Alternative Dispute Resolution - Supreme Court Of Nepal

g] ]kfnsf] ] Gofokflnsf 

sf] ] 

/0fgLlts of] ]hgf 

@)^! – @)^^ 

;jf] 

{Rr cbfnt 

g]kfn

ljifoj:t'sf] ;f+/fz 

k[i7 

cWofo — ! ! - !% 

!= kl/ro @ 

@= cWoogsf] k4lt ( 

#= of]hgf k|lqmof !@ 

] 

cWofo — @ !^ - !!$ 

!= j:t' 'l:yltsf] ljZn] ]if0f !& - !!$ 

s= cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs If]qdf :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf !& 

v= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ;'ljwfx? #) 

u= Goflos, k|zf;lgs tyf sfo{ljlwut / If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL 

sfg"gdf ;'wf/ $* 

3= dfgjLo ;+zfwg / j[lQljsf; ^@ 

ª= cbfnt Joj:yfkg -cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, 

sfo{bIftfdf ;'wf/ / gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;_ *@ 

r= ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yf *^ 

5= Gofo If]q / jfx\o If]qx? jLr ;dGjo ** 

h= e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] lgoGq0f ($ 

em= ljb|f]x / cbfntx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf !)) 

`= ;|f]tsf] l;ldttf, kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? !)& 

cWofo — # !!% - !!& 

!= kl/nIo !!^ 

@= kl/b[Zo !!^ 

#= d"Nox? !!^

cWofo — $ !!* - !@$ 

!= d"n sfo{x? / glthf kl/;"rsx? !!( 

@= /0fgLlts pkfox? !@! 

#= jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx? !@@ 

$= sfg"gL ;+/rgf !@# 

%= lgod / lgb] {lzsfx? !@$ 

;+u7gfTds :j?k !@% - !@* 

!= cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k !@^ 

@= ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k !@& 

#= g]kfn clw/fHosf cbfntx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k !@* 

cg';"rLx? !@( - @%! 

cg';"rL !M kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo, d"No / dfGotfx?, d"n sfo{x?, glthf 

kl/;"rsx?, /0fgLlts pkfox?, sfg"gL ;+/rgf, lgod 

/ lgb] 

{lzsf tyf jx'kIfLo -Cross Cutting) glthf 

kl/;"rsx? !#) 

cg';"rL @M d"nsfo{sf] sfo{of]hgf !#$ 

cg';"rL #M /0fgLlts pkfox?sf] sfo{of]hgf !%^ 

cg';"rL $M ah]6sf] ?k/]vf !&% 

cg';"rL %M ah]6sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f !&* 

cg';"rL ^M ;xefuLx?sf] ;"rL @#%

!= kl/ro 

@= cWoog k4lt 

#= of]hgf k|lqmof 

Gofokflnsfsf] ] k~rjlif{ {o /0fgLlts of] ]hgf 

cWofo — ! 

1


!= kl/ro 

/fHosf k|fylds sfo{x? dWo] Pp6f sfo{ Gofo k|zf;g klg xf] . g]kfn 

clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] Gofo k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ?kdf Gofokflnsf 

dfly ;'Dk]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] xfd|f] Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Ifd, :jtGq / hgtfsf 

clwsf/x? /Iff u/L sfg"gL /fhnfO{ hLjGt lbg ;Sg] ljZjf; u/]sf] 5 . o; 

lsl;dsf sfo{ ug{sf] nflu GofokflnsfnfO{ ;+:yfut Pj+ sfo{ut :jtGqtfsf] 

k|Tofe"lt lbOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgåf/f ck]lIft e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ 

GofokflnsfnfO{ 

lgZro klg ;lhnf] 5}g . of] Pp6f r'gf}ltsf] ljifo xf] . s]xLjif{otf g]kfnL 

hgtfsf oL rfxgf / ck]Iffx?nfO{ k"lt{ ug{ Gofokflnsfn] k|of; ub} { cfPsf] 5 . 

Gofokflnsfsf k|of;x?sf] jfjh'b klg ljleGg If]qjf6 o;n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf 

sfo{sf] u'0f / ;]jfsf] kof{Kttfsf] jf/]df rf;f] JoQm ePsf] b]lvG5 . xfdLn] k|bfg 

u/]sf] ;]jfsf] :t/ hgtfn] ck]Iff u/]eGbf sd /xL cfPsf] k6s k6s cg'ej 

ul/Psf] 5 . o; s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut Pj+ jt{dfg kl/k| ]IonfO{ ljrf/ u/L g]kfnsf] 

Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] cfTdd"Nof+sg ug] { cle?rL b]vfPsf] 5 . ;'wf/sf pkfox? 

Jojl:yt ?kdf gePklg cjnDag ug{ yflnPsf 5g\ . olt x'Fbf 

x'Fb} 

klg ck]lIft 

kl/jt{g eg] x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvb}g . 

cfGtl/s ;'wf/sf] ;+efjgf xfd| } xftdf ePklg ;'wf/sf ;j} kIfx?nfO{ 

Ps};fy /fv]/ x]g{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxjf6 cnu /fv]/ 

Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkgdf j}1flgs /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ;+ej b]lvb}g . ;'wf/ 

sfo{qmd nfu' Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug] { lbzfdf cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ;+zfwg Pj+ ;|f]tsf] 

cefj 7"nf] cj/f]wsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;Ifd tl/sfjf6 sfo{ ug{ cfjZos w]/} 

sfg"gx? cfjZos ePtfklg To:tf sfg"gx? jGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cfGtl/s 

sfo{ljlw tyf cfjZos vr{sf] jfF8kmfF8sf] nflu cfjZos kg] { :jtGqtf / 

:jfoQtfnfO{ pko'Qm tl/sfjf6 Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . Gofo If]q / 

;DalGwt jflx/L If]q;+usf] ;';DjGwsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { ;'xfpFbf] jftfj/0f klg 

tof/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . kl/0ffd:j?k sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, gful/s ;dfh / 

;+rf/ hut;+usf] ;DaGw ck]Iff u/] cg'?k x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kmntM Gofokflnsf 

2


cfkm\g} Joj:yfkg / jfx\o If]qsf ;Dj4 ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;DaGwdf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] 

b]lvb}g . 

clxn] b]ze/Lsf ;j} txsf cbfntdf /x]sf w]/} d'2fx? ;dodf km5\of} {6 

x'g g;sL /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf dfq !&(!@ d'2f cf=j= @)%(.)^) 

df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf 5g\ . @&^# l/6 lgj]bgx? / !!%%& k'g/fj]bg txsf d'2f 

b]zsf] ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /xg' Pp6f lg/fzfhgs l:ylt xf] . k|To]s jif{ 

@^=%* k|ltztn] ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf d'2f km5\of} {6 x'g'sf] dtnj x/]s jif{ lhDd]jf/L 

;g] { d'2fsf] ;+Vof ylkb} hfg' xf] . lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;f]xL cjlwdf 

qmdzM ##,^!& / (,($! d'2f ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] 

t'ngfdf lhNnf / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf /x]sf] lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf d'2fsf] ;+Vof Tolt 

w]/} gePklg hgtfdf /x]sf] JoozlQm / l9nfO{sf] sf/0fn] nfUg] a9L vr{sf] 

lx;fjn] ljrf/ ubf{ To;tkm{ klg t'?Gt Wofg glbO{ gx'g] l:ylt 5 . 

;Ifd cbfnt Joj:yfkg / dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf 

pkfox?sf] cjnDag ug{ z'?jft ug'{ 

Gofokflnsfsf] jt{dfg Pj+ eljiosf 

k|fylds sfo{;"rLsf ljifo x'g\ . @$* hgf GofofwLzx? ;lxt hDdf $&^* hgf 

hgzlQm ;lDdlnt Gofokflnsfdf b}lgs d'2fsf] sf/jfxL lsgf/fsf ;fy} 

Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug] { pQ/bfloTj klg /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s 

jif{ @)^).^! sf] cf+s8f cg';f/ Gofokflnsfsf] hDdf ah]6 ?=%(,)#,!%,))). 

/x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ s"n /fli6«o ah]6sf] )=%* k|ltzt eGbf sd ah]6 

Gofokflnsfsf] nflu ljlgof]lht ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L ljlgof]lht Go"g c+zsf] 

ah]6jf6 Gofokflnsfn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ nufot cGo ;]jfx?sf] cfk"lt{ vr{ k"/f ug{ 

;Sg] sNkgf ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . 

jt{dfg ;dodf d'2f dldnfx?df vr{ x'g] dfgjLo ;|f]tnfO{ ljsf;sf 

lqmofsnfkx?df :yfGt/0f ug'{kg] 

{ /fHosf] gLlt /x]tfklg hj;Dd Goflos 

lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf j9fpg ;lsb}g tj;Dd clwsf+z ;|f]t / ;fwgx? cgfjZos 

?kdf d'2f dfldnfdf Joo x'g] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf GofokflnsfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] 

k|bfg u/]sf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Ifd jgfpgsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { uxg cWoog / 

3


ljrf/ u/]/ GofokflnsfnfO{ cfw'lglss/0f ug{sf] nflu gofF of]hgfsf] th'{df 

/ 

sfof{Gjog ug'{kg] 

{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . 

oxL jf:tljstfnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L xfd|f] Gofo k|zf;gsf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 

u/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|ltj4tf :j?k k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] th'{df 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

jf:tljs ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] j}1flgs of]hgf Gofokflnsfsf] nflu j}b]lzs cg's/0f 

xf] eGg] dfGotf jt{dfg ;do;Dd /lx cfPsf] kfOG5 . w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd Gofo 

eGg] ljifo d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ljifo xf] / o;nfO{ of]hgfj4 ?kdf cufl8 

j9fpg ;lsb}g eGg] ;f]rfO{ /x]sf] lyof] . cem}klg xfdLx? dWo] w]/} jLr of] ljrf/ 

sfod} 5 ls Gofokflnsfjf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf c? ;]jf eGbf leGb} lsl;dsf] x'gfn] 

o;nfO{ of]hgfj4 ug{ ;lsb}g . Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg o:tf] wf/0ffn] nfdf] 

;do;Dd k|>o kfpg uPsf]n] bzf} + of]hgf -@)%( —@)^$_ eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] 

Gofokflnsfsf] jf/]df d'n'ssf] of]hgfdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . bzf} + 

of]hgfdf klg o;nfO{ ;Gbe{j; dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/ cfh cfP/ o; 

k|sf/sf] k'/ftg ljrf/wf/fdf kl/jt{g x'g' v'l;sf] s'/f xf] . 

k|:t't of]hgf tof/ kfbf{ Gofo k|0ffnL;+u ;Dj4 ;/f]sf/jfnf ;j} kIfnfO{ 

;d]l6Psf] 5 . Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ Psf+sL -Isolated_ ?kdf cufl8 j9fpg ;lsb}g 

. of] Pp6f Plss[t k|lqmof xf] eGg]df xfdL jLr b[9 ljZjf; 5 . o;df cleof]hg 

kIf, jf/ / cbfnt ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] x'G5 . oL dWo] s'g} Pssf] 

c;kmntfn] klg Gofo dg{ ;S5 . 

dfly g} pNn]v u/L ;lsPsf] 5 ls bzf} + of]hgf ;Dd cfOk'Ubf klg /fli6«o 

of]hgfsf] d"n k|jfxdf Gofokflnsf ;dfj]z x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . GofokflnsfnfO{ 

o;sf lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfngfy{ of]hgf jgfpg' kg] { cfjZostf dx;'; x'g ;s]sf] 

lyPg . ;do;+u} cfPsf] kl/jt{g cg'?k Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] bfloTj jf]w u/L 

k|:t't of]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{ z'?jft u/]sf] xf] . o; sfo{of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fdf 8]gdfs{ 

;/sf/ / 8]lg; dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u ;x|fgLo 5 . 

of] of]hgf k|lqmof z'?jft ug{sf] nflu Pp6f sfo{bnsf] u7g u/L ljBdfg 

kl/l:yltsf] cWoogåf/f of]hgfut cg'dfgnfO{ jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t jgfpg] 

sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf ;j{k|yd Gofokflnsfn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ 

4


Gofokflnsf leq ljBdfg ;jn / sdhf]/ kIfx? Pj+ cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?sf] 

ljZn]if0f -Strength, weakness opportunities threats (SWOT) Analysis_ 

ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ljZn]if0fjf6 ;+ +j}wflgs ?kdf :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgfy{ 

;jn hgfb]z Pj+ :jtGq Gofokflnsfn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] ?k/]vf x'Fbf 

x'b} klg 

cfwf/e"t ljwflosL, dfgjLo / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;]jf Pj+ ;'ljwfx?sf] sdLsf] 

sf/0fjf6 ;+j}wflgs hgfb]znfO{ b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ g;lsPsf] 

:ki6 b]lvg cfof] . o;jf6 ;'wf/fTds sfo{sf] dfWodjf6 cj;/x? k|fKt ug{ 

;lsg] b]lvPklg r'gf}ltljxLg eg] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . o; ;Gbe{df sfo{6f]nLåf/f 

;j} kIfsf] ;ldIff u/L tkl;n jdf]lhdsf !) cf]6f ljifodf lj:t[t cWoog / 

ljZn]if0f ug'{kg] 

{ s'/fsf] klxrfg ul/of] . 

� dfgjLo ;+zfwg / j[lQljsf;, 

� Gofo k|zf;g, sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL P]g, lgod cflbsf] 

;DaGwdf ;'wf/, 

� cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifodf cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, sfo{ 

Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, 

� ef}lts ;]jf / ;'ljwf, 

� ljlQo / k|zf;lgs :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf, 

� Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, k|x/L, jf/, sfg"g Gofo 

tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno nufot ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?, cfd ;+rf/, 

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf / bft[ ;+:yfx? h:tf GofoIf]q eGbf jflx/sf 

;+:yfx? ;d]t;+usf] cfk;L ;xof]u, 

� clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, 

� ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yf, 

� sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg] 

{ cfly{s ;'ljwf / ;|f]tx?sf] l;ldttf, 

� cfGtl/s åGå / cbfnt leqsf] ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt . 

5


pko'{Qm 

j'Fbfx?df 

;j{;Ddlt sfod e};s]kl5 GofoIf]q;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg 

;+:yf Pj+ JolQmx?;+u ljleGg ;dodf cfof]lht k/fdz{ j}7sdf lj:t[t 5nkmn 

ul/Psf] lyof] . GofoIf]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+usf] 5nkmnsf] qmddf /0fgLlts 

of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg] 

{ ljifoj:t'sf ;Gbe{df cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ul/Psf] 

lyof] . sfo{ 6f]nLn] ljleGg sf]0fjf6 cfjZos hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{sf] nflu To; 

k|sf/sf k/fdz{ j}7s cToGt pkof]uL e} /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug{df 

;xof]uL l;4 ePsf] cg'ej ul/of] . ljifout cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] / If] ]qLo:t/df 

ePsf k/fdz{ j}7ssf] ;'emfjx?sf] cfwf/df klxrfg ul/Psf ;dli6ut ljifonfO{ 

o; k':tssf] cWofo b'O{df lbOPsf] 5 . csf] { zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] cWofo b'On] 

Gofokflnsfsf] jt{dfg l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} Gofokflnsfsf] 

;'wf/ ug'{kg] 

{ ljljw kIfx? stflt/ nlIft x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/ftkm{ klg cWofo b'O{n] 

hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of]hgf th'{dfsf] 

l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;dodf ;+rflnt k/fdz{ 

e]nfsf j}7sx?df 5nkmnsf] qmddf sfo{bnnfO{ k|fKt ;'emfjx?nfO{ x/;+ej 

;dfj]z ug] { k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

To;}u/L cWofo # df Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo, kl/b[li6, d"No / dfGotfsf] 

emns kfpg ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ dfu{bz{g 

k|bfg xf]; eGg] p2]Zon] o;sf] k|:t'lts/0f ;xh / ;/n ?kdf cleJoQm ug] { 

k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't of]hgfn] ;+ljwfg, Gofo / sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ 

:jR5 / lgZkIf Gofo k|bfg ug'{ 

g} Gofokflnsfn] kl/nIo -Mission_ xf] egL 

klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . nIosf] cleJolQm ;+j}wflgs hgfb]z Pj+ Joj:yfsf cfwf/df 

lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . 

To;}u/L kl/b[Zo -Vision_ nfO{ Ps lsl;dsf] clenfiffsf] ?kdf lnO{ 

"b]lvPsf] t/ gk'luPsf]" cj:yfsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 h'g b]xfo jdf]lhd 5M 

"Pp6f o:tf] Gofo k|0ffnL h'g :jtGq, ;Ifd, ldtJooL, zL3|, kx'Frof]Uo 

/ 

hgljZjf; k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf] xf]; h;n] sfg"gsf] zf;g / dfgj 

clwsf/nfO{ lhjGttf k|bfg u/L ;j} hgtfdf Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt u/f];" . 

6


jf:tjdf b[li6sf]0f eGg] ljifo Gofokflnsfsf] eljiosf] k|If]k0f xf], hf] Ps 

o:tf] ;kgf xf] h;nfO{ k|:t't of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cGTodf Gofokflnsf s:tf] 

?ksf] x'g]5 eGg] b]Vg ;lsG5 . 

To;}u/L "d"No" -Value_ o:tf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx? x'g h;n] of]hgf 

sfof{Gjog ug] { qmddf dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5g\ . sfo{ of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug] { tkl;n 

jdf]lhd d"No / dfGotfåf/f pTk| ]/0ff ldn]sf] 5M 

� ;+ljwfgdf cGt/lglxt ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts GofonfO{ ;fsf/ ?k 

k|bfg ug] { k|ltj4tf, 

� b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbg / ;]jf k|jfxdf :jfoQtfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf ;fy ljgf 

cj/f]w Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf sfod /fVg], 

� jfx\o If]qx?;+u ;xof]u / ;dGjo sfod /fvL sfg"gsf] bfo/f leq /xL 

;fdflhs lxtsf] bfloTj k'/f ug] {, 

� ;dfhsf sdhf]/ / c;xfo ju{sf] ;d]t Gofosf] kxF'rdf 

j[l4 u/L hgtfsf] 

;xeflutf j9fpg], 

� k"0f{ / Joj;flos 9+udf hgtfnfO{ u'0ffTds ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu Goflos 

;+:yfx?sf] ;Ifdtf j[l4 ug] {, 

� Gofokflnsfdf hgcf:yf j[l4 ug{sf] nflu Goflos k|lqmofdf g}ltstf, 

;+j4tf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / OdfGbfl/tf sfod /fVg], 

� d"No / dfGotfdf s'g} k|sf/sf] ;+emf}tf gu/L cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf 

;dfhsf ;j} ju{sf] lgikIf k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug] { . 

jf:tjdf pko'{Qm 

dfGotfx? ;+ljwfgk|ltsf] cf:yf, :jfoQtf, Gofo / 

;dfh;+usf] ;DaGw, Gofo pk/ kx'Fr, 

;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ tyf pRrtd 

g}lts d"No / dfGotf sfod /fVgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ljifo x'g\ . 

;dli6ut ?kdf eGg'kbf{ cjnlDjt nIo, b[li6sf]0f Pj+ d"No / dfGotfsf] 

dfWodåf/f k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogn] hLjGttf k|fKt ug] { 

b]lvPsf] 5 . 

o; ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ hgfb]z / sfg"gL k|fjwfgx? g} k"0f{tof 

of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIodf k'Ug] cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; lbzfdf 

7


Gofokflnsfn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg] 

{ sfo{x? cWofo rf/df klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . 

Gofokflnsfsf k|d'v sfo{x?nfO{ Gofo ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL, k/fdz{bfoL, ;'k/Lj]If0f / 

Joj:yfksLo u/L rf/ ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/] 

cg';f/sf Gofokflnsfsf sfo{x? 7Ls lbzfdf uO/x]sf 5g\ 5}gg eGg] kQf 

nufpg kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df glthf ;"rsx? ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . 

To;}u/L /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L nIo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu 

ljleGg !^ cf]6f /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] tkm{ k|To]s sfo{ 

of]hgfsf] nflu k|d'v glthf ;"rsx? lglZrt ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf 

/0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] lqmofsnfkx? dfkg ug] { Joj:yfsf] ;d]t ljsf; ul/Psf] 

5 . 

sfof{Tds of]hgf cGtu{t k|d'v sfo{x? lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+rflnt 

lqmofsnfkx?, To;jf6 k|fKt k|ltkmn / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 

5 . To;}u/L k|To]s sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu :ki6 ?kdf lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;d]t ls6fg 

ul/Psf] 5 . /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] nflu lglZrt ;do tflnsf ;d]t tf]lsPsf] 

5 . k|d'v sfo{ / /0fgLlts sfo{x?sf] sfo{of]hgf cg';"rL @ / # df lbOPsf] 5 . 

sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf dfgjLo ;|f]t / ljQLo 

k" +hLsf] cfjZostf kg] { b]lvPsf] 5 . Gofokflnsfdf clxn] 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] 

b]fJj/ dfqfdf vr{sf] Joj:yf gul/P;Dd Joj:yfksLo bIftfsf] ;fy ;fy} 

sfo{k|lt ;dlk{t / k|ltj4 dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf geP;Dd tyf ;xof]ufTds 

sfo{sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf gul/P;Dd k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] 

cj:yf eg] b]lvb}g . 

ljutsf] cg'ejjf6 ;/sf/n] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6jf6 

o;sf] cfjZostf k'/f x'g] b]lvb}g . of] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] 

/sd s]xL dxTjsf+IfL klg nfUg ;S5 .;/n / k|efjsf/L Gofo k|bfg ug{sf] lgldQ 

Gofokflnsfsf] nufgLdf j[l4 ug{ ' kb{5 eGg] /0fgLlts of]hgf sfo{ ;d"xsf] ljrf/ 

/x]sf] 5 . hg rfxgf cg'?k Gofo ;DaGwL ;'wf/sf k|of;x? / jt{dfg ;dodf 

Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug{sf] nflu ;j} If]qsf] ;xof]usf ;fy 

8


;fy} cfjZostf k'/f x'g] u/L ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg] { b]lvG5 . ah]6 ;DaGwL 

emnssf] ljj/0f cg';"rL $ df lbOPsf] 5 . 

;do / kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ 

lg/Gt/ ?kdf kl/jt{g / k'g/fjnf]sg ub} { hfg'kg] { x'G5 . t/ o; /0fgLlts 

of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf gNofOPdf jf cf+lzs jf k'/} sfd k/ ;fl/Pdf o;sf] s'g} 

cy{ g/xg] dfq ge} ;j} kl/>d / d]xgt ;d]t ;dli6ut ?kdf g} Joy{ x'ghfG5 . 

To;}n] k|:t't of]hgf oyfzSo rfF8f] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu 

k|f/DeLs ?kdf g} of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ Gofokflnsfsf] k|ltj4tf / 

sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf kg] { b]lvG5 . To;kl5 Gofo If]q;+u ;DalGwt 

jfx\o / cfGtl/s ;xofqLx?sf] klg ck]lIft dfqfdf ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kg] { 

b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df o; ljifonfO{ k'g/fj[lQ ul//xg' kb} {g ls k|:t't /0fgLlts 

of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg l9nfO{ ul/Pdf To;jf6 pTkGg kl/0ffdn] ;du| 

of]hgfsf] u|GynfO{ c;fGble{s dfq jgfpg] geO{ hg cfsf+Iff ;d]tdf t'iff/fkft 

kg{ ;Sb5 . 

@= cWoogsf] k4ltM 

;+ljwfgdf cGt/lglxt hgfb]z cg';f/ GofokflnsfnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf 

;Ifd / ;fdy{jfg agfpg] clek|fon] of]hgfsf] ;jf{lª0f cWoog k4lt lgb] {lzt 

ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu k|yd kfOnfsf] ?kdf Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{df k|efj kfg] { 

;d:t cfGtl/s / jfx\o sf/stTjx?sf] Jofks ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] o; 

qmddf xfn Gofokflnsf s] s:tf] cj:yfjf6 u'lh|/x]s]f 5 eGg] ljZn]if0f u/L 

To;jf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos 

tTjx? klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df o; cl3 g} pNn]v ul/;lsPsf bz 

cf]6f k|d'v ljifo pk/ ljZn]if0f ug] {tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug] { lg0f{o ul/of] . 

kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f kZrft Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo -Mission_ h:tf] 

p2]Zo / cjl:yltsf] sf/0f klxrfg ul/of] . ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgåf/f g} 

k|ToIf?kdf kQf nufpg ;lsPjf6 of] ljifo ;xh x'g uof] . To;kl5 

Gofokflnsfsf] kl/b[Zo -Vision_ klxrfg ug] { sfo{ ul/of] . b[li6sf]0f Pp6f ;kgf 

9


jf clenfiff xf] . ;fdfGo ?kdf eGg' kbf{ kl/b[Zo b]Vg ;lsG5 t/ kx'Fr 

eGbf w]/} 

6f9f 5 / o;df kl/jt{gsf] k|ltljDj kfpg ;lsG5 / hxfF xfdL s]xL jif{ kl5 

hfg rfxfG5f} eGg] cy{df klg b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . of] klg eGg ;lsG5 ls 

nIon] b}lgs sfo{sf] k|ltlglwTj =-h:tf] lg/Gt/ sfo{x?_ ub{5 eg] b[li6sf]0fn] 

xfdLn] b]Vg rfx]sf] kl/jt{gsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] clGtd t/ 

dxTjk"0f{ tTj d"No / dfGotfx?sf] klxrfg ug'{ 

xf] . o;jf6 g} cfwf/e"t 

l;4fGtx?sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L To;nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug] { dfWodsf] ?kdf cjnDag 

ug{ ;lsG5 . csf] { zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] xfdL h] s'/fdf ljZjf; u5f} + ltg} d"No x'g 

h;n] ;dosf] rqm cg';f/ sfo{ ug{df ;'/Iff / k|j4{g ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . 

jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] nIo, b[li6sf]0f, d"No / dfGotf h:tf ljifox? 

efjfTds ljifoj:t' x'g\ . To;}n] sfof{Gjog txdf ;/ntf pTkGg xf]; eGg] 

clek|fon] logLx?nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ x]g'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . 

Gofokflnsf cfkm\gf] nIo k|flKt ug{df ;fdy{ x'g ;sf]; eg] clek|fon] 

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] nIonfO{ k|d'v sfo{x?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL k|d'v 

sfo{x?nfO{ Gofokflnsf eGbf jflx/sf ;+3 ;+:yf / JolQmx?nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug] { 

cy{df jfx\o s]lGb|t u/fOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt cGo sfo{x? -h:tf] cbfnt 

Joj:yfkg_ cfGtl/s ;]jfdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ;xof]uLsf ?kdf 5g\ / jfx\o ;]jf 

k|bfgsf] nflu ltgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . klxrfg ul/Psf k|d'v sfo{x?nfO{ jfx\o 

s]lGb|t u/L s}of} + k|sf/sf k|d'v glthf ;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;jf6 

lgwf{l/t ;do leq xfl;n ug'{kg] 

{ glthfsf] dfkg ug] { / cfheGbf % jif{ kl5 xfdL 

s:tf] l:yltdf k'Ug rfxG5f} eGg] s'/fsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{df dxTj /fVb5g\ . 

h;jf6 xfdLn] cfjZos tYof+s ;+sng u/L klxrfg ul/Psf k|d'v glthf 

;"rsx?sf] k|ult dfkg ug{ ;Sb5f} . 

To;}u/L g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] /fv]sf] b[i6sf]0f k'/f ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] 

clek|fon] ck]lIft b[li6sf]0fnfO{ klg ljleGg k|sf/sf /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf 

?kdf 6'qm\ofP/ /flvPsf] 5 . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f / ;"rL 

kl/l:ylt ljZn]if0fdf klg kfpg ;lsG5 . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfn] ;do l;dfsf] 

cfwf/df kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . Psk6s ;kmntf k"j{s sfof{Gjogdf 

10


cfO;s]kl5 /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf :jtM b}lgs sfo{sf] ?kdf /xG5 . o;sf cnfjf 

ltgLx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|d'v sfo{df ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . 

k|d'v sfo{x? / /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfjf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|d'v 

glthf ;"rsx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;jf6 xfdLn] ;doj4 ?kdf ug'{kg] 

{ 

sfo{sf] dfkg ug{ ;Sg]5f} . 

ljleGg P]g lgodx?åf/f kl/nlIft d"Nox?n] sfg"gL ;+/rgfnfO{ ;Totfsf] 

glhs Nofpg ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfdf ljBdfg sfg"gL 

;+/rgfnfO{ ;"lrs[t ul/Psf] 5 / o; sfo{jf6 of] kQf nfu]sf] 5 ls jt{dfg 

cj:yfdf sfg"gL jGbf]j:tjf6 cfzfltt d"No / dfGotfsf] k"0f{tof hu]gf{ x'g 

;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] tL If]qx?df ;dofg's"n sfg"gL Pj+ gLltut ;'wf/sf] 

cfjZostf kg{ uPsf] s'/f klxrfg ePsf] x'Fbf 

To;nfO{ /0fgLlts of]hgf cGtu{t 

/flvPsf] 5 . 

o;sf cnfjf k|To]s k|d'v sfo{ / /0fgLlt sfo{of]hgfnfO{ lqmofsnfk, 

k|ltkmn, sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf h:tf zLif{sx?df 

ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;df /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog kIf b]Vg 

;lsG5 . o;jf6 ah]6 Joj:yf / sfo{ k|Tofof]hg ;DaGwL emns klg b]Vg 

;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lglZrt ;do l;dfsf] cfwf/df /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] 

lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf 

sfof{Gjog ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 . 

cGtdf xfdLn] dgg ug'{kg] 

{ ljifo of] 5 ls k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] 

ljsf;åf/f xfd|f] sfdsf] cGTo ePsf] ge} ;'wf/fTds lqmofsnfkx?sf] ofqfsf] 

z'?jft x'g nfu]sf] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd sfof{Gjog kZrft dfq k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . 

To;}u/L of] klg TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 ls k|:t't sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ Pp6f ckl/jt{gLo 

b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf lng' x'b}g h'g o;sf] Dofb;Dd dfq dfGo /xf]; . cfGtl/s / 

jfx\o jftfj/0f cg';f/ g} s'g} klg k|0ffnL ;+rfng eO{ To;jf6 kl/jt{g b]vf kg] { 

xf], To;}n] of] :d/0fLo 5 ls /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ 

jgfP/ gofF kl/l:ylt / jftfj/0f cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ub} { hfg' kb{5 . ;do ;dodf 

b]vf k/]sf jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gn] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] d'Vo ljifoj:t'df c;/ 

11


gk/];Dd of]hgf dfGo g} /lx/xG5 / jblnbf] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ug'{kg] 

{ 

cfjZostf k/]df gljg jf:tljstfsf] cfwf/df xfdLx?n] ;dfof]hg ub} { hfg]5f} . 

kl/nIo kl/b[Zo 

d'Vo glthf ;"rs ;lxtsf /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx? 

k|d'v sfo{x? 

cGo If]q;+u ;DjlGwt d'Vo glthf ;"rs 

d"Nox? 

sfg"gL ;+/rgf 

lqmofsnfk, k|ltkmn, lqmofsnfkx?, k|ltkmn lgod / 

sfo{;Dkfbg, dfkg, sfo{;Dkfbg, ;do l;df, lgb] {zg 

pQ/bfloTj, ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf pQ/bfloTj, ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf 

#= of]hgf k|lqmofM 

tTsfnLg ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofoåf/f ;g\ 

@))# sf] cS6'j/ !$ sf lbg sfo{bn / Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] u7g eP kZrft 

Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] cf/De x'g uPsf] xf] . sfo{bn / Joj:yfkg 

;d"xdf /xg' ePsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . 

tTsfnLg ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLzn] lg0f{o ug'{ 

eP cg';f/ dfggLo GofofwLz 

sNof0f >]i7åf/f Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] tkm{jf6 sfo{bnnfO{ cfjZos lgb] {zg / 

;xof]u pknAw ePsf] lyof] . ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf pk—/lhi6«f/ >L cgGt 8'd| ]nfO{ 

sfo{ ;DkGg geP;Dd k"0f{sfnLg ?kdf sfo{bndf /xL sfd ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] . 

To;}u/L 8]lg; k/fdz{bftf >L Oefg g]N;g tyf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf 

;]nf8{jf6 >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nfåf/f of]hgfsf] ;+/rgf tof/ kfg'{sf 

;fy} sfo{ 

;d"xåf/f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/bf;Dd cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw ePsf] lyof] . 8]lg8f 

x'uf] -HUGOU_ sf] tkm{jf6 >L ;lGbk lji6 / ;'>L d]6] 8duf8{ of]hgf ;DaGwL 

k|fo ;j}h;f] 5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] . 

Joj:yfkg ;d"x 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGbjxfb'/ >]i7, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;+of]hs 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;b:o 

12


dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7, GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;b:o 

dfggLo >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo, GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;b:o 

>L >Lk|;fb kl08t, /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;b:o ;lrj 

sfo{ ;d"x 

>L >Lk|;fb kl08t, /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;+of]hs 

dfggLo 8f= xl/j+z lqkf7L, GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt ;b:o 

dfggLo 8f= cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{, GofofwLz , lhNnf cbfnt ;b:o 

8f= /fds[i0f ltdN;]gf, ;x—/lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;b:o ;lrj 

lj=;+= @* c;f]h @)^) -!% cS6"j/, @))#_ df sf7df8f} +df sfo{ ;d"xsf] 

k|yd j}7s j;]sf] lyof] . h;df /lhi6«f/ >L >Lk|;fb kl08tn] ;d"xsf ;b:o / 

k/fdz{bftfsf] jLrdf g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] 

cfjZostf bzf{pg' ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lj=;+= @( c;f]h b]lv # sflt{s 

@)^) -;g\ @))# sf] cS6"j/ !^ b]lv @)_ ;Dd j;]sf] sfo{ ;d"xsf] j}7sn] 

of]hgfsf] ;fdfGo vfsf lgwf{/0f, Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?sf] 

ljZn]if0f tyf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{ cjnDag ug'{kg] 

{ { ;'wf/sf pkfox?sf] klxrfg 

u/]sf] lyof] . 

;jn / sdhf]/ kIf Pj+ cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?sf] ljZn]if0f - Strength, 

weakness opportunities threats (SWOT) Analysis_ åf/f d'Vo bzcf]6f 

j'bfx?sf] ljsf; u/L If]qLo:t/df k/fdz{ j}7sx?sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . % 

b]lv ^ sflt{s -cS6'j/ @@ — @#_ ;Dd ;+rflnt k|yd r/0fsf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf 

GofofwLz, cbfntsf clws[tx?, ;/sf/L jlsn, k|x/L / sfg"g Joj;foLx? ;d]t 

u/L @% hgf ;xefuLx?sf jLrdf sfo{ ;d"xåf/f klxrfg ul/Psf j'bf+x?df 

5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf] qmddf jxfFx?n] Gofokflnsfdf lgs6 eljiodf 

b]Vg ;lsg] u/L ul/g'kg] { ;'wf/sf] cfjZostfdf cf—cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug'{ 

ePsf] lyof] . 

13


sf7df8f} +df ;DkGg k/fdz{ j}7s kZrft !( b]lv @) sflt{s @)^) 

-gf]e]Dj/ %—^_ df lrtjgdf k/fdz{ j}7s ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; j}7sdf 

dWodfGrn / klZrdfGrn If]qsf #! hgf GofofwLzx?, ;/sf/L jlsnx?, sfg"g 

Joj;foLx? / gful/s ;dfhsf cGo ;b:ox?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf lyof] . o;}u/L 

# b]lv @ d+l;/ -!& — !* gf]e]Dj/_ df lj/f6gu/df ;+rflnt k/fdz{ j}7sdf 

k"jf{Grn If]qsf #$ hgf ;xeflux?sf] ;xeflutf e} Gofokflsnfdf ug'{kg] 

{ 

;'wf/sf pkfox? / sfo{ ;d"xåf/f klxrfg ul/Psf k|d'v j'bf+x?df ;'emfjx? k|fKt 

ePsf lyP . # dfu{ -!( gf]e]Dj/_ df ;'b'/ klZrdfGrn If]qsf ;xefuLx?sf] o:t} 

k|sf/sf k/fdz{ j}7sdf @& hgf GofofwLz, clws[t Pj+ sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] 

;xeflutf /x]s]f lyof] . ;f]xL lbg sfo{ ;d"x / k/fdz{bftfx?n] Joj:yfkg 

;d"x;+u e]63f6 u/L sfo{ cufl8 j9fpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb] {zg k|fKt u/]sf 

lyP . 

pko'{Qm 

5nkmn, lgb] {zg / cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cWoogdf cfwfl/t /x]/ 

sfo{ ;d"xåf/f kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;kl5 

/0fgLlts of]hgfsf ^ k|d'v tTjx?sf] cfwf/df d:of}bf k|ltj]bg ljsf; ul/Psf] 

lyof] . hj b[li6sf]0f, nIo, d"No, dfGotf, k|d'v sfo{x?, /0fgLlts lqmofsnfk Pj+ 

k|d'v glthf ;"rs ;DaGwL sfo{ ;DkGg eP . tTkZrft @$ d+l;/ @)%( -!) 

l8;]Dj/ @))#_ df sfo{ ;d"xn] Joj:yfkg ;d"x;+u e]6 u/L ;DalGwt ljifodf 

cfjZos lgb] {zg dfu u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L @& dfu{ @)%( -!# l8;]Dj/ @))#_ 

df sf7df8f} {df Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 ;+:yfsf JolQmx?;+u k/fdz{ j}7s u/L ljleGg 

;xefuL ljz]if1x?jf6 cfjZos /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; qmddf 

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:o >L ze' z/0fk|;fb sfo:y, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ 

cfof]usf ;b:o >L uf}/L z+s/ nfn bfz, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf cWoIf >LdtL 

b'u{f kf]v/]n, /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf ;b:o >L b]zjxfb'/ ;fsL{, sfg"g Gofo tyf 

;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf k"j{ sf=d'= ;lrj >L xl/ Gof}kfg], Gofo kl/ifbsf 

;lrj >L sfzL/fh bfxfn ;d]tsf ljleGg ljlzi7 ;xefuLx? / cGo jl/i7 k|x/L 

clws[tx?, sfg"g Joj;foLx? Pj+ dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx? ;d]t ;xefuL e} 

jxfFx?åf/f dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP . 

14


Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 JolQmx?;+u cfjZos 5nkmn / k/fdz{ kZrft @* 

dfu{ @)%( -!$ l8;]Dj/ @))#_ df ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz ;dIf k|ltj]bg 

k|:t't u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f -Feed back_ k|fKt ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 sfo{ 

;d"xåf/f k|d'v sfo{ / /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfngfy{ sfof{Tds of]hgf - 

Operational Plan_ tof/ kf/\of] . # b]lv !) df3 @)^) -!& — @$ hgj/L 

@))$_ ;Dd sfo{/t ljz]if1 ;d"xn] sfof{Tds of]hgfdf pNn]lvt lqmofsnfkx? 

;+rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg] { cg'dflgt ah]6 tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . pQm 

cg'dflgt ah]6 / sfof{Tds of]hgf, sfo{ ;d"x / k/fdz{bftfx?jf6 k'g/fjnf]sg 

ul/Psf] lyof] . /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePkl5 @) df3 @)^)_ km]j| 'c/L 

#, @))$ sf lbg To;nfO{ clGtd ?k k|bfg ug{sf] nflu sf7df8f} +df GofofwLz / 

Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 cGo JolQmx? ;lxtsf] k/fdz{ j}7ssf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] 

. pQm j}7sdf ^& hgf GofofwLz, ljleGg dGqfno / of]hgf cfof]usf ljz]if1 / 

k|ltlglwx? ;d]t ;xefuL e} dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg' ePs]f lyof] . 

pQm k/fdz{ j}7ssf ;xefuLx? dWo] /fli6«o ;efsf dfggLo ;b:o >L /fw]Zofd 

clwsf/L ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . pQm k|ltj]bg @# df3 @)^) -^ km]j| 'c/L @))$_ sf 

lbg j;]sf] Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] clGtd j}7sdf k]z u/L k|ltj]bg pk/ dxTjk"0f{ 

;'emfjx? k|fKt u/L ;f] k|ltj]bg ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf k]z ug] { lg0f{o 

ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't sfo{ ;DkGg ug{df Gofokflnsf jflx/sf / Gofo If]q;+u 

;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] oy]i6 e"ldsf /x+bf /x+b} klg sfo{ ;d"xsf] lbg/ftsf] kl/>d, 

/ut / kl;gfsf] pkhsf] ?kdf of] of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ o; cj:yfdf 

Nofpgdf Gofo If]q;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;j} ;+:yf Pj+ JolQmx?sf] l6sf l6Kk0fL / 

;'emfj cToGt} nfebfos ePsf] 5 . 

15


cWofo — @ 

j:t' 'l:yltsf] ] ljZn] ]if0f 

s= cfly{s tyf k|zf;gsf If]qdf :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf, 

v= cfwf/e"t ef}lts ;+/rgf / ;'ljwf, 

u= Goflos, k|zf;lgs tyf sfo{ljlwut / If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gdf ;'wf/, 

3= dfgjLo ;+zfwg / j[lQljsf;, 

ª= cbfnt Joj:yfkg -cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, sfo{bIftfdf ;'wf/ / gofF 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;_ 

r= ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yf, 

5= Gofo If]q / jfx\o If]qx? jLr ;dGjo, 

h= e|i6frf/ / clgldottfsf] lgoGq0f, 

em= cfGtl/s åGbsf] cj:yf / cbfntx?df ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf, 

`= ;|f]t / ;fwg Pj+ tnj eQf / ;'ljwf . 

16


s= cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs If]qdf :jfoQtf / :jtGqtfM 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] GofokflnsfnfO{ sfg"gL /fHosf] 

dfWodåf/f dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ug] { Ps :jtGq / ;Ifd c+usf] ?kdf :yflkt 

u/]sf] 5 . o;f] ePtfklg of] sfo{ tj dfq ;Totfdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 hj 

Gofokflnsf s'g} k|sf/sf] cg'lrt k|efjdf gk/L cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fVb} 

;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] cg'?k Goflos ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ub} { ;j{;fwf/0f 

hgtfnfO{ ;j{;'ne ;]jf k|bfg ug{ k"0f{?kn] ;Ifd jGb5 . s'g}klg jfx\o k|efj / 

cg'lrt bjfjdf gk/L :jtGq ?kn] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu cfwf/e"t d"No 

/ dfGotfsf] ?kdf :jtGqtfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eg] k"0f{tof ;Ifdtf / 

:jtGqtfk"j{s ;]jf k|jfxsf] lgldQ :jfoQtfsf] cfjZos kb{5 . 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;DaGwL ;j} clwsf/ GofokflnsfnfO{ 

k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . 

;+ljwfgn] lhNnf cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf] {Rr cbfnt u/L tLg 

txsf] cbfntL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s'g} vf; d'2f x]g{sf] nflu s'g} klg 

k|sf/sf] cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;+ljwfgn] g} lgif]w u/L cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/df ;'lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;f] ePtfklg ljz]if k|sf/sf d'2f 

dfldnf ;'g'jfOsf] nflu ljz]if cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0f u7g ug{ eg] ;lsg] 

Joj:yf 5 . 

Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf cIf'00f /fVg cfjZos kg] { w]/} k|sf/sf k|fjwfgx? 

;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;}lgs cbfnt jfx]s cGo ;j} 

cbfntx? ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] lgoGq0fdf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf] {Rr 

cbfntnfO{ clen]v cbfntsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf 

GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;]jf ;'ljwf / zt{x? ;+j}wflgs ?kd} lglZrt ul/Psf5g\ . 

Gofokl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/zdf >L % jf6 GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 

5 . plgx?sf] ;]jfsf] cjlw sfg"gåf/f ;'/lIft x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

h; cg';f/ z'? clwsf/ If]q, k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ If]q Pj+ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ 

If]qsf] dfWodjf6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg / l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;Dd lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . 

17


g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *( n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf 

cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Gofo kl/ifbsf] 

l;kmfl/zdf >L % jf6 k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm x'g] 

k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . k|wfg GofofwLz, sfg"g dGqL ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf b'O hgf 

jl/i7td GofofwLzx? / >L % jf6 dgf]lgt Pshgf ljlzi7 sfg"gljb\ ;dfj]z 

u/L Gofokl/ifbsf] /rgf ul/Psf] 5 . GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL 

sf/jfxL jvf{:tL / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo ljifodf l;kmfl/z r9fpg] u/L 

Gofo kl/ifbsf sfo{x? tf]lsPsf 5g\ . o;jf6 Goflos lgo'lQmnfO{ jfx\o jf 

/fhg}lts x:tIf]kjf6 d'Qm /fVg] k|of; ePsf] 5 .:jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 

cfjZos kg] { :jLsfo{ dfkb08 ;+ljwfgåf/f cbfntx?sf] cf}krfl/s ;+/rgf / 

lgo'lQm ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw lglZrt ubf{ ub{ } klg ljutsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;f] 

tkm{ s]xL g/fd|f kIfx? / sdL sdhf]/L b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . 

Goflos lgo'lQmdf kf/blz{tfsf] sdL, oyf ;dod} l/Qm :yfgdf kbk"lt{ x'g 

g;Sg', hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj, GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm / jvf{:tL, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 

;xeflutfsf] cj;/sf] sdL h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ Gofokflnsfsf] ;jf{lË0f 

hgcf:yfdf k|efj kf/]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm 

;DjGwdf lnOPsf cfwf/ jf lng'kg] { cfwf/sf ;DjGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf Pj+ OR5's 

JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVg kfpg' kg] { u/L Joj:yf ldnfOg' kg] { b]lvPsf] 5 . 

;+ljwfgn] GofofwLzx?sf] tnj, eQf, ;'ljwf / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x?sf 

jf/]df plgx?nfO{ dsf{ kg] { u/L km]/jbn ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]tfklg tL 

s'/fx? P]g jdf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]jf6 P]gdf g} lge{/ x'g'kg] { 

cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 oL ;j} s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{df ;+;bsf] v'nf xft /x]sf] 

5 . t/ ljutsf] cg'ej x]bf{ sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksf GofofwLzx?sf] cfwf/e"t 

cfjZostfsf ;DjGwdf Tolt ;fx|f] u+eL/ ePsf] kfOPg . h;n] ubf{ dGqLx? / 

;+;bsf ;b:ox?sf] t'ngfdf GofofwLzx?sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ / ;'ljwf a[l4 ug{df sd 

Wofg lbOPsf] kfOG5 . s]xL cj:yfdf t GofofwLzx?sf] ;'ljwf g} xf:of:kb / 

s]xLdf cfkm" eGbf tNnf] txsf sd{rf/L eGbf klg sd ;'ljwf ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . 

;dsfnLg ;fdflhs dof{bf cg';f/ GofofwLzx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g] u/L 

18


;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljwflosL / sfo{kflnsfsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf] 

;'ljwfdf j[l4 ub} { hfFbf klg GofofwLzx?nfO{ pk]Iff ul/Psf] s'/f jf/Djf/ b]lvPsf] 

5 . o:tf] k|j[lQn] ubf{ ljutdf ePsf] GofofwLz / dGqL Pj+ ;lrj jLrsf] tnj / 

;'ljwfdf ePsf] lje]b nf]k e};s]sf 5 . To;}u/L Ps gsf/fTds s/ k|0ffnL 

GofofwLz lj?4 nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . h;df plgx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] tnj, ;'ljwf, 

eQf, 8«fOe/, cb{nL, cfjf; ;'ljwf ;d]tsf] cfo u0fgf u/L s/ s6[f ul/Pjf6 k"j{ 

cj:yf eGbf klg sd ;'ljwfsf] l:yltdf k'/\ofOPsf] 5 . GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf 

;'ljwf tby{ tl/sfn] k|bfg ug] { Joj:yf ePjf6 Goflos :jtGqtfdf g} c;/ kg{ 

uPsf] 5 . l;ldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf jfjh'b klg sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf k|bfg gu/]sf] 

cltl/Qm ;'ljwf GofofwLzx?n] lng' x'Fb}g 

eGg] s'/f klg k/fdz{ j}7sdf p7fOPsf] 

lyof] . lsgsL lglZrt l;4fGt, cfwf/ / lgoGq0f ljgf ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug] { 

xf] eg] Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf g} lIf0f x'g hfG5 . 

;+ljwfgdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf, ;+rfng / 

clwsf/If]qsf af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v gu/L sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t eP jdf]lhd 

x'g] elgPsf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* cg';f/ Gofo kl/ifb jf 

;jf] {Rr cbfnt;+u 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ug'{kg] 

{df 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ljgf g} 

cbfntx?sf] If]qflwsf/ / :yfg lgwf{/0f ug] { clwsf/ ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g uPsf] 

5 . h;jf6 ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / Go"gtd d'2f gePsf :yfgx?df klg k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf x'g uPaf6 /fi6«sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cgfjZos k|of]u x'g 

uPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfddf ljj]s / Jojxf/ eGbf klg /fhgLlts/0fn] 

k|>o kfPsf] / o;jf6 c;fGble{s If]qdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL, dfgjLo ;|f]t / 

;fwgsf] ckJoo x'g'sf ;fy} cfnf]Ro kl/0ffd dfq l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 . 

xfnsf] cfGtl/s czflGtsf] sf/0fjf6 s]xL cbfntx? ;+rfng ug{df 

sl7gfO{ pTkGg ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf k|:t't of]hgf tof/ kfg] { ;DaGwdf :jtGq 

Goflos lhNnfsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg plrt x'g] xf] ls xf]Og / Gofokflnsf;+u 

k/fdz{ u/]/ dfq gofF cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ jfWofTds kfg'{kg] 

{ 

xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ljifodf klg k/fdz{ j}7ssf s]xL ;xefuLx?n] ts{ /fVg' ePsf] 

lyof] . 

19


;+ljwfgn] GofofwLzx?nfO{ Goflos jfx]s cGo sfddf v6fOg] jf nufOg] 

5}g eGg] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg u/]sf] jfjh'b klg ;+ljwfgn] g} km]/L o;f] ePtfklg 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?nfO{ lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfddf 

nufpg ;lsg] u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . k|foMh;f] cj:yfdf /fhg}lts 

ljjfbsf sf/0f GofofwLzx?nfO{ lgjf{rg clws[tsf] ?kdf v6fOg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 

5 . o;jf6 GofofwLzx?df /fhg}lts k|efj kg{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 . To;}n] 

k/fdz{ j}7ssf] ;dodf pQm ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fpg' kg] { ;'emfj k|fKt 

ePsf 5g\ . 

