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Pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham <strong>ng</strong> Konseho <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso Academy of <strong>Science</strong>s para <strong>sa</strong> Pag-<br />

aaral at pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> Cultural at Natural Heritage<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Sergey</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Gavrov</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo.<br />

Panlipunan at kultural <strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Rusya.<br />

Editoryal URSS<br />

Moscow<br />

2004<br />

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ С . Н ._Гавров<br />

1

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Gavrov</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Sergey</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nazipovich «<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo. Panlipunan at kultural <strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Rusya». Monograp. M.: Editoryal URSS, 2004. - 352 pp.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> may-akda isina<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> alternation <strong>ng</strong> imperyo Ruso at a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahin,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit lama<strong>ng</strong> Liberal karagdaga<strong>ng</strong>, nauukol na bayad. A<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

problema ay a<strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> contributes <strong>sa</strong><br />

pasukan <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> halip palakasin a<strong>ng</strong> pyudal-imperyal<br />

paligid <strong>ng</strong> mga kultural at civilizational sistema. Mag-a-upgrade para <strong>sa</strong> kapakanan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> imperyo-paggawa <strong>ng</strong> mga leads <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> pamimigay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya mula <strong>sa</strong> kalipunan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao araw-araw na pamumuhay<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon o relihiyon megaprojects, lumilikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit at pagpapalakas <strong>ng</strong> Empire -<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> dakila<strong>ng</strong> layunin. Posible ba a<strong>ng</strong> break na ito tapos na problema, humanto<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> imperyal sukatin, ba<strong>sa</strong>gin a<strong>ng</strong> pusod na nag-uugnay nito<br />

<strong>sa</strong> imperyal-pyudal legacy, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong> paglaya mula <strong>sa</strong> serbisyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

Empire, ay dapat na a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> - na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga isyu na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an tayo ay tryi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> libro<strong>ng</strong> ito.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga libro ay inilaan para <strong>sa</strong> kultura, historians, sociologists at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga intere<strong>sa</strong>do <strong>sa</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Ruso.<br />

Reviewers:<br />

E. Selezneva - na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> researcher <strong>ng</strong> Russian Institute para <strong>sa</strong><br />

Cultural Research, Doktor <strong>ng</strong> Pilosopiya. <strong>Science</strong>.<br />

Ln Vojvodina - Doktor <strong>ng</strong> Pilosopiya. <strong>Science</strong>s, Propesor.<br />

2

Contents<br />

Lagyan <strong>ng</strong> pauna<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita ....................................................................................................... 3<br />

Chapter 1. Dalawa<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ............................................................... 6<br />

I. A<strong>ng</strong> palatandaan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ....................................................................... 6<br />

II. A<strong>ng</strong> imperyal at ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ................................... 27<br />

III. A<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunod-sunod <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ........... 55<br />

Chapter 2. A<strong>ng</strong> Anatomy <strong>ng</strong> Ruso traditionalism ....................................................................... 103<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na pag-iisip: a<strong>ng</strong> kaisipan at cultural sinkretismo .................................... 103<br />

II. Wasto<strong>ng</strong> at naririto <strong>sa</strong> isipan <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na Ruso ............................................ 133<br />

III. Pyudal Kvazifeodalnaya imperyo bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> porma <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> self-Ruso<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational sistema....................................................................................<br />

168<br />

Chapter 3. A<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at Socio-cultural proseso <strong>sa</strong> Russia since 1991. ........... 202<br />

I. Sociocultural a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>sa</strong> Rusya matapos a<strong>ng</strong> 1991 .............................................. 202<br />

II. Sistema at disistema. Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari at Perspectives .......................................................... 237<br />

Paghihinuha ........................................................................................................................ 259<br />

Since Pedro a<strong>ng</strong> Great, kayo ay higit pa at mas mapalawak a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

limitasyon nito, hindi na nawala <strong>sa</strong> ta<strong>sa</strong>do space.<br />

<strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

Claude Henri de Saint-Simon Ruvrua - MS Lunin<br />

Russia - ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> empire. Upa<strong>ng</strong> suportahan ito, a<strong>ng</strong> Estado<br />

dapat humawak <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay, at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay<br />

S. Witte<br />

Bakit a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay kaya a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yari? At tumihaya<br />

karakter na down, o a<strong>ng</strong> ay <strong>ng</strong> Diyos.<br />

Paano dapat ito ay kabila<strong>ng</strong> banda?<br />

Kami ay magbabayad para <strong>sa</strong> lahat, at hindi may <strong>sa</strong> pahuli<br />

J. Brodsky<br />

Lagyan <strong>ng</strong> pauna<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita<br />

Kapag nagtano<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit a<strong>ng</strong> may-akda ay nilikha <strong>ng</strong> interes <strong>sa</strong> mga isyu<br />

na may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformation <strong>sa</strong> Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got<br />

3

ay madali. Russian ibon-troika, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> 70's at karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga 80-ies <strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>al-libot <strong>sa</strong> raznovelikim partido pulo<strong>ng</strong> at dissident kusina, <strong>sa</strong> pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong><br />

80's - maaga<strong>ng</strong> 90's ozhila - <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay ozhila. Rvanula karapatan a<strong>ng</strong> Bat, kaya<br />

oo, na flew mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> drop <strong>sa</strong>kay (dati<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet republics), a<strong>ng</strong> ay, at ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

sino got <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pagkabila<strong>ng</strong>go <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> phases <strong>ng</strong> Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. At<br />

suffered. At hindi na namin - a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga contemporaries - captures <strong>ng</strong><br />

espiritu, at hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> kaleydoskopiko pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>sa</strong> amin,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga buhay, ati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili. Dito ito ay - a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> yugto <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

Wanted, <strong>sa</strong> oras na ito ay ginagamit na <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan na maunawaan<br />

na tayo ay, mula <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an at ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an kami ay pagpunta at ku<strong>ng</strong> malaki o<br />

maliit na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakataon na dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> dulo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> disente<strong>ng</strong> lugar, at<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> kami makakuha mukha-control <strong>sa</strong> pasukan <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

moderno<strong>ng</strong>. Ngunit, mas mahalaga, ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> lipunan at <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ruso na awtoridad? At ku<strong>ng</strong> gayon, ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo tayo ay payag na<br />

talikdan na, bila<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga para <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> mga payag-aalay?<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga alon lilis a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Russia para <strong>sa</strong> mahigit<br />

tatlo<strong>ng</strong> siglo, na nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> Pedro I. Mga panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito,<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na pinamamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> gawin, <strong>ng</strong>unit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na may<br />

naiiwan <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> dreams at Project. Kaya bakit a<strong>ng</strong> mga tapat na udyok <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga mag-a-upgrade ay sinamahan <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma ay<br />

dapat kontrreformy, <strong>ng</strong>unit pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso kopyahin <strong>sa</strong><br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunud-sunod? Sa ami<strong>ng</strong> mga libro namin ay subukan upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mahanap a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>gutan <strong>sa</strong> mga ito at a<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> may<strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

Karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Russia sumusunod na a<strong>ng</strong> landas <strong>ng</strong><br />

tinatawag na nakahahalina paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Ngunit ito ay bahagi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan, kaakit-akit a<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo ay gumagana lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Russia's Socio-cultural system, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi <strong>sa</strong> sistema bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo.<br />

Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> na panahon <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, kami kunin<br />

4

Western kabihasnan gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> (una Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa), lalo na <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

militar at pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na naglili<strong>ng</strong>kod <strong>sa</strong> pagbuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

militar-teknikal potensyal <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

istraktura na i<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ampon <strong>ng</strong> institutional disenyo<br />

inaalok moderno<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan, kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> espiritu, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapakilala <strong>ng</strong> at pagtalima <strong>sa</strong> mga karapatan at mga kalayaa<strong>ng</strong> sibil, sibil<br />

lipunan - lahat <strong>ng</strong> ito para <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> panahon lama<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi umiiral.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> seemed marami mas simple at mas maaa<strong>sa</strong>han na<br />

hindi umaa<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> inisiyatiba maliit na tao, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> pag-inom <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> nakamamatay na desisyon, na-tipon <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> posible<strong>ng</strong> mga pwer<strong>sa</strong><br />

para <strong>sa</strong> susunod na pambihira<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay. Kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga presyo <strong>ng</strong> mga kahila-<br />

hilakbot na stress / labis <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao pambihira<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay ay<br />

ginawa, o na a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yari mas madalas, bahagya, bigla lumiliko out na <strong>sa</strong> paligid<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> pagala-gala Socio-cultural space na la<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi able <strong>sa</strong><br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> laro, kundi pati na rin mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na tagumpay.<br />

Unawa na a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> civil society, <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> ay a<strong>ng</strong> kataas-taa<strong>sa</strong>n at pa<strong>ng</strong>huli halaga - a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan na ito<br />

ay hindi na <strong>ng</strong>ayon.<br />

Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> bagay. Para <strong>sa</strong> mga siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pagsisikap <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi sumali <strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kanluranin sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> talaa<strong>ng</strong>kanan moderno<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit para <strong>sa</strong><br />

kapakanan <strong>ng</strong> pag-iimbak, pagpaparami at pagpapatatag <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay natupad lama<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> dalhin <strong>sa</strong> mas <strong>makabago</strong> at competitive, dahil<br />

<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> imperyo, pinilit a<strong>ng</strong> biktima at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pahi<strong>ng</strong>ahan <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado, lokal na mga lugar ay pinahihintulutan na<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>alagaan at palakasin a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> isip at katawan empire.<br />

Sa wakas, diyan ay i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> dahilan na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> amin upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga detalye <strong>ng</strong> specifics <strong>ng</strong> mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Russia<br />

proseso. Tulad <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga pagsusuri <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham mga pahayagan, mayroon<br />

na<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-aaral ay hindi nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> mas marami o mas kaunti a<strong>ng</strong><br />

5

kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> larawan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformation. Alinman <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga ito ay mula <strong>sa</strong> remote moderno<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural katotohanan, o a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

palatandaan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi pa-aral <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> kultura at lipunan <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> manilay-nilay at cultural<br />

(kultura) diskarte, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga uri-uriin marami<strong>ng</strong> kulay larawan <strong>ng</strong><br />

sociocultural umaa<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

manifested proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, kundi pati na rin upa<strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga pananahilan relasyon na humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

turn <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan.<br />

Sa libro<strong>ng</strong> ito namin subukan na i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

background <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at phases, upa<strong>ng</strong> masuri a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> prospect at, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> mga ito perspectives, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

personal na buhay pagkakataon, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, Ay pagpunta namin na bumuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahay, itaas a<strong>ng</strong> mga bata at upa<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong>ka <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> hardin, o muli ay<br />

gumulo<strong>ng</strong> boots, a<strong>ng</strong> fashion ay militar nadadala at Empire cast <strong>sa</strong> amin <strong>sa</strong><br />

susunod na pugon ideokraticheskogo proyekto.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> may-akda expresses kanya<strong>ng</strong> taos-puso, <strong>sa</strong>lamat <strong>sa</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>mahan na<br />

kinuha a<strong>ng</strong> mga problema <strong>sa</strong> pagbaba<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> aklat na ito: Doktor <strong>ng</strong> Pilosopiya,<br />

Propesor EA Orlova, at Doktor <strong>ng</strong> Pilosopiya, Propesor P. Pelipenko. Joint<br />

discussion <strong>ng</strong> mga di-umano'y mga problema at mga komento contributed <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na mag<strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda <strong>ng</strong> konsepto. Espesyal na <strong>sa</strong>lamat<br />

Gusto ko<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>sa</strong>lamatan reviewers, na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> researcher <strong>ng</strong> Russian Institute<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> Cultural Research, Doktor <strong>ng</strong> Pilosopiya E. Selezneva, at Doktor <strong>ng</strong><br />

Pilosopiya, Propesor ln Vojvodina.<br />

Chapter 1. Dalawa<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

I. A<strong>ng</strong> palatandaan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

6

A<strong>ng</strong> problema <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-ma<strong>sa</strong>kit para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kamalayan, a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham at publiko, na may<br />

kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> pagbabala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> daluyan at matagala<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad na<br />

diskarte. A<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> mahigpit na-unawa <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham ay ginagamit masyado<strong>ng</strong> malawak at a<strong>ng</strong> malabo, madalas<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga iba<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan. Upa<strong>ng</strong> gumawa <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral ay dapat na<br />

tama, ay dapat na tumugma <strong>sa</strong> kataga <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapatid na babae na concepts.<br />

Ito, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kuru-kuro <strong>ng</strong> pagka<strong>makabago</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> tinatawag na<br />

Karamihan <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> alaala, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lubha<strong>ng</strong> malawak na iniuugnay <strong>sa</strong><br />

paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo. A<strong>ng</strong> kataga<strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> ginagamit <strong>sa</strong> Europa<br />

<strong>sa</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong> V in upa<strong>ng</strong> mabukod a<strong>ng</strong> mga opisyal na nakata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> status <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Kristiyano at pagano Romano nakalipas. Sa susunod na panahon <strong>ng</strong> mga nilalaman<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kuru-kuro <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga paliwanag at Romanticism at<br />

pagkatapos pagpuno ito <strong>sa</strong> kahulugan, соотносимым <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>. Modern, mga<br />

advanced na mula noon ay na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an contributes <strong>sa</strong> layunin na expression <strong>ng</strong><br />

spontaneously-update a<strong>ng</strong> kaugnayan <strong>ng</strong> mga espiritu <strong>ng</strong> oras.<br />

