Bahini Book

‘a}gL’
‘a} gL’
afn uLlt–syf
1
n] vs
ljgf] b Gof} kfg]

‘a}gL’
‘a} gL’
afn uLlt–syf
‘a} gL’
afn uLlt–syf
n] vs
ljgf] b Gof} kfg]
n] vs
ljgf] b Gof} kfg]
2

‘a}gL’
s[lt M …a} gLÚ afn uLlt–syf
n] vs M ljgf] b Gof} kfg]
k|sfzs M zld{nf Gof} kfg]
;jf{lwsf/ M n] vsdf
klxnf] k|sfzg M @)^) cfiff9
bf] ;|f] k|sfzg M @)&& cfiff9
sDKo'6/ ÷6fOk;] l6Ë M a] gfdxfª ;'Aaf
cfj/ 0f÷lrq M kjg / fhj+zL
O{–a"s ;] l6ª M ;';g ldl8of k|f=ln=, latf{df] 8 -´fkf_
ISBN : 9789937-0-7555-8
3

‘a}gL’
;dk{0f
5f] / Lx?
lzvf
/
>LhfnfO{
;–Kof/
;dk{0f .
4

‘a}gL’
n] vsLo
cfheGbf s/ La !& jif{ cufl8 afnaflnsfx¿sf] n] v] / k|sfzg u/ ] sf]
uLlt–syf nosf] …a} gLÚnfO{ w] /} afnaflnsfx¿n] k9] / dg k/ fOlbg' ePsfn]
km] l/ Psk6s lrq nufotsf ;fdfGo kl/ dfh{g;lxt of] k':ts k|sfzg ug{
nfu] sf] 5' . dnfO{ cfzf 5, of] lstfa k9\g] cl3Nnf k':tfsf efO–a} gLn] em+}
clxn] sf / ca cfpg] efO–a} gLx¿n] klg o; k':tsnfO{ dg k/ fOlbg' x'g] 5 .
…a} gLÚnfO{ bf] ;|f] k6s 5fKg xf} ;nf / ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf rfFhf] kfFhf] ldnfO{
;xof] u ug'{ x'g] >4] o bfh' 3g] Gb|k|;fb zdf{k|lt cfef/ ;lxt s[t1tf k|s6
ub{5' . o;} u/ L, d] / f] kf08'lnlknfO{ k':tssf] ¿k lbg cfjZos kg] { vr{
h'6fP/ k|sfzgsf] lhDdf lnOlbg] d] / L hLjg;+lugL zld{nf Gof} kfg] nfO{
xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
o;} u/ L, g] kfndf z'4fz'l4 nufot cGo s'/ fsf] ;+of] hg ul/ lbg' x'g]
kqsf/ ldq >L / fhafa' z+s/ , l;4x:t lrqsf/ >L kjg / fhj+zL, O{–
a"s l8hfOg ul/ lbg] s'zn lzNkL efO ;Gtf] if zdf{ nufot ;a} ;xof] uL
z'elrGtsx¿nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' .
— ljgf] b Gof} kfg]
5

‘a}gL’
klxnf] ;+:s/ 0f
n] vsLo
Kof/ f–Kof/ f efO÷a} gLx¿sf] dgf] / ~hgsf nflu n] lvPsf] sljtfx¿sf]
;+ufnf] xf] – of] …a} gLÚ . syfnfO{ sljtfsf] ¿kdf eGg vf] Hbf of] uLlt–syfsf]
¿kdf lg:sg k'Uof] . …a} gLÚn] yf] /} dfq eP klg efO–a} gLx¿nfO{ dgf] / ~hg
b] cf] ;\ eGg] d] / f] rfxgf xf] .
…a} gLÚnfO{ k':tssf] cfsf/ df k|sflzt ug{ k|] / 0ff / ;xof] u lbg] >å] o
slj anb] j …ufpFn] Ú, tLy{ clwsf/ L, snfsf/ / fh] z dfgGw/ , l8NnL bfxfn
…aGw'ÚÙ bfh'x¿ 3g] Gb|k|;fb zdf{ / af;' zdf{, >LdtL zld{nf Gof} kfg] / ;Dks{
k|sfzg ;d"xnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
— ljgf] b Gof} kfg]
6

‘a}gL’
afn–;+;f/ nfO{ cFufNg
vf] Hg] …a} gLÚ -alxgL_
afnaflnsfsf nflu ;flxTosf] s'/ f ubf{ oxfF b'O{:t/ df afn–;flxTo
k|rngdf b] vf k5{g\ . Psk|sf/ df afnaflnsf :jod\n] cfˆg} :t/ af6 cfˆg}
;+;f/ df a;] / / r] sf afn/ rgfx¿ / bf] ;|f] df k|f} 9x¿n] afnsx¿sf] ;+;f/ df
/ Dg] k|oTg ub{} cyjf cfˆg} afNo–sfn -ctLt_nfO{ k'gtf{huL ub{} cfˆg}
afNosfnsf cg'ejx¿nfO{ cfkm"leq k'ghL{ljt ug{ vf] Hb} / lrt / rgfx¿
afnefjgfnfO{ klqmP/ phfu/ ug{] k|rngdf 5g\ . x'g t oxfF csf{] k|sf/ sf
afn–;flxTo klg k|rngdf 5g\, Tof] pgLx¿sf] cf} krfl/ s lzIff kf7\oqmddf
;dflji6 ul/ Psf, hf] lglZrt p2] Zo / lbzfaf] w u/ fpg] nIo / flvP/
/ rgf ul/ G5 . t/ , To;nfO{ afn–;flxTo geg] / kf7\oqmd–kf7\o;fdu|L
;flxTos} ¿kdf c·Lsf/ ul/ Psf] kfOG5 .
klxnf] o;k|sf/ sf] afn;flxTo Tolt cl:tTjdf cfO;s] sf] 5} g, lsgeg]
xfd|f afnaflnsfsf] ;flxTo / rgfsf k|oTgx¿ e/ v/ e/ v/ } yfngLdf
cfPsf] b] lvG5 . logLx¿ klg qmdzM lszf] /, o'jf / k|f} 9tfdf k'Ub} hfFbf
logn] / rgf ug{] afn;flxTo klg bf] ;|f] sf] l6d} k'U5 :jtM . To;} sf/ 0f cfd
k|rngdf bf] ;|f] sf] l6 cyf{t\ k|f} 9x¿åf/ f cfˆg} ctLtlt/ kmls{P/ cyjf
cfhsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+;f/ lt/ x] /]/, pgLx¿sf] dgf] lj1fgnfO{ ;d] 6\g
vf] Hg] k|oTg ub{} / lrPsf] ;flxTonfO{ afn–;flxTosf] ;+1f lbOG5 .
pko'{Qm wf/ 0ffaf6 x] bf{ afn–;flxTo eg] sf] Tof] ;flxTo xf] , h;n] –rfx]
Tof] k|f} 9 ;flxTosf/ n] / rgf u/ ] sf] xf] ;\, rfx] afnaflnsf :jod\n], To;n]
afn–;+;f/ df / Dg] afnaflnsfs} ultljlw dgf] nf] s / afnnLnf -rl/ q_
sf] ck] Iff / fV5 . h'g ;flxTodf afn–dgf] lj1fgnfO{ phfu/ ub{} pgLx¿s}
;+nUgtf, pgLx¿s} efiff, cleJolQmsf] :t/ df k|j] z u/ ]/ / rgf ul/ G5 .
/, Tof] g} :jfefljs ¿kdf afn;flxTo cGtu{t kl/ eflift x'G5 .
o; b[li6n] x] bf{ xfd|f] kl/ k|] Iodf ;fFRr} afn;flxTo n] vgsf] yfngL
e/ v/ –e/ v/ } x'g yfn] sf] 5 . clxn] 7 ;Dd hlt klg afn;flxTosf] gfpFdf

