APEX PreCalculus, 2017a
APEX PreCalculus, 2017a
APEX PreCalculus, 2017a
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× ( +( × )).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
× ( +( × )) = × ( +())<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
× ( +()) = × ( + )<br />
= × ()<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
× ( +( × )) =
( +( × ( +( − )) − )) + . <br />
<br />
( +( × ( +( − )) − )) + =[ +( × [ +( − )] − )] + <br />
=[ +( × [ +()] − )] + <br />
=[ +( × [ + ] − )] + <br />
=[ +( × [] − )] + <br />
=[ +( × − )] + <br />
<br />
=[ +( − )] + <br />
=[ +()] + <br />
=[ + ]+<br />
=[]+<br />
= + = <br />
( − ) <br />
[ +( − )] <br />
<br />
( − ) =() =<br />
[ + ] =[] = <br />
( × − ) =( − ) =() = <br />
[ + ]+ =[]+ = + = <br />
<br />
( +( × ( +( − )) − )) + = <br />
<br />
<br />
[ (<br />
( +( × ( +( − )) − )) + = + × [ +( − ) ] − ) ] +
+ ( + )<br />
= <br />
+ ( + )<br />
<br />
+÷+<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ ( + )<br />
=<br />
+ ( + )<br />
= ()<br />
()<br />
<br />
= <br />
= <br />
( + ) ÷ ( + )<br />
<br />
+ <br />
+ =
√<br />
× − <br />
<br />
<br />
√<br />
× − =<br />
√<br />
( × ) − <br />
<br />
= √ () − <br />
= − <br />
= −<br />
<br />
√ × − = −<br />
√ ( <br />
<br />
<br />
√ ( <br />
<br />
<br />
√ ( × − = √ ( − = √ ( = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
+ = + <br />
=
+ <br />
<br />
+ = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
− = −( )<br />
= −()<br />
= −<br />
<br />
<br />
− = −<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
− (−) <br />
− <br />
<br />
× ( )
÷ × + × ÷ <br />
<br />
÷ × + × ÷ = × + × ÷ <br />
= + × ÷ <br />
= + ÷ <br />
= + <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
÷ <br />
× <br />
<br />
× = ÷ = <br />
+ = <br />
÷ × + × ÷ = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− +
− + = − + <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + = <br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
− + √ − − ( ÷ × ( + ))
− + √ − − ( ÷ × ( + )) <br />
<br />
<br />
= − + √ ( − ) − ( ÷ × ( + )) <br />
<br />
<br />
= − + √ ( − ) − ( ÷ × ) <br />
<br />
<br />
= − + √ − ( ÷ × ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − + √ − ( × ) <br />
<br />
= − + √ − () <br />
<br />
= − + √ − × <br />
<br />
= − + √ − × −<br />
<br />
<br />
= − + − × <br />
<br />
= − + − <br />
<br />
<br />
= − − <br />
= −<br />
<br />
− + √ − − ( ÷ × ( + )) = −<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
× <br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
× × <br />
<br />
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× × = × <br />
× × <br />
= × <br />
= × <br />
= × <br />
= × <br />
× <br />
= <br />
=
× × = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + <br />
) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( ) ( + ( + )<br />
=<br />
) <br />
<br />
()<br />
=<br />
( ) ()<br />
()<br />
( <br />
=<br />
)<br />
= <br />
<br />
= <br />
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<br />
<br />
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( + <br />
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) <br />
=
− + <br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
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<br />
− + = × − × + <br />
= − + <br />
= − + <br />
= + <br />
= × + ×
= + <br />
= + <br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= × <br />
× × = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ = × + × <br />
= + <br />
= + <br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
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− + = <br />
<br />
. =<br />
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. = +<br />
= <br />
+ <br />
=
.<br />
× . <br />
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. <br />
<br />
+ = <br />
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<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
.×<br />
<br />
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. × × <br />
=<br />
<br />
× <br />
=<br />
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=
× <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=() × () × ()<br />
=( × × ) × ( × × )<br />
=( × ) × ( × × )<br />
= <br />
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= <br />
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=
− −<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−( − ) ÷ + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ ÷ <br />
( <br />
<br />
) <br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
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= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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= <br />
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= <br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) ÷ − <br />
<br />
(<br />
− ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()(−) ÷ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− ( − )<br />
− + <br />
− √ − <br />
√<br />
+ + <br />
− + <br />
− (−) <br />
− (−)<br />
<br />
+ <br />
− <br />
÷ × − ( − ) = ÷ × − (−) <br />
= ÷ × + <br />
= ÷ + <br />
= + <br />
= <br />
− + − × + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + ÷ +(−) = − + ÷ +(−) <br />