Sa <strong>ng</strong>ayon pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational pag-aaral <strong>ng</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> o higit<br />

pa <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> panahon ay tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> Modern Times, muli<strong>ng</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

reporma nagsimula, at natapos (mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> tuluyan) <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

apruba <strong>ng</strong> mga post-ideological paradaym <strong>sa</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-kapat <strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong><br />

ikadalawampu siglo.<br />

Ito tila <strong>sa</strong> amin na wala<strong>ng</strong> partikular na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> partikular na tumira <strong>sa</strong><br />

nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> mga kataga aanak paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, Modern at moderniti <strong>sa</strong><br />

pansini<strong>ng</strong> terms nouveau (<strong>sa</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> pansini<strong>ng</strong> estilo <strong>ng</strong> huli XIX - maaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

XX siglo.) At pagka<strong>makabago</strong> (<strong>sa</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> pansini<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

ikadalawampu siglo). Halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bantog na slavist, Italyano pilosopo<br />

Vittorio Strada, sinabi na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso wika ay nagmula <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> Art Nouveau estilo, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinaka-pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kataga moderno<strong>ng</strong>, na palitan a<strong>ng</strong> mga kategorya <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

7

kamakabaguhan. Samantala, <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> mga kategorya ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas malaki<br />

konsepto kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kategorya <strong>ng</strong> mga kamakabaguhan. Partikular kami ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga kapanahon na panahon, <strong>makabago</strong>, accentuati<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon, kami ay siniya<strong>sa</strong>t panahon.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> namin a<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

sumusunod na panahon a<strong>ng</strong> European burges revolutions (lalo na nais bigya<strong>ng</strong>-diin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> I<strong>ng</strong>les Revolution 1640 - 1642gg.) At haba<strong>ng</strong> patuloy a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> oras<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-na binuo <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> postindustrial<br />

lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong> XX - simula <strong>ng</strong> XXI siglo, hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamalapit<br />

na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> perspektibo ay isina<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> amin <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> huli moderno<strong>ng</strong>. Kami rin ay naniniwala <strong>sa</strong> solidariziruyas na ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga posisyon <strong>ng</strong> Senegalese sosyolohista S. Amin, na a<strong>ng</strong> Ngayon<br />

(kamakabaguhan) hindi kumpleto, ito ay bubukas a<strong>ng</strong> pinto <strong>sa</strong> mga hindi kilala.<br />

Ngayon nezavershaema <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kakanyahan, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunod-sunod <strong>ng</strong> mga form, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay napaka-magkakaiba<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagtagumpayan a<strong>ng</strong> contradictions <strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> bawat <strong>sa</strong>ndali <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan . A<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> posisyon <strong>ng</strong> E. Giddens, J. Habermas, na makita a<strong>ng</strong> mga proyekto bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> up-to-date, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na creative lakas. Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras,<br />

hindi namin ta<strong>ng</strong>gapin na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga tulad na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> punto <strong>ng</strong><br />

view, makatwira<strong>ng</strong>. Kaya, P. Helena ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga paliwanag na<br />

pagpapalagay ay patay na, patuloy na mag-aplay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kahihinatnan.<br />

Pagtata<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ganoo<strong>ng</strong> phenomena bila<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at moderno<strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> antas. Para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga panlabas na mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon phenomena-uri-uri <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

domain <strong>ng</strong> pulitika, ekonomiya, sosyolohiya, ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, teknolohiya, batas<br />

reflected mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> mga indibidwal at kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> kaisipan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

European ban<strong>sa</strong>. Resorti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga malalim na pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> pananaliksik ay<br />

gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> ideya na hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga humi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

paano ito na<strong>ng</strong>yari, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> lahat ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit. Sa ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito,<br />

8

mayroo<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hindi gayon a<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong>-mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> cultural-<br />

panteorya diskarte, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga kuru-kuro at <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan ay wala<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> cultural system.<br />

Kami ay balon malaman a<strong>ng</strong> paraan na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> Europa Europa<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> global na pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> impluwensya.<br />

Pero kapag kami na subukan upa<strong>ng</strong> maintindihan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit ito na<strong>ng</strong>yari, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>got ay hindi na kaya <strong>ng</strong> malinaw, suggesti<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> apila <strong>sa</strong> pilosopiko at<br />

manilay-nilay at cultural lugar <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham talumpati. Kapag kami na subukan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got na ito, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat batay <strong>sa</strong> panlabas na data mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon,<br />

marami ay hindi mararati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> unawa. Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> mula<br />

<strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon at pagsusuri ay halos imposible na ipaliwanag ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit<br />

teknolohiko pambihira<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay XV siglo naganap <strong>sa</strong> Europa <strong>sa</strong> halip na <strong>sa</strong><br />

East, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> Tsina, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito ay <strong>sa</strong>pat na para <strong>sa</strong> mga panlabas na (pisikal<br />

na) preconditions. Sa pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>gutin a<strong>ng</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit Europa a<strong>ng</strong><br />

nagi<strong>ng</strong> una <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, kami naman <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> patla<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga European pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational<br />

sistema na matukoy a<strong>ng</strong> direksyon <strong>ng</strong> vector <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad.<br />

Russian Social Anthropology Aa Pelipenko ay naniniwala na Antiquity ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> prototipo <strong>ng</strong> kanluranin utilitaristskogo lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> kultura at civilizational<br />

Miyerkules na nakatutok <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural dinamika<br />

kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> mundo. Existential krisis <strong>ng</strong> Lao<strong>ng</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an, na may<br />

kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> mga likas na pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na mitolohiko-ritwal na<br />

sistema, a<strong>ng</strong> bayad <strong>sa</strong> Antiquity <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> rooti<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga tao<br />

existential antas, na nagresulta <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, hindi<br />

maikakait sibil karapatan.<br />

Ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> mga uso ay hindi alalay dahil <strong>sa</strong> karagdaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural dinamika, a<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> gayahin a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon. Roman Empire panahon <strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan<br />

nakaranas <strong>ng</strong> pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> buhay, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga importante<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso upa<strong>ng</strong> pabilisin a<strong>ng</strong> dynamic na lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

9

teknolohiya. Sami teknolohiya <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> Western Roman<br />

Empire ay hindi evolved <strong>sa</strong> siglo, at ay wala<strong>ng</strong> dahilan upa<strong>ng</strong> maniwala na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Romano mundo pinananatili <strong>ng</strong> kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> teknolohiko unlad ... <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga lipunan na kinikilala panlipunan at intelektwal prayoridad hindi<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma advances <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya.<br />

Ubos at unti-unti ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan, at pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanluran at naabot para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> Europa na narana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malalim Socio-cultural shock para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> tinatawag na<br />

maitim edad, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> breakdown <strong>ng</strong> mga komunikasyon at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

sinauna<strong>ng</strong> mundo ay nabalik marami <strong>ng</strong> West <strong>sa</strong> kauna-unahan estado, na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an ay kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na kabihasnan rural halos panaho<strong>ng</strong> wala beses .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga sinauna<strong>ng</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lbahe mga tao <strong>ng</strong> mga kanluranin Europa<br />

ay able <strong>sa</strong> malaman, <strong>ng</strong>unit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> di-<br />

kaugnay na nakalipas, inilipat na <strong>sa</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> mga alaala. A<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay nanatili<strong>ng</strong><br />

istimado Romano tradisyon. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyon na umiiral lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

Kristiyano na anyo, ay hindi pa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buhay na karana<strong>sa</strong>n, at survived lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> maganda<strong>ng</strong> alaala .<br />

Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> siglo matapos a<strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kuna civilizational, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay mahulog <strong>sa</strong> Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> Western Roman Empire, a<strong>ng</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong><br />

antiquity, at nagkakalat Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas a<strong>ng</strong> mga Kristiyano<br />

pananampalataya, relihiyon pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya ay magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lbahe etnoplemennyh entidad upa<strong>ng</strong> bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kultura at<br />

civilizational bago<strong>ng</strong> tanawin <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyano Europa.<br />

Ito ay lubos na iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga, na may <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian at kultural at<br />

civilizational sistema. I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> tampok na binuo <strong>sa</strong> Gitna<strong>ng</strong> Ages <strong>ng</strong><br />

Western European pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational sistema ay a<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong>-modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> sistema-<strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga poles <strong>ng</strong> Diyos at a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, mabuti at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma magkasya <strong>sa</strong> likas, pantao. Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong><br />

dibisyon <strong>ng</strong> mundo, na-highlight a<strong>ng</strong> mga likas na, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan tao, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat<br />

tinukoy bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga direksyon, at accelerati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> karubduban <strong>ng</strong> dynamic na<br />

10

proseso <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at sotsiokulture <strong>ng</strong> sistema, stimulati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kasunod <strong>ng</strong><br />

karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paputok materyal <strong>sa</strong> gamit <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan.<br />

Hati <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> net августинизмом <strong>sa</strong> panahon Akvinata, Katoliko worldview<br />

divides <strong>sa</strong> dalawa, hindi ( ilaw at maitim ) - at so<strong>sa</strong>: i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mabundok na lugar <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga kahima-himala, at a<strong>ng</strong> pinagpala <strong>sa</strong>na hindi likas na lugar para <strong>sa</strong><br />

oras <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran, albeit <strong>sa</strong> ilalim<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Diyos, a<strong>ng</strong> mga likas na . Sa karagdagan, a<strong>ng</strong> ... Katolisismo<br />

ay tulad <strong>ng</strong> ... opisiyal na kasunduan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> espiritu at mga bagay na ito, <strong>sa</strong><br />

gayon proclaimed autokrasya espiritu <strong>sa</strong> teorya, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga bagay na ito ay<br />

binigyan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon na gamitin <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay, kinansela a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

karapatan nito <strong>sa</strong> .<br />

Sa buo<strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages <strong>sa</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahirap at ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

min<strong>sa</strong>n ma<strong>sa</strong>kit na proseso <strong>ng</strong> buhok <strong>sa</strong> espiritu августинизма pagbabago <strong>ng</strong><br />

Nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> inopolozhennogo transendente banal na Absolute. Kaya, na <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga Pierre Abelyarom doktrina <strong>ng</strong> diyos<br />

troichnosti pansin kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan<br />

substantsialnoy perpekto. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito makala<strong>ng</strong>it ideal na<br />

mga halaga bila<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> relegated <strong>sa</strong> lupa. Departs a<strong>ng</strong> ideya na a<strong>ng</strong> bawat<br />

pagbabago ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kabawalan, tulad <strong>ng</strong> inspirasyon <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> demonyo.<br />

Innovation, teknolohiko advances hindi makilala more na may ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan. Joy at<br />

kagandahan <strong>ng</strong> paraiso ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay ipinatupad <strong>sa</strong> lupa .<br />

Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> huli Middle Ages unti-unti a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> batas <strong>ng</strong><br />

metapisiko isyu, mga katanu<strong>ng</strong>an mula <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar na ito ay nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong><br />

lumipat <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> tao, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga desisyon na <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay naka<strong>sa</strong>lalay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya, at hindi <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>loobin at mga aksyon <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> sverhestestestvennyh<br />

pwer<strong>sa</strong>. Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> lohika <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> halip kahabaan, madalas na nakatago<br />

<strong>sa</strong> porma <strong>ng</strong> magkasya nominalistov tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> buhay, paglago <strong>ng</strong> lunsod at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagbuo <strong>ng</strong> unibersidad, na <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapataas <strong>ng</strong> pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga European isip na wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan analytical pamamaraan. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

ay halos makumpleto <strong>sa</strong> Europa <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Bago<strong>ng</strong> Edad: A<strong>ng</strong> Edad, na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

11

<strong>sa</strong>an namin tumawag <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> panahon ... nagpasiya na a<strong>ng</strong> tao ay a<strong>ng</strong> laki at<br />

gitna <strong>ng</strong> mga umiiral na i<strong>sa</strong>. Tao - ito ay palagi at <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> dako, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin na<br />

underlies anuma<strong>ng</strong> opredmechennosti, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> na maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> ipadala ito<br />

subiectum .<br />

Ngunit ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> gitna <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nsinukob ay a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao, siya ay<br />

maari<strong>ng</strong> maglarawan na<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga spheres <strong>ng</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago<br />

nito <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makatwira<strong>ng</strong> paraan, unti-unti at mas mababa mas kaunti a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkuha <strong>sa</strong> account Socio-cultural tradisyon pabanalin <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> simula.<br />

Pagkawala nito <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an sociocultural tradisyon mas madali<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapitan upa<strong>ng</strong> baguhin at a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> loob nito acquires <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano ay kinuha mula <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> nakaraan, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong><br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong> na.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> rasyonali<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> mundo nagmula <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong><br />

muli<strong>ng</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> institutional presensiya ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> panahon. Nagkaroon at patuloy na ito ay ipinatupad <strong>sa</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay, na ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> mga hanay <strong>ng</strong> Western European cultural prinsipyo:<br />

obscheevolyutsionny <strong>sa</strong> prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> ebolusyon mula <strong>sa</strong> simple<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamumuhay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mas kumplikado<strong>ng</strong> porma at a<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

allocati<strong>ng</strong> more at more nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili at self-nagtutukod entidad <strong>ng</strong> likas, at<br />

pagkatapos ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> konteksto. E. Neumann litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> kanluranin<br />

analysis nagpapakita identity <strong>sa</strong> tapat na kilos tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pasulo<strong>ng</strong> at pabalik,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> tumibay isulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> tinukoy na direksyon <strong>sa</strong> simula: para palayain a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga indibidwal na mula <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao <strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> malay.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> update na ito <strong>ng</strong> mga proseso at mga prinsipyo, suportado <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

susunod na paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado at sistematiko<strong>ng</strong> kapitalista produksyon, na<br />

gumawa <strong>ng</strong> Europa at pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> Euro-Atlantic lugar <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> civilizational transformations <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> global scale. Modern, unti-<br />

unti pagpunta <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> Europa, ay lumaganap <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat dahil wala<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong>, mas tradisyunal na paraan <strong>ng</strong> komunidad<br />