‘a}gL’
lrlgPsf / rgfx¿ 5g\, ltgdWo] jfn–dg, afnnLnf / afnefiffnfO{
k|ltlglwTj u/ ]/ / lrPsf w] /} sd 5g\ . ltgdf of t lglb{i6 kf7\oqmdnfO{
b[li6ut u/ ]/ lglZrt z} lIfs p2] Zo k"lt{sf nflu / lrPsf / rgfx¿ 5g\, of
k|f} 9 n] vsx¿n] afnaflnsfsf nflu xfdLn] klg / rgf ug{'k5{ eGg] af] wn]
k|] l/ t eP/ jf s] jn / x/ n] / lrPsf kfOG5g\ . oL b'a} sf] l6sf / rgfx¿n]
xfd|f] afn–;flxTosf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ul/ / x] sf 5g\ .
cfh d] / f] xftdf To:t} Ps ;r] t n] vsåf/ f / lrPsf] Pp6f afnuLtsf]
kf08'lnlk 5 . …a} gLÚ uLltsyf sd;] sd / rgfsf/ n] o;nfO{ o;} eg] sf
5g\ . aofnL;–lqrfnL; j6f afnsljtf, uLt ;+nUg o; s[ltnfO{ Pp6}
l;+uf] k':ts klg eGg ldN5 . lsgeg] o;sf k|To] s 6'qmf uLtnfO{ Pp6f
>[ª\vnfdf pg] / Pp6f syfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ vf] lhPsf] 5 . h]
xf] ;\, cfˆgL alxgLk|ltsf] efjgf, dfof / 7"nfaf6 :jfefljs ¿kdf
x'g] kIfkft -;fgf] k|lt ljz] if Wofg k'¥ofOg] _af6 obfsbf …rf] 6Ú klg
cg'ej ug{] afn–dgf] lj1fgsf] w/ ftndf / rgf ul/ Psf] k|:t't syfTds
uLlt afnsfJo -egf} + jf afnuLt ;+u|x_ n] afnefjgfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj
ub{} afn–;+;f/ df k|j] z ug{] / fd|f] k|oTg u/ ] sf] 5 . o; b[li6n] k|:t't
afnk':tsn] afn–;flxTo agfpg] k"/ f clwsf/ / fV5 .
o;sf / rlotf ljgf] b Gof} kfg] o; If] qdf gofF nfUg] gfp eP klg
/ rgf–Ifdtfsf b[li6n] Tolt gofF nfUb} gg\ . ;/ n efiff, ;/ n uLlt
z} nLdf, afn–efjgfnfO{ phfu/ ug{ k|oTg ul/ Psf] pgsf] k|:t't …
uLltsyfÚdf xfd|f afnaflnsfn] cfˆg} efjgf, cfˆg} ;+;f/ e] 6\g] 5g\
/ o;nfO{ dg k/ fP/ alxgLnfO{ em+} g} sfvdf lng] 5g\ eGg] ljZjf;
ub{} uLtsf/ nfO{ ;fw'jfb lbG5' . pgsf] snd o; If] qdf lg/ Gt/ rn] /
lg/ Gt/ kl/ dflh{t x'Fb} ;'Gb/ …afn–/ rgfÚ åf/ f xfd|f] afn–;flxTosf]
e08f/ k'i6 kfb} { ;kmn x'g] sfdgf klg u5{' .
@)%* c;f] h !%, cf?af/ L -sf7df8f} +_
8
— / d] z ljsn