;+ljwfgn] k|ToIf ?kdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntnfO{ cfkm\gf] b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfngfy{ 

sfg"g jgfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g, h'g clwsf/ cGo b]zsf cbfntnfO{ 

k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L dftxtsf cbfntx? ;+rfngfy{ klg sfg"g jgfpg 

;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . To;}n] Gofo ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL sfo{ ;'rf?kn] 

;Dkfbg ug{ Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL sfg"g jgfpg] clwsf/ ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf g} 

lglxt x'g'k5{ . o; k|sf/sf] clwsf/sf] cefjdf Gofokflnsfn] o:tf] clVtof/L 

k|Tofof]lht ljwfg cg';f/ ;+;bjf6 k|fKt ug] { u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g jgfpg] clwsf/ 

:jo+df x'g' jf ;f] sf] clwsf/ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf k|Tofe"t x'g' / k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ 

cGtu{t ;+;bjf6 k|fKt ug'{df 

cy{k"0f{ km/s x'g hfG5 . kl5Nnf] cj:yfdf k|fKt 

clwsf/ t s]jn ;+;bn] ;do ;dodf jgfPsf sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL ;+;bLo 

lgb] {zgdf sfo{ljlwut lgod jgfpg] clwsf/ dfq xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf slxn]sf+xL 

t /fhg}lts jf cGo sf/0fx?n] ubf+ { o;tkm{sf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{sf] nflu nfdf] 

;do;Dd k|ltIff ug'{kg] 

{ cj:yf klg cfOkg] { u/]sf] 5 . 

k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t /x]sf] csf] { ;d:of k|Tofof]lht l;df / efjgf 

leq jfFlwg' kg] { jfWotf xf] . To;n] ubf{ hlt;'s} c;'ljwfhgs jf cK7\of/f] cj:yf 

cfP tfklg k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] l;df gf3]/ lgod lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 

/x+b}g . To;}n] sfo{sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ pko'Qm sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug] { clwsf/ 

GofokflnsfnfO{ x'g' kb{5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

@)$* åf/f k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] l;df leq /xL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf 

20


cbfntsf] nflu tyf ;jf] {Rr cbfnt P]g cGtu{t /xL ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] nflu 

lgod jgfpg] clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . 

sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf k|z:t dfqfdf sfo{ljlwut lj;+ult / ck|rlnt 

k|fjwfgx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? ;/n / l56f] tj/n] 

;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu GofokflnsfnfO{ :ki6 / k"0f{ ?kn] lgod jgfpg] clwsf/ 

;'Dkg' kb{5 . 

s'g} vf; d'2f x]g{sf] nflu ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf 

;+ljwfgn] ubf{ ub} { klg Tof] cy{nfO{ a+UofP/ ljz]if k|sf/sf d'2f x]g{ ;lsg] cg'dfg 

u/L ljz]if cbfntsf] :yfkgf ug] { ul/Psf] 5 . cg'ejn] of] jtfPsf] 5 ls 

hgtfsf] kx'Fr 

/ cbfntdf ;DalGwt lj1x?sf] cefj x'Fbf 

x'Fb} 

klg slxn] sf+xL 

lglZrt lsl;dsf d'2fx? ljz]if cbfntn] x]g] { u/L ;'lDkPsf 5g\ . Gofo k|0ffnLdf 

;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] kx'Fr 

x'g'kg] { ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] wf/0ff ljk/Lt ljz]if cbfnt 

sf7df8f} +df dfq :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;jf6 g]kfn clw/fHoe/ l5Gg jfFsL /x]sf 

o; k|sf/sf d'2fx? pQm cbfntdf k7fO+bf d'2fsf kIf / ;fIfL ;d]t /fhwfgL 

zx/ cfpg' k/L plgx?nfO{ cgfjZos cfly{s ef/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . cg'ejåf/f 

cJojxfl/s / c:jLsfo{ x'Fbf 

x'Fb} 

klg o;nfO{ TofUg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] 

eljiodf o; k|sf/sf ljj]sk"0f{ gePsf ljsNkx?sf] 5gf}6 gxf];, Gofokflnsfdf 

a9L ;] a9L hjfkmb]lxtfsf] efjgf sfod /xf]; / o:tf lg0f{o lnOg' k"j{ 

;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Jofks ;xeflutf h'6fOof]; eGg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . If]qut 

k/fdz{sf] qmddf ;xefuLx?åf/f o; k|sf/sf ljz]if cbfnt / ljjfb ;dfwfgsf 

j}slNks pkfox? ;b}j :jfutof]Uo x'g] ePtfklg cbfntx?sf] If]qflwsf/ xgg 

x'g] u/L o;sf] k|of]u ug{ gx'g] wf/0ff JoQm ePsf lyP . o; k|sf/sf c8\8f Pj+ 

9f+rfut k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ug'{ 

k"j{ Jofks u[xsfo{ / 5nkmn ul/g' kb{5 . 

:jtGqtf / :jfoQtf ;+u ;DalGwt Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf cfly{s :jfoQtf / 

:jtGqtf klg xf] . k/fdz{ j}7ssf ;xefuLx? jLr ;/sf/ / ;+;bsf] hjfkmb]lxtf 

;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cfjZostf k'/f ug'{kg] 

{ tkm{ nlIft x'g'kg] { / 

To;df l;df ug{ g;lsg] tyf Gofokflnsfsfn] klg /fli6«o ;|f]t / l;dfsf] cj1f 

ug{ gx'g] eGg] s'/fdf dt}So /x]sf] lyof] . o;f] ePtfklg Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 

21


5'6\ofOPsf] ljBdfg ah]6 ck]Iffs[t ?kdf w]/} Go"g /x]s]f / o;jf6 :jtGq / 

k|efjsf/L Gofokflnsfsf] nflu sfd ug{ g;lsg] eGg] s'/fdf eg] cfd ;xdlt 

kfOof] . To;}u/L GofokflnsfnfO{ /fHosf lqmofsnfksf] Pp6f cg'Tkfbs If]qsf] 

?kdf lrq0f ug] { dgf]j}1flgs efjgf sfo{kflnsf / of]hgf cfof]udf /x]sf] eGg] 

ljifonfO{ 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx?åf/f jf/Djf/ JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] . Gofokflnsfsf] 

;'b[9Ls/0f ug] { ;DaGwdf tof/ kfl/Psf ljutsf k|ltj]bgx?n] klg o:tf 

dgf]lj1fgsf] ;DjGwdf l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP / To;sf] cfnf]rgf klg . t/ :d/0fLo 

s] 5 eg] ljsf; Psf+sL ?kdf ug{ ;lsb}g / hg cf+sfIff ljk/Ltsf sfg"gåf/f 

ul/Psf ljsf;sf k|of;x? hg cj/f]ws} sf/0f clttdf c;kmn klg ePsf 5g\ . 

To;}n] sfg"g / ljsf;nfO{ Ps};fy cufl8 j9fpg] k|of; ul/g' kb{5 

h;jf6 Ps csf{ kl/k"/s / dhj't x'g ;s'g\ . ulx/f] gsf/fTds dgf]lj1fgjf6 

k|efljt eP/ xf]nf /fHosf]if / of]hgf cfof]un] cem};Dd klg Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ 

ljsf;sf] sfo{;"rLsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kl/0ffdtM 

Gofokflnsfn] cufl8 ;f/]sf s]xL dfusf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] ;d'lrt Wofg lbPsf] 

5}g . ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] cefjn] ubf{ Gofokflnsfn] k|bfg ug] { ;]jf k|jfxsf] Ifdtfdf 

c;/ kf/L hgcf:yfg} w'ldn x'g uPsf] 5 . To;}n] hg ;]jfdf ;Dj4 ;j}n] j'em\g' 

kg] { ePsf] 5 ls Gofokflnsf h:tf] ;+u7gn] hgljZjf; kfpg ;s]g / ;dsfnLg 

;dfhdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug] { Ifdtf /fVg ;s]g eg] /fHo Joj:yfsf] 

l;+uf] ;+oGq g} c;kmn x'g ;S5 . jt{dfg ljZjJofkLs/0f k|lqmofn] ;dfh / 

/fi6«sf] ;d'Ggltsf] nflu ;+rfng ul/g] /fhsLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;'wf/df 

GofokflnsfnfO{ cnu ug{ g;lsg] jf:tljstfnfO{ O+lut u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L Pp6f 

:jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf] nflu ljlQo / k|zf;lgs :jtGqtf cfwf/e"t 

zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ o;;+u ;Dj4 ;j} kfqx?n] :jLsf/ ug} { k5{ . 

ljlQo If]qdf Goflos :jfoQtfsf kIfw/x?n] lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] nflu 

o:tf] :jfoQtf k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf /xg] ts{ cufl8 ;fg] { u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] 

:jfoQtf tj dfq k|fKt x'g ;S5 hj ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ kof{Kt 

;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 / ;|f]tx?sf] k|of]u / Joj:yfkgdf cfjZos :jfoQtf 

/xG5 . of] cfkm}df g} ;'wf/ k|lqmofx?nfO{ ltj|tf k|bfg ug] { dxTjk"0f{ sbd xf] . 

22


cfly{s :jfoQtf ;DaGwL ljifodf / ut jif{ ljlgof]lht ah]6 eGbf sd 

gx'g] u/L lgoldt ?kdf :jtM lgsf;f x'g] ;'lglZrttf cGo s]xL b]zx?df 

;+ljwfgn] g} u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ xfd|f ;+ljwfgdf To:tf jGbf]j:t 5}g . s"n /fli6«o 

ah]6sf] sDtLdf ! k|ltzt ah]6 Gofokflnsfsf] nflu ;dfj]z xf]cf];\ egL jiff} { 

b]lv s'/f p7fOb} cfPsf] 5 t/ sfo{kflnsfåf/f o;nfO{ xfn;Dd :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 

5}g . 5nkmnsf ;xeflux?n] o;tkm{ ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ egL ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ . 

hxfF;Dd ;fwf/0f ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf dftxtsf 

cbfntx?n] cfjZos kg] { ah]6 cg'dfg u/L ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf k7fp+5g\ / ;jf] {Rr 

cbfntn] dfu cg';f/ s"n cg'dfg tof/ kf/L cy{ dGqfno ;dIf cg'/f]w ub{5 . 

t/ cbfntx?nfO{ s] slt ah]6 5'6\ofpg] xf] eGg] clGtd lg0f{o eg] cy{ 

dGqfnon] ub{5 . s]xL ;do cufl8;Dd GofokflnsfnfO{ ljsf; ah]6 cfjZos 

gkg] { ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lng] ul/GYof] . xfn cfP/ eg] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ;DaGwL 

cfjZosLo s'/fx?sf] nflu ;/sf/åf/f GofokflnsfnfO{ klg ljsf; ah]6df :yfg 

lbg yflnPsf] 5 . t/ of] s'/f] lxpFsf] kxf8sf] Pp6f 6'qmf h:tf] ePsf] 5 . lsgsL 

o:tf] ah]6 cToGt ck'u x'g'sf ;fy} Ps} k6sdf lgsf;f klg lbOb}g . 

Gofokflnsfn] cg'/f]w u/] cg';f/ lsg ah]6 lgsf;f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPg 

eg]/ cy{ dGqfnojf6 s'g} sf/0f ;d]t hgfOb}g . 

ah]6 ;b}j cNk ?kdf /xg] ub{5 . jfF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] ah]6 klg dxfn]vf 

lgoGqs sfof{no / cy{ dGqfnon] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ls:tfjGbL cg';f/ sf/f]jf/ 

jf rf}dfl;s cfwf/df lgsf;f lbOg] ul/G5 . slxn]sfFxL s7f]/ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f 

u/L ljlgof]lht ah]6 klg s6[f ug] { ul/G5 . o:tf cg]sf} + sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ljlQo 

:jfoQtfdf lk8f pTkGg x'g uPsf] 5 . ;dofGt/sf] cfjZostf ljZn]if0f u/L 

k'gk|f{yldlss/0f / k'gjf{8kmfF8 -/sdfGt/_ ug] { :jtGqtf ;d]t GofokflnsfnfO{ 

lbOPs]f 5}g . cy{ dGqfnon] jflif{s ah]6 ;DaGwL l;df lgwf{/0f, lgsf;f, 

k'g;{dfof]hg ;d]tsf ah]6 zLif{sdf ;dfj]z gePsf] /sd cfjZos k/L dfu ug'{ 

k/]sf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsfn] k6s k6s cg'/f]w ul//xg' kb{5 . ljutdf Psk6s 

t k|wfg GofofwLzn] ;/sf/n] ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLx?sf] jflif{s ;Dd]ngsf] 

nflu /sd lgsf;f lbb}g eg] ;+;bsf] clwj]zg jf]nfP/ ah]6 k]z u/L :jLs[lt 

23


k|fKt ul/g]5 eGg] ;Ddsf] wlDsk"0f{ cleJolQm lbg' ePsf] lyof] . o;jf6 

/fHosf]ifdf sfd ug] {x?n] c;xof]usf] efjgf b]vfpg] u/]sf] jf:tljstf bzf{p+5 . 

s'g} ljjfbsf] lgD6f/f ug] { l;nl;nfdf ljz]if1x?nfO{ sfddf nufO{ 

cg';Gwfg ug] {, ;f] sf] ;xof]ujf6 hfFrj'em, k|ltj]bg cflb tof/ kfg'{ 

kb{5 . o:t]f 

cj:yfdf ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos vr{ lgsf;f x'G5 jf x'b} +g eGg] GofofwLzx?nfO{ 

ljZjf; x'b}g . o;} ;Gbe{df Ps hgf ;xefuLn] s8f zJbdf cbfntjf6 ePsf 

km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug] { lhDdf cbfntjf6 /fHo ;+oGqdf lbg'kg] { ;'emfj ;d]t 

lbPsf lyP . o;df u}/sfg"gL ?kdf jg]sf] 3/nfO{ eTsfO{ rng rnfO{ lbg] ah]6 

Gofokflnsfdf gx'Fbf 

km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] ts{ lbOPsf] lyof] . of] Pp6f 

dfq pbfx/0f xf] . oxfF o:tf cg]sf} pbfx/0f 5g\ h;nfO{ oxfF pNn]v ug{ 

cfjZos 5}g . ah]6sf] of]hgf :jLs[lt, lgsf;f jf ;dfof]hg nufotsf g]kfndf 

cjnlDjt ah]6 ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{ k|s[lt, :jtGqtf / 

cfjZostfsf] nflu ;xof]uL b]lvPsf 5}gg . k/fdz{ j}7ssf] qmddf o; ;Gbe{df 

km/s wf/0ff ljsf; ug'{kg] 

{ ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . Pshgf ;xefuLn] t 

Gofokflnsfsf] ah]6 ;+;bsf] 5'6[ } ;ldltåf/f tof/ kf/L kf; u/fpg' kg] { ;'emfj 

;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] . o;df kxn ug{sf] nflu Pp6f 5'6[ } cfly{s ;|f]t ;ldlt 

x'g'kg] { ;'emfj klg k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . k|ltlglw ;efsf] xsdf cy{ dGqLn] ah]6 

jfF8kmfF8 ug'{k"j{ 

;efd'v ;dIf k/fdz{ ug] { u/]h:t} k|lqmof Gofokflnsfsf] xsdf 

klg ul/g' kg] { ;'emfj lbOPs]f lyof] . o; ;Gbe{df cy{dGqLn] k|wfg GofofwLz ;+u 

e]63f6 u/L jflif{s ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 ;DaGwdf ;/;Nnfx lng'kg] { x'G5 . n]vf 

;DaGwL P]g sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /xL sfo{ of]hgf tof/ kfg] {, Sofn]G8/ ;lxtsf] 

jflif{s sfo{qmd tof/ kfg] {, jflif{s ah]6, th'{df 

Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug] { nufotsf] 

:jfoQtf GofokflnsfnfO{ lbOg' kb{5 . 

Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] l;ldttfnfO{ x[bo+ud ubf{ s/Lj 

b'O{ bzs klxn] th'{df 

e} nfu' e}g;s]sf] Goflos sf]if P]gnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fOg' 

kg] { wf/0ff klg xfn} cfP/ Goflos ;d'bfon] cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ . xfn cbfntjf6 

nfvf} + +sf] /fh:j ;+sng ul/G5, h'g /sd d'2fsf qmddf w/f}l6df /xg uPsf] 5 . 

24


;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] cf=j= @)%&.%* sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/ lhNnf 

cbfntx?jf6 dfq} s/f]8f} ?k}of -!!,@!,%#,)^*._ /fh:jdf / lj; s/f]8 eGbf a9L 

-@!,((,((,)*)._ ?k}of w/f}6Ldf hDdf ePsf] lyof] . Goflos sf]if P]g nfu' 

ePkl5 o; k|sf/sf] /sd Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\g} nflu k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . cfh;Dd 

pQm /sd ;/sf/L sf]ifdf g} /x]sf] 5 . 

;|f]tsf] cefjn] ubf{ ;do ;dodf Gofokflnsf j}slNks ;|f]tx?sf] vf]hL 

ug{ jfWo x'g] u/]sf] 5 . bft[ ;d'bfojf6 cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf] nflu 

Gofokflnsfn] ljrf/fy{ k|:tfj k]z ug] { u/]sf] 5 . t/ k|foh;f] cy{ dGqfno g} 

Gofokflnsf / bft[ ;d'bfo jLr pkl:yt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] bft[ ;d'bfo / 

Gofokflnsfn] cfjZos jftf{nfk u/]/ ;xof]usf] jGbf]j:t ug{ GofokflnsfnfO{ 

:jtGqtf lbg'k5{ / o; jLrdf cy{ dGqfnosf] pkl:ylt cfjZos kb} {g eGg] 

wf/0ff JoQm x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . 

Gofokflnsfn] ;|f]t l;h{gf ug{sf] nflu z'Ns ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, cGo 

;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ljlQo / cGo ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg h:tf ;|f]tx? h'6fpg] \ 

pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . GofokflnsfnfO{ ljlQo :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Pdf 

slDtdf klg e'QmfgL n]vf+sg ;DaGwL ljifodf dfu{ v'nf x'g] lyof] . t/ of] s'/f 

eGg vf]lhPsf] xf]Og ls Gofokflnsf k|lt ;/sf/sf] s]xL lhDd]jf/L 5}g / 

Gofokflnsf g} o;sf ;j} cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Ifd 5 . Goflos :jfoQtfn] 

GofokflnsfnfO{ s]xL dfqfdf cfkm\gf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPtfklg 

cf+lzs ?kdf ;/sf/;+u g} e/ kg'{kg] 

{ cj:yf eg] /xL /x]s} 5 . 

j}7ssf] bf}/fgdf tNnf] txsf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?n] hf]8bf/ ?kdf l;wf 

:jfoQtf -Vertical autonomy_ sf] dfu ug'{ 

ePs]f 5 . xfn;Dd ;jf] {Rr 

cbfntsf] nflu 5'6[ } ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / 

lhNnf cbfntx?sf] nflu eg] ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf /lhi6«f/åf/f /sd jfF8kmfF8 u/L 

lgsf;f k7fOG5 . cy{ dGqfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df /sdfGt/ jf 

gofF lgsf;f ug'{kg] 

{ cj:yf cfOk/]df klg ;f] ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?df ;jf] {Rr 

cbfnts} /lhi6«f/jf6 sf/jfxL rnfpg' kb{5 . g]kfndf o:tf ;xfos ;]jf / 

;'ljwf x]/ ljrf/ ug{sf] nflu cbfnt k|zf;ssf] 5'6[ } sfof{nosf] Joj:yf 5}g . t/ 

25


k/fdz{ j}7ssf] qmddf lhNnf GofofwLzx?n] l;w} cbfntx?sf] vftfdf /sd 

lgsf;f x'g'kg] { dfu ug'{ 

ePsf] lyof] . o;n] ljleGg cbfntx?nfO{ ljt/0f ul/g'kg] { 

ah]6 ;d'lrt ?kn] jfF8kmfF8 x'g g;s]sf] tYo b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ah]6 ljt/0f ubf{ 

cbfntsf] sfo{jf]em, sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof, cbfnt /x]s]f :yfgsf] b'/L ;d]tnfO{ larf/ 

ug'{kg] 

{ ;'emfjx? cfPsf lyP . hxfF;Dd cbfntx?sf] Plss/0fsf] ;d:of 5 

To;nfO{ ;du|?kdf larf/ ug'{kg] 

{ / s'g} cbfnt ljz]ifnfO{ a9L Wofg lbg] / 

s'g}nfO{ Wofg glbg] h:tf] kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/g' x'b}g . cbfntsf] Plss/0f 

k|lqmofsf] ;jfn ;jf{lª0f Goflos k|0ffnL leqjf6 cfjZos clVtof/L / 

hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;+jf]wg u/L ;du|?kdf lgD6f/f ul/g'kb{5 . 

ljBdfg n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf / Goflos :jtGqtfsf] ;DaGwsf 

jf/]df b[li6uf]r/ ug] { xf] eg] jt{dfg ;dodf of] Pp6f ;d:ofsf] ljifo jg]sf] 

kfOG5 . Gofokflnsfsfn] ug] { vr{ Joj:yflksfn] ug] { n]vf k/LIf0fsf] kl/lw leq 

cfpg ;Qm}g . To;f] t n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{ P]g lgodsf] sfo+ {ljlw / sfo{ 

k|lqmof k'/f u/]/ ug'{k5{ 

. t/ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] GofokflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] j]Un} 

ul/dfdo :yfg / Goflos :jtGqtfsf] k[i7e"lddf o;nfO{ x]l/g' kb{5 . To;df klg 

gf]s/zfxLsf] tkm{jf6 Gofokflnsf k|lt x'g] u/]sf] c;xof]u tyf vr{sf] c:jLs[lt 

Pj+ v8f ul/g] grflx+bf cj/f]w klg plQs} b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L lgsfox? / 

;+j}wflgs c+ux? jLrdf b]vf k/]sf] c;xof]u / c;xdltsf] efjgf dx;'; 

ul/Psf] jt{dfg kl/k| ]Iodf logLx? jLr :jR5 ;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]df w]/} 

k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cfb]zsf] ?kdf kl/kq hf/L u/]/ ;f] 

;DaGwdf GofofwLz / cbfntn] s] s:tf sfg"gL / gLltut s'/fx? ug' {kg] { xf] eGg] 

;DaGwdf n]vf ;DaGwL sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]/ eGbf a9L ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . 

n]vf k/LIf0fsf] dfWodåf/f vr{sf] hfFrj'em u/L lgoldt / clgoldt /sdsf] 

lgwf{/0f If]qut ?kd} u/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg] { df}sf k|bfg 

ug'{ 

kb{5 . t/ ;fdfGotof To:tf] x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . k|foh;f] n]vf ;DaGwL ;/sf/L 

sfof{non] vr{ lgoldt ePsf] k|dfl0ft ub{5 eg] ToxL vr{ pk/ dxfn]vf 

k/LIfssf] sfof{nojf6 j]?h' p7fOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ sfo{n] ubf{ 

k|z:t e|d pTkGg u/fpg'sf ;fy} vr{sf] j}wtfdf ;d]t z+sf pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . 

26


To;}u/L s'g} s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] vr{sf] /sd lgoldt u/fpg] sfddf ;xof]u 

u/]sf 5}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu GofofwLzx?n] P]g jdf]lhd k|fKt ug] { ;'ljwf 

;DaGwL lg0f{o >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f /fhkqdf k|sflzt ePdf To:tf] vr{ ?h' 

x'g]df ;f] gePjf6 j]?h' sfod ePsf] 5 . 

o;}u/L cbfntjf6 ePsf km};nf sfof{Gjog ug] { ;DaGwdf s]xL o:tf 

j'bf+x? kfOG5g\ h;nfO{ n]vf k/LIfsx?n] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ eGbf jflx/ u} 

hj/h:tL JofVof ug] { u/]sf 5g\ . oL s]xL pbfx/0fx? x'g h;jf6 Goflos 

:jtGqtfdf k|ToIf x:tIf]k ePsf] 5 . n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0f ljefujf6 eP ul/Psf 

o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkx?jf6 hg ;d'bfo jLr Gofokflnsfsf] 5jL w'ldn ug] { 

l;jfo s]xL u/]sf] 5}g . xfn}sf jif{x?df cfP/ cGt/s[of / j}7ssf] dfWodåf/f 

o; k|sf/sf ljjfb / c;dembf/Lsf ljifo ;dfwfg ug] { sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 . 

s]xL jif{ cufl8 v/fj sfd ug] { GofofwLzx? lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] ;jfndf 

Gofokflnsf / cfof]u jLr ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf 

cfPsf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwdf cfof]u;+u e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL h'g;'s} ljjfbdf 

cg';Gwfg ug] { ljz]if1x? ePsf / Gofo kl/ifb;+u To:tf ljz]if1 gePsf] eGg] 

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] d'Vo ts{ /x]sf] lyof] . t/ cg';Gwfgsf] 

nflu cfjZos kg] { ljz]if1 :jo+ cfof]u;+u ge} >L % sf] ;/sf/sf cGo 

lgsfo;+u g} e/ kg'{ 

kg] { sf/0fjf6 of] ts{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/of]= . To;}n] pNn]lvt 

cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf] nflu To:tf k|sf/sf ljz]if1x?nfO{ Gofokflnsfn] 

g} lemsfpg' kg] { cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . o;f] ePsf] v08df lgsfo g} kl/jt{g 

gu/Lsg klg Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg e|i6frf/ / clgoldtf, lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] 

x'G5 . olt dfq xf] ls ;f] sf] nflu b[9 OR5fzlQmsf] cfjZostf eg] kb{5 . 

o;eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ ljifo of] 5 ls clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f 

Gofokflnsfdf klg x]g{ kfpg] u/L clwsf/If]qsf] lj:tf/ x'Fbf 

k"0f{ ?kdf Goflos 

:jtGqtfsf] ljk/Lt Gofokflnsfsf] ckdfg x'gsf ;fy} ;+j}wflgs ;+oGqsf] 

pNn3+g Pj+ ;/sf/L x:tIf]k x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . 

27


To;}u/L /fhgLlt1 / kqsfl/tf hutn] ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg lt/ n}hfg] 

s]zL; gu/L emg} j9fP/ nfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] s'/f :d/0fLo 5 ls Goflos 

5ljnfO{ unt 9+un] k|:t't ul/Pdf unt ljrf/wf/f ePsfx?nfO{ dfq kmfObf k'uL 

cGo s;}nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ub}g . xfdLx?n] sfg jGb u/]/ j:bf klg oxfF ;fdfGo 

wDsLsf] k|bz{g dfq ul/Pg lj:kmf]6s ;+oGqsf] cj:yf g} pTkGg ul/of] . xfdLn] 

o:tf ljjfb k|lt s'g} Wofg glbO{ ;xL 9+un] sfd ub} { hf+bf klg wlDs cfpg] qmd 

aGb ePg / To;jf6 hf]lug xfdL c;kmn eof} . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] ;+o'Qm 

?kdf jsfnt ug] { o:tf] Pp6f sfo{qmd Nofpg' kg] { cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 h;jf6 

ljwfos, gf]s/zfxL Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+3 ;+:yf / k| ]; ;d]tn] Gofokflnsfsf] 

nflu ljlQo / k|zf;lgs :jfoQtfsf] jf/]df /fd|f];+u j'em\g]5g\ . 

Goflos :jtGqtfdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] csf] { dxTjk"0f{ ljifo dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] 

Joj:yfkg Gofokflnsf :jo+n] gug'{ 

xf] . 5nkmnsf] qmddf k|foM ;j} ;xefuLx?n] 

Gofokflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf / ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL 

k|zf;g ug{sf] nflu 5'6[ } Gofo ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg] { cfjZostf 

cf}Nofpg' ePsf] lyof] . xfn Gofokflnsfdf sfd ug] { GofofwLz jfx]s c? ;j} 

sd{rf/Lx? >L % sf] ;/sf/jf6 Gofokflnsfdf v6fOg] u/]sf 5g\ . plgx?sf] 

;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL s'g} klg gLltut lg0f{o Gofokflnsfjf6 ge} sfo{kflnsfjf6 

x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ Gofokflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof 

lgwf{/0f, tL kbx?sf] k"lt{ / ltgLx? pk/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf] nflu 

:jtGq clwsf/ lbOg' k5{ eGg] ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP . Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 

cfjZos kg] { hgzlQmsf] lgo'lQm / ;f];+u ;DalGwt kIfx?df k|zf;g ug] { 

Gofokflnsfs} cGt/lglxt clwsf/ x'gfn] jt{dfg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L o; 

;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ cljnDj cbfntnfO{ g} ;zQm jgfpg' kg] { ;'emfjx? k|fKt 

ePsf 5g\ . o;sf] nflu 5'6[ } P]gsf] th'{df 

x'g'kg] { / Goflos hgzlQm of]hgf 

th'{df 

Pj+ sfof{Gjog tyf jt{dfg k|0ffnL pk/ ;jf{lª0f hfFrj'em u/L cfjZosLo 

dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] jf:tljs cg'dfg ug{ lj:t[t ;j] {If0f ug'{kg] 

{ b]lvPsf] 5 . 

tTkZrft ;d'lrt tl/sfn] sfo{ juL{s/0f u/L Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq?kn] dfgjLo 

28


;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / ljsf; ;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df 

ug] { Joj:yf ldnfO{ To;sf] 

sfof{Gjogdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . 

Gofokflnsfdf ;Dj4 hgzlQmnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug] { :jfoQtf gx'g' csf] { 

v8\s]sf] ljifo xf] . jt{dfg ;dodf GofofwLzx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug] { tflnd 

s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf 5}g . lj=;+= @)#* df :yfkgf ul/Psf] Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| 

;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf ;+rflnt 5 . ah]6sf] lgoGq0f / :jfoQtfsf] cefjn] ubf{ 

Gofokflnsfsf] tflnd cfjZostf k'/f ug{ Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| k|efjsf/L x'g 

;s]sf] 5}g . sfof{Gjogdf cfpg nfu]sf] /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgn] Goflos 

;d'bfosf] tflnd ;DaGwL OlR5t cfjZostf k'/f ug] { 5 eGg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . 

o;} u/L cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] k|zf;g ug] { ;jfndf 

cfGtl/s :jfoQtf x'g'kg] { ljifo ;xefuLx?n] hf]8bf/ ?kdf p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] . 

olb l;wf :jfoQtf kof{Kt ?kdf ;'lglZrt gx'g] xf] eg] ljleGg txdf sfo{/t 

cbfnt k|zf;sx? jLr k|z:t c;Gt'li6 pTkGg x'g ;S5 . cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf 

/x]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf tyf cGo ljifodf lnOPsf lg0f{ox?sf] jf/]df cfkm"x? 

cgle1 x'g] u/]sf] egL lhNnf GofofwLzx?n] jf/Djf/ l;sfot ug'{ 

ePsf] lyof] . 

oL ljifox?nfO{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg dfkm{t Jojl:yt u/L ;lhn} Plss[t ug{ ;lsG5 . 

cfGtl/s ljKnjsf sf/0fn] ubf{ jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfndf ulx/f] ;+s6 

pTkGg ePsf] 5 . o;n] cGo If]qx?sf] cltl/Qm Goflos lqmofsnfkx?df c;/ 

kf/]sf] 5 . w]/} h;f] cbfntx? cfkm\gf] sfo{ /fd|f];+u ;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf 

u'lh|Psf 5g\ . ltgLx?n] d'2fsf ;DalGwt kIfx?sf] gfddf Dofb tfd]n ug{;Dd 

klg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cbfntsf km};nfx? /fd|f];+u sfof{Gjog u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . 

Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf k|z:t wDsL cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . ljKnjsf/Lx?n] Goflos 

ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu ;dfgfGt/ cbfntsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] s'/f klg 

hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsfn] o;sf] :jtGqtf / 

:jfoQtfsf] nflu u+le/ r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ 

k/]sf] 5 . 

cfGtl/s åGbsf] ;d:of /fhg}lts txjf6 ;dfwfg ePtfklg Gofokflnsfn] 

klg ;+:yfut ?kdf cbfnt ejg Pj+ kl/;/ tyf ToxfF /x]sf clen]v tyf 

;|f]tx?sf] s;/L ;'/Iff ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] jf/]df eg] ;f]Rg'kg] { ePsf] 5 . of] eGbf 

29


klg a9L xfd|f] /0fgLlt of] x'g' k/\of] ls o:tf] jftfj/0fdf d'2fsf kIfx? Gofosf] 

nflu cbfnt ;Dd k'Ug c;+ej ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ plgx?nfO{ gf]S;fgL jxg ug{ 

gk/f]; . d'2fsf] kIfx?df kg] { o:tf] dsf{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu s'g} j}slNks 

pkfosf] vf]hL ug] { jf xbDofb / xsb}ofnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg'{kg] 

{ b]lvG5 . 

To;}n] jt{dfg ;dodf Gofokflnsfn] cfly{s / k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg 

;DaGwL :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf ;lxt k|z:t r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ 

kl//x]s]f 5 . 

k|:t't /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfn] k|z:t sfo{qmd / /0fgLltx?sf] dfWodåf/f o; 

k|sf/sf r'gf}lt ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'g' k/]s]f 5 . Psk6s o:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;xL 

9+un] ;dfwfg ul/Pdf Gofokflnsfsf] hjfkmb]lxtf j9\g u} ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{ 

lg/Gt/ cufl8 j9fpg ;3fp k'Ug]5 . 

v= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ;'ljwfx?M 

ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] k|fo g]kfnsf ;j} cbfntx? bolgo cj:yfdf 

/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yf k|lt tTsfn} ;DalGwt ;j}sf] Wofg hfg'kg] { b]lvPsf] 5 . 

To;f] t g]kfnsf] cbfnt k|0ffnL w]/} g} k'/fgf] dflgG5 . 

w]/} nfdf] cjlw;Dd cbfntx? ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ejgdf ;+rfng ePsf 

lyP . lj=;+= @)#& -;g\ !(*!_ b]lv cbfnt ejgx? lgdf{0fsf] of]hgfj4 9f+rf 

;fj{hlgs ul/P kZrft dfq cbfnt ejgx?sf] ;xh klxrfg x'g ;s]sf] xf] . o; 

of]hgf cg';f/ s]xL gofF ejgx? lgdf{0f ul/Psf lyP . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Onfd, 

h'Dnf, /fhlj/fh / sf:sLdf c~rn / lhNnf cbfntx? Pp6} ejgdf ;+rflnt 

lyP . o;f] ePtfklg b'j} cbfntx? Pp6} ejgdf /xbf b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfngdf 

Tolt ;'ljwf gePjf6 o:tf] of]hgfn] nfdf] ;do;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . 

To;}n] lj=;+= @)$( -;g\ !((#_ kZrft k|To]s cbfntsf] nflu 5'6[f5'6[ } ejg 

lgdf{0f ug] { ljrf/wf/fsf] cjnDag ul/of] . cJojl:yt ?kd} ePtfklg lj=;+= 

@)$& -;g\ !((!_ ;Dd o; k|lqmofn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] . o; cj:yf;Dd 

cbfntx?sf] k"jf{wf/ ;DjGwL cfjZostfsf] x]/ljrf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo 

Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . t/ k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yf{kgf kl5 eg] cbfnt 

ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;/sf/åf/f l;w} ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf ah]6 ;dfj]z ug] { sfo{sf] 

30


yfngL ul/of] . kmntM ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf Pp6f 5'6[ } ef}lts k|zf;g zfvf :yfkgf 

ul/of] h;nfO{ ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td\ GofofwLzn] cWoIftf ug] { lgdf{0f 

;ldltåf/f cfjZos gLlt lgb] {zg pknAw u/fOg] k|lqmofsf] cf/De ul/of] . o; 

ef}lts k|zf;gåf/f ;j} cbfntx?jf6 ljBdfg k"jf{wf/ ;]jf / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL 

cfjZos ;"rgf ;+sng u/L cfjZos hUuf hldg, cbfnt ejg / c? 

cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg ug] { sfo{ ug{ yflnof] . o; k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ ;do 

;dodf cBfjlws ub} { u} To;kl5sf lbgx?df ul7t ljleGg ;ldltx?, h:t]f 

cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldlt ;d]tsf] k|ltj]bgx? sfo{ 

;Dkfbgdf k|of]udf NofOof] . cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf ef}uf]lns 

cj:yf / d'2fsf] rfksf] cfwf/df k"jf{wf/ ;]jf / cGo cfjZostfx?sf] juL{s/0f 

ul/lbPs]f 5 . tTkZrft cJojl:yt tl/sfn] ejg lgdf{0f ug] { sfo{nfO{ cGTo u/L 

jt{dfg / efjL cfjZostfsf] klxrfgåf/f d'2f k|jfxsf] cg'kftdf Jojl:yt lgdf{0f 

k|lqmofsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . tbg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf 

cbfntnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . o:tf cbfntx?sf] ;"rL 

tflnsf g+= @ df lbOPsf] 5 . 

cbfntx?sf] jt{dfg cj:yfM 

xfn g]kfndf ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf cltl/Qm !^ cf]6f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / &% 

j6f lhNnf cbfntx? /x]sf 5g\ . oL jfx]s k|zf;sLo cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt 

-e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2fx? x]g] {_, $ cf]6f /fhZj Gofoflws/0fx? -sf7df8f} +, kf]v/f, 

lj/f6gu/ / g]kfnu+hdf_, >d cbfnt, C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f c;'nL 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f h:tf ljz]if cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx? ;d]t ;+rfng 

e}/x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf sfof{nox? ;d]t 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] kl/;/leq /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L Gofokflnsf / ;f];+u ;DalGwt 

;+:yfx?sf] s"n ;+Vof !)@ /x]sf] 5 . 

cbfntx?sf] ef}lts ;+/rgf cGtu{t cbfnt kl/;/sf] nflu hUuf, b}lgs 

sfo{ ;+rfngfy{ cbfnt ejgx?, GofofwLz tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf;, 

df]6/ Uof/]h, ;'/Iff uf8{sf] nflu Sjf6{/, kfn] kx/fsf] nflu cfjf;, sfof{nosf] 

31


nflu cfjZolso kmlg{r/, d]l;g/L / ljB'tLo pks/0fx? tyf d;nGb Pj+ cGo 

;xfos ;fdfu|Lx? ;dfj]z x'g] b]lvG5g\ . o;sf cnfjf ljB't cfk"lt{, vfg]kfgL, 

:jf:Yo Pj+ ;/;kmfO{ h:tf cGo ;xfos ;]jf ;'ljwfx? klg o;df ;dfj]z x'g] 

ub{5g\ . 

cbfntsf] nflu hUufM 

ef}lts ;+/rgf ljsf;sf] nflu kof{Kt hUuf hldgsf] ljBdfgtf k"j{ zt{sf] 

?kdf /xG5 . cbfntsf] cfkm\g} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUufdf lgld{t ejgx?n] 

Gofokflnsfsf] sfd sf/jfxL ;'rf??kn] ;+rfng ug{df 7"nf] ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5g\ . 

ef8fdf lnOPsf ejgx?n] cbfntsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . o:tf] 

cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtfn] :jR5 Gofo k|jfxdf g} cj/f]w pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] 

hUuf hldgnfO{ cbfntsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . 

clxn];Dd slDtdf # j6f lhNnf cbfntsf] nflu cfkm\g} hUuf hldg 5}g . 

To;}u/L ;j} Gofoflws/0fx? ef8fsf] ejgdf /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx?sf] nflu klg 

ejg lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu cfkm\gf] hldg 5}g . oBkL s]xL cbfntx?sf] cfkm\gf] 

hUuf eP klg To:tf hUuf ls t ejg lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos kg] { hlt If]qkmn 

g/x]s]f jf ejg lgdf{0f ug{ x'g] pko'Qm :yfgdf hUuf hldg g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

xfn;Dd cbfntx?df pknAw hUufsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= ! df lbOPsf] 5 . 

To;}u/L cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] k|To]s txsf 

cbfntx?sf] nflu cfjZos kg] { hUufsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @ df lbOPsf] 5 . 

h; cg';f/ &% j6f lhNnf cbfntx?dWo] @* j6f lhNnf cbfntdf dfq 

cfjZos kg] { Go"gtd hUuf hldg /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . c? $$ j6f lhNnf 

cbfntx?sf] cfkm\gf] hldg ePtfklg tL hUuf 5l/Psf jf ckfos :yfgdf 5g . 

To;/L g} !^ j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? dWo] !# j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] 

Go"gtd kl/df0fdf cfkm\g} hUuf 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt h'Dnfsf] cfkm\gf] hUuf 5}g 

. g]kfnu+h / /fhlj/fhsf k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] hUuf cbfnt /fd|/L ;+rfng 

ug{sf] nflu ckof{Kt 5g\ . ;jf] {Rr cbfnts} xsdf klg o;sf] sfd ;'rf??kn] 

;+rfng ug{sf] nflu hUuf ckof{Kt ePsf] 5 . k|fKt ;"rgfn] s]jn $! j6f 

32


cbfntx?df dfq kof{Kt hldg pknJw x'g ;s]sf] / jfFsL ^! j6f cbfntx? / 

cGo Goflos ;+u7gx?sf] nflu gofF hUuf vl/b ug'{kg] 

{ jf ljBdfg hldg ckof{Kt 

ePsf]df cltl/Qm If]q yk ug'{kg] 

{ b]lvPsf] 5 . 

cbfnt ejgx? 

;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;lxt ^& cf]6f cbfntx?sf] cfkm\g} ejg 5 . !^ cf]6f 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? dWo] jfUn'ª / Onfdsf k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? / ToxfFsf lhNnf 

cbfntx?sf] ejg Pp6} 5 . Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo;]jf cfof]unfO{ klg ;jf] {Rr 

cbfntn] :yfg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . jfFsL #$ cf]6f cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] 

nflu cfkm\gf] ejg 5}g . s]xL cbfntx?n] ef8fsf] ejg / cGo s]xL cbfntx?n] 

cGo k|of]hgsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf k'/fgf ;/sf/L ejg jf kl/;/sf] ;d]t k|of]u 

ul//x]sf 5g\ . :ki6 ?kdf eGg' kbf{ o:tf ejgx?åf/f cbfntsf] cfjZostf k'/f 

x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] jf+s] lhNnf cbfnt jfx]s cGo cbfnt 

ejgx? ;d'lrt cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5}gg . pbfx/0fsf] 

nflu lgdf{0f ;DkGg e};s]sf s]xL cbfntx?df cltl/Qm Ohnf; jgfpg' kg] { 

cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . k|foM cbfntx?df k':tsfno tyf ;Dd]ng sIfsf] nflu 

:yfgsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . w]/} cbfntx?df d'2fsf kIf / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu 

k|ltIffno Pj+ zf}rfno ;'ljwfsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;j} cbfntx?n] c;dy{ 

kIfsf] nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf k'¥ofpg j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLsf] lgo'lQm u/]tfklg 

plgx?sf] nflu cbfntn] sfo{sIf pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;j} ljifosf] 

;dli6ut cjnf]sg ubf{ jx';+Vos cbfntx?df ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] lj:tf/ 

ug'{kg] 

{ cfjZostf 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 ., cbfnt ejgx?sf] lj:t[t 

ljj/0f tflnsf # df lbOPsf] 5 . 

GofofwLz tyf cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf; 

ljBdfg sfg"g cg';f/ ;j} txsf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu ;/sf/L cfjf; 

pknAw u/fpg' clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 . cGo ;/sf/L lgsfodf sfo{/t tNnf txsf 

33


clws[tx?nfO{ ;d]t ;/sf/sf] tkm{jf6 cfjf; ;'ljwf k|bfg ug] { ul/Psf] 5 . t/ 

Gofokflnsfdf eg] o;sf] cj:yf Hofb} g/fd|f] 5 . hjsL k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf 

/f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf /lhi6«f/x? / lhNnf cbfntx?sf /f=k= låtLo >]0fLsf ->]:t]bf/_ 

clws[tx?nfO{ ;d]t cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOPsf] kf+Ob}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf 

cGo txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g 

. ;j} txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg] { cfjZostf 

68\sf/f] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz, 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf !$ hgf d'Vo GofofwLzx?, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf !! hgf 

GofofwLzx? / $) hgf lhNnf GofofwLzx?nfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 

5 . -tflnsf $ df x]g'{xf];_ 

t/ k|foM o:tf ejgx? k'gMlgdf{0f / dd{tsf] k|ltIffdf 

/x]sf 5g\ . logLx? dWo] sltko ejgx? o:tf] lh0f{ cj:yfdf 5g\ ls hf] s'g} 

klg ;dodf eTsg ;S5g\ . To;}n] o:tf ;/sf/L cfjf;x? k'glg{df{0f / dd{t 

;+ef/ u/L GofofwLzx?sf] nflu pko'Qm / ;'ljwfhgs cfjf;sf] k|jGw ug'{ 

Tolts} 

cfjZos b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf @) hgf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu, 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf @ hgf d'Vo GofofwLx?sf] nflu, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf *% 

hgf GofofwLx?sf] nflu tyf lhNnf cbfntsf (% hgf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu 

;d]t u/L s"n @$@ hgf GofofwLzx?sf] lgldQ ;/sf/L cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw 

u/fpg' kg] { b]lvPsf] 5. o;}u/L ljz]if cbfntsf # hgf GofofwLx?, /fh:j 

Gofoflws/0fsf !@ hgf GofofwLz -cWoIf tyf ;b:o_ x?, >d cbfntsf] ! 

hgf d'2f x]g] { clwsf/L, k|zf;sLo cbfntsf # hgf GofofwL -cWoIf tyf ;b:o_ 

x? tyf C0f c;'nL Gofoflws/0fsf ! hgf cWoIfsf] nflu klg ;/sf/L cfjf; 

;'ljwfsf] cjfZostf b]lvG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf s]xL GofofwLzx? dfq cfkm\gf] 

3/df j:g] u/]sf / jx';+Vos GofofwLzx? ef8fsf] 3/df /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] 

GofofwLzx?sf] nflu Go"gtd ;'ljwfx? h:tf] slDtdf @ cf]6f j]8?d, Pp6f efG;f 

sf]7f, Pp6f vfgf vfg] sf]7f, Pp6f j}7s sIf, Pp6f cWoog sIfsf ;fy} jfy?d 

/ 8«fOe/ Pj+ lkogsf] nflu 5'6[ } sf]7f ;lxtsf] cfjf; ejg lgdf{0f ug'{ 

cToGt 

cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf cGo kbflwsf/Lx?sf] nflu klg qmd};+u o:tf] 

;'ljwf pknAw u/fpb} hfg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

34


oftfoft ;'ljwfM 

jt{dfg ;dodf ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz tyf cGo s]xL 

GofofwLzx?n] ;/sf/L df]6/, 8«fOe/, k]6«f]n d]l;g/L t]n / dd{t ;'ljwf k|fKt ug] { 

u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz tyf cGo GofofwLx?n] klg 

o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLx?sf] nflu o:tf] 

;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf /x]sf clwsf+z ;jf/L 

;fwgx? dd{t ;+ef/sf] k|ltIffdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL ;jf/L ;fwgx? eg] sfd 

gnfUg] cj:yfsf e} k|lt:yfkg ug'{kg] 

{ ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] 

;6[fdf gofF ;fwgx? g} pknAw u/fpg' kg] { b]lvG5 . ;8s ;'ljwf k'u]sf s]xL 

lhNnf cbfntx?df cem};Dd ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;jf/L 

;fwg pknAw u/fOPsf lhNnfx?df klg Pp6} ;jf/L ;fwg PseGbf a9L 

GofofwLzx?n] pkef]u u/L cfPsf 5g\ . lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu JolQmut 

?kdf 5'6[f 5'6[ } ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . h;sf] ljj/0f 

tflnsf g+ += % df lbOPsf] 5 . !#% hgf lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu %% cf]6f 

;jf/L ;fwg dfq pknAw 5g\ . ctM lhNnf GofofwLzsf] nflu cem} *) cf]6f 

;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf ;j} ;jf/L ;fwgx? !) 

jif{ eGbf k'/fgf ePjf6 ;d'lrt dd{t ;+ef/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . 

To;}u/L sf7df8f} +df /x]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf jfx]s c?df ;jf/L 

;fwgx? 5}gg\ . To;}n] k|To]s Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t GofofwLzx?sf] nflu ;jf/L 

;fwgsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . To:t} Goflos sfo{df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu 

klg xfn;Dd :6fkm j; ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cbfntx?df d]l;g/L 

dd{t ;+ef/ zfvfsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;lsPjf6 klg cbfntsf] b}lgs sfd 

sf/jfxLdf g/fd|f] c;/ kl//x]s]f 5 . 

sDKo"6/ / cGo ;'ljwfx?M 

k|foM ;j} cbfntx?df gofF jf k'/fgf 6fOk/fO6/ /x]sf 5g\ \ . ltgLx?dWo] 

clwsf+z k'/fgf x'gfn] lgoldt dd{t ;+ef/ u/L k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . xfn gofF 

35


6fOk/fO6/ vl/b ug] { gLlt 5}g . xfnsf lbgx?df 6fOk/fO6/x? qmlds ?kdf 

sDKo"6/af6 k|lt:yfkg e}/x]sf 5g\ . o;f] ePtfklg ;j} cbfntx?df sDKo"6/ 

pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . sDKo"6/ pknAw ePsf :yfgx?df klg k|foMh;f] 

sDKo"6/sf] k|of]u km};nf / cfb]z 6fOk ug] { sfddf g} l;ldt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s]jn 

s]xL cbfntx?n] dfq clen]v /fVg] sfddf sDKo"6/sf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . d'2f 

btf{ Pj+ d'2f dfldnfsf] sf/jfxL h:tf dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zodf sDKo"6/sf] pkof]u x'g 

;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf cbfntx?df sDKo"6/x?sf ;+hfn -Networking_ / 

OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf w]/} 6f9fsf] s'/f x'g uPsf] 5 . hjsL ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf ;d]t 

s]jn yf]/} sDKo"6/x?df dfq OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5 . 

Gofokflnsfdf sDKo"6/ ;+rfng u/L o;sf] k|of]udf lj:tf/ ug] { bIf hgzlQm 

;d]t gePsf] cj:yf 5 . xfn}sf lbgx?df s]xL clwsf/Lx?n] sDKo"6/sf] 

cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt u/]tfklg of lghx? sDKo"6/ ;DaGwL sfddf kb:yflkt 

5}gg, of plgx?nfO{ cbfntsf] cGo sfdsfhdf nufOPsf] 5 . cfhsf] 

Gofokflnsf cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwjf6 6f9f /xg g;Sg] x'gfn] Gofokflnsfsf x/]s 

ultljlwx?sf nflu sDKo"6/ k|ljlwsf] cjnDag ul/g' cToGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

To;}n] ;j} cbfntx?df o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' k/]sf] 5 . Gofokflnsfdf 

sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sDKo"6/sf] ;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/sf] tflnd k|bfg ug'{ 

klg 

plQs} cfjZos 5 . k|f/Dedf clen]v /fVg] / btf{ k|lqmofdf sDKo"6/sf] k|of]u 

u/L o;sf] k|of]unfO{ lj:tf/} cbfntsf cGo ultljlwx?df lj:tf/ ug'{kg] { b]lvG5 . 

xfn cfP/ ;jf] {Rr cbfnt / ;j} k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?df km\ofS; ;'ljwf 

pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5 . tL dWo] s]xL km\ofS; eg] dd{t ;+ef/ ug'{kg] 

{ cj:yfdf 

/x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf cbfnt / cGo Gofoflws/0fx?df eg] km\ofS; d]l;g pknAw 

u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf cnfjf s]xL lhNnf cbfntdf t cem};Dd klg 

6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . 

cbfntsf] b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] k|of]uåf/f 5fof+k|lt 

lgsfNg' kg] { clt cfjZos x'Fbf 

x'b}klg cbfntx? kmf]6f]skL d]l;g / To;sf] 

;'ljwfåf/f jlGrt x'g'kg] { cj:yf /x]s]f 5 . s]jn ;jf] {Rr cbfnt / s]xL k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntx?df dfq kmf]6f]skL d]l;g ;+rflnt ePsf 5g\ . xfn} dfq gd"gf lhNnf 

36


cbfntx?df kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] cfk"lt{ x'g ;s]sf] 5 . c? w]/} h;f] lhNnf 

cbfntx?df cem};Dd o:tf d]l;g pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kmf]6f]skL d]l;g 

pknAw ePsf cbfntx?df klg ;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/sf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . 

kmf]6f]skL ;'ljwf pknAw x'g g;s]sf s]xL lhNnf cbfntx?df xfn} cfP/ cbfntL 

lnvtx?sf] 5fof+k|ltsf] nflu lghL If]qjf6 kmf]6f]skL d]l;gx? /flvPsf] 5 . o;f] 

ePtfklg of] sfd hf]lvdk"0f{ g} 5 . 

sltko cbfntx?df t cem} ;Dd klg r]s /fO6/ ;d]t pknAw x'g 

;s]sf] 5}g . k|foMh;f] cbfntx? ;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] nflu lkmN6/ / PSjfuf8{ 

;d]tsf] pknAwtfjf6 jlGrt /x]sf 5g\ . k|foMh;f] ;j} cbfntx? c:j:y 

jftfj/0fdf ;+rflnt 5g\ . s'g}klg cbfntdf Po/ slG8;gsf] Joj:yf 5}g . 

lxdfnL lhNnf cbfntx?df lx6/ / ;f]nf/ tyf t/fOsf lhNnf 

cbfntx?df k+ +vf h:tf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf ;Dd pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . 

olt dfq ge} cbfntx?df kbf{ / sfk] {l6ªsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug{ klg ;lsPsf] 

5}g . 

kmlg{r/M 

cbfntdf k|of]u ePsf kmlg{r/ ls ckof{Kt ls t k'/fgf Pj+ 6'6]km'6]sf 

5g\ . obfsbf b'Ohgf sd{rf/Ln] Pp6} :yfg k|of]u u/L b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ 

kl//x]sf] jfWotf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . clen]v /fVgsf] nflu kof{Kt kmfOn ;]Ne ;d]t 

pknAw 5}gg\ . k|foh;f] cbfntdf d'2fsf rfn' kmfOn / clen]v ldl;n ;d]t 

sk8fdf kf]sf] kf/L em'8\ofP/ /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L w]/} cbfntx?df 

;f]kmf;]6;Dd klg pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . 

tflnsf !M ljleGg cbfntx?nfO{ pknAw hUUffx? 