12

ay hindi mapigil ito ... Ay moderniti <strong>ng</strong> eksklusibo Western kababalaghan <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay ... i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay dapat ay yes .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> itinuturi<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mahalaga manilay-nilay at<br />

cultural na sukat <strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito, ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin <strong>ng</strong>ayon turn <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

at mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon-iisip tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga kababalaghan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>. Modern a<strong>ng</strong> puto<strong>ng</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na punto <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> expression<br />

progressistskoy pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational paradaym. A<strong>ng</strong> kaisipan <strong>ng</strong> progreso<br />

at ito ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas seglar nilalaman, <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> tinutukoy evropotsentrizm maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> proseso,<br />

ipagpapalagay na a<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> Ascendi<strong>ng</strong> hagdan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkamaykatwiran, wala<strong>ng</strong> kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon, ekonomikotsentrizmu. Robert<br />

Nisbet, <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> porma <strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal a<strong>ng</strong> mga opinyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga classics <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> isipan <strong>sa</strong> progreso, sinabi na <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan a<strong>ng</strong> klasiko konsepto <strong>ng</strong> ideya ay makikita bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> unti-unti<br />

pagpapalaya <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan mula <strong>sa</strong> takot at kama<strong>ng</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> trapiko <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

paraan upa<strong>ng</strong> lagi<strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon. Stadialny diskarte kinuha<br />

<strong>ng</strong> evolutionary, neoevolyutsionisty, Marxist at positivist <strong>sa</strong> matagal na panahon<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> mga dekada <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo, prevailed, at <strong>sa</strong> indirekta<br />

form, at <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay magagamit <strong>sa</strong> kanluran, <strong>sa</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong> evropotsentrizma, <strong>Science</strong>.<br />

Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

ikinakarga <strong>sa</strong> contextual lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, agham pampulitika<br />

at ekonomiya, kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod. Ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati<br />

<strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na <strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> pahi<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo ito ay kapansin-pansin, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi mapag-aalinla<strong>ng</strong>anan. Sa alternatibo,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Western landas <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad para <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo advocated<br />

sosyalista proyekto, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> buhay ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na makamit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

dami pagganap <strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Sosyalista paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> opsyon practiced <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo<br />

<strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> USSR, karamihan ay hindi<br />

13

umagay tugon <strong>sa</strong> pandrama acceleration <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural<br />

dinamika <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw Nouveau. Ito ay wala<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> lugar na ito ay perceived nakararami sosyalista paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

opsyon, dahil ito ay mas pare-pareho <strong>sa</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> kaisipan <strong>ng</strong> mga hindi<br />

lipunan. Natural, a<strong>ng</strong> mga apila <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> opsyon sosyalista ay<br />

hindi tiyak na invariant <strong>sa</strong> mga di-European estado, ay <strong>sa</strong>pat na upa<strong>ng</strong> magbigay<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Japan at <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> Timog-Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Asya, ito ay tatawagin bila<strong>ng</strong> tigre<strong>ng</strong> at Dragons Asya.<br />

Sampu<strong>ng</strong> taon matapos a<strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> sosyalista eksperimento <strong>sa</strong> Russia AV<br />

Lunacharsky-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> posisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga European writers, philosophers at mga<br />

pulitiko, a<strong>ng</strong> mga potensyal na para <strong>sa</strong> paglahok <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad paradaym<br />

progressistskuyu non lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> sosyalista<br />

opsyon. Sila believed na <strong>sa</strong>mouglublennaya Asya ay naghahanap upa<strong>ng</strong> humiram<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> Europa upa<strong>ng</strong> mapalakas a<strong>ng</strong> pisikal, mga tunay na gawain, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay<br />

halos imposible na makamit a<strong>ng</strong> makina transfer <strong>ng</strong> kapitalismo <strong>sa</strong> mga Asyano,<br />

na hindi pa<strong>ng</strong>-Europa <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga lupa. Asya at a<strong>ng</strong> yugto <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> perceived mula <strong>sa</strong> Europa ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais<br />

na sumulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> materyal na kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> diretso, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

ampon <strong>ng</strong> kapitalismo, libre<strong>ng</strong> merkado, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapakilala <strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong><br />

demokrasya at karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao. Ngunit hindi tuwira<strong>ng</strong> European impluwensiya<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Asya marahil <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Bolshevism, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

magbigay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> Eba<strong>ng</strong>helyo para <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga Asian rehiyon<br />

mismo, <strong>sa</strong> segment na ito, at isila<strong>ng</strong> na muli: Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga haka-haka batayan<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> pagbabago<strong>ng</strong>-buhay <strong>ng</strong> Asia, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, a<strong>ng</strong> malawak na mayorya <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> iyo<strong>ng</strong> ipamalas at kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> West ay<br />

limitado. Dito ka masulsulan .<br />

Ito ay malapit <strong>sa</strong> sosyalismo kolektibismo <strong>ng</strong> Asia, <strong>sa</strong> abot <strong>ng</strong> individualistic<br />

Euro-Atlantic kabihasnan, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakataon ay<br />

vanishi<strong>ng</strong>ly maliit. Ngayon, a<strong>ng</strong> pagti<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>sa</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> alaala, ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> malinaw na diyan ay <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay<br />

14

inuo at marami<strong>ng</strong> civilizations. A<strong>ng</strong> problema ay lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> mga kabihasnan,<br />

na may marami<strong>ng</strong> mga katulad na mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, at may mga points <strong>ng</strong> intersection<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito, patuloy na evolve, pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>anak, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> bersyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> pagka<strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nag-aalok<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> programa <strong>sa</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad. A<strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito ay<br />

tumutulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iba-ibahin a<strong>ng</strong> mga na paglalapit <strong>sa</strong> unawa <strong>ng</strong> pagka<strong>makabago</strong> at<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> pagtata<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> cultural programs na sinimulan <strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

kontemporaryo lipunan .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> natitira<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan, madalas sinusukat <strong>sa</strong> taon matapos<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> World War bila<strong>ng</strong> Third World, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> ay nabigo<strong>ng</strong><br />

magkaloob <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> alternatibo draft, at epektibo<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> lokal na mga opsyon para <strong>sa</strong> mga di-estado. A<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan ay nagbago <strong>sa</strong><br />

ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, kapag matagumpay, competitive na mga opsyon<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> modernizi<strong>ng</strong> pagpaparami <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan. Kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

interpretasyon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay dynamic, matipid at sosyalan<br />

matagumpay Asian estado, ban<strong>sa</strong> aari <strong>sa</strong> Islamic kabihasnan, sinusubukan mo<strong>ng</strong><br />

gamitin <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> gawain relihiyon pagtatatag (a<strong>ng</strong> ban <strong>sa</strong> mga resibo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga pauta<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> bawat sentimo <strong>sa</strong> Koran tradisyon). Ayon <strong>sa</strong> punto <strong>ng</strong> view, S.<br />

Eyzenshtadta, pananalan<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> - <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> uniqueness <strong>ng</strong> West at a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan<br />

na siya ay tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo para <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mundo, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabila<strong>ng</strong> dako, a<strong>ng</strong> mga specifics <strong>ng</strong> dinamika <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> civilizations, ito ay hindi<br />

halata <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> Marx at Weber, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> kapitalismo at<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> Europa ay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> maaga<strong>ng</strong> yugto. Ngunit<br />

ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> mas maliwanag at mamaya yugto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> World War .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at nahahanap a<strong>ng</strong> nakikita expression <strong>sa</strong> pulos disparities <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga civilizational habitats <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal na<br />

mundo, <strong>sa</strong> abot <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> buhay. I. Wallerstein binuo a<strong>ng</strong> mga teorya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mundo na sistema, na nagpapaliwanag <strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> hindi pagkakapareho <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> (estado paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>) at <strong>sa</strong> mga Third<br />

15

World. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagbabala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga global na pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ekonomiya at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> kaugnayan batay <strong>sa</strong> paglawak <strong>ng</strong> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong><br />

ekonomiya kapitalista, dahil, hindi bababa mula <strong>sa</strong> XVI siglo. A<strong>ng</strong> mga kapitalista<br />

mundo ekonomiya ay nagpapahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> ubod <strong>ng</strong> poluperiferii,<br />

Peripheral at panlabas Arenas.<br />

Estados kernel I. Wallerstein kinabibila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong>: UK, Netherlands, France at<br />

mamaya sumali <strong>sa</strong> Hilaga<strong>ng</strong>-Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa. Ito ay <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> sopistikado<strong>ng</strong> enterprise, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya rebolusyon. Estado,<br />

na matatagpuan <strong>sa</strong> timog Europa <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>ng</strong> Mediterranean, a<strong>ng</strong> nagi<strong>ng</strong> simula<br />

poluperiferiey ban<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga Asyano at Aprikano teritoryo belo<strong>ng</strong>ed <strong>sa</strong><br />

banyaga<strong>ng</strong> Arena, na sila talaga ay hindi makaka-apekto <strong>sa</strong> kalakalan relasyon <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga panimula. Kolonyal na proseso at mga gawain <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

malalaki<strong>ng</strong> mga korporasyon pansin <strong>sa</strong> Asia at Africa <strong>sa</strong> mundo ekonomiya. I.<br />

Wallerstein argues na a<strong>ng</strong> mga na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mundo sistema kernels<br />

na mai-control a<strong>ng</strong> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> kalakalan <strong>sa</strong> proseso, a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

ban<strong>sa</strong> na may mga pagkakataon na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>mantalahan <strong>ng</strong> mga mapagkukunan <strong>ng</strong><br />

ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> mundo ban<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> proseso ay, tila, <strong>sa</strong> susunod. Western<br />

kabihasnan panahon gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>sa</strong><br />

pahiga eroplano, umalis <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> suhay, a<strong>ng</strong> Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> vertical <strong>ng</strong> laki, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili nito, inter alia, <strong>sa</strong> anyo at pagyamanin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong>, seglar nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> mga Kristiyano simula <strong>ng</strong> semantiko at mga<br />

sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga sub-kultura. (A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> vertical line, ami<strong>ng</strong> naiintindihan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

halaga <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> transendente laki. Sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> pahiga direksyon -<br />

yaman.) Non-kabihasnan ay hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat na mahaba upa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>gutin a<strong>ng</strong> tawag, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

West ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat dahil <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> vertical pagsukat <strong>sa</strong> itaas <strong>ng</strong><br />

pahala<strong>ng</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got, a<strong>ng</strong> contours <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an lalabas <strong>sa</strong> may been <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo, ay para mag-accelerate a<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural dinamika, na<br />

kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> buhay pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, panlipunan organi<strong>sa</strong>syon,<br />

teknolohiya, at iba pa, haba<strong>ng</strong> pinapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> vertical pagsukat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

16

mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong> estratehiya, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon (pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon)<br />

component .<br />

Ito ay dapat na kilala na <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na catch up at abutin<br />

Estado gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> na<strong>ng</strong> pagkawala, o hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> hindi radically<br />

transformi<strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal civilizational identity <strong>sa</strong> halip ay may problema. Sa kaso<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga praktikal na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>katuparan <strong>ng</strong> mga proyekto transformational<br />

nakakamit, kadala<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> gastos <strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> pag-igti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> lipunan<br />

at <strong>ng</strong> estado, na nata<strong>ng</strong>gap raznovektornoe direksyon <strong>ng</strong> pagkilos <strong>ng</strong> sistema ay<br />

hindi mabi<strong>sa</strong> function <strong>sa</strong> alinman <strong>sa</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> eroplano. Ngayon at patuloy<br />

infantilism mifologizm mass-isip, at hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Russia, patuloy na mag-pokus<br />

<strong>sa</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> makuha a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga benepisyo <strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan at<br />

pamumuhay na pamantayan, wala<strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi donati<strong>ng</strong>. Bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ilustrasyon, ba<strong>ng</strong>gitin namin a<strong>ng</strong> pahayag <strong>ng</strong> relihiyon Arab-Islamic palaisip<br />

Sayyid Qutb, na inilalarawan a<strong>ng</strong> ideal na lipunan <strong>ng</strong> mga Muslim, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> materyal na buhay ay magigi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> linya <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> (Western)<br />

sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon, at a<strong>ng</strong> espiritu, pilosopiya - relihiyon, mga ideya tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> buhay,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>arin <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na buhay , posisyon <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> daigdig, <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tiyak na mga ari-arian, karapatan at responsibilidad - batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

providentsializme .<br />

Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> may tatlo<strong>ng</strong><br />

iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga panloob na pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa at Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Amerika, referri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> European Bago<strong>ng</strong> oras<br />

nakahahalina up <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay, hindi na may<br />

kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> mga una<strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong>, kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

naghahanap <strong>ng</strong> catch up <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, moderno<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago na proseso, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian para <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> na-aari <strong>sa</strong> Western kabihasnan.<br />

Kami ay higit na intere<strong>sa</strong>do <strong>sa</strong> mga proseso, pinag<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong><br />

grupo, since Russia ay <strong>sa</strong> nakalipas na tatlo<strong>ng</strong> siglo, albeit may popyatnymi<br />

kilu<strong>sa</strong>n, natupad a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> proyekto. Ito ay hindi<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> pag-aalala tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga iba't-<br />