‘a}gL’
a} gLsf] cg'xf/ x] bf{
k"jL{ kxf8sf] ;+v'jf;ef, r} gk'/ df @)!( ;fndf hlGdPsf ljgf] b
Gof} kfg] n] lzIf0f Joj;fo dfq cFufn] gg\Ù afn;'ne / rgf g] kfnL tyf
c+u|] hLdf klg n] Vt} uP . ;+v'jf;efsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/ 0f / cfˆg} bfh'x¿
3g] Gb|k|;fb zdf{, jf;'zlz zdf{ ;d] taf6 k|] / 0ff lnP/ n] vgsnfdf cu|;/
x'g] ljgf] bsf, g] kfnL / rgf vf;u/ L afnsljtf / afnuLtsf If] qdf l;h{gf
5g\ . o;} qmddf afnuLtx¿sf] / fd|f] ;+u|x xf] – …a} gLÚ -@)%*_ .
…a} gLÚ afn uLltsyf
k|f} 9 / rgf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . t/ , afn/ rgf ug{ zAbx¿sf] rog,
efjsf] sf] dntf, afn;'ne ljifoj:t' h'g cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] snfsf]
cEof; ;lhnf] x'Fb} g, lgs} sl7g x'G5 . slj ljgf] bsf afnuLtx? afn?lrsf
ljifonfO{ cFufn] / eP klg cg] s kIfsf] lrq0f ug{ ;kmn 5g\ . pgsf s] xL
afnuLtx?sf] p4/ 0f x] / f} + . h:t} —
d] / f] b] z w] /} 7"nf] , dfof w] /} u5{' . -d] / f] b] z–af6_
cfˆg} b] zsf] ¿k b] vL cfkm} b· k5{' .
dfof ug{] cfdf kfPF, slt Kof/ L d 5' . -d–af6_
5fofF lbg] afaf kfPF, slt v'zL d 5' .
;fgL a} gL, dgk/ L p;sf] cfˆg} 3/ ,
cfˆg} cfdf, cfˆg} afaf p;nfO{ s] sf] 8/ .
-a} gL–af6_
km"n l6Kg / fd|f] x} g eGb] pm p;nfO{,
;a} km"nn] kfpg' k5{ k"/ } km'NgnfO{ . -km"n l6Kg x'Gg–af6_
5'g x'Gg tLvf] j:t' sf6\g 3f] Rg ;S5,
v] Ng x'Gg cfuf] ;Fu, Hofg} lng 9 ;S5 . -xltof/;Fu rNg' x'Gg–af6_

‘a}gL’
o:tf p4/ 0f hlt lbP klg x'G5 . hlt k9] klg kl9/ x'F, hlt ;'g] klg
;'lg/ x'F h:tf k+lQmx¿ 5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfˆg} ;+;f/ x'G5 . To;
;+;f/ ;Fu / fd|f] kl/ ro glnO{ o:tf / rgf klg ug{ ;lsGg . afnaflnsfx¿sf]
cfgLafgL, :jefj klg x'g'k5{ . geP ;kmntf ldNb} g . slj ljgf] b Gof} kfg] sf]
k|:t't afnuLt ;+u|xdf pgsf] k|ltef / fd|} emlNsG5 . afnaflnsfnfO{
dgf] / ~hg dfq xf] Og, lzIff lbg klg oL uLltsljtf ;kmn 5g\ . o:tf ;'Gb/
afnl;h{gfsf nflu slj Gof} kfg] nfO{ awfO{ lb+b} o:t} l;h{gf ug{ lg/ Gt/
;fwgf/ t\ / xg cfJxfg ub{5' . clxn] olQ g} .
@)%*–)^–)*, sf7df8f} +
— k|f= 36/ fh e§/ fO{
10

o;leq===
‘a}gL’
ljifo ;"rL
!= d] / f] b] z
@= d] / f] ufpF
#= d] / f] 3/
$= d] / f] :s"n
%= d] / f] au} +rf
^= d} n] k9\g] k':ts
&= d} n] v] Ng] v] n
*= d
(= d ljBfyL{
!)= 3/ sf] sfd u5{'
!!= xh'/ cfdf xfd|L
!@= afaf / cfdf
!#= afaf / cfdf c;n l5d] sL
!$= Kof/ f–Kof/ f afaf–cfdf
!%= a} gL
!^= k9\g vf] Hg] a} gL
!&= rs\rs] a} gL
!*= a} gLnfO{ nfh} 5} g
!(= a} gLsf ;fyLx¿
@)= a} gLnfO{ dfq ;a} n] dfof u5{g\
@!= d klg ;fgL g} 5'
@@= dnfO{ klg dfof ug{'k5{
@#= a} gL dfdf 3/ uO{
@$= a} gL d] / L ;fgL
@%= a} gLsf] ;Demgf cfpF5
;fy} , cGo / dfOnf sljtfx¿—
11
k] h g+=
!@
!#
!$
!%
!^
!&
!*
!(
@)
@!
@@
@#
@$
@%
@^
@&
@*
@(
#)
#!
#@
##
#$
#%
#^

‘a}gL’
d] / f] b] z
gfua] nL k/ L–k/ L vf] nf gfnf aU5g\,
dfly–dfly 8fF8faf6 ;] tf emgf{ em5{g\ .
km"n} km"nsf] kfvfel/ sf] OnLn] ufpF5,
j;Gtsf] xl/ ofnL ;f/ f ;+;f/ 5fpF5 .
hgs, a'4 oxL+ hGd] 1fgHof] lt 5/ ],
;Ltf lbbL oxL lyOg\ / fdn] lax] u/ ] .
d] / f] b] z w] /} 7"nf] , dfof w] /} u5{',
cfkm\gf] b] zsf] ?k b] vL cfkm} b+u k5{' ..
12

‘a}gL’
d] / f] ufp“
le/ fnf] kfvfdf, lxdfnsf] sfvdf,
d] / f] ;fgf] ufpF 5, / dfOnf] 7fpF 5 .
;] tf lxdfn pQ/ df, tn vf] nf au] sf,
kz'–k+IfL 8'n] sf, nfnLu'/ fFz km'n] sf .
nfn'kft] kfvfdf, ;'gufef km'n] sf,
8fFkm] d'gfn gfr] sf] d[u 3f] / n 8'n] sf] .
d] rL, sfnL hxfF hfpmF, ;fgf 7"nf w] /} ufpF,
d hGd] sf] d] / f] ufpF, / fd|f] nfU5 cfkm\g} 7fpF ..
13