;jf] {Rr cbfnt !(–!!–)–# /f]kgL 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? 

37


1. Onfd !!–&–)–) /f]kgL 

2. lj/f6gu/ !–)–) ljufxf 

3. wgs'6f !*–^–!–@ /f]kgL 

4. /fhlj/fh )–!!–!% ljufxf 

5. 

6. 

hgsk'/ 

x]6f}8f 

!–)–$ 

)–!@–!% 

ljufxf 

! 7. kf6g 

÷$ 

@)–$–@–) 

ljufxf 

/f]kgL 

8. kf]v/f @!–^–)–# /f]kgL 

9. j'6jn !–!^–) ljufxf 

10. jfUn'ª *–)–)–) /f]kgL 

11. t'N;Lk'/ !–!#–!@ ljufxf 

12. g]kfnu+h tTsflng e]/L c+rn cbfntsf] hUuf 

13. ;'v] {t @–$–# ljufxf 

14. h'Dnf %–@–)–) /f]kgL 

15. lbkfon &–!!–#–) /f]kgL 

16. dx]Gb|gu/ !–$–^ ljufxf 

lhNnf cbfntx? 

1. tfKn]h'ª #–)–)–) /f]kgL 

2. kf+ry/ #–&–@–# /f]kgL 

3. Onfd )–!$–@–# /f]kgL 

4. emfkf !–$–!% ljufxf 

5. df]/ª )–!$–) ljufxf 

6. ef]hk'/ @–(–@–) /f]kgL 

7. ;'g;/L )–!%–) ljufxf 

8. wgs'6f $–)–)–) /f]kgL 

9. t]x\y'd &–%–!–! /f]kgL 

10. ;+v'jf;ef !$–&–#–! /f]kgL 

11. ;f]n'v'Dj' @)–@–)–) /f]kgL 

12. cf]vn9' 

+uf %–!!–!–@ /f]kgL 

13. vf]6fª $–$–@–! /f]kgL 

38


14. pbok'/ )–!@–* ljufxf 

15. l;/fxf )–^–!( ljufxf 

16. ;Kt/L )–(–!$ ljufxf 

17. wg'iff !–&–!# ljufxf 

18. dxf]Q/L )–!)–^ ljufxf 

19. ;nf{xL )–%–& ! ÷@ ljufxf 

20. l;Gw'nL )–(–# ljufxf 

21. /fd]5fk #–!#–@–) /f]kgL 

22. bf]nvf )(*%( ju{ ld6/ 

23. l;Gw'kfNrf]s ^–!%–)–# /f]kgL 

24. sfe| 

]knf~rf]s (–#–#–! /f]kgL 

25. /f}tx6 !–#–& ljufxf 

26. jf/f )–!&–! ljufxf 

27. k;f{ )–!@–& ljufxf 

28. dsjfgk'/ )–!$–!! ! ÷@ ljufxf 

29. lrtjg !–#–& ljufxf 

30. sf7df8f} 

+ hUuf 5}g 

31. eQmk'/ k|zf;sLo ejg 

32. nlntk'/ !–!@–#–) /f]kgL 

33. /;'jf ^–!#–)–# /f]kgL 

34. g'jfsf]6 *–&–#–! /f]kgL 

35. wflbª $–)–)–) /f]kgL 

36. uf]/vf #–)–)–) /f]kgL 

37. ndh'ª !–!#–)–! /f]kgL 

38. dgfª ^–!$–!–@ /f]kgL 

39. sf:sL !%–(–)–! /f]kgL 

40. tgx' 

F #–*–)–) /f]kgL 

41. :ofªhf !!–!!–)–@ /f]kgL 

42. kfNKff $–*–)–) /f]kgL 

43. gjnk/f;L )–!!–!) ljufxf 

44. ?kGb]xL )–*–!% ljufxf 

39


45. slknj:t' )–!&–!$ ljufxf 

46. c3f{vf+rL @–(–#–@ /f]kgL 

47. u'NdL $–#–)–# /f]kgL 

48. jfUn'ª &–!%–)–# /f]kgL 

49. DofUbL @–!@–)–) /f]kgL 

50. kj{t *–)–)–) /f]kgL 

51. d':tfª !)–(–)–! /f]kgL 

52. 8f]Nkf hUUff 5}g 

53. d'u' $–)–)–) /f]kgL 

54. x'Dnf $–%–)–) 

55. h'Dnf hUUff 5}g 

56. sflnsf]6 )=#@%* x]S6/ 

57. b}n]v ^–!–)–) /f]kgL 

58. ;'v] 

{t )–!&–!) ! ÷@ ljufxf 

59. hfh/sf]6 @–(–@–) /f]kgL 

60. ?s'd !!–*–!–) /f]kgL 

61. /f]Nkf ))&%) ju{ ld= 

62. Ko'7fg (–!%–)–) /f]kgL 

63. ;Nofg #–!–@–@ /f]kgL 

64. bfª )–!%–) ljufxf 

65. jf+s] )–(–# ljufxf 

66. jlb{of )–!#–% ljufxf 

67. jemfª $–)–#–! /f]kgL 

68. jfh'/f )@!#) ju{ ld= 

69. c5fd @–!)–)–% /f]kgL 

70. 8f]6L @–!#–@–) /f]kgL 

71. s}nfnL !–)–) ljufxf 

72. bfr' 

{nf @–!)–@–% /f]kgL 

73. j}t8L @–&–@–@ /f]kgL 

74. 88]nw'/f !%–)–)–) /f]kgL 

75. sGrgk'/ !–!%–!# ljufxf 

40


;|f]t M ef}lts of]hgf zfvf, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

tflnsf @M ljleGg cbfntx?sf] nflu cfjZos kg] { Go"gtd hUufsf] If]qkmn 

l;=g+ 

cbfnt OsfO{ 

!= ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

@= k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? 

@% /f]kgL 

ju{ æsÆ ^ /f]kgL 

ju{ ævÆ & /f]kgL 

ju{ æuÆ !$ sf -( /f]kgL_ 

ju{ æ3Æ !) /f]kgL 

#= lhNNff cbfntx? 

ju{ æsÆ % /f]kgL 

ju{ ævÆ % /f]kgL 

ju{ æuÆ ^ /f]kgL -!) sf_ 

ju{ æ3Æ * /f]kgL -!@ s._ 

ju{ æªÆ !) /f]kgL 

$= k|zf;sLo cbfnt & /f]kgL 

%= >d cbfnt & /f]kgL 

^= ljz]if cbfnt & /f]kgL 

&= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f -$_ ^ /f]kgL -k|To]ssf] nflu 

tflnsf # M ejgx?sf] ljj/0f 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

s_ ef8fdf /x]sf cbfntx? 

!= lj/f6gu/ @= h'Dnf 

v_ ejg ckof{Kt ePsf cbfntx? 

41


+ 

!= Onfd @= x]6f} +8f #= afUn'ª 

$= hgsk'/ 

&= dx]Gb|gu/ 

%= kf6g ^= g]kfnu+h 

u_ ejg kof{Kt ePsf cbfntx? 

!= wgs'6f @= /fhlj/fh #= lbkfon 

$= ;'v] {t 

&= t'N;Lk'/ 

lhNNff cbfntx? 

%= kf]v/f ^= j'6jn 

s_ ef8fdf /x]sf cbfntx? 

!= /fd]5fk @= 8f]NKff #= d'u' 

$= ?s'd %= Ko'7fg ^= af+s] 

&= aemfª 

!)= /f]NKff 

*= c5fd (= h'Dnf 

v_ k|zf;sLo ejgdf /x]sf cbfntx? 

!= t]x\y'd 

$= eQmk'/ 

@= vf]6fª #= kj{t 

u_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;+u} /x]sf cbfntx? 

!=Onfd @= afUn'ª 

3_ cGo k|zf;sLo ejgdf /x]sf cbfntx? 

!= sf7df8f} @= ?kGb]xL #= hfh/sf]6 

ª_ hL0f{ ejg ePsf cbfntx? 

!= tfKn]h'ª @= DofUbL #= /;'jf 

$= l;Gw'nL %= 8f]6L ^= b}n]v 

&= ;+v'jf;ef *= l;Gw'kfNrf]s 

r_ ejg ckof{KTf ePsf cbfntx? 

!= jfh'/f @= u'NdL #= jf/f 

$= ;'v] {t %= ef]hk'/ ^= pbok'/ 

42


F 

&= wflbª *= sflnsf]6 (= ;'g;/L 

!)= emfkf !!= k;f{ !@= l;/xf 

!#= dxf]Q/L !$= ;nf{xL !%= ndh'ª 

!^= c3f{vfFrL !&= wg'iff 

5_ cfkm\g} ejg ePsf cbfntx? 

!= wgs'6f @= ;Kt/L #= bf]nvf 

$= df]/ª %= tgx' 

^= j}t8L 

&= dgfª *= sf:sL (= :ofªhf 

!)= d':tfª !!= x'Dnf !@= bfr'{nf 

!#= s}nfnL !$= ;Nofg !%= nlntk'/ 

!^= bfª !&= lrtjg !*= jlb{of 

!(= /f}tx6 @)= uf]/vf @!= slknj:t' 

@@= kfNkf @#= kfFry/ @$= sfe| ]knfGrf]s 

@%= g'jfsf]6 @^= cf]vn9'+uf 

@&= ;f]n'v'Da' 

@*= 88]nw'/f 

#!= gjnk/f;L 

@(= sGrgk'/ #)= dsjfgk'/ 

tflnsf $ M GofofwLz cfjf; ePsf cbfntx? 

s_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? 

!= Onfd – # @= lj/f6gu/–) #= wgs'6f–@ 

$= /fhlj/fh–@ %= hgsk'/–@ ^= x]6f} +8f–! 

&= kf6g –) *= kf]v/f– # (= jfUn'ª–! 

!)= j'6jn –$ !!= t'N;Lk'/–! !@= h'Dnf –) 

!#= ;'v] {t– # 

!^= dx]Gb|gu/–@ 

v_ lhNNff cbfntx? 

!$= g]kfnu+h–! !%= lbkfon –@ 

!= Onfd @= emfkf #= ;+v'jf;ef 

43


$= df]/ª %= wgs'6f ^= t]x\y'd 

&= vf]6fª *= ;Kt/L (= bf]nvf 

!)= ;nf{xL !!= dxf]Q/L !@= wg'iff 

!#= /f}tx6 !$= af/f !%= k;f{ 

!^= kfNKff !&= lrtjg !*= l;Gw'kfNRff]s 

!(= sf:sL @)= jfUn'ª @!= dsjfgk'/ 

@@= ef]hk'/ @#= u'NdL @$= gjnk/f;L 

@%= ;Nofg @^= jlb{of @&= slknj:t' 

@*= Ko'7fg @(= afFs] #)= ?kGb]xL 

#!= ;'v] {t #@= b}n]v ##= jfh'/f 

#$= s}nfnL #%= bfr'{nf 

#^= sGrgk'/ 

#&= uf]/vf 

$)= /;'jf 

#*= j}t8L #(= 88]nw'/f 

tflnsf % M ;jf/L ;fwg, sDKo"6/, kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, ˆofS; cflbsf] l:ylt 

cbfnt 

df]6/÷ 

sf/ 

sDKo"6/ kmf]6f]skL ˆofS; 

;jf] {Rr cbfnt 


!$ %^ % $ 

l;=g+ + 

1. Onfd ! ! 

2. lj/f6gu/ @ ! 

3. wgs'6f ! ! 

4. /fhlj/fh @ ! ! 

5. hgsk'/ # ! ! 

6. x]6f} 

+8f # ! 

7. kf6g # ! 

8. kf]v/f @ ! ! 

44


9. j'6jn # ! 

10. jfUn'ª ! ! 

11. t'N;Lk'/ ! ! ! ! 

12. g]kfnu+h @ ! ! 

13. ;'v] {t ) ! 

14. h'Dnf ) ! # ! # 

15. lbkfon @ ! 

16. dx]Gb|gu/ @ ! 

# åGbsf] cj:yfdf Wj:t ePsf 

17. k|zf;sLo cbfnt 

18. ljz]if cbfnt 

19. >d cbfnt 

20. /fhZj Gofoflws/0f $_ 

21. C0fc;"nL Gofoflws/0f 

lhNNff cbfntx? 

! 

1. tfKn]h'ª ) 

2. kfFry/ ! 

3. Onfd ! 

4. emfkf ! 

5. df]/ª ! 

6. ef]hk'/ ) 

7. ;'g;/L ! 

8. wgs'6f ! 

9. t]x\y'd ! 

10. ;+v'jf;ef ) 

11. ;f]n'v'Dj' ) 

12. cf]vn9'+uf 

) 

45


13. vf]6fª ) 

14. pbok'/ ! ! 

15. l;/fxf ! 

16. ;Kt/L ! 

17. wg'iff ! 

18. dxf]Q/L ! 

19. ;nf{xL ! 

20. l;Gw'nL ! 

21. /fd]5fk ! 

22. bf]nvf ! 

23. l;Gw'kfNrf]s ! 

24. sfe| 

]knf~rf]s ! 

25. /f}tx6 ! 

26. jf/f ! 

27. k;f{ ! 

28. dsjfgk'/ ! 

29. lrtjg ! 

30. sf7df8f} 

+ @ ! 

31. eQmk'/ ! 

32. nlntk'/ ! 

33. /;'jf ! 

34. g'jfsf]6 ! 

35. wflbª ! 

36. uf]/vf ! 

37. ndh'ª ! 

38. dgfª ) 

39. sf:sL ! 

46

40. tgx' 

F ! 

41. :ofªhf ! 

42. kfNKff ! 

43. gjnk/f;L ! 

44. ?kGb]xL ! 

45. slknj:t' ! 

46. c3f{vf+rL ! 

47. u'NdL ! 

48. jfUn'ª ) 

49. DofUbL ) 

50. kj{t ! 

51. d':tfª ) 

52. 8f]Nkf ) 

53. d'u' ) 

54. x'Dnf ) 

55. h'Dnf ) 

56. sflnsf]6 ) 

57. b}n]v ) 

58. ;'v] 

{t ! 

59. hfh/sf]6 ) 

60. ?s'd ) 

61. /f]Nkf ! 

62. Ko'7fg ! 

63. ;Nofg ! 

64. bfª ! 

65. jf+s] ! 

66. jlb{of ! 


47

67. jemfª ) 

68. jfh'/f ) 

69. c5fd ) 

70. 8f]6L ! 

71. s}nfnL ! 

72. bfr'{nf 

) 

73. j}t8L ! 

74. 88]nw'/f ! 

75. sGrgk'/ ! 


u= Gofo k|zf;g, sfo{ljlw / If]qflwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df sfg"gdf ;'wf/ 

lbuf] / ultlzn k|hftGqsf nflu :jtGq / lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbg cToGt} 

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . Gofo ljgf ;dfhdf zflGt x'g ;Sb}g, To;/L g} zflGtsf] cefjdf 

ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}g . /fHosf k|d'v tLg c+ux? dWo]sf] ;jeGbf 

lgxTyf / ef}lts ?kdf sdhf]/ c+u Gofokflnsf;+u g t sfo{kflnsf ;+u eP 

h:tf] xltof/ 5, g t ;+;bnfO{ eP h:tf] cfly{s clwsf/ g} . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] 

eg] Gofokflnsfsf] ;jeGbf 7"nf] zlQm eGg' g} ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / hgtfsf 

:jtGqtf / clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf hgtfn] of] ;+:yfk|lt b]vfpg] ljZjf; / 

cf:yf xf] . t/ hgtfsf cglulGt cfsf+Iffx? k'/f ug'{ 

eg]sf] n/t/f] sfd xf]Og . 

hgtfsf] ljZjf;, e/f];f / cf:yf lhTgnfO{ Gofo ;+kfbg lzw|, ;j{;'ne / 

;dof]lrt x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . 

@))& df k|hftGqsf] cfudg kZrft g]kfndf cfw'lgs / :jtGq 

Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;"qkft eof] / Gofokflnsfn] sfo{ Ifdtf / sfo{ 

s'zntf j[l4 ug{ y'k| } k|of; / k|of]ux? eP . o; qmddf w]/} cl3 pRr:t/Lo 

Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)@* -!(&!_ / zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)#( -!(*#_ 

sf cltl/Qm k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz / ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf 

GofofwLzx?sf] aif] {gL x'g] If]qLo Pj+ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t y'k| } 

l;kmfl/zx? o; lbzfsf :jfut of]Uo sbdx? x'g . 

48


o;sf cltl/Qm, xfd|f] c:j:y / sdhf]/ Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ xf]lzof/Lk"j{s 

hfFr ug{ s]xL 7f]; l;kmfl/zx? u/]/ s]xL cuf8L dfq cbfnt Joj:yfkg 

;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg,@)%^ / cbfnt ;'b[l9s/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg ,@)%* n] klg 

o; lbzfdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ \ . 

t/ ;'wf/ eg]sf] Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf], h;sf] nflu lg/Gt/ 

cWoog,cg';Gwfg, pko'Qm / cg's"n l;kmfl/zx?, k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / 

;fjwfgLk"0f{ cg'udgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljutdf o; ljifodf y'k| } l;kmfl/zx? 

ul/Psf ePklg cBflk ;/n Goflos k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug] {, ljjfb ;dfwfgsf 

j}sNkLs pkfox? -Alternative Dispute Resolution) cg';/0f ug] {, d'2fsf] k'k{If / 

d'2f Joj:yfkgdfly k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fsf] cEof; ug{ ;kmn x'gsf lgldt 

cbfntnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] / If]qflwsf/nfO{ k'gM kl/eflift ul/ k'/fgf d'2fx?sf] 

nut -backlog) 36fpg] h:tf If]qx?df cem} y'k| } sfdx? ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

tyfkL sfof{Gjogdf OdfGbf/Ltf / ulDe/tfsf] cefj 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, 

sfo{kflnsfsf] Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf -slxn]sf+xL c;xof]uL_ klg 

Gofokflnsfsf] ;zlQms/0f / k|efjsf/Ltfdf cem csf] { 7"nf] cj/f]wsf] ?kdf lng 

;lsG5 . 

g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf] ;Ifdtf 

g]kfnL Gofokflnsf y'k| } ;+/rgfut, k|lqmofut / sfo{ut sld sdhf]/L / 

;d:ofx?df h]lnPsf] ePtf klg xfd|f] Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ lg/fzfjfbL jf 

;+sf]rk"0f{ kl/b[Zosf] ?kdf lrlqt ug'{ 

k"0f{ ?kdf ;xL eg] x'g] 5}g . o;sf s]xL 

;sf/fTds kIfx? klg 5g\ \, h;nfO{ xfd|f] Gofokflnsfsf] ;jn u'0fx?sf] ?kdf 

lng ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+ljwfgn] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu jlnof] hu k|bfg 

u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs clVtof/Laf6 zlQm kfP/ g} cfh y'k| } sfg"gx? h:t}– Gofo 

k|zf;g P]g, @)$*Ù ;jf] {Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$*Ù ;jf] {Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt tyf lhNNff cbfnt lgodfjnLx?Ù ;/sf/L d'4f ;+alGw P]g, @)$(Ù d'n'sL 

P]g cflbsf] cfwf/df Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] Gofo k|zf;g ;~rfng ub{5 . o;sf 

cltl/Qm GofofwLzx?sf ;]jf, zt{x? lgoldt ug{ Gofo kl/ifb P]g, @)$& klg 5 

49


. w]/} cbfntx?sf If]qflwsf/x? :ki6 ?kdf tf]lsPsf klg 5g\ \, t/ ltgLx?df cem 

;'wf/sf] vfFrf] 5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntnfO{ k|fKt k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] sf/0f cfkm\gf] 

/ dftxt cbfntx?sf] Joj:yfkg tyf sfo{ljlwx?sf] ?k/]vf cfkm} sf]g{ ;Ifd 5 

. o; ;Gbe{df csf] { Pp6f dt klg 5, h;cg';f/ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd Gofokflnsfn] 

Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?sf cfwf/df Gofo k|zf;g ;+rfng ug] { ePsf]n] ;jf] {Rr 

Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf Gofokflnsfsf] cGtlglx{t zlQmnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ klg 

;jf] {Rr cbfntn] To:tf lgodx?nfO{ :j?k lbg ;fdYo{ /fVb5 . ev{/} b]jfgL 

sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf / kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf d:of}bf tof/ ePsf 5g\ . olb lo 

d;f}bfx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPdf ltgLx?n] s]xL xb;Dd 

sfg"gL k|lqmofnfO{ lbzf lgb] {z ug{ ]5g\ \ . ;fy} Gofo tyf sfg"gsf ;j{dfGo 

l;4fGtx?nfO{ cfTd;ft ub} { ;+j}wflgs tj/af6 clen]v cbfnt / ;+ljwfgsf] 

;+/Ifssf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] ;jf] {Rr cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;d'lrt JofVof u/L 

sfg"g ;/xsf Goflos l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg ug] { k'0f{ clwsf/ 5 . 

g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf ;Ldfx? M ljwfogsf ;Gbe{df tTsfn rf;f]sf s]xL If]qx? 

dfly pNn]v eP h:t} g]kfnL Gofokflnsf y'k| } ;d:ofx?n] h]lnPsf] 5, 

h;n] o;sf] ;Ifdtf / k|efjsf/L ;~rfngdf c;/ kfb{5 . h] ePklg oxfF 

ljZn]if0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] If]q Gofo k|zf;g, sfo{ljlwx? / clwsf+z ;+jlGwt sfg"g 

/ o;sf] lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] ;'wf/df l;ldt 5g\ \ . lglZrt ?kdf of] ljzfn If]q, 

hxfF Gofo ;+kfbg k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug] { b[li6sf]0fn] j}wflgs ;'wf/ ug{ ] 

sfo{df cfO kg] { sl7gfOsf] h8 7Dofpgsf] nflu Jofks cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f 

cfjZos kb{5 . j}wflgs ;'wf/ / sfof{Gjogsf nflu tTsfn Wofgfs[i6 x'g' kg] { 

s]xL k|d'v If]qx?df dfq o; cWoogdf Wofg s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] Oltxf; blIf0f Pl;ofsf cGo k|hftflGqs 

d'n'sx?sf] bf+hf]df Tolt nfdf] 5}g . h] xf]; g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf] >]0fLa4 

;+/rgf;+u ul/Psf] k6s k6ssf k|of]ux?n] Gofo k|0ffnLsf] :yfloTjsf] cfef;nfO{ 

;d]t w]/} k5fl8 ws]nL lbPsf] 5 . egfOsf] tfTko{ xf], cbfntx?sf] ;+/rgfdf x'g] 

k6s k6ssf kl/jt{gn] ltgLx?n] k|bfg ug] { Gofosf] u'0f:t/nfO{ cGof]ndf 

50


kfl/lbPsf 5g\ \ . klxnf], Goflos k|0ffnLnfO{ cem ;'b[9 / ;zQm agfpg] gfddf 

;fljsdf tLg txsf] Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag ul/of] . Gofo ;+kfbgsf] If]qdf 

a9\bf] ljnDjnfO{ /f]Sg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ]5 eGg] ts{ lbb} + klxn]sf] tLg tx 

cbfntsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ s]xL ;dokl5 rf/ tx cbfntdf kl/jt{g ul/of] . Gofo 

;fWo / ;+/rgf ;fwg dfq xf], / ;fwgn] ;fWosf] u'0fnfO{ lj/n} dfq kl/jt{g ug{ 

;S5 eGg] tYonfO{ slxNo} cfTd;ft ul/Pg . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf] :yfg / ;+Vofdf k6s k6s 

NofOPsf] kl/jt{g csf] { To:t} ;d:of xf] . g]kfnsf k|To]s lhNNffdf Pp6f Pp6f 

lhNnf cbfnt 5g\ \ / ltgLx? dWo] s]xLdf @% eGbf sd d'2fx? 5g\ \ . To:t} u/L 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vofdf k|r'/tf 5 h;dWo] s]xLn] b'O{ lhNNffsf] Goflos 

If]qflwsf/ dfq}nfO{ klg d'l:sn}n] x]g{ kfp+5g\ \ . d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof / hgtfsf] 

jf:tljs cfjZostf / ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df Gofofnosf] :yfkgf ug{sf lglDt 

Goflos lhNNffsf] cjwf/0ffsf] vfFrf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;jf] {Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntx?sf] If]qflwsf/df ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug'{ 

kg] { a9\bf] 

cfjZostf klg 5b} +5 . 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q 

cbfntsf] k+r jlif{o /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f} +, 

lj/f6gu/ / lrtjgdf cfof]lht If]qLo k/fdz{ e]nfsf clwsf+z ;xefuLx?n] 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] cgfjZos lsl;dsf] pbf/ k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/sf] sf/0f 

;d:of pTkGg ePsf] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf JoQm u/] . ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;+ljwfgsf] 

;+/Ifssf] ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt ePklg w]/} h;f] ;do dftxtsf cbfntx?n] u/]sf 

lg0f{ox? pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf ?kdf cfPsf ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf d'2fx? x]g{df g} Jo:t 

/xG5 . s] :ki6 5 eg] ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] clt pbf/ / v'Nnf If]qflwsf/sf] sf/0f 

cfkm\gf] w]/} h;f] ;do tNnf cbfntsf Goflos k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg nufpg' k/]sfn] 

;+j}wflgs ljifo;+u ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ ljjfbx? jf j[xb /fli6«o dxTj cyjf 

hgrf;f]nfO{ k|efj kfg] { clt dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] 

51


kof{Kt ;do slxNo} kfpFb}g . o; k|lqmofdf al9 ;do / vr{ nfUg] ePsf]n] xfd|f] 

Gofo ;+kfbg k|lqmof klg cln ljnlDjt / dx+uf] x'g uPsf] 5 . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf clwsf/ If]qnfO{ b'O{j6f sf]0faf6 x]g'{ 

kb{5M 

-!_ k|fb]lzs clwsf/ If]q / 

-@_ Goflos clwsf/ If]q . 

xfnsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vof g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] b]zsf] nflu jf:tljs 

cfjZostf eGbf al9 h:tf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vof / :yfg lgwf{/0f 

ug] { qmddf /fhlglt1x?sf] ] lg0ff{os e"ldsfnfO{ :yfg lbgfn] o:tf lg0f{ox? ug] { 

qmddf /fhlglts OR5f, k"jf{u|x / x:tIf]ksf] u'+hfo; 

k|;:t x'G5 . sfg"gljb\ / 

sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] jLr ljsl;t ePsf] ;fdfGo ;xdlt s] 5 eg] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntsf] ;+Vof / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f Gofokl/ifbsf] k/fdz{ / ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ 

a}7ssf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ug'{ 

pko'Qm x'G5 . 

To:t} u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] Goflos If]qflwsf/ s]xL cj:yfx?df, gt 

Tolt km/flsnf] b]lvG5, gt lg0ff{os g} . k/dfb]zsf] ;Gbe{df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/ pTk| ]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug] { clwsf/sf] cefjdf slxn]sf+xL cw'/f] / 

ckf+u aGg k'Ub5. o;sf] cnfjf Goflos / cw{–Goflos lgsfox?sf] lg0f{oaf6 

k|efljt kIfsf] /fxtsf] nflu ;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;dIf k'Ug' kg] { sfg"gL afWotfn] 

g]kfnsf ;'b'/ s'gf sfKrfdf a:g] ;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ slxn]sfFxL k|z:t ef}lts, 

dfgl;s Pj+ cfly{s sl7gfO Joxf]g'{ 

kg] { cj:yf pTkGg ub{5 . o;n] ;jf] {Rr 

cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug] { k|rngdf ;d]t pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g] s'/fdf ;d]t 

;xof]u k'¥ofp+5 . 

;jf] {Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] nlrnf] Joj:yfn] sd dxTjsf jf 

;fdfGo d'2fx? klg dflyNNff] cbfntdf bfo/ ug] { åf/ vf]Ng ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . 

;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@*Ù e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!, /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, 

52


@)#!, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cGtu{t kg] { d'2fx?Ù ?=%,))).– ;Dd 

hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg] jf tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b x'g ;Sg] jf ?=%),))).– ;Dd ljuf] 

ePsf d'2fx? nufot cGo To:t} k|s[ltsf d'2fx? sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clGtd Pj+ lg0ff{os If]qflwsf/af6 6'+uf] 

nufpg ;Sg] ug{ 

;lsG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf To:tf lg0f{ox?df sfg"g jf ghL/x?sf] :ki6 

/ 7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] v08df dfq bf]xf]/\ofO{ kfpg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg ug{ 

;lsg] Joj:yfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ug'{ 

k5{ . 

lhNnf cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*Ù d'n'sL P]g,cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] @( g+ nufot 

cGo sltko sfg"gx?n] lhNNff cbfntnfO{ a[xb If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ePtfklg 

GofonfO{ ;j{;'ne, k|efjsf/L, r':t / xtf/d'Qm agfpgsf lgldQ ltgLx?sf] 

If]qflwsf/nfO{ cem lj:t[t / Jofks agfpg' kg] { cfjZostf 5 . lhNNnf 

cbfntdf aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg pk/ ;'g'jfO{ ug] { clwsf/sf] ] cefjn] ubf{ 

JolQmut :jtGqtfsf] xgg\ ePsf kLl8t kIfn] k'g/fj]bg jf ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf 

lgj]bg bfo/ ug{ nfdf] af6f] wfP/ hfg' kg] { afWotfn] 7"nf] ;d:of / g}/fZotf 

pTkGg ul/lbPsf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cjl:yltn] ubf{ of] ;d:of cem 

lk8fbfoL ag]sf] 5 . o:tf dfgj clwsf/ xgg\sf b[Zox? glhs jf jl/k/L 

cjl:yt lhNNff cbfntx?n] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{ g;Sgfn] kLl8t kIfnfO{ rfF8f] 

pGd'lQm k|bfg ug{ cfbz{ 9+uaf6 al9 k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng g;s]sf] h:tf] 

b]lvG5 . To:t} ] ul/ lhNNff cbfntx? lgz]wf1f hf/L ug] { clwsf/af6 ;d]t 

al~rt 5g\ \ . xfd|f] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / lgz]wf1f ;DaGwL ph"/Lsf] 

k|s[ltnfO{ x]bf{ lgif]wf1fsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] v08df tTsfn pkrf/ k|bfg ug'{ 

kg] { ljifodf lhNNff cbfntx? klg al9 k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5g\ \ . 

o;sf] cnfjf, cw{ Goflos lgsfox?n] k|f/lDes ?kdf lg0f{o u/]sf 

d'2fx?sf] k'g/fj]bg k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf kb{5g\ \, t/ cGTodf clwsf+z To:tf 

d'2fx? k'g/fj]bg dfkm{t jf bf]xf]–ofO kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg dfkm{t ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf 

g} cfO{ k'U5g\ . To:tf d'2fx?sf] k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ If]q lhNNff cbfntx?nfO{ g} 

53


k|Tofof]hg ug] { sfg"gL k|fjwfg agfpg' kg] { cfjZostfsf ;Gbe{df sfg"gL hutsf 

ljåt ju{x?sf] alnof] cledt 5 . 

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;Ldf jflx/ a;f]af; ug] { dflg;x?nfO{ ;"rgf jf Dofbsf] 

;]jf k|bfg ug] { ljlzi6 sfo{ljlwsf] cefjdf Gofo ;+kfbg ug] { cbfntx? ckf+u 

ePsf] dx;'; ub{5g\ . cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] #$ g+ n] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] 

kf/:kl/stfsf] cfwf/df to u/]sf lgodx?sf] cfwf/df To:tf ;"rgfx? tfd]n 

ug] { k|fjwfg 5 . t/ sfo{kflnsfn] To:tf lgodx?sf] th'{dfsf] 

h?/L dx;'; 

gu/];Dd To:tf ;"rgf jf Dofb tfd]n ug] { sfo{ ljnDjk"0f{ / cw'/} /xG5 . of] 

lj/f]wfefifsf] l:yltnfO{ ldq /fi6«x? jLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;xdltsf cfwf/df sfg"gdf 

;'wf/ jf ;+;f]wg u/L rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] ;dfwfg ug'{ 

cfjZos 5 . 

d'n'sL P]gsf] P3f/f} + ;+zf]wgn] ljjflbt hf]8Lsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw ljR5]b ;+u 

;+u} kfl/jfl/s ;+klQsf] klg jfF8kmfF8 x'g'kg] { cfjZostfnfO{ cf+ }NofPsf] 5 . t/ 

;DklQ ljefhgsf] k|efjsf/L ljz]if sfg"gL k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwsf] cefjdf 

cbfntx? cndndf 5g\ \ . o; ;Gbe{df Pp6f ;'lglZrt Pj+ 7f]; sfo{ljlw tof/ 

ul/g' k5{ . h;n] ubf{ d'2fx?sf] km5f} {6df d2t ug] { dfq geP/ o;n] Gofo 

;+kfbg ug] { sfo{nfO{ jl9 k|efjsf/L / Ps?ktf k|bfg ug{ klg ;xof]u u5{ . 

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] lj:tf/ 

ev{/} ;DkGg ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf 

d'Vo GofofwLzx?sf] P3f/f} + ;Dd]ngn] cbfnt Jojf:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, 

@)%^ n] dxTj lbPsf lgDglnlvt a'+bfx?sf 

cfwf/df k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/sf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf] 5 . 

s_ lghfdtL ;]jf, k|x/L, ;+;b, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu, :jf:Yo jf lzIff 

;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf, jvf{:tL jf cGo s'g} ljefuLo 

sfjf{xLx?sf] ljifo ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ k|zf;sLo cbfntåf/f k'g/fjnf]sg 

ul/g' kb{5 . 

54


v_ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf ;+:yf jf lgudx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/L 

lj?4sf ljefuLo sfo{jfxL;+u ;DalGwt, cGo To:t} ljjfbx? klg 

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]qleq kg'{ 

kb{5 . 

If]qut k/fdz{sf] a]nf ;xefuLx?n] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] 

k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ If]qsf] lj:tf/ ubf{ Goflos, sfg"gL ;'wf/ u/L To; 

cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf klg ;'lglZrt ul/g' kg] { 

s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . 

sfg" "gL ;' 'wf/sf s] ]xL cGo If] ]qx? 

ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfox? (Alternative Dispute Resolution) 

cjwf/0ffsf] z'?jftsf] cfjZostfM 

u/LjL, clzIff, r]tgfsf] sld, ljleGg k|s[ltsf k5f}6]kg OToflbn] ubf{ 

jx'dt hgtfn] Gofo;Ddsf] kx'+rdf 

sl7gfO{ ef]lu/x]sf] lg/fzfhgs kl/b[ionfO{ 

dWogh/ /fVbf Gofo k|0ffnLdf j}slNks ljjfb ;dfwfg - ADR _ sf] cjwf/0ff 

z'? ug'{ 

a9\bf] cfjZostf 5 . of] cjwf/0ff cfh xfd|f gLlt lgdf{tf / 

of]hgfsf/x?sf] Wofg cfs[i6 ul//x]sf If]qx? ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQtfsf 

l;4fGtx? ;+u klg d]n vfg hfG5 . 

ljjflbt kIfnfO{ jftf{, d]nldnfk, 5nkmn, dWo:ytf OToflbsf] dfWodaf6 

cgf}krfl/s Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ c+lusf/ ul/ ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg k| ]l/t / 

k|f]T;flxt ug'{ 

ljjfb ;dfwfg ug] { k|efjsf/L ;fwg x'g ;S5 . o:tf] ;fwgsf] 

k|of]u d'2f cbfntdf k'Ug'eGbf klxn] cyjf cfkm\gf ph"/L jf lkm/fbsf] ?kdf 

cbfntdf btf{ e} ;s]kl5 klg ug{ ;lsG5 . lhNNff cbfnt lgodx?df xfn} ePsf] 

rf}yf] ;+zf]wg -@)^)_ n] ljjfb/t kIfx?nfO{ jftf{af6 ;d:of ;dfwfg u/fpg 

;xof]u k'¥ofpg pgLx?sf] d'2fnfO{ klxn] cbfntn] d]nldnfkstf{sf] ?kdf 

;"lrs[t u/]sf] JolQm sxfF k7fpg ;lsg] ;DefJotfx? s]nfpg lhNNff cbfntnfO{ 

;s[o e"ldsf ;'Dkg] sfdsf] z'?jft u/]sf] 5 . of] jf:tjdf Pp6f ;sf/fTds 

kfOnf xf] . t/ of] dfq kof{Kt 5}g . o;nfO{ jl9 k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg 

55


To:tf] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] JolQmnfO{ lbg'kg] { tnj, eQf jf ;'ljwfsf] k|s[lt s] 

s:tf] x'g] / To:tf d'2fx?df ;xdltsf j'+bfx? 

to ug] { sfo{ljlw ;DjlGw lj:t[t 

lgodx? jf lgb] {zLsf agfpg' cfjZos 5 . 

o;sf cltl/Qm, ;xdltaf6 6'+uf] 

nufpg] k|lqmof / If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] / 

pbf/ agfpg' cfjZos 5 . s'g} s'g} d'2fx? h;df /fHo g} jfbL x'G5, h:t}M 

;jf/L b'3{6gfsf] d'2fnfO{ klg ;/sf/sf] lxtdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg] { a? kLl8tsf] 

kIfdf Gofo x'g] eP o:tf] d'2fdf ;xdltaf6 6'+uf]df 

k'Ug ;lsG5 . 

/fHosf] jt{dfg k|lts'n ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ x]/]/ k/fdz{, e]63f6sf s]xL 

;xefuLx?n] k|lts"n cj:yfsf sf/0f d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{df sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'g] 

kl/l:yltdf To:tf] cbfntsf] d'2fnfO{ csf] { cbfntdf ;?jf ug] { sfg"gL k|fjwfg 

lgdf{0f ug'{kg] 

{ b[9 ljrf/ k|:t't u/] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dfcf]jfbL åGbn] l;h{gf 

u/]sf] kl/l:ylt, hxfF GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iff g} Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of aGb5, ;xefuLx?n] 

GofofwLzx?nfO{ lhDdf lbOg] d'2fx?sf] kmfonsf] jf/]df pgLx?nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ 

hfgsf/L x'g'kg] { / pgLx?nfO{ k|To]s d'2fsf] 5f]6f] ljj/0f ;d]t lbg'kg] { k|fjwfg 

nfu" ug'{ 

kg] { s'/fdf ;d]t hf]8 lbPsf lyP . o;n] pgLx?nfO{ d'2fsf] jf/]df clu|d 

?kdf tof/L ug{ d2t k'¥ofp+5, h'g cGttM d'2fsf] lzw| km5\of} {6sf] nflu ;xof]uL 

aGb5 . 

If]lqo k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx? ljh]tf kIfnfO{ sf]6{ lkm c;'Ng] s7f]/ Pj+ 

cf}krfl/s jt{dfg k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw k|lt klg ulDe/ lyP . cbfntaf6 lkmtf{ 

kfpg' kg] { 7x/]sf], sf]6{ lkm, w/f}6L nufotsf /sd tTsfn lkmtf{ e'QmfgLsf nflu 

cfjZos ah]6 ;/sf/n] lgsf;f ug' { k"j{ afbL kIfn] lgs} nfdf] ;do k|ltIff ug'{ 

kb{5 . jf:tjdf o;n] Gofokflnsfsf] 5ljdf k|lts'n c;/ kfg] { dfq geP/ lzw| 

Gofo ;+kfbg k|lqmofdf ;d]t c;/ ub{5 . o; ;DaGwdf If]qLo e]nfn] cbfntsf] 

z'Ns, sf]6{ lkm jf w/f}6Lsf] nut ;/sf/sf] sGt'/df hDdf ug'{ 

x'b}g a? o;nfO{ 

w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf hDdf ug'{k5{, 

h'g k|of]hg ;dfKt x'g] ljlts} ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ 

tTsfn e'QmfgL lbg ;lsof];\ eGg] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP . 

56


ljlzli6s[t cbfntx?sf] cfjZostf 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] ljz]if k|sf/sf d'2fx?sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu dfq 

ljz]if k|sf/sf cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fx?sf] :yfkgfnfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ub{5 . 

s]xL ljz]if cbfntx? h:t} M– ljz]if cbfnt, >d cbfnt, /fhZj Gofoflws/0f / 

k|zf;sLo cbfntx? :yflkt e} xfn rfn' cj:yfdf 5g\ \ . e–"d08nsf] 

ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f / ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cg'dfg} ug{ g;lsg] u/L ePsf] 

ljsf;n] l;h{gf u/]sf leGg / hl6n k|sf/sf ljjfbx?nfO{ x]bf{ k|efjsf/L / b\ | 't 

Gofo ;+kfbgsf nflu To:tf ljjfbx?sf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf ljz]if k|sf/sf cnfbt, 

Gofoflws/0f jf Ohnf; u7g u/L ljjfbsf] lgk6f/f ug'{ 

cfhsf] a9\bf] cfjZostf 

ePsf] 5 . 

To:t} u/L ljz]if cbfntsf cGo ?kx?df kl/jfl/s cbfnt, afn cbfnt, 

pkef]Qmf cbfnt OTofbL, h;nfO{ To:tf d'2fx? a9\bf] ;+Vofdf b]vf kg] { ef}uf]lns 

If]qx?df :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} To:tf d'2fx? dfq ;'g'jfO{ ug{ k[ys / 

:jtGq ljz]if cbfntsf] :yfkgfsf] cf}lrTonfO{ l;4 ug{ c;lhnf] ePdf slDtdf 

To:tf ljz]if k|sf/n] tf]lsPsf d'2fx? vf; ldltdf ;'g'jfO{ ug] { sfo{tflnsfsf] 

sfg"gL k|fjwfg agfpg ;lsG5 . o;n] GofofwLzx?nfO{ slDtdf tf]lsPsf] lbgdf 

dfq ePklg lglZrt sfg"gL b[li6sf]0faf6 s'g} sfg"gL ljjfbdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ 

d2t k'¥ofpg] 5 . 

d'2fsf] lz3| k'k{Ifdf k|efj kfg] { s]xL tTjx? 

k|To]s JolQmsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] k|Tofe't u/]sf] clwsf/sf] xgg\sf] 

36gfdf To;sf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] nflu dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff 

kq, !($* sf] wf/f * n] ;Ifd Goflos lgsfosf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg 

u/]sf] 5 . To;/L g} y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQmsf] lg:kIf / lzw| Gofosf] ljz]if 

clwsf/nfO{ gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/x?sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw, !(^^ 

sf] wf/f !$ n] cem ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . t/ jt{dfg Goflos k|lqmof clt 

em+eml6nf], cf}krfl/s, lk8fbfoL / lg/fzfhgs 5 . To;}n] sfg"gL kIfsf s]xL 

;d:ofsf If]qx?nfO{ klxrfg ug'{ 

cfjZos 5 . 

57


k|ydtM sfo{ljlw;+u ;+jlGwt sfg"gx? ljleGg P]g ,lgod -Stautes_ 

x?df 5l/Psf] x'gfn] hl6ntfk"0f{ 5 . hgtfsf] :jR5, lg:kIf / l;w| k'k{Ifsf] 

clwsf/nfO{ c;/ kfg] { w]/} k|lqmofut l/Qmtf , z'Gotf / cGtlglx{t sdhf]/Lx? 

5g\ \ . s]xL sfo{ljlw sfg"gx? clt lSni6 / nfdf 5g\ \ . sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL ;fdfGo 

sfg"gx?nfO{ Plss[t ug'{ 

dfq geP/ ltgLx?nfO{ ;'jf]Wo, ;/n / 5f]6f klg 

agfpg' cfjZos 5 . ljleGg lhNNff cbfntx? lar sfo{ljwLut Ps?ktfnfO{ 

k|jw{g ug{ cbfnt sfo{ljwL lbUbz{g -Court Procedural Manual_ agfpg 

;lsG5 . 

k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ k|fs[lts Gofosf] d'ne"t l;4fGt xf] . ;z+sLt jf 

cleof]u nfu]sf] kIfn] cfk"m dfly nfu]sf cleof]ux?sf] jf/]df ;';'lrt x'g] cj;/ 

gkfp~h]n ;Dd of] clwsf/sf] Tolt dxTj x'Fb}g 

. t/ k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] 

;kmfO{ k|:t't ug{nfO{ ul/g] cfJxfg ug] { k|lqmof g]kfnL sfg"gL kåltsf] ;aeGbf 

;d:ofu|:t If]q xf] . ljut rf/ bzs b]lv nuftf/ Gofokflnsfsf] Wofg s]lGb|t 

eO{ /xg] ljifo ePklg ;xL cy{df o;sf] ;dfwfg ;+w} sfa' eGbf aflx/ 5 . 

;dod} Gofo k|bfg ug{ ljnDj u/fpg] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ tTjx? dWo] Dofb tfd]nLsf] 

of] ;d:of klg Pp6f xf] . 

tfd]nbf/nfO{ ;'ljwfsf] cefj, Dofb - ;dfJxfg, Otnfogfdf, ;"rgf cflb_ 

tfd]n ug] { k/+k/fut ljlw / DofbnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf lgoGq0f jf k|efj kfg] { jfx\o 

tTjx?n] ;d:ofnfO{ cem hl6n agfPsf 5g\ \ . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ef}lts 

sl7gfO{;+u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? / tfd]nbf/x?nfO{ lbOg] tnj, eQf nufotsf 

>f]t ;fwgsf l;ldttfn] ;d:ofnfO{ a9fjf eg] lbO{ /x]s} 5g\ \ . h] ePklg Pp6f 

kIf s] 5 eg], lhNNff cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] rf}yf} ;+zf]wg -@)^)_ n] ljB'tLo 

dfWodaf6 jf /fli6«o b}lgs klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/ ;dfJxfg, Otnfogfdf, 

Dofb, ;"rgf tfd]n ug{ ;lsg] h:tf gjLg cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ul/ 

z'?jft u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf Dofb tfd]nLsf] nfdf] k|lqmofnfO{ 5f]6f] kfg{ cGo 

j}1flgs k|ljlwx? z'? ug'{kb{5 

. 

;fIfL k|df0fsf] k/LIf0f ug{ sfo{ljlw nfdf] dfq 5}g cem sl7g, 

k'g/fa[lQk"0f{ / bf]ifk"0f{ klg 5 . Gofokflnsf pk/ Pp6f JofKt c;Gt'li6 s] 5 

58


eg] slxn]sf+xL b]jfgL d'2fx?df ;d]t s]xL GofofwLzx? ;fIfLsf] jskq u/fpg 

Psbd pbfl;g 9+uaf6 k|:t't x'G5g\ / lg0f{o ug] { qmddf To:tf k|df0fx?sf] 

tYout d"No kQf nufpg To:tf jskqsf] cWoog ug] { jfgLsf] k|of]u lj/n} 

ub{5g\ . olb To:tf jskq k|df0fsf] ?kdf lng pko'Qm x'Fb}gg\ 

eg] ;fIfLx?nfO{ 

af]nfP/ cbfntdf jskq u/fpg'sf] s] cfjZostf x'G5 < b]jfgL d'2fx?df 

;fIfLsf] 5fgljg o:t} pbfl;gtfk"0f{ / cf}krfl/stf k'¥ofpg] lsl;dn] dfq x'g] 

qmdn] cbfntsf] ;fy} d'2fsf kIfx? sf] ;do / zlQm dfq v]/ hfG5 . To:t} xfd|f] 

sfg"gdf k|lts'n -Hostile) ;fIfL asfpg] k|fjwfg 5}g . em'7f askq ug] { 

;fIfLnfO{ /f]Sg] ;DaGwdf xfdL sxfF k|rngdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;;Qm 

agfpg' kb{5 . ;fIfLx?nfO{ e|i6 agfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sgsf lgldQ d'n'sL P]g, 

cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !^( g+ df pNn]v ePsf] e'm7f] aSg] ;fIfLnfO{ x'g ;Sg] ;hfo 

;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ cem ;zQm agfP/ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 nfu" ug'{ 

kb{5 . 

k|i6?kdf eGg'kbf{ g]kfnsf cbfntx?df d'2f k|jfxsf] ult jf:tjdf 

cbfntåf/f lgolGqt x'g'sf] ;6[fdf cbfntsf afx\o tTjx? vf;u/L d'2fsf kIfx? 