17

iba<strong>ng</strong> facets <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, bila<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malawak na konteksto <strong>ng</strong> mga posible<strong>ng</strong>-unawa <strong>ng</strong> indibidwal<br />

na paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malawak na<br />

hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga views na a<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> magkasunod bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ontological pundasyon, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

pinaka-maliwanag <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaiba <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> pandaigdig (stadialnogo) at<br />

lokal na (nag-aral) diskarte.<br />

Sa bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahin paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> theories, dati<strong>ng</strong> pabalik<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Kristiyano tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> univer<strong>sa</strong>lism, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay binuo <strong>sa</strong> diwa <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l, pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwan <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

tao at <strong>ng</strong> lokal na mga linya <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> civilizations. Pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> cultural<br />

identity ay makikita bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari kinalalaba<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan<br />

at kultural transformation, ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong> tagapagpahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

radikal. Pagkakaiba-iba <strong>sa</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at sociocultural katotohanan ay<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> bigyan <strong>ng</strong> daan <strong>sa</strong> invariants na mas marami o mas kaunti a<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay<br />

na kopya <strong>ng</strong> kanluranin panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura talumpati. Sa 50 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong><br />

siglo, J.-P. Sartre, haba<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>sa</strong> intelektwal na kapaligiran <strong>ng</strong><br />

submission, siya wrote na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-takot na dami <strong>ng</strong> mga istorya ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> ilagay<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lupa lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap <strong>ng</strong> magka<strong>sa</strong>ma ... A<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> gawain <strong>sa</strong> gitna <strong>ng</strong> polibeylent kapayapaan ay madaliin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>ndali na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay magkakaroon lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahulugan na kapag ito ay<br />

magkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> hilig <strong>sa</strong> ibuwag <strong>sa</strong> tiyak na mga tao na ginagawa ito <strong>ng</strong><br />

magka<strong>sa</strong>ma .<br />

Naka-70 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo W. Moore, na naglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> dinamika <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga di-lipunan, wrote na lahat <strong>ng</strong> pumunta <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direksyon, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> iba't-<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> mga balas, mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan at hadla<strong>ng</strong>, mag-a-upgrade - ito ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

rasyonali<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> organi<strong>sa</strong>syon at Socio-cultural na aktibidad. Tulad<br />

na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makatwira<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> mga leads <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tagpo <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad na antas.<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, - a<strong>ng</strong> landas <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tagpo <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> na<br />

may iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> tadhana <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinag-i<strong>sa</strong> mundo komunidad .<br />

18

Sa bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan ay makikita bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

individualistic ideal-iral <strong>ng</strong> tao, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay naghahanap upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

makipagkumpetensya <strong>sa</strong> Diyos a<strong>ng</strong> Creator, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay napakai<strong>ng</strong>at attitude<br />

<strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa sekulari<strong>sa</strong>hin rehiyon. Tao ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> di-upgrade mundo<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> maigsi at hypertrophied form <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan.<br />

Unifyi<strong>ng</strong> diskarte <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay non-ambivalent<br />

reaksyon <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

complementarity tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> vesternizatsionnyh a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagsisikap <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> elites <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi, a<strong>ng</strong> deterministic<br />

sociocultural, relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> Diyos at <strong>ng</strong> tao: ...<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ideya <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> Western-unawa ay hindi tinata<strong>ng</strong>gap para <strong>sa</strong> mga di-<br />

European kultura. A<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>ng</strong><br />

Western kabihasnan, na may kanya-unawa <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, kabihasnan,<br />

pagkamaykatwiran, atbp, at ito ay kumakatawan <strong>sa</strong> mga mundo civilizations, <strong>ng</strong><br />

kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kaalaman, pagkakakilanlan, at ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

paano lumikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas makatao at cost-effective at lipunan lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan .<br />

Iminu<strong>ng</strong>kahi<strong>ng</strong> mga hinaharap na mga kulay <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> civilizations, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

bawat i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin na magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliit na paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay malama<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong><br />

dimensionless gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> lahat, humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kakayahan<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> makilala at maitala a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> Kombinasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian. Bedouins <strong>sa</strong> camels <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mobile o <strong>sa</strong>telayt <strong>ng</strong> telepono ay hindi<br />

karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> patunay na kabihasnan kumalat <strong>sa</strong> gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> rehiyon na<br />

ito <strong>ng</strong> mundo. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> babae veiled, kula<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> karapatan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pagboto rin, madalas mawalan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> pagmamaneho <strong>ng</strong> kotse kanluran,<br />

ay hindi na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga detalye <strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na pamumuhay ilahad lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

peke<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at wala more. Sa mosyon <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magpahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> nilalaman na institutional palitan, tulad<br />

19

<strong>ng</strong> pupunan <strong>ng</strong> radikal palitan <strong>ng</strong> mga kuru-kuro afore<strong>sa</strong>id bedouin. Naniniwala<br />

kami na kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at, at kahit direkta<strong>ng</strong> paglaban <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> mundo ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

aabandunahin pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwan <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pakete paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

transformation, at dito, hindi mo maaari<strong>ng</strong> itago <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> euphemism <strong>ng</strong><br />

mayorya <strong>ng</strong> mga umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na moderno<strong>ng</strong>. Bila<strong>ng</strong> remarked <strong>sa</strong> gitna <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

reporma <strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya, a<strong>ng</strong> ama <strong>ng</strong> Polish <strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya himala L. Balcerowicz:<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> bawat ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> punto <strong>ng</strong> view, talaga<strong>ng</strong> espesyal. Ngunit ito ay hindi<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na mayroo<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matagumpay na paraan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapagamot <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na <strong>sa</strong>kit na afflicted <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya. A<strong>ng</strong> mga Chinese at<br />

Russians, siyempre, nag-iiba mula <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit ku<strong>ng</strong> sila ay may <strong>sa</strong>kit,<br />

halimbawa, tuberculosis, sila ay dapat na tratuhin a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> esensyal na pakete <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformation u<strong>sa</strong>pan.<br />

Panlipunan at kultural na proseso na nagsimula <strong>sa</strong> pinaka-matagumpay <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ekonomiya, panlipunan, pampulitika at geo-pulitikal na kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado-aari<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Western kabihasnan, <strong>sa</strong> XX siglo, lumaganap <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> global scale. Sa antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

Socio-cultural organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso ay manifested <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkilos mula <strong>sa</strong> industryalismo <strong>sa</strong> postindustrializmu <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalagayan, <strong>sa</strong> pulitika bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagkilos mula <strong>sa</strong> awtoritaryan <strong>sa</strong><br />

demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> regimes, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga legal na paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> maginoo <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> legal na karapatan. A<strong>ng</strong> mga kaugnay na pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> Socio-kaugnay na<br />

kaalaman at mundo view: <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon globo ay halata paghahalili mula <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kagala<strong>ng</strong>-gala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> seglar mundo-kataru<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> pilosopiya - mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

monistik <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pluralistic pananaw ukol <strong>sa</strong> mundo, <strong>sa</strong> sini<strong>ng</strong> - mula <strong>sa</strong> pagnanais<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kakanyahan pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> polistilistike <strong>sa</strong> science - mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

obhetibismo <strong>sa</strong> anthropic prinsipyo. A<strong>ng</strong> kumbinasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> malawak na<br />

panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura uso ay kilala bila<strong>ng</strong> mag-a-upgrade .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay,<br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> karapat-dapat malubha<strong>ng</strong>, reasoned na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong>. Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

palagay, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga European<br />

20

New Age, na ito ay tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> siglo, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo.<br />

Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> postindustrial lipunan<br />

ay dapat na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> oras para <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo. Hi<strong>ng</strong>gil <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> lipunan a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagpapalit awtoritaryan regimes<br />

na demokrasya kinuha na lugar <strong>sa</strong> Europa <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> momentum <strong>sa</strong> mga oras na ito ay papalitan popyatnym, lalo na <strong>sa</strong><br />

Alemanya, Espanya, Italya, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay nagpatuloy <strong>sa</strong> araw na ito, bila<strong>ng</strong> evidenced <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

servi<strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> revolutions <strong>sa</strong> Eastern Europe at <strong>sa</strong> States, binuo <strong>sa</strong> lugar<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union <strong>sa</strong> turn <strong>ng</strong> 80-90-ies <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo. Sa mga legal na katayuan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> lipunan kilu<strong>sa</strong>n mula <strong>sa</strong> maginoo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> legal na karapatan ay mas malayo<br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> background <strong>ng</strong>, una, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga European ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Romano na batas, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> tampok a<strong>ng</strong> lumilitaw <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> Roman Empire.<br />

Balik <strong>sa</strong> mga mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kaalaman at ideolohiya,<br />

kami ay tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod. De<strong>sa</strong>kralizatsii kapayapaan proseso, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paglipat <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas seglar mundo ay din a<strong>ng</strong> mga makatwira<strong>ng</strong> paliwanag mga<br />

kapantay Modern Times, unti-unti magtamo na<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, kalahatan, na<br />

nagreresulta <strong>sa</strong> mas mataas na ratsionalistichnosti at pluralistic <strong>sa</strong> sociocultural <strong>ng</strong><br />

aspeto <strong>ng</strong> lipunan.<br />

Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pinaka-tiyak na <strong>sa</strong> mga problema <strong>ng</strong> mga kultura at paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> posisyon <strong>ng</strong> Western iskolar,<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma at pagkilala <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> nilalaman.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> mga nag-aalok <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan E.<br />

Giddens, emphasizi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> klase <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> institutional<br />

manifestations, na reflected <strong>sa</strong> apat na institutional axes. A<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> aksis ay<br />

industryalismo, E. Giddens tinukoy bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

relasyon na nakabatay <strong>sa</strong> malakiha<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> enerhiya at mga teknolohiya <strong>sa</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> produksyon. A<strong>ng</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> institusyon ay a<strong>ng</strong> aksis <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapitalismo, makikita bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> produksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga kalakal batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

21

competitive na mga merkado, produksyon at pagdadalubha<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> trabaho. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> aksis <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay mga institusyon <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>asiwa, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga pagsisikap, ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

ihahambi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo, institutionalization, complicati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Administrative sistema <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay dapat na<br />

makikita <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> control, ipinatupad <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> koleksyon at<br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga impormasyon. A<strong>ng</strong> ika-apat na sukat encompasses institutional<br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> monopolyo kontrol a<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> karaha<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan.<br />

A. Giddens, i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> institutional prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

nagpapakilala <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> bagay: a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado at sistema <strong>sa</strong> produksyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

kapitalista. A<strong>ng</strong>kan sila bumalik <strong>sa</strong> mga tiyak na mga tampok <strong>ng</strong> mga European<br />

history. Analogies <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga panahon at cultural konteksto<br />

ay hindi gaano<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga. Sila pakete a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo ay higit <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat dahil <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan na binuo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito: Wala<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

mas tradisyunal na paraan <strong>ng</strong> komunidad ay hindi mapaglabanan ito, haba<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinapanatili kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> paghihiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> uso. Ay moderniti<br />

eksklusibo Western kababalaghan <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> lifestyles, na tumulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> malaki pwer<strong>sa</strong>-convert? A<strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong><br />

tano<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay dapat na yes .<br />

Gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan evropotsentrizma at kahit na<br />

kumpleto na a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pagpapaalis mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham at<br />

pilosopiko discourses contributed pluralization kilala a<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>. Kaya arose <strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> maramiha<strong>ng</strong> Nouveau, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, inter<br />

alia, sinabi <strong>ng</strong> mga kilala<strong>ng</strong> sosyolohista at teoriko <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> S.<br />

Eyzenshtadt. A<strong>ng</strong> applicability <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinagkukunan <strong>ng</strong> labis-labis na pagkamalikhain, kakayahan, mga<br />

mapagpipilian para <strong>sa</strong> mga hinaharap na pag-unlad.<br />

Kanya<strong>ng</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>nan <strong>sa</strong> mga mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

nagbibigay L. Pellikani. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> view, moderno<strong>ng</strong> - ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kultura,<br />

22

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> awtonomya <strong>ng</strong> subsystems, a<strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> bumoto, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga institutionalization <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago, rationalizi<strong>ng</strong>, seglar kultura,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga alituntunin <strong>ng</strong> batas, a<strong>ng</strong> univer<strong>sa</strong>lization <strong>ng</strong> karapatan bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

mamamayan.<br />

D. Berger nagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> mga bataya<strong>ng</strong> prinsipyo, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay batay <strong>sa</strong> mga teorya <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> endogenous makamit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> paglalahad <strong>ng</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, tipikal para <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural globo,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga komplimentaryo<strong>ng</strong>, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, a<strong>ng</strong> suporta <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>'t-i<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ban<strong>sa</strong>, humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, hindi hadla<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga mas maaga, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> direksyon. Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, ito a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kapaki-pakinaba<strong>ng</strong> na pagpipilian <strong>ng</strong> mga institutional panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong>, seglar, nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili, nakapa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>atwiran institusyon.<br />

Ito ay mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> sekulari<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural spheres, a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mas malaki awtonomya <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na subsystems, a<strong>ng</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> sistema batay <strong>sa</strong> Batas (simula <strong>sa</strong> Romano) na<br />

batas, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pandaigdig na pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao.<br />

Alinsunod <strong>sa</strong> mga klasiko paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> na paglalapit <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> na ito ay hatid <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> Western<br />

pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> mga institusyon, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> talaa<strong>ng</strong>kanan, bukas na lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga partido <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya. Sa kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga baon <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga segment<br />

sotsiokultury <strong>ng</strong> unti-unti pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na uri <strong>ng</strong> pagkatao, ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin, kanya<strong>ng</strong> aktibo<strong>ng</strong> uri A ay nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong> mananaig ayon <strong>sa</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> higit<br />

passive-nilay (maginoo) uri B. Sa forefront <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> buhay napupunta<br />

militante<strong>ng</strong> pagkatao, dinisenyo kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> makatwira<strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na pag-uugali ay hindi ideal na, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga interes. Dahil a<strong>ng</strong> ideals <strong>ng</strong> lubos na mahirap unawain at ko<strong>ng</strong>kreto interes,<br />

namely a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> dominasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> iba, at nagbibigay-daan<br />