= − + ÷ + <br />
= − + + <br />
=
+( − )<br />
− ( + ) + √ + =<br />
+(−)<br />
− ( + ) + √ + <br />
= − <br />
− () + √ + <br />
= − <br />
− () + + <br />
= − <br />
− + + <br />
= <br />
− + <br />
= <br />
<br />
(− + )((−)) − ((−) − )()<br />
(− + ) <br />
= (− + )((−)) − ((−) − )()<br />
(−) <br />
= (−)(−) − ((−) − )()<br />
(−) <br />
(−)(−) − ( − )()<br />
=<br />
(−) <br />
(−)(−) − ()()<br />
=<br />
<br />
= − − <br />
<br />
= −<br />
<br />
= −
× = <br />
× = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = × <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = ()
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= = <br />
<br />
() () <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(−) () = + − <br />
<br />
(−) <br />
(−)<br />
<br />
(−) =(−) + (−) − <br />
=()+(−) − <br />
= − − = −
(−) =−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(−)<br />
() = −<br />
(−)<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + <br />
<br />
() () <br />
<br />
() = + ()+ ()<br />
= + + ()<br />
= + +
() = + + <br />
<br />
− (−)<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
( + ) − ()<br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) <br />
+ <br />
() = <br />
<br />
( + ) =( + ) <br />
=( + ) × ( + )<br />
= + + <br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = − +
[<br />
( + ) − () ( + ) − ( + )+ ] − [ − + ]<br />
=<br />
<br />
[<br />
<br />
( + + ) − ( + )+ ] − [ − + ]<br />
=<br />
[<br />
<br />
+ + − − + ] − [ − + ]<br />
=<br />
<br />
= + + − − + − [ − + ]<br />
<br />
= + + − − + − + − <br />
<br />
= + − <br />
<br />
= + − <br />
<br />
( + ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) − ()<br />
<br />
= + − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =
() = () = () = = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = () = () = = <br />
<br />
() = + + <br />
() =− −− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() () <br />
() = +<br />
− + <br />
() = − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = / <br />
<br />
<br />
() = / <br />
() = √ <br />
() = / = √ () = / = √ <br />
/ / <br />
<br />
/ = √ = = <br />
/ /<br />
√
() = > ≠ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = () <br />
> ≠ <br />
() <br />
() () <br />
() <br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() () () <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
() = − <br />
<br />
() = √ +
() =( )= <br />
() =( − ) = − <br />
() =( √ + ) = √ + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() ()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() () ()+() =<br />
+ − <br />
<br />
<br />
()+() ()+()()+() = − + <br />
+ − <br />
()+()<br />
<br />
<br />
() − () = − ( − ) = − + <br />
() − () = − − ( )= − − = − + − <br />
() − () () − ()
− <br />
<br />
<br />
()−()−() = −(−)−( √ +) = −+− √ − = −− √ −<br />
<br />
()+() − () = √ + + − − ( )=− + + √ + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()() = ()() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()() =( − )( )=()( ) − ( )= − <br />
()() =( √ +)(−) =( √ )(−)+(−) = √ − √ +−<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
() = <br />
−
()<br />
() = − <br />
<br />
() √ + <br />
() = − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() +() () +() <br />
() () = ( ) = () = ()<br />
() =() − = () +() = + = <br />
<br />
() () <br />
(()) ( ◦ )() <br />
()<br />
() <br />
() () <br />
(()) <br />
() <br />
() <br />
() =( )=() = <br />
<br />
(()) = ()() =<br />
= ( )<br />
= ()<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
(()) <br />
<br />
() () () =(())<br />
<br />
()
( − ) <br />
() =(()) = ( − )<br />
= ( − ) <br />
= ( − )( − )<br />
= ( − + )<br />
= − + <br />
<br />
<br />
() = − + <br />
<br />
() =( ) − ()+<br />
= () − ()+<br />
= − + <br />
= <br />
<br />
(())<br />
<br />
() () () =(())<br />
() <br />
( ) <br />
() =(()) = ( )<br />
=( ) − <br />
= − <br />
<br />
<br />
() = −
() () <br />
() = () =() − = ()− = − = <br />
<br />
(())<br />
(())(()) (())<br />
(()) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() () () =((()))<br />
<br />
<br />
()() () <br />
() (())<br />
()<br />
() =(()) = ( − )<br />
=( − ) − <br />
= − − <br />
= − <br />
<br />
( − ) <br />
<br />
() =((()) = ( ()) <br />
<br />
<br />
() =( ()) = ( − )<br />
= ( − ) <br />
= ( − )( − )<br />
= ( − + )<br />
= − + <br />
<br />
<br />
() = − +
()[()+()] <br />
(()) <br />
<br />
<br />
[()+()][(())]
() <br />
<br />
() = () =(−)<br />
<br />
<br />
(()) () ()<br />
<br />
() = () = + () = () <br />
() () () <br />
<br />
+ + () <br />
() ()+()<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
( + )<br />
()+<br />
( )( + )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
() =−. + <br />
() =( + )<br />
<br />
() = () = − () − ()<br />
() = − () = − ( + ) − ()<br />
() =− () =− +(+)−()<br />
() = +<br />
− () = + (())<br />
() = −() = √ + (+)−()<br />
() =−() =− (())−(())<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + <br />
() = − <br />
() = + <br />
() = +
( + )( + )<br />
<br />
<br />
()() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + )( + ) =( + )+( + )<br />
= × + × + × + × <br />
= + + + <br />
=
( + )( + ) =<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()()() = − () = + <br />