/ pgLx?sf jlsnx?åf/f lgolGqt ePsf 5g\ \ . cbfntdf d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] 

sfo{tflnsfk|0ffnL /fVg] rng 5}g . lhNNff cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] xfn} ePsf] rf}yf] 

;+zf]wg -@)^)_ n] k|To]s d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{sf] ;dodf ul/g] k|d'v 36gfx?nfO{ 

;dfj]z u/]/ sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f ug] { -lgod *%v_ af/] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ] 5 . d'2f 

Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;'ljwfo'Qm agfpg, ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu lglb{i6 ul/Psf] 

d'2fsf] :yugsf] lglZrt k|fjwfg lgoddf ePklg, w]/} h;f] jlsnx?n] o; 

Joj:yfkgnfO{ lg/k]If sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ?kdf lnP/ uNtL ub{5g\ . oyfy{sf] bM'vb 

kf6f] of] xf] ls cbfntn] w]/} h;f] cj:yfdf cgfjZos ljjfbdf kml;g] eon] 

o:tf cgGt :yugsf cjflR5t cEof;x?nfO{ d'sbz{s dfq eP/ x]b{5 . o:tf] 

b'b{zfk"0f{ sfg"gL c;Gt'li6nfO{ x6fpg' k5{ . 

sltko b]zdf ePsf cGo sfg"gL k4lt h:t}M g]kfnL cbfntx?nfO{ d'2fdf 

bfjL lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ vDjL/ jgfpg ;Sg], em§ x]bf{ b]lvg] -Prima facie_ s'/f 

;'lglZrt ug{ k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{ ;DjlGw clwsf/ 5}g . s'g} d'2f cfwf/xLg cyjf 

xbDofb gf3]sf] jf xsb}ofsf] cefj /x]sf] eGg] :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 eg] cbfntnfO{ 

59


To:tf d'2fx?sf] klxnf] ;'g'jfO{df g} tTsfn cl:jsf/ ug] { clwsf/ x'g'k5{ . o;n] 

cbfnt / d'2fsf kIf b'j}sf] ;do arfpF5 . t/ g]kfnL sfg"gL Joj:yfdf o; 

k|sf/sf] k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{ ug] { ;j{dfGo sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?sf] cefjn] cgluGtL 

cfwf/xLg d'2fx?sf] w'O/f]n] k|f]T;fxg kfPsf] 5 ,h;n] cbfntsf] ;do, zlQm / 

l;ldt >f]tnfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf l;b\ofO{ lbg] sfd dfq ul//x]sf] 5 . 

Gofosf] k|d'v ljifo eg]s} cbfntx?åf/f hf/L ul/Psf cfb]z Pj+ 

km};nfx?nfO{ nfu" u/fpg' xf] . lhTg] kIfn] km};nfåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/ jf 

GofonfO{ jf:tljs Jojxf/df pkef]u ug{ gkfP;Dd To:tf] km};nf s]jn sfuhL 

jf ;f}Gbof{Tds Gofo h:tf] dfq x'g hfG5 . t/ cbfntsf lg0f{ox?nfO{ jf:tljs 

?kdf nfu" ug] { qmddf cgfjZos l9nfO{ ePsf] kfOPsfn] cbfntsf lg0f{ox?nfO{ 

nfu" ug] { s'/f Gofokflnsfsf] csf] { Pp6f ;d:ofu|:t If]qsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . 

s'g} vf; jf ckl/xfo{ sf/0fn] cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ c;Dej ePsf] 

cj:yfdf lhTg] kIfn] sfg"gg\ bfjL ug{ kfpg] ;DklQsf] cg'kftdf p;nfO{ 

Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug] { sfg"gL k|fjwfg klg 5}g . To:t} u/L d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] 

cj:yfdf jLrdf ePsf] crn ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f jf cGo sfo{jfxLnfO{ 

sfg"g;Ddt jf j}w sfo{jfxL dfGg ;lsb}g t/ /sdL emul8ofx?n] cfk"mn] d'2f 

xf/] klg, jLr}df To:tf] ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f u/L cbfntsf] lg0f{onfO{ nfu" ug] { 

s'/fdf cj/f]w l;h{gf u/L d'2f nDJofpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf To;/L 

ePsf] ;DklQsf] cj}w x:tfGt/0f ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt t];|f] kIfnfO{ jLr}df /f]Sg 

jf To;} d'2fdf jLr}df ;fd]n u/fpg kfpg] Joj:yf klg sfg"gdf 5}g . To:t} u/L 

c? s;}sf] gfddf gfd;f/L ul/Psf] s]xL crn ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] 

lg0f{onfO{ d"n d'2fsf] cfwf/df tTsfn jb/ u/fO{ d"n d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog 

u/fpg] ;DaGwL sfg"gL k|fjwfg klg 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df 5'§} csf] { d'2f z'? ug'{ 

eGbf d"n d'2fsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/fpg] ;Gbe{df lhTg] kIfsf tkm{jf6 b/vf:t 

lnO{ csf] { kIfnfO{ cfkm\gf] arfpsf] nflu To;sf] k|ltjfb ug] { Pp6f cj;/ k|bfg 

u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df d"n d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ 

kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf e} lbPsf] eP d"n d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog rfF8f] x'g ;Sg] 

lyof] . 

60


j]nf j]nfdf cfpg] sfg"gL hl6ntfsf pbfx/0fx? dWo] d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL 

jGbf]j:tsf] !#( g+= sf] k|of]u Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . jfbL jf k|ltjfbLsf n]vfOsf 

cfwf/df cbfntåf/f af]nfOPsf JolQmsf] x}l;ot ;DaGwdf Ps ?ksf] Jojxf/ 

kfOb}g . To:tf JolQmx?n] Dofb yfd]/ jf ydfP/ cbfntdf xflh/ x'g] ;'ljwf 

kfpg] ls gkfpg] eGg] s'/f cbfntx?df lg/Gt/ ljjfbsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . o;n] 

xfd|f] cbfntL sfo{ljlwdf c:ki6tf / låljwf yk]sf] 5 . ;fy} s'g} JolQmsf] cfkm" 

lj?4sf ;flIfnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] egL gful/s / /fhlglts clwsf/sf] 

cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$ pkwf/f # v08 -ª_ n] k|Tofe't u/]sf] 

clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t d'n'sL P]gsf] pQm c=j+= !#( g+= sf] Joj:yfn] To;/L j'lemPsf] 

JolQm;+ +u d'2fsf kIfn] lh/x ug{ gkfpg] h:tf] u/L l4ljwfo'Qm agfpg vf]H5 . 

To;sf/0f pQm c= j+= !#( g+ jdf]lhd j'lemPsf] JolQmsf] egfOjf6 c;/ kg] { 

d'2fsf kIfn] lh/x ug{ kfpg] u/L ;f] c=j+= !#( g+= df cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug'{kg] 

{ 

egL ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . 

To:t} dlxnfsf] cf];f/ k;f/ -hLp df:g] a]Rg]_ d'2fsf] kLl8t kIfn] u/]sf] 

jofg GofofwLzn] k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 klg k'gM cfkm\gf] jofg cbfnt ;dIf k|:t't 

ug'{ 

kb{5 . To:tL dlxnfnfO{ ;fIfLsf] ?kdf jskq ug{ k|foM k'gM gaf]nfO{g] xfd|f] 

cbfntsf] ;fdfGo rng 5 . o:tf] rngsf] k|d'v p2]Zo kLl8t kIfsf] ] aofg 

v'Nnf Ohnf;df GofofwLzsf] pkl:yltdf clen]v e};s]sf] x'gfn] km]/L ;fIfLsf] 

?kdf af]nfO{g' kb} {g eGg] ts{df cfwfl/t 5 . 

t/ of] rng klg lg:kIf ;'g'jfO{sf] l;4fGt;+u lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . 

To:tf] kLl8t g} ;fIfL klg ePsf] x'gfn] k|ltjfbL lj?4 lghn] eg]sf s'/fnfO{ 

cbfntn] k|df0fsf ?kdf lng' eGbf klxn] k|ltjfbLn] lghnfO{ lh/x ug{ kfpg] ul/ 

arfpsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ 

kb{5 eGg] csf] { dt klg 5 . :ki6tf / Ps?ktfsf 

vflt/ o:tf ljjflbt ljrf/x? kl/dfh{g ug'{ 

cfjZos 5 . 

s]xL PsLs[t ljz]if sfg"gx?sf] cfjZostf 

d'n'sL P]g , cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !!* g+ n] u/]sf] s'g} s'g} s'/fx? sd 

j}1flgs / al9 cJojxfl/s b]lvG5g\ \ . rf]/L g}lts ktg ;DjGwL ck/fw 7xl/P 

61


klg rf]/Lsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQm w/f}6L /fvL k'k{Ifsf] nflu tfl/vdf j:g ;S5 . 

rf]/Lsf] ck/fw lj?4sf] b08 ;DjGwL k|fjwfg s7f]/ 5Fb} 5}g . lxhf] cfh 

sfg"gljb\x?n] ljljw k|sf/sf s;"/sf ;DjGwdf 5'6[f5'6[ } tl/sfn] w/f}6L lng] jf 

y'gfdf /fVg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6;+u ;d]6\g] u/L 5'6[f 5'6[ } Joj:yf ePsf] ljz]if 

hdfgt P]g hf/L ug'{kg] 

{ cfjZostfsf af/]df hf]8 lbg] u/]sf 5g\ \ . 

To:t} gfn]; ph"/ ug] { xbDofbsf] ;DjGwdf ljleGg sfg"gx?df 5l/P/ 

/x]sf ljleGg sfg"gx?nfO{ PsLs[t ug] { xbDofb ;DaGwL P]g -Limitation Act_ sf] 

cefj Gofosf] k|efjsf/L lg/f]k0fdf :ki6tf / Ps?ktfsf lgldQ csf] { cj/f]w 

xf] . 

ljifoj:t'sf] JofkstfnfO{ dWo gh/ /fVb} k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx?n] 

sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] cfw'lglss/0fsf nflu Jofks cWoog u/L lj:t[t sfg"gL ;'wf/ 

;DaGwL ;'emfjx? k]z ug{ sfg"gljbx?sf] 5'§} ;ldlt agfpg' kg] { ;'emfj klg 

lbPsf lyP . 

3= dfgj ;+;fwg / a[lQ ljsf; 

kl/ro 

dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] Pp6f 

cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 36s xf] . ;Ifd, of]Uo / ;dlk{t dfgj ;+;fwg lagf Gofosf] 

:jtGq / ;Ifd k4ltsf] l;h{gfsf] af/]df ;f]Rg;Dd klg ;Dej x'Fb}g 

. t;y{ 

g]kfndf Gofo ;+kfbg k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ Ifdtf alnof] agfpgsf nflu Goflos / cw{ 

Goflos lgsfodf sfo{/t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf a[l4 ug'{ 

dfgj ;+;fwg 

ljsf;sf] clt dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf xf] . a[ltljsf; klg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] 

Pp6f kIf ePsf]n] Gofokflnsfdf ;du| dfgj ;+;fwgsf] l:yltsf] jf/]df 5nkmn 

ug{ klg Gofokflnsfsf] /0fg}lts of]hgf cGtu{t kg{ hfG5 . 

jt{dfg sfo{jf]em -d'2fef/_ / dfgj ;+;fwg 

;jf] {Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntdf xfn /x]sf] sfo{jf]em 

-d'2fx?sf] ef/_ tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 . 

62


63


64


pko'{Qm 

tflnsf ^ n] b]zsf ;j} cbfntx?df /x]sf Psd'i6 ?kdf s/Lj 

Psnfv alQ; xhf/ d'2fx? b]vfpF5 . tLg cfly{s aif{sf] tYofs+n] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntx?df d'2fsf] ;+Vof pQm cjwL el/df pNn]Vo ?kn] 36]sf] 

b]vfpF5 . t/ ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] xsdf eg] 7Ls pN6f], d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] 5 . 

cf}iftdf x]bf{ dfly lbOPsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] km5\of} {6 ultsf] t'ngfdf pQm 

;+Vofsf] cfwf eGbf sd d'2fx?sf] dfq 6'+uf] 

nfU5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff 

cbfntx?df krf; k|ltzt eGbf al9 d'2fx? km};nf x'G5g\ \ eg] ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf 

eg] d'2fsf] km5\of} {6 b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . ;fnfvfnf ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf s/Lj tL; 

k|ltzt d'2fx? km};nf x'G5g\ \ t/ ToxfF k/]sf k'g/fj]bgnfO{ dfq x]g] { xf] eg] t of] 

km5\of} {6 b/ lj; k|ltzt eGbf klg sd kg{ hfG5 . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?df d'2fx?sf] km5\of} {6 b/ j9g'sf] 

sf/0f t'ngfTds ?kn] oL cbfntx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Gtf]ifhgs eP/ x'g ;S5 . 

t/ k|To]s jif{ d'2fx?sf] btf{df sld cfpg'sf] k5fl8 d'n'sdf ljBdfg åGb klg 

k|d'v sf/s ePsf] 7flgPsf] 5 . 

dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] cfjZostfsf] d"Nofs+gsf] ;Gbe{df cbfntsf] 

sfo{jf]emsf] ;ldIff ubf{ sfg"gsf] cj1f / b08xLgtf h:tf] cl:y/ -turbunal_ 

;dodf lnOPsf] tYof+s -data base) nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s lng' k5{ . jf:tjdf of] 

c:jefljs cjlwdf ;+sng ul/Psf] / lnOPsf] tYof+s eGbf pQm ;do eGbf 

klxn] g} lnOPsf] tYof+s g} al9 pkof]uL / lj:j;gLo x'G5 . cf= j= @)%^.)%& 

eGbf cl3sf !) aif{ leqsf d'2fx?sf] ;e] {If0fn] w]/ yf]/ l:y/ k|j[lt b]vfpF5 . 1 

ljut $ jf % aif{sf] Go"gtfnfO{ Tolt dxTj lbg' x'Fb}g 

. cfd?kdf s] ljZjf; 

ul/Psf] 5 eg] /fhlglts / ;fdflhs ptf/ r9fjx?, sfg"gdf ePsf kl/jt{gx? 

/ gof+ ;e] { gfkLsf] k|lqmofn] d'2fdf o:tf] crfgs pQf/ r9fjx? NofpF5g\ \ . 

To;}n] dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;DjGwdf ug'{kg] 

{ of]hgf / /sdsf ;DjGwdf 

;'emfjx? lbg] qmddf nrstf gckgfpg] xf] eg] o:tf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] k|lts"n 

1 

cbfnt ;'b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*Ù k[ 94 x]g"{xf];\ -k|ltj]bgn] pQm cjlwsf] 

tYof+saf^ cfkm\gf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] %_ 

65


;dosf] tYof+sn] cg';Gwfgstf{x? / of]hgfsf/x?nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf lgb] {lzt ug'{ 

x'Fb}g 

eGg] 7flgPsf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf cbfntx?df /x]sf] s'n hgzlQmsf] b/jGbL $&^* /x]sf] 5, 

h;df @$! GofofwLz2 , #)) eGbf al9 clws[tx? / $))) eGbf s]xL a9L 

;xfos sd{rf/Lx? 5g\ \ . o; s'/fnfO{ tflnsf & n] :ki6 kfb{5 . 

cbfnt 

;jf] {Rr 

cbfnt 

k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt 

lhNNff 

cbfnt 

hDdf 

tflnsf & M dfgj ;+;fwg - ljBdfg l:ylt _ 

GofofwLz 

!^-@!_ 

*(-((_ 

!#!-!#%_ 

@$! 

ljlzi6 

! 

– 

– 

! 

/fhkqf+lst clws[t 

÷>]0fL 

k|yd 

@ 

!^ 

– 

!* 

lålto 

#& 

!* 

@@ 

&& 

t[tLo 

@^ 

!!( 

&& 

@@@ 

k|yd 

!!( 

@#$ 

$^% 

*!$ 

/fhkq cg+lst ÷>]0fL 

lålto 

@# 

%$ 

&!! 

&** 

66 

t[tLo 

* 

#@ 

^!! 

^%! 

rt'y{ 

* 

– 

&!@ 

&@) 

6fO{lki6 

@) 

^* 

!!# 

@)! 

;=rfns 

!* 

$$ 

$^ 

!)* 

lkog 

^% 

@%& 

^)! 

(@# 

hDdf 

#$* 

(#! 

#$*( 

$&^* 

;|f]t M ;jf] {Rr cbfnt jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%* 

o;sf cltl/Qm ljz]if cbfnt / /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf #! GofofwLz / 

s/Lj !$$ cGo sd{rf/Lx? 5g\ -tflnsf *_ 3 . To:t} Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf 

2 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf GofofwLzx?sf] hDdf b/alGb 21 -15 :yfoL / 6 tby{_, k"g/fj]bg 

cbfntdf 99 / lhNnf cbfntdf hDdf 135 x"ghfG% . -2058.1.7 sf] lg)f{o x]g"{xf];_


ultljlw ;d]tnfO{ x]g] { Gofo kl/ifb ;lrjfnodf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ! ;lrj, ^ hgf 

clws[t / !! hgf cGo ;xfos sd{rf/Lx? 5g\ \ . 4 

dfly lbOPsf] tflnsfn] ljleGg cbfntx?df /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

7"nf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 kfb{5 . g]kfnsf cbfntx?df GofofwLzx? jfx]s 

/fhkqf+lst clws[tx? s/Lj &Ü /x]sf 5g\ \ eg] /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lsf] 

k|ltzt &!Ü /x]sf] 5 . /fhkqf+lst clws[tx?n] Go"gtd sfg"gdf :gfts k'/f 

u/]sf] x'g' k5{ . t/ /fhkq cg+ls+t sd{rf/Lx?n] cbfntdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu 

sfg"gL lzIff xfl;n u/]sf] x'g} kg] { h?/L 5}g, oBkL ljut bz jif{ otf /fhkq 

cg+ls+t k|yd / lålto >]0fLdf lgo'Qm s]xL sd{rf/Lx?n] :j]lR5s ?kdf pQm 

sfg"gsf] of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ \ . ;xfos sd{rf/Lx? dWo] s/Lj @@Ü >]0fL 

ljlxg 5g\ \ / ltgLx? d'2fsf] sfo{ljlwdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg x'Fb}gg\ 

. 

csf] { pNn]Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] hDdf sd{rf/Lx? dWo] s/Lj #))) dfq 

g]kfn Gofo ;]jf ;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ \ . oL sd{rf/Lx? d'2fsf] sfo{ljlw / cbfntsf 

cGo k|zf;lgs sfddf nfUb5g\ \ . cGo s/Lj %)) sd{rf/Lx? h:t} n]vfkfn, /]vf 

tyf n]vf ljz]if1, On]lS6«l;og, k':tsfno sd{rf/L ,5fkfvfgf sd{rf/L OToflb 

cGo ;]jf, h:t}M– k|zf;gLs ;]jf ,Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, lzIff ;]jf / ljljw ;]jf 

h:tf ljleGg ;]jfaf6 lnP/ cbfntsf] sfd ug{ nufO{G5 . 5 cfhklg 

Gofokflnsfsf ljleGg If]qx?sf] ;du| cfjZostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos sd{rf/Lx? 

h:t} k4lt Joj:yfks -System Manager_, d'2f k|jfx / u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f 

Joj:yfks -Case flow & Quality Control Manager_, d]nldnfk lj1 OToflbsf] 

sld 5 . w]/} ;xefuLx? jLr ePsf] k/fdz{ cjlwdf pkl:yt ;xefuLx?n] dfgj 

;+;fwg kl/of]hgfnfO{ cfhsf] cfjZostfsf] e/df dfq gx]/]/ ljz]if cbfntx? / 

3 

22 hgf GofofwLzx? dWo] ljz]if cbfntsf tLg hgf GofofwLzx? / rf/ :yfgsf /fhZj 

Gofoflws/)fsf cWoIfdf k"g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx? dWo]af^ tf]lsG%, af+sL ;bZox? 

ljleGg ;]jfaf^ lnOPsf ;/sf/L clws[tx? x"G%g\ . /fhZj Gofoflws/)fsf] dfgj 

4 

;+;fwgsf] ;+Vof /fhZj Gofoflws/)f sf&df*f}+df sfo{/t hgzlQmdf cfwfl/t /x]/ cg"dfg 

ul/Psf] xf] . 

P] k[= 88-89 

5 P] k[= 9 

67


ljlzi6Ls[t If]qx?sf] eljZosf] dfunfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ cl3 a9fpg' cfjZos 

ePsf] s'/f atfPsf lyP . 6 

lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ g;Sg] cyjf cof]Uo JolQmx? klg cbfnt ;]jfdf 

lgo'lQm ul/Psf 5g\ \ . o:tf] cj:yf ;fdfGotM nf]s;]jf cfof]ujf6 k|Tofof]lht 

clVtof/Lsf] clwgdf /lx cbfntn] sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ubf{ kg{ hfG5 . clwsf+z 

o:tf dflg;x?df pgLx?n] ug'{kg] 

{ sfdsf] clnslt klg hfgsf/L ePsf] kfOb}g . 

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj1fkg u/]sf b/jGbLx?df ;d]t 5gf}6 ubf{ pgLx?n] 

ug'{kg] 

{ sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L gx'Fbf 

-h:t} tfd]Nbf/_ gofF lgo'Qm 

ePsf sd{rf/Lx? s}of} + k6s cfk"mn] k'/f ug'{ 

kg] { lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ lxlRsrfpF5g\ 

jf cNdlnG5g\ \ . 8f]sf]df jf]lsP/ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z jdf]lhd 

tfd]nbf/sf] kbdf xfhL/ x'g cfPsf] s'/f klg Consultation Meeting df 

;xefuLn] jtfP . 

GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, a[lQljsf; / ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ x]g{sf] 

nflu Pp6f :jtGq / :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf Gofo kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

Gofokl/ifb h:tf] ;+j}wflgs ;+:yfsf] cjwf/0ff blIf0f PlzofnL kl/j]z d} gofF 

ePsf]n] Gofokl/ifbnfO{ l5d]sL b]zx?sf GofosdL{x?n] klg a8f] ?lrsf ;fy 

x]l//x]sf 5g\ \ . oBkL Gofo kl/ifbn] cfh sfg"gL ;d'bfosf ;fdfGo ck]Iff d'tfljs 

sfd ul//x]sf] 5}g eGg] u'gf;f] JofKt 5 . o; af/]df o;eGbf kl5 lj:tf/ ul/g] 

5 . 7 

6 pbfx/)fsf nflu, slDtdf k"g/fj]bg cbfntdf /]vf tyf n]vf ljz]if!sf] tTsfn 

cfjZostf ePsf] s"/f ;xefuLx?n] jtfP . 

7 

Gofo kl/ifb zfxL Gofo ;"wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] pkh xf] . ;f] cfof]un] GofofwLzx?sf] 

;]jf zt{ / d'Nofs+g ug{ 5 ;b:oLo :jfoQ ;ldlt agfpg] l;kmfl/z ug"{sf ;fy} 

GofofwLzx?sf] %gf}^, lgo"lQm, ;?jf, ;]jf zt{sf] ls^fgL, cfrf/;+lxtfsf] tof/L ug"{kg]{ 

l;kmfl/z u/]sf] lyof] . x]g"{xf];\M cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg k[i^ 42–43 . 

68


tflnsf *M ljz]if cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] dfgj ;+;fwg tyf sfo{af]em 

l;=g+= 

cbfnt tyf Gofoflws/0f 

GofofwLz 

clws[t 

69 

hgzlQm 

/f=k=cg+= 

sd{rf/L lkog 

!= ljz]if cbfnt # & !* !! #( @@^ 

@= >d cbfnt ! ! & % !$ @#^ 

#= k|zf;sLo cbfnt # # $ $ !$ $^ 

$= 

/fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f} +, 

lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f, g]kfnu+h 

hDdf 

!@ % $) ( %& 

d'2f s}lkmot 

%%) 

± 

!($ 

%= C0f c;'nL Gofoflws/0f # @ !@ % @@ @# 

hDdf !$$ !@&% 

b|:6Jo M 

!= ;j} !$$ hgf ;j} sd{rf/L Gofo ;]jf jf cbfntjf6 dfq lnOPsf 

xf]Ogg\ . 

@= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f} +sf] hgzlQm dfq pNn]v ul/Psf], cGo 

:yfgdf klg /fh:j Gofoflws/0f :yflkt 5g\ . 

;|f]t M sfo{ ;d"x, l8;]Dj/ @))# 

dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;du| p2]Zo Gofosf] k|efjsf/L ;+kfbgsf] 

nflu g]kfnL Gofokflnsfdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ 

xf] . dfgj 

;+;fwg ljsf; (Human Resource Development) eg]sf] JolQmut ?kdf 

sd{rf/L / ;+u7gx? ;+u ;DalGwt ljifox?nfO{ ;s[o ?kdf x]g] { ;'Jojl:yt k4lt 

xf] . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;nfO{ kl/jt{g / r'gf}ltx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ub} { n}hfg 

;f+u7lgs Ifdtf ljsf; ug] { cfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 . To;sf/0f Gofo 

If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; -HRD) sf] rrf{ ubf{ GofofwLzx? / cGo clws[t, 

;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, j[ltljsf;, pTk| ]/0ff / Ifdtf clg ;fwg clej[l4;+u 

;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ x]g'{ 

kb{5 .

l;= 

g+= 


lgo'lQm, ;?jf / kbd'lQm 

cfh cbfntdf GofofwLz / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ y'k| } ;d:ofx?n] 

;+s|ldt kf/]sf] 5 . clxn] sfo{/t GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof xfn /x]sf] 

sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ kof{Kt 5 eGg] ;fdfGo 7x/ 5, tfklg cbfntx?sf] cj}1flgs 

ef}uf]lns ljt/0f t 5+b}5 To;sf] cltl/Qm cbfntsf] jf:tljs sfo{ jf]emsf] 

cfwf/df jf cbfntsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f -Need 

Assessment of Courts_ sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t geP/ dgf]ut 9+uaf6 ul/Psf] 

GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQmn] Gofosf] l;3|, ;j{;'ne / k|efjsf/L ;+kfbgdf 

uDeL/ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . 8 

@)$* ;fndf klxnf] k6s k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? :yfkgf ubf{ oL 

cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof ( lyof], t/ d'VotM /fhg}lts k|efjsf sf/0f @)%# ;fndf ;f] 

;+Vof a9fP/ !^ k'¥ofOof] . clxn] s] :ki6 ePsf] 5 eg] !^ dWo] ^ j6f k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntx?df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ d'2fsf] nut lx;fj ubf{ %)) klg gf3\b}g . o;sf] 

k'i6\ofO{ tflnsf ( n] ub{5 . 

tflnsf ( M cf=j= @)%*÷%( df k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] sfo{af]em 

k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntx? 

lhDd]jf/L 

gof+ 

btf{ 

hDdf km5\of} {6 km5\of} {6 

k|ltzt 

70 

af+sL 

GofofwLz 

;+Vof s}lkmot 

1. Onfd $%* $&& (#% &)@ &%=)* @## % 

2. wgs'6f #!# !** %)! #** &&=$$ !!# % 

3. lj/f6gu/ !#*@ !)%* @@$) !@(% %#=)& !!$% & 

4. /fhlj/fh !**& !&(! #^&* @!%# %*=%* !%@% * 

5. hgsk'/ @)^) !!(^ #@%^ !%(@ $*=)( !^^( ^ 

6. x]6f} +8f !^^! @)$^ #&)& @%$% ^*=^% !!^@ & 

8 sf&df*f}+, lrtjg / lj/f^gu/df ePsf k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx?n] /fv]sf] b[li^sf])f .


7. kf6g #*^! #%%) &$!! $$#! %(=&* @(*) !% 

8. kf]v/f $)$ $(@ *(^ ^$$ ^(=@$ @%@ ^ 

9. jfUn'ª %& !%% @!@ !^$ &%=!@ $* # 

10. a'6jn !&@$ !#%! #)&% !&@# %^=@^ !#%@ & 

11. t'N;Lk'/ @)* !#$ #$@ @!^ ^#=!% !@^ # 

12. g]kfnu+h #(& %(% ((@ %*! %(=!% $!! ^ 

13. ;'v] {t ^$ $* !!@ &@ ^$=$! $( # 

14. h'Dnf &* $* !@^ && ^!=$! $( # 

15. lbkfon !(^ !&% #&! @(@ *)=)% &$ $ 

16. dx]Gb|gu/ &^ @)% @*! !@& $%=!( !%$ # 

hDdf !(,*@^ !#,%)( @*,##% !&,))& ^)=)@ !!,#@* *( 

;|f]t M ;jf] {Rr cbfnt jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%*÷%( 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf GofofwLzx?sf] kb:yfkg ubf{ cbfntx?n] ;Dkfbg 

ug'{ 

kg] { jf:tljs sfo{jf]emsf] cfwf/df ePsf] 5}g . j'6jn, lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, 

/fhlj/fh, x]6f} +8f / kf6gsf cbfntx?sf] sfo{ef/ jfFsL bzj6f cbfntsf] eGbf 

rf/ u'0ff al9 5, tfklg cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷%( df tL cbfntx?df GofofwLzsf] 

;+Vof $( dfq lyof] eg] afFsL !) j6f cbfntx?df $) lyof] . oftfoft / 

a;fO{sf lx;fjn] cbfnt k|of]ustf{ / sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu w]/}h;f] cbfntx? 

;'ljwfo'Qm 5}gg\ . 9 cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof / :yfg tf]Sg] clwsf/ ;/sf/sf] dfq 

ePsf]n] 10 y'k| } ;ldltx?n] u/]sf l;kmfl/zx?sf] afah'b klg cbfntx?sf] ef}uf]lns 

ljefhg / ;+Vof lgwf{/0fnfO{ ;xL 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug] { lg0f{o cem} + x'g jfFsL 

5 . 11 

9 cbfnt ;"b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, 2058 k[+=66. 

10 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 2048 sf] bkmf 5 jdf]lhd . 

11 lj=;+= 2056 df cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgn] cbfntsf] ;+Vof / :yfg x]/km]/ ug{ 

l;kmfl/z lbPsf] lyof] . -x]=k|ltj]bg k[= 47–50_ To;kl% >L 5 sf] ;/sf/n] u&g u/]sf] 

^f]nLn] klg ;f] ;DjGwL ;"emfj lbg"sf] ;fy} ljsNkx? klg cl# ;f/]sf] lyof] . To:t} cbfnt 

71


k|To]s lhNnfdf lhNnf cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf ug'{sf] 

cf}lrTo d'n's &% j6f 

k|zf;lgs lhNnfdf ljeQm ePsf]n] xf] eGg] ts{ k|:t't ul/G5 . Jofks ?kdf 

o;/L cbfntx? :yfkgf ug'{sf] 

p2]Zo hgtfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;'ljwf k'U5 eGg] 

lx;fjn] cf}lrTok"0f{ dfGg ;lsPnf, lsgeg] o;n] ubf{ hgtfnfO{ d'2fsf] 6+ 'u+f] 

nufpg t'ngfTds lx;fjn] ;xh x'g ;s]sf] x'g ;S5 . t/ o;n] b]zsf] d"Nojfg 

cfly{s ;|f]tnfO{ u+eL/ 9+un] b'?kof]u u/]sf] 5, lsgeg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj eQf / 

ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] :ofxf/ ;+ef/df 7'nf] wg/fzL vr{ x'G5 . cbfntx?df ePsf] 

d'2f ef/ x]bf{ &% j6f lhNNff cbfntx? :yfkgf ug'{sf] 

p2]Zo b]zsf &% j6} 

lhNNffdf cbfnt k'¥ofpg' dfq h:tf] b]lvG5 . lhNNff cbfntx?sf] cfly{s jif{ 

@)$@÷$# b]lv @)%^÷)%& sf] d'2f ef/sf] ;;{tL cWoog ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] !@ 

eGbf jl9 lhNNff cbfntx?df k|To]s jif{ !)) eGbf klg sd d'2fx? kb{ F5g\ . 12 

cfly{s jif{ @)$@÷)$# b]lv @)%^÷)%& ;Ddsf] d'2fsf] ef/nfO{ cWoog 

u/]/ cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgn] cbfntx?nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xx?df 

ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] lj:t[t ljefhg tflnsf !) df lbOPsf] 5 . 

tflnsf !)M cbfntx?sf] sfo{af]em 

l;=g+ d'2f 

cbfnt 

;+Vof 

72 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] gfd 

!= !–%)) & ;'v] {t, h'DNff, afUn'ª, dx]Gb|gu/, lbkfon, t'N;Lk'/, 

wgs'6f 

@= %)!–!))) # g]kfnu+h, Onfd, kf]v/f 

#= !))!–#))) % j'6jn, lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, /fhlj/fh, x]6f} +8f 

$= #))!–%))) ! kf6g 

;"b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, 2058 n] k"g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vof 5, 9 jf 14 x"g ;Sg] 

tLgj^f ljsNkx? ;lj:tf/ k|:t"t u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltj]bg k[=62–74 x]g"{xf]; 

12 

dgfª, d":tfª, *f]Nkf / x"Dnfsf lhNnf cbfntx?df k|To]s jif{ 50 eGbf #l^ ;+Vofdf d"@f btf{ x"G%g\ 

. To:t} **]nw"/f, jfh"/f, c%fd, *f]^L, bfr"{nf, d"u" / j}t*Ldf klg 100 gfWb}g . x]g"{xf];M cbfnt 

;"b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf k|ltj]bg, 2058 k[=83 .

l;=g+ d'2f 


cbfnt 

;+Vof 

73 

lhNNff cbfntsf] gfd 

+ 

!= !–!)) !@ dgfË, d':tfË, /;'jf, 8f]NKff, x'Dnf, 88]nw'/f, 

jfh'/f, c5fd, 8f]6L, bfr'{nf, 

d'u', j}t8L 

@= !)!–@)) !! sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, DofUbL, h'Dnf, t]x\y'd, 

Ko'7fg, wgs'6f, ndh'Ë, jemfË, uf]/vf, l;Gw'nL 

#= @)!–#)) !# ;f]n'v'Dj', /f]Nkf, kj{t, ;Nofg, kfNkf, g'jfsf]6, 

wflbË, ?s'd, b}n]v, /fd]5fk, c3f{vf+rL, afUn'Ë 

ef]hk'/ 

$= #)!–%)) !( ;+v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'+uf, 

vf]6fË, sGrgk'/, 

dsjfgk'/, s}nfnL, ;'v] {t, tgx'F, 

bf]nvf, Onfd, 

tfKn]h'Ë, l;Gw'kfNRff]s, kfrFy/, u'NdL, pbok'/, 

jlb{of, lrtjg, bfË, :ofªhf 

%= %)!–()) ^ eQmk'/, sfe| ]knfGrf]s, nlntk'/, sf:sL, 

^= ()!–!#)) # 

gjnk/f;L, emfkf 

?kGb]xL, slknj:t', jfFs] 

&= !#)!–!&)) % dxf]Q/L, df]/Ë, l;/fxf, ;nf{xL, k;f{ 

*= !&)!–@!)) $ jf/f, wg'iff, ;'g;/L, /f}tx6 

(= @!)!–@%)) ! ;Kt/L 

!)= @%)) eGbf dfly ! sf7df8f} 

;|f]t M cbfnt ;'b[l9s/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%* k[= *#–*%. 

cWoogn] of] klg b]vfPsf] 5 ls oL cbfntx?df k|lt d'2f vr{ -Pp6f 

d'2fsf] nflu /fHon] j]xf]g'{ 

k/]sf] vr{_ klg km/s km/s b]lvG5 / w]/}h;f] 

cbfntx?df cd"No dfgj ;|f]t / ef}lts ;fwgsf] gf]S;fg e} /x]sf] 5 . o;/L 

gf]S;fg e}/x]sf] dfgj ;|f]t / ef}lts ;fwgsf] gf]S;fgL ;+u ;DalGwt cg'ejdf 

cfwfl/t eP/ l9n} ePklg, xfn sfg"gL ;d"bfosf] jLr Goflos lhNnf -Judicial 

Districts_ sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; e} /x]sf] 5 . 

cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldlt b'j}sf k|ltj]bgx?n] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntsf d'2f ef/nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;Sg] dfgj


;+;fwgsf] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ \ / cbfntsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ts{;+ut agfpgsf nflu 

;'emfj / l;kmfl/zx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ \ . t/ cfh;Dd o; ljifodf s]xL klg ePsf] 

5}g . o:tf] t/n kl/l:yltdf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; kl/of]hgfn] pNo]Vo glthf 

Nofpg klg ;Sb}g . t;y{ If]q If]qdf ul/Psf k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx?n] atfP 

h:t} cbfnt ;+/rgfsf] j'l4;+ut JofVof g} dfgj ;+zfwg of]hgf -Planning_ 

;DjGwdf klxnf] sbd x'g ;S5 . To;}n] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cg'dfg / To;sf] 

cfwf/df ug] { elgPsf] cbfntsf] ;+/rgf ;DjGwdf pQm k|ltj]bgx?sf] ;'emfjnfO{ 

nfu' ug] { s'/fnfO{ lgnDjg ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;'emfj lgsfNg clt s8f 

kl/>d ul/Psf] ePklg oL cWoogx?n] ljleGg cbfntsf cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf 

TOP DOWN ljlw cg';/0f u/]sf]n] cbfntsf] ;+/rgf ;DjGwL s'/fsf xsdf 

lbOPsf ;'emfj jf:tljstfsf] glhs ePsf] b]lvb}gg\ . To;sf ;fy} cbfntx?sf] 

;+Vof / ToxfF sfo{/t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{jf]emsf] cfwf/df dfq to 

ug'{ 

Tolt oyf{yjfbL x'Fb}g, 

lsgeg] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ;d]t 

nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' k5{ . k|To]s k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntn] e]mln/x]sf 

ljljw vfn] hl6n ;d:ofx?nfO{ Wofgdf /flv cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof / ef}uf]lns 

ljefhgsf ;fy} dfgj ;+;fwg ;DjGwdf ;d'Rrf ?kn] g} k'glj{rf/ ug'{ 

cfjZos 

5 . 

sf7df8f} +, lrtjg / lj/f6gu/df cfof]lht If]lqo k/fdz{ e]nfdf pkl:yt 

w]/} GofofwLzx? / cbfntsf clws[tx?n] Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] 

k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfd gu/]sf sf/0f pTkGg ;d:ofx? klg cjut u/fP . pQm 

;d:ofx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ \ M 

– ;dod} l/Qm b/aGbLx?df kbk"lt{ gug'{, 

– sfo{tflnsfsf] cefj, 

– s;}sf] lgo'lQm jf pDd]bjf/Lsf] pko'Qmtfsf] lgwf{/0fdf hgtfsf] 

kx'Frsf] 

cefj, 

– of]Uotfsf] d"Nofs+gdf j:t'ut dfkb08sf] cefj cyjf To:tf] 

dfkb08sf] cj1f ug] { k|j[lQ OToflb . 

74


;+ljwfg / Gofo kl/ifb P]g / lgodx?n] tf]s] adf]lhd ljleGg cbfntsf 

GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm ;DjGwL s'/fdf kl/ifb lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ . kl/ifbsf] 

lgodfjnLn] Goflos kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu j:t'ut dfkb08 x'g' kg] { s'/fdf hf]8 

lbP klg j:t'ut dfkb08 cg'z/0f ul/of] ls ul/Pg eGg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs x'Fb}g 

. 

lhNNff cbfntx?df GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf Ohnf; ;xfosx?sf] 

kIfdf d'nflxhf x'g] u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . To:t} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] 

lgo'lQm klg s'g} kf/bz{s dfkb08sf cfwf/df x'Fb}g 

. 

;jf] {Rr cbfntdf klg lgo'lQmsf] ljifodf To:t} x'G5 . dflyNnf] Goflos 

cf]xbfdf lgo'lQm ul/g nfu]sf pDd]bjf/x?sf] OdfGbf/Ltf, >[hglzntf, of]Uotf / 

Ifdtfsf] dfkg ug] { s'g} ;+oGq 5}g . To:t} GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]Uotf 

k'u]sf] sfg"gL ;d"bfosf] ;b:on] cfˆgf] pDd]bjf/L lglZrt ug] { dfu{ jf lgo'lQmsf 

;DaGwdf s'g} ;"rgf g} kfpFb}g . Gofokflnsfdf n}lu+s ;dfgtfdf klg plrt 

Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g . 

;?jf 

;?jfsf] s'g} j:t'ut dfkb08 gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ s'g} vf; cbfntdf 

;fdfGotof b'O{ jif{ eGbf jl9 sfd u/]sf GofofwLzx?sf] dgdf y'k| } cGof}nx? 

pTkGg x'G5g\ \ . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] cfˆgf] cg's"n :yfgdf ;?jf x'g kfpg' 

GofofwLz / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] clwsf/sf] s'/f dflgG5, t/ xfdLsxfF eg] s'g} 

GofofwLz jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;?jf ug{ nfluPsf] 7fpF p;sf nflu cg's"n 5 5}g 

eg]/ slxNo} ;f]lw+b}g . ;?jfsf j}slNks k|:tfjx? tof/ u/]/ ;DalGwt GofofwLz 

/ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfd slxNo} ul/+b}g . g t ;j}sf nflu cToGt} 

ljs6 ef}uf]lns :yfgdf ;?jf ug] { lglZrt dfkb08sf] g} ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . 

;?jfsf] j:t'ut dfkb08 / lglZrt tflnsfsf] cefjdf ;?jfsf] xNnf rn]kl5 - 

To:tf] xNnf slxn]sfFxL dlxgf+ };Dd rNb5_ To;n] cbfntsf] b}lgs sfddf ;d]t 

afwf kb{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm sfh k|0ffnL, h'g ;fdfGo sf/0fsf] nflu klg jl9 

k|of]udf cfpg] u/]sf] 5, n] klg cbfntsf] sfddf jfwf kfb{5 . Gofo;]jf cfof]u 

75


klg Gofokl/ifb em} sfo{tflnsf Jojl:yt ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] s'/f b]lv lnP/ y'k| } 

cGo sf/0fx?n] cfnf]lrt 5 . 

j[ltljsf; 

;fdfGotof Gofokflnsfdf k|j]z ug] { k|To]s GofofwLz jf sd{rf/Lx? ;j}n] 

k]zfdf cfkm\gf] k|ult / j[lQljsf; af/]df cf—cfkm\g} cg'dfg u/]sf x'G5g\ . 

sd{rf/Ldf x'g] o:tf] cg'dfg g} jf:tjdf p;sf] Ifdtf / of]Uotf clej[l4 ug] { 

k|d'v rfnszlQm klg xf] / olb k|0ffnL bf]ifk"0f{ 5}g eg] of]Uo, OdfGbf/ / 

>[hglzn JolQmx? cfkm"n] cg'dfg u/]sf] ;dodf g} cfˆgf] nIodf k'Ug ;S5g\ \ . 

;+ljwfgn] æj9'jfÆ eGg] zJb k|of]u gu/]sf]n] lhNnf cbfntdf sfd ul//x]sf 

GofofwLzx? k'g/fj]bg / ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf lgo'Qm x'g of]Uo 5g\ \ eg] o;n] 

j[ltljsf;df k|lts"n c;/ kfb} {g . ;+ljwfgn] Gofo kl/ifbnfO{ GofofwLzx?sf] 

5gf}6 / kbf]GgtLsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . Gofo ;]jfsf clws[tx?sf] xsdf eg] 

pQm lhDd]jf/L Gofo ;]jf cfof]unfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} /fhkq cg+lst 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf rf+lx pQm sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . 

jt{dfg cj:yfdf GofofwLzx?sf] j[ltljsf; s/Lj s/Lj /f]lsPsf] 5 . 

pgLx?n] dflyNnf] kbdf lgo'lQm x'g' eGbf klxn] Pp6} txdf bzsf+ } -s;} s;}n] t 

jL; jif{ eGbf a9L_ ;Dd sfd ug'{ 

kl//x]sf] 5 . aiff} {;Dd b/aGbLx? vfnL g} 

/x]sf 5g\ . lhNNff cbfntdf GofofwLz lgo'lQmsf] oflGqs / sfd rnfpg] dfq 

vfnsf] k|lqmof / k'g/fj]bsLo txdf lgo'lQm ubf{ klg s]jn Ho]i7tfsf] cfwf/df 

dfq lgo'lQm ul/g] k|lqmofn] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf ljk/Lt dfq sfd u/]sf] 5}g 

a? æGofonfO{ :jtGq / ;Ifd k|0ffnLÆ agfpg ;d]t 7"nf] cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] 5 . 

;du|df eGg'kbf{ ;+ljwfgn] of]Uo / ;Ifd GofofwLzx?sf] ;§fdf Ho]i7 

gful/sx?sf] Gofokflnsf agfpg] kl/sNkgf s+xL klg u/]sf] 5}g . klxn]b]lv g} 

j9L sfo{jf]em eO{ /x]sf] ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf /x]sf l/Qm b/jGbLx?n] ubf{ d'2f 

km5\of} {6sf] ult l;lyn e} /x]sf] 5 . GofofwLzx? / g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf 

sd{rf/Lx?sf jLrsf] df}g t/ :ki6 ljt[i0ff g} j[lQljsf;sf] cj/f]wsf] sf/0f 

76


b]lvPsf] 5, h'g s'/f sf7df8f} +, lrtjg / lj/f6gu/df ePsf GofofwLz / 

clws[tx?sf k/fdz{ e]nfdf :ki6 ?kdf k|s6 ePsf] lyof] . 

Gofo ;]jfsf clws[tx?sf] j9'jfsf] ;Gbe{df cWoogn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] 

pgLx?sf] csf] { txdf j9'jf ;fdfGotM !) jif{df x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fhkq cgls+t 

k|yd / lålto >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] a9'jf klg Tolt g} ;do kl5 x'G5 . t/ 

/fhkq cg+lst t];|f] / rf}yf] >]0fLsf] xsdf eg] ulDe/ cj/f]w b]lvG5 . of] g} 

xfnsf] d'2fsf] k|lqmofdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg y'k| } sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQljsf;df k|efj 

kfg] { ;jeGbf j9L cj/f]w ePsf] If]q h:tf] b]lvG5 . 13 cGo ;]jfaf6 otf cbfntdf 

cfO{ :yfoL ?kdf sfd ug] { cGo sd{rf/Lx? / ljz]if1x?sf] xsdf klg j9'jfsf] 

cj:yf s/Lj s/Lj To:t} g} b]lvG5 . 

;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg 

:jtGqtfsf] l;4fGt ;+u;+u} k|To]s cbfntsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf sfo{ut 

:jfoQtfsf] s'/f klg cfpF5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 s'g} cbfntn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|of]u 

u/L d'2fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] gu/];Dd o; dfly s'g} afwf cj/f]w ug'{ 

jf clwsf/ 

;DkGg dflyNnf] cbfntn] klg o;sf] sfddf s'g} x:tIf]k ug'{ 

x'Gg . h] ePklg 

Goflos :jfoQtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug] { qmddf olb o;n] ;Ldf gfWof] eg] o;n] cbfnt 

k|0ffnLnfO{ c/fhstf tkm{ n}hfg ;S5 . cg'udg / d"Nofs+gsf] k"0f{ cefjn] ubf{ 

cfzfltt kl/0ffd t k/} hfcf];, jt{dfg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] uDeL/ b'?kof]unfO{ klg 

lgDTofpg ;S5 . 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g / cbfntsf lgodfjnLx?n] cbfntsf] cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f 

ug] { jGbf]j:t ug'{sf 

;fy} k'g/fj]bg / ;jf] {Rr cbfntåf/f dftxt cbfntx?sf] 

;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg ug] { Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . t/ sfdsf] ;xL sfo{ ljj/0f - 

ljefhg_ sf] cefjdf cbfntsf] cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f sdhf]/ / k|efjxLg /x]sf] 5 

eg] dflyNnf] cbfntn] ug] { elgPsf] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f klg s]jn ;+:sf/ dfq 

aGg k'u]sf] 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df d"Nofs+g / cg'udg ug] { sfd 

tl/sfa4 9+un] cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . 

13 cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, k[i^ 139 x]g"{xf]; . 

77


GofofwLzx?sf] sfdsf] ;xL d"Nofs+g ug{ y'k| } dfkb08x? to ug{ ;lsG5 . 

To:tf dfkb08x? dWo] s]xL o; k|sf/ 5g\ \ M 

– sfg"g / ghL/sf] kfngf, 

– lg0f{osf] u'0f:t/, 

– GofofwLzsf] sfd k|lt ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] wf/0ff, 

– cbfnt aflx/ lghsf] Jojxf/, cflb . 

zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg nufot y'k| } cWoogx?af6 ul/Psf 

l;kmfl/zx?sf afjh'b klg GofofwLzx?sf] sfdsf] d"Nofs+gsf nflu j:t'ut 

dfkb08sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5}g . 14 cbfntdf sfo{/t clws[tx?sf] ;Gbe{df 

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodx?n] sd{rf/L / ;'kl/j]Ifsx?n] k|To]s jif{ cfly{s 

jif{sf] cGTodf sfo{ ;+kfbg d"Nofs+g kmf/fd eg'{ 

kg] { k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

t/ o;nfO{ klg sfof{no ;DjGwL cf}krfl/stfdf dfq lnOPsf] 5 . k|foM ;j} 

cj:yfx?df sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfd / sfo{ Ifdtf cf}ift eGbf tn g} lsg gxf];, 

pgLx?n] k"0ff{Í g} kfpF5g\ \, t/ ;+u7gsf] ;du| sfo{;+kfbg / To;sf] u'0f:t/ eg] 

k|foM ;w}e/L Go"g g} b]lvPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] cf}krfl/stfn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ Ifdtf 

j[l4df s'g} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sb}g . 

pRr cWoog / tflnd 

ljutdf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?n] obfsbf ef/t / t];|f] b]zdf 

;d]t pRr cWoog ug] { cj;/ kfpg] u/]sf lyP . Gofokflnsfn] of] cj;/sf] 

kmfObf p7fP/ cfˆgf GofofwLzx? / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pRr cWoogdf k7fp+Yof] . 

xfn;Dd ljleGg cbfntsf al9df !^ GofofwLzx?n] ljleGg ljifodf ef/t tyf 

cGo b]zx?af6 sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ \ . o;sf cltl/Qm (! 

hgf GofofwLzx?n] cGo ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ \ . lhNnf 

cbfntsf @ hgf GofofwLz / ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf ! hgf clws[tn] ljBfjfl/lwsf] 

14 k|ltj]bgsf] k[i& 42–43 / 137–139 x]g"xf];\ . 

78


pkflw klg xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ \ . k/fdz{ e]nfdf w]/} GofofwLzx? sfg"gdf pRr 

pkflwsf] cWoog jf tflnd sfo{qmd dfkm{t cfˆgf] of]Uotf / Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ 

OR5's /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 emlNsPsf] lyof] . 

t/ b'vMb s'/f s] 5 eg] ;/sf/n] ljut s]xL jif{b]lv Gofokflnsfsf 

sd{rf/Lx? / GofofwLzx?nfO{ pRr cWoogsf] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{ 5f8]sf] 5 . b]z 

d} sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ cWoogsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ePkl5 s]xL clws[tx?nfO{ tnjL 

cWoog ljbf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . t/ Tof] klg xr'jfsf] e/df ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] cg';Gwfg / of]hgf dxfzfvf;+u dfgj ;+;fwgsf] 

ljlzli6s/0fsf] s'g} of]hgf 5}g, g t sfg"gsf] pRrtd pkflw k|bfg ug] { jf 

ul//x]sf ;+:yfx?;+u s'g} cGtlqm{of jf ;~rf/ ;Dks{ g} 5 . Gofokflnsfdf dfgj 

;+;fwgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / ljlzli6s/0fsf ;DaGwdf /x]sf cfjZostfx? ;DaGwL 

s'g} cflwsfl/s gLlt 5}g . 

To;sf/0f pRr cWoogdf uPsf JolQmx?n] klg cfˆgf ?rLsf If]qdf 

ljlzli6s/0f u/]/ cfpF5g\ \, t/ Gofokflnsfsf] efjL cfjZostfsf jf/]df s]xL 

Wofg lbb+ }gg\ . o; ;DaGwL cflwsfl/s gLlt tyf k'g/fj]bg / lhNNff cbfntsf 

GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf, zt{ / cGo ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug] { P]gdf /x]sf] Psbd 

k/+Dk/fjfbL / lj/f]wfef; k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fpg] gLltsf] cefjdf GofofwLzx?sf] 

pRr cWoogsf nflu aflx/ hfg jf sfg"gL n]v÷b:tfj]hx? l;h{gf ug{ 

;]jfsflng ljbf lng] df}sf Psbd lg/fzfhgs 5 . 

Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| @)#* ;fn -h'g !(*@_ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf], 

h;n] cbfntsf sd{rf/L nufot g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg 

u5{, tyfkL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljz]if ;d"xsf] nflu pko'Qm tflnd sfo{qmd to ug{ 

ah]6 ;DaGwL sl7gfO{, :JffoQtf, ljz]if1tf OTofbLsf] sldn] ubf{ o;n] Gofo 

If]qsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tflnd ;DaGwL cfjZostfnfO{ ;xL 9+un] ;Djf]wg ug{ 

;ls/x]sf] 5}g. 

ljut Ps jif{ otf ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx?åf/f GofofwLzx? / cbfntsf 

clws[tx?sf nflu y'k| } tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ \ . ;+o'Qm 

/fi6\ |;+l3o ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf Gofokflnsf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgfÙ 8]gdfs{ 

79


;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmdx? -DANIDA/ HUGOU) PlzofnL 

ljsf; j} +s4f/f k|fof]lht sfo{qmd cGtu{t of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d'x / k/fdz{bftf 

o'lgSj]i6 -UniQuest Pty.Ltd._ h:tf ;+yfx?n] cled"lvs/0f sfo{qmd, tflnd 

sfo{qmd tyf GofofwLzx?sf nflu cWoog e|d0f ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u lb+b} 

cfPsf 5g\ \ . 

o;sf ;fy} sfg"gsf ljleGg If]qx?df sfd ul//x]sf y'k| } u}/ ;/sf/L 

;+:yfx? h:t}M GofofwLz ;dfh g]kfn, Pro- Public, CeLRRD / Gofo d~rn] 

kmf}hbf/L Gofo, jftfj/0f sfg"g / Gofo, n}lu+s Gofo / jfn Gofosf ljleGg 

kIfx?dfyL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ \ . o:tf s]xL u}/;/sf/L 

;+:yfx?n] bft[ ;+:yfx? h:t} DANIDA, Ford Foundation cflbsf] ;xof]udf 

GofofwLzx?nfO{ ljleGg p2]Zod"ns uf]i7Ldf ;xeflutf / cbfntL k|lqmofsf] 

cjnf]sgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf ug{ rf;f] lnb+ } cfPsf5g\ \ . 

oL sfo{qmdx? GofofwLzx?nfO{ cfˆgf cfˆgf If]qdf ?rL Pj+ r]tgf 

hufpg s]xL xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf 5g\ \ . GofofwLzx? / clws[tx?nfO{ lbg' kg] { 

Jofks tflndsf] cfjZostfnfO{ x]bf{ cem j9L ;'b[9 / of] ]hgfa4 k|oTgx?sf] 

cfjZostf 5 . To:t} ljb]zdf ul/g] cWoog Pj+ cjnf]sg e|d0f klg s'g} lglZrt 

of]hgf ljgf g} ;~rfng e} /x]sf 5g\ \ . 

clxn];Dd Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb|åf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] tflnddf w]/} 

clws[tx? ;xefuL e};s]sf 5g\ \ . cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgn] bzf{P 

cg';f/ To;/L Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| cGtu{t tflnd lng] clws[tx?sf] ] k|ltzt 

cf}iftdf $( 5 . t/ /fhkq cg+ls+t sd{rf/Lx? dWo] @%Ü n] dfq slDtdf 

Psk6s To:tf] tflnd lng kfPsf 5g\ \ . 15 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s'g} >]0fLdf ljefhg 

gul/ tflnd lbg] ;DaGwL s'g} gLlt 5}g . 

7"nf] ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lx? cem klg tflndsf] k|ltIffdf 5g\ \, h'g pgLx?sf] 

;Lk ljsf;sf] nflu / sfd k|ltsf] wf/0ff kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos 5 . b'ef{Uojz, 

cfh tflndx? vfnL sd{rf/Lx?sf] j9'jf;+u dfq ;DaGw /fVg] vfnsf x'g uPsf 

5g\ . ltgLx?nfO{ lglZrt If]qdf sfdsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ jf Ifdtf ljsf;sf] 

15 cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*Ù k[i7 !@& –!@* x]g'xf];\ . 

80


cj;/sf] ?kdf lnO{b}g . tflndx? s'g} pkflw xfl;n ug] { s'/f;+u hf]l8Psf 5}gg\, 

g t ltgLx? Gofo ;]jfdf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf s'g} dfu k'/f ug{ to ul/Psf 5g\ \ . 

cWoogzLn GofofwLzsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cf/De ug{ / To;nfO{ j9fjf lbg jt{dfg 

Gofokflnsf ;Ifd b]lvPsf] 5}g, g t o'jf clws[tx?nfO{ cWoog, cg';Gwfg / 

>[hgzLntfsf nfuL k| ]l/t ug{ g} ;Ifd 5 . /fli6\ |o Goflos k|lti7fg cWofb]zsf] 

xfn}sf] 3f]if0ff ;+u} tflnd sfo{qmdx?nfO{ al9 Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug{sf 

nflu Pp6f cg's"n cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . 

dfyL pNn]v eP h:t} /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] 7"nf] pkl:yltn] 

Gofokflnsfsf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] If]qdf w]/} ;d:of l;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5 . 

;jf] {Rr cbfntn] rf}yf] >]0fLsf /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof s6f}tL ug] { 

lg0f{o u/]sf] eP klg xfd|f cbfntx?df w]/} To:tf dflg;x? cem} sfd ul//x]sf 

5g\ \ . ;fy} /fhkq cg+lst cGo >]0fLx?df sfo{/t w]/} sd{rf/Lx?df plrt sfg"gL 

lzIffsf] cefj 5 . of] d'VotM s]xL jif{ cl3 d'n'sdf sfg"gsf] k|lj0ftf k|df0f–kq 

txsf] k4tL x6fpgfn] o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] . cfh cbfnt k|j]z ug] { To:tf 

sd{rf/Lx? sfg"gdf cglj1 x'G5g\ \ . pgLx? cbfntL k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwsf] 

cfwf/e"t 1fg ljgf g} cbfnt k|j]z u5{g . Jofks ;]jf k|j]z jf ;]jfsfnLg 

tflndsf] k|fjwfgsf] cefjdf cbfntx?sf] b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf 

7"nf] ;d:of pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 . 

k'/:sf/ / b08 

k'/:sf/ / b08 k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ Gofo kl/ifb Tolt k|efjsf/L b]lvb}g . 

;+ljwfgn] GofofwLzx?nfO{ ;]jfd'Qm ug] { ;+be{df d'VotM b'O{j6f cfwf/x? ls6fg 

ub{5 M– sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj / v/fj cfr/0f . clxn];Dd s]xL GofofwLzx?nfO{ 

pgLx?n] kl/ifb ;dIf r9fPsf] /flhgfdfsf cfwf/df klg ;]jfd'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . 

o;/L ;]jf d'Qm ug] { k|rngnfO{ jf:tjdf ;]jfd'Qm ug] { Pp6f df}g ljlwdfq dfGg 

;lsG5, lsgeg] To;/L ;]jfd'Qm ul/g] cfwf/ slxNo} ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] x'b}g . 

cbfntsf /fhkqfls+t sd{rf/Lx? / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf / j9'jfsf] 

nflu lhDd]jf/ Gofo ;]jf cfof]u sd{rf/Lx?sf] cg'zf;g l;t ;DalGwt csf] { 

81


r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf lgo'Qm 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] To;;+u k/fdz{ gu/L x6fpg ;Sb}g . 

cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ljifox? / ;]jf zt{x? lgwf{/0f ug] { 5'§} lgodx?sf] cefjdf 

k'/:sf/ / b08 Joj:yf nfu" ug{ cK7\of/f] k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] Gofo 

;]jf cfof]u;+u / cGo cbfntx?;+u /fd|f] ;dGjosf] cefjn] lgo'lQm, ;?jf / 

j9'jf , b08 Pj+ k'/:sf/sf dfkb08sf] kl/rfngsf] ;d:ofnfO{ cem hl6n agfO{ 

lbPsf] 5 . 

ª= cbfnt Joj:yfkg -cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, sfo{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ / gof+ 

k|ljlwsf] cf/De_ 

jt{dfg o'u Joj:yfkgsf] o'u ePsf]n] plrt Joj:yfkg ljgf jfl~5t 

pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;lsb+ }g . Joj:yfkgsf] o'udf pRrtd glthf xfl;n ug{ >d, 

;Lk, >f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u a'l4dfgLk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ug{ ' kb{5 . o; cy{df 

Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtn] Ifdtf / pknlJwsf] ljsf; ;+u;+u} ;sf/fTds glthf 

k|bfg u5{ . cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf klg ToxL ;}4flGts kl/sNkgf ;dfg 

?kdf nfu" x'G5 . 

lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L / ;Ifd sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf lgldQ 

cbfnt Joj:yfkgnfO{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf b'O{ vDjf– ælhDd]jf/L / kf/blz{tfÆ 

cfjZos k5{ . 

cbfnt Joj:yfkg cGtu{t dfgj ;+;fwg, ef}lts ;fdfu|L, ah]6, cf}hf/ 

Pj+ pks/0fx?, cg'udg / d"Nofs+gsf kIfx? nufot Gofo ;+kfbg ;+oGqsf] 

Joj:yfkg kb{5g\ \ . of]hgf, ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf, ;dGjo / ;Dk| ]if0f ;+u klg cbfnt 

Joj:yfkg ;DalGwt x'G5 . cbfnt Joj:yfkg Gofo k|0ffnLsf pkef]Qmfx?sf 

nflu ldqjt, pTkfbs / k|efjsf/L x'g' k5{ . of] cg';Gwfg / j}1flgs 

tYof+sx?df cfwfl/t x'g' k5{ . 

g]kfndf at{dfg d'2f Joj:yfkg sfdrnfp lsl;dsf] dfq 5 . 

Gofokflnsfsf] of]hgfj4 ljsf; z'? ePsf] 5}g . ljutdf cbfnt Joj:yfkg / 

cGo ljljw kIf;+u ;DalGwt s]xL cg';Gwfgx? ePsf lyP, t/ ltgLx?sf] 

82


lgisif{nfO{ Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 nfu" ug] { k|oTg slxNo} ul/Pg . To;}n] w]/}h;f] 

k|ltj]bgx?n] nuftf/ pxL ;d:ofnfO{ cf+ }NofPsf 5g\ \ . s]xL k|ltj]bgx?n] cbfnt 

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf ljlwx?sf] jf/]df ;d]t ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ \ . 

k|ltj4tfx? ;lhn} JoQm ul/G5g\ \ t/ oyfy{df ltgLx?nfO{ nfu" ug] { kIfdf w]/} 

pknAwL xfl;n ePsf] kfO{b}g . 

g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf sfd / ultljlwx? j}1flgs tYofs+ / ;xL cf+s8fdf 

cfwfl/t 5}gg\ . Gofo k|zf;g ;DjGwdf lg0f{o ug] { k|lqmof cj}1flgs, s]lGb|s[t / 

:jljj]sdf cfwfl/t b]lvg] 5g\ \ . Gofo k|zf;gleq lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/sf] ;xL 

k|Tofof]hg 5}g . Gofokflnsfsf] ;+:yfut :d[lt Psbd l;ldt 5 . lhDd]jf/L 

jxgsf] l;df ;:+yfut cfjZostf d'tfljssf] 5}g . 

s'g} sfg"gsf] kl/jt{g gu/Lsg klg ;?jf, j9'jf / cjsf;sf ;DaGwdf 

sfo{tflnsf k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu 7"nf] ah]6sf] cfjZostf klg 

kb} {g . Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} 

klg Gofokflnsfn] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx?df 

j}1flgs sfo{ tflnsf nfu" ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf clxn];Dd klg 

8f6fj]; -Data base_ nfu" ul/Psf] 5}g . 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] pbf/ / km/flsnf] clwsf/If]qsf] sf/0f o;df lbgfg'lbg 

d'4fsf] jf]em al9/x]sf] 5 . t/ o; kIfdf clxn];Dd s'g} Wofg uPsf] h:tf] 

b]lv+b}g. cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo sfo{ eg]sf] d'2f Joj:yfkg xf] . d'2f 

Joj:yfkgsf] nflu d'2fsf] btf{ b]lv lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug] { ;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ 

lqmofsnfkx? ;/n agfpg' k5{ . cbfnt k|of]ustf{sf nflu ldqjt sfo{ljlw / 

k4lt cg';/0f ug'{k5{ 

. cbfntdf ;xfos sd{rf/L / clws[tx?sf] sfo{ z}nLnfO{ 

ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] ltgLx? dWo] clwsf+z hgtfsf ;]jssf] ?kdf geP/ 

dflns h:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g . Gofokflnsfn] cbfntdf /xg] zfvf / sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

nflu cbfnt sfo{ ljj/0f lgb] {lzsf k'l:tsf tof/ kf/]sf] eP klg To;nfO{ ;xL 

9+un] cg'z/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt cl:tTjdf g} 5}g . Pp6f 

d'2fsf] 6'+uf] 

nufpg jiff} { nfU5 . km]/L d'2fsf] lg0f{o kZrft klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog 

x'g Hofb} l9nf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 

83


k|To]s cbfntdf km};nf e};s]sf d'2fx?sf] ldl;n /fVg] clen]v zfvf 

x'G5 . t/ Toxf+ sfd ug] { tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] ckof{Kttf, kof{Kt / ;'/lIft 

:yfgsf] cefj / kof{Kt b/fhx?sf] sld h:tf w]/} sf/0fx?n] ubf{ clen]v k|0ffnL 

Psbd bogLo cj:yfdf 5 . d'2f bfo/ ug] { k|0ffnL klg Psbd k'/ftgjfbL 5 . 

d'2f btf{ lstfj xft}n] tof/ ul/Psf / Psbd cj}1flgs 5g\ \ . w]/} kmfObfx?sf] 

afa'h'b klg kmfon ug] { ljB'lto k|0ffnL / btf{ ug] { l8lh6n k4lt z'? ul/Psf] 5}g 

. sfg"gL b[li6sf]0fn] d"Nojfg ePklg ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf km};nfx? clt yf]/} 

;+Vofdf dfq - ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{osf] s/Lj %Ü_ k|sflzt x'G5g\ \ . km};nfsf ljB'lto 

k|ltlnlk agfOPsf 5}gg\ . ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf klg sDKo"6/ g]6jls{Ë 5}g . 

Gofokflnsfsf] ;Dk"0f{ tYof+s ePsf] Central data base /fVg] s'/f ;f]rfO{ eGbf 

aflx/sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] cfˆg} j]e;fO{6 eP klg ToxfF k|z:t 

hfgsf/L kfOb}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;fIf/ ePsf GofofwLzx? / sd{rf/Lx? klg 

w]/} 5}gg\ . 

Goflos lg0f{osf] ljnDjnfO{ km};nf n]Vg] sfddf x'g] ljnDjn] cem uDeL/ 

jgfPsf] 5 . o:tf] l9nfO{n] GofonfO{ kx'Fr 

eGbf 6f9fsf] agfO{ lbG5 . ;'g'jfO{ 

k|lqmof / Gofo ;+kfbg k|lqmof oflGqs / nfdf 5g\ \ . d'2f cl3 j9fpg] qmddf / 

d'4f ;'g'jfOdf ;dosf] Joj:yfkg kIf Psbd sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . o:tf] sfdsf 

nflu af/ / a]~rn] Psn] csf] {nfO{ bf]if nufpF5g\ \ . ;'g'jfO{sf] :yugdf j]Gr al9 

pbf/ b]lvG5 / clwsf+z sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] a]~rsf] o:tf] v's'nf] ;bf;otfsf] 

kmfObf p7fpF5g\ . sltko d'2fx?df t GofofwLzsf] df]ntf]n ;d]t x'G5 elgG5 . 

cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ Psbd l9nf] ul/ kfngf ul/G5 . ;xfos:t/sf sd{rf/Lx? 

pk/sf] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f k|efjsf/L 5}g . 

nueu ()Ü hlt lhNNff cbfntsf km};nfx? xftn] n]lvG5g . sltko 

lhNNff cbfntx?df 6fOk/fO{6/ ;d]t 5}gg\ . ;j} k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;d]t 

km};nf tof/ ug{ sDKo"6/sf] ;'ljwf 5}g . s]xL k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?nfO{ ev{/} Ps 

jf b'Oj6fsf b/n] sDKo"6/ lbOPsf] 5 . Tof] klg l;ldt k|of]hgsf nflu dfq . 

;jf] {Rr cbfntdf afx]s afFsL ;j} cbfntx?df sfg"g Joj;foLx?af6 

d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f lng] k|0ffnL 5}g . ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf klg of] cEof; l/6 

84


lgj]bgdf dfq l;ldt 5 . d'2fsf] clGtd km};nf ;Dd lg/Gt/ cg'udgsf] vfFrf] 5 

. s'g} cbfntdf klg :jrflnt ?kdf d'2fsf] cg'udg ug] { k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/Psf] 

5}g . 

;jf] {Rr cbfntdf cg';Gwfg / of]hgf dxfzfvf cnUu} ePklg o;sf] 

lqmofsnfk ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ / GofofwLzx?sf] jflif{s 

clwj]zg ;~rfng ug'{df 

l;ldt 5 . of] zfvfdf tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Lx? 5}gg\ / 

of] kof{Kt >f]t ;fwg ;+kGg klg 5}g . of] ;d:ofn] ubf{ Gofokflnsfdf tYof+sdf 

cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx? ljsf; ul/Psf 5}gg\ . lhNNff cbfntx?df k':tsfno 5}gg\ . 

xfnsf] ljlgof]lht ah]6n] sfg"gsf k':tsx? / /fhkq ;Dd klg lsGg ;lsg] 

cj:yf 5}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf k':tsfnox?df ;Lldt kf7\o ;fdfu|L 5g\ \ . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf s'g} klg k':tsfnodf sfg"g ;+jGwL ljljw klqsfx? / zf]w 

klqsfx? 5}gg\ . ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] k':tsfno klg ;'ljwfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] kof{Kt 

5}g, g t kf7\o ;fdfu|Lsf] lx;fjn] g} ;+kGg 5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] k':tsfnodf 

s'g} cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g ;DjGwL hg{n / ;fdlos klqsf ;d]t k|fKt 5}gg\ . kof{Kt 

cg';Gwfg ;fdfu|L ljgf :t/Lo km};nf n]Vg sl7g x'G5 . 

cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df csf] { rf;f]sf] If]q xf], ef}lts ;fwgsf] 

plrt of]hgf, h'g cfh ePs} 5}g . ;j} sfdx? sfd rnfp eGg] vfnsf dfq 

5g\ \ . ePsf] l;ldt ah]6 k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ;'lgof]lht 9+uaf6 k|of]u x'g] 

u/]sf] 5}g . 

GofofwLz / cGo clws[tx? tyf sd{rf/Lx? jLr ;+rf/ k|0ffnL ;xL 9+un] 

Jojl:yt 5}g . o;n] cbfntsf] b}lgs sfo{ ;'rf??kn] ;+rfng ug] { s'/fdf k|efj 

kfb{5 . To;sf/0f cbfnt k|zf;gnfO{ dha't agfpg /lhi6«f/ / ;x–/lhi6«f/ ;fy} 

cGo clws[tx?sf] lgoldt cGt/lqmof, e]63f6 cfof]hgf ug'{ 

clt cfjZos 5 . 

cbfnt kl/;/ / sf]7fx?;Ddsf] kx'Fr 

Jojl:yt 5}g / lgoldt ul/Psf] 

klg 5}g . cbfnt ejgx?sf] ;+ef/ klg clt bogLo 5 . ;/;kmfO{ csf] { ;d:of 

xf] . cbfntsf] ;+ef/ / ;]jfsf] nflu 5'§} zfvf tf]lsPsf] 5}g . cbfntsf 

>]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lx?sf lqmofsnfksf] plrt cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cefj 5 . 

85


oL sd{rf/Lx? cbfntsf dxTjk"0f{ ;]jf k|bfos x'g . pgLx?nfO{ tflnd lbg] / 

plrt cg'zf;g l;sfpg] ljifodf s'g} Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g . 

ah]6sf] kl/lwdf /x]/ ul/g] vr{sf] k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf] 5}g, h;n] ubf{ 

s'g} h?/L / ckl/xfo{ sfd k/L cfPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos /sdsf] 

Joj:yf ug] { sfo{df ;d:of pTkGg x'g hfG5 . e}/x]sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;d'lrt dd{t 

;Def/ ug] {lt/ eGbf gofF ;fdfu|L lsGg]lt/ al9 rf;f] b]vfOPsf] kfO{G5 . 

r= ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yfM 

Gofokflnsfsf] ;jf] {Ts[i6tf o;nfO{ k|fKt clVtof/Lsf] cfwf/df k/LIf0f x'g] 

geP/ o;jf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / ;f] sf] cfwf/df lgld{t hgcf:yfsf] 

cfwf/df x'G5 . Gofokflnsfn] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg, hgtfsf] rfxgf, sfg"gL Joj:yf 

/ hgk|ltlglwx?åf/f k|bQ clVtof/L leq /x]/ sfd ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] 

;Dkfbgn] Go"gtd nfut / kl/>ddf oyf;dodf ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L / :jR5 Gofo 

x'g'kg] { s'/fnfO{ hgfp5 . 

Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yfsf] s'/f ubf{ /fHosf c? c+ux?sf] t'ngfdf 

cem}klg Gofokflnsf k|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf / e/f];f a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 oBlk of] 

ck]Iff ul/P cg'?k 5}g xf]nf . t/ olQs}df ;Gtf]if lnP/ a:g] cj:yf eg] 5}g . 

cfjZostf cg';f/ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L 9+ujf6 ;]jf k|bfg u/]/ hgcf:yf j[l4 ug{ 

w]/} k|of;x? ug'{kg] 

{ l:ylt 5 . 

dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} Gofokflnsfjf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df 

;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] oyf;dodf Gofo k|bfg ug'{ 

xf] . Gofokflnsfsf] 

k|d'v ;/f]sf/ d'2fsf] km};nf ;dodf ug'{ 

xf] . t/ tf]lsPsf] ;do leq d'2fsf] 

km};nf ug{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df lgs} ufx|f] 5 . o;}n] klg Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] 

hgcf:yf x|f; e}/x]sf] 5 . olb Goflos k|lqmof o:t} u/L nfdf], em0eml6nf] / 

vlr{nf] x'g] xf] eg] cfkm"nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] ljifodf pkrf/sf nflu hgtf u}/Goflos 

;+:yfx?df hfg] k|j[lQ j9\g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . 

Gofokflnsfsf] jt{dfg sfo{l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . Goflos sf/jfxLsf] 

x/]s r/0fdf l9nfO JofKt 5 . o;}u/L sd nfutdf k|efjsf/L / :jR5 Gofo 

86


;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ klg w]/} d'2fx?df x'g g;s]sf] hgu'gf;f] 5 . s] klg u'gf;f] ug] { 

ul/Psf] 5 eg] cbfntL sfo{ljlw em0eml6nf] 5 / ePsf km};nfx? klg sd} dfq 

sfof{Gjog x'G5g\ \ . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] j}slNks -ADR_ k4lt h;n] Goflos 

k|lqmofdf x'g;Sg] l9nfO / vr{sf] ;d:ofnfO{ w]/}xb;Dd ;dfwfg lbg ;SbYof] Tof] 

klg plrt 9+udf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cbfntsf GofofwLz, 

clws[t / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]j[lQ o;sf pkof]ustf{x? -Users_ k|lt Tolt 

;xof]uL x'g;s]sf] 5}g . d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ k6s k6s :ylut x'g] k|rng j9\bf] 5 . 

olb d'2fsf kIfx?n] Gofo k|fKt ug{ jiff} { nfUg] xf] eg] To:tf] Gofon] cfqmf]; / 

g}/fZotf l;jfo c? s]xL k}bf ub} {g . jf:tjdf olb xfdLn] plrt ;dodf Gofo 

k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] l9nfOn] GofonfO{ k/flht u5{ cyf{t l9nf] Gofo lbg' 

Gofo lbg OGsf/ ug'{ 

xf] eGg] plQm ;f+rf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfpF5 . 

clxn] sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] z'Ns tf]Sg] s'g} sfg"g 5}g . To;}n] sltko 

u/Lj kIfx? s]xL sfg"g Joj;foLx?jf6 kLl8t ePsf 5g\ \ . s'g}klg cfrf/xLg 

lqmofsnfkn] kl/0ffdtM Gofokflnsfsf] k|lti7fdf cfFr NofpF5 . o;}u/L d'2fsf 

txlssftstf{ / cleof]hgstf{sf uNtLx?nfO{ klg slxn] sfFxL cbfntsf] uNtLsf] 

?kdf lng] ul/G5 . slxn]sfFxL ;+rf/ dfWoddf x'g] Goflos ;"rgfx?sf] unt 

k|jfxsf] sf/0fjf6 klg cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxL k|lt ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf e|d / 

cfz+sf k}bf x'G5 / cGttf]uTjf Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yf 36\g hfG5 . 

o;sf ;fy} s]xL u}/Goflos tTjx?jf6 klg Gofokflnsfsf] Gofo ;Dkfbg 

sfo{ k|efljt x'g k'Ub5 . h:tf] åGb nufotsf cGo sf/0fx?n] ubf{ d'2fsf 

k|ltjfbL / ;fIfLx?nfO{ cbfntn] Dofb ;"rgfx? tfd]n ug{ ;Sb}g h'g d'2f 

km5\of} {6df l9nfO{ x'g'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f e}/x]sf] 5 . slxn]sfFxL cGo ;/sf/L 

Pj+ :yfgLo lgsfosf] c;xof]usf] sf/0f km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf 

x'G5 . t/ o;sf nflu klg cf/f]k Gofokflnsfn] g} Joxf]g'{ 

k/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] 

o:tf cjfl~5t u}/Goflos tTjx?jf6 GofokflnsfnfO{ arfpg :j:y d"Nof+sg 

k|0ffnL ljsf; x'g' h?/L 5 . 

g]kfndf Goflos ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] ;+oGq klg Hofb} sdhf]/ 5 . Gofokflnsf 

k|ltsf] hgcf:yf cfh{g ug{ ;' 'wf/ ug'{ 

kg] { csf] { If]q ToxfF sfo{/t GofofwLz / 

87


sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'Nofpg' xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm Gofokflnsfsf] 

sfo{;Dkfbg cGo ljleGg s'/fx?df klg lge{/ ub{5 h;nfO{ o; of]hgfdf 5'6[ } 

ljj]rgf ul/g] 5 . 

5= GofoIf]q Ot/sf / Gofo If]q leqsf ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;xof]uM 

;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ Gofo k|bfg ug] { /fHosf] h'g clwsf/ 

ljleGg cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox?nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 To:tf] clwsf/sf] ;Dkfbg 

c? If]qsf ;+:yfx?sf] ;fy{s ;xof]u / ;dy{g ljgf x'g ;Sb}g . Gofo If]q leqsf 

o:tf ;+:yfx?df k|x/L, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo 

Joj:yf dGqfno / sfg"g Joj;foL kb{5g\ \ hf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft Pj+ 

cleof]hg / jx; ug{df xf];\ cyjf cfjZos sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ug{df xf];\, 

GofokflnsfnfO{ cfjZos kg] { ;|f]t / ;fwg h'6fpgdf xf];\ cyjf Gofokflnsfdf 

sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{df xf];\ k|ToIf ?kn] ;+nUg /x]sf x'G5g\\ . 

Gofo If]q;+u ;DjlGwt t/ Gofo If]q jflx/sf cGo ;+:yfx? klg 5g\ hf] 

Gofo;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df k|ToIf?kn] ;+nUg t x'b}gg\ t/ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf 

cbfntsf] sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u ug] { / k|efj kfg] { ub{5g\ \ . o:tf s]xL ;+:yfx?df 

:yfgLo lgsfo nufotsf cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox?, ;+rf/ dfWod, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 

/ bft[ ;+:yfx? kb{5g\ \ . 

;xof]u eg]sf] b'OtkmL{ cfbfg k|bfgsf] ljifo xf] . ;xof]u ;DaGwL w]/} 

s'/fx? GofokflnsfnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;xof]usf] k|sf/, o;sf] v'nfkg, c? 

;+:yfx?;+u sfd ug] { OR5f / ;xof]u k|fKt ug] { snf cflb h:tf s'/fx?df lge{/ 

ub{5 . t/ ljleGg ;+:yfx?df cf—cfkm\gf] e"ldsf k|lt plrt ;dembf/Lsf] 

cefjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ Gofokflnsf / Gofo If]q leq Pj+ jflx/sf ;+:yfx? jLrsf] 

;xof]usf] :t/ / ;Ldf k|efljt x'Fb} 

cfPsf] 5 . 

Gofo If]qsf ;+:yfx? dWo] k|x/L, ;/sf/L jlsn / sfg"g Joj;foL ;j}eGbf 

k|d'v x'g\ . k/fdz{ sfo{qmdsf jvt w]/} ;xefuLx?jf6 ljrf/ JoQm ul/Pcg';f/ 

j}olQms txdf oL ;+:yfx?;+u cbfntsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] 5 t/ ;+:yfut ;Dks{sf 

nflu ;+oGqsf] cefjdf o; lsl;dsf] j}olQms ;DaGw vf;} glthfd'vL x'g ;s]s]f 

88


5}g . Pp6f s] s'/f dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 eg] oBlk Gofo;Dkfbgsf] clGtd hjfkmb]xL 

cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 t/ cg';Gwfgsf] q'l6 / unt cleof]hgsf] sf/0fn] 

cbfntsf] of] hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug] { sfo{df uDeL/ ;Ldfx? v8f ul/Psf 5g\ . 

s'g} d'2fdf cbfntn] k'gM cg';Gwfg ug] { cfb]z lbg ;Sg] Pj+ cg';Gwfg unt 

tl/sfn] ePsf] nfu]df cg';Gwfg s} jvt klg lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] h'g lsl;dsf] 

clwsf/ @)$& ;fn ;Dd GofokflnsfnfO{ k|fKt lyof] To:tf] lsl;dsf] clwsf/ 

cbfntnfO{ xfn gePsf] sf/0fn] cg';Gwfgdf hlt;'s} uDeL/ q'l6 ePklg 

cbftnn] ;Rofpg ;Sb}g / kl/0ffd:j?k Gofosf] bf]ifnfO{ klg ;'wfg{ ;lsb}g . 

lhNnf:t/df sfg"gL / cGo ;+:yfx? jLr pko'Qm ;+rf/ / ;dGjosf] cefjsf] 

sf/0f hg;fwf/0fdf o:tf] 5fk k/]s]f 5 ls Gofo If]q leqsf tLgj6f ;+:yfx? 

tLg km/s km/s lbzftkm{ bf}l8/x]sf 5g\ \ / h;jf6 Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df 

k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] 5 . 

k|x/L / ;/sf/L jlsnsf] ;xof]u cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ePkl5 klg 

;'g'jfOsf] x/]s r/0fdf cfjZos k5{ . h:tf] d'2fsf kIf / ;fIfLx?nfO{ ;dfJxfg 

tfd]n ug{ Pj+ cbfntjf6 hf/L ePsf] jf/]06 jdf]lhd dfG5] kqmfp ug{ k|x/Lsf] 

;xof]u geO x'Fb}g 

. cbfntn] vf]h]sf] jvt ;fIfL k|df0f k|x/Ln] g} pkl:yt 

u/fpg' kg] { x'G5 . k|df0fsf] j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf nflu klg k|x/Lsf] ;xof]u ck]lIft 

/xG5 / cGtdf km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg k|x/Lsf] ;xof]u dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . 

t/ k|x/Ljf6 cfjZostf cg'?ksf] ;xof]u gkfOPsf w]/} pbf/x0fx? 5g\ \ h;n] 

ubf{ Goflos sfd sf/jfxLx? k|efljt aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;fIfL pkl:yt 

u/fpg] / jskq u/fpg] sfo{df ;/sf/L jlsnsf tkm{jf6 klg cfjZostf 

cg'?ksf] ?rL glnPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ :yugsf nflu ;/sf/L 

jlsnjf6 ul/g] k6s k6ssf] cg'/f]wn] klg cbfntL l9nfOnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 . 

w]/}h;f] t/fO / dWo kxf8L lhNnfx?df sfg"g Joj;foLsf] kof{Kt pkl:ylt /x]sf] 

5 . s]xL lxdfnL lhNnfx?df dfq sfg"g Joj;foLx? g/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . w]/}h;f] 

d'2fx? sfg"g Joj;foLx?åf/f bfo/ ul/G5g\ \ / lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq Pj+ 

k'g/fj]bgkq cflbsf] d:of}bfdf ltgLx?s} e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . sfg"g Joj;foLx? 

;fIfL k/LIf0fsf ;fy} d'2fsf] jx; / k}/jLdf klg ;+nUg /x]sf x'G5g\ . u/Lj Pj+ 

89


c;xfosf lglDt sfg"gL ;xfotf pknAw u/fpgdf klg sfg"g Joj;foL s} 

;+:yfsf] hjfkmb]xL /x]sf] x'G5 . 

sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;fdfGotof Gofo?kL /ysf] b"O kfª\u|f dWo]sf] Pp6f 

dfGg] ul/G5 . To;}n] Pp6f dfq kfª\u|f -cbfnt_ n] Gofo?kL /ynfO{ ;xL lbzfdf 

n}hfg ;Sb}g hj;Dd csf] { kfªu|f -sfg"g Joj;foL_ n] plrt tj/jf6 sfd ub} { {g 

. s]xL jif{ otf sfg"g Joj;foL / cbfnt jLrsf] cGt/lqmofdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . 

cbfntsf lgodfjnL cGtu{t cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g kl5 of] k|lqmofdf 

cem yk jn ldn]sf] 5 . sfg"g Joj;foL;+usf] c;dembf/L / c;xdlt x6fpg 

o; lsl;dsf] lgoldt cGt/lqmof pkof]uL l;4 ePsf] 5 . t/ Gofosf] :t/Lotfdf 

c;/ kfg] { k|d'v tTj rflx+ sfg"g Jofj;foLx?sf] Jofj;flos bIftf xf] eGg] 

s'/fnfO{ eg] la;{g ;ls+b}g . 

Gofosf] u'0f:tl/otf w]/} xb;Dd sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] u'0f:t/, ltgLx?sf] 

tfls{s Ifdtf / Jofj;flos cfr/0fdf lge{/ ub{5 . oL s'/fx? lgoldt ?kdf 

ul/g] e]63f6 / cGt/lqmofjf6 dfq a9\g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu sfg"gL lzIff / 

sfg"g Joj;foLdf k|j]zsf nflu sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifbåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g] cfwf/ 

w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kl/kfngnfO{ s7f]/ ?kdf 

cjnDag ul/Pg eg] sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf jLr g} cJofj;flos cfr/0fn] j9fjf 

kfpg] lglZrt 5 . sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] cdof{lbt / cg}lts cfr/0f lgoGq0f ug{ 

Pj+ cof]Uo sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ k]zfdf k|j]z ug{jf6 /f]Sg sfg"g Joj;foL 

kl/ifb\ Tolt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghL sfg"g Joj;foL / ;/sf/L jlsn 

b'j} tkm{jf6 d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ :yugsf nflu k6s k6s ul/g] cg'/f]w, q'6Lk"0f{ 

d:of}bf / jx;, ;fy;fy} s]xL sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] k]zfut dof{bf ljk/Ltsf 

cfr/0f Pj+ rsf] { z'Ns h:tf ultljlwsf] sf/0f l56f]5l/tf], sd vlr{nf] / 

k|efjsf/L Gofo ;Dkfbgdf c;/ kl//x]s]f 5 . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf xfn} 

ul/Psf] ;+zf]wgjf6 nfdf] ;dob]lv ljBdfg Ohnf; /f]Hg] ;d:of lhNnf 

cbfntx?df s]xL sd ePsf] 5 t/ klg k'g/fj]bg / ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf of] ;d:of 

/lx/x]sf] sf/0f k6s k6s :ylut ug]{ / l9nfO{ ug] { k|j[lQ sfod} 5 . 

90


GofokflnsfnfO{ cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] klg xflb{s ;xof]u / ;dy{gsf] 

h?/t kb{5 . logLx? dWo] klg sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] e"ldsf cem a9L 

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lsgeg] cbfntsf] ;/sf/;+usf] ;Dks{sf nflu oxL dGqfno 

hjfkmb]xL x'G5 . Gofosf] :tl/otf j[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg] { sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f ug] { 

lhDd]jf/L klg o;}sf] x'G5 . cfh Gofokflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] ljleGg ;d:ofx? 

dWo] k'/fgf] e};s]sf sfg"g / lgodx?sf] ljBdfgtf klg Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of xf] . 

;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfdf sfg"g k'g/fjnf]sgsf] k|:tfjn] :yfg kfpg jfFsL g} 5 . 

;jn sfg"gL cfwf/ lagf ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ x'g ;Sb}g . jt{dfg 

;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 klg sfg"gL ;'wf/sf If]qdf s'g}klg 7f]; sfd gu/L xfdLn] 

w]/} ;do v]/ kmfn]sf 5f} + . clxn] b]jfgL, kmf}hbf/L / sfo{ljlw sfg"gx?nfO{ 

cBfjlws t'Nofpg] k|lqmof yfngL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 

ljsf; sfo{qmd -UNDP_ nfO{ wGojfb lbg} kg] { x'G5 . 

cem} klg sd k|fyldtfdf k/]sf] csf] { If]q xf] ljZjljBfno / cGo 

cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?;+usf] Gofokflnsfsf] ;DaGw . Gofokflnsf;+u sfg"gL lzIff, 

cg';Gwfg / sfg"gL ;'wf/sf jf/]df g s'g} gLlt 5 g o:tf ;+:yfx?sf] 

lqmofsnfkdf cfkm\gf] s'g} xft g} 5 . 

clxn] cbfntdf cfPsf dWo] w]/} d'2fx? hUuf hldg;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ \ . 

hUuf hldgsf] btf{ ;| ]:tf nufotsf clen]vx? dfnkf]t, u'7L ;+:yfg / gfkL 

sfof{nodf /xG5g\ \ . t/ oL clen]vx? Jojl:yt ?kjf6 /fVg] / vf]h]sf] jvt kQf 

nufpg ;lsg] k|lqmofsf] cefjsf] sf/0f hUuf hldg ;DaGwL d'2fsf] sfd 

sf/jfxL k|efljt ePsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] d'2fx?df cbfntn] lemsfPsf] sfuhkq oL 

sfof{nox?jf6 gcfPsf] sf/0f jiff} { +;Dd cbfntdf d'2f To;} ylGsP/ /xg' k/]sf] 

x'G5 . sltko sfof{nox?n] ;dodf hjfkm;Dd lb+b}gg\ . slxn]sfFxL t lwªGofO 

ug] { o:tf sfof{nosf clws[t / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cbfntn] hl/jfgf ;Dd klg ug{ 

jfWo x'g'kb{5 . t/ olt ubf{ klg ;j} jvt ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lg:sg ufx|f] x'G5 . 

cbfntnfO{ ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] 

;xof]u klg plQs} h?/t kb{5 . h:tf] ls Dofb tfd]n ubf{, ljjflbt hUufsf] 

gfkhfFr ubf{, 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf tof/ ubf{, cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ubf{ 

91


ltgLx?sf] pkl:ylt cfjZos x'G5 . tyflk oL lgsfox?;+usf] ;dGjosf] cefj 

Pj+ d'n'ssf] Pp6f gful/ssf] x}l;otn] ltgLx?n] lgjf{x ug'{kg] 

{ st{Jo / e"ldsf 

k|ltsf] ;+r]ttfsf] sldsf] sf/0fn] klg cbfntn] logLx?jf6 ck]lIft ;xof]u k|fKt 

ug{ ;s]s]f 5}g . 

k|hftGqdf Gofokflnsfn] cfkm" PSn} cnu /x]/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] kl/sNkgf 

ug{ ;lsb}g . o;n] c? If]q;+u klg plrt sfo{;DaGw sfod /fVg'kg] { x'G5 . l9n} 

ePklg o;s]f cGo cgf}krfl/s If]q;+usf] ;DaGwn] dxTj kfO/x]sf] 5 . 

oL dWo]sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;DjGw ;+rf/If]q;+usf] ;DaGw xf] . jf:tjdf 

;+rf/ If]qjf6 ul/g] lgoldt cg'udgn] cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf / 

hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpF5 . cbfnt / ;+rf/ If]q jLrsf] ;DaGwdf eg] w]/} ;d:ofx? 

5g\ \ . k|ydtM cbfnt;+u ;"rgf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/L k|0ffnL 5}g . w]/} cbfntx?df 

;f]wk'5 sIf ;Dd klg 5}g . cGo s]xL cbfntx?df cbfntdf nfUg] b:t'/ / cGo 

dxTjk"k0f{ ljifodf ;j}n] b]Vg ;Sg] u/L ;"rgf /flvPsf] kfOb}g . ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

jfx]s c? s'g}klg cbfntdf k|jQmf 5}g . cbfnt;+u g ;+rf/ ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? 

pk/ ljrf/ ug] { / sf/jfxL ug] { s'g} 5'6[ } ljefu 5 g t k| ];sfplG;n tyf cGo 

;+rf/ ;+:yfx?;+u s'g} ;Dks{ / ;DaGw 5 . 

xfn w]/}h;f] ;dfrf/ kqx?n] ;"rgf ;+sngsf nflu sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ 

pkof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL xb;Dd o;n] cbfntL sf/jfxLsf jf/]df :j:y 

;dfrf/ ;Dk| ]if0fdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg g} k'¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ cem klg cbfnt / 

;+rf/If]q jLrsf] ;DaGwdf vl6\sPsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] ;Dk| ]lift ;dfrf/sf] ;TotYo 

osLg ug] { / k|dfl0fs/0f ug] { k|lqmofsf] ;j{yf cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] 

;dfrf/x? ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVg] cj;/ g} glbO k|;fl/t x'G5g\ \ . 

s'g} j]nf cfwf/lxg ;dfrf/sf jf/]df cbfntjf6 v08g / :kli6s/0f k7fOof] eg] 

klg tL 5flkb}gg\ hj ls o:tf v08gx? klxn] ;dfrf/ 5flkPs} k[i7 / sf]nddf 

5fKg' kqklqsfsf] d"ne"t st{Jo g} dflgG5 . hj ;dfrf/kqx?df cfwf/lxg 

;dfrf/x? 5flkG5g\ \ o;n] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] b[li6df Gofokflnsfsf] k|lti7fnfO{ 

36fpF5 / cbfnt Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ Gofo k|0ffnL k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf cfFr k'¥ofp+5 . 

92


/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? Pj+ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t 

;+:yfx?nfO{ cfhsn kfFrf} /fHosf] ?kdf :jLsfg] { ul/G5 . oL dWo] w]/} ;+:yfx?n] 

Gofo If]q / Gofo If]q leqsf] s]xL vf; ljifodf Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu sfd u/]sf 

5g\ . ;jf] {Rr cbfnt / Gofo kl/ifb;+u ;xsfo{ u/L Gofo If]qdf sfd ug] { s]xL 

pNn]vgLo ;+:yfx?df GofofwLz ;dfh g]kfn, k|f]=klJns, Gofod~r, ;]n8{, dlxnf 

sfg"g tyf ljsf; d~r -FWLD_, Nofs, g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh cflb 5g\ . oL 

;+:yfx?n] n}l‹s Gofo, afn Gofo, kmf}hbf/L Gofo, jftfj/0fLo sfg"g / Gofo 

h:tf sfg"g / Gofosf hNbfjNbf ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug] {, cGtlqmof, uf]i7L 

/ 5nkmn sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ug] { u/]sf 5g\ . 

o;sf cltl/Qm w]/} bft[ lgsfo / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?n] GofoIf]qsf] 

;'wf/sf nflu ;xof]u ug{ ?rL b]vfPsf 5g\ . UNDP, USAID, ADB, the Asia 

Foundation, DANIDA h:tf ;+:yfx?n] Goflos ;'wf/sf nflu ulx/f] cle?rL 

b]vfPsf 5g\ . s]xL c? ;+:yfx? ;fj+ {hlgs ;/f]sf/sf d'2fx? p7fpg], dfgj 

clwsf/sf] jsfnt ug] { / b08 k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug] { sfo{df ;+nUg 5g\ . ltgLx? 

;jf] {Rr cbfnt / cGo cbfntsf] ;Dks{df slxn]sfxL cfpF5g\ . t/ bft[ 

lgsfo;+usf] ;DaGwsf] jf/]df 7f]; gLltsf] cefjsf] sf/0f bft[ ;d'bfojf6 kmfObf 

lng / ltgLx?nfO{ Goflos ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fpg Gofokflnsf c;kmn 

e}/x]sf] 5 . 

s] elgG5 eg] Gofo kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] lsNnf leqsf] j:t' -Cloistered 

Virtue_ xf]Og . of] ;dfh;+u ;fk]lIft x'g'kb{5 . jf:tjdf ;dfhn] g} sfg"g / 

Gofosf] ?k/]vf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;dfh;+u hLjGt ;DaGw sfod /fVgsf nflu 

GofofwLzx? ;fdflhs hLjgsf] ljleGg kIfx?;+u kof{Kt ?kdf kl/lrt x'g'kg] { 

x'G5 . sfg"gL k4ltsf] ljsf; / ;Djw{gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFg' GofofwLzx?sf] 

d"ne"t lqmofsnfk leq} kg] { s'/f xf] . To;}n] GofofwLzsf] ;dosf] l;h{gfTds 

pkof]usf] ljifonfO{ ljZjJofkL ?kd} dxTj lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, 

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / Sofgf8f h:tf d'n'sx?df GofofwLzx? ljbfsf] ;dodf 

ljZjljBfnodf uP/ k|jrg lbg] / k9fpg] ;d]t sfd u5{g\ . xfd| } l5d]sL d'n's 

ef/tdf klg gd"gf sfg"g ljBfnosf] :yfkgfdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?n] 

93


dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . h:tf] c;Lsf] clGtd lt/ :yflkt ef/tsf] /fli6«o 

sfg"g ljBfno -National Law School_ sf] ;+/Ifs ef/tsf k|wfgGofofwLz 5g\ . 

o;}u/L snsQf, cfGw|k|b]z / /fh:yfgsf d'Vo GofofwLzx?n] klg cf—cfkm\gf] 

;DalGwt /fHox?df gd"gf sfg"g ljBfnosf] :yfkgfdf xfn dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 

lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . 

GofofwLzx?åf/f k|lzIf0f lbg], n]Vg] / sfo{kq k|:t't ug] { ul/gfn] sfg"g 

;d'bfonfO{ ljleGg ?kjf6 nfe k'Ug ;Sb5 . GofofwLzx?sf lglDt ljsf; ug{ 

nfluPsf] ljZjJofkL cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf ;Gbe{df Pp6} dfq ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg] { 

ljifo s] 5 eg] ltgLx? s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] :yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf /xg' x'+b}g 

/ 

cfkm\gf] cbfntsf] ;dodf Jojwfg gcfcf];\ eGg] tkm{ ;ts{ /xg' kb{5 . o; 

ljifodf klg g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] 7f]; gLlt gePsf] sf/0f GofofwLzx? jLr g} 

/ c? If]qsf JolQmx? jLr cGof}n l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . 

h= e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf lgoGq0f 

kl/ro 

;fdfGo cf:yf / ljZjf; cfh{g ug'{sf] 

;6[f g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] cfh 

l9nfO / clgoldttf h:tf s'/fx?sf] cfnf]rgf ;xg' k/]sf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhåf/f 

k|sflzt cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf / ;+rf/ dfWoddf GofokflnsfnfO{ cS;/ u/]/ dGb 

ultdf rln/x]s]f, ;fj{hlgs cfnf]rgf k|lt s'g} k/jfx gePsf] / ;fj{hlgs 

5fgljgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;s]sf] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cf} +Nofpg] ul/Psf] 

5 . cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfox?n] ltgLx?sf] ;'zf;g ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf slxn]sf+xL 

g]kfnsf] GofokflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] uNtL / clgoldttfx? ;Rofpg g;Sg] ;+:yfsf] 

?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . hltj]nf e|i6frf/ lj?4 cf} +nf 78\ofOG5 Toltj]nf 

Gofokflnsf klg c5'tf] /x]sf] 5}g . w]/} cbfntsdL{x?n] h'g s'/f k|sflzt ul/Psf] 

x'G5 To;k|lt vf;} jf:tf /fVb}gg\ / ;+rf/ dfWod nufotdf cfpg] ljleGg 

cfnf]rgfx?nfO{ e|dk"0f{, cbfntsf] jf:tljs ;d:of j'em\b} gj'emL cfwf/lxg 

tj/jf6 n]lvPsf] eGb} ;txL ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . o;}u/L Gofokflnsfn] Pp6f 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfkm\gf] uNtLx?sf] d"Nof+sg ug] {, cfkm" pk/ nfu]sf] 

94


cf/f]ksf] 5fgljg ug] {, s'g} u'gf;f]x? eP ltgsf] lgsf; lbg] / uNtL Pj+ 

clgoldttfx? ;Rofpg] tyf s'g} jbdf;Lx? ePsf] eP ltgnfO{ sf/jfxL ug] { 

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ 

. Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg dfq 

xf]Og d'n'sjf6} e|i6frf/nfO{ lgd{ 'n ug{ klg Gofokflnsf leqsf] e|i6frf/ / 

clgoldttfsf] k|Zgdf 5fgljg x'g' h?/L 5 . hj;Dd xfdLn] e|i6frf/ / 

clgoldttf ePsf] eGg] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] jf cfkm}df ePsf] ;j} kIfx?df 

cWoog ug] { / Gofo If]q leqsf Pj+ jflx/sf ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf 

cfjZostfg';f/ t'?Gt sf/jfxL ug] { ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ub{ } {gf} + tj;Dd Gofokflnsf 

k|ltsf] hgwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g x'g] ck]Iff klg sd} dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . 

jf:tjdf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] k|Zg cGo s}og\ k|Zgx?;+u ufFl;Psf] 

5 . oL k|Zgx?df ljnDjsf/L cbfntL sfo{ljlw, Gofok"0f{ sfg"gsf] cefj, 

GofofwLzx?sf] q'l6k"0f{ lgo'lQm k|lqmof, Gofokflnsfsf] hgzlQmsf] egf{ / 

j[lQljsf;sf] k|lqmof, GofofwLz tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf, d'2f 

Joj:yfkg / ;]jfsf] :t/df ;'wf/, :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf, cfjZos ;fwg / ;|f]t 

Pj+ k"jf{wf/x?sf] pknAwtf, cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ;"qkft / k|of]u tyf GofoIf]q / 

cGo ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u cflb;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] nfUb5 eg] 

Gofokflnsfdf ul/g] ;'wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 e|i6frf/ Pj+ clgoldttf lgoGq0fsf] 

k|Zg d'Vo ljifo xf] t/ o; ljifodf ckgfOg] PsfÍL b[li6sf]0f eg] w]/} ;+s'lrt 

x'g]5 . 

k|ydtM e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf eGg] s'/f s'g} sfd ug'{ 

jf gug'{ 

Pj+ To:tf] 

kl/l:yltdf Gofokflnsfn] sf/jfxL ug{ g;Sg'sf kl/0ffd x'g\ . s]xL ;d:ofx? 

cfGtl/s tj/jf6} l;h{gf ul/Psf x'G5g\ t/ cGo s]xL ;d:ofx? eg] 

Gofokflnsfdf cGoqjf6} y'lk|Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{ 

;Dkfbgdf sfg"g Joj;foL, k|x/L, cleof]Qmf, / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox? h:tf 

Gofokflnsf jflx/sf ;+:yfx?sf] k|ToIf e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ;+:yfx?sf] kf/bzL{ 

Jojxf/, ;lqmo Pj+ /rgfTds ;xof]u ljgf Gofokflnsfn] PSn} cfkm\gf] sfo{ 

k|efjsf/L tj/jf6 ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm Gofokflnsf :jo+n] klg 

cfkm\gf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt t'Nofpg plrt e"ldsf lgefpg' k5{ 

95


. clxn] b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ s]xL gu/L To;} 5f]8\g ldNb}g . o; ;DaGwdf 

Gofokflnsfn] pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ 9+un] sfd ug'{ 

h?/L 5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L 

clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ljifonfO{ 5nkmnsf] Pp6f k|d'v ljifosf] 

?kdf lnO{ pko'Qm /0fgLlts pkfox? k|:tfljt ul/Psf] 5 . 