‘a}gL’
d] / f] 3/
:ju{ h:t} d] / f] 3/ , w] /}–w] /} Kof/ f] 5,
cfkm\gf] 3/ sf] dfof, df] x, e'NgnfO{ ufx|f] 5 .
;Dem] hlt, ;a} s'/ f, d} n] eGg yfn] sf] ,
d] / f] 3/ sf] d] / f] syf, d} n] ufpg yfn] sf] .
xh'/ cfdf, afaf–cfdf, a} gL clg d klg,
;Fu} a:5f} + xfd|f] 3/ df ldnL–ldnL h} n] klg .
vfG5f} + lkpF5f} + ;Fu;Fu} , 5} g l/ ; / fu,
dL7f] x'G5 ldnL vfFbf, lk7f] xf] ;\ jf ;fu ..
14

‘a}gL’
d] / f] :s"n
d} n] k9\g] :s"ndf ;a} k9\g cfpF5g\,
g'xfO{–w'jfO{ ;kmf 5g\, p:t} n'uf nfpF5g\ .
k9fO–n] vfO k"hf xf] , 1fg–;Lk uxgf,
k9L–n] vL 1fgL eO{ c;n x'g] rfxgf .
u'?cfdf–u'?n] ;xL kf7 l;sfpF5g\,
/ fd|f] ;Fu k9fP/ ;xL af6f] b] vfpF5g\ .
w] /} k9\5f} + xfdL klg c;n 1fgL aG5f} +,
cl3 a9\5f} + xfdL klg 1fg–u'g l;S5f} + ..
15

‘a}gL’
d] / f] au} +rf
d] / f] 3/ sf] au} +rf km"n} km"nn] e/ sf] ] ,
dL7f–dL7f kmnx? ;w} + kmNg] u/ sf] ] .
/ ftf, gLnf, kx] +nf km"n w] /} km'Ng] ,
;a} dlxgf ;a} lbg ;w} +–;w} + em'Ng] .
/ +uLr+uL k'tnL cfpF5g\ 3/ L–3/ L,
;a} km"ndf a:g] u5{g\ 7fpF ;/ L–;/ L .
/ fd|f–/ fd|f km"nn] dL7f] af:gf 55{g\,
;fgf–;fgf r/ f cfO{ / ; r':g] u5{g\ ..
16

‘a}gL’
d} n] k9\g] k':ts
:s"nsf] kf7 k9\5' u[xsfo{ u5{',
;a} sfd ;s] kl5 clg v] Ng yfN5' .
dL7f–dL7f syfx?, dnfO{ dg k5{,
/ fd|f–/ fd|f lstfan] d] / f] lgGb|f 65{ .
afnssf lstfa 5g\ ahf/ df w] /},
/ fd|f 5fgL afaf Nofpg] , k9\g] sfd d] /} .
d} n] syf k9] kl5 a} gLnfO{ eG5',
htg u/ L lstfa k9L ;fyLnfO{ lbG5' ..
17

‘a}gL’
d} n] v] Ng] v] n
d} n] v] Ng] rf} / Ldf ;a} ;fyL cfpF5g\,
sf] xL v] Ng yfN5g\ clg sf] xL uLt ufpF5g\ .
…cf;kf;Ú v] N5f} F xfdL s'gfsfgL n'sL,
…sfg] –sfg] lkRrfÚ v] N5f} + b'a} cfFvf 5f] kL .
skbL{sf] dhf cs{} , alnof] n] k5f5{,
…;ft uf] 6LÚ v] Nbfv] l/ rf] / x'g] n] n3f5{ .
…cdn–8dnÚ slxn] sfxL+ …l;Gsf] –n'sfO{Ú klg,
;a} v] n v] N5f} + xfdL, / fd|f 5fgL–5fgL ..
18

‘a}gL’
d
cln–cln uf] / L 5' d, afafsL d 5f] / L,
cln–cln df] 6L 5' d, cfdfsL d 5f] / L .
dfof ug{] cfdf kfPF, slt Kof/ L d 5',
5fofF lbg] afaf kfPF, slt v'zL d 5' .
dg nufO{ :s"n hfG5', k9\g dg nfU5,
gofF s'/ f hfGg vf] H5', a'em\g dg nfU5 .
w] /} k9f} +, w] /} n] vf} +, c;n 1fgL agf} +,
sfdsfh 3/ sf] klg ;Fu} ub{} hfcf} + ..
19

‘a}gL’
d ljBfyL{
lxdfnsf] r'r'/ f] df 3fdn] nfnL 5bf{,
laxfgLsf] 708f xfjf sf] 7fleq kbf{ .
l56} p7L k9\g a:5', / fd|f cIf/ n] V5',
k9L ;sL vfgf vfO{ clg :s"n hfG5' .
;a} kf7 a'emfpF5', ufnL d t vfGg,
;w} + ;a} sIff lnG5', cGt d t hfGg .
ljBfyL{ x'F ldlxg] tL, klxnf] sfd k9\g] ,
c;n–c;n afgL lnG5', grflx+bf] 5f8\g ..
20

‘a}gL’
3/ sf] sfd u5{'
7"nL 5f] / L 3/ sL d, ;3fpg] u5{',
;fgfltgf 3/ sf] sfd n'?n'? u5{' .
a9f/ –s'F8f/ cfFugdf, sf] 7f ;kmf kf5{',
j/ k/ ;fdfg ;f/ L dfs'/ LnfO{ emf5{' .
xh'/ cfdf a'9fa'9L, sfd ug{' x'Gg,
afaf ;w+} uf] 7–v] t, 3/ df sfd 6Gg .
cfdf d] / L s] –s] u?g\, EofO{–gEofO{ x'G5,
;fgf sfd d} n] u/ ] cf/ fd kfpg' x'G5 ..
21

‘a}gL’
xh'/ cfdf xfd|L
xh'/ cfdf xfd|L, kf] sf] kf] N6f] vf] tnL,
;w} +–;w} + lbg'x'G5, ld7fO{ rs\n] 6 a6'nL .
kmsfO{–kmsfO{ vfpFnf, w] /} dfof kfpFnf,
;fyL–;fyL agf} +nf, 3/ –cfFug 3'df} +nf .
xh'/ cfdfsf] ;fydf, n'6'k'6' sfvdf,
/ fd|f–/ fd|f syf ;'G5f} +, dL7f–dL7f efsfdf .
;w} +–;w} + 8'nfpg] , ;Fu} –;Fu} 3'dfpg] ,
b] z, ljb] z, k/ b] z syfaf6} 3'dfpg] ..
22