23

upa<strong>ng</strong> lipulin modernizi<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> institusyon <strong>ng</strong> parlyamentaryo demokrasya.<br />

Matapos a<strong>ng</strong> lahat, upa<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>sa</strong> boto para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> partikular na partido<strong>ng</strong><br />

pampulitika ay dapat malinaw na maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga interes at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lawak na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> mga programa at halos lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga patakaran tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga ito hulugan.<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> din reinforces pagkakaiba <strong>sa</strong> mga pili<strong>ng</strong> tao<br />

subculture at neelity <strong>sa</strong> matagal na kataga ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bukas na<br />

katanu<strong>ng</strong>an, na bahagi ay ilipat a<strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> oras kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> subcultures raznonapravleny. A<strong>ng</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> lawak na baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> modernizi<strong>ng</strong> lipunan, lutasin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> posteriori, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpaplano ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> baguhin, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mahuhulain<br />

pani<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> resulta ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> mahirap. Sa anuma<strong>ng</strong> kaso, para <strong>sa</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformation ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> oras, dahil, una <strong>sa</strong> lahat, a<strong>ng</strong> mabagal na palitan <strong>ng</strong> mga kuru-kuro.<br />

E. Allard, criticizi<strong>ng</strong> klasiko paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> teorya, sinabi <strong>ng</strong><br />

konsepto <strong>ng</strong> maramiha<strong>ng</strong> Nouveau, na ginagamit <strong>sa</strong> mga gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> L.<br />

Eyzenshtadta. A<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kanan napupunta <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Western mundo.<br />

Institutional forms ay nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado, merkado<br />

ekonomiya, edukasyon at pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham na kaalaman. Gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> institutional<br />

abot <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan naporma out na <strong>sa</strong> tiyak na<br />

mga iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Sa karamihan <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> Malayo<strong>ng</strong> at Gitna<strong>ng</strong><br />

Sila<strong>ng</strong>an, Africa, pinagtibay a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> malapad pag-unlad.<br />

Elites at neelity pinagtibay <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> kanluranin<br />

<strong>makabago</strong>, pagta<strong>ng</strong>gap at ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

unawa <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> interes. Mag-a-upgrade <strong>ng</strong> mga di-sinamahan <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> interpretasyon at muli<strong>ng</strong>-implanted inokulturnogo karana<strong>sa</strong>n.<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> punto <strong>ng</strong> view, S. Eyzenshtadta, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay hindi na proseso<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na kabihasnan, kundi <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> pagka<strong>makabago</strong>. Binago a<strong>ng</strong> attitude <strong>sa</strong> cultural tradisyon, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay malinaw na obstacles <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> perceived<br />

24

ila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> kondisyon para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay: Kultura ay<br />

ceased na a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, siya ay mabuti<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> mga tagumpay at mas kaya para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatatag<br />

<strong>ng</strong> interim mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay napakamahalaga<br />

pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> organi<strong>sa</strong>syon, transformi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lamisim ay nagpapakita na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> mga pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

naantala at marami<strong>ng</strong> huli, i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na<br />

sekundaryo<strong>ng</strong>, ito ay ganap na posible na mag-antay, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay madalas na<br />

mapanira, a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong> ay nagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> halos<br />

ganap na pagtitiwala <strong>sa</strong> pamahalaan.<br />

Umaa<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tao, at a<strong>ng</strong> mas marami<strong>ng</strong> alipin, <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, mas<br />

madali <strong>sa</strong> pamahalaan at pa<strong>ng</strong>asiwaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> katunayan nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

epekto <strong>ng</strong> mga order na hindi tinalakay <strong>ng</strong>unit ipinatupad. Ito ay nararapat na dito<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Peter I: Dayuhan <strong>sa</strong>y na ako ay may<br />

commanded alipin. Ito ay hindi totoo: hindi mo alam a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari.<br />

Ako commanded pak<strong>sa</strong>, sumunod aki<strong>ng</strong> mga order, a<strong>ng</strong> mga order ay naglalaman<br />

<strong>ng</strong> benepisyo at hindi <strong>sa</strong>ktan <strong>ng</strong> estado. Ay dapat na pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an ay upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

malaman ku<strong>ng</strong> paano pamahalaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao. I<strong>ng</strong>les kalayaan na ito ay hindi <strong>sa</strong><br />

lugar, tulad <strong>ng</strong> pader peas ... . Buod na ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ordinances<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> humawak bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> benepisyo, at maka<strong>sa</strong>ma, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi a<strong>ng</strong><br />

benepisyo o pin<strong>sa</strong>la <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> kontrol <strong>ng</strong> kumpanya.<br />

Already <strong>sa</strong> XX siglo, albeit para <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga elites<br />

<strong>ng</strong> totalitaryo regimes, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kamalayan, <strong>ng</strong>unit tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

dekadent at damagi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> mga pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong><br />

moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> civil society <strong>sa</strong> pagsiguro na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga dynamic na proseso <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> buhay, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> science,<br />

industriya, militar at makatao na lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> kultura, ay ganap na nauunawaan<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo.<br />

25

A<strong>ng</strong> pagkilala ay hindi mapag-aalinla<strong>ng</strong>anan, a<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga hindi-lipunan <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo nagpapakita na sila ay<br />

gumamit <strong>ng</strong> ideological modelo at gawi <strong>ng</strong> mga araw-araw na buhay, mga pet<strong>sa</strong><br />

bumalik <strong>sa</strong> traditionalism. A<strong>ng</strong> path <strong>ng</strong> institutional at halaga-normatibo<br />

transformation na ito ay mahaba, kahit na <strong>sa</strong> Europa. Lama<strong>ng</strong> tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ganap na isinalin <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Western Europe, lama<strong>ng</strong> matapos a<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong><br />

World War, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> orbita <strong>ng</strong> Euro-Atlantic mundo (liberal supertsivilizatsii, <strong>sa</strong><br />

terminolohiya <strong>ng</strong> P. Akhiezer) ay sumali <strong>sa</strong> West Germany.<br />

Tandaan na <strong>sa</strong> modernizi<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay kadala<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> coarseni<strong>ng</strong><br />

implanted inokulturnyh halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabawas <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

matanda forms. U. Ganners i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pakikipag-ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> kultura - a<strong>ng</strong> mga donor at a<strong>ng</strong> tata<strong>ng</strong>gap, na<br />

nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong>, tulad <strong>ng</strong> mga pinaka-karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon paligid katiwalian. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

esensya <strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon na ito ay na<strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>la a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na mga<br />

nagawa <strong>ng</strong> mga kultura at halaga <strong>ng</strong> mga donor, pag-aayos <strong>ng</strong> mga antas <strong>ng</strong> cross-<br />

cultural ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> ibaba plato, na ibinigay <strong>sa</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> tata<strong>ng</strong>gap.<br />

Sa 30-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo <strong>sa</strong> mga materyal <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

pak<strong>sa</strong> ginagamot at LD Trotsky. Sa kanya<strong>ng</strong> view, ban<strong>sa</strong> vulgariziruet madalas<br />

hiram mula <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga nagawa, adaptasyon a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mas nauna kultura. Sa paggawa nito, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paglagom nagigi<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinagtatalunan. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> paglagom <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> Western agham at<br />

teknolohiya, hindi <strong>sa</strong> ba<strong>ng</strong>gitin a<strong>ng</strong> militar at pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya na pauta<strong>ng</strong>, na<br />

nagreresulta <strong>sa</strong> Peter I <strong>sa</strong> tatagan kaalipinan. European armas at European pauta<strong>ng</strong><br />

- i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> produkto <strong>ng</strong> mataas na mga kultura - na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> nadagdagan Czarism<br />

pagigi<strong>ng</strong> preno pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> .<br />

Sa pagtatapos, ami<strong>ng</strong> sumipi a<strong>ng</strong> view <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mananaliksik Nouveau, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Aleman Propesor W. Beck: paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-edukasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sentrali<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> estado, a<strong>ng</strong> konsentrasyon <strong>ng</strong> kapital at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga mas pino<br />

pagtutulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> dibisyon <strong>ng</strong> labor market at relasyon, kadalia<strong>ng</strong>, mass<br />

26

consumption, at upa<strong>ng</strong> village, <strong>ng</strong>unit - dito namin dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan<br />

modelo - <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> triple personalization: a<strong>ng</strong> release <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan given<br />

panlipunan forms at relasyon <strong>sa</strong> tradisyonal na kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>ng</strong><br />

dominasyon at a<strong>ng</strong> ( laki liberasyon), a<strong>ng</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyunal na<br />

pananatili <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> mabi<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kaalaman pananampalataya at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

tina<strong>ng</strong>gap norms ( laki razvolshebstvleniya) - at ku<strong>ng</strong> paano ay baligtarin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> mga concept - a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural integration<br />

( laki na kontrol at reintegration) .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> submission na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, maaari nami<strong>ng</strong> gawin <strong>sa</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> Russia<br />

<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at<br />

civilizational specificities. Bigya<strong>ng</strong>-diin na a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong>, pampulitika,<br />

sociological at pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> problema ay na<strong>ng</strong> interes <strong>sa</strong> amin una<br />

<strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> illustrati<strong>ng</strong>, ipaliwanag at madagdagan a<strong>ng</strong> pilosopiko at cultural<br />

perspektibo <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

II. A<strong>ng</strong> imperyal at ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

Sa naglalarawan <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Russia, <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga Aa Kara-Murza at AG Vishnevsky,<br />

resorted <strong>sa</strong> kataga konserbatibo paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, vstraivaya Russia <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> na naghahanap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na entry <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> focus<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili o mabagal na a<strong>ng</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na mga<br />

halaga, mga institusyon at relasyon. May maaari marahil ay doubted na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon, natupad <strong>sa</strong> USSR <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> banner <strong>ng</strong> gu<strong>sa</strong>li<br />

sosyalismo , ay konserbatibo. Ngunit ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kabila<strong>ng</strong> banda? Para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga pato<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> XVII at XVIII siglo ay may <strong>sa</strong>kop a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

sumusunod na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> layers, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito layers a<strong>ng</strong> dapat na umiiral <strong>sa</strong><br />

lipunan at upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> malakas <strong>sa</strong>pat ... konserbatibo Revolution at doon ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> concession para <strong>sa</strong> kapakanan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

27

kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga tunay kalika<strong>sa</strong>n ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magdala lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala<strong>ng</strong> solusyon, maaga o huli ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> suriin .<br />

Pagpapabalik, marahil, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-kilala<strong>ng</strong> theorists <strong>ng</strong><br />

konserbatibo rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> Weimar Republic E. You<strong>ng</strong>, na naiintindihan mo ito na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapanumbalik <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> batas at mga halaga, wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao loses <strong>ng</strong> koneksyon <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at <strong>ng</strong> Diyos, at hindi<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> itatag a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na order. Pagkakapantay-pantay ay dapat palitan <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> panloob na mga halaga at panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala - a<strong>ng</strong> pananalig<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hierarchical lipunan, makina halalan - a<strong>ng</strong> organic<br />

prinsipyo fyurerstva (vozhdizma), bureaucratic pagpipigil - a<strong>ng</strong> responsibilidad <strong>ng</strong><br />

tunay na loob <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, a<strong>ng</strong> malaki at mabigat kapalaran - a<strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> identity . E. Ju<strong>ng</strong> believed na a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mahalaga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

gawain <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> German Reich ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagprotekta <strong>ng</strong> mga Kristiyano a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pananampalataya at simbahan infrastructure mula <strong>sa</strong> mga banta <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Bolsheviks, iyon ay, para <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga rebolusyonaryo bago<strong>ng</strong> Aleman estado<br />

ay upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyunal na mga halaga.<br />

Nakita namin na para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na panlipunan at<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura transformations <strong>sa</strong> Leninist-Stalinist panahon, maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> makita<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ito konserbatibo paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paghahambi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Stalin a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union at Nasi Alemanya ay extended,<br />

sumanib <strong>sa</strong> ideological slogans, gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> mga monumento propaganda,<br />

pagpipinta at marami<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga patla<strong>ng</strong> sini<strong>ng</strong> at buhay na madalas na<br />

makakaapekto <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> verbatim. Ngunit may mga hindi kukula<strong>ng</strong>in<br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaiba. Sa una<strong>ng</strong> mga dekada <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union Bolsheviks ay<br />

hindi nag-iiba a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ugali na pa<strong>ng</strong>alagaan o ibalik a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>sa</strong><br />

tradisyonal na paraan, sila ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> tuma<strong>ng</strong>gi at hindi magpatuloy <strong>sa</strong> pag-<br />

harapin, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> pumunta, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga mistula<strong>ng</strong> pagkabulok <strong>ng</strong> Marxism.<br />

Time pagkolekta <strong>ng</strong> mga bato, ie mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na natitira mula <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tradisyonal na kultura, <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay mayroon sila<strong>ng</strong> bago a<strong>ng</strong> paglubog <strong>ng</strong> araw a<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo Sobiyet, namatay a<strong>ng</strong> layo kapag a<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala <strong>sa</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> posible <strong>ng</strong><br />

28

pagpapatupad ideokraticheskogo proyekto. A<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pakikitu<strong>ng</strong>o, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Bolsheviks ay hindi able <strong>sa</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

ideokraticheskogo imperyal proyekto <strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo, at pagkatapos ay<br />

nai<strong>sa</strong>lokal na <strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat paulit-ulit <strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal empire. Siya ay a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an malinis a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet estado at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> mga natural na mga heograpikal na<br />

at Socio-cultural katawan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo.<br />

Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga kataga konserbatibo paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> Russia ay hindi <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> dahil a<strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>ng</strong><br />

dominati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga linya <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Ruso ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> layo ay ipinapakita a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> bago at pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Bolshevik rebolusyon <strong>ng</strong> 1917. Kaya, L. Pellikani<br />

believed na a<strong>ng</strong> Bolshevik rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay a<strong>ng</strong> radikal pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

ihinto a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> Western culture. A<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tried na kunin la<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> mga kanluranin agham at teknolohiya, abandoni<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

natitira. Pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga Bolsheviks ginagamit upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

makontrol a<strong>ng</strong> West at pagbuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan laban <strong>sa</strong> kanya at wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon , ay tunay na laban <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> mga paligid. Katulad na<br />

posisyon ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga kilala<strong>ng</strong> I<strong>ng</strong>les-aaral <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong><br />

relasyon K. Kouker, thinks na lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga hindi-aggravated komunismo <strong>sa</strong><br />

Rusya. Lenin ay a<strong>ng</strong> produkto <strong>ng</strong> Ruso reaksyon laban <strong>sa</strong> West, hindi a<strong>ng</strong> katalista<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> Westernization ban<strong>sa</strong> .<br />

Hindi kami naniniwala na ito ay tama tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> Russia, at a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kataga nakahahalina development, bagaman <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda <strong>ng</strong><br />

trabaho <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformation Ruso, at naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia ay bumubuo <strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> mga modelo na ito <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Sa kabila <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga sitwasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga direksyon <strong>ng</strong> pagkilos <strong>sa</strong> Europa (o US) bila<strong>ng</strong> advanced<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> Russia at kaakit-akit a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit ku<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalagayan <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndaa<strong>ng</strong> taon na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan /<br />

29

labanan Russia at a<strong>ng</strong> West ay mga ka<strong>sa</strong>pi na <strong>ng</strong> lahi na hindi mukha<strong>ng</strong><br />

mananakbo, lumipat <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> direksyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit unidirectional<br />

track. Magkakaiba landas <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong>, civilizational paradigms <strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

unlad ay malinaw, kaya ito ay lubos na mahirap na makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong><br />

nakahahalina pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> mahigpit na kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita.<br />

Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> gawain <strong>ng</strong> unawa <strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> espesyal na kataga<br />

at ilalagay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> espesyal na typological series. A<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> central <strong>sa</strong>nay<strong>sa</strong>y ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> siglo <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> Western<br />

kabihasnan <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay patuloy na play ambivalent sitwasyon na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an Socio-<br />

cultural pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan ay tinukoy at <strong>sa</strong> loob nagpapatatag<br />

pata<strong>ng</strong>o cycle, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> liberal. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> din ay may matatag nakapamamayani - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

Ano a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> imperyal <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>? Sagot <strong>sa</strong><br />

tano<strong>ng</strong> na ito, ito ay kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an upa<strong>ng</strong> matukoy ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong><br />

edukasyon ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> empire. A<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

gawain a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita paghihirap bantog pagkarami<strong>ng</strong> hilig, a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo<br />

ay tinatawag na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maramiha<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> tahanan mga dahilan na<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> edukasyon. Matalim <strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na wika <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham na wika,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga kuru-kuro <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> dilim at dimensionless lumilikha <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon <strong>ng</strong> kawala<strong>ng</strong>-katiyakan nilalaman.<br />

Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, kami suma<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tipolohiya <strong>ng</strong> empires, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga minu<strong>ng</strong>kahi<strong>ng</strong> ig Yakovenko, Empire-uri-uri <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kategorya: kolonyal at ideokraticheskie (tradisyonal). A<strong>ng</strong> mga kolonyal empires<br />

ay <strong>sa</strong> halip kvaziimperiyami, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga lu<strong>ng</strong>sod <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

geographically tina<strong>ng</strong>gal mula <strong>sa</strong> colonies. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

kolonyal imperyo <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> paraan ay a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>mantala at robbi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

30

colonies, kundi pati na rin bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> side effect, <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> civilizi<strong>ng</strong> misyon puti<strong>ng</strong> tao hailed, <strong>sa</strong><br />

partikular, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> R. Kipli<strong>ng</strong>. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> kolonyal imperyo at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kolonyal na sistema bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lokal na palatandaan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> malawak na paglawak novoevropeyskoy pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabihasnan upa<strong>ng</strong> dominahin i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> rehiyon characterized <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> abundance <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga likas na yaman.<br />

Pagkatapos suriin a<strong>ng</strong> tipolohiya <strong>ng</strong> empires, subukan upa<strong>ng</strong> matukoy ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

ano a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na bumubuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> Ruso kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado. Iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga may-akda mula <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> perspectives upa<strong>ng</strong> masuri at suriin a<strong>ng</strong> kalidad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> imperyal Russia at a<strong>ng</strong> USSR. Kaya, GP Fedotov tanyag na Russia ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri<br />

<strong>ng</strong> imperyo. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pamban<strong>sa</strong> at pa<strong>ng</strong>-heograpiya<strong>ng</strong> istraktura, ito<br />

occupies gitna <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Britanya at Austria-Hu<strong>ng</strong>ary. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga di-Ruso a<strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari na ito ay hindi na ihinihiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabila<strong>ng</strong>. Sila a<strong>ng</strong> bumubuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> kontinental<br />

katawan, at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> array <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>ng</strong> populasyon ay hindi hiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tampok na matalim inorodcheskih gilid. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> Far East Turkestan o <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> kabuluhan, ito ay ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga colonies <strong>ng</strong> Western estado. Typological ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>ng</strong> hu<strong>sa</strong>y hawig <strong>sa</strong><br />

Austria-Hu<strong>ng</strong>ary kahit karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Sa turn, Alain Be<strong>sa</strong>ncon ay hindi isina<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kolonyal<br />

imperyo, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union, humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> argument na paniwala namin<br />

na higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat ay suma<strong>ng</strong>-ayon: wala<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet empire. Upa<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo, ito ay kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an na magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> privileged mga tao, higit <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat militar paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>kop at malinaw na layunin. Lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay may<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian a<strong>ng</strong> mga Romano, Espanyol, British at Pranses empires. Russian mga<br />

tao ay wala<strong>ng</strong> mga pribilehiyo. Siya ay may pakinaba<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-<br />

maaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong> ally <strong>ng</strong> komunismo, at mga pinuno <strong>ng</strong> partido ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat<br />

recruited mula <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ranks - kahit <strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> republics. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

benepisyo<strong>ng</strong> ito ay hindi karapatan .<br />

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Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> mga kaso, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpipilian ay itinuturi<strong>ng</strong> na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kolonyal<br />

imperyo, at <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, may mga argument para <strong>sa</strong> paghadla<strong>ng</strong> posisyon. Mula<br />

<strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> Russia / Sobiyet Union ay may tiyak na<br />

mga tampok, Malapit <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> imperyo kolonyal, ay hindi nagpapahintulot <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan at pag-uri-uriin. Kami ay lubos na suma<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pagtuos V. Galetskogo, ayon <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> Ruso, Turkish, Austrian at<br />

Hu<strong>ng</strong>arian grupo <strong>ng</strong> etniko ay imperoobrazuschimi, pero a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito tila <strong>sa</strong> una pa<br />

rin <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan, hindi a<strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>ng</strong> imperyal gu<strong>sa</strong>li. Ito ay lalo<strong>ng</strong> totoo<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso at Turkish etniko na grupo .<br />

Ito tila na a<strong>ng</strong> mga problema <strong>ng</strong> pagtukoy <strong>sa</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> Rusya bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> imperyal o neimperskoy ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod. Imperyo kolonyal<br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> naiiba mula <strong>sa</strong> mga empires ideokraticheskih. A<strong>ng</strong> paniwala <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo ay ideokraticheskoy mga mas malalalim na nakapagtuturo nilalaman,<br />

dahil a<strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> metapisiko gawain, upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong>katuparan <strong>sa</strong> lupa a<strong>ng</strong> mga banal na proyekto. A<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin at mga halaga<br />

<strong>ng</strong> medyebal empire ay hindi makatwiran. Sila ay transendental tao . Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong><br />

gawain roots at pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na makamit a<strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> paghahari<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> transendente tribute.<br />

Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong>, ha<strong>ng</strong>gan pagdiriwa<strong>ng</strong> ay dapat na magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahin layunin <strong>ng</strong> teokratiko imperyo, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga praktikal na, rational a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga layunin <strong>sa</strong> halip karagdagan at mga komplimentaryo<strong>ng</strong>. Ideokraticheskaya<br />

imperyo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo, kaya localizi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

heograpiko<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo at pabagu-bago. Halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

American mananay<strong>sa</strong>y P. Ribera ay naniniwala na imperyal estado batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

pananakop, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan ay hindi likas at kultural, at bumubuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

digmaan frontiry .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> doktrina <strong>ng</strong> mundo dominasyon ay dapat, <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na mundo<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Institute of imperyal kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, ayon <strong>sa</strong> patakaran,<br />

palagi<strong>ng</strong> articulated malinaw na <strong>sa</strong>pat, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> ideological sobre, depende <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> mga disenyo. Sa mga<br />

32

sinauna<strong>ng</strong> mundo at sinauna<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, kami ay makikita mo lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> draft<br />

ideokraticheskoy Empire, a<strong>ng</strong> rurok <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad na ito ay naabot<br />

pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong> antiquity. Ito ay pagkatapos na medyebal Kristiyanismo at<br />

Islam ay may binigay na reference (top) mga halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> imperyal <strong>ng</strong> estado at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal ideolohiya. Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga punto <strong>ng</strong> view, tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> Russia,<br />

maaari ka<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p ideokraticheskoy bila<strong>ng</strong> imperyo, a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

malaki mesyanik mga ideya, at <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas maliit lawak bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kolonyal<br />

empire.<br />

Ig Yakovenko a<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso pamahalaan ... ay<br />

ipinahayag a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal kalika<strong>sa</strong>n. Moscow kaharian (mababawi mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>sa</strong> mga problema) ay a<strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na empire. Russia 1721-<br />

1917 biennium. ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pamantayan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. Sa huli<strong>ng</strong> dekada, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>nay<strong>sa</strong>y <strong>ng</strong> imperyal kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Kuru-kuro <strong>ng</strong> imperyal kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> Russia / Sobiyet Union namamahagi <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga kanluranin historians. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> posisyon ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga pahayag <strong>ng</strong> mga Amerikano<strong>ng</strong><br />

mananalay<strong>sa</strong>y D. Rowley, naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> at despotismo, at a<strong>ng</strong> empire patuloy<br />

na umiiral <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> porma ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> 1991, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma.<br />

Itakda <strong>sa</strong> ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay ganap lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong>: ano a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kadahilanan <strong>ng</strong> kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> pagtatayo <strong>ng</strong> imperyal, at pinaka-mahalaga, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

sustainable pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> Empire? Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahirap unawain <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kadahilanan na i-play a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> o supportive a<strong>ng</strong> proseso para <strong>sa</strong><br />

papel na ginagampanan. Ito ay hindi dapat assumed na a<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay na serye<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga agresibo digmaan, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga imperyal pamagat at<br />

retorika ay <strong>sa</strong>pat na kondisyon para <strong>sa</strong> pagtatatag at anuma<strong>ng</strong> matagala<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. Pahayag <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong> retorika <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kamay, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mass pamamahagi, pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> imperyal-isip, a<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga - iba't-<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> mga phenomena, hindi kaila<strong>ng</strong>an na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matagal at patuloy na naglalaro a<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal malay gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> mga posible<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

33

Empire, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga permanente<strong>ng</strong> paggali<strong>ng</strong>. Hindi namin detracts na ito mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> kahalagahan <strong>ng</strong> geopolitical kadahilanan, na wala<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakataon na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>arap <strong>ng</strong> paglikha o paglakas <strong>ng</strong> imperyo at<br />

mananatili<strong>ng</strong> dreams, a<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay na kumbinasyon <strong>ng</strong> geopolitical<br />

kadahilanan ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga kondisyon binomyo<br />

imperyal construction.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na kilala na <strong>sa</strong> medyebal Europa ay hindi<br />

gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga ganap teokratiko empire, kahit na pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka ay na-<br />

imperyal konstruksiyon <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito. European History checker<br />

kaleydoskopiko pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> imperyal pamagat, halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Pranses<br />

cru<strong>sa</strong>ders seized kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium), na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong> XVIII siglo historians tinatawag Latin imperyo. A<strong>ng</strong> bantog na<br />

Pranses mananay<strong>sa</strong>y F. Braudel naglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> una at pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> makagenoa<br />

imperyo, na binubuo <strong>ng</strong> Genoa mismo at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin <strong>sa</strong> kalakalan<br />

mga kadahilanan. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Danish Empire, Caroli<strong>ng</strong>ian Empire, at pa<strong>ng</strong>huli,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-kilala, a<strong>ng</strong> Holy Roman Empire. Europa <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages na<br />

hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad na muli<strong>ng</strong> buhayin a<strong>ng</strong> Roman Empire, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga ideologues <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> Pranses politiko Robert Schuman, tanyag na<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> Caroli<strong>ng</strong>ian Charles V <strong>sa</strong> ideya na lumikha <strong>ng</strong> Aleman Empire <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

modelo <strong>ng</strong> mga Roman Empire na ibinibigay <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pagsisikap na ito ay<br />

wala <strong>sa</strong> katwiran mistiko.<br />

Gayunman, hindi a<strong>ng</strong> Caroli<strong>ng</strong>ian ni Otton imperyal gu<strong>sa</strong>li hindi<br />

nakoronahan <strong>sa</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> tila totoo,<br />

tunay, at pinaka-mahalaga, sustainable disenyo. Kaya, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-tanyag<br />

medyebal imperyo <strong>sa</strong> kanluranin Europa - a<strong>ng</strong> Holy Roman Empire <strong>ng</strong> Aleman<br />