If]lqo k/fdz{ sfo{qmdsf jvt ;xefuLx?n] w]/} ;d:ofx? p7fPsf lyP 

h;nfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M— 

� GofofwLzx?n] k|ltåGbfTds jftfj/0fdf sfd ug'{k5{ 

hxfF xfg] { kIfn] slxNo} 

klg cfkm\gf] d'2f sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0f xf/]sf] eg]/ :jLsfb} {g / hlxn] klg 

cfkm"nfO{ Gofo ePg elg/xG5 . jftfj/0fn] klg To:tf] ;f]rfO{ jgfpg 

;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . o:tf] l:yltdf hlxn] klg GofofwLzx?sf lj?4df 

cfwf/lxg ph'/Lx? kg] { ;+efjgf /xG5 . To;}n] GofofwLzx?n] cf:yfsf] 

w/f]x/sf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kb wf/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf 

pgLx?sf] 

:jR5tf / lgikIftfdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cfz+sf / clgZro g/xg] u/L 

sfd ug] { e/eUb'/ k|of; ug'{k5{ 

. 

� ;+rf/ dfWoddf cfpg] GofofwLzx? lj?4sf cf/f]kx?nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ 

GofofwLx?nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'Nofpg jgfOPsf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL 

;+oGqx?nfO{ ;jn jgfOg' kg] { b]lvG5 tfls GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm / 

j9'jfdf g}ltstf, kl/>d, sNkgflzntf / :jR5 b[li6sf]0fn] plrt dxTj 

kfcf];\ . GofofwLzx?nfO{ cgfjZos / cg'lrt tj/n] ;+/If0f ul/Ps]f 

dx;'; s;}n] ug{ gkfcf];\ . oL ;j} kIfx?df x]g] { clwsf/ Gofo kl/ifbnfO{ 

/x]sf] x'Fbf 

o;n] a9L k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ 9+udf t'?Gt sfd ug'{k5{ 

. 

� cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d"n ;d:of ltgLx?sf] ;+Vof 

/ ;]jf zt{sf] sf/0fjf6 l;h{gf x'G5 . k|ydtM cfg'kflts lx;fjn] ;j}eGbf 

7"nf] ;+Vof /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] /x]sf] 5 hf] sfg"g / Gofosf] 

ljifodf sRr} 5g\ . bf];|f], cGo ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ;/x ltgLx?sf] lgo'lQm, 

;?jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf klg ;f]xL lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL g} 

nfu' x'g] ePsf]n] Goflos kbflwsf/Lx? h;sf] dftxtdf ltgLx?n] sfd 

u5{g\ :jtGq tj/n] b08 / k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug] { clwsf/ kfPsf 5}gg\ . 

96


GofofwLzx? aLr ePsf] 5nkmndf s] s'/f b]lvof] eg] nf]s;]jf cfof]u;+u 

k/fdz{ ug] { k|0ffnL x6fOg'kg] { / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] of]Uotf / ;]jfsf] 

zt{ lgwf{/0f ug] { 5'6[ } lgodfjnL jgfOg' kg] { wf/0ff k|jn aGb} cfPsf] 5 . 

/fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] c;dfg'kflts ;+VofnfO{ 36fP/ dgfl;j 

;Ldf leq NofOg'k5{ / cbfntnfO{ qmdzM clws[td"ns agfOg'k5{ . 

� cbfntx? ;"rgf k|;f/0fsf] ljifodf Psbd sdhf]/ 5g\ . cbfntdf hfg] 

dWo] yf]/}n] dfq cfkm"n] u/fpg rfx]sf] sfd s'g zfvfn] x]5{ egL kQf 

nufpg ;Sb5g\ . hgtf klg cbfntjf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jfx?sf] jf/]df ;r]t 

5}gg\ . To;}n] ;"rgf k|;f/0fsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofOg'k5{ . o; jfx]s 

;j{;fwf/0f hgtf;+u Jojxf/ ug] { cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx? ;lhn} klxrfg 

ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ / cbfntsf sf]7fx?nfO{ klg gDj/ lbOg'k5{ tfls 

hgtfn] cfkm\gf] sfd;+u ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ t'?Gt e]6\g ;sf];\ . 

� w]/} cbfntx?df ph'/L k]l6sf 5}g / ePs} 7fpFdf klg cbfntsf 

pkof]ustf{x? ph"/L v;fNg k|f]T;flxt kfOb}gg\ . c:j:y sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ 

;x]/ gj;L olb ph'/ ug'{kg] 

{ s'g} ljifo 5 eg] ph'/ ug] { ltgLx?sf] st{Jo 

k|lt ltgLx?nfO{ ;';"lrt ul/g' kb{5 . ph'/L k]l6sfx? s]jn Joy{sf] 

b]vfj6L xf] eGg] ;f]rfO x6fpg cbfntx?n] oyfzSo k|oTg ug'{k5{ 

. 

� lanDjsf/L cbfntL sfo{ljlwn] ubf{ sfg"gsf] c:j:y k|of]unfO{ 7fpF agfO 

lbPsf] 5 kmn:j?k clgoldttf a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{ 

;/n agfpg] k|oTg ul/g'k5{ / cbfntL km};nfjf6 k|efjsf/L pkrf/ kfOg] 

s'/fsf] lglZrttf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfgåf/f cfkm"nfO{ 

k|fKt lgod agfpg] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ 

/ cbfntx?nfO{ cfjZostf 

cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlwut lgodx? pknAw u/fO lbg' kb{5 . 

� Gofokflnsfn] cg'udg / ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cfGtl/s ;+oGq ljsf; ug' 

{k5{ 

h;jf6 cltoldttfx?nfO{ /f]Sg jf sd ug{ ;lsof];\ . 

� w]/} cbfntx?df ckof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] sf/0f cfjZosLo cbfntL 

;]jfx? klg cbfntsf pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt 5g\ . 

97


cbfntx? o;sf pkof]ustf{x?jf6 sfuh / kmfOn lng jfWo 5g\ h;n] 

ubf{ Gofokflnsf k|lt g} unt wf/0ff l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 . 

� ah]6sf] cefjsf] sf/0f cbfntdf w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf /flvPsf] sf]6{ lkmx? 

;dodf lkmtf{ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ah]6 s} ;Lldttfn] ubf{ cbfntdf 

km};nfx? sfof{Gjog ug] { sfo{ klg k|efljt aGg uPsf] 5 . 

� kmf]6f]slk d]l;g, sDKo"6/ h:tf pkof]ustf{ d}qL k|ljlwsf] Joj:yfjf6 

cbfntL ;]jfnfO{ l56f]5l/tf] / e/kbf] { agfpg d2t ldN5 . 

;'wf/sf oL ;dfGo If]qx?sf] cnfjf If]qLo k/fdz{ sfo{qmdsf jvt 

;xefuLx?n] dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefuåf/f cf} +NofOPsf slyt cfly{s 

clgoldttfsf] k|Zg klg p7fPsf lyP . w/} ;xefuLx?n] vr{nfO{ clgoldt 

hgfpg'sf] k5fl8 n]vfkl/Ifsx?sf] gsf/fTds wf/0ffnfO{ lhDd]jf/L 7x/fP . h:tf] 

pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb s'g} hl/jfgf nfu]sf] km/f/ kIf kqmfp k/\of] t/ p;n] 

hl/jfgf lt/]g eg] hl/jfgf glt/] jfkt p;nfO{ sf/fuf/df k7fOG5 . sf/fuf/df 

j;]sf] cjlwnfO{ hl/jfgf;+u ldnfg u/L ldgfxf ul/G5 . t/ n]vfkl/Ifsn] o;nfO{ 

a]?h' 7fG5g\ . o:tf c? w/} pbfx/0fx? kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] Goflos sfd 

sf/jfxLsf] ljz]if k|s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cbfntsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg'?ksf] 

cfly{s lgodfjnL th'{df 

u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg'k5{ . cem Gofokflnsf / 

dxfn]vfkl/Ifssf] ljefu jLr v'nf / ;xsfo{sf] z}nL ckgfO :ki6 gePsf] s'/fdf 

:ki6 ug] { / 5nkmn ug] { ul/Pdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] k|Zgdf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] 

b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf Pp6f ;Dks{ ;"q -Focal point_ :yfkgf 

u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu;+u 5nkmn ug] { / :ki6 ug'{kg] 

{ ljifodf ;DalGwt 

cbfnt jf kbflwsf/L;+u ;Dks{ u/fO lbg] ug{ ;lsG5 . 

GofofwLzx? ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/L lghL cb{nL lgo'Qm ug{ kfpg] u/L 

cfkm"x?nfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ klg s]jn g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt gePs} 

sf/0fn] dfq clgoldt egL cf} +NofOPsf] k|lt b'lvt 5g\ . pgxLx?sf cg';f/ olb 

;f] ;DaGwL ;"rgf /fhkqdf k|sflzt x'g}kg] { jfWofTds Joj:yf xf] eg] klg 

98


;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfon] pQm bfloTjjf6 klG5P/ a:g x'Fb}g 

. GofokflnsfnfO{ 

o; ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt x'g h?/L 5 . 

cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lghx?sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k'/f ug{ klg 

gk'Ug] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ul/Psf] / Hofb} ;fgf] cfly{s 

cg'zf;glxgtfsf nflu klg hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg] { ePsf] ;Gbe{df pgLx?sf] kfl/>lds 

j[l4 x'g'kg] { b]lvPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug] { w]/} lgsfox?n] cltl/Qm 

;'ljwfx? kfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] GofokflnsfnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . sfdsf] k|fljlws 

/ ;+j]bgzLn kIfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ Gofokflnsfsf w/}n] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] 

lgwf{/0f ubf{ Gofo ;]jfnfO{ ljz]if Jojxf/ ug'{kg] 

{ cfjZostf cf} +NofPsf 5g\ . t/ 

b'ef{Uojz cfh o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds / 

;'ljwf j[l4sf] ljifodf ;/sf/L pbfl;gtf -laxity_ sf w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ . w]/} 

GofofwLzx?n] ;'ljwfsf] ljifodf cfkm" ;/xsf lghfdtL clws[tx?sf] t'ngfdf 

e]befj ul/Psf] dxz'; u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfly{s ;'ljwfdf j[l4 

x'Fbf 

GofofwLzx?sf] ;lhn} j[l4 x'Fb}g 

. slxn]sfFxL :jtM j[l4 x'g'kg] { b}lgs e|d0f 

eQfsf] nflu klg GofofwLzx? jiff} { ;Dd ;xf/fljlxg ?kdf kv] {/ j:g' k/]sf] x'G5 . 

w]/} ;xefuLx?sf] ljrf/ s] kfOof] eg] sd{rf/L gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg ul/+bf 

GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] k|Zgdf klg Ps;fy ljrf/ ul/g' h?/L 5 . 

;f/f+zdf dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf ljleGg 

;|f]tx? 5g\ t/ ltgLx?sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+oGqx? klg 5g\ . h:tf] lg/Gt/ 

;ts{tf / k|efjsf/L ;'k/Lj]If0f h:tf pkfox?af6 o:tf clgoldt Jojxf/x?nfO{ 

Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . sfg"gsf] pNn3+gnfO{ s7f]/ b08sf] JofVof ul/of] eg] :jefj}n] 

kl/kfngfdf j[l4 x'G5 . ;'wf/df eGbf hlxn] klg /f]syfddf hf]8lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . 

Gofokflnsfdf ck]Iff ul/P cg'?k sfo{ x'g g;s]sf] egL u'gf;f] ug] { hgtfnfO{ 

Gofokflnsfn] plrt ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;Sg'df Gofokflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf 

;d:ofx?sf] jf/]df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' h?/L 5 . To;}n] slxn]sfFxL 

x'g] gsf/fTds k|rf/nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;sf ;d:ofx? / tL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ 

ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfox?sf jf/]df GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt ;+:yfx?n] ;/sf/ / 

;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' cTofjZos b]lvG5 . cg'zf;glxgtf / 

99


clgoldttf lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{sf 

cltl/Qm ;+rf/ 

dfWod nufot Gofo If]qsf c? stf{?n] klg Gofokflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf 

;d:ofx?sf ;Gbe{df plrt Wofg lbg'k5{ / Gofokflnsfsf ;Ldfx?sf ;fy} o;sf 

;kmntf / c;kmntfsf jf/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L ;lxt ;fj{hlgs jx; rnfpg 

d2t ug'{k5{ 

. Gofokflnsf :j+on] klg ;'wf/ / k|ultsf nflu ;lqmotf ckgfpg' 

k5{ . o;sf ;d:ofx?sf jf/]df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' k5{ . cfjZos 

;|f]t, ;fwg / ;xof]usf nflu k|oTg ug'{k5{ 

/ cfkm\gf] sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/bzL{tf 

Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtfdf j[l4 ug'{k5{ 

. cf/f]kx?sf] 5fgljg ug] { cfGtl/s k4lt / 

cfTdd"Nof+sg ug] { k|0ffnLn] u'gf;f]x?sf] lgsf; lbg] / clgoldttf Pj+ uNtLx? 

;Rofpg] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 / ;fy} uNtL ug] {x?sf lj?4df tTsfn} sf/jfxL ug] { 

k|lqmofn] Gofokflnsfsf] ;fj{hlgs k|lti7f j[l4 ug{ klg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . 

em= ljb|f]x / cbfntsf] ;'/Iff l:ylt 

kl/ro 

Gofokflnsfdf lglxt ;fj{hlgs cf:yf / ljZjf; g} o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ zlQm 

/ xltof/ xf] . s]xL ;do klxn] ;Dd Gofokflnsf k|lt b]vfOPsf] hgcf:yfn] g} 

o;sf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fsf] nflu cfGtl/s xltof/sf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] lyof] . s]xL 

jif{ klxn] ;Dd Gofokflnsf / GofofwLzx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf slxNo} klg 

uDeL/ 5nkmnsf] ljifo ePsf] lyPg . a? GofofwLz / sfg"g Joj;foLx? jLr 

ljutdf ePsf ;j} 5nkmnx? Gofokflnsfsf] lgikIftf, ;Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tfdf 

;'wf/ NofO{ o; k|ltsf] ;fj{hlgs cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ cem a9L s;/L j[l4 ug] { 

eGg] k|Zgdf s]Gb|Lt /xGYof] . o;n] ubf{ Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff cfjZostfnfO{ 7"nf] 

an ldn]sf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] lyof] . 

t/ ;do l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] 5 / ;dfh klg emg\ emg\ hl6n aGb} 

uO/x]s]f 5 . kmn:j?k ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfdf uDeL/ x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; 

lsl;djf6 ;fdflhs d"Nodf e}/x]sf] cfZro{hgs x|f;n] ubf{ ;dfhsf ljleGg 

If]qdf cg'zf;glxgtf / cJoj:yfsf] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ePsf] 5 . oxL 

cg'zf;glxgtfsf] k|j[lQ j9\b} uPsfn] cbfntsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ e/kbf] { agfpg] 

100


pkfo / tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf klg uDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg' h?/L ePsf] 5 . 

Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fsf nflu hgcf:yf g} zlQmzfnL xltof/ xf] eGg] 

k/Dk/fut egfOdf ljZj:t x'g] g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] lbgx? cj /x]gg\ . 

s/Lj cf7 jif{ cufl8 lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgf ug] { u/L ePsf] 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ lnP/ tTsfnLg Goflos g]t[Tjsf] lj/f]wdf 

cfklQhgs gf/f ;lxt clw/fHoJofkL ?kdf h'g lsl;dsf] clgolGqt k|bz{gx? 

eP Tof] tLtf] If0fsf] ;+emgfn] cem} klg ;DalGwt JolQmx?sf] dgnfO{ b'vfPsf] 

xf]nf . cfkm\gf] rfxgf ljk/Lt cyjf ljkIfdf ePsf] km};nfsf] lj?4df cfsl:ds 

9'+ufd'9f 

ug] { h:tf lqmofsnfkx? uDeL/ rf;f] / lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . 

36gfn] olt;Dd b'Mvb df]8 lnof] ls s]xL jif{ cufl8 ;'v] {t hfFb} ug'{ 

ePsf 

tTsfnLg k|wfgGofofwLzsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu vl6Psf] uf8L dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLåf/f 

yflkPsf] w/fkdf k/\of] / kl/0ffd :j?k k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf Pshgf /lhi6«f/ / 

s]xL ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] Hofg uof] . 

of] b'ef{Uok"0f{ t/ Hofb} uDeL/ 36gfn] ubf{ Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yf g} 

o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ xf] eGg] tyfslyt dfGotfsf cfwf/df 

GofofwLzx?nfO{ ef}lts ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg] s'/f ljNs'n} cgfjZos / 

c;DalGwt dflgg] k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffdf cfz+sf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . oL ;j} b'Mvb 

36gf / ljsf;qmdn] GofokflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgGb|fjf6 ck|Tofl;t ?kdf 

Ao'+emfPsf] 

5 / GofofwLz Pj+ ;du| Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff / arfpsf] af/]df 

ulDe/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg / k'glj{rf/ ug{ afWo t'NofPsf] 5 . 

cbfntx?sf] jt{dfg ;'/Iff cj:yf 

lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgf ug] { u/L @)%@ ;fndf ePsf] ;jf] {Rr 

cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ lnP/ h'g lsl;dsf] cg'Q/bfoL / ;f]Rb} g;f]lrPsf] k|bz{g 

eof] To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k klxnf] kN6 >L % sf] ;/sf/n] sd ;] sd cbfntnfO{ 

eP klg ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg cfjZos /x]sf] tYo dx;'; ug{ afWo eof] . 

tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf] gLltut lg0f{ojf6 cbfntdf kx/fsf nflu s]xL k|x/L 

;'/IffsdL{x? klg v6fOP . t/ ;do ljTb} hfFbf ;/sf/ lj:tf/} cfkm\gf] cl3sf] 

lg0f{ok|lt lzlyn jGb} uof] / kmn:j?k rfF8} g} Tof] lg0f{o ;/sf/L csd{0otfsf] 

101


l;sf/ jGof] . clxn] ;/sf/n] s]jn ;jf] {Rr cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?nfO{ 

dfq k|x/L ;'/Iff pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 . t/ s]xL ckjfbsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s 

clw/fHosf s'g} klg lhNnf cbfntx?df k|x/L ;'/Iff pknAw u/fOPsf] 5}g . 

o;sf] dtnj cbfntx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] jt{dfg Joj:yf kof{Kt / k"0f{ 5 eGg] xf]Og, 

clkt', j9\bf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xjf6 pTkGg vt/f;+u} of] cem hl6n klg aGb} uPsf] 

5 . 

GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ngjf6 b]vfOPsf] ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/ 

s]xL jif{ otf ljleGg ;ef / ;Dd]ngx?df Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff 

cfjZostf af/]df k'gMk{l/efiff / k'g;{/rgf ug{ ;/sf/ dfly bjfj j9\bf] 5 . 

@)%% ;fndf ;DkGg ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx? / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf d'Vo 

GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ngn] ;j} GofofwLzx?nfO{ cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] 

cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] tfls GofofwLz / cbfntsf] ;'/Iffy{ v6fOPsf 

;'/IffsdL{x?sf] lglDt ;d]t cfjf;sf] k|jGw ug{ ;lsof];\ . t/ @)%* ;fndf 

;DkGg ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx? Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo 

GofofwLzx?sf] cf7f} + ;Dd]ngn] dfq cbfntsf] ;'/Iff kIfdf uDeL/ 5nkmn u/\of] 

/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu 7f]; k|:tfjx? klg kfl/t u/\of] . ;Dd]ngn] cbfntdf 

xfn ljBdfg cb{nLd'vL ;'/Iff k|0ffnL kl/Tofu u/]/ o;sf] ;6[fdf pko'Qm, e/kbf] { { 

/ pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ckgfpg' kg] { cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . 

cbfntsf] ;'/Iff cj:yf af/] cWoog u/L o;nfO{ ;jn t'Nofpg cjnDag ug'{kg] 

{ 

pkfox?sf af/]df ;'emfj lbg Pp6f ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug] { k|:tfj kfl/t ePs]f 

lyof] . kl5 ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf tTsfnLg dfggLo GofofwLz >L 6f]kjxfb'/ l;+xsf] 

;+of]hsTjdf Pp6f ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g eof] h;n] Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff l:yltnfO{ 

;'b[9 jgfpg ljleGg l;kmfl/zx? k|:t't u/\of] . 

cbfntsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgdf sdhf]/Lx? 

xfdLn] of] :jLsfg'{k5{ 

ls cbfntsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf s'g} ljz]if bIftf ljgf 

g} ;fdfGo ?kdf ;+~rflnt 5 . cbfnt;+u g cfkm\gf] 5'6[ } ;'/Iff k|0ffnL 5 g 

;/sf/n] kof{Kt / jb{L{wf/L ;'/Iff lbPsf] 5 . cbfntnfO{ hlt ;'/Iff lbOPsf] 5 

Tof] klg g Psgf;sf] 5 g k|efjsf/L 5 . cbfntnfO{ lbOPsf ;'/Iff clwsf/Lx? 

102


k|fo;M c:qljlxg 5g\ . Go"gtd txsf] ;'/Iffsf] klg Uof/]06L 5}g . cbfntx? 

cUnf kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf 5}gg\ / To;}n] pko'Qm ;'/Iff kvf{nsf] cefjsf] sf/0f 

cbfnt ejgx? c;'/lIft 5g\ . Go"gtd txsf] ;'/Iff klg cbfntdf ljsf; 

ul/Psf] 5}g . cbfnt ejg / xftf v'b|f / 3'dGt] ljqm]tf b]lv o;sf 

pkof]ustf{x? ;j}sf lglDt lgjf{w v'Nnf 5 . w]/}h;f] ;do ltgLx?sf] k|j]z 

clgolGqt h:t} 5 . slxn]sfxL t d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ e}/x]sf] 7fpFdf Ohnf; leq} 

klg 3'dGt] Jofkf/Lx?n] klqklqsf, kmnkm"n / cGo vfg]s'/fx? v'nf?kdf a]r]sf] 

b]Vg kfOG5 . GofofwLzx?sf] lgjf; ;a}eGbf c;'/lIft 7fpF xf] . Toxf+ s'g}klg 

;'/Iff k|jGwsf] k"0f{tM cefj 5 . Pp6f GofofwLz h;nfO{ hGds}b ;Ddsf] ;hfo 

lbg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 t/ lj8Djgf p;sf] cfkm\gf] ;'/Iff ug] { lhDdf eg] 

p;}nfO{ 5f]l8Psf] 5 . 

cbfntdf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] k|efj 

dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x z'? ePkl5 cbfntsf] ;'/Iff l:ylt cem lau| ]sf] 5 . 

dfcf]jfbLx?n] of] pm s]xL gegL /fi6«JofkL ?kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljgf;df 

nfu]sf 5g\ . s]xL dlxgf cufl8 h'Dnf, c5fd / c3f{vfrL lhNnfsf cbfnt 

ejgx? dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdf k/L k"0f{tM Wj:t ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/L ejgx? 

tf]8kmf]8 / ljgfz ug] { dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx?sf] gLlt g} /x]sf] x'Fbf 

s]xL GofofwLzx? 

pgLx?sf] j}olQms ;'/Iffsf] nflu eg]/ pknAw u/fOPsf cbfntsf cfjf;Lo 

ejgdf a:g ;+sf]r dflg/x]sf 5g\ / ql;t 5g\ . ltgLx?sf] ;/f]sf/ / lrGtf ;xL 

klg 5 . o;nfO{ TolQs} kG5fpg ldNb}g lsgeg] cfkm\gf] arfp / ;'/Iff k|To]s 

dfgj hfltsf] ;j}eGbf d"ne"t / :jfefljs rfxgf xf] . cfhsn lhNnf cbfntdf 

k|zf;sx?n] Joxf]g'{ 

k/]sf] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of cbfnt ejgsf] ;'/Iffy{ cb{nLnfO{ 

/ftL kfnf] kx/f v6fpg' xf] lsgeg] w]/}h;f] oL cefuL cb{nLx? dfcf]jfbL 

cfqmd0fsf] cfz+sfsf sf/0f /ftL kfnf] kx/f a:g lxlRsrfpF5g\ . 

olt dfq xf]Og ljb|f]xsf sf/0f cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxL klg uDeL/ ?kn] 

k|efljt ePsf] 5 . klxnf] s'/f t lhNnf cbfntx?df bfo/ x'g cfpg] d'2fsf] 

;+Vofdf tLj|?kn] sld cfO/x]sf] 5 . rfx] dfcf]jfbLsf] sf/jfxLdf kl/g] eon] xf];\ 

cyjf c;'/Iffsf] 8/n] xf];\ ;fdfGotof u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtf cfkm\gf] ljjfbsf] 

103


lg/f]k0fsf nflu ;fdfGo cbfntx?df hfg lxlRsrfO/x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx?åf/f 

;+rflnt ;dfgfGt/ s+uf? cbfntn] qmdzM ;fdfGo cbfntsf sfd sf/jfxLx? 

pk/ vt/f pTkGg u/fPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . nfdf] sfg"gL cf}krfl/stfdf 

gcNdlnOsg} l56f] 5l/tf] tj/n] lg0f{o lbg ;Sg] VoftL k|fKt u/]sf] sf/0f 

slxn]sfxL ;fdfGo hgtf oL cbfntx?df hfg a9L dg u5{g\ . of] l:ylt cfhsf] 

k|d'v lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . 

of] eGbf klg cem a9L cbfntsf km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog / cleo'Qmx?nfO{ 

Dofb tfd]n ug] { sfo{nfO{ ljb|f]xn] k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . cbfntsf 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ug{ sfo{:yndf hfgsf] nflu cg's"n 

jftfj/0f 5}g . of] l:yltsf] sf/0fjf6 Gofo ;Dkfbgdf x'g uPsf] l9nfO h'g 

cbfntsf] lgoGq0f jflx/ 5, Jojxf/df Gofosf] OGsf/L ;/x x'g uPsf] 5 . olt 

dfq xf]Og ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f slxn]sfxL GofofwLz / cbfntsf cGo sd{rf/Lx? 

cfkm"nfO{ v6fOPsf] 7fpFdf hfg klg lxlRsrfpF5g\ . s+xL s+xL dfcf]jfbLx?n] 

cbfntsf ;jf/L ;fwgx?nfO{ klg nIo jgfPsf 5g\ . klZrdf~rn If]qdf 

xfn;Dd tLgj6f ;jf/L ;fwgx?nfO{ Iflt k'/\ofO;s]sf 5g\ . of] elg/xg' kb} {g ls 

c;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf j;]sf] Pp6f GofofwLzn] eo/lxt / lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbgdf 

cfkm\gf] Goflos dgsf] slt ;lx lsl;dn] k|of]u ug{ ;Snf < 

o; jfx]s cbfntsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] lrGtf cbfnt ejgsf] ljgf;;+u} 

gf]S;fgLdf k/]sf] d'2fsf ldl;nx?df s;/L sf/jfxL ug] { eGg] sl7gfO{;+u 

;DalGwt 5, h:tf] h'Dnfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx?n] o:t} 36gfsf] 

;fdgf ug'{ 

k/\of] . o:tf] l:yltdf ltgLx? s;/L Gofo ;Dkfbg ug] { eGg] 

c;dGh:otfdf k/]sf 5g\ . of] cndnsf] l:ylt x6fpg ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] rfF8f] 

eGbf rfF8f] o; ;DaGwL cflwsfl/s gLlt th'{df 

ug'{ 

h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} of] 

cg'ejjf6 eljiodf cbfntsf clen]vx?nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg dxTjk"0f{ kf7 l;Sg 

;lsG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] k"j{ ;fjwfgLsf] Pp6f pkfosf] ?kdf 

clw/fHoe/sf cbfntdf /x]sf ;j} ldl;nx?nfO{ dfOqmf] lkmNd cyjf cGo o:t} 

tl/sfåf/f s]lGb|o ljB'tLo tYof+s j} +s tof/ ug]{ k|jGw ug'{kb{5 

. 

104


k/fdz{ j}7ssf qmddf s]xL ;xefuLx?n] jGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgjf6 

l/xfO kfPsf t/ tTsfn jflx/ hfFbf j}olQms :jtGqtf vt/fdf k/]sf JolQmx?sf] 

;'/Iff ug] { dxTjk"0f{ bfloTj cbfntsf] /x]sf] s'/f klg p7fP . To;}n] o; ;DaGwdf 

pgLx?sf] ;'emfj o:tf kIfx? / ;fIfLx?sf] ;'/lIft j;fOsf nflu Goflos s]Gb| - 

Judicial Centre_ :yfkgf ug'{ 

/x]sf] 5 . Gofo ;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf 

nflu ;fIfL ;+/If0f sfo{qmd -Witness protection programme_ ;+rfng ug{ klg 

;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . 

cbfntdf ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf 

Gofokflnsfsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntf s]xL g s]xL ?kdf cjwf/0ffut b[li6n] 

;du| /fHoJoj:yfsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfdf lge{/ ub{5 . cbfntdf ;'/Iffsf] 

k|Zg Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;du| k|lqmof;+u cleGg ?kn] ;DalGwt 5 . cbfntsf] 

;'/Iffsf] k|Zg Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf;+u klg cGt/;DalGwt 5 . To;}n] cbfnt 

;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfsf] d"Nodf g ;+emf}tf ug{ g t 

To;f] ug{ ;S5 . The Judiciary cannot and should not agree to adopt a system 

of court security at the cost of its independence o; ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t s'/f s] 

xf] eg] cbfntsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg k"0f{tofM Gofokflnsfsf] cfkm\g} 

lgoGq0fdf /xg'k5{ . o;sf] ljk/Lt olb cbfntsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg 

Gofokflnsf eGbf jflx/sf] cGo s'g} c+usf] lgoGq0f / lgb] {zgdf lge{/ /xg] xf] 

eg] o:tf] pkfon] cGttf]uTjf Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ xf]Rofpg] cyjf 

k|lts"n k|efj kfg] { cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . To;sf/0f /fHon] cbfntsf] cfGtl/s 

;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos pkfox? cjnDag ug] { k"0f{ clwsf/ 

GofokflnsfnfO{ lbg'k5{ / o;sf nflu cfjZos kg] { ;|f]t, ;fwg / bIf hgzlQm 

klg pknAw u/fpg' k5{ . 

sf7df8f} +, lj/f6gu/ / lrtjgdf ;DkGg If]qLo k/fdz{ sfo{qmddf 

;xefuLx?n] cbftnsf] Jofks ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff leq b]xfosf kIfx? -ljifox?_ 

;dfj]z x'g'kg] { cfjZostf cf} +NofPsf 5g\ . 

105


� cbfnt ejg Pj+ GofofwLz tyf cbfntsf clws[tx?sf lglDt cfjf;Lo 

ejgsf] cjl:ylt, lgdf{0f / ;'/Iff, 

� cbfnt xftf leq lgjf{w / clgolGqt k|j]znfO{ lgolGqt / lgoldt ug] {, 

� GofofwLz / cbfntsf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] j}olQms ;'/Iff, 

� cbfntsf cfb]zx?nfO{ nfu' ug{ / km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'/Iff 

pknAw u/fpg], 

� dfgjLo uNtL / sdhf]/L Pj+ k|fs[lts b'3{6gfsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] 

;d:ofx? lg/fs/0f ug{ ckgfOg] ;+/If0fsf pkfox? . 

dfly plNnlvt ;j} If]qx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L 7f]; / Plss[t ;'/Iff 

Joj:yfkg of]hgf aGg' h?/L 5 . clxn] cbfnt cyjf Goflos k|x/Lsf] 

cjwf/0ffnfO{ nfu" ug] { Psbd pko'Qm ;do xf] eGg] s'/fdf sfg"gL ;d'bfosf jLr 

dt}Sotf kfOPsf] 5 . Goflos k|x/Lsf] lgo'lQm / lgoGq0f tyf cfb]z k"0f{tM 

Gofokflnsfjf6} x'g'k5{ . Goflos k|x/Ldf lgo'lQmsf] nflu cjsfz k|fKt ;}lgs / 

k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] . ltgLx?sf] lgo'lQm kl5 

ltgLx?nfO{ Jofj;flos k|lzIf0fsf nflu k|x/Ldf k7fpg ;lsg]5 . 

x/]s Ohnf;df dof{bfkfns v6fOg' h?/L 5 . cbfntsf] k|j]zåf/df 

j}1flgs ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ckgfOg' cfjZos 5 . cbfnt xftfdf ;'/lIft 

cfjthfjtsf nflu Psåf/ k|j]z k|0ffnL nfu" ug] { / k|j]zåf/df wft' k/LIfs oGq - 

Metal detector_ h8fg ug'{ 

clgjfo{ 5 . cbfnt xftf leqsf] k|j]znfO{ lgoldt 

ug{ s'g}klg k|sf/sf] kl/rokq k]z ug'{ 

kg] { Joj:yf ug'{k5{ 

. 

o;} ;DaGwdf csf] { Pp6f ljrf/ s] /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 eg] Gofokflnsfsf] 

;'/Iffsf] nflu k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nodf Pp6f 5'6[ } vfnsf] ljz]if k|x/L jn :yfkgf 

ul/g'k5{ . cbfntsf] ;'/Iff ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu s]xL 7f]; sbd grflnP;Dd 

btf{jfnf lghL ;'/Iff lgsfojf6 tflnd k|fKt ;'/IffsdL{x? lngsf nflu 

cbfntnfO{ kof{Kt ah]6 pknAw u/fOg'k5{ . t/ hg';'s} cj:yfdf klg ;j} 

;+oGqx? pk/sf] lgoGq0f eg] Gofokflnsf s} xftdf /xg'k5{ . Pp6f c;'/lIft 

106


Gofokflnsf hlxn] klg GofokflnsLo :jtGqtfsf] nflu lgM;xfo / vt/fo'Qm 

x'G5 . 

`= ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf, kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? 

kl/ro 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ ;jf] {Rr cbfnt / dftxt 

cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo Pj+ Gofoflws/0fx?n] k|of]u u5{g\ . g]kfndf cbfnt / 

o;;+u ;DalGwt !)@ j6f lgsfox? 5g\ . Gofokflnsfn] oL cbfntx?df 

ljrf/wLg ;fnfvfnf s/Lj !,$),))) d'2fx? x]g] { u5{ . g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfdf 

GofofwLz / cGo sd{rf/Lx? u/]/ s/Lj %))) Goflos hgzlQm sfo{/t /x]sf 

5g\ . xfn;Dd Gofokflnsfdf nfvf} + l5g\ 'jf ldl;nx? clen]v ul/Psf 5g\ . 

ltgLx? dWo] s]xL !)) jif{ eGbf a9L k'/fgf 5g\ . 

;|f]t 

Gofokflnsfn] cbfnt ejgsf nflu hUuf vl/b ug{, cbfnt ejgx?sf] 

dd{t ;+ef/ ug{ tyf cfjZos ;jf/L ;fwgx? lsGg ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf dx;'; ug'{ 

k/]sf] 5 . cbfntx?n] sfof{no ;fdfgsf] Joj:yf ug{, sfg"g klqsf k|sfzg ug{ 

/ km\ofS;, Od]n, OG6/g]6, 6]lnkmf]g cflb ;+rfng ug{ Pj+ logsf] dxz'n e'QmfgL 

ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug'{ 

kl//x]sf] 5 . GofokflnsfnfO{ j]a;fO6 lgdf{0f 

ug{, sDKo'6/sf ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ / vfg]kfgL Pj+ ljB'tsf] dxz'n e'QmfgL 

ug{ klg /sdsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;nfO{ cg';Gwfg ljZn]if0f ug{ / k':tsfno 

Joj:yfkg ug{ klg /sd rflxG5 . cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltn] cbfntx?nfO{ 

ljleGg ju{df juL{s/0f u/L ltgLx?sf] k':tsfno, OGwg, ;jf/L;fwg, d]l;g/L 

cf}hf/ Pj+ b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf h:tf cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg u/L k|ltj]bg 

lbPsf] lyof] . o:tf] juL{s/0fn] ljleGg ju{sf cbfntx?sf] ah]6 tof/Lsf nflu 

cf}lrTok"0f{ cfwf/ pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . oBlk ;dosf] kl/jt{gn] pQm ah]6 

cg'dfg dfly k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg] 

{ ePsf] x'g;S5 . -x]g'{xf]; 

tflnsf !!_ 

107


ah]6 l:ylt 

GofokflnsfnfO{ ckof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ Pp6f cbfntjf6 

csf] { cbfntdf ;?jf ePsf GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?sf] b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf 

e'QmfgL ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{ kl//x]sf] 5 . x/]s jif{ ;?jf x'g] ;of} + GofofwLz / 

sd{rf/Lx?n] ;dodf b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf kfpFb}gg\ . o;}u/L Dofb tfd]n ug] { 

tfd]nbf/x?n] b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf kfpFb}gg\ h;n] ubf{ ltgLx?sf] sfd k|efljt 

ePsf] 5 . kmn:j?k Dofbx? plrt tj/n] oyf;dodf tfd]n x'+b}gg\ 

. 

k|ltjfbLx?n] pgLx?nfO{ nfu]sf] b08 hl/jfgf jfkt w/f}6Ldf hDdf u/]sf] /sd 

h'g ltgLx?n] ;kmfO kfPdf lkmtf{ kfpF5g\ To:t]f /sd lkmtf{ ug{nfO{ klg 

Gofokflnsf c;xfo l;4 e}/x]sf] 5 . kof{Kt ah]6sf] cefj s} sf/0f dflyNnf 

txsf cbfntx? tNnf cbfntx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ klg c;Ifd 

e}/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] tNnf txsf cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxLx?df ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] 

cefj 5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfnt / dftxt cbfntx?df sfo{/t GofofwLz tyf 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ Pj+ kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg cltl/Qm 

/sdsf] cfjZostf 5 . Gofokflnsfn] jflif{s ?kdf s/Lj !,)),)),)),))). 

?k}ofsf] ah]6 :jLs[ltsf nflu ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:t't u5{ . t/ ljut kfFrjif{df dfu 

u/]sf] ah]6sf] cfwf klg ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] kfOb}g . 

t'ngfTds jflif{s ah]6 

yf]/} ah]6 ljlgof]hg Gofokflnsfsf lglDt hlxn] klg ;d:of ePsf] 5 . 

h:tf] cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& df ;/sf/n] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu /fli6«o ah]6sf] 

)=#$ k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.)%*, @)%*.)%(, 

@)%(.)^) / @)^).)^! df qmdzM )=#( k|ltzt, )=$& k|ltzt, )=$^ k|ltzt 

/ )=%* k|ltzt ah]6 Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] . -ah]6 ;DaGwL 

lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu tflnsf !@ / !# x]g'{xf];_ 

. ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx?df 

Gofokflnsfsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ /fli6«o ah]6sf] @ k|ltzt b]lv ^ k|ltzt ;Dd ah]6 

ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.)%( eGbf klxn] hj 

Gofokflnsfn] ljsf; ah]6 kfpg] uYof] { Gofokflnsfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ah]6 k|ltzt )=$) 

108


eGbf sd lyof] . rfn' cfly{s jif{df ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf s]xL j[l4 eO{ )=%* 

k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . of] klg /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgfy{ PlzofnL ljsf; 

j} +sjf6 k|fKt x'g] ?=&,%),)),))). sf] sf/0fn] xf] . uPsf] jif{ Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 

:jLs[t ePsf] dWo]jf6 klg ?=!,)),)),))). ah]6 ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lnof] . 

Gofokflnsfsf] j9\bf] cfjZostfsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ah]6sf] 

slDtdf ! k|ltzt ah]6 GofokflnsfnfO{ ljlgof]hg ug'{ 

kg] { cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 

5 / % jif{ ;Dddf o;nfO{ j[l4 u/]/ /fli6«o ah]6sf] @ k|ltzt k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . 

cfh ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj 

eQfsf] e'QmfgLdf vr{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ah]6df b]lvPsf] jflif{s j[l4n] kfl/>lds / 

;'ljwfdf j[l4 ePsf] /sdsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{ l7Ss x'G5 . h:tf] cfly{s 

jif{ @)%^.%& df ;jf] {Rr cbfnt / dftxt cbfntsf] lglDt hDdf 

?=@^,#&,@*,))). ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] dWo] w]/}h;f] /sd 

kfl/>lds e'QmfgLdf vr{ ePsf] lyof] / s]jn ?=$,**,(*,))). cbfntsf] cGo 

lgoldt sfo{sf nflu pknAw lyof] . o;sf] dtnj s]jn !*=%$ k|ltzt ah]6 

dfq sfof{no vr{sf nflu ljlgof]hg ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& b]lv 

@)^).)^! ;Dd sfof{no ;+rfng / ;]jfsf nflu ePsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] 

t'ngfTds ljj/0f tflnsf g+= !# df lbOPsf] 5 . 

kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf 

cbfntdf Gofosf lglDt xhf/f} + hgtf cfpF5g\ . cfkm\gf] d'2fsf] km};nfsf 

nflu ltgLx?n] jiff} { { ;Dd kv{g'k5{ . Gofo;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ ;lhnf] 5}g . ;xL / 

unt kQf nufpg] pQ/bfloTj GofofwLzx?;+u /x]sf] x'G5 . olb GofofwLz cfkm} 

dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf cfly{s sf/0fn] a]r}g / lrGtfu|:t x'G5 eg] To:tf] 

GofofwLzjf6 lgikIf Gofosf] ck]Iff ug{ Hofb} ufx|f] k5{ . 

k/fdz{ a}7ssf qmddf ;xefuLx?n] kof{Kt kfl/>ldssf] cefjsf] 

ljifonfO{ p7fPsf lyP . GofofwLzx?sf] d'Vo u'gf;f] ;f]xL ;/xsf cGo ;/sf/L 

kbflwsf/Lx?n] kfPsf] t'ngfTds ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot;+u ;DalGwt lyof] . 

GofofwLzx?n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg] 

{ sfd st{JonfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf ltgLx? ul/jLsf] 

109


;fËnf]jf6 d'Qm /flvg' cfjZos 5 . GofofwLzx?nfO{ o:tf ;d:ofjf6 d'Qm /flvg' 

kg] { cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/]/ /fd|f] Gofo k|0ffnL ePsf cGo d'n'sx?df 

GofofwLzx?nfO{ ;f]xL ;/xsf cGo kbflwsf/Lx? eGbf dflyNnf] x}l;otdf /flvPsf] 

x'G5 . 16 GofofwLzx?n] ;Dkfbg ug] { sfdsf] k|s[lt a9L ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] sf/0f 

;'ljwf klg ltgLx?n] a9L kfpg' h?/L 5 . g]kfndf klg @))& ;fndf ;lrjsf] 

dfl;s tnj ?=$)). x'Fbf 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] tnj ?=!,!)). /x]sf] 

kfOG5 . GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ltgLx?n] k|bfg ug] { ;]jfsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f 

x'g'k5{ . GofofwLzsf] kb;+u s]xL lglZrt lgoGq0ffTds ;Ldfx? ufFl;Psf] x'G5g\ . 

t/ g]kfndf hj GofofwLzx?sf] ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf] s'/f cfpF5 tj o;sf] 

cf}lrTo k"0f{tM lj;{g] ul/G5 . GofofwLz / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds / 

;'ljwf Hofb} Go"g 5 / kfl/>lds Pj+ ;'ljwfsf] lgwf{/0fdf slxNo} klg sfdsf] 

k|s[ltnfO{ ljrf/ ug] { ul/Psf] 5}g . ;jf] {Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf 

cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf ltgLx?sf] 

kbLo dof{bf ;'xfpFbf] / cg's"n 5}g . kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] dfdnfdf cbfntsf 

cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] cj:yf emg bogLo 5 . ltgLx?n] k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/L 

;/xsf] kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ . t/ k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?n] kfpg] cGo ;'ljwf / 

cj;/ eg] kfpb}gg\ . If]lqo k/fdz{ j}7ssf qmddf ;xefuLx?n] GofofwLz / 

cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Goflos eQf, z}lIfs eQf, oftfoft ;'ljwf, jLdf / 

lgj[QLe/0f h:tf ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug] { u/L 5'6[ } sfg"g lgdf{0f x'g'kg] { s'/fdf hf]8 

lbP . Gofokflnsf ;'ljwfx?sf] ljifodf ;/sf/L bofdf lge{/ 5 . GofofwLzx?sf] 

b}lgs eQf h'g sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt 5 sd{rf/Lx?sf] b}lgs eQf eGbf sd 5 . 

lhNnf GofofwLzx?n] k]6«f]n ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] JolQmut ;jf/L ;fwg kfpFb}gg\ . 

Ps;o k}tL; lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf nflu s]jn %% j6f ;jf/L ;fwgx? 

pknAw 5g\ . OGwg k|zf;gsf] lgoGq0fdf 5 . dd{t ;'ljwfsf] cefj 5 . df]ljn 

cfjZostf cg';f/ pknAw 5}g . kfgL / ljB'tsf] dx;'n lgoldt ?kdf j[l4 

e}/x]sf] 5 t/ oL jfkt lbOg] eQf w]/}jif{;Dd plQsf plQ 5 . 

16 pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)@*, k[= !^ 

110


Gofo;]jfsf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?n] ltgLx?sf] kfl/>ldssf cltl/Qm cGo 

s]xL ;'ljwfx? kfpb}gg\ . ltgLx?n] k|bfg ug] { ;]jfsf] t'ngfdf Gofo ;]jfsf] zt{ / 

;'ljwfx?df Ps?ktf 5}g . oL ;j}sf] sf/0f ah]6sf] cefj x'g ;S5 t/ ah]6sf] 

cefjn] GofokflnsfnfO{ dfq c;/ ug{ x'b}g . /fli6«o ah]6 cfg'kflts ?kdf 

ljlgof]hg x'g'k5{ . ;j} hgtfnfO{ Gofosf] d"n wf/df Nofpg tyf o; k|ltsf] 

hgtfsf] kxF'rnfO{ 

;'lglZrt ug{ ah]6df j[l4 x'g'k5{ . cGoyf Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] 

;fj{hlgs cf:yf 36\5 . of] yfxf ePs} tYo xf] ls ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttfsf] sf/0fn] 

klg Gofokflnsfn] cfkm" k|ltsf] hgcf:yf u'dfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug] {, bIf 

dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf; ug] { Pj+ GofokflnsfnfO{ cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg t'Nofpg] 

s'/fx? w]/} l9nf] e};s]sf 5g\ . t;y{ Gofokflnsfsf nflu /fli6«o ah]6df kof{Kt 

dfqfdf j[l4 ug'{ 

Gofof]lrt x'g]5 . kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? klg d'b|fl:k|mltsf] jflif{s 

;"rsf+ssf] cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg x'g' cfjZos 5 . 

tflnsf !!M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?df sfof{no ;+rfngsf nflu 

ljleGg zLif{s cGtu{t cfjZos kg] { ah]6 


ju{ ah]6 zLif{s cfjZos kg] 

{ ah]6 

s ju{ k':tsfno %),))). 

OGwg $,&),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf #,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg @,%),))). 

hDdf !),&),))). 

o; ;d"xsf & j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu &$,(),))). 

v ju{ k':tsfno &%,))) 

OGwg %,*),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf #,%),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg #,@%,))). 

hDdf !#,#),))). 

o; ;d"xsf # j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu #(,(),))). 

111


u ju{ k':tsfno !,)),))). 

OGwg ^,(),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf $,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg $,)),))). 

hDdf !%,(),))). 

o; ;d"xsf % j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu &(,%),))). 

3 ju{ k':tsfno !,%),))). 

OGwg !!,%),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf %,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg %,%),))). 

hDdf @#,%),))). 

o; ;d"xsf] ! j6f cbfntsf] nflu @#,%),))). 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] nflu hDdf @,!&,*),))). 

lhNnf cbfnt 

ju{ ah]6 zLif{s cfjZos kg] 

{ ah]6 

s ju{ k':tsfno @%,))). 

OGwg &),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf $,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg %),))). 

hDdf %,$%,))). 

o; ;d"xsf !) j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu %$,%),))). 

v ju{ k':tsfno #%,))) 

OGwg !,!),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf %,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg &%,))). 

hDdf &,@),))). 

o; ;d"xsf #* j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu @,&#,^),))). 

u ju{ k':tsfno $%,))). 

OGwg !,%),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf ^,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg !,)),))). 

112

qm=;+= 


hDdf *,(%,))). 

o; ;d"xsf !! j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu (*,$%,))). 

3 ju{ k':tsfno %%,))). 

OGwg !,(),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf &,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg !,%),))). 

hDdf !),(%,))). 

o; ;d"xsf !$ j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu !,%#,#),))). 

ª ju{ k':tsfno ^%,))). 

OGwg @,#),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf *,)),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg @,)),))). 

hDdf !@,(%,))). 

o; ;d"xsf] ! j6f cbfntsf] nflu !@,(%,))). 

r ju{ k':tsfno &%,))). 

OGwg $,&),))). 

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf !),%),))). 

sfof{no ;fdfg #,)),))). 

hDdf !*,(%,))). 

o; ;d"xsf] ! j6f cbfntsf] nflu !*,(%,))) 

lhNnf cbfntx?sf] nflu hDdf ^,!!,&%,))). 

tflnsf !@M Gofokflnsfsf] ah]6sf] t'ngfTds tflnsf -/ftf] lstfjdf pNn]v eP cg';f/_ 

cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& @)%&.)%* @)%*.)%( @)%(.)^) @)^).)^! 

/fli6«o ah]6 &,&@,#*,@@^ (,!^,@!,##% (,(&,(@,@!( (,^!,@$,&(& !),@$,)),))) 

1= ;jf] {Rr cbfnt @%,(%) $(,%#( $$,%$# $$,()) $%,%%# 

2= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt *@,)&( &%,&#! !,!*,#&& !,!*,!&& !,@),&^) 

3= lhNnf cbfnt !,$*,@&% !,$&,&^( @,@@,*!( @,&!,$(( @,&(,^)) 

4= k|zf;lso cbfnt !,%$& !,&$% #,!!# #,)%% #,!(! 