‘a}gL’
afaf / cfdf
xfF;f] af] sL cf] 7df, afaf hfg] uf] 7df,
sfdwGbf ug{'x'G5, cfdf efG5f sf] 7fdf .
aflx/ km] / uP/ , sdfO{ Nofpg] afafn] ,
dL7f] –dL7f] lbg'x'G5, ksfO{–t'NofO{ cfdfn] .
afaf cfdf ;w} +–;w} +, slt ;fx|f] ldn] sf,
5n5fd hfGb} gg\, ;fFrf] s'/ f af] n] sf .
;fgf] 7"nf] e] b 5} g, afemfafem ub{} gg\,
;/;Nnfx ug{] u5{g\, 7"nf] :j/ n] af] Nb} gg\ ..
23

‘a}gL’
afaf / cfdf
c;n l5d] sL
ufpF–3/ l5d] sdf, dbf{–kbf{ a] nfdf,
;/;xof] u ug{'x'G5, v] tLkftL d] nfdf .
cfkm\gf] xfnt a'em] /, kfx'gf cfpFbf v'n] /,
labf ug{] ;f] r] /, ;] jf–;Tsf/ u/ /] .
l;wf–;fwf hLjg, 9/ f{ km"lt{ ub} {gg\,
b] vfl;vL 5Fb} 5} g, ug{] sfddf r'Sb} gg\ .
5/ l5d] s ;dfhdf, P] +rf] –k} +rf] jf/ kf/ ,
lx;falstfa 7LSs 5, lng'–lbg' a/ fa/ ..
24

‘a}gL’
Kof/ f–Kof/ f afaf cfdf
;fgL 7"nL b'a} nfO{, afaf af] Sg] xfdLnfO{,
d] nldnfk b] v] /, dhf cfpg] cfdfnfO{ .
;fgf xfdL 5f] / Lx?, dfof w] /} ub{5g\,
w] /} k9L 1fgL eP, ;w} + b+u kb{5g\ .
5f] / f–5f] / L e] b 5} g, b'a} a/ fa/ L,
1fg u'g ;Lk lbg] , b'Mv u/ L–u/ L .
w] /}–w] /} dfof u5{' d] / f] Kof/ f] afafnfO{,
w] /}–w] /} dfof u5{' Kof/ L–Kof/ L cfdfnfO{ ..
25

‘a}gL’
a} gL
tf] t] –tf] t] af] nL dL7f] , af] Ng] l56f] –l56f] ,
n'?v'? j/ k/ , vf] Hg] dL7f] –dL7f] .
;fgL a} gL, dg k/ L, p;sf] cfkm\g} 3/ ,
cfkm\g} cfdf, cfkm\g} afaf, p;nfO{ s] sf] 8/ <
sf] 7f p;sf] v] n d} bfg, ;fdfg j/ k/ ,
d] / L a} gL r'na'n] , h] –h] u5f} { u/ .
dL7f] Kof/ , rf] vf] dfof, ;f/ f ;+;f/ lbpFnf,
xfF;f] , v'zL, ef] s, lgb|f, ltd|f nflu lbpFnf ..
26

‘a}gL’
k9\g vf] Hg] a} gL
Kof/ L a} gL, kf] SrL df] / L, rfF8} –rfF8} a9,
dL7f–dL7f syfx? dg nufO{ k9 .
k9\g vf] Hof] , snd 5} g, sfkL stf xf] nf <
s'g} lrhsf] 6'+uf] 5} g, stf kmfnL emf] nf <
vfnL kfgf b] Vg' x'Gg, yflnxfN5] sf] g{,
gofF s'/ f b] Vg' x'Gg, emlD6xfN5] ;f] g{ .
n] Vbfn] Vb} snd tfG5] , d} n] s] kf] ug{' <
k9\bfk9\b} lstfa kmfN5] , kf5{] dnfO{ dg{' ÛÛ
27

‘a}gL’
rsrs] a} gL
;fgL a} gL, sfG5L 5f] / L, sfnL xf] ls uf] / L <
cfkm\g} kf/ f cfkm\g} uLt, ufpg] efsf km] / L .
l5gdf ?g] , l5gdf xfF:g] , s:tf] xf] of] kf/ f <
efF8fs'6L k'tnLsf] cfkm\g} ;+;f/ ;f/ f .
sf] xL;Fu 8/ 5} g, cfkm\g} ;'/ df lx+8\g] ,
;a} nfO{ 8/ x'G5, d] / L a} gL n8\g] .
cfdf–afaf, xh'/ cfdf 7fpF ;/ L–;/ L,
;a} ;Fu a:g EofpF5] , sfvdf 3/ L–3/ L ..
28

‘a}gL’
a} gLnfO{ nfh} 5} g
yf] /} lbP k'Ug] x} g, efF8} tfGg vf] Hg] ,
vfg yfNof] vfg] x} g, ;a} e'OFdf kf] Vg] .
slxn] sfxL+ cf] 5\ofgd} ;';' ug{ EofpF5] ,
vf] Ng gkfO{ gfgf slxn] , ;f] em} cfsf u5{] .
nfh 5} g, 8/ 5} g, xtf/ klg 5} g,
s:tf] / fd|f] pd] / xf] of] , kL/ s] xL 5} g .
vfg kfP k'luxfNof] dL7f] 5fgL–5fgL,
v] Ng kfP k'luxfNof] gfgf tfgL–tfgL ..
29

‘a}gL’
a} gLsf ;fyLx¿
kf7f] ;Fu v] N5] a} gL, dg] –dg] egL,
s'v'/ fsf] rNnf v] b\5] , ;a} ugL–ugL .
s's'/ sf] 5fp/ f] ;Fu s} n] v] Nb} x'G5] ,
la/ fnfsf] aRrf klg af] sL s'b\b} x'G5] .
ls/ fls/ L b] Vg x'Gg, ca'O–ca'O eG5] ,
Eofu'tf] sf] aRrf] b] Vbf k/ } pk|mL efU5] .
aRrf ;a} / fd|f x'G5g\, v] Ng dhf cfpF5,
dfof u/ L v] Ng'k5{, v'lzofnL 5fpF5 ..
30

