Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba
Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya... Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya...
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba Lefevre yari yaramaramaje mu kwambaza abatagatifu kandi yari yaratangiye gutegura kwandika amateka y’abatagatifu ndetse n’abahowe kwizera kwabo nk’uko yavugwaga ahererekanywa mu itorero. Uwo wari umurimo wasabaga gukora cyane; ariko igihe yatekerezaga ko ashobora kubona muri Bibiliya ibyamwunganira by’ingirakamaro, maze agatangira kuyisoma afite uwo mugambi, uwo murimo yari yaramaze kuwugeza kure. Bityo, Bibiliya yayibonyemo abatagatifu batandukanye n’abagaragara ku ndangaminsi y’itorero ry’i Roma. Umucyo mwinshi mvajuru wasakaye mu ntekerezo ze. Yaratangaye kandi yumva azinutswe, ahagarika wa murimo yari yarihaye maze ashishikarira kwiga Ijambo ry’Imana. Bidatinze, yatangiye kwigisha ukuri gufite agaciro kenshi yasanze muri Bibiliya. Mu mwaka wa 1512, mbere y’uko Luteri na Zwingli batangira umurimo w’ubugorozi, Lefevre yaranditse ati: “Kubwo kwizera, Imana ni yo iduha ubutungane buduhesha ubugingo buhoraho kubw’ubuntu gusa.” 216 Ubwo yatindaga ku bwiru bwo gucungurwa, yaratangaye ati: “Mbega uko ingurane yatanzwe itarondoreka, Utarigeze acumura yaciriweho iteka, maze umunyabyaha ahabwa umudendezo, Utanga imigisha yemeye kuvumwa, maze ibivume bihabwa umugisha; Umutangabugingo yarapfuye, maze abapfuye babaho; Ufite ubwiza yatwikiriwe n’umwijima, maze utari uzi ikindi kitari igihunya mu maso yambikwa ubwiza.” 217 Ubwo yigishaga ko ikuzo ry’agakiza ari iry’Imana yonyine, yanavuze ko inshingano y’umuntu ari ukumvira ati : “Niba uri umwe mu bagize itorero rya Kristo, uri urugingo rw’umubiri wa Kristo; kandi niba uri urugingo rw’umubiri we, wuzuye ubumana. . .Iyaba abantu bose bashoboraga gusobanukirwa ayo mahirwe, mbega uburyo babaho batunganye, birinda kandi bazira inenge! Mbega uburyo babona ko ubwiza bwose bwo ku isi ari urukozasoni babugereranyije n’ubwo bifitemo, ubwo amaso y’umubiri adashobora kubona!” 218 Hari bamwe mu banyeshuri ba Lefevre bategaga amatwi amagambo ye babishishikariye, kandi abo nibo bajyaga kuzakomeza kwamamaza ukuri nyuma y’uko ijwi ry’umwigisha wabo ricecekeshwa. Umwe muri bo ni William Farel. Yakomokaga ku babyeyi b’inyangamugayo bari baramwigishije kwemera inyigisho z’itorero akazizera bidasabye gusobanukirwa. Iyo abasha gutanga ubuhamya bwe, yashoboraga kuvuga nk’intumwa Pawulo ati : “Nari Umufarisayo wo mu gice cyarushaga ibindi byo mu idini yacu gukomeza imihango.” 219 Farel yari umurwanashyaka w’itorero ry’i Roma, bityo yari afite umuhati mwinshi wo kurimbura abantu bose bashoboraga gutinyuka kuvuguruza itorero. Nyuma y’aho, ubwo yavugaga kuri icyo gihe cyo mu mibereho ye, yaravuze ati: “Iyo numvaga umuntu avuga kandi avuguruza Papa, nahekenyaga amenyo nk’idubu ryarakaye.” 220 Yari yarakoze adacogora asenga abatagatifu, akazenguruka mu matorero yose y’i Paris aherekeje Lefevre, agasengera imbere ya aritari kandi akarimbisha amashusho y’abatagatifu akoresheje impano yatangaga. Ariko ibyo yubahirizaga ntibyigeze bimuhesha amahoro mu mutima. Yari aremerewe no kumva ari umunyacyaha ku buryo ibikorwa byose byo kwicuza 152
