Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba
Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya... Ubuhanga bw'intambara bufite akamaro kanini kuri Leta (buri ku butegetsi). Ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu, umuhanda haba mumutekano cyangwa kurimbuka. Kubwibyo, ni ingingo yiperereza idashobora kwirengagizwa. Ubuhanga bw'intambara rero, bugengwa nibintu bitanu bihoraho, bigomba kwitabwaho ... Ibi ni: (1) Amategeko agenga imyitwarire; (2) Ijuru; (3) Isi; (4) Komanda; (5) Uburyo na disipulini. Amategeko agenga imyifatire atuma abantu bumvikana neza numutegetsi wabo, kugirango bazamukurikire batitaye ku mibereho yabo, badatezuka ku kaga ako ari ko kose… Komanda ashimangira ibyiza byubwenge, umurava, ubugwaneza, ubutwari no gukomera. Ibi bitanu (element) bigomba kumenyera buri general. Uzabazi azatsinda; uwabazi ntazatsindwa. Noneho jenerali watsinze urugamba akora imibare myinshi murusengero rwe mbere yuko urugamba ruba. Jenerali watsinzwe kurugamba akora ariko kubara bike mbere. Rero kubara byinshi biganisha ku ntsinzi war Intambara zose zishingiye kuburiganya...
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba Igice Cya 8 – Imbere y'Urukiko Umwami mushya witwaga Charles wa gatanu yari yaragiye ku ngoma mu Budage maze intumwa za Roma zihutira kuza kumuha impundu zigira ngo zimushyeshye bityo azakoreshe imbaraga ze arwanye Ubugorozi. Ariko ku rundi ruhande, umutware umwe w’i Saxony wari warafashije cyane Charles kugera ku ngoma, we yamugiriye inama yo kutagira icyo akora kuri Luteri atabanje kumutega amatwi. Bityo umwami w’abami yagiye mu rungabangabo. Nta kindi cyajyaga gushimisha abo ku ruhande rwa Papa uretse iteka ry’umwami w’abami ryicisha Luteri. Umutware w’i Saxony we yari yaravuze ko nta muntu n’umwe, “yaba umwami w’abami cyangwa undi wese wigeze yerekana ko inyandiko za Luteri ziri mu makosa.” Ku bw’iyo mpamvu yasabye ko Maritini Luteri yahabwa urwandiko rw’inzira rutuma arindwa kugira ngo ashobore kujya kwisobanura imbere y’urukiko rugizwe n’abacamanza b’abahanga, b’inyangamugayo kandi badaca urwa kibera.” 111 Icyo gihe amashyaka yose yari ahanze amaso ku nama nkuru y’intara z’Ubudage yendaga guteranira vuba mu mujyi wa Worms nyuma y’igihe gito umwami Charles yimitswe. Hari hariho ibibazo bya politiki bikomeye ndetse n’izindi ngingo byagombaga kwigwa n’iyi nama yari ihuriyemo abatware bose b’igihugu kuko yari incuro ya mbere ibikomangoma byo mu Budage byari bigiye guhurira mu nama ifata ibyemezo n’umwami wabo wari ukiri muto. Mu mpande zose z’icyo gihugu hari haturutse abanyacyubahiro bo mu itorero no mu butegetsi bwa leta. Abatware ba rubanda, abavuka mu ngo z’abakomeye, abanyeshyari n’abayobozi bakuru mu by’idini bose bahasesekaye mu isumbwe no gukomera kwabo. Abatware b’ingabo z’ibwami n’ingabo zibaherekeje, intumwa zivuye mu bihugu by’amahanga kandi bya kure; bose bateraniye i Worms. Nyamara muri iyo nama ngari, ingingo yari ishishikaje abantu cyane yari umurimo