Nation ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> teritoryal na entidad na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pabagu-bago <strong>ng</strong> isip na<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga emperador ay hindi magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong><br />

domain. Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> magiti<strong>ng</strong> na pagsisikap na ginawa <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> Europa<br />

Middle Ages, teokratiko <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proyekto <strong>sa</strong> Europa upa<strong>ng</strong> ipatupad ito ay hindi<br />

posible.<br />

34

A<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan hindi maghadla<strong>ng</strong> pagkaulit <strong>ng</strong> imperyal tendencies <strong>sa</strong><br />

Bago<strong>ng</strong> Europa at a<strong>ng</strong> mga Pinakabago oras, manifested, inter alia, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na ipatupad a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal proyekto. Sa Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> XIX na siglo.<br />

Maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> Napoleon Bonaparte, <strong>sa</strong><br />

Europa <strong>sa</strong> XX .- anticipated libu-libo<strong>ng</strong> taon Hitlerite Third Reich. Sami<br />

pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka praktikal imperyal konstruksiyon ay <strong>sa</strong>pat quickest, at lumikha <strong>ng</strong><br />

edukasyon imperyal uri - baba<strong>sa</strong>gin. Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

konstruksiyon <strong>sa</strong> Europa ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi na linya, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

appendectomy. Kami ay lubos na suma<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga probisyon na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> linya na dominado a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Europa advocated a<strong>ng</strong> pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong> mga pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong> mga linya na ito nagpakita a<strong>ng</strong> naitala<strong>ng</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kaalaman:<br />

Europa - ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> cultural mundo, na hindi na binuo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal . Ano a<strong>ng</strong> tawag namin Asya - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> zone <strong>ng</strong> imperyal pag-unlad ... .<br />

Imperial gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>sa</strong> Europa ay lama<strong>ng</strong> nauukol na bayad, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> mga character, a<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> imperyal na pamahalaan ay<br />

hindi na makipagkumpetensya mabi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> linya, naglalayo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado. Ngunit ito kompetisyon bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo ay proved na kapaki-<br />

pakinaba<strong>ng</strong>, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na ideya <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado, lumalaki <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong><br />

medyebal pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> monarchies, ay makakuha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> praktikal na diwa <strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> alitan <strong>sa</strong> univer<strong>sa</strong>listko-teokratiko imperyal proyekto.<br />

Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> tulak <strong>ng</strong> mga European history <strong>sa</strong><br />

formation <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado imperyal malay <strong>sa</strong> European ban<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi na<br />

magagawa<strong>ng</strong> mag-ugat maalab at para <strong>sa</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong>, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi<br />

pinahihintulutan para <strong>sa</strong> Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mabi<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

construction. Kahit na <strong>sa</strong> Espanya, <strong>sa</strong> Habsburgs, higit <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong><br />

approachi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> imperyal proyekto, imperyal <strong>ng</strong> malay ay hindi<br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong>: para <strong>sa</strong> Philip II<br />

scholarships ay hindi na tinatawag <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> emperador at Ki<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

35

Austrian Habsburgs hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad na pagyamanin <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga teritoryo<br />

imperyal tradisyon at a<strong>ng</strong> lina<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong> imperyo a<strong>ng</strong> Austro-Hu<strong>ng</strong>arian<br />

empire lasted <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> siglo. A<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> katatagan at reproducibility <strong>sa</strong> paglipas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> panahon, <strong>sa</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> maliit na masukat contributed <strong>sa</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> militar<br />

pagpapaudlot at a<strong>ng</strong> Turko imperyo, bila<strong>ng</strong> natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, na naninirahan <strong>sa</strong><br />

Austria-Hu<strong>ng</strong>ary, i<strong>sa</strong>-i<strong>sa</strong> na gawin ito ay hindi able <strong>sa</strong>. Ngunit pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapahina at <strong>sa</strong> wakas pagkupas Turko Empire ay sinundan <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

relatibo<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>kit paghiwalay <strong>ng</strong> Austro-Hu<strong>ng</strong>arian Empire, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Austrian<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay hindi pananatilihin <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan imperyal complexes.<br />

Imperial mabinat <strong>sa</strong> Austrian a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pareho<strong>ng</strong> nagkaroon<br />

naganap, kapag panahon <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> Austria <strong>sa</strong> 1938, <strong>sa</strong> Hitler's Third Reich<br />

ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagya<strong>ng</strong> pagputok <strong>ng</strong> imperyal damdamin, hindi <strong>sa</strong> kabanalan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> sentido limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> malubha<strong>ng</strong> kahihinatnan para <strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kamalayan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga kolonyal empires ay kahit na mas mababa able <strong>sa</strong> lumikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan kuwadra imperyal complexes. Halimbawa, <strong>sa</strong> E<strong>ng</strong>land, a<strong>ng</strong> kahalili <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napakalaki<strong>ng</strong> imperyo kolonyal, galimgim para <strong>sa</strong> kolonyal-imperyal<br />

kamahalan ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> hindi kaya marami <strong>sa</strong> mga mass, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> isipan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mara<strong>ng</strong>al subkulturnom layers. Kahit na <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas maliit lawak, a<strong>ng</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal impluwensiya <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Olandes, Belgians, Portuges, binuo din, at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> I<strong>ng</strong>les na ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado at sibil na lipunan: ... A<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay naiiba mula <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

Empire dahil Empire unites a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga serbisyo <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili (<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> hari o reyna kaso '), a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> - <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagtutulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

relasyon <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, pribado<strong>ng</strong> affairs .<br />

Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga panloob na developments <strong>ng</strong> Western European history ay<br />

higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat natutukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahin<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga formation <strong>ng</strong> mga pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado, pupunan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> imperyal tendencies. Exposure <strong>sa</strong> Western European pag-unlad na ito ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> standoff <strong>sa</strong> ito, ie teokratiko empire. Una, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> Eastern<br />

36

Roman Empire (Byzantium), at a<strong>ng</strong> mga Arab Caliphate, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Turko Empire at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga kasunod na mga serye Moskoviya (simula <strong>sa</strong> Ivan a<strong>ng</strong> kahila-hilakbot na<br />

na<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>kupan <strong>ng</strong> Kazan at Astrakhan kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> kan), a<strong>ng</strong> Russian imperyo,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union. Balik <strong>sa</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an at kahulugan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ruso komunismo, H. A. Berdyaev lubos na makatwiran nakauma<strong>ng</strong> out na<br />

Bolshevism ay a<strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> malaki kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> Russian, Russian imperyalismo -<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> kaganapan ay a<strong>ng</strong> Moscow kaharian, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> palatandaan<br />

Petrovskaya imperyo.<br />

Sa teokratiko empires imperyal tendencies ay na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n,<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dulo, hindi maabot a<strong>ng</strong><br />

matanda na paraan <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-gu<strong>sa</strong>li. Lahat <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> kultura at<br />

civilizational sistema <strong>ng</strong> sundin a<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran paraan, na a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito ay<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>sa</strong> Europa, at a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>sa</strong> empires <strong>ng</strong> paligid at na<strong>sa</strong> gilid at,<br />

<strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, <strong>sa</strong> laban.<br />

Sa kurso <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan para <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kultural at civilizational komunidad binuo <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga opposites. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> diskarte pagtuos <strong>ng</strong> BS Erasova: Islam at Hinduism,<br />

ay umiiral para <strong>sa</strong> mga siglo magkapili<strong>ng</strong>, madalas ay <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan,<br />

pagbutihin a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>gi<strong>sa</strong>g <strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya at <strong>sa</strong> tapat na pakikipag-<br />

ugnayan at <strong>sa</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Europa ay hindi Europa, huwag magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paligid teokratiko imperyo at ito<br />

ay hindi dulot permanente<strong>ng</strong> takot <strong>sa</strong> mga Europeans, na lilitaw <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

okasyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit lagi<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> takot <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliit na <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

malaki! Russia ay bumuo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong> ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> Europa, mas madalas<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan ay na<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong> mga kurso <strong>ng</strong> aksyon militar, <strong>sa</strong> halip na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kalakalan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan rin ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-<br />

ugnayan intercultural, pagpapasok <strong>ng</strong> posibilidad para <strong>sa</strong> pagdama inokulturnogo<br />

karana<strong>sa</strong>n. Wala a<strong>ng</strong> mga epekto <strong>ng</strong> European Russia din ay binuo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> iba't<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan.<br />

37

Sa ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, tila hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>unit posible rin na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga isyu <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>morazvertyvayuschiysya proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagkuha ilagay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, <strong>ng</strong>unit bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga aspeto <strong>ng</strong> afore<strong>sa</strong>id<br />

makroistoricheskogo dyalektiko pakikipag-ugnayan.<br />

Ano a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal? Empire ay hindi naglalayo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

evolve <strong>sa</strong> direksyon <strong>ng</strong> integration <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, siya<br />

ay takot <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> transformation at panloob weaknesses likas <strong>sa</strong> ampon<br />

inokulturnyh a<strong>ng</strong> mga institusyon <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya pampulitika, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kapitalista<br />

merkado, a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo upa<strong>ng</strong> gumawa <strong>ng</strong> commitments <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal ay hindi dapat<br />

ipa<strong>ng</strong>anak na muli, paglambot <strong>ng</strong> imperyo, ito ay mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> kumuha mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga kaaway lama<strong>ng</strong> na pahintulutan a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> matagumpay na labanan (<strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malambot na opsyon - upa<strong>ng</strong> makipagkumpetensya). Imperial paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi magpahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estruktural-anyo <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, kundi higit<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lahat dami mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga o iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga lugar, una <strong>sa</strong> lahat na<br />

may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> militar construction. Ryan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal ay natupad noo<strong>ng</strong> una <strong>sa</strong> pagpapapanatag at pag-<br />

iimbak <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> imperyo, na nagsilbi bila<strong>ng</strong> inokulturnye<br />

paghiram, at a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> competitiveness <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> kultura<br />

at civilizational sistema.<br />

Kaya, na may paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pribado, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> kaso<br />

<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon, LD Pellikani ay<br />

naniniwala na ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan - a<strong>ng</strong> legal na lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

komunista mga estado <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkilos ay hindi naka<strong>sa</strong>lalay <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

batas. Komunista estado ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong> totalitaryo bersyon <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> estado,<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> ay tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

at borrows lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham at teknolohiko advances para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> partido bureaucracy .<br />

38

A<strong>ng</strong> transition bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-<br />

estado, kami ay makikita <strong>sa</strong> mga halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> Turkey, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pili ay natanto a<strong>ng</strong> ineffectiveness <strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> at mapanira<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal patakaran: A<strong>ng</strong> Estado, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, mula <strong>sa</strong> kahabaan East <strong>sa</strong> West,<br />

pinag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> na may iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at<br />

kultura , a<strong>ng</strong> mga panloob na organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> kurso mali <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tunay na<br />

batayan, at <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid ay hindi wasto<strong>ng</strong> . A<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> sumakabila<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

buhay na <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan, at militar<br />

defeats, Turkey ay ipinapakita <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bukod-ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-loob deconstruction teokratiko imperyo, <strong>sa</strong> paghahanap <strong>ng</strong> lakas<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> paradaym <strong>ng</strong> imperyal na programa <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-<br />

estado.<br />

Na<strong>sa</strong> 1923, Mustafa (Kemal) Ataturk napunta <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> radikal break <strong>sa</strong><br />

legacy <strong>ng</strong> imperyo, abandoni<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> script, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Turkish-<br />

Arab-Persian ihalo, batay <strong>sa</strong> Arabic alpabeto, palitan ito <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pormal<br />

na wika na batay <strong>sa</strong> mga ginagamit na form at ito ay batay <strong>sa</strong> Latin. A<strong>ng</strong> paglikha<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> Turkey bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kemal Ataturk maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

regarded bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paradigmatic sibil nasyonalismo ... Ataturk pinili<br />

ninyo a<strong>ng</strong> West, pinaka-malinaw na ipinahayag na a<strong>ng</strong> abolition <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at<br />

pampanitikan ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an upa<strong>ng</strong> ipahayag a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili a<strong>ng</strong> mga Muslim pili <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. Sa mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na mga<br />

dekada, Turkey ay aktibo<strong>ng</strong> lumilipat patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> integration <strong>sa</strong> European<br />

pampulitika, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, kultura space. Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katulad na pinili para <strong>sa</strong> Russia ay hampered by inertial<br />

epekto <strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na pyudal-imperyal na programa.<br />

Imperial paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> deconstruction<br />

imperyo, <strong>sa</strong> laban, a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay nito contributed <strong>sa</strong> hamon <strong>ng</strong> mga gu<strong>sa</strong>li at<br />

imperyal-aanak <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at sociocultural kondisyon. Ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagtitiyak <strong>ng</strong> mga gawain ay itinuturi<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> espesyal na imperyal <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at cultural kababalaghan.<br />

39

Kami ay iniharap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>, siyempre, na a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga proseso at sociocultural<br />

magpatuloy hindi tapat at mehanistichno. Paghaharap at conflict ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kultural at civilizational-uu<strong>sa</strong>p, at <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> dialectic ay hindi kasya masikip<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mekanika pamamaraan. Deviations mula <strong>sa</strong> mga schemes hindi abrogate a<strong>ng</strong><br />

karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> na lohika, na binuo <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Europa, reflected <strong>sa</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> simetrya at non-kumbinasyon <strong>ng</strong> imperyal at<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

Sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo, ami<strong>ng</strong> naiintindihan a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkaunawa <strong>ng</strong> mga kultural at civilizational karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> West, na binubuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga anyo <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso lipunan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> liberal direksyon. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> punto <strong>ng</strong> view,<br />