<br />
() () <br />
<br />
() () <br />
<br />
<br />
()() =( − )( + )<br />
= ( + ) − ( + )<br />
= + − − <br />
= + − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
()() = + − <br />
( + ) − ( + ) <br />
+ − −
()() () = + + () = − − <br />
<br />
<br />
()() =( + + )( − − )<br />
= ( − − )+( − − )+( − − )<br />
= − − + − − + − − <br />
= + − − − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()() = + − − − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()()() () = − () =− + () = +
()()() =( − )(− + )( + )<br />
=(− + + − )( + )<br />
=(− + − )( + )<br />
= − − + + − − <br />
= − + − − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()()() =− + − − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + () = <br />
<br />
(()) = ( + ) <br />
<br />
( + ) ( + )( + ) <br />
() = <br />
(()) = ( + ) <br />
(()) = ( + )( + )( + ) <br />
( + ) = + <br />
( + ) = + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) = + +
( + )( − ) = − <br />
( + ) = + + + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( − ) <br />
<br />
( + ) = + + <br />
<br />
(+(−)) (−) <br />
<br />
<br />
= −<br />
= − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( − ) =( +(−)) <br />
=() + ()(−)+(−) <br />
<br />
=()()+()(−)+(−)(−)<br />
= − + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( − ) = − +
() = + + <br />
() =()( + + )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + )( + ) = + + + <br />
= +( + ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ +
() = + + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
++++ <br />
<br />
( + )( + ) = + + + <br />
= + + <br />
= ()<br />
<br />
+ + =( + )( + )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = − + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− −
− + =( − )( − )<br />
<br />
() = − − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + <br />
− − =( − )( + )<br />
<br />
() = + − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + <br />
+ − =( − )( + )
() = + + <br />
= − = − (−) =(−) = <br />
() + + <br />
<br />
<br />
+ = <br />
= −<br />
+ = <br />
= −<br />
<br />
= −<br />
+ = <br />
= −<br />
+ = <br />
<br />
<br />
() =<br />
+ + <br />
= − ± √ − <br />
<br />
<br />
± + <br />
−
() = − + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= = − <br />
= <br />
= −(−) ± √ (−) − ()()<br />
()<br />
= −(−) ± √ − <br />
()<br />
= −(−) ± √ <br />
<br />
= ± <br />
<br />
<br />
= + <br />
<br />
= = <br />
= − <br />
<br />
= = <br />
− <br />
− <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
(<br />
() = − )(<br />
− )
(<br />
() = − )(<br />
− )<br />
<br />
(<br />
= × × − )(<br />
− )<br />
<br />
[ (<br />
= − )][ (<br />
− )]<br />
<br />
=( − )( − )<br />
<br />
<br />
= = () <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + +
() =() + () + ()+ = + + + ≠ <br />
(−) =(−) + (−) + (−)+ = − + − + ≠ <br />
(−) =(−) + (−) + (−)+ = − + − + = <br />
(−) = = − () <br />
+ ()<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + +<br />
+ <br />
<br />
+ + + + <br />
<br />
() = + + + <br />
= −() <br />
+ () <br />
<br />
<br />
+ ||<br />
+ + + <br />
<br />
+ + +
+ <br />
( + ) = + <br />
<br />
<br />
+ | | + + + <br />
−( + )<br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) = + <br />
<br />
+ <br />
+ | | + + + <br />
−( + )<br />
+ <br />
− ( + )<br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
(+) =+<br />
<br />
+ + <br />
+ | + + + <br />
−( + )<br />
+ <br />
− ( + )<br />
+ <br />
− ( + )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
() <br />
() =( + )( + + )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ + =
( + )( + ) ( + ) <br />
( + )( + )<br />
<br />
() =( + )( + ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + − − <br />
<br />
<br />
() = + − − =( + )+(− − )<br />
= ( + )+(−)( + )<br />
= ( + ) − ( + )<br />
=( − )( + )<br />
+ <br />
+ () − <br />
− <br />
− <br />
− <br />
− + <br />
() =( + )( − )( + )
() = + + + <br />
<br />
() = + + + =( + )+( + )<br />
= ( + )+( + )<br />
+ <br />
+ <br />
+ + <br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ + =( + ) <br />
− =( + )( − )<br />
+ + + =( + ) <br />
+ =( + )( − + )<br />
− =( − )( + + )<br />
<br />
<br />
() =( + )( + + )<br />
= = <br />
+ + =( + )
() = − <br />
() <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
() <br />
= = () = <br />
<br />
() <br />
= = <br />
<br />
() = − <br />
( <br />
=() −<br />
)<br />
[<br />
= − ][ ( <br />
() +()<br />
<br />
)<br />
(<br />
= − )(<br />
+ <br />
+ )<br />
<br />
( ] <br />
+<br />
)
= = = − <br />
() ()<br />
<br />
() =<br />
+ − + <br />
() = +<br />
− + <br />
<br />
<br />
( + )( − )<br />
( + ) <br />
( + + )( + )<br />
( − + )() − ( + )( − )<br />
( + − )() − ( + )( + )<br />
( + − )()+( − )( + )<br />
( + ) ()<br />
<br />
() = + + <br />
() = − + <br />
() = − <br />
() = − − <br />
() = + − <br />
() = + <br />
() = − − − <br />
() = − − + <br />
<br />
<br />
() = + <br />
() = − <br />
() = + − <br />
() = + <br />
<br />
() = + <br />
() = + − <br />
() = − <br />
<br />
<br />
() = + <br />
() = + − <br />
() = −
+ + + = <br />
<br />
<br />
× <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =()()() = <br />
<br />
<br />