‘a}gL’
a} gLnfO{ dfq
;a} n] dfof u5{g\
sfG5L 5f] / L a} gLnfO{ ;a} dfof u5{g\,
lauf/ , km'6fO u/ ] klg ;a} b+u k5{g\ .
o;f] s] xL eGg' x'Gg, ?g yflnxfN5] ,
p;sf rLh 5'g' x'Gg, dnfO{ s'6L efU5] .
s} n] sfxL+ l/ ;} p7\5, dnfO{ 8fxf nfU5,
sfG5L 5f] / L lsg eOFg, dnfO{ kL/ nfU5 .
sfG5L 5f] / L eP d t sxfF–sxfF k'Uy] +,
n'6'k'6' ubf{ub{} , afaf;Fu} ;'Ty] + ..
31

‘a}gL’
d klg ;fgL g} 5'
To;sf] dfq afaf x} g, cfdf klg x} g,
;a} hgf Tot} lt/ , d] / f] Vofn} 5} g .
/ fd|f] gfgf, / fd|f] rfrf ;a} p;} lt/ ,
pm r} + v] Ng] / dfP/ , d r} + af] Sg] kL/ .
5fgL–5fgL a} gL lng] clg dnfO{ lbg] ,
/ xnkxn efFlrPsf] d} n] lsg lng] <
a} gLeGbf 7"nL x'Fnf, s] d ;fgL x} g <
7"nf] x'g' kfk xf] / < d] / f] / x/ 5} g <
32

‘a}gL’
dnfO{ klg
dfof ug{'k5{
a} gL h:t} dnfO{ klg dfof ug{'k5{,
gofF gfgf, gofF rfrf ;Fu} lbg'k5{ .
a} gL dnfO{ Kof/ L nfU5, l/ ; u¥of x} g,
cfh;Dd a/ fa/ L dfof kfsf] 5} g .
b'O{ cfFvf, b'O{ gfgL, 5f] / L a/ fa/ L,
h] 7L sfG5L s] xf] km/ s, 3fd–h"g;/ L .
;fgL–7"nL b'a} 5f] / L a/ fa/ L ugf{] ;\,
lbbL–a} gL ;Fu} v] N5f} +, tkfO+{ e/ kgf{] ;\ ..
33

‘a}gL’
a} gL dfdf 3/ uO{
cfh laxfg p7] /, d] / L a} gL lnP/ ,
dfdf3/ hfg' ef] , cfdf dnfO{ 5f8] / .
afaf;Fu} a;f} +nf, w] /} s'/ f u/ f} +nf,
3/ –v] t 3'df} +nf, afaf;Fu} 8'nf} +nf .
PSn} dL7f] vfP/ , sf] 7frf] 6f 8'n] /,
o:t} –o:t} ;f] r] / ;fx|} b+u k/ /] .
cfdf a} gL 5f] 8] /, PSn} 3/ a;] sf] ,
afaf;Fu a;] /, a} gL hfg lbPsf] ..
34

‘a}gL’
a} gL d] / L ;fyL
tf] t] af] nL a} gLsf] , ;fx|} dL7f] / 5, }
a} gL dfq x} g pm t, ;fyL d] / L e} 5 .
;fyL;Fu ldnLh'nL v] Ng slt dHhf,
;Fu} a;f} + Kof/ L a} gL, ca st} ghf .
/ fd|f] gfgf nfpFnf, dL7f] kfkf vfpFnf,
3/ –3/ 8'nf} +nf, e} nLuLt ufpFnf .
ltxf/ / fd|f] dgfpFnf, lkª klg v] nf} +nf
a} gL l56f] cfOh, ;Fu–;Fu} 8'nf} +nf ..
35

‘a}gL’
a} gLsf] ;Demgf cfp“5
:s"naf6 3/ cfpFbf s:tf] –s:tf] nfU5,
d] / L a} gL s:tL xf] nL, lrGtf dfq nfU5 .
vfgf vfg a;f} + eg] vfg dg} 5} g,
a} gLnfO{ ;DemL a:5', xfF:g] dg} 5} g .
dfof ubf{ v'zL eO{ …lbbLÚ, …lbbLÚ eGyL,
tf] t] af] nL af] n] / dg d] / f] lhTyL .
s} n] cfpnL lbg uGbf cf} +nf yfls;Sof] ,
a} gL cfpg] af6f] x] bf{ cfFvf uln;Sof] ..
36

‘a}gL’
ca a} gL rflxof]
ca cfdf rflxof] , a} gL klg rflxof] ,
PSn} 3/ a;] /, w] /} b'Mv kfOof] .
cfdf–afaf, a} gL;Fu} a:g kfP / fd|f] ,
;fgf] 3/ , ;fgf] ;+;f/ :ju{;/ L xfd|f] .
ca l/ ; ulb{g, a} gL xfF;] x'G5,
;a} s'/ f d g} u5{', a} gL \a;] x'G5 .
Kof/ L a} gL l56} cfpm, a;f} + ldnL–ldnL,
d] / L a} gL 3/ cfpm, v] nf} + ldnL–ldnL ..
37

‘a}gL’
afbn Û a} gLnfO{
af] nfOb] pm
8fF8fsf] sfnf] afbn, otfptf bu'g{] ,
a] Unfa] Un} cfsf/ df cfkm\gf] ?k abNg] .
8fF8fdfly k'u] / cfsfz–kftfn rfxfg{] ,
w] /} dfly k'u] / df] tL bfgf v;fNg] .
jfl/ kfl/ bu'g{] afbn otf cfpm,
d] / f] va/ af] s] / a} gL efÚ7fpF hfpm .
d] / L a} gL s:tL eO5, x] / L–a'emL cfpm,
dfgL eg] ltdL;Fu} cfkm} af] sL Nofpm ..
38