5= ljz]if cbfnt # # @,#** @,%&# ^,^(# 

6= >d cbfnt !,%#@ !,%!& !,(*( !,(&$ @,)#@ 

7= /fh:j 

Gofoflws/0f 

$,#$% @,(*) %,(*^ ^,%%& ^,^*^ 

113


8= cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f * * ^#,))) $(,)&! %),*)) 

9= /fli6«o 

k|lti7fg 

Goflos * * !),%)) !$,%)) &%,))) 

hDdf @,^#,&@* @,&(,@*! $,&@,&!% %,!@,#)^ %,(),#!% 

/fli6«o ah]6sf] k|ltzt )=#$!$$&%!! )=#)$*@)(@ )=$&#^((@^ )=%#@(%(@% )=%&^$&($(@ 

qm=;+= 

# To; ;dodf cbfntsf] u7g gePsf] ;j} /sd ,))) df 

* o; ;dodf ljsf; ah]6 ljlgof]hg gePsf] 

tflnsf !#M Gofokflnsfsf] sfof{no ;+rfng Pj+ ;]jf vr{ ah]6sf] t'ngfTds 

tflnsf -/ftf] lstfjdf pNn]v eP cg';f/_ 

cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& 

@)%&.)% 

* 

@)%*.)% 

( 

@)%(.)^ 

) 

@)^).)^! 

1= ;jf] {Rr cbfnt &,(%) ((,!@! (,&*! (,((% !!,$(# 

2= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt @!,!^( @$,@() @&,(%! @%,&(! @^,^&^ 

3= lhNnf cbfnt !&,%%& @!,(^% @&,#!( @%,$*( @*,*%) 

4= k|zf;lso cbfnt @(& $&% &@& ^^) *@! 

5= ljz]if cbfnt — — !,$@# !,#*$ !,*)* 

6= >d cbfnt &^@ *%^ (!) *&^ *(^ 

7= /fh:j Gofoflws/0f !,!$% !,%#% !,()^ !,*$) !,*^( 

8= cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f $,)&) #@) !,&)) 

9= /fli6«o 

k|lti7fg 

Goflos 

&*) 

hDdf $*,**) !,$*,@$@ &$,)*& ^^,#%% &$,*(# 

114 

;j} /sd ,))) df


cWofo — # 

!= kl/nIo -Mission_ 

@= kl/b[Zo -Vision_ 

#= d"Nox? -Values_ 

115


!= kl/nIo -Mission_ 

;+ljwfg, sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?sf cfwf/df :jR5 Pj+ lgZkIf 

Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ 

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo xf] . 

@= kl/b[Zo -Vision_ 

dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kf/L ;j}nfO{ 

Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sg] :jtGq, ;Ifd, sd vlr{nf], l56f]5l/tf] tyf 

hgcf:yfd'vL Gofo k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ 

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] kl/b[Zo xf] . 

#= d"Nox? -Values_ 

;+ljwfg k|lt cf:yfM ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ 

/fhg}lts Gofo k|fKt ug] { efjgf k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfn] Gofo k|zf;g 

lgb] {lzt x'g]5 . 

:jtGqtf / :jfoQtfM Gofokflnsfn] s'g} x:tIf]k ljgf cfkm\gf] sfo{ 

;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu :jtGqtfdf ljZjf; ub{5 / cfkm\gf] ;]jf k|bfg 

ug] { sfo{df :jfoQtf rfxG5 . 

;dfh k|ltsf] st{JoM Gofokflnsf sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /x]/ ;dfh k|ltsf] 

cfkm\gf] hjfkmb]xL k|lt ;r]t 5 / ;dfhsf] rfxgf cg'?k 

GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt cGo ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fpg 

rfxG5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ;xdlt lgdf{0f, ax'njfb / v'Nnf 

;dfhsf d"Nox? lgb] {zs l;4fGt x'g]5g\ . 

Gofosf] ;j{;'netfM Gofokflnsfn] :yfgLo tx;Dd u/Lj Pj+ c;xfo 

nufot ;j} hgtfsf] Gofo ;]jf k|ltsf] kx'Fr 

a9fpg k|of; ug] {5 . 

;Ifd GofoM Gofokflnsfn] hgtfnfO{ k"0f{ ;dk{0fsf ;fy Jofj;flos ?kdf 

u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf Goflos 

lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ;'wf/ ug'{kg] 

{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbG5 . 

116


pRr g}lts :t/M hgcf:yf j[l4sf nflu Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ g}ltstf, 

;bfrf/, lgi7f, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf / OdfGbfl/tfn] lgb] {lzt 

ug] {5 . 

k|ltlglwTjM cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ug] { ;Gbe{df Gofosf] :t/Lotf / 

of]Uotfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg] { u/L Gofokflnsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns 

If]qsf hgtfsf] :j:y k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtjf6 lgb] {lzt x'g]5 . 

117


cWofo — $ 

!= d"n sfo{x? / glthf kl/;"rsx? 

@= /0fgLlts pkfox? 

#= jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx? 

$= sfg"gL ;+/rgf 

%= lgod / lgb] {lzsfx? 

118


!= d"n sfo{x? / glthf kl/;"rsx? 

xfd|f] kl/nIonfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? dfkm{t ;DkGg ul/g] 

rf/ d'Vo sfo{x?nfO{ cfwf/ jgfOPsf] 5 . kfFrjif{ leqdf xfdLn] ug{ rfx]sf 

sfdx?sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ / tL dfkb08sf] cfwf/df sfdsf glthfx?nfO{ 

;doj4 ?kdf d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] x]t'n] k|To]s sfo{sf nflu glthf 

kl/;"rsx? klg tf]lsPsf 5g\ . 

s= km};nf ug] { sfo{ 

� sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug] { 

glthf kl/;"rs 

o sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf;+u ;DjlGwt k/LIf0f;+u ;DalGwt ;j} d'2fx? 

Psjif{ leq km5\of} {6 ug] { 

� df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL clwsf/ cyjf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu l/6 

cyjf cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug] { 

glthf kl/;"rs 

o ;j} l/6 lgj]bgx? btf{ ePsf] ldltn] Psjif{ leq km5\of} {6 ug] {, 

o aSof}tf l/6 lgj]bgx? &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug] { 

� z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t k/]sf d'2fx? km5\of{ } {6 ug] { 

glthf kl/;"rs 

o ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq km5\of} {6 ug] {, ;f] cjlw leq 

km5\of} {6 ug{ g;lsP s'g}klg xfntdf b'O{ jif{ gf3\g glbg] 

o aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof %) k|ltztn] Go"g ug] { . 

� cbfntsf] km};nfx? sfof{Gjog ug] { 

119


glthf kl/;"rs 

o km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf lgj]bgx? ^ dlxgfleq km5\of} {6 

ug] {, ;f] cjlw leq km5\of} {6 ug{ g;lsP s'g} xfntdf klg Psjif{ 

gf3\g glbg] 

o km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] 

Go"g ug] { . 

v= /fo k/fdz{sf] sfo{ 

� hl6n ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zgdf >L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf xh'/df /fo 

r9fpg] 

glthf kl/;"rs 

o /fo k/fdz{ dfu e} cfPsf] ldltn] ;j} /fo k/fdz{ >L % 

dxf/fhflw/fhsf xh'/df Ps dlxgf leq r9fpg] 

u= ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgsf] sfo{ 

� dftxt cbfntx?, Gofoflws/0fx?, cw{Goflos lgsfox? / sf/fuf/sf 

sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg ug] { 

glthf kl/;"rs 

o k|To]s jif{ dftxt cbfnt, Gofoflws/0fx?, cw{Goflos lgsfox? / 

sf/fuf/sf] lg/LIf0f ug] { 

o lg/LIf0fjf6 lbOPsf ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjog u/L ^ dlxgf leq ;f] sf] 

k|ltj]bg ug] { 

3= cbfnt Joj:yfkg 

� /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] th'{df 

/ sfof{Gjog ug] {, 

� cfly{s ;|f]tx? h'6fpg] / Joj:yfkg ug] {, 

� k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f / dd{t ;+ef/ ug] {, 

� dfgj ;+zfwg Joj:yfkg ug] {, 

120


� d'2fsf clen]vx?df /x]sf sfuh ;8fpg], cg'qmdl0fsf jgfpg 5gf}6 u/L 

Jojl:yt u/L /fVg], 

� Goflos ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug] {, 

� g]kfnsf] Gofo k|0ffnL;+u ;DalGwt sfg"g / glh/sf] jf/]df cg';Gwfg 

ug] { / 

� GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt cGo ;+:yf;+usf] ;DaGw ljsf; ug] { / sfod /fVg] . 

d"nsfo{x?sf] sfo{ of]hgf cg';"rL @ df lbOPs]f 5 . 

@= /0fgLlts pkfox? 

xfdLn] s]xL /0fgLlts pkfox?sf] klxrfg u/]sf 5f} h;sf] sfof{Gjogjf6 

xfd|f] kl/b[Zosf] k|flKtdf d2t k'Ug] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5M 

1= Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L 

t'Nofpg], 

2= ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf j[l4sf nflu k|of; ug] { / ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 Pj+ 

vr{df :jfoQtf k|fKt ug] {, 

3= cbfntdf sfd ug] { cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; 

ug] { / ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg], 

4= cbfntsf] ;+Vof / ef}uf]lns d'sfdnfO{ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg k|of; 

ug] { / ljBdfg If]qflwsf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug] {, 

5= Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug] { IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 ug] {, 

6= :jfoQ, ;Ifd, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ lgo'lQm / a9'jf k|0ffnLsf] 

ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug] { tyf Gofokflnsfsf] dfgj ;+zfwgsf] 

Ifdtf ;'wf/sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of; ug] {, 

7= ;Dj4 sfg"gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug] { / sfg"gL Pj+ Gofo ;]jfsf] 

:tl/otfdf j[l4 ug{ cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n agfpg], 

8= cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{ lgod agfpg kfpg] clwsf/df 

Goflos :jfoQtf k|fKt ug] {, 

121


9= GofoIf]q leq / jflx/sf ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;+rf/, ;dGjo / 

cGt/lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] 

10= Gofo ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf cbfntsf pkof]ustf{x?sf] a8fkq agfO 

sfof{Gjog ug] {, 

11= Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg o;sf 

cg';GwgfTds / cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx?nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg], 

12= d]nldnfk k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofO Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf] 

k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug] {, 

13= cbfnt Pj+ cbfntsf GofofwLz, sd{rf/L / cGo pkof]ustf{x?sf] 

;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug] {, 

14= cbfntdf j}1flgs s]Gb|Lo clen]v k|0ffnL ljsf; ug] {, 

15= d'2fsf] aSof}tf / l9nfOnfO{ sd ug{ k|efjsf/L d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] 

k|lqmof ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug] {, / 

16= u/Lj / c;xfo ju{sf nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f 

u/L ;+:yfut agfpg] . 

/0fgLlts pkfox?sf] sfo{of]hgf cg';"rL # df lbOPsf] 5 . 

#= jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx? 

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf d"n sfo{x? / /0fgLlts pkfox? b'j}nfO{ Wofgdf 

/fv]/ xfdLn] kfFrj6f jx'kIfLo -Cross Cutting) glthf kl/;"rsx? klxrfg u/]sf 

5f} + h;jf6 s'g} vf; ;dodf xfd|f] sfdx?sf] d"Nof+sg ug{ d2t k'Ug] ljZjf; 

lnOPsf] 5 . 

� d'2fsf k|To]s c;Ifd kIfnfO{ cbfntjf6 lgo'Qm j}tlgs sfg"g 

Joj;foLsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 . 

� Gofo k|0ffnLdf cbfnt k|lt o;sf pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;+t'li6df j[l4 

x'g]5 . 

122


� Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf cem a9L j[l4 x'g]5 . 

� /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf Gofokflnsfsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf 

lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;'b[9 x'g]5 . 

� dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;, cfly{s k|zf;g / sfo{ljlwut ljifosf] 

:jfoQtfdf j[l4 x'g]5 . 

$= sfg"gL ;+/rgf 

xfdL;+u ;DjlGwt ljBdfg sfg"gx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M 

� g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, 

� Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

� d'n'sL P]g, 

� ;jf] {Rr cbfnt P]g, 

� ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf 

;DaGwL P]g, 

� k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf 

tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ ;DaGwL P]g, 

� ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, 

� ljz]if cbfnt P]g, 

� Gofo kl/ifb P]g, 

� Gofo ;]jf cfof]u P]g, 

� sfg"gL ;xfotf P]g, 

� sf]6{lkm P]g, 

� k|df0f P]g, 

� n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, 

� /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, 

� >d P]g, 

� g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb P]g, 

� ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, 

123


� k|zf;lso sfo{ljlw lgoldt ug] { P]g . 

%= lgod / lgb] {lzsfx? 

xfd|f sfd;+u ;DjlGwt ljBdfg lgod / lgb] {lzsfx? b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\ M 

� ;jf] {Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

� k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

� lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

� k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

� ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, 

� cfly{s k|zf;g ;DjGwL lgodfjnL, 

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL, 

� sfo{ ljj/0f lgb] {lzsf, 

� Dofb tfd]nL lgb] {lzsf, 

� b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L d'2f lbUbz{g, 

� kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, 

� Ohnf; k'l:tsf . 

124


;+u7gfTds :j?k 

!= cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k 

@= ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k 

#= g]kfn clw/fHosf cbfntx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k 

125

$ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fx? 


cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k 

C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0f 

;jf] ]{ {Rr cbfnt 

k|zf;sLo cbfnt 

126 

!^ k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? 

>d cbfnt 

ljz]if cbfnt 

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f cw{Goflos lgsfox? &% lhNnf cbfntx?

sfg"gL ;xfotf zfvf 

k"0f{ j}7s / cGo ;ldltx? 

lghL ;lrjfno 

cfGtl/s k|zf;g zfvf 

lhNnf k|zf;g zfvf 

cfGtl/s k|jGw zfvf 


;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k 

;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz 

127 

dfggLo GofofwLzx? 

/lhi6«f/ lghL ;lrjfno 

l/6 zfvf 

k'g/fj]bg btf{ zfvf 

d'2f zfvf 

cltly tyf lzi6frf/ zfvf lgj]bg tyf k|ltj]bg zfvf 

;"rgf tyf hg;Dks{ zfvf 

Dofb tfd]nL zfvf 

Ohnf; Joj:yfkg zfvf 

cg';Gwfg zfvf 

of]hgf tyf ef}lts k|zf;g zfvf 

tYof+s tyf k|ltj]bg zfvf 

5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg zfvf 

k':tsfno zfvf 

/]vf tyf lnvt k/LIf0f zfvf 

k|zf;g dxfzfvf 

cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf 

d'2f tyf l/6 dxfzfvf 

cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf 

gSsn zfvf 

shlni6 Joj:yfkg zfvf 

clen]v zfvf 

n]vf zfvf 

km};nf sfof{Gjog zfvf 

cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f zfvf

x'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6, 

8f]Nkf, h'Dnf 


g]kfn clw/fHosf cbfntx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k 

;+v'jf;ef, t]x\y'd, 

ef]hk'/, wgs'6f 

tfKn]h'ª, kf+ry/, 

emfkf, Onfd 

bfr'{nf, 

j}t8L, 

88]Nw'/f, s+rgk'/ 

jemf+ª, jfh'/f, 

c5fd, s}nfnL, 

8f]6L 

df]/ª, ;'g;/L 

b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, 

;'v] {t 

Onfd 

dx]Gb|gu/ 

lbkfon 

h'Dnf 

;Kt/L, ;f]n'v'Dj', cf]vn9'+uf, 

vf]6fª, pbok'/, l;/fxf 

wgs'6f 

lhNnf cbfntx? 

;'v] {t 

jf+s], jlb{of 

lj/f6gu/ 



g]kfnu+h 

lhNnf cbfntx? 

128 

/fhlj/fh 

t'lN;k'/ 

bfª, ?s'd, /f]Nkf, 

;Nofg, Ko'7fg 

wg'iff, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, 

dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL 

hgsk/ 

j'6jn 

x]6f}8f 

kf6g 

kf]v/f 

jfUn'ª 

dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, 

k;f{, af/f, /f}tx6 

d':tfª, DofUbL, 

kj{t, jfUn'ª 

?kGb]xL, u'NdL, 

cvf{vfrL, kfNkf, 

gjnk/f;L, slknj:t' 

nlntk'/, bf]nvf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, 

sfe| ]knfGrf]s, sf7df8f} +, eQmk'/, 

/;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª 

sfl:s, uf]vf{, dgfª, 

nDh'ª, :ofª\hf, tgx'+


cg';"rLx? 

cg';"rL !M kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo, d"No / dfGotfx?, d"n sfo{x?, glthf 

kl/;"rsx?, /0fgLlts pkfox?, sfg"gL ;+/rgf, lgod / lgb] {lzsf 

tyf jx'kIfLo Cross cutting glthf kl/;"rsx? 

cg';"rL @M d"nsfo{sf] sfo{of]hgf 

cg';"rL #M /0fgLlts pkfox?sf] sfo{of]hgf 

cg';"rL $M ah]6sf] ?k/]vf 

cg';"rL %M ah]6sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f 

cg';"rL ^M ;xefuLx?sf] ;"rL 

129


cg';"rL ! 

kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo, d"No / dfGotfx?, d"n sfo{x?, glthf kl/;"rsx?, /0fgLlts 

pkfox?, sfg"gL ;+/rgf, lgod / lgb] {lzsf tyf jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx?sf] 

ljj/0f 

kl/nIo kl/b[Zo d"No / dfGotfx? 

;+ljwfg, sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ ;+ljwfg k|lt cf:yfM 

Gofosf dfGo sfg"gL /fHosf] 

l;4fGtx?sf] cfwf/df cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ 

;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ 

:jR5 Pj+ lgikIf Gofo kf/L ;j}nfO{ Gofosf] 

;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts 

;Dkfbg ug'{ 

g]kfnsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sg] 

Gofo k|fKt ug] { efjgf k|ltsf] 

Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo :jtGq, ;Ifd, sd 

k|ltj4tfn] Gofo k|zf;g lgb] {lzt 

xf] . 

vlr{nf], l56f]5l/tf] 

x'g]5 . 

tyf hgcf:yfd'vL :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfM 

Gofo k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf Gofokflnsfn] s'g} x:tIf]k ljgf 

ug'{ 

g]kfnsf] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu 

Gofokflnsfsf] kl/b[Zo :jtGqtfdf ljZjf; ub{5 / 

xf] . 

cfkm\gf] ;]jf k|bfg ug] { sfo{df 

:jfoQtf rfxG5 . 

;dfh k|ltsf] st{JoM 

Gofokflnsf sfg"gsf] kl/lw 

leq /x]/ ;dfh k|ltsf] cfkm\gf] 

hjfkmb]xL k|lt ;r]t 5 / ;dfhsf] 

rfxgf cg'?k GofoIf]q;+u 

;DjlGwt cGo ;+:yfx?;+usf] 

;xsfo{nfO{ a9fpg rfxG5 . o; 

k|of]hgsf nflu ;xdlt lgdf{0f, 

ax'njfb / v'Nnf ;dfhsf d"Nox? 

lgb] {zs l;4fGt x'g]5g\ . 

Gofosf] ;j{;'netfM 

130


131 

Gofokflnsfn] :yfgLo 

tx;Dd u/Lj Pj+ c;xfo nufot 

;j} hgtfsf] Gofo ;]jf k|ltsf] 

kx'Fr 

a9fpg k|of; ug] {5 . 

;Ifd GofoM 

Gofokflnsfn] hgtfnfO{ k"0f{ 

;dk{0fsf ;fy Jofj;flos ?kdf 

u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf] 

nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf Goflos 

lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ;'wf/ ug'{kg] 

{ 

cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbG5 . 

pRr g}lts :t/M 

hgcf:yf j[l4sf nflu Goflos 

k|lqmofnfO{ g}ltstf, ;bfrf/, 

lgi7f, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf / 

OdfGbfl/tfn] lgb] {lzt ug] {5 . 

k|ltlglwTjM 

cfkm\gf] st{Jokfng ug] { 

;Gbe{df Gofosf] :tl/otf / 

of]Uotfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg] { u/L 

Gofokflnsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns 

If]qsf hgtfsf] :j:y 

k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtjf6 lgb] {lzt 

x'g]5 .


{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ { 

{ 

{ { 

{ 

{ 

} { 

{ 

{ 

{ 

d"n sfo{x? -d"sf_ /0fgLlts pkfox? -/p_ sfg"gL ;+/rgf 

d"sf !M km};nf ug] sfo{ /p=!M Gofokflnsfsf] � g]kfn clw/fHosf] 

d"sf !=!M sfg"gsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9, ;+ljwfg, 

;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug] ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] . � Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

. 

/p=@M ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf � d'n'sL P]g, 

glthf kl/;"rs 

j[l4sf nflu k|of; ug] / � ;jf] {Rr cbfnt P]g, 

o sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 Pj+ vr{df � ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf 

k/LIf0f;+u ;DalGwt ;j} :jfoQtf k|fKt ug] . GofofwLzx?sf] 

d'2fx? Psjif{ leq /p=#M cbfntdf sfd ug] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf 

km5\of} {6 ug] . cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ zt{ / ;'ljwf 

d"sf=!=@M df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug] / ;|f]t ;DaGwL P]g, 

clwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs ;fwg h'6fpg] . 

� k'g/fj]bg tyf 

lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu l/6 /p=$M cbfntsf] ;+Vof / lhNnf cbfntsf 

tyf cGo cfjZos / ef}uf]lns d'sfdnfO{ GofofwLzx?sf] 

pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug] . cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg k|of; ug] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf 

glthf kl/;"rs 

/ ljBdfg If]qflwsf/sf] tyf ;]jfsf cGo 

o ;j} l/6 lgj]bgx? btf{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug] . 

zt{ ;DaGwL P]g, 

ePsf] ldltn] Psjif{ leq /p=%M Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf � ;/sf/L d'2f 

km5\of} {6 ug] . sfof{Gjog ug] IfdtfnfO{ ;DaGwL P]g, 

o aSof}tf l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;'b[9 t'Nofpg], 

� ljz]if cbfnt P]g, 

;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g /p=^M:jfoQ, ;Ifd, kf/bzL{ � Gofo kl/ifb P]g, 

ug] 

/ pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ lgo'lQm / � Gofo ;]jf cfof]u 

d"sf=!=#M z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo j9'jf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pj+ P]g, 

If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t k/]sf sfof{Gjog ug] tyf � sfg"gL ;xfotf P]g, 

d'2fx? km5\of{ {6 ug] . Gofokflnsfsf] hg ;+zfwgsf] � sf]6{lkm P]g, 

glthf kl/;"rs 

Ifdtf ;'wf/sf nflu lg/Gt/ � k|df0f P]g, 

o ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf] k|of; ug] . 

� n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, 

;dofjlw leq} km5\of} {6 /p=&M;Dj4 sfg"gx?sf] � /fh:j Gofoflws/0f 

ug] {, ;f] cjlw leq k'g/fjnf]sg ug] / sfg"gL P]g, 

km5\of} {6 ug{ g;lsP Pj+ Gofo ;]jfsf] :tl/otfdf � >d P]g, 

s'g}klg xfntdf b'O{ jif{ j[l4 ug{ cbfntL � g]kfn sfg"gL 

gf3\g glbg] . sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n agfpg] . Joj;foL kl/ifb P]g, 

o aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof /p=*Mcfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw � ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw 

%) k|ltztn] Go"g ug] . Jojl:yt ug{ lgod jgfpg P]g, 

132


{ { 

{ 

{ 

d"sf !=$Mcbfntsf] km};nfx? kfpg] clwsf/df Goflos 

sfof{Gjog ug] . :jfoQtf k|fKt ug] . 

glthf kl/;"rs 

/p=(M ;+:yf leq / jflx/sf 

o km};nf sfof{Gjogsf stf{x?;+usf] ;+rf/, ;dGjo 

nflu k/]sf lgj]bgx? ^ / cGt/lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 

dlxfleq km5\of} {6 ug] {, ;f] t'Nofpg] . 

cjlw leq km5\of} {6 ug{ /p !)M Goflos ;]jfsf 

g;lsP s'g} xfntdf klg ;DjGwdf cbfntsf 

Psjif{ gf3\g glbg] . pkof]ustf{x?sf lglDt 

o km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL a8fkq th'{df 

u/L sfof{Gjog 

aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof ug] . 

&% k|ltztn] Go"g ug] . 

133 

� k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw 

lgoldt ug] { P]g .


cg';"rL — @ 

d"nsfo{x?sf] sfo{of]hgf 

d"nsfo{ !M km};nf ug] { sfo{ 

d"nsfo{ !=!M sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug] { 

glthf kl/;"rsM sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f;+u ;DalGwt ;j} d'2fx? Psjif{ 

leq km5\of} { {6 ug] { . 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf / kl/0ffd sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtf 

l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug] l/6 lgj]bg btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ l/6 btf{ zfvf 

k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{sf d'2f k]zL/k|f/lDes shlni6 cg';f/ d'2fsf] l/6 btf{ zfvf, 

nflu Ohnf; ;dIf ;'g'jfOsf] sf/jfxL k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{ 

Ps 

k]z ug] 

GofofwLzsf] 

Ohnf; 

ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj ;"rgf tfd]nL Dofb tfd]nL 

tfd]n ug] 

zfvf 

lnlvt hjfkmsf] hfFrj'em kl5 lnlvt hjfkmsf] hfFrj'em/ l/6 zfvf 

hfFrj'em / btf{ ug] lnlvt 

btf{ 

hjfkm ;xL tl/sfn] btf{ 

clGtd ;'gjfOsf] d'2f k]zL sfo{ljlw cg';f/ d'2fsf] l/6 zfvf 

nflu d'2f k]z ug] 

k]zL 

;'g'jfO{ ug] ;'g'jfO k|f/De ;'g'jfO ;DkGg ljz]if Ohnf; 

cfb]z k7fpg] ljkIfLnfO{ cfb]z cfb]z /Ltk"j{s tfd]n l/6 zfvf 

k7fpg] 

;DkGg 

sfo{ 

ldl;nsf] clen]v ldl;n btf{ / ;xL tl/sfn] k+lhs/0f clen]v zfvf 

/fVg] 

clen]v 

d"nsfo{ !=@M df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL clwsf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu 

l/6 nufot cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug] { 

134


{ 

{ 

glthf kl/;"rsM 

! ;j} l/6 lgj]bgx? btf{ ePsf] ldltn] Psjif{ leq km5\of} {6 ug] 

@= aSof}tf l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug] 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

sf/jfxL ljj/0f glthf 

sfo{;Dkfbg 

;"rs 

hjfkmb]lxtf 

l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug] 

l/6 lgj]bg btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ l/6 btf{ 

zfvf 

k|f/lDes ;'g'jfOsf nflu lgj]bg k]zL / k|f/lDes shlni6 cg';f/ l/6 btf{ 

lgj]bg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug] ;'g'jfOsf] sf/jfxL lgj]bgsf] k]zL / zfvf / Ps 

;'g'jfO ;DkGg GofofwLzsf] 

Ohnf; 

ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg] ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj Dofb tfd]nL 

;"rgf tfd]n zfvf 

lnlvt hjfkmsf] hfFrj'em / hfFrj'em kl5 lnlvt lnlvt hjfkm l/6 zfvf 

btf{ ug] 

hjfkm btf{ hfFrj'em u/L 

/Ltk'j{s btf{ 

cgtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu u/L lgj]bg k]zL / cGtl/d 

lgj]bg k/]sf] eP of] cfb]z hf/L eP cfb]z 

k|of]hgsf] nflu lgj]bg k]z tfd]n ug] 

ug] 

sfo{ljlw cg';f/ 

lgj]bg k]zL 

l/6 zfvf 

clGtd ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu lgj]bg lgj]bg k]zL sfo{ljlw cg';f/ l/6 zfvf 

k]z ug] 

lgj]bg k]zL 

lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO ug] ;'g'jfO k|f/De k|efjsf/L ;+o'Qm 

;'g'jfO ;DkGg Ohnf; 

cfb]z k7fpg] ljkIfLnfO{ cfb]z tfd]n /Ltk"j{s cfb]z 

tfd]n 

l/6 zfvf 

ldl;nsf] clen]v /fVg] ldl;n btf{ / clen]v /Ltk"j{s btf{ clen]v 

u/L /fVg] sfo{ 

;DkGg 

zfvf 

135


d"nsfo{ !=#=!M z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L d'2fx? km};nf ug] {— b]jfgL 

d'2f 

{ 

{ 

glthf kl/;"rs ! ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq km5\of} {6 ug] ;f] 

cg';f/ ug{ g;lsP klg @ jif{ gf3\g glbg] 

@= aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof %) k|ltztn] Go"g ug] 

{ 

{ { 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f 

klxnf] txM 

glthf 

sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

kl/;"rs 

hjfkmb]lxtf 

d'2f btf{ ug] 

d'2fsf] btf{ ;DkGg /Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f btf{ 

zfvf 

Dofb hf/L ug] / tfd]n ug] Dofb tfd]nL ;DkGg ;do e} /Ltk"j{s d'2f btf{ 

tfd]nL zfvf 

k|ltpQ/ kq btf{ ug] k|ltpQ/kqsf] btf{ 

;DkGg 

/Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f zfvf 

d'2f ;'g'jfO{sf] k]zL ;"rL b}lgs k]zL ;"rL tof/ b}lgs k]zL ;"rL d'2f zfvf 

tof/ ug] -d'2f Ohnf;df k]z 

cg';f/ d'2fsf] 

x'g] k|To]s k6s_ 

;'g'jfO{ 

k|df0f d's//sf] nflu klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k]zL ;"rL cg';f/ Ohnf; 

;'g'jfO{ ug] 

;'g'jfO{ sfo{ 

;DkGg 

;fIfLsf] jskq Pj+ cGo jskq Pj+ cGo 7Ls ;dodf ;j} Ohnf; 

cfjZos sfo{x? ug] -gfk cfjZos sfo{x? sfdsf/jfxL 

gS;f ug] {, ;DklQsf] tfobftL ;DkGg /Ltk"j{s ;DkGg 

lng], ljjflbt ;DklQsf] 

cj:yf j'em\g], cGo ;DalGwt 

JolQmx? j'em\g] cflb_ 

d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO{ ug] / ;'g'jfO{ k|f/De k|efjsf/L Ohnf; 

km};nf ug] 

;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg 

km};nf n]Vg] / ;DalGwt km};nfsf] tof/L / ljjflbt ;j} Ohnf; 

kIfnfO{ ;f]sf] ;"rgf hf/L ug] ;"rgf hf/L k|Zgx?sf] 

lg/fs/0f 

136

ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf 

k7fpg] 


ldl;n clen]v 

zfvfdf k|fKt 

{ 

bf];|f] txM 

k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ 

;DkGg 

z'? cbfntjf6 ldl;n 

137 

ldl;n clen]v 

btf{ lstfjdf 

btf{ 

d'2f zfvf 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

/Ltk"j{s btf{ k'g/fj]bg 

btf{ zfvf 

ldl;n k|fKt ljgf ljnDj d'2f zfvf 

lemsfpg] 

ldl;n k|fKt 

;'g'jfOsf] nflu k]zL ;"rL k]zL ;"rL tof/ k]zL ;"rL /lhi6«f/sf] 


d'tfljs d'2fsf] sfof{no 


;'g'jfO{ 

klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ug] 

;'g'jfO{ k|f/De k|efjsf/L 

;'gjfO{ ;DkGg 

Ohnf; 

ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf hf/L ug] ;"rgf hf/L ljgf ljnDj 

;"rgf hf/L 

d'2f zfvf 

k"/s k|df0f j'em\g cfb]z ug] cfb]z ;DkGg k"/s k|df0fx? 

/Ltk"j{s ;+sng 

Ohnf; 

d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO{ u/L clGtd ;'g'jfO{ k|f/De k|efjsf/L Ohnf; 

km};nf ug] 


km};nf n]Vg] km};nf tof/ ljjflbt ;j} 

k|Zgx?sf] 

lg/fs/0f 

Ohnf; 

;DalGwt kIfnfO{ km};nfsf] ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj 7Ls d'2f zfvf 

;"rgf hf/L ug] 

;dodf tfd]nL 

;DkGg 

z'? cbfntdf ldl;n lkmtf{ ldl;n lkmtf{ ;do d} ldl;n d'2f zfvf 

k7fpg] 

lkmtf{ 

/]s8{ ldl;n k'g/fj]bg ldl;n clen]v ldl;n clen]v clen]v 

cbfntsf] clen]v zfvfdf zfvfdf k|fKt btf{ lstfjdf zfvf / d'2f 

k7fpg] 

t];|f] txM 

btf{ zfvf 

bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug] bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg 

btf{ 

/Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f zfvf 

;'g'jfOsf] nflu k]zL ;"rL k]zL ;"rL tof/ k]zL ;"rL shlni6


{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 


d'tfljs d'2fsf] 


;'g'jfO{ 

dftxt cbfntx?jf6 ldl;n ldl;n k|fKt ljgf ljnDj 

lemsfpg] 

ldl;n k|fKt 

klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ug] 

;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L 

;'g'jfO ;DkGg 


;"rgf hf/L 

ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf tfd]n ug] ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj 

;"rgf tfd]n 

k"/s k|df0fx? j'em\g cfb]z cfb]z ;DkGg k"/s k|df0fx? 

ug] 


d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO u/L clGtd ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L 

km};nf ug] { 

km};nf n]Vg] / km};nfsf] 

;"rgf ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ hf/L 

ug] { 

ldl;n dftxt cbfntx?df 

lkmtf{ k7fpg] 

/]s8{ ldl;n ;jf] {Rr 

cbfntsf] clen]v zfvfdf 

k7fpg] 

km};nf tof/ u/L 

;"rgf tfd]n 

138 


ljjflbt ;j} 

k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f 

ldl;n lkmtf{ ;do d} ldl;n 

lkmtf{ 

ldl;n clen]v ldl;n clen]v 

zfvfdf k|fKt btf{ lstfjdf 

btf{ 

zfvf 

d'2f zfvf 

;+o'Qm 

Ohnf; 

,, 

d'2f zfvf 

;+o'Qm 

Ohnf; 

;+o'Qm 

Ohnf; 

;+o'Qm 

Ohnf; 

d'2f zfvf 

d'2f zfvf / 

clen]v 

zfvf 

d"nsfo{ !=#=@M z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L d'2fx? km};nf ug] {— 

kmf}hbf/L d'2f 

glthf kl/;"rs ! ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq km5\of} {6 ug] {, ;f] 

cg';f/ ug{ g;lsP klg @ jif{ gf3\g glbg] 

@= aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof %) k|ltztn] Go"g ug] { 

{ 


klxnf] txM 

glthf 

sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

kl/;"rs 

hjfkmb]lxtf 

cleof]ukq btf{ ug] 

cleof]ukq btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f btf{ 

zfvf 

ljleGg r/0fdf k]zL ;"rL k]zL ;"rL tof/ k]zL ;"rL k|zf;g zfvf


{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ { 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

tof/ ug] 


;'g'jfO{ 

cleo'Qmsf] jofg lng] jofg ;DkGg ;j} ;Dj4 

k|Zgx? ;f]wL 

/Ltk"j{s jofg 

;DkGg 

y'g5]ssf] nflu ;'g'jfO ug] ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k]zL ;"rL 

d'tfljs ;'g'jfO{ 

;DkGg 

cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug] cfb]z sfof{Gjog ;dodf cfb]z 

sfof{Gjog 

cfb]z pk/ dflyNnf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ;dodf sfo{ 

cbfntdf lgj]bg k/] k|ltj]bg 

;DkGg 

k]z ug] 

dflyNnf] cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf cfb]zfg';f/ 

kl/kfngf ug] -c=j+= !& g+= 

ug'{kg] 

cfjZos 

cGtu{t_ 

sfo{x? ljgf 

ljnDj ;DkGg 

km/f/ cleo'Qmx?nfO{ jf/06 Dofb hf/L ljgf ljnDj 

Pj+ Dofb hf/L u/L tfd]n ug] 

Dofb tfd]n 

cbfntdf xflh/ x'g] jofg ;DkGg ;Dj4 ;j} 

cleo'Qmsf] jofg lng] 

k|Zgx? ;f]wL 

/Ltk"j{s jofg 

;DkGg 

y'g5]ssf] nflu ;'g'jfO{ ug] y'g5]ssf] ;'g'jfO k|efjsf/L 

;DkGg y'g5]ssf] ;'g'jfO{ 

;DkGg 

cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug] cfb]z sfof{Gjog ljgf ljnDj 

cfb]z sfof{Gjog 

ljz]if1 nufot cGo ;fIfLx? ;fIfL k/LIf0f ;j} ;Dj4 

k/LIf0f ug] 

k|Zgx? ;f]wL 

/Ltk"j{s jskq 

;DkGg 

sfg"gn] tf]s] jdf]lhd ;DklQ bfv]n /Ltk"j{s ;dodf 

cleo'Qmsf] ;DklQ bfv]n k]z 

sfd ;DkGg 

139 

Ohnf; 

Ohnf; 

d'2f zfvf 

Ohnf; 

Ohnf; 

d'2f zfvf 

Ohnf; 

Ohnf; 

d'2f zfvf 

Ohnf; 

Ohnf;

ug] { 

clGtd ;'g'jfOsf] nflu d'2f 

k]z ug] { 


d'2fsf] km};nf tof/ ug] { km};nf tof/ u/L 

sfof{Gjogsf nflu km};nf 

txl;n zfvfdf k7fpg] 

ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf 

k7fpg] 

d'2f k]zL k]zL ;"rL 


k|dfjsf/L 

;"rgf tfd]n 

km};nf k7fpg] sfo{ 

;DkGg 

ldl;n clen]v 

zfvfdf k|fKt 

140 

;'g'jfO ;DkGg 

ljjflbt ;j} 


ljgf ljnDj 

km};nf 

sfof{Gjog 

ldl;n clen]v 

zfvfdf btf{ 

d'2f zfvf 

Ohnf; 

d'2f zfvf 

d'2f zfvf / 

clen]v 

zfvf 

{ 

bf];|f] txM 

k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ k'g/fj]bg 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

dftxt cbfntjf6 ldl;n ldl;n k|fKt ljgf ljnDj 

btf{ zfvf 

d'2f zfvf 

lemsfpg] 

ldl;n k|fKt 

klxnf] ;'g'jfO ug] klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k]zL ;"rL 


;DkGg 

Ohnf; 


;"rgf hf/L 

Ohnf; 


;"rgf tfd]n 

d'2f zfvf 

k"/s k|df0fx? j'em\g cfb]z cfb]z ;DkGg k"/s k|df0fx? Ohnf; 

ug] 


;fIfL -ljz]if1 ;d]t_ k/LIf0f ;fIfL k/LIf0f ;DkGg ;j} ;Dj4 k|Zg Ohnf; 

ug] 

;f]wL /Ltk"j{s 

jskq ;DkGg 

c=j+= !& g+= sf] lgj]bgdf cfb]zsf] kfngf cfb]zfg';f/ Ohnf; 

dflyNnf] cbfntjf6 ePsf] 

ug'{kg] 

sfo{ ljgf 

cfb]z kfngf ug] 

ljnDj ;DkGg 

clGtd ;'g'jfO u/L km};nf ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L Ohnf;


{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

ug] 


km};nf tof/ ug] 

km};nf tof/ ;j} ljjflbt 


Ohnf; 

;DalGwt kIfnfO{ km};nfsf] ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj d'2f zfvf 


;"rgf tfd]n 

z'? cbfntdf ldl;n lkmtf{ ldl;n lkmtf{ ljgf ljnDj ,, 

k7fpg] 

ldl;n lkmtf{ 

/]s8{ ldl;n k'g/fj]bg 


k7fpg] 

t];|f] tx 

ldl;n clen]v 

zfvfdf k|fKt 

ldl;n clen]v 

btf{ lstfjdf 

btf{ 

d'2f zfvf / 

clen]v 

zfvf 

bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg /Ltk"j{s btf{ k'g/fj]bg 

ug] 

btf{ 

btf{ zfvf 

dftxt cbfntx?jf6 ldl;n ldl;n k|fKt ljgf ljnDj d'2f zfvf 

lemsfpg] 

ldl;n k|fKt 

klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ k|f/De ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L 

;'g'jfO ;DkGg 

Ohnf; 


;"rgf hf/L 

Ohnf; 


;"rgf tfd]n 

d'2f zfvf 

k"/s k|df0fx? j'em\g cfb]z cfb]z ;DkGg k"/s k|df0fx? Ohnf; 

ug] 


dftxt cbfntsf cfb]z ph'/L ;'Gg] sfo{ k|efjsf/L Ohnf; 

pk/sf] ph'/L ;'Gg] 

-c=j+= !& g+= cGtu{t_ 

;DkGg ;'g'jfO{ u/L 

pko'Qm cfb]z 

hf/L 

ljz]if1 nufotsf ;fIfL ;fIfL k/LIf0f ;DkGg /Ltk"j{s ;j} Ohnf; 

k/LIf0f ug] 

k|Zgx? ;f]wL 

jskq ;DkGg 

d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO u/L clGtd ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L Ohnf; 

km};nf ug] 


km};nf n]Vg] km};nf tof/ ljjflbt ;j} 


Ohnf; 

141

{ 

km};nfsf] ;"rgf 

kIfnfO{ hf/L ug] 

;DalGwt 

ldl;n dftxt cbfntx?df 

lkmtf{ k7fpg] 

/]s8{ ldl;n ;jf] {Rr 


k7fpg] 


d"nsfo{ !=$M cbfntsf km};nfx? sfof{Gjog ug] { 

;"rgf tfd]n ljgf l9nfO 

;"rgf tfd]n 

ldl;n lkmtf{ ;do d} ldl;n 

lkmtf{ 

ldl;n clen]v ldl;n clen]v 

zfvfdf k|fKt btf{ lstfjdf 

btf{ 

142 

d'2f zfvf 

d'2f zfvf 

d'2f zfvf / 

clen]v 

zfvf 

glthf kl/;"rsM 

!M km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf lgj]bgx? ^ dlxgf leq km5\of} {6 ug] { 

Pj+ s'g}klg cj:yfdf ! jif{ gf3\g glbg] 

@= aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug] { . 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

sfd sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f 

b]jfgL d'2f 

glthf 

sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

k/L;"rs 

hjfkmb]lxtf 

km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] lgj]bg lgj]bg btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ txl;n zfvf 

btf{ ug] 

km};nf jdf]lhd ug{ ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf hf/L ;dodf ;"rgf txl;n zfvf 


hf/L 

;"rgf tfd]n ug] 

;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj 

;"rgf tfd]n 

Dofb zfvf 

km};nf cg';f/ lhTg] kIfnfO{ ltg'{kg] 

ljuf]sf] d"Nof+sg 

k|lqmof z'? ug] 

lemsfOPsf] kIfn] /sd hDdf /sd hDdf /Ltk"j{s w/f}6Ldf txl;n zfvf 

ug{ NofPdf cbfntsf] w/f}6L 

hDdf 

vftfdf hDdf ug] 

txl;n b:t'/ jfkt hDdf /sd e/fpg] ljgf ljnDj txl;n zfvf 

ePsf] /sdjf6 @=% k|ltztn] 

s6f}tL u/L afFsL /sd lhTg] 

kIfnfO{ e/fO lbg] 

/sd e/fpg] 

olb klxn] g} ;DklQ bfv]n ;DklQ e/fpg] ljgf ljnDj txl;n zfvf


{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ { 

e};s]sf] eP To;}jf6 e/fO 

lbg] 

;DklQ e/fpg] 

xfg] kIfn] bfv]n ug{ gNofP ;DklQ bfv]n ;dodf g} txl;n zfvf 

Pj+ klxn] g} bfv]n klg 

/Ltk"j{s ;DklQ 

gu/]sf] eP ;DklQ e/fpg] 

bfv]n 

sf/jfxL z'? ug] 

dfnkf]t sfof{nojf6 ;DkQL d"Nof+sgsf] b/ k|fKt ljgf ljnDj b/ txl;n zfvf 

d"Nof+sgsf] b/ k|fKt ug] 

k|fKt 

8f]/ d'r'Nsfåf/f ;DklQ d"Nof+sg ;DkGg oyfy{ / /Ltk"j{s txl;n zfvf 

d"Nof+sg ug{ sd{rf/L v6fpg] 

d"Nof+sg 

;DklQsf] k~rs[lt d"Nof+sg d"Nof+sg ;DkGg oyfy{ / /Ltk"j{s txl;n zfvf 

ug] 

d"Nof+sg 

;DklQ lnnfd ug] 

;DklQ lnnfd ;do d} /Ltk"j{s txl;n zfvf 

lnnfd 

t];|f] kIfn] lnnfd ;sf/ ;sf/ u/]sf] /sd k|fKt ;sf/ u/]sf] txl;n zfvf 

u/]sf]df !) k|ltzt tTsfn} 

/sd ;do d} 

w/f}6 /fvL jf+sL () k|ltzt 

/sd hDdf ug{ & lbgsf] 

;do lbg] 

k|fKt 

txl;n b:t'/ @=% k|ltzt /sd s6[f u/L e/fpg] ljgf ljnDj txl;n zfvf 

s6[f u/L jfFsL /sd lhTg] sfo{ ;DkGg /sd e/fpg] 

kIfnfO{ e/fO{ lbg] 

sfo{ ;DkGg 

t];|f] kIfn] lnnfd ;sf/ bf];|f] k6s lnnfd /Ltk"j{s ;do d} txl;n zfvf 

gu/]sf]df bf];|f] k6s ;DkGg sfo{ ;DkGg 

lnnfdsf] nflu sf/jfxL 

k|f/De ug] -k|lqmof pxL_ 

;j}eGbf a9L c+sdf lnnfd 

;sf/ ug] {nfO{ ;DklQ 

x:tfGt/0f ug] k|lqmof z'? ug] 

;DklQ x:tfGt/0f lnnfd ;sf/ ug] 

JolQmåf/f 

;DklQsf] ef]u 

rng 

txl;n zfvf 

bf];|f] k6s klg t];|f] kIfn] jfbLåf/f ;DklQ /Ltk"j{s ;do d} txl;n zfvf 

lnnfd ;sf/ gu/]df jfbLnfO{ 

g} ;DklQ :jLsf/ ug{ nufpg] 

:jLsf/ sfo{ ;DkGg 

olb lnnfd /sdjf6 lhTg] ;DklQ e/fpg] sfo{ ;dodf g} txl;n zfvf 

kIfnfO{ ltg{ k'Ug] eP bfv]n ;DkGg e/fpg] sfo{ 

143


ePsf] /sdjf6 e/fO{ lbg] ;DkGg 

lnnfd u/]sf] ;DklQjf6 lhTg] 

kIfnfO{ ltg{ k'u]g cyjf 

lgh;+u c? ;DklQ klg jfFsL 

/x]g5 eg] C0fLnfO{ s}bdf 

k7fpg lgj]bg btf{ ug] { 

lgj]bg btf{ lgj]bg /Ltk"j{s 

btf{ 

144 

txl;n zfvf 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ { 

C0fLnfO{ kqmfp cfb]z hf/L kqmfp cfb]z hf/L /Ltk"j{ssf] txl;n zfvf 

ug{ lgj]bg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z 

sfo+ {ljlw ckgfO{ 

ug] 

d'2f k]z ug] sfo{ 

;DkGg 

Ohnf;sf] cfb]zfg';f/ kqmfp cfb]z hf/L C0fL kqmfp txl;n zfvf 

C0fLnfO{ kqmfp cfb]z hf/L 

ug] 

C0fLnfO{ sf/uf/df k7fpg] C0fLnfO{ sf/fuf/df plrt txl;n zfvf 

k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg sfo{ljlwsf] 

cjnDag 

ljleGg cfb]z / sf/jfxL ph'/Lsf] btf{ / ;do d} sf/jfxL txl;n zfvf 

lj?4 ph'/L k/] btf{ ug] / sf/jfxL 

sf/jfxL ug] 

ldl;n clen]vdf k7fpg] ldl;n clen]vdf /Ltk"j{s ldl;n txl;n zfvf 

k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg clen]vdf btf{ 

;DklQ a08f 5'6[ofpg] sf/jfxL z'? ug] 

j08f ug'{kg] 

;DklQsf] btf{ ;DklQ olsg ;dodf olsg txl;n zfvf 

j'emL :jfldTj olsg ug] 

cfjZostf cg';f/ hUufsf] hUuf gfkL ;DkGg ;dodf g} txl;n zfvf 

;e] -gfk hfFr_ ug] 

/Ltk"j{s gfkL 

;DkGg 

j08f 5'6\ofpg sd{rf/L sd{rf/L v6fpg] sfo{ ;Ifd sd{rf/L txl;n zfvf 

lkmN8df v6fpg] 

;DkGg v6fOg] 

j08f 5'6\ofO{ ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg j08f 5'6\ofO k|ltj]bg kIfx?sf] txl;n zfvf 

cbfntdf j'emfpg] 

k|:t't lrQj'em\g] u/L 

sfo{ ;DkGg 

j08f 5'6\ofOg]jf6 txl;n txl;n b:t'/ k|fKt ;dodf g} txl;n zfvf 

b:t'/ jfkt @=% k|ltzt w/f}6 

/Ltk"j{s w/f}6Ldf 

lng] 

hDdf


{ ] { 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

j08f kfpg] kIfnfO{ ;DklQsf] rngk"hL{ k|bfg kIfåf/f ;DklQsf] txl;n zfvf 

rngk"hL{ lbg] 

ef]u rng 

j08f kfPsf] ;DklQ ;DalGwt cfb]z hf/L ;DalGwt txl;n zfvf 

JolQmsf gfpFdf btf{ ug{ 

JolQmsf] gfddf 

dfnkf]t 

k7fpg] 

sfof{nodf n]vL 

hUuf btf{ 

ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf cfb]z 

/ sf/jfxL pk/ ph'/ k/] btf{ 

ph'/L btf{ / sf/jfxL ;do d} sf/jfxL txl;n zfvf 

ug] / sf/jfxL ug+ 

ldl;n clen]vdf k7fpg] ldl;n clen]vdf ldl;n txl;n zfvf 

k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg clen]vdf btf{ 

;DklQ rng rnfpg] sf/jfxL z'? ug] 

;DklQsf] btf{ ;| ]:tf j'em\g] btf{ ;| ]:tf j'em\g] sfo{ 

;DkGg 

;dodf g} j'em\g] txl;n zfvf 

hUufsf] gfkgS;f ug] hUuf gfkL ;DkGg /Ltk"j{s hUuf 

gfkL ;DkGg 

txl;n zfvf 

;DklQ rng rnfpg sd{rf/L sd{rf/L v6fpg] sfo{ ;Ifd sd{rf/L txl;n zfvf 

lkmN8df v6fpg] 

;DkGg 

vl6g] 

ljjflbt ;DklQsf] rng rng rnfpg] sfo{ ;DalGwt kIfn] txl;n zfvf 

rnfpg] 

;DkGg hUufsf] rng 

kfpg] 

txl;n b:t'/ jfkt @=% /sd hDdf /sd /Ltk"j{s txl;n zfvf 

k|ltzt /sd hDdf ug] 

hDdf 

;DalGwt kIfnfO{ rng k"hL{ rng k"hL{ hf/L ;DalGwt kIfn] txl;n zfvf 

lbg] 

rng kfpg] 

ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf cfb]z ph'/L btf{ / sf/jfxL ;do d} ph'/L txl;n zfvf 

/ sf/jfxL pk/ ph'/ k/] btf{ 

pk/ sf/jfxL 

u/L sf/jfxL ug] 

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t'Nofpg] 

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@,()#,))) !%,))),))) !%,))),))) !%,))),))) !%,))),))) ^@,()#, 

&!^,))) ) ) ) ) &!^,) 

{ 

cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{ lgod jgfpg kfpg] 

clwsf/df Goflos :joQtf k|fKt ug] 

!)&,))) ) ) ) ) !)&,) 

GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt GofoIf]q leq / jflx/sf 

;+:yfx?;+usf] ;+rf/, ;dGjo / cGt/lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 

t'Nofpg] 

10= Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg 

o;sf cg';GwfgfTds / cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx?nfO{ 

;'b[9 agfpg] 

11= Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg 

o;sf cg';GwfgfTds / cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx?nfO{ 

;'b[9 agfpg] 

#,$#%,))) %,(!),))) %,(!),))) #!),))) #!),))) !%,*&%, 

!,^@#,%)) %&%,))) ) ) ) @,!(*,% 

@,#)),))) @,!)),))) @,!)),))) @,!)),))) @,!)),))) !),&)), 

12= d]nldnfk k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofO Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt 

lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug] { !%),))) #,$%(,))) ^,))),))) ) ) (,^)(,) 

13= cbfnt Pj+ cbfntsf GofofwLz, sd{rf/L / cGo 

pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug] { !@*,%)) !),))),))) ) ) ) !),!@*, 

14= cbfntdf j}1flgs s]Gb|Lo clen]v k|0ffnL ljsf; ug] { 

) !!(,))) @!(,))) @,@!(,))) $,)!(,))) ^,%&^,) 

15= d'2fsf] aSof}tf / l9nfO{nfO{ sd ug{ k|efjsf/L d'2f 

Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmof ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug] { ) %^,@%))) @)),))) !#,))),))) !(,))),))) #@,&^@, 

16= u/Lj / c;xfo ju{sf nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf 

sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg] @,%)),))) !,))),))) ) !,))),))) ) $,%)), 

s"n hDdf 

!(@,$@*,%)) !,)@),!##,@%) %%$&*^,&%) &)),)^%,&%) ^$&,(@*,&%) #,!!%,#$ 

176

v'b hDdf *#@,%%!,*() !,&)(,*@#,%($ !,@(&,^#%,@&) !,$((,(##,))( !,%)^,$)),&%# ^,*$^,#$ 

177

cg';"rL % 

jh]6sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f 

l;= 

g+= 

ljj/0f ;dofjlw 

tnj / JolQmut ;'ljwfx? 