= +<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ + = + = <br />
<br />
− =
− <br />
+(−) = − = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= ()()()()() =()()() = <br />
()()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− − <br />
<br />
− = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = <br />
<br />
= × <br />
<br />
= <br />
( ) = <br />
( ) <br />
( ) <br />
( ) =( )( )( )=<br />
++ = ()() = <br />
<br />
( ) <br />
( ) =( ) ( ) = <br />
<br />
=<br />
( ) <br />
( ) = <br />
( + ) <br />
( + )( + )
( ) / = <br />
<br />
( / ) = <br />
/ <br />
√ √ / <br />
<br />
√ / <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = () = − <br />
<br />
<br />
= +<br />
− = <br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
− ( ) = <br />
/ = √ <br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
<br />
<br />
√ <br />
) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( ) ( ) <br />
<br />
√ <br />
=<br />
/
( ) <br />
<br />
=<br />
( − −/) <br />
/ =<br />
( − −/) <br />
=<br />
( − −/) <br />
=<br />
( /−/) <br />
(<br />
= / ) <br />
<br />
<br />
( ) = <br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
/) <br />
=() ( / ) <br />
= /<br />
= <br />
( ) <br />
<br />
√ = <br />
<br />
<br />
( √ √ ) <br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
( √ √ ) <br />
+ =<br />
( / + /)
( / + /) <br />
=<br />
( / + /)( / + /)<br />
=( / ) + / / +( / ) <br />
= + / / + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
/ / =() / + () / + <br />
+ √ √ + + √ + <br />
<br />
<br />
( √ +<br />
√ <br />
) <br />
= + <br />
√ + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
/ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( ) / ( / ) <br />
( ) / =() / <br />
<br />
<br />
( / ) <br />
= × × = / <br />
( / ) =() = <br />
/ =
( + ) −/ <br />
<br />
√ <br />
( + )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( − + ) −/<br />
(− + ) −/<br />
( − ) /<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
(<br />
(<br />
) <br />
− −/ <br />
/ /<br />
) <br />
− / <br />
− /<br />
) <br />
− / <br />
/<br />
−( + + ) − ( + )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( ) −/ ( )<br />
( + ) <br />
−<br />
−<br />
+<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
√<br />
+<br />
√<br />
) <br />
( √ ( ) <br />
) <br />
+ √ <br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
√<br />
( + )<br />
<br />
(<br />
√<br />
√<br />
)<br />
− <br />
−<br />
<br />
( ) <br />
√ + <br />
<br />
(<br />
√<br />
√<br />
) <br />
<br />
−
() =<br />
> ≠ <br />
() = () > ≠ <br />
<br />
() = > = <br />
<br />
() = () <br />
() = () () = () = () <br />
() () <br />
≈ . <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= = () = () = = <br />
() = () = <br />
= = ().<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() () <br />
= <br />
= = = <br />
() =
()<br />
( )<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
()<br />
( )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
() =<br />
<br />
<br />
() =<br />
<br />
− = <br />
( )<br />
<br />
= −<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
√ = √ <br />
/ <br />
() = <br />
<br />
= <br />
() =
− <br />
( )<br />
<br />
= −<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
() =<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(−) <br />
= −
( )= ()<br />
() = ()+ ()<br />
( )<br />
<br />
= <br />
() − ()<br />
<br />
() =<br />
()<br />
() = ()<br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( ) <br />
( )= (( ) ) = <br />
(( ) )= ( ) <br />
<br />
( )= <br />
= × <br />
= ()<br />
( )= ()<br />
<br />
( )+ ( )= + <br />
= <br />
= ( )<br />
= ( × )
()+ () <br />
<br />
<br />
() = ()+ () <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()+ () = ( )+ (() )<br />
= ( )+ ( )<br />
= [( )( )]<br />
= ( )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()+ () = ( )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
<br />
)<br />
= ( ) − ( )
( ) − ( )= ()+ ( ) − ( )<br />
= ()+ ( )+ ( ) − ( )<br />
= ()+ ( )+ ( ) − [ ()+ ( )]<br />
= ()+ ( )+ ( ) − () − ( )<br />
<br />
<br />
= ()+()+() − () − ()<br />
( ) <br />
<br />
<br />
() () <br />
() () <br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
<br />
)<br />
= ()+()+() − () − ()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− − =
− <br />
<br />
− − = <br />
− = <br />
<br />
( −) = ()<br />
<br />
<br />
( − ) () = ()<br />
( − )() = ()<br />
− = ()<br />
= ()+<br />
= ()+<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
− − = = ()+<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ = −
= <br />
<br />
<br />
+ = −<br />
( ) + = −<br />
(+) = −<br />
+ = −<br />
( ) =<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ = − <br />
= −<br />
= −<br />
+ = − = −
( + ) =<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) = <br />
+ = <br />
+ = <br />
= <br />
= <br />
<br />
( + ) = =
()<br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
( . )<br />
− ()<br />
<br />
( )<br />
<br />
<br />
() − ( )<br />
<br />
<br />
()+()<br />
<br />
() ()+ ()<br />
() − ( )<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
= −<br />
= <br />
= .<br />
= <br />
<br />
− = <br />
− = <br />
+ = <br />
+ = <br />
<br />
( <br />
<br />
) −−<br />
= +<br />
− = −()+<br />