‘a}gL’
a} gL v] Ng] 7fp“
8fF8fsf] kfvfdf Pp6f ;fgf] ufpF 5,
laxfgLsf] 3fdn] dL7f] Gofgf] NofpF5 .
;fgf] –;fgf] rf} / Ldf s] 6fs] 6L cfpg] ,
afËf] –afËf] v'§f 6] sL k] 6] ef] 6f] nfpg] .
sfnf] skfn ePsL, ;fgf] d'Gb|f] nfpg] ,
u'g'u'g' u/ L–u/ L, s] –s] uLt ufpg] .
d] / L a} gL s:tL e} Ú5 x] / L–a'emL cfpm,
dfgL eg] ltdL;Fu} cfkm} af] sL Nofpm ..
39

‘a}gL’
h'g Û a} gLnfO{
af] nfOb] pm
cfsfzsf] h'g, d] / f] s'/ f ;'g,
d] / f] s'/ f ;a} ;'gL, dgdg} u'g .
cfdf;Fu a;] sL lrNnf] t] n 3;] sL,
Pp6f v'§f prfNb} dL7f] a'a' r';] sL .
;fgf] –;fgf] xftn] cfdfnfO{ rnfpFb} ,
otfptf x] g{] u5{] 8Nnf] cfFvf 3'dfpFb} .
d] / L a} gL s:tL e} Ú5 x] / L–a'emL cfpm,
dfgL eg] ltdL;Fu} cfkm} af] sL Nofpm ..
40

‘a}gL’
r/ L Û a} gL af] nfOb] pm
dfly–dfly p8\g] r/ L, ltdL otf cfpm,
d lbbLsf s'/ f ;'gL dfdf3/ hfpm .
dfdf3/ uPsL kfkf af] sL b'gf] df,
d] / L a} gL vfFb} xf] nL dL7f] kfkf s'gf] df .
d';] bft b] vfpFb} , cln–cln rkfpFb} ,
yf] /}–yf] /} d'vdf, afFsL ;a} kf] vfpFb} .
d] / L a} gL s:tL e} Ú5 x] / L–a'emL cfpm,
dfgL eg] ltdL;Fu} cfkm} af] sL Nofpm ..
41

‘a}gL’
r/ L Û a} gLsf]
;fyL ag
xfF;L–xfF;L af] n r/ L, ;fyL p;sf] ag,
v] Ng] u/ p;} ;Fu, ;f/ f / gag .
af] nL dL7f] , xfF;f] dL7f] , ;Fu} gfr'F–gfr'F,
o:tf] nfU5 ltdLnfO{ Tot} a;'F–a;'F .
x8a8 gu/ x} , ;ftf] p;sf] hfG5,
Hj/ f] cfP a} gLnfO{ ;fx|} vNnf] nfU5 .
dL7f] af] nL p;} ;Fu, otf 5f8L u} Úg,
s} n] e] 6'F nflu;Sof] , otf cfpg] e} Úg ..
42

‘a}gL’
k'tnL Û a} gLnfO{
af] nfOb] pm
/ +uLr+uL k'tnL, ltdL otf cfpm,
a} gL eP7fpF uO{ va/ a'emL cfpm .
l;;fsnd xftdf, ;fgf] sfkL af] s] sL,
afËf] l6Ëf] / vfn] ] s,v h:tf] n] v] sL .
P=aL= klg pN6f xf] nfg\, !,@ wsf{] sf] / sL, ]
h;f] t;f] u/ /] , n] Vg–k9\g yfn] sL .
k9\g] p;sf] clwsf/ / f] Sg–5] Sg x'Gg,
h;f] u5{] p;} u/ f] ;\, w] /} s'/ f hfGg ..
43

‘a}gL’
km"n l6Kg x'Gg
km"naf/ Ldf ltdL;Fu} v] NnL, / dfO{–/ dfO{,
/ fd|f–/ fd|f km"n b] vL l6KnL, ;dfO{–;dfO{ .
km"n l6Kg' / fd|f] x} g, eGb] pm p;nfO{,
;a} km"nn] kfpg'k5{ k"/ } km'NgnfO{ .
;fgL s] 6L r'na'n] 5, yfxf p;nfO{ 5} g,
/ fd|f] ;Fu ;Demfpg', xKsfP/ x} g .
;a} s'/ f dflgxfN5] , c6] / Tolt 5} g,
pt} dfdf3/ a;L, otf cfpg] e} Úg ..
44

‘a}gL’
;kmf afgL
v] Nbfv] Nb} ef] s nfU5, s] xL vfg vf] HnL,
xft} gwf] O{ vfg] s'/ f To;} vfg vf] HnL .
xft w'g", d'v w'g", clg vfgf vfg",
xft–uf] 8f wf] Oj/ L clg ;'Tg hfg" .
/ fd|f] ;Fu ;DemfOb] pm, Wofg tfgL–tfgL,
kmf] xf] / s'/ f vfg] 5} g clg hfgL–hfgL .
;a} s'/ f dfGnL p;n] , kmf] x/ L r} + 5} g,
w] /} eof] , pt} a;L, otf cfpg] e} Úg ..
45

‘a}gL’
rf“8} p7\g] afgL / fd|f]
rfF8} ;'Tg] , rfF8} p7\g] , afgL / fd|f] x'G5,
laxfgLsf] 708f xfjf, :jR5 tfhf x'G5 .
;kmf vfgf, ;kmf afgL, ;kmf nfpg'k5{,
v] Ng' x'Gg kmf] x/ w'nf] , / f] uAoflw ;5{ .
bfFt dfem\g] , d'v w'g] , ;a} atfOb] pm,
yfxf 5} g w] /} s'/ f, / fd|f] a'emfOb] pm .
;fgL a} gL 1fgL g} 5, d"v{ Tolt 5} g,
pt} a;L cs{} 7fpFdf, otf cfpg] e} Úg ..
46