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba (guhabwa penitensiya) byananiwe kumukiza uwo mutima. Yumvise amagambo y’Umugorozi nk’aho ari ijwi rivuye mu ijuru riti : “Agakiza gatangirwa ubuntu.” “Umuziranenge yaciriweho iteka maze umunyacyaha ahabwa umudendezo.” “Umusaraba wa Kristo wonyine niwo ukingura amarembo y’ijuru kandi ni wo ukinga amarembo y’ikuzimu.” 221 Farel yakiranye ukuri ibyishimo. Kubwo guhinduka nk’ukwa Pawulo, Farel yavuye mu bubata bw’imigenzo ajya mu mudendezo w’abana b’Imana. Yaje guhindukira aravuga ati: “Ubwo yari amaze gukura umutima we kuri Papa maze akawegurira Yesu Kristo, ahari umutima w’ubwicanyi nk’uw’idubu yarakaye, hahise hasimburwa n’umutima w’ubugwaneza woroheje nk’uw’umwana w’intama.” - D’Aubigné, b.12, ch.3. Uko Lefevre yakomezaga gukwirakwiza umucyo mu banyeshuri yigishaga, Farel nawe wari ushishikariye gukora umurimo wa Kristo nk’uko yari yaritangiye gukorera Papa; ni ko yagendaga yamamaza ukuri mu ruhame. Nyuma y’aho gato bidatinze, umunyacyubahiro umwe wo mu itorero wari umwepisikopi w’i Meaux, nawe yaje kwifatanya nabo. Abandi barimu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru kubera ubushobozi bwabo n’ubwenge bwabo nabo binjiye mu murimo wo kwamamaza ubutumwa bwiza, maze haboneka abayoboke benshi baturutse mu nzego zose uhereye mu ngo z’abanyamyuga, rubanda rugufi kugeza mu ngoro y’umwami. Mushiki w’umwami Faransisiko wa I wari ku ngoma muri icyo gihe, nawe yemeye ukwizera kuvuguruwe. Hari igihe cyageze umwami ubwe ndetse n’umwamikazi bagaragaje ko bashyigikiye ubugorozi, ku buryo abagorozi bari bategerezanyije ibyiringiro bikomeye ko hari igihe kizagera igihugu cyose cy’Ubufaransa kikakira ubutumwa bwiza. Nyamara ibyo bari biringiye ntibyashobotse. Akaga no gutotezwa byari bitegereje abigishwa ba Kristo. Icyakora kubw’imbabazi z’Imana, ibyo byahishwe amaso yabo. Habayeho agahe k’amahoro kugira ngo bashobore kugira imbaraga zo guhangana n’umugaru; maze Ubugorozi butera imbere mu buryo bwihuse. Umwepisikopi w’i Meaux yakoranaga umwete muri diyoseze ye akigisha abihaye Imana na rubanda rwose. Abapadiri b’abaswa n’ababaswe n’ibibi yabakuyeho maze bagahita basimbuzwa abantu b’abanyabwenge kandi b’inyangamugayo. Uwo mwepisikopi yifuzaga cyane ko abantu yayoboraga bakwisomera Ijambo ry’Imana, maze ibyo biza kugerwaho bidatinze. Lefevre yatangiye gusobanura Isezerano Rishya mu Gifaransa; kandi muri icyo gihe ubwo Bibiliya yasobanuwe na Luteri mu rurimi rw’Ikidage yasohokaga mu icapiro i Wittenberg nibwo Isezerano Rishya risobanuye mu Gifaransa ryasotse i Meaux. Umwepisikopi w’i Meaux yakoze uko ashoboye kose kandi atanga n’umutungo ushoboka wose kugira ngo akwirakwize iryo Sezerano Rishya muri za paruwasi yayoboraga, maze bidatinze abaturage b’i Meaux bose bitungira Ibyanditswe Byera. Nk’uko abagenzi bishwe n’inyota bagira ibyishimo byinshi iyo babonye isoko y’amazi, niko abo bantu bakiriye ubutumwa mvajuru. Ari abahinzi mu mirima yabo, ari abanyabukorikori aho bakoreraga, aho babaga bari mu mirimo yabo ya buri munsi, babaga baganira ku kuri kw’ingenzi kwa Bibiliya. Mu mugoroba barangije akazi, aho kujya mu 153
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<strong>Itorero</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Leta</strong> <strong>ku</strong> <strong>Rugamba</strong><br />
(guhabwa penitensiya) bya<strong>na</strong>niwe <strong>ku</strong>mukiza uwo mutima. Yumvise amagambo y’Umugorozi<br />
nk’aho ari ijwi rivuye mu ijuru riti : “Agakiza gatangirwa ubuntu.” “Umuziranenge<br />
yaciriweho iteka maze umunyacyaha ahabwa umudendezo.” “Umusaraba wa Kristo wonyine<br />
niwo ukingura amarembo y’ijuru kandi ni wo ukinga amarembo y’i<strong>ku</strong>zimu.” 221<br />
Farel yakiranye u<strong>ku</strong>ri ibyishimo. Kubwo guhinduka nk’ukwa Pawulo, Farel yavuye mu<br />