w’Umugorozi w’i Saxony. Mbere y’aho Charles yari yarabwiye igikomangoma cy’i Saxony kuzazana na Luteri mu nama nkuru, amusezeranya kuzamurinda no kuzamuha umudendezo wo kuvugana n’abantu babishoboye ku byerekeye ibibazo byakururaga impaka. Luteri yifuzaga cyane kwitaba umwami w’abami. Icyo gihe ubuzima bwe bwari bumaze gucika intege cyane ariko yandikiye igikomangoma ati: “Niba ntashobora kujya i Worms mfite amagara mazima, bazanjyanayo ndwaye nk’uko ubu meze. Kuko niba umwami w’abami ampamagara, sinshobora gushidikanya ko ari uguhamagara kw’Imana ubwayo. Niba bashaka kungirira nabi, ndetse ibi birashoboka (kubera ko atari bo bibwirije kumpamagara), iki kibazo ngishyize mu maboko y’Imana. Wa wundi warindiye abasore batatu mu itanura ry’umuriro aracyariho kandi ari ku ngoma. Imana nibona atari ngombwa kundinda, ubuzima bwanjye ntacyo buvuze. Reka gusa twe gutuma ubutumwa bwiza busuzugurwa n’inkozi z’ibibi, kandi nimutyo dusese amaraso yacu kubw’ubutumwa bwiza, kuko dutinye inkozi z’ibibi zatsinda. Ntabwo ari ibyanjye gufata umwanzuro niba kubaho kwanjye cyangwa gupfa bizagira uruhare rukomeye ku gakiza k’abantu bose... Mubasha kwitega ko icyo ari cyo cyose cyambaho... uretse guhunga cyangwa kwisubiraho. Sinshobora rwose guhunga no kwisubiraho.” _ 112 102
Itorero na Leta ku Rugamba Ubwo inkuru yakwiraga i Worms ko Luteri agomba kwitaba inama nkuru, abaturage baho barivumbagatanyije. Aleyandere wari intumwa ya Papa akaba yari yashinzwe by’umwihariko gukemura icyo kibazo, abonye bimeze bityo yarumiwe kandi ararakara cyane. Yabonaga ko ingaruka yabyo izaba mbi cyane ku buyobozi bwa Papa. Gushakisha ibimenyetso mu rubanza Papa yari yaramaze gukemura aciraho iteka Luteri byajyaga kuba ugusuzuguza ubutegetsi bwa Papa. Ikindi kandi, yari azi ko ingingo zumvikana kandi zifite imbaraga za Luteri zibasha gutwara benshi mu bikomangoma bakava ku ruhande rwa Papa. Kubw’iyo mpamvu, mu buryo bwihutirwa cyane, yeretse umwami w’abami Charles ko adashimishishijwe rwose n’uko Luteri yakwitaba inama nkuru i Worms. Icyo gihe urwandiko rutangaza ko Luteri yaciwe mu itorero rwari rwashyizwe ahagaragara maze rufatanya no gusaba kw’intumwa ya Papa bityo bituma umwami w’abami ava ku izima. Yandikiye wa mutware ko niba Luteri atisubiyeho, agomba kuguma i Wittenberg. Aleyandere atanejejwe n’iyi nsinzi, yakoresheje imbaraga zose n’uburyarya bwose yari afite kugira ngo Luteri acirweho iteka. Yagaragaje kwihagararaho nk’ushyigikiye inzira nziza, maze yumvisha icyo kibazo ibikomangoma, abayobozi bakuru mu idini ndetse n’abandi bari bari muri iyo nama, arega umugorozi ubugambanyi, ubwigomeke, kuba ruharwa no gutuka Imana.” Nyamara ubwira n’ubwuzu bwinshi byagaragajwe n’iyo ntumwa ya Papa byahishuye neza umwuka wamukoreshaga. Abantu bose muri rusange babonye ko “ikimukoresha cyane ari urwango no gushaka guhora kuruta ishyaka n’ubutungane.” 