= −<br />
= ( + )
− <br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−
− <br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
( , ) ( , ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − <br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
(−, −) (, ) <br />
(−, ) <br />
= − = − (, ) <br />
= = <br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − <br />
= − − <br />
− − − <br />
= −<br />
−<br />
= <br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
= <br />
−
◦ <br />
= <br />
<br />
= − <br />
<br />
= − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= (, )<br />
<br />
= ( , ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = ( − )<br />
<br />
( , )
(, ) +<br />
= <br />
<br />
(, ) <br />
+ = <br />
<br />
+ = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − <br />
= − + <br />
−<br />
= − (, )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = −( − )<br />
<br />
− = − + <br />
= − + + <br />
= − + <br />
= − + <br />
(, ) <br />
= − + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(, ) +<br />
=
(, ) − <br />
<br />
= + <br />
(, ) <br />
(, ) <br />
= − + <br />
= = <br />
<br />
= −()+<br />
= − + <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
= − + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = ( − )<br />
<br />
= <br />
(, ) <br />
− = ( − ) <br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − +
(, )<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
= − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(, ) + = <br />
<br />
(, ) (−, )<br />
<br />
(, ) −<br />
= <br />
<br />
(−, ) (, )<br />
<br />
(−, ) (, )<br />
() = − <br />
= .<br />
<br />
(−, ) <br />
+ = <br />
<br />
(, ) (, )<br />
<br />
(−, ) (, −) <br />
= + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =− + <br />
= <br />
= − <br />
= − <br />
= + <br />
(−, ) (, )
[, .] <br />
<br />
<br />
(, .) <br />
<br />
<br />
[, .) <br />
(, .] <br />
<br />
[−, )<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−.<br />
−.
−<br />
− <br />
− <br />
<br />
− − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−. − <br />
−. − <br />
, , −, −. <br />
−, , , −. <br />
<br />
<br />
(, ∞) <br />
∞ <br />
(−∞, ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
∪ <br />
[, ] ∪ (, ∞) <br />
<br />
<br />
∩ <br />
(, ] [, ) <br />
(, ] ∩ [, ) <br />
<br />
∩ <br />
∪ ∩ <br />
<br />
(, ] ∩ [, ) =[, ]
≥ ∈ [, ∞) ∈ <br />
<br />
<br />
∈ (, ∞) > <br />
<br />
∪ ∩ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + > <br />
<br />
> = <br />
− + = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + = <br />
( − )( − ) =<br />
= , <br />
= =
= <br />
− + =() − ()+ = > <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + =() − ()+ = − + = − < <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− + =() − ()+ = − + = > <br />
<br />
<br />
= = <br />
<br />
∈ (−∞, ) ∪ (, ∞)<br />
<br />
> ≥ < <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
>
✓<br />
✗<br />
✓<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(−∞, ) (, ) (, ∞)<br />
<br />
> − > > <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
> <br />
∈ (, ∞) () =<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
− ≥
− <br />
− = <br />
( )<br />
( − <br />
− )<br />
=( − )()<br />
− <br />
− = <br />
= <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = <br />
( − )( + ) =<br />
= , −<br />
−<br />
−<br />
= = − <br />
= =<br />
= − <br />
= <br />
= = − <br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = − (−)−<br />
(−) − = −<br />
<br />
<br />
✗<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
− = <br />
()−<br />
() − = −<br />
− = <br />
>
✗<br />
✓<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
< <br />
()−<br />
() − = −<br />
<br />
✗ ✓ ✗<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
> <br />
()−<br />
() − = <br />
<br />
✗ ✓ ✗ ✓<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
∈ (−, ) ∪ [, ∞) <br />
= = − = <br />
<br />
− <br />
≥ ∈ (−, ) ∪ [, ∞)<br />
−
− ≤ ≤ <br />
≥− > <br />
≥− < <br />
≤− > <br />
≥− > <br />
≤ > −<br />
> − > <br />
<br />
∈ [, ) ∪ (, ∞)<br />
∈ [−, )<br />
∈ (, ] ∪ [, )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
− ≤ <br />
− + ≤ + <br />
+ > <br />
− + + ≥ <br />
<br />
+ <br />
− − ≤ <br />
− − ≤− + <br />
<br />
+ <br />
− ≤ <br />
+ < + <br />
− ≤−<br />
+ > <br />
− ≤ <br />
<br />
+ + <br />
− <br />
≥
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
√ − = (−) /
() = /<br />
() = −<br />
() =− <br />
() = −/<br />
() = −/<br />
() =− /<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
(−∞, ∞)<br />
() = − <br />
<br />
(−∞, ) ∪ (, ∞)<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
(−∞, ∞)<br />
() = − <br />
<br />
(−∞, ) ∪ (, ∞)<br />
() = − <br />
<br />
(, ∞)
() = <br />
<br />
[, ∞)<br />
() <br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
() = > ≠ <br />
<br />
(−∞, ∞)<br />
<br />
<br />
() (, ∞)
() = + <br />
√<br />
− <br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
√ − √ <br />
√ <br />
/ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
√<br />
− = <br />
<br />
√<br />
= <br />
<br />
= = <br />
= <br />
<br />
() ∈ [, ) ∪ (, ∞)
() = √ − + <br />
√ − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
− <br />
− <br />
<br />