-jflif{s &=% k|ltzt j[l4_ 

@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* 

hDdf 

s GofofwLzx? 

! ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

i= tnj -?=!&,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x@% hgf_ ^,)#%,))) ^,$*&,^@% ^,(&$,!(& &,$(&,@^@ *,)%(,%%^ #%,)%#,^$) 

ii=3/ef8f -?=*,%)) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ @,%%),))) @,&$!,@%) @,($^,*$$ #,!^&,*%& #,$)%,$$^ !$,*!!,#(& 

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x @% hgf_ #%$,@%) #*),*!( $)(,#*) $$),)*$ $&#,)() @,)%&,^@# 

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=!,@))x!@ dlxgfx@% hgf_ #^),))) #*&,))) $!^,)@% $$&,@@& $*),&^( @,)(!,)@! 

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg 

@,%#(,*)) @,&#),@*% @,(#%,)%^ #,!%%,!*^ #,#(!,*@% !$,&%@,!%@ 

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ 

vii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf 

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-?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ 

$%),))) $*#,&%) %@),)#! %%(,)#$ ^)),(^! @,^!#,&&^ 

!,)*(,))) !,!!&),^&% !,@%*,$&^ !,#%@,*^! !,$%$,#@^ ^,#@%,##* 

-?=#,^)) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ 

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ ()),))) (^&,%)) !,)$),)^# !,!!*,)^& !,@)!,(@@ %,@@&,%%@ 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu s"n 

hDdf 

!$,@&*,)%) !%,#$*,()$ !^%)))&@ !&&#&%&& !(,)^&,*(% *@,(#@,$(& 

@= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

s= d'Vo GofofwLz 

i= tnj -?=!^,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x!^ hgf #,^#%,@)) #,()&,*$) $,@)),(@* $,%!%,((* $,*%$,^(& @!,!!$,^^# 

ii=ef8f -?=*,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ !,%#^,))) !,^%!,@)) !&&%,)$) !,()*,!^* @,)%!,@*! *,(@!,^*( 

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x !^ hgf_ @@^,&@) @$#,&@$ @^@,))# @*!,^%$ #)@,&&* !,#!^,*&* 

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=!,@))x!@ dlxgf x!^ hgf_ !!%,@)) !@#,*$) !##,!@* !$#,!!# !%#,*$^ ^^(,!@& 


*((,&!@ (^&,!() !,)#(,&#) !,!!&,&)( !,@)!,%#* %,@@%,*&( 

-?=*,$^^ x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ 

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgfx!^ hgf_ @**,))) #)(,^)) ##@,*@) #%&,&*@ #*$,^!% !,^&@,*!& 


^(^,(^) &$(,@#@ *)%,$@$ *^%,*#! (#),&^( $,)$*,@!^ 

-?=#,^)) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ 

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ 

v= GofofwLzx? 

%&^,))) ^!(,@)) ^^%,^$) &!%,%^# &^(,@#) #,#$%,^## 

178

l;= 

g+= 




@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* 

hDdf 

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x (^ hgf_ !(,)*$*)) @)%!^!^) @@)%$*&@ @#&)*(*& @%$*&!^! !!)*%!(*! 

ii=ef8f -?=*,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ *)^$,))) *^^*,*)) (#!*,(^) !),)!&,**@ !),&^(,@@# $^*#*,*^% 

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x !^ hgf_ !,!^*,#@) !,@%%,($$ !,#%),!$) !,$%!,$)) !,%^),@%% ^&,*^,)%( 

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^))x!@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ ^(!,@)) &,$#,)$) &,(*,&^* *,%*,^&^ (,@#,)&^ $,)!$,&^) 


%,#(*,@&@ %,*)#,!$@ ^,@#*,#&* ^,&)^,@%^ &,@)(,@@^ #!,#%%,@&% 



-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ 

-?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ 

!&@*,))) !,*%&,^)) !,((^,(@) @,!$^,^*( @,#)&,^(! !),)#^,()) 

$,!*!,&^) $$(%#(@ $*#@%$^ %!($(*& %%*$^!! @$@*(@(& 

-?=#^#) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ 

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ #$%^))) #&!%@)) #((#*$) $@(##&* $^!%#*! @))&#&(( 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLzx?sf] nflu s"n 

hDdf 

%!,&$^,!$$ %%,^@&,!)% %(,&((,!#* ^$,@*$,)&# ^(,!)%,#&* #)),%^!,*#* 

#= Gofoflws/0f / c? cbfntx? 

s ljz]if cbfnt 

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x # hgf_ %,(^,$)) ^,$!,!#) ^,*(,@!% &,$),()^ &,(^,$&$ #$,^$,!@$ 

!@^,))) !#%,$%) !$%,^)( !%^,%@( !^*,@^( &#!,*%& 

ii. eQf - dfl;s tnjsf] @% k|ltzt !@ dlxgf 

x # hgf_ 

iii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ @%@,))) @&),()) @(!,@!* #!#,)%( ##^,%#* !$^#,&!% 

iv=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x # hgf_ #^,%!) #(,@$* $@,!(@ $%,#%^ $*,&%* @!@,)^$ 

v=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ @!,^)) @#,@@) @$,(^@ @^,*#$ @*,*$^ !@%,$^! 

vi=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg 

!^*,^(^ !*!,#$* !($,($( @)(,%&! @@%,@** (&(,*%@ 

vii= d{dt ;+ef/ 

viii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf 

-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ 

-?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ 

-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ 

%$,))) %*,)%) ^@,$)$ ^&,)*$ &@,!!% #!#,^%# 

!#),^*) !$),$*! !%!,)!& !^@,#$# !&$,%!( &%(,)$! 

ix= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ !)*,))) !!^,!)) !@$,*)* !#$,!^* !$$,@#! ^@&,#)^ 

v >d cbfnt 

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ !(*,*)) @!#,&!) @@(,&#* @$^,(^( @^%,$(! !,!%$,&)* 

ii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ *$,))) (),#)) (&,)&# !)$,#%# !!@,!&( $*&,()% 

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x ! hgf_ !@,!&) !#,)*# !$,)^$ !%,!!( !^,@%# &),^** 

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ &,@)) &,&$) *#@! *($% (^!% $!*@) 

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg %^@#@ ^)$$( ^$(*# ^(*%& &%)(^ #@^,^!& 

179

l;= 

g+= 






-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

-?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* 

180 

hDdf 

!*,))) !(,#%) @),*)! @@,#^! @$,)#* !)$,%%! 

$#,%^) $^,*@& %),##( %$,!!$ %*,!&# @%#,)!$ 

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ #^,))) #*,&)) $!,^)# $$,&@# $*,)&& @)(,!)@ 

u k|zf;lso cbfnt 

! cWoIf 

i= tnj -?=!^,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ @@&,@)) @$$,@$) @^@,%%* @*@,@%) #)#,$!( !,#!(,^^^ 

ii=ef8f -?=*,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ (^,))) !)#,@)) !!),($) !!(,@^! !@*,@)% %%&,^)^ 

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x ! hgf_ !$,!&) !%,@## !^,#&% !&,^)# !*,(@$ *@,#)% 

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ &,@)) &,&$) *#@! *($% (^!% $!*@) 


%^@#@ ^)$$( ^$(*# ^(*%& &%)(^ #@^,^!& 

-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

vi= d{dt;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ !*,))) !(,#%) @),*)! @@,#^! @$,)#* !)$,%%! 


-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

$#,%^) $^,*@& %),##( %$,!!$ %*,!&# @%#,)!$ 

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ #^,))) #*,&)) $!,^)# $$,&@# $*,)&& @)(,!)@ 

@= ;b:ox? 

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ #(&^)) $@&$@) $%($&& $(#(#& %#)(*# @#)($!^ 

ii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ !^*))) !*)^)) !($!$% @)*&)^ @@$#%( (&%*!) 

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x @ hgf_ @$#$) @^!^^ @*!@* #)@#* #@%)% !$!#&^ 

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ !$$)) !%$*) !^^$! !&**( !(@#! *#^$! 

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x !!@$^$ !@)*(( !@((^^ !#(&!$ !%)!(@ ^%#@#% 

@ hgf_ 

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ #^))) #*&)) $!^)# $$&@# $*)&& @)(!)@ 

vii=8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=$^*^x!@ dlxgfx@ hgf_ *&!@) (#^%$ !))^&* !)*@@( !!^#$^ %)^)@& 

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ &@))) &&$)) *#@)% *($$% (^!%$ $!*@)$ 

3= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f 

! cWoIf 

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ &(%,@)) *%$,*$) (!*,(%# (*&,*&$ !,)^!,(^% $,^!*,*## 

ii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ ##^,))) #^!@)) #**,@() $!&,$!@ $$*,&!* !(%!^!( 

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x $ hgf_ $*^*) %@##! %^@%^ ^)$&% ^%,)!! @*@,&%@ 

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ @*,*)) #),(^) ##,@*@ #%,&&* #*,$^@ !^&,@*@

l;= 

g+= 




@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* 

hDdf 

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x 

$ hgf_ 

@@$,(@* @$!,&(* @%(,(#@ @&(,$@& #)),#*$ !,#)^,$&) 

vi= d{dt;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ &@,))) &&,$)) *#,@)% *(,$$% (^,!%$ $!*,@)$ 

vii=8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=#^#)x!@ dlxgf x$ hgf_ !&$,@$) !*&,#)* @)!,#%^ @!^,$%* @#@,^(@ !,)!@,)%$ 

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ !$$,))) !%$,*)) !^^,$!) !&*,*(! !(@,#)* *#^,$)* 

@= ;b:ox? 

i= tnj -?=!@,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x * hgf_ !,#^#,@)) !,$^%,$$) !,%&%,#$* !,^(#,$(( !,*@),%!@ &,(!&,((( 

Gofoflws/0f / cGo cbfntsf GofofwLz / 

;b:ox?sf] s"n hDdf 

^,%$&,!*@ &,)#*,@@! &,%^^,)*& *,!##,%$$ *,&$#,%^) #*,)@*,%(# 

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 

i=tnj -?=!@,#$)x!$=@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_ @#^%%&*) @%$@((^$ @&##&@!! @(#*&%)@ #!%(!%^$ !#&$)@)@) 

ii=ef8f -?=^,!&) x !@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_ (((%$)) !)&$%)%% !!%%)(#$ !@$!&@%$ !##$*%$* %*)%&!(@ 

iii. k|zf;lgs eQf -?=#))x!@ dlxgf x &% 

GofofwLz 

@&)))) @()@%) #!@)!( ##%$@) #^)%&& !%^*@^^ 

iv=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x !#% hgf_ !#%)))) !$%!@%) !%^))($ !^&&!)! !*)@**# &*$!#@* 

v=pkef]u vr{ 

*!)))) *&)&%) (#^)%^ !))^@^) !)*!&#) $&)$&(& 

vi= lkog 

-?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_ 

-?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_ 

$*^)))) %@@$%)) %^!^##* ^)#&%^# ^$()#*) @*@@*&*) 

lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu hDdf $)($!!*) $$)!!&^( $&#!@^%! %)*^!!)) %$^&%^*@ @#&*)@#*@ 

;j} GofofwLz / ;b:ox?sf] hDdf !!#%!@%%^ !@@)@%((* !#!!&&($* !$!)!^@($ !%!%(@%!^ ^%(#@%#!) 

v cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx? 


s dxf/lhi6«f/ 

i= tnj -?=!%,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ @!#))) @@*(&% @$^!$* @^$^)( @*$$%% !@#&!*& 

iv=pkef]u vr{ 

!@))) !@()) !#*^* !$()* !^)@^ ^(&)! 


-?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

-?=*$^^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 


-?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

!)!%(@ !)(@!! !!&$)@ !@^@)& !#%^&# %())*^ 

!*))) !(#%) @)*)! @@#^! @$)#* !)$%%! 

181

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 

v /lhi6«f/ -ljlzi6 >]0fL_ 

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ #(&^)) $@&$@) $%($&& $(#(#& %#)(*# @#)($!^ 

iv=pkef]u vr{ 

@$))) @%*)) @&&#% @(*!% #@)%! !#($)! 



-?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ 

-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ 

-?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ 

!!@$^$ !@)*(( !@((^^ !#(&!$ !%)!(@ ^%#@#% 

#^))) #*&)) $!^)# $$&@# $*)&& @)(!)@ 

u ;x /lhi6«f/ 

i= tnj -?=!@,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x % hgf_ *%@))) (!%()) (*$%(# !)%*$#& !!#&*@) $($*&$( 

iv=pkef]u vr{ 

^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)# 



-?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x % hgf_ 

-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x % hgf_ 

-?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x % hgf_ 

@*!!^) #)@@$& #@$(!^ #$(@*$ #&%$*! !^##)*& 

()))) (^&%) !)$))^ !!!*)& !@)!(@ %@@&%% 

3 pk /lhi6«f/ 

i= tnj -?=!),)))x!$=@ dlxgf x & hgf_ (($))) !)^*%%) !!$*^(! !@#$*$# !#@&$%^ %&&#%$! 

ii=pkef]u vr{ 

*$))) ()#)) (&)&# !)$#%# !!@!&( $*&()% 

iii=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg 

-?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x & hgf_ 

-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x & hgf_ 

#(#^@$ $@#!$^ $%$**@ $**((* %@%^&# @@*^#@@ 

iv= d{dt;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x& hgf_ !@^))) !#%$%) !$%^)( !%^%@( !^*@^( &#!*%& 

ª cGo clws[tx? 

i= Ohnf; clws[t /f=k=lå= 

%^*)))) ^!)^))) ^%^#(%) &)%^@$^ &%*%$^% #@((!^^! 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x $) hgf_ 

ii=Ohnf; cg';Gwfg clws[t ;lrj 

@^^@%)) @*^@!** #)&^*%@ ##)&^!% #%%%^*& !%$^$*$! 

-?=&,%)) x !$=@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ 

iii= lghL ;'/Iff clws[t -PSO_ ) ) ) ) ) ) 

iv=Ohnf; df/;n 

-?=%,))) x !$=@ dlxgf x @^ hgf_ 

v=cg';Gwfg clws[t 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ 

vi= ;Dkfbs 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

!*$^))) !(*$$%) @!##@*$ @@(#@*) @$^%@&^ !)&@@@() 

%^*))) ^!)^)) ^%^#(% &)%^@% &%*%$^ #@((!^^ 

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@ 

182

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 

vii. clws[t 

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@ 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

viii. lghL ;xfos -d'Vo GofofwLz_ 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

ix. d'Vo n]vf lgoGqs 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

x. ljefuLo OlGhlgo/ 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

xi. d'Vo /]vf ljz]if1 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

xii. cg'udg tyf ;'k/efOh/ clws[t 

xiii. zfvf clws[t 

xiv. n]vf clws[t 

-?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x $) hgf_ 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ 

xv. k':tsfno clws[t 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

xvi. cbfnt j}tlgs clwjQmf 

xvii. /]vf clws[t 

xviii. d'b|0f clws[t 

-?=&%)) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

xix. hg;Dks{ clws[t 

-?=&%)) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

xx. ;"rgf k|ljlw clws[t -H/S ware_ 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

xxi. :6Sr/ OlGhlgo/ 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

xxii. cfls{6]Sr OlGhlgo/ 

xxiii. ;xfos 

-?=*$)) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ 

-?=%%)) x !$=@ dlxgf x #* hgf_ 

xxiv. ;xfos 

-?=%%)) x !$=@ dlxgf x !) hgf_ 

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@ 

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@ 

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@ 

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@ 

@*$))) #)%#)) #@*!(* #%@*!@ #&(@&# !^$(%*# 

$&&!@)) %!@()$) %%!#&!* %(@&@$& ^#&!&() @&&!@((% 

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#)!$^^)) #@$)&%(% #$*#*!^% #&$%!)@& $)@%(*%$ !&%!)#@$! 

!$)%*)) !%!!@#% !^@$%&* !&$^$@! !*&&$)# *!^%$#^ 

$$!)))) $&$)&%) %)(^#)^ %$&*%@( %**($!( @%^!%))$ 

#)&#%()) ##)$!)(# #%%!(!&$ #*!*#!!# $!)$^*$^ !&*%@^!@% 

!)*^#))) !!^&&&@% !@%%#%%$ !#$(%)&! !$%)&@)! ^#)(^%%@ 

#&%&#@)) $)#(!!() $#$@)%@( $^^&&)^( %)!&&*$( @!*@#(*#& 

**@%#)) ($*&!(* !)!(*&#& !)(^#^$# !!&*%(!^ %!@^)&(# 

!)%$#%)) !!##$@^# !@!*$##@ !#)(*!%& !$)*)%!( ^!@$)&&! 

xiv= 8«fOe/ -?=$!))x!$=@ dlxgfx$% hgf_ @*&%%)) #)(!!^# ##@#))) #%&@@@% #*$)!$@ !^&)@)@* 

xv. lkog -?=##)) x!$=@ dlxgf x%&* hgf_ @&)*%)*) @(!!^$^! #!#))!(^ ##^$&&!) #^!&!@*( !%&#@)&#% 

v s/f/ ;]jf 

i. KnDj/ 

!@^)))) !#%$%)) !$%^)** !%^%@($ !^*@^(! &#!*%&# 

-?=#))) x !@ dlxgf x #% cbfnt_ 

ii= l:jk/ -#^)) x @ hgf x !@ dlxgf x @% 

cbfnt + #^))x!@ dlxgf x ! hgf x %) 

cbfnt 

iii. uf8] {g/ 

-#^)) x @ hgf x !@ dlxgf x &% cbfnt_ 

iv. ;'/Iff uf8{ 

-?=#))) x !@ dlxgf x % hgf &% cbfnt_ 

$#@)))) $^$$))) $((@#)) %#^^&@# %&^(@@& @%)(@@$( 

#@$)))) #$*#))) #&$$@@% $)@%)$@ $#@^(@) !**!(!*& 

!^@))))) !&$!%))) !*&@!!@% @)!@%@)( @!^#$^)) ($)(%(#$ 

lhNnf cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu hDdf !((#*$!@) @!$##&(@( @#)$!#@&$ @$&^($@^( @^^@&!##( !!%*!))(#! 

cbfntsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu hDdf #@(%$)&^@ #%$@%^#!( #*)*@%%$# $)(#*&$%( $$))(!%!* !(!$!)!^)! 

kfl/>lds / cGo ;'ljwf vr{sf] nflu hDdf $$#)%##!* $&^@*@#!& %!@))#$(! %%)$)#&%@ %(!^*$)#$ @%&#$@^(!@ 

!= sfof{no ;+rfng nfut 


-jlif{s &=% k|ltzt j[l4_ 

190

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 

s= d;nGb ;fdfg 

i. sfof{nosf] nflu d;nGb -5fkfvfgf ;fdfu|L 

;lxt_ -?=!@%))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

!%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*& 

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=@%) x !%))) d'2f_ #&%)))) $)#!@%) $###%($ $^%*^!# %))*))( @!&*!$^^ 

iii.ldl;n Joj:yfkg -?=@ x !%)))) kmfOn_ #))))) #@@%)) #$^^** #&@^*( $))^$! !&$@%!& 

v= cGo sfof{no ;fdfg 

i. cGo sfof{no ;fdfg 8:6lkg, 6fj]n, 

ljB'lto ;fdfg cflb_ -?=!)))))_ 

!))))) !)&%)) !!%%^# !@$@#) !##%$& %*)*#( 

ii. x'nfs ;]jf b:t'/ -?=&)))) x !@ dlxgf_ *$)))) ()#))) (&)&@% !)$#%@( !!@!&($ $*&()$* 

iii. klqklqsf, /fhkq 

-?=@),))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

u= ljdf 

i. ejg ljdf ?=#$))))))), lk|ldod )=# 

k|ltzt 

ii. ;jf/L ;fwfg ljdf ?=#&))))))), 

lk|ldod @ k|ltzt 

3= k|sfzg 

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!$ 

@)$))) $)*))) ^!@))) *!^))) !)@)))) #)^)))) 

!$*)))) @(^)))) $$$)))) %(@)))) &$))))) @@@))))) 

i. ;"rgf -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#% 

ii. cgnfO{g sfg"g 

ª pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L 

i. ljB't / kfgL 

r OGwg -;jf/L ;fwg_ 

i. GofofwLzx? 

-?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

-?=!%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

-@% hgf x ?=*$^^ x !@ dlxgf_ 

ii. OGwg sfof{nosf] nflu 

-?=@%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

iii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ 

-?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

5 ;+rf/ 

!*))))) !(#%))) @)*)!@% @@#^!#$ @$)#*$$ !)$%%!)$ 

!*))))) !(#%))) @)*)!@% @@#^!#$ @$)#*$$ !)$%%!)$ 

@%#(*)) @&#)@*% @(#%)%^ #!%%!*^ ##(!*@% !$&%@!%@ 

#)))))) #@@%))) #$^^*&% #&@^*(! $))^$)& !&$@%!&# 

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))& 

i. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=*)))) x !@ dlxgf_ (^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%% 

ii. cf]Oj ;+rfng -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#% 

h dd{t nfut 

i. GofofwLzsf nflu 

-?=#))) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ 

())))) (^&%)) !)$))^# !!!*)^& !@)!(@@ %@@&%%@ 

191

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 

ii. sfof{no tyf ;fdfu|L dd{tsf nflu 

-?=!%))))) jflif{s_ 

!%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*& 

em ;]jf vr{ 

i. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ 

-?=!)))) x !)) hgf_ 

!)))))) !)&%))) !!%%^@% !@$@@(& !##%$^( %*)*#(! 

`= sfo{qmd vr{ 

i. ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ng 

-?=%)))))_ 

%))))) %#&%)) %&&*!# ^@!!$* ^^&&#% @()$!(^ 

ii. k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf !%,))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*& 

GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ng 

-?=%))))) x # If]q_ 

iii. ;jf] {Rr cbfnt tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf 

/lhi6«f/x?sf] uf]i7L -?=@)))))_ 

@))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&* 

iv. lhNnf cbfntsf /lhi6«f/x?sf] uf]i7L 

-?=#,))))) x # If]q_ 

())))) (^&%)) !)$))^# !!!*)^& !@)!(@@ %@@&%%@ 

v. lhNnf cbfntsf txl;nbf/x?sf] ufi7L 

-? #))))) x # 

())))) (^&%)) !)$))^# !!!*)^& !@)!(@@ %@@&%%@ 

vi. sfg"g lbj; -? @)))))_ @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&* 

;jf] {Rr cbfntsf nflu hDdf @&$##*)) #!)$()#% #$*)(!!# #*&@$*(^ $@*)*)^# !&$*@$()& 


s= ;+rfng vr{ 

i. cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=@%))) x !@ 

dlxgfx!^ cbfnt_ lx6/, km\ofg, lkmN6/, kbf{, 

sfk] {6, 8:6lkg, 6fj]n, ljB'lto ;fdfg_ 

ii. d'2fsf] nflu 

v= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L 


-?=@%) x !%)) d'2f x !^ cbfnt_ 

-?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

ii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ 

u OGwg -;jf/L ;fwg_ 

i. GofofwLzsf nflu 

-?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

-?=$^*^ x!@ dlxgf x ^ hgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

ii. ;jf/L ;fwfgsf nflu 

-?=#))) x !@ dlxgf x !% cbfnt_ 

$*))))) %!^)))) %%$&))) %(^#)@% ^$!)@%@ @&**)@&& 

^)))))) ^$%)))) ^(##&%) &$%#&*! *)!@*!% #$*%)#$^ 

(^))))) !)#@)))) !!)($))) !!(@^)%) !@*@)%)$ %%&^)%%$ 

(^))))) !)#@)))) !!)($))) !!(@^)%) !@*@)%)$ %%&^)%%$ 

%#(*@&@ %*)#!$@ ^@#*#&* ^&)^@%^ &@)(@@^ #!#%%@&% 

%$))))) %*)%))) ^@$)#&% ^&)*$)# &@!!%## #!#^%#!! 

192

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 

3= cGo nfut 

i. kqklqsf, /fhkq 

!(@)))) @)^$))) @@!**)) @#*%@!) @%^$!)! !!!%@!!! 

-?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

ii. 6]lkmkmf]g 

-?=@%))) x !@ dlxgf !^ cbfnt__ 

iii. GofofwLzsf nflu dd{t ;+ef/ vr{ 

-?=!%)) x !@ dlxgf x^ hgf x!^ cbfnt_ 

iv. sfof{no dd{tsf nflu 

-?=!%))))) jflif{s_ 

v. ljljw vr{ 

-?=!))))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

vi. ;?jf vr{ 

-?=%))) x %) hgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

vii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ 

viii. x'nfs vr{ 

-?=%))) x %) hgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

-?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

ix. sfof{no ef8f 

-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

$*))))) %!^)))) %%$&))) %(^#)@% ^$!)@%@ @&**)@&& 

!&@*))) !*%&^)) !((^(@) @!$^^*( @#)&^(! !))#^()) 

^&@)))) &@@$))) &&^%*)) *#$*@#% *(&$#%# #()#@#** 

!(@)))) @)^$))) @@!**)) @#*%@!) @%^$!)! !!!%@!!! 

(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%% 

(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%% 

!(@)))) @)^$))) @@!**)) @#*%@!) @%^$!)! !!!%@!!! 

#*$)))) $!@*))) $$#&^)) $&&)$@) %!@*@)@ @@#)$@@@ 

x. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs 

-?=%))) x #%) hgf jflif{s _ 

!&%)))) !**!@%) @)@@#$#=* @!&$)!(=% @##&)&! !)!^$^*$=# 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;+rfng vr{sf nflu hDdf ^&#!^@&@ &@#^$((@ &&&(@#^& *#^@^&($ *(*(**)$ #()(((@@( 

#= cGo cbfnt / C0f Gofoflws/0f 

!= ljz]if cbfnt 

s cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=%),))) x!@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#$=^ 

v d;nGb 

i. sfof{no ;fdfg -?=!@%))) x !@ dlxgf_ !%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=% 

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=%)) x #))) d'2f_ !%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=% 


i. ljB't / kfgL -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

iii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ 

-?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=( 

iii. OGwg sfof{no ;+rfng 

-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

193

l;= 

g+ 


$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* 

-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$ 

vi. sfof{no dd{tsf nflu 

-?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

194 

hDdf 

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$ 

vii. sfof{no ef8f -?=*)))) x !@ dlxgf_ (^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% $@($))% 


-?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 

ix. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs 

-?=%))) x !@ hgf_ 

#= ljljw vr{ 

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$ 

^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=% 

i. cGo vr{ -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=* 

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x @) hgf- @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@ 

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ 

-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

@))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@ 

@= >d cbfnt 

!= d;nGb 

s cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#$=^ 

sfof{nosf] nflu d;nGb ;fdfg -sfof{no 

;fdfu|L ;d]t -?=!@%))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

!%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=% 

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=@%) x %)) d'2f_ !@%))) !#$#&% !$$$%# !%%@*& !^^(#$ &@^)$*=( 


i. ljB't / kfgL -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 


-?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 


-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=( 

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$ 


-?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$ 

vii. sfof{no ef8f -?=*)))) x !@ dlxgf_ (^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% $@($))% 


-?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 


-?=%))) x ^ hgf_ 

#= ljljw vr{ 

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=* 

#)))) #@@%) #$^^( #&@^( $))^$ !&$@%!=$

l;= 

g+ 


$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* 

i. cGo vr{ -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$ 

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x @) hgf- @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@ 

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=@)))) x @) hgf_ @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@ 

#= k|zf;lso cbfnt 

!= d;nGb 

s cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_ !@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=( 

v d'2fsf] nflu -?=%)) x %)) d'2f_ @%)))) @^*&%) @**()^ #!)%&$ ###*^& !$%@)(&=* 

@= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L 

i. ljB't / kfgL -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=% 


-?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ 


-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

195 

hDdf 

^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=% 

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=% 

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$ 


-?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_ 

vii. x'nfs vr{ 

-?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_ 


-?=%))) x & hgf_ 

#= ljljw vr{ 

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=* 

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=( 

#%))) #&^@% $)$$& $#$*) $^&$! @)#@(#=& 

i. cGo vr{ -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=% 

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x % hgf- %)))) %#&%) %&&*! ^@!!% ^^&&# @()$!(=^ 

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x !) hgf_ !))))) !)&%)) !!%%^# !@$@#) !##%$& %*)*#(=! 

$= C0f Gofoflws/0f 

! d;nGb 

i. cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=@),))) x !@ 

dlxgf x $ hgf 

(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%%=$ 

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=%)) x !))) d'2f_ %))))) %#&%)) %&&*!# ^@!!$* ^^&&#% @()$!(%=% 

@= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L 


-?=%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ 


-?=%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ 

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 


(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%%=$ 

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq 

-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf 

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

-?=%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ 

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf &@)))) &&$))) *#@)%) *($$%$ (^!%#* $!*@)$!=% 


&@)))) &&$))) *#@)%) *($$%$ (^!%#* $!*@)$!=% 

-?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ 

vii. x'nfs vr{ -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf x $_ $*)))) %!^))) %%$&)) %(^#)# ^$!)@% @&**)@&=& 

viii. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs 

-?=%))) x @@ hgf_ 

!!)))) !!*@%) !@&!!( !#^^%# !$^()@ ^#*(@# 

ix. sfof{no ef8f 

-?=@%))) x !@ dlxgf x $_ 

!@))))) !@()))) !#*^&%) !$()&%^ !^)@%^# ^(&))^(=@ 

#= ljljw vr{ 

i. cGo vr{ -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=* 

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x% hgf x$_ @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@ 

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ 

-?=!)))) x !) hgf x $_ 

$))))) $#)))) $^@@%) $(^(!( %#$!** @#@##%^=$ 

C0f Gofoflws/0f / cGo cbfntsf] 

hDdf 

lhNnf cbfnt 

@)$*)))) @@)!^))) @#^^&@)) @%$$@@$) @$&*^#)& !!^#(!&$& 

s d;nGb 

s sfof{nosf] nflu d;nGb ;fdfg -sfof{no 

;fdfu|L ;d]t -?=@%))) x &% cbfnt_ lx6/, 

km\ofg, o'/f] uf8{, lkmN6/, === 

!*&%))) @)!%^@% @!^^&(& @#@(#)& @%)$))% !)*()&##=@ 

v= d'2fsf] nflu -?=#)) x ()) d'2f x &% 

cbfnt_ 

@)@%)))) @!&^*&%) @#$)!$)^ @%!%^%!@ @&)$#@%) !!&^!((!*=! 

u= ldl;n ;8fpg] -?=@ x @%)))))_ %)))))) %#&%))) %&&*!@% ^@!!$*$ ^^&&#$^ @()$!(%%=! 

u= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L 


-?=^))) x !@ dlxgf x &% cbfnt_ 

%$))))) %*)%))) ^@$)#&% ^&)*$)# &@!!%## #!#^%#!!=% 


!%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=% 

-?=%))) x $ dlxgf x &% cbfnt_ 

iii. OGwg ;jf/L ;fwg 

-?=!))) x !@ dlxgf x ^)_ 

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq 

-?=@))) x !@ dlxgf x &%_ 

&@))))) &&$)))) *#@)%)) *($$%#* (^!%#&* $!*@)$!%=# 

!*))))) !(#%))) @)*)!@% @@#^!#$ @$)#*$$ !)$%%!)#=* 

196

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g+ 


$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* 

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@ x &%_ $%))))) $*#&%)) %@))#!# %%()##^ ^))(^!! @^!#&&%(=^ 


vii. ljljw vr{ 

viii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ 

ix. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ 

-?=*))) x !@ dlxgf x &%_ 

-?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x &%_ 

-?=!)))) x & hgf x &%_ 

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;km\6jo/ / xf8{jo/ ljz]if1sf] k"lt{ 

;km\6jo/sf] ljsf; -?=@)))))_ @))))) @))))) 

;+hfnsf] :yfkgf -s]Gb|Lo:t/ / lhNnf:t/sf 

clen]vfno jLr_ -?=@)))))_ 

tflnd 

@))))) @))))) 

clen]vfnosf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu tflnd 

@))))) $)))))) ^)))))) 

-# hgf x !)) cbfnt x ?=@),)))_ 

{ 

s"n hDdf 

d'2fsf] aSof}tf / l9nfO{nfO{ sd ug{ 

k|efjsf/L d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmof ljsf; 

u/L sfof{Gjog ug] 

) !!())) @!())) @@!())) $)!())) ^%&^))) 

d'2f Joj:yfkg gLltsf] ljsf; 

;|f]t JolQm -# hgf x ?=@%)) x $ dlxgf_ #))))) #))))) 

oftfoft -?=!)))) x % lhNnf x # hgf_ !%)))) !%)))) 

l8=P;=P= lkmN8 cg';Gwfg 

-%lbg x ?=!%)) x % lhNnf x # hgf_ 

;km\6jo/ / xf8{jo/sf] k|flKt 

!!@%)) !!@%)) 

213

l;= 

g+ 

$ lhNnf cbfnt 

ljj/0f 

@))$ @))% 

;dofjlw 

@))^ @))& @))* hDdf 

rln/x]sf] d'2f k|0ffnLsf] ;km\6o/ ljsf; 

- ?=@))))_ 

@))))) @))))) 

d'2f Plss[t k|0ffnL -?=%))))))_ 

d'2f Joj:yfkg tflnd 

%)))))) %)))))) 

GofofwLz -cg'udg / lg/LIf0f_ 

-?=!)))) x @%) hgf_ 

@%))))) @%))))) 

/lhi6«f/ -cg'udg / lg/LIf0f_ 

-?=!)))) x !)) hgf_ 

!)))))) !)))))) 

/=p= 

!^ 

cbfnt ;xfosx? -?=@)))) x *)) hgf_ *)))))) *)))))) !^)))))) 

d'2f gSsn vr{ -!%))) d'2f x ?=%))_ &%))))) &%))))) 

u/Lj / c;xfo ju{sf nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf 

sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg] 

sfg"gL ;xfotf ;DjGwL sfg"g Joj;foL 

sof{nosf] :yfkgf -?=@%))) x !)) cbfnt_ 

sfg"gL ;xfotf ;]jfsf] hfgsf/L k|jfx ug] { 

-?=!)))) x !)) cbfnt_ 

s"n hDdf ) %^@%)) @))))) !#)))))) !()))))) #@&^@%)) 

@%))))) @%))))) 

!)))))) !)))))) @)))))) 

s"n hDdf @%))))) !)))))) !)))))) $%))))) 

hDdf !(!&#!))) !)!*^##@%) %%$&*^&%) &)))^%&%) ^$&(@*&%) #!!@&^!%)) 

214

215

Gofokflnsfsf] ] k~rjlif{ {o /0fgLlts of] ]hgf @))$ — @))% 

cg';"rL ^ 

;xefuLx?sf] ljj/0f 

sfo{qmdM If]lqo k/fdz{bfoL j}7s 

ldltM @@ / @# cS6f]j/, @))# 

:yfgM uf]bfj/L len]h / xf]6]n ;f+lu|nf 

qm=;+= 

;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL ;+:yf / kb 

] 

+ 

+ 

1= dfggLo >L /0fjxfb'/ jd GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 

2= dfggLo >L s[i0fk|;fb >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 

3= dfggLo >L b]j]Gb| uf]kfn >]i7 GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sfe| 

4= dfggLo >L jfj'/fhf sfsL{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt l;Gw'kfNrf]s 

5= dfggLo >L jn/fdk|;fb clwsf/L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt g'jfsf]6 

6= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f} 

7= dfggLo >L OZj/ vltj8f GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

8= dfggLo >L df]xg /d0f e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f} 

+ 

] 

9= dfggLo >L cf]d k|sfz ld> GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f} 

10= dfggLo >L k| ]d k|;fb l;njfn GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt eQmk'/ 

11= dfggLo >L kf]ifgfy zdf{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt wflbª 

12= >L cgGt /fh 8'd| 

pk /lhi6«/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

13= >L j;Gt h+u yfkf ;| ]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt eQmk'/ 

14= >L u0f]z /]UdL lg/LIfs, g]kfn k|x/L 

15= >L ;"o{ clwsf/L ;/sf/L jlsn, lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn 

sfof{no sf7df8f} + 

16= >L ltnk|;fb >]i7, /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 

17= >L ofbj /fh vgfn lg/LIfs, g]kfn k|x/L 

235


+ 

+ 

18= >L ob'gfy vgfn g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;g sf7df8f} 

19= >L Oefg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 

20= >L s[i0f sdn clwsf/L ;| ]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f} 

21= >L s[i0f d'/f/L l;jfsf]6L ;|:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt nlntk'/ 

22= >L lnKt jxfb'/ yfkf Ohnf; ;xfos, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

23= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]nf8{, 

24= >L k"0f{jeb| jf:tf]nf ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no eQmk'/ 

25= >L /fhg s'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]nf8{ 

26= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 

27= >L ;lGbk lj:6 jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t, x\o'uf] 

28= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo ;+of]hs, ;]n8{ 

29= ;'>L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf] 

;|f]t JolQmx?M 

qm=;+= ;|f]t JolQmsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf 

1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

3= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 

4= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

236

sfo{qmdM If]qLo k/fdz{ j}7s 

ldltM % / ^ gf]e]Dj/, @))# 

:yfgM lsDofg lrtjg 

qm=;+= 



1= dfggLo >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/ 

2= dfggLo s]z/L /fh kl08t GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/ 

3= dfggLo GofofwLz >L ljgf]b 

k|;fb 9'+u]n 

GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8f 

4= dfggLo >L ef]nf k|;fb v/]n GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

5= dfggLo >L lji0f' k|;fb kf}8]n GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt dsjfgk'/ 

6= dfggLo >L xl//fd sf]O/fnf GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8f 

7= dfggLo >L OZj/ vltj8f GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

8= dfggLo >L hulbz zdf{ kf}8]n GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt k;f{ 

9= dfggLo >L hugfy 9sfn GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt /f}tx6 

10= dfggLo >L zf/bf k|;fb l3ld/] GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt slknj:t' 

11= dfggLo >L ;'/]Gb| lj/ l;+x j:g]t GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ?kGb]xL 

12= >L ljgf]b zdf{ ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf] 

{Rr cbfnt 

13= cUgL k|;fb yklnof /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jn 

14= >L b]j]Gb| kf}8]n ;| 

]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt gjnk/f;L 

15= >L /fd k|;fb g]pkfg] lhNnf cbfnt /fd]5fk 

16= >L jfj's[i0f s'dfn lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

17= >L s[i0feQm kf]v/]n clejQmf, lrtjg 

18= >L gf/fo0f k|;fb kf]v/]n /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8f 

19= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 

20= >L k|sfz /fh /]UdL clwjQmf, lrtjg 

237


21= >L /fhs'df/ >]i7 lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

22= >L /fh]Gb| /fh >]i7 lhHnf GofoflwjQmf lrtjg 


24= >L Zofd d0fL kf}8]n lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

25= >L t]h]Gb|k|;fb zdf{ ;| ]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

26= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo ;+of]hs, ;]n8{ 

27= >L km'ndfof /fgfef6 clwjQmf 

28= >L OGb' sf]Onf/f clwjQmf lrtjg 

29= ;'>L sNkgf pk| ]tL lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

30= ;'>L k|ltdf /fgf clwjQmf lrtjg 


qm=;+= 

;|f]t JolQmsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf 



3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 



238


ldltM !& / !* gfe]Dj/, @))# 

:yfgM xf]6]n :jfutd k|f=ln=, lj/f6gu/ 

qm=;+= 



1= dfggLo >L zf/bfk|;fb kl08t d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 

2= dfggLo >L zf/bf >]i7 d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fh 

3= dfggLo GofofwLz >L 

ch{ 'gk|;fb l;+x 

d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6f 

4= dfggLo >L lbk]Gb| pkfWofo d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfd 

5= dfggLo >L s]zjk|;fb d}gfnL GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 

6= >L z]z/fh l;jfsf]6L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 

7= dfggLo >L nId0fdl0f l/;fn GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 

8= >L uf]kfn jf:tf]nf pk /lhi6«f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 

9= dfggLo >L uf]ljGb s'df/ >]i7 GofofwLz k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 

10= dfggLo >L /f3e nfn j}B GofofwLz k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 

11= dfggLo >L lbks s'df/ sfsL{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt l;/fxf 

12= dfggLo >L kml0fGb| bQ zdf{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ;'g;/L 

13= >L dfggLo >L k| ]d/fh 9sfn GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt Onfd 

14= dfggLo >L /fdk|;fb cf]nL GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt ;Kt/L 

15= dfggLo >L lzjk|;fb k/fh'nL GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt pbok'/ 

16= dfggLo >L 6+s df]Qmfg GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt emfkf 

17= dfggLo >L lgnsG7 pkfWofo GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt ef]hk'/ 

] 18= >L cgGb/fh 8'd| 

pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

19= >L hLjgxl/ clwsf/L /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fh 

20= >L k'0f] {Zj/ pkfWofo ;| ]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt ;'g;/L 

21= >L r'8fdl0f cfrfo{ clwjQmf 

239


22= >L b]ljk|;fb l3ld/] clwjQmf 

23= >L u0f]z/fh n'On]6 clwjQmf 

24= >L x]d /fh kGt clwjQmf 

25= >L OZj/k|;fb pkfWofo lhNnf cbfnt df]/ª 

26= >L s[i0f jxfb'/ yfkf lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no lj/f6gu/ 

27= >L dfwjk|;fb sf]O/fnf lhNnf cbfnt cf]vn9'+uf 



30= >L /d]z sf]O/fnf clwjQmf 

31= >L t'nk|;fb >]i7 clwjQmf 

32= >L ;'l;nf sfsL{ clwjQmf lj/f6gu/ 


qm=;+= 

;|f]t JolQmsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf 

>L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf] 

{Rr cbfnt 

dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 

dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 

dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

240


ldltM !( gfe]Dj/, @))# 

:yfgM xf]6]n ;f+u|Lnf 

qm=;+= 


gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf 

1= dfggLo >L dfwjk|;fb cf]emf d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt h'Dnf 

2= dfggLo >L bLks /fh hf]zL GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'N;Lk'/ 

3= dfggLo >L xl/jxfb'/ j:g]t GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu+h 

4= dfggLo >L ;f]djxfb'/ sf]O/fnf GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'lN;k'/ 

5= dfggLo >L ljgfbk|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt bfª 

6= dfggLo >L lj/]Gb|s'df/ jf6fh' GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt jf+s] 

7= dfggLo >L u0f]z k+lhof/ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt jfh'/f 

8= >L x]d/fh kGt GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ?s'd 

9= dfggLo >L dfwjk|;fb rfln;] GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ;Kt/L 

10= dfggLo >L kjgs'df/ zdf{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt h'Dnf 

11= dfggLo >L ;To/fh u'?ª GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt jf+s] 

12= dfggLo >L 7fs'/ k|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt df]/ª 

13= dfggLo >L lji0f' b]j kf}8]n GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt jlb{of 

14= >L cd/ k|;fb vlq clwjQmf 

15= >L cgGb/fh 8'd| ] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

16= >L ef]h/fh clwsf/L /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu+h 

17= >L l8NnL/fh cfrfo{ /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'lN;k'/ 

18= >L uh]Gb| jf]u6L clwjQmf 

19= >L Oefg lgN;]g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 


21= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 

241



23= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 


25= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{tfbf, ;]n8{ 

26= ;'>L d]6] 8u|f8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf] 


dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 

dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 

8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

242


qm=;+= ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 






6= >L cgGt/fh 8'd| ] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

7= >L jfnfgGb kf}8]n ;x ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 

8= >L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn k|d'v n]vf lgoGqs, ;jf] 

9= >L bofgfy v/]n 

{Rr cbfnt 

pk /lhi6«f/ ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

10= >L xl/ z/0f uf}td ;x n]vfkfn, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

11= >L 6]s gf/fo0f s'+j/ 


12= >L dlGb/f kf}8]n pk ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 

13= >L s]bf/jxfb'/ clwsf/L pk ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 

14= >L k|ljg cdfTo n]vf clws[t, x\o'uf] 




18= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf -;+of]hs_ ;]n8{ 

243

sfo{qmdM jh]6 of]hgf j}7s 

ldltM @$ hgj/L, @))$ 

:yfgM xf]6]n uf]bfj/L 


qm=;+= ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 









9= >L s]bf/jxfb'/ clwsf/L pk ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 

10= >L dlGb/f kf}8]n pk ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 

11= >L xl/ z/0f uf}td ;x n]vfkfn, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

] 12= >L cgGt/fh 8'd| 


13= >L 6]s gf/fo0f s'+j/ 


14= >L bofgfy v/]n pk /lhi6«f/ ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

244

sfo{qmdM k/fdz{ j}7s 

ldltM !^ / !& cS6f]j/, @))# 

:yfgM uf]bfj/L l/;f]6{ 

qm=;+ 

= 


;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 







7= >L Odfg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 





12= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf, ;]n8{ 

13= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf] 

245


ldltM !& / !* cS6f]j/, @))# 

:yfgM xf]6]n lxdfno 

qm=;+ 

= 














25= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf k/fdz{bftf ;+of]hs, ;]n8{ 


246


ldltM ^ l8;]Dj/, @))# 

:yfgM xf]6n lxdfno 

qm=;+ 

= 















13= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw x\o'uf] 

247


ldltM & l8;]Dj/, @))# 



qm=;+ ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 














248


ldltM * l8;]Dj/, @))# 

















249


sfo{qmdM /fli6«o k/fdz{ j}7s 

ldltM # km]j| 'c/L @))# 



1= ;DdfggLo >L uf]ljGbjxfb'/ >]i7 k|wfg GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

2= dfggLo >L xl/k|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

3= dfggLo >L s[i0fs'df/ jdf{ GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

4= dfggLo >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fn GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

5= dfggLo >L lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

6= dfggLo >L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

7= dfggLo >L rGb|k|;fb k/fh'nL GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

8= dfggLo >L dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemL GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

9= dfggLo >L /fdglugf l;+x GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

10= dfggLo >L ;'lznf l;+x l;n' GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

11= dfggLo >L cg'k/fh zdf{ GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

12= dfggLo >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

13= dfggLo >L jln/fd s'df/ GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

14= dfggLo >L lvn/fh /]UdL GofofwLz, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

] 

15= dfggLo >L xl/h+u l;hfktL GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 

16= dfggLo >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L ;b:o, /fli6«o ;ef 


18= dfggLo >L s]z/L/fh kl08t GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

19= dfggLo >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo cWoIf, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f 

20= dfggLo >L xl/k|;fb jufn] GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt d'u' 

21= dfggLo >L hgfb{g jxfb'/ v8\sf GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt nlntk'/ 

22= dfggLo >L b]e]Gb| uf]kfn >]i7 GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sfe| 

23= dfggLo >L cf]dk|sfz ld> GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f} + 

24= dfggLo >L zf/bfk|;fb l3ld/] GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt slknj:t' 

25= dfggLo >L ljgf]bk|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt bfª 

26= dfggLo >L OZj/k|;fb vltj8f GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 

27= dfggLo >L ;xb]j k|;fb jf:tf]nf GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt d':tfª 


250



30= 8f=uf]ljGbk|;fb yfkf P=cfO{=lh=lk= g]kfn k|x/L 

31= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf] 

+ 

] 

32= >L s[i0f sdn clwsf/L 

{Rr cbfnt 

;| ]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f} 

33= >L cgGt/fh 8'd| 


+ 

34= >L czf]s >]i7 l8=cfO{=lh= g]kfn k|x/L 

35= >L lj=s]= k|;fO{ ;lrj, c=b"=c=cf= 

36= >L e]if/fh zdf{ ;x;lrj, sf=,Gof= tyf ;+=Jo= dGqfno 


38= >L jfdg g]pkfg] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L sf7df8f} 

39= >L ljgf]b zdf{ ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

40= >L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn k|d'v n]vf clws[t, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

41= >L bofgfy v/]n pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 

42= >L ufGwL kl08t ;xfos l6d ln8/, o'lgSof]:6 

43= >L xl/z/0f uf}td ;xfos n]vfkfn, ;jf] {Rr cbfnt 


45= >L s]bf/ jxfb'/ clwsf/L pk ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 

46= >L lsd :6\of08kmf]8{ :dLy l6d ln8/, o'lgSof]:6 

47= >L g]qjxfb'/ sfsL{ pk ;lrj, u[x dGqfno 

48= >L k|df]b sfsL{ ;x ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 



51= >L ;fGtd l;+x v8\sf sfo{qmd clws[t, o'=Pg=l8=lk= 


53= >L ;'+lbk 

uf}td ;lrj, ;]n8{ 


55= 6]s gf/fo0f s'+j/ 


56= >L ltnk|;fb >]i7 /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 

57= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf -;+of]hs) ;]n8{ 

58= >LdtL uLtf kf7s ;+of]hs, sf7df8f} 

+ :s'n ckm n= 

59= >LdtL dlGb/f kf}8]n pk ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 


251


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Alternative Dispute Resolution - Supreme Court Of Nepal

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