113 Umubare munini w’abari bagize iyo nama barushijeho kubona ko Luteri arengana. Aleyandere yakubye kabiri ishaka yari afite maze ahatira umwami kuzuza inshingano yo gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko ya Papa. Nyamara hakurikijwe amategeko y’Ubudage, ibi ntibyashoboraga gukorwa ibikomangoma bitabyemeye, ariko umwami Charles arambiwe uko gutitiriza yasabye intumwa ya Papa kuzana icyo kirego mu nama nkuru y’abategetsi b’igihugu. “Wari umunsi ukomeye kuri iyo ntumwa ya papa. Iyo nama yari iteraniyemo abantu benshi cyane kuko n’impamvu yayo yari ikomeye. Aleyandere yagombaga kuburanira Roma yari yarabyaye amatorero yose kandi ikaba ari nayo yayategekaga.” Yagombaga kuburanira ubutware bwa Petero imbere y’imbaga y’abakomeye b’aho Ubukristo bwabarizwaga. “Aleyandere yari intyoza maze ahagurukana ishema muri iyo nteko. Mbere y’uko Roma icirwaho iteka, Imana yemeye ko igaragara kandi ikaburanira imbere y’urukiko rukomeye kuruta izindi ikoresheje umuntu ushoboye kuvuga cyane mu ntyoza zayo.” 114 Abantu bari bashyigikiye Luteri bategeranyije ubwoba ingaruka z’amagambo ya Aleyandere. Ntabwo igikomangoma cy’i Saxony cyari kiri muri iyo nama ariko cyari cyohereje umwe mu bajyanama bacyo kugira ngo baze kwandika ibyo intumwa ya Papa iri buvuge. Aleyandere yahagurukanye imbaraga zose z’ubwenge n’ubutyoza yari afite kugira ngo asenye ukuri. Yakurikiranyaga ibirego ashija Luteri ko ari umwanzi w’itorero na Leta, umwanzi w’abazima n’abapfuye, umwanzi w’abayobozi bakuru b’itorero n’abihaye Imana, umwanzi w’inama y’abepisikopi n’abakristo bose muri rusange. Yaravuze ati: “Mu makosa ya Luteri harimo ibintu bihagije kugira ngo bitwikishe abantu ibihumbi ijana bayobye.” 103
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<strong>Itorero</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Leta</strong> <strong>ku</strong> <strong>Rugamba</strong><br />
Igice Cya 8 – Imbere y'Urukiko<br />
Umwami mushya witwaga Charles wa gatanu yari yaragiye <strong>ku</strong> ngoma mu Budage maze<br />
intumwa za Roma zihutira <strong>ku</strong>za <strong>ku</strong>muha impundu zigira ngo zimushyeshye bityo azakoreshe<br />
imbaraga ze arwanye Ubugorozi. Ariko <strong>ku</strong> rundi ruhande, umutware umwe w’i Saxony wari<br />
warafashije cyane Charles <strong>ku</strong>gera <strong>ku</strong> ngoma, we yamugiriye i<strong>na</strong>ma yo <strong>ku</strong>tagira icyo akora<br />
<strong>ku</strong>ri Luteri atabanje <strong>ku</strong>mutega amatwi. Bityo umwami w’abami yagiye mu rungabangabo.<br />
Nta kindi cyajyaga gushimisha abo <strong>ku</strong> ruhande rwa Papa uretse iteka ry’umwami w’abami<br />
ryicisha Luteri. Umutware w’i Saxony we yari yaravuze ko nta muntu n’umwe, “yaba<br />
umwami w’abami cyangwa undi wese wigeze yereka<strong>na</strong> ko inyandiko za Luteri ziri mu<br />
makosa.” Ku bw’iyo mpamvu yasabye ko Maritini Luteri yahabwa urwandiko rw’inzira<br />
rutuma arindwa <strong>ku</strong>gira ngo ashobore <strong>ku</strong>jya kwisobanura imbere y’urukiko rugizwe<br />