− < <br />
− < <br />
> <br />
() () (−∞, ]. <br />
<br />
() = √ − + ∈ (−∞, ]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
= ()<br />
= ()<br />
<br />
<br />
( − )<br />
− <br />
<br />
√ − <br />
(()) <br />
() <br />
() () =<br />
()<br />
<br />
( √ + )<br />
+ − + <br />
<br />
( − )<br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( − )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
√ − <br />
+ <br />
√ + <br />
− <br />
() = ( − )<br />
() = ( − )<br />
() = √ ( + ) − <br />
√<br />
() = ( − ) +
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − <br />
<br />
=
(, −) (, −) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
−
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
(, ) ◦ <br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + − + <br />
() = − + − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() () <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− − <br />
−<br />
() = <br />
<br />
− − <br />
−<br />
−<br />
−<br />
<br />
() =− +<br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + −
− − <br />
−<br />
<br />
() = − <br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
−<br />
−<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = ()<br />
<br />
() = + − <br />
− − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
≠ > <br />
(, ) (, )<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
() = () (, ) <br />
(, ) () <br />
> < <br />
() > < <br />
(, ∞)<br />
= <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
() () () <br />
<br />
<br />
−
= = = <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
− <br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
− <br />
−<br />
() = () () = () () = ()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
− <br />
−<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = +
+ <br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + <br />
<br />
() = + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =() () =− <br />
− <br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = () =− <br />
() () <br />
()
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
() = <br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
() () <br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =() −
() <br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
() ()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−
() ( + ) <br />
<br />
= ( + ) =() <br />
( − )<br />
<br />
> <br />
( ) <br />
<br />
> () <br />
(−)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + =( + ) <br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−
−<br />
<br />
<br />
(, ) <br />
<br />
<br />
(−, ) (− <br />
, ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =−( + ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−
() = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(−) <br />
−( − ) () =−( − ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
∞ −∞ <br />
<br />
<br />
{ <br />
− < ≤ <br />
() =<br />
< < <br />
<br />
(, ] <br />
(, )
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
< ≤ = <br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<
() =() + <br />
<br />
() =( − ) <br />
<br />
() = + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =− + <br />
{ + ≤−<br />
() =<br />
− + > −<br />
{ −<br />
<br />
< <br />
() =<br />
( − ) ≤ < <br />
() = + <br />
{ () < <br />
() =<br />
() > <br />
<br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
− ≤ ≤<br />
<br />
() =− + <br />
<br />
<br />
≤− <br />
> −<br />
<br />
<br />
(, ())() = − <br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + + <br />
() = − + <br />
() = + + <br />
<br />
() = − <br />
() = ()<br />
() = − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− − <br />
−<br />
−<br />
() <br />
() <br />
() <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
()
() <br />
() <br />
() <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
−
( + ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) = + + <br />
<br />
( + ) + <br />
( + ) = + + <br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) + <br />
<br />
() = + + ( + ) + <br />
( + ) = + + <br />
<br />
() <br />
= = <br />
= <br />
( + ) = + + <br />
() <br />
() ( + ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) + = + + +
= + = = + <br />
= <br />
() =( + ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + <br />
= + ()+<br />
= + ()+( ) − ( )+<br />
=( + ) − ( )+<br />
=( + ) − + <br />
=( + ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( + )
() = − + <br />
<br />
<br />
( + ) + ( + ) + <br />
<br />
( + ) + = + + + <br />
<br />
() − <br />
= − = − <br />
+ <br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ = <br />
= − <br />
= − = − <br />
( ) <br />
() = − − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(+) +
( + ) + = ( + + )+<br />
= + + + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + − ( + ) + <br />
( + ) + <br />
<br />
() = <br />
<br />
= () = ()<br />
= = <br />
<br />
+ = = ( ) + = +<br />
() − + = − = −<br />
<br />
(<br />
() = +<br />
) <br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + − ( + ) +
[ ]<br />
() = + − = + − <br />
[ ( ( ) ( ) <br />
= + + − −<br />
)<br />
]<br />
[ (<br />
= + ) <br />
− ]<br />
− <br />
[ (<br />
= + ) ] <br />