bubata bw’imigenzo ajya mu mudendezo w’aba<strong>na</strong> b’Ima<strong>na</strong>. Yaje guhindukira aravuga ati:<br />
“Ubwo yari amaze gu<strong>ku</strong>ra umutima we <strong>ku</strong>ri Papa maze akawegurira Yesu Kristo, ahari<br />
umutima w’ubwicanyi nk’uw’idubu yarakaye, hahise hasimburwa n’umutima w’ubugwaneza<br />
woroheje nk’uw’umwa<strong>na</strong> w’intama.” - D’Aubigné, b.12, ch.3.<br />
Uko Lefevre yakomezaga gukwirakwiza umucyo mu banyeshuri yigishaga, Farel <strong>na</strong>we<br />
wari ushishikariye gukora umurimo wa Kristo nk’uko yari yaritangiye gukorera Papa; ni ko<br />
yagendaga yamamaza u<strong>ku</strong>ri mu ruhame. Nyuma y’aho gato bidatinze, umunyacyubahiro<br />
umwe wo mu itorero wari umwepisikopi w’i Meaux, <strong>na</strong>we yaje kwifatanya <strong>na</strong>bo. Abandi<br />
barimu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru <strong>ku</strong>bera ubushobozi bwabo n’ubwenge bwabo <strong>na</strong>bo binjiye<br />
mu murimo wo kwamamaza ubutumwa bwiza, maze haboneka abayoboke benshi baturutse<br />
mu nzego zose uhereye mu ngo z’abanyamyuga, rubanda rugufi <strong>ku</strong>geza mu ngoro y’umwami.<br />
Mushiki w’umwami Faransisiko wa I wari <strong>ku</strong> ngoma muri icyo gihe, <strong>na</strong>we yemeye ukwizera<br />
<strong>ku</strong>vuguruwe. Hari igihe cyageze umwami ubwe ndetse n’umwamikazi bagaragaje ko<br />
bashyigikiye ubugorozi, <strong>ku</strong> buryo abagorozi bari bategerezanyije ibyiringiro bikomeye ko<br />
hari igihe kizagera igihugu cyose cy’Ubufaransa kikakira ubutumwa bwiza.<br />
Nyamara ibyo bari biringiye ntibyashobotse. Akaga no gutotezwa byari bitegereje<br />
abigishwa ba Kristo. Icyakora <strong>ku</strong>bw’imbabazi z’Ima<strong>na</strong>, ibyo byahishwe amaso yabo.<br />
Habayeho agahe k’amahoro <strong>ku</strong>gira ngo bashobore <strong>ku</strong>gira imbaraga zo guhanga<strong>na</strong> n’umugaru;<br />
maze Ubugorozi butera imbere mu buryo bwihuse. Umwepisikopi w’i Meaux yakora<strong>na</strong>ga<br />
umwete muri diyoseze ye akigisha abihaye Ima<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> rubanda rwose. Abapadiri b’abaswa<br />
n’ababaswe n’ibibi yaba<strong>ku</strong>yeho maze bagahita basimbuzwa abantu b’abanyabwenge kandi<br />
b’inyangamugayo. Uwo mwepisikopi yifuzaga cyane ko abantu yayoboraga bakwisomera<br />
Ijambo ry’Ima<strong>na</strong>, maze ibyo biza <strong>ku</strong>gerwaho bidatinze. Lefevre yatangiye gusobanura<br />
Isezerano Rishya mu Gifaransa; kandi muri icyo gihe ubwo Bibiliya yasobanuwe <strong>na</strong> Luteri<br />
mu rurimi rw’Ikidage yasohokaga mu icapiro i Wittenberg nibwo Isezerano Rishya<br />
risobanuye mu Gifaransa ryasotse i Meaux. Umwepisikopi w’i Meaux yakoze uko ashoboye<br />
kose kandi atanga n’umutungo ushoboka wose <strong>ku</strong>gira ngo akwirakwize iryo Sezerano Rishya<br />
muri za paruwasi yayoboraga, maze bidatinze abaturage b’i Meaux bose bitungira<br />
Ibyanditswe Byera.<br />
Nk’uko abagenzi bishwe n’inyota bagira ibyishimo byinshi iyo babonye isoko y’amazi,<br />
niko abo bantu bakiriye ubutumwa mvajuru. Ari abahinzi mu mirima yabo, ari<br />
abanyabukorikori aho bakoreraga, aho babaga bari mu mirimo yabo ya buri munsi, babaga<br />
baganira <strong>ku</strong> <strong>ku</strong>ri kw’ingenzi kwa Bibiliya. Mu mugoroba barangije akazi, aho <strong>ku</strong>jya mu<br />
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