n’abacamanza b’abahanga, b’inyangamugayo kandi badaca urwa kibera.” 111<br />
Icyo gihe amashyaka yose yari ahanze amaso <strong>ku</strong> <strong>na</strong>ma n<strong>ku</strong>ru y’intara z’Ubudage yendaga<br />
guteranira vuba mu mujyi wa Worms nyuma y’igihe gito umwami Charles yimitswe. Hari<br />
hariho ibibazo bya politiki bikomeye ndetse n’izindi ngingo byagombaga kwigwa n’iyi <strong>na</strong>ma<br />
yari ihuriyemo abatware bose b’igihugu <strong>ku</strong>ko yari incuro ya mbere ibikomangoma byo mu<br />
Budage byari bigiye guhurira mu <strong>na</strong>ma ifata ibyemezo n’umwami wabo wari ukiri muto. Mu<br />
mpande zose z’icyo gihugu hari haturutse abanyacyubahiro bo mu itorero no mu butegetsi<br />
bwa leta. Abatware ba rubanda, abavuka mu ngo z’abakomeye, abanyeshyari n’abayobozi<br />
ba<strong>ku</strong>ru mu by’idini bose bahasesekaye mu isumbwe no gukomera kwabo. Abatware b’ingabo<br />
z’ibwami n’ingabo zibaherekeje, intumwa zivuye mu bihugu by’amahanga kandi bya <strong>ku</strong>re;<br />
bose bateraniye i Worms. Nyamara muri iyo <strong>na</strong>ma ngari, ingingo yari ishishikaje abantu cyane<br />
yari umurimo w’Umugorozi w’i Saxony.<br />
Mbere y’aho Charles yari yarabwiye igikomangoma cy’i Saxony <strong>ku</strong>zaza<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> Luteri mu<br />
<strong>na</strong>ma n<strong>ku</strong>ru, amusezeranya <strong>ku</strong>zamurinda no <strong>ku</strong>zamuha umudendezo wo <strong>ku</strong>vuga<strong>na</strong> n’abantu<br />
babishoboye <strong>ku</strong> byerekeye ibibazo bya<strong>ku</strong>ruraga impaka. Luteri yifuzaga cyane kwitaba<br />
umwami w’abami. Icyo gihe ubuzima bwe bwari bumaze gucika intege cyane ariko yandikiye<br />
igikomangoma ati: “Niba ntashobora <strong>ku</strong>jya i Worms mfite amagara mazima, bazanjya<strong>na</strong>yo<br />
ndwaye nk’uko ubu meze. Kuko niba umwami w’abami ampamagara, sinshobora<br />
gushidikanya ko ari uguhamagara kw’Ima<strong>na</strong> ubwayo. Niba bashaka <strong>ku</strong>ngirira <strong>na</strong>bi, ndetse ibi<br />
birashoboka (<strong>ku</strong>bera ko atari bo bibwirije <strong>ku</strong>mpamagara), iki kibazo ngishyize mu maboko<br />
y’Ima<strong>na</strong>. Wa wundi warindiye abasore batatu mu itanura ry’umuriro aracyariho kandi ari <strong>ku</strong><br />
ngoma. Ima<strong>na</strong> nibo<strong>na</strong> atari ngombwa <strong>ku</strong>ndinda, ubuzima bwanjye ntacyo buvuze. Reka gusa<br />
twe gutuma ubutumwa bwiza busuzugurwa n’inkozi z’ibibi, kandi nimutyo dusese amaraso<br />
yacu <strong>ku</strong>bw’ubutumwa bwiza, <strong>ku</strong>ko dutinye inkozi z’ibibi zatsinda. Ntabwo ari ibyanjye<br />
gufata umwanzuro niba <strong>ku</strong>baho kwanjye cyangwa gupfa bizagira uruhare rukomeye <strong>ku</strong> gakiza<br />
k’abantu bose... Mubasha kwitega ko icyo ari cyo cyose cyambaho... uretse guhunga cyangwa<br />
kwisubiraho. Sinshobora rwose guhunga no kwisubiraho.” _ 112<br />
102