− <br />
<br />
[ (<br />
= + ) <br />
− ]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
() = + <br />
− <br />
)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()
() =( − ) + <br />
= () <br />
<br />
( + ) + <br />
<br />
<br />
() =(+) −<br />
(+) +<br />
<br />
<br />
(+) +<br />
<br />
() = − + <br />
() = + + <br />
() = − + <br />
() = − − <br />
() = − − <br />
() = + + <br />
() = + <br />
( +<br />
) + <br />
() = − + <br />
() = − + <br />
() = − − <br />
() = + + <br />
() = + + <br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + <br />
() = − <br />
() = + + <br />
() = − + <br />
<br />
() =( − ) − <br />
() =−( + ) + <br />
() =(− + ) + <br />
() =( + ) −
() = + + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
<br />
= () = + ()+ () <br />
<br />
= + + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
() = + + + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
()
+ ( + ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ − = ()+ +
+ + − = ()+ <br />
<br />
+ + = ()+ + <br />
<br />
<br />
( + + )= ()+ + <br />
<br />
= ()+ + <br />
+ +
+ − = ()+ + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ − − () − − = <br />
<br />
<br />
− − + + − − () =<br />
<br />
<br />
(− − )+()+ − − () =<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − − <br />
= <br />
= − − () <br />
= − ± √ − <br />
<br />
= −() ± √ () − (− − )( − − ())<br />
(− − )<br />
= − ± √ − (− − )( − − ())<br />
− − <br />
= − ± √ +( + )( − − ())<br />
− − <br />
= − ± √ + − − () − − − ()<br />
− −
= − ± √ + − − () − − − ()<br />
− − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − + √ + − − () − − − ()<br />
− − <br />
= − − √ + − − () − − − ()<br />
− − <br />
± <br />
+ − <br />
<br />
(−) = = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= √ − <br />
<br />
+ ± − ±
( − ) =− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− =<br />
− <br />
− + = <br />
<br />
= − = − <br />
− = − <br />
= − ± √ − <br />
<br />
= −(−) ± √ (−) − ()()<br />
()<br />
= ± √ − <br />
<br />
= ± √ −<br />
<br />
<br />
√ √ <br />
√<br />
√ √ <br />
− = (−)() = − = <br />
<br />
= ± √ −<br />
<br />
= ± √ <br />
<br />
= ± ()<br />
<br />
= ± <br />
<br />
= ±
= + = − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() − + () = <br />
() () = + − ()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()
+ − = − <br />
+ − = − <br />
+ − = − <br />
+ () = − <br />
+ () = − <br />
+ () = − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = − <br />
− = − <br />
− = + <br />
+ + − = <br />
+ + − = <br />
() = + <br />
() = + <br />
() = + <br />
<br />
<br />
− = <br />
+ = <br />
− − = <br />
− + = <br />
+ = −<br />
= <br />
+ = + <br />
( − ) − = − + <br />
( + ) = + +
(, ) <br />
() () <br />
(, ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ = − = ( − )<br />
+ = <br />
− = ( − )
− = ( − )<br />
= ( − )+<br />
= − + <br />
= − <br />
+<br />
= − <br />
( − ) <br />
+ = <br />
+( − ) = <br />
+( − + ) =<br />
− − = <br />
<br />
<br />
= −(−) ± √ (−) − ()(−)<br />
()<br />
= ± √ + <br />
<br />
= ± √ <br />
<br />
= ± √ <br />
<br />
= + √ <br />
, − √ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − <br />
(<br />
+ √ )<br />
<br />
= <br />
−
= + √ <br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
= − + √ <br />
<br />
= − <br />
(<br />
− √ )<br />
<br />
= <br />
− <br />
<br />
= − √ <br />
− <br />
= − − √ <br />
<br />
<br />
( +<br />
√<br />
<br />
<br />
, − + √ ) ( √<br />
− <br />
, − − √ )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− = − = − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
− = − <br />
− = −( − )<br />
− = − +
− − = <br />
( − )( + ) =<br />
= −, <br />
<br />
<br />
= = = = − <br />
− = <br />
<br />
(, )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() = + () = + <br />
<br />
() <br />
= + () <br />
= + <br />
<br />
+ = + <br />
− = <br />
( − ) =<br />
= , <br />
() ()<br />
() () =() =<br />
<br />
(, ) (, )
+ = − + = <br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
+=<br />
+(−+ =)<br />
<br />
+= <br />
+(−+= )<br />
=<br />
<br />
<br />
= <br />
<br />
− +() = = − <br />
(−, )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ = − + = <br />
<br />
−
− <br />
( += )<br />
+ ( − + = )<br />
− <br />
= <br />
<br />
− = <br />
<br />
= − <br />
= <br />
(−, )<br />
− + = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( +√ <br />
<br />
, −+√ <br />
<br />
) ( −√ <br />
<br />
, −−√ <br />
<br />
)
= +− <br />
<br />
+ − = + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= − = − <br />
+ = = <br />
− = √ = + <br />
= − + <br />
= − + = <br />
+ = + = − + <br />
<br />
<br />
= = <br />
= = + <br />
= = √ <br />
+ =
+ − + <br />
− <br />
<br />
− <br />
+ <br />
<br />
− +
+ − + <br />
− = <br />
+ × − <br />
− − + <br />
− × + <br />
+ <br />
=<br />
( − ) ( + )( + )<br />
−<br />
( + )( − ) ( − )( + )<br />
= − <br />
− − + + <br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
− − + + <br />
= − − ( + + )<br />
− <br />
− <br />
<br />
= − − <br />
− <br />
<br />
+ − + <br />
− = − − <br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
− =<br />
( + )( − ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
( + )<br />
( + ) <br />
<br />
=