‘a}gL’
hgfj/ nfO{
b'Mv lbg' x'Gg
nf} / L af] sL xftdf s's'/ v] 2} xf] nL,
k'R5/ tfGg] , 9'Ëf xfGg] , 3f] Rg] ub{} xf] nL .
l;wf;fwf hgfj/ nfO{ b'Mv lbg' x'Gg,
6f] Sg ;S5, xfGg ;S5, 5] pdf hfg x'Gg .
v] Ng hfFbf, 3/ df cfpFbf, ofb ug{'k5{,
yfxf 5} g a} gLnfO{, l;sfOlbg'k5{ .
d] / L a} gL s:tL e} Ú5, x] / L–a'emL cfpm,
dfgL eg] ltdL;Fu} , cfkm} af] sL Nofpm ..
47

‘a}gL’
OGb|] gL Û
a} gLnfO{ af] nfOb] pm
;ft/ +uL OGb|] 0fL, cfsfz–kftfn 5'g] ,
l;dl;d] 3fd–kfgLdf slxn] sfxL+ cfpg] .
OGb|] gLsf] dfnf ufF;L a} gLnfO{ lbpFnf,
3fd–kfgLsf] / dfOnf] df gofF uLt ufpFnf .
vf] nf–gfnf, 8fF8f–kfvf Ps} 7fpF Nofpm,
;ft/ ËL af6f] agfO{ dfdf3/ hfpm .
d] / L a} gL s:tL e} Ú5, x] / L–a'emL cfpm,
dfgL eg] ltdL;Fu} , cfkm} af] sL Nofpm ..
48

‘a}gL’
tf/ f Û a} gLnfO{
af] nfOb] pm
cfsfzsf tf/ fx? ;fgf–7"nf slt,
l6Nn 6Ns] cfsfzdf, ;f/ f eP hlt .
v] N5] xf] nL a} gL klg ltg} tf/ f;Fu,
/ dfO{–/ dfO{ 8'N5] xf] nL, cfkm\g} kf/ f;Fu .
cfsfzd} 5\of} ls a} gL, otf–ptf ub{} <
n'?v'? 8'N5\of} xf] nL, ;fx|} b+u kb{} .
;DemfOb] pm tf/ f p;nfO{, 3/ cfpg] e} Úg,
pt} / dfO{ dfdf3/ df, otf cfpg] e} Úg ..
49

‘a}gL’
xltof/ ;“u rNg x'Gg
h'Qf af] sL xftdf, 6f] Sg vf] Hb} xf] nL,
cfuf] b] vL r'nf] df, l6Kg vf] Hb} xf] nL .
sf6\g] –3f] Rg] rLhaLh af] sL lx+8\b} 5] ls <
v's'/ L / r'n] ;Ldf v] Ng vf] Hb} 5] ls <
5'g'x'Gg tLvf] j:t', sf6\g–3f] Rg ;S5,
v] Ng x'Gg cfuf] ;Fu, Hofg} lng ;S5 .
kfgL;Fu aRg'k5{, v] naf8 x} g,
tf/ f Û uO{ a'emfOb] pm, yfxf p;nfO{ 5} g ..
50

‘a}gL’
a} gL 3/ cfO{
:s"naf6 d cfpFbf, 3/df a}gL cfO5,
Pp6f rKkn xftdf, Pp6f dfq nfO5 .
emf]nf af]sL lk7\o'Fdf, cfdf clns k5fl8,
kfkf af]sL xftdf, a}gL cfO5 cufl8 .
cln–cln nhfpFb}, cln–cln /dfpFb},
lbbL vf]hL a}gLn], 8Nnf] cfFvf 3'dfpFb} .
ld7fO{ /x]5 xftdf, dnfO{ lbg af]s]sf],
l;Ëf] /fvL cfkm"n], cfwL lbO{ 6f]s]sf] ..
51

‘a}gL’
a} gL / d ;“u} v] nf} +
ld7fO{ 6f] sL d'vdf, a} gL af] s] + sfvdf,
clg xfdL bf} l8of} +, ;Fu} v] Ng kfvfdf .
lbg cfh ;kmf 5, rf/ lt/ } 3dfOnf] ,
lsg cfh o:tf] eof] , ;a} lt/ / dfOnf] Û
8fF8f, kfvf nf} ;'g, vf] nfgfnf nf} ;'g,
e] 8f, afv|f, ufO{, e} +;L, 3fF;, tf/ f, h"g .
/ fd|f–/ fd|f km"nx?, OGb|] 0fL / k'tnL,
;a} hgf otf cfpm, dfof lbpFm a6'nL ..
52

‘a}gL’
ca xfdL ;“u} a;f} +
;Fu} a;f} + d] / L a} gL, ;Fu} xfdL k9f} +,
;'v–b'Mv a/ fa/ L, ;Fu–;Fu} afF8f} + .
afaf–cfdf v'zL x'G5g\, / fd|f] ;Fu k9] ,
xh'/ cfdf / dfpg] l5g\ 1fgL xfdL ag] .
cfkm\g} 3/ / fd|f] x'G5, ldlnh'nL a;] ,
;fgf] efÚlg :ju{ h:tf] , / fd|f] ;Fu a;] .
;fgfnfO{ dfof clg cfb/ 7"nfnfO{,
;a} hgf v'zL xf] nfg\, dfof–cfb/ kfO{ ..
53

‘a}gL’
n] vs kl/ ro
gfd
hGd:yfg
lktf
dftf
xfnsf] a;f] af;
M ljgf] b Gof} kfg]
M r} gk'/ , ;+v'jf;ef
M b'uf{k|;fb Gof} kfg]
M xl/ lk|of Gof} kfg]
M n08g, a] nfot
s[ltx?
!= a'4 eP/ hGdg rfxG5' -sljtf ;+u|x_
@= otLsf] sfvdf efu–! -afn pkGof;_
#= otLsf] sfvdf efu–@ -afn pkGof;_
$= nf] vs] {sf] lax] -afn syf ;+u|x_
%= cfdf r} gk'/ -v08 sfJo_
^= a} gL -afn uLlt syf_
&= Hand Book of General Knowledge
*= lzIfs÷ lzlIfsfsf nflu ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf k':tsx?
(= otLsf] sfvdf efu–# -afn pkGof;_
!)= vf] l;Psf] afNosfn -afn pkGof;_
;Dks{ M
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