoka. In<strong>ku</strong>ru y’urupfu rwe<br />

yababaje incuti z’Ubugorozi mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa cyose. Nyamara ntabwo urugero rwe<br />

156

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