+ + <br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ + <br />
− <br />
( + )( + )<br />
=<br />
( + )( − )<br />
= + ≠ , −<br />
− <br />
+ <br />
<br />
= <br />
= <br />
<br />
≠ , − <br />
<br />
+ + <br />
− <br />
= + ≠ , −<br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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+ <br />
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=( + ) ÷ − <br />
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=( + ) ×<br />
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− <br />
= ( + )( )<br />
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= + <br />
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+ = <br />
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= (−)+(+) <br />
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− <br />
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( + )( − ) = <br />
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( + )( + ) = <br />
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= − <br />
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() =( + )( − + )<br />
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<br />
− − <br />
− = ( − ) = + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
() =( + ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
−<br />
<br />
−<br />
() = + <br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
() =( − )
() =( − ) + = − = = <br />
() =( − ) − = − = − = <br />
<br />
() =( + ) + = = = <br />
() =( + ) − = = − = <br />
<br />
<br />
() =( + ) + <br />
()<br />
() =( + ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− − − <br />
− + ()+ − + <br />
( − ) − ( − )( − ) − − ( − ) <br />
( + ) − ( + ) − ( + ) − + − ( + ) − <br />
( − ) − ( − ) − ( − ) − − − ( − ) − <br />
(−) − (−)(−) − − (−) <br />
−( − ) − () −( − − )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= () () = <br />
<br />
<br />
= = −<br />
() =( − ) + = − = <br />
() =( + ) − = = −<br />
() =( − ) − = − = −<br />
() =( − ) − = − = −<br />
() =( − ) − = − = −<br />
() =( + <br />
) − <br />
= <br />
= − <br />
<br />
() =( + <br />
) − <br />
= <br />
= − <br />
<br />
() =( − ) + = − = = <br />
<br />
<br />
− − <br />
() =( − ) − <br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
() =( + ) − <br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− − <br />
−<br />
() =( − ) + <br />
()
() = − − <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
() =− − − <br />
− − −<br />
() = − + <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()<br />
() = + + <br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
−<br />
()<br />
<br />
()<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<br />
− + <br />
+ ± √ −<br />
<br />
+ + <br />
<br />
= − <br />
+ <br />
<br />
= −( ) ± √ ( ) − ( + )(− − )<br />
( + )<br />
− <br />
=<br />
+ − <br />
<br />
<br />
= + − () = +<br />
<br />
= [ () − ]<br />
= −, <br />
= −, <br />
= + √ , − √ <br />
= + , − <br />
− + − − <br />
= ,<br />
<br />
= <br />
= −, −, <br />
= − √ , + √ <br />
= −, − + √ <br />
, − − √
(, −) (, )<br />
( , ) (− , − )<br />
(, ) (, )<br />
(, ) (, )<br />
( +√ <br />
, ) ( −√ <br />
, )<br />
<br />
<br />
(, ) (, )(, −)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
(, ) (, )<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
(−, ) (, )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− <br />
−<br />
(, ) (, )<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(, ) (, )(, )<br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
+ > <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
+ − <br />
+ <br />
− <br />
− + − ≠ <br />
<br />
− ≠ <br />
<br />
+ + <br />
( + ) + <br />
( + ) <br />
<br />
− +<br />
<br />
+ +<br />
<br />
( − ) + <br />
− +<br />
<br />
+ <br />
<br />
( + ) + <br />
( + ) + + <br />
+ +<br />
<br />
<br />
− + + <br />
+ + <br />
<br />
<br />
+ + <br />
− + + <br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
+ + + <br />
− + <br />
<br />
<br />
− + <br />
− <br />
<br />
−<br />
+ + <br />
− <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
/()<br />
− − /()<br />
+ <br />
<br />
+ − <br />
+ <br />
<br />
+ − <br />
+ <br />
−<br />
+ +<br />
/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
− +<br />
<br />
( − ) <br />
+ /<br />
− − /<br />
+ <br />
+ <br />
( + ) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
√<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
√
− √ <br />
−<br />
[, ]<br />
[−, −]<br />
[−, ]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[−, ]<br />
√ √<br />
(− <br />
, − <br />
)<br />
<br />
<br />
± <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= , <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( −√ <br />
<br />
, − )<br />
<br />
<br />
(− , −√ <br />
<br />
)<br />
(− )=√ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(− , −√ <br />
<br />
)<br />
√ √<br />
= <br />
+ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(− √ <br />
, − √ <br />
)<br />
( )=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( √ <br />
, − )<br />
( √ <br />
, − )<br />
(− )=− <br />
() <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
()+ () =<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(− )=− <br />
<br />
− <br />
<br />
− <br />
√ √<br />
−