J. Berbank, haka-haka West ay magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo para <strong>sa</strong> mga haka-haka o<br />

antimodelyu Russia , i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> binary pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> lagutin a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

kultura proyekto. Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> dialectic <strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Russia at <strong>ng</strong> West <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> acquires iba<strong>ng</strong> laki,<br />

na la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>in tila i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panay na panloob na sukat <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabihasnan.<br />

Gumamit <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Ruso <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan tiyak. A<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mananaliksik at a<strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> civilizations, <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na Gy. Pomeranz,<br />

ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> laban, subalit, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mananaliksik na ito ay dinadala <strong>ng</strong> term. Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kataga<br />

<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Ruso <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan ay ganap tama<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> simbolo <strong>ng</strong><br />

subtsivilizatsii <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> Eastern (o Ortodoksia) komunidad <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> imperyal at ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Russia<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> posisyon na pare-pareho alternation ito,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunod-sunod na ito ay hindi para <strong>sa</strong> haba. Bila<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga epekto<br />

<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga uso, sila halos palagi<strong>ng</strong> tatakbo <strong>sa</strong> pagpaparis. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon<br />

kapag a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo ay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> yugto <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> inokulturnye elemento <strong>sa</strong> labas na nauukol <strong>sa</strong> Socio-cultural mga<br />

elemento <strong>ng</strong> imperyal na sistema, a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi maarok:<br />

40

A<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na kumpletuhin a<strong>ng</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> mga lipas na a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-<br />

sosyal na institusyon adjoini<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> pandama <strong>ng</strong> Western karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kapitalista paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> dignidad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> tunay o perceived pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> o iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> istraktura ka<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> proseso kahit mataas na restricted<br />

militar at administratibo reporma .<br />

Matalim <strong>sa</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural espasyo, <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na ito contributes<br />

inokulturnye panloob pagguho <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paligid, <strong>sa</strong> gayon a<strong>ng</strong> paghahanda <strong>ng</strong><br />

lupa para <strong>sa</strong> mga susunod na pag-akyat <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

uso. In turn, a<strong>ng</strong> abundance inokulturnyh <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, na <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapahina <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paligid <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural sistema, kaguluhan <strong>sa</strong><br />

lipunan, at karaniwan ay a<strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> degree <strong>ng</strong> kahigpitan <strong>ng</strong> sumusupil tugon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> imperyal sistema.<br />

Tapat na lagpas <strong>sa</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga European<br />

impluwensiya, paglusot <strong>sa</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural system <strong>ng</strong> West <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong>kanan <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat matukoy a<strong>ng</strong> ambivalent damdamin <strong>ng</strong><br />

akit at pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay Russia laban <strong>sa</strong> West, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay ... para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga Russians <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon at a<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin na hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad <strong>ng</strong>, at<br />

layunin para <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mabaril ... . Ano a<strong>ng</strong> babae, para <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso<br />

Westerners West - <strong>sa</strong> halip, ito katawanin Dahil: West para <strong>sa</strong> Westerners - lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> perpekto<strong>ng</strong> point of view, <strong>sa</strong> halip na <strong>sa</strong> kultural at pa<strong>ng</strong>-heograpiya<strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan. Sa iba pa<strong>ng</strong> sukdulan, panlipunan at kultural na buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mag-sign <strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> perceptions <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabaligtaran: ... a<strong>ng</strong> West <strong>sa</strong> atin ay ma<strong>sa</strong>ma. Ito encourages takot, aktibo<strong>ng</strong> ahente<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> proteksyon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga, aktibo <strong>sa</strong> partitsipatsii at a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinakamataas na Truth, stimulates takot <strong>sa</strong> kabiguan, na awtomatiko<strong>ng</strong><br />

na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>maan partitsipatsii <strong>sa</strong> West .<br />

Ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> pagmuni-muni <strong>sa</strong> Asian <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

kabihasnan <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan ay nagpahayag <strong>ng</strong> mas mahina kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga tapat na debate tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong> Europa. Ito ay kilala na <strong>sa</strong><br />

41

Russia, may mga iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> loob Asya - Asian tao at Asian teritoryo, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga katulad na ito ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> maiugnay <strong>sa</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an mismo, dahil<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga siglo, ay modernized nito <strong>sa</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> hati<strong>ng</strong> A<strong>sa</strong>yano at<br />

Europyano.<br />

Empire mamamayan ay laban <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan damdamin <strong>ng</strong> akit<br />

at pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dako, a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo naghahanap kumuha kaakit-akit <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

benepisyo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan - kalakalan, kaalaman, teknolohiya,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> dako, a<strong>ng</strong> mga rejects imperyal kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> sistema, na<br />

gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> mga benepisyo. Mukha na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> abundance inokulturnyh<br />

paghiram Imperial sociocultural sistema ay dala <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> buhay, dahil, <strong>sa</strong><br />

quantified antas inokulturnye mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili at magsimula na mag-play <strong>ng</strong><br />

sistema lahat. Dito ito ay a<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> pagpapabalik T. Parsons, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paghihiwalay <strong>ng</strong> mga import sociocultural karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> modernizi<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, at<br />

pagpuna na a<strong>ng</strong> tapat na mga pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka <strong>sa</strong> paghati-hatiin-import inokulturny na<br />

karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ta<strong>ng</strong>gap at hindi ta<strong>ng</strong>gap tends upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> pagbukas <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> radikal na pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> susunod na antas <strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> mga detalye, ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin, <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pagganap subsystems .<br />

Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, <strong>sa</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago na ito <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pagganap subsystems mahigpit na dosis dahil zaimstvuemoe ay<br />

dapat patakbuhin <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga makitid, mahigpit bounded <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan at <strong>sa</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> kaso wala<strong>ng</strong> root, <strong>sa</strong> kabila<strong>ng</strong> banda disistemnye mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

gawin para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema. Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> dosi<strong>ng</strong> at paghiwalay<br />

inokulturnyh <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hamon <strong>sa</strong> mga desisyon <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal malay lagi<strong>ng</strong> dalhin Seryoso.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga umiiral na mekanismo para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> panloob na<br />

katatagan <strong>ng</strong> Russia's Socio-cultural system, a<strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong> kapalit <strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

malay hinders pagbabago. Sistema ay protektado mula <strong>sa</strong> kapaligiran <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> control at pagsugpo <strong>ng</strong> mga hindi kanais-nais mula <strong>sa</strong> perspektibo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga elites, panlipunan at kultural na impormasyon. Mga istatistika para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

42

kaharian, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso imperyo, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad na kunin<br />

inokulturnuyu, una kanluranin, a<strong>ng</strong> impormasyon na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong><br />

teknolohiko ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan. Kaya, pagpaparami ay nakakamit <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

sociocultural at relihiyon pagkakakilanlan, bimbin a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-<br />

cultural dinamika, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> imahen <strong>ng</strong> edukasyon, wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

masusi<strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral at pagkamamamayan, at kikilalanin a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito (<strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> Moscow, a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamainam para <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong>, at pinaka-<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<br />

marahil ay inilipat, kapag nata<strong>ng</strong>gap na a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-aaral at <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mabuti<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-unawa <strong>ng</strong> Diyos, gaya <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mabuti<strong>ng</strong> aparato. Upa<strong>ng</strong> tapusin<br />

na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> hari <strong>ng</strong> pagsira <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin nito ay upa<strong>ng</strong> mapabuti ito at<br />

subukan upa<strong>ng</strong> maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> bagay na banyaga, na maaari<strong>ng</strong> baguhin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga katutubo<strong>ng</strong> tradisyon .<br />

Sa mga panahon, patakaran at limitasyon <strong>sa</strong> kontrol <strong>ng</strong> komunikasyon ay<br />

nagigi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>rinlan, ie, nagkakai<strong>sa</strong> at mapakay paghiwalay <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, pampulitika at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura spheres. I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

mahigpit diskarte <strong>sa</strong> impormasyon at mga tao na makipag-ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> pagdati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

labas <strong>ng</strong> Europa, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na tao, dito namin ba<strong>ng</strong>gitin lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga ito. Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> mga men<strong>sa</strong>he <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> oras - Куранты, compiled <strong>sa</strong><br />

batayan <strong>ng</strong> dayuha<strong>ng</strong> mga pinagkukunan <strong>sa</strong> mga embahador Order - ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Enero 1703 ay itinuturi<strong>ng</strong> na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado lihim, ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na may kaugnayan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kontrolado a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> impormasyon. Upa<strong>ng</strong> ilarawan a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong><br />

paghihigpit <strong>sa</strong> mga tao na makipag-ugnayan a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan: para <strong>sa</strong> Ivan III nagpasimula a<strong>ng</strong> bitay para <strong>sa</strong> mga tawiran <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanluranin ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay na ito ay <strong>sa</strong> dako<strong>ng</strong> huli kopyahin <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Muli, upa<strong>ng</strong> ilarawan a<strong>ng</strong> mga address na na<strong>sa</strong> itaas <strong>sa</strong> mga tala G.<br />

Fletcher: tumakas (mula <strong>sa</strong> Moskovia mahirap, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan ay<br />

protektado <strong>ng</strong> bali<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mapagbantay, bila<strong>ng</strong> paru<strong>sa</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga ganito<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka, ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> paghahanap <strong>ng</strong> mga may ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, may bitay at<br />

43

pagkakakumpiska <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian . upa<strong>ng</strong> malaman lama<strong>ng</strong> na ba<strong>sa</strong>hin at<br />

magsulat, at pagkatapos, very ila<strong>ng</strong>. Para <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> dahilan na sila ay may mga<br />

dayuhan na hindi pinapayagan na dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> estado mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

power-aralan kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iba pa <strong>sa</strong> komersyal na relasyon, para <strong>sa</strong> marketi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

produkto at upa<strong>ng</strong> makakuha <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga banyaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalakal . A<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, <strong>sa</strong> XX siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> pagmamanman, control at monopolization <strong>ng</strong> impormasyon na ito<br />

ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> mga totalitaryo regimes,<br />

institutional monopolization <strong>ng</strong> tunay na mga <strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabawal <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kakanyahan pagkakaiba-iba <strong>ng</strong> ... ka<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> Toolbox <strong>ng</strong> totalitaryo<br />

karaha<strong>sa</strong>n.<br />

Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga contradictions likas <strong>sa</strong> imperyo ay<br />

malosochetaemyh <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> pormal na lohika <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> solo<strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

organismo batayan <strong>ng</strong> isolationism at pagigi<strong>ng</strong> agresibo. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dako, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo ay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matibay metapisiko pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> pagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga kaibigan at foes at a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapaloob <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> nakaraan <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

posible<strong>ng</strong> paraan, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> kaalaman ellinskaya ina a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga mas mabigat<br />

tenets. Kaya, kahit na <strong>sa</strong> XVII siglo. Arkha<strong>ng</strong>elsk negosyante, mga bumabalik na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> bahay pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>sa</strong> mga dayuhan, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

espesyal na paglilinis <strong>ng</strong> iglesia rites, a<strong>ng</strong> paglaganap <strong>ng</strong> mga pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay na ito ay<br />

nagpapakita at Zigmund Gerbershteyn: Sino a<strong>ng</strong> ate <strong>sa</strong> latinyanami, alam na ito ay<br />

nalilimas <strong>ng</strong> paglilinis <strong>ng</strong> panala<strong>ng</strong>in ... A<strong>ng</strong> mga ma<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alakal at travelers,<br />

paglakad <strong>sa</strong> Latin ban<strong>sa</strong> hindi tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan <strong>ng</strong> Komunyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit admitido <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

ito pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> pagkakasundo <strong>sa</strong> iglesia <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> panala<strong>ng</strong>in<br />

Repented .<br />

Sa iba<strong>ng</strong> dako, ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malinaw na dibisyon <strong>sa</strong> mundo Hellenistic at<br />

barbarians, malinis at marumi, makataru<strong>ng</strong>an at wala<strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an provokes<br />

imperyo upa<strong>ng</strong> labanan <strong>sa</strong> mundo ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, kadala<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> militar lakas, expansionist expansion, dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo<br />

ideokraticheskaya ginusto na i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

44

imperyo <strong>ng</strong> mundo. Iyon a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit a<strong>ng</strong> empire ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong>, ito<br />

ay wala<strong>ng</strong> domestic batas na tumayo <strong>sa</strong> lupa at obzhivat space <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

natural na mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan. Sa British kolonyal expansion metaporiko at poetically<br />

inilarawan <strong>sa</strong> Hannah Arendt: A<strong>ng</strong> paglawak - a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ito ... Gusto may<br />

annexed <strong>sa</strong> planeta, ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong>. Ito <strong>sa</strong>lpok <strong>sa</strong> mundo dominasyon<br />

gawa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> mga natural na kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, at kaya maasim<br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mundo empires, lubha<strong>ng</strong> kaganyak-ganyak <strong>ng</strong> higit<br />

pa <strong>sa</strong> makapag-digest (upa<strong>ng</strong> tumira), ay hindi umabot <strong>sa</strong> account a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal dahilan.<br />

Sami pak<strong>sa</strong> imperyo, imperyal hatiin pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal, at naniniwala na ku<strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

ay hindi para <strong>sa</strong> mga adverse maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pagkakamali at a<strong>ng</strong> shortcomi<strong>ng</strong>s <strong>sa</strong> field, a<strong>ng</strong> mga praktikal na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>katuparan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga proyekto <strong>ng</strong> mundo dominasyon o hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> kontrol <strong>sa</strong> malawak na<br />

teritoryo, frame ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan imperyo, ito ay marahil. A<strong>ng</strong> mga opinyon na<br />

naibahagi <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga Russians na, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

Belovezhskaya kasunduan (pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> betrayal at <strong>sa</strong>bwatan <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

backs <strong>ng</strong> mga tao), a<strong>ng</strong> USSR ay makalibre halos magpakailanman - a<strong>ng</strong><br />

palatandaan <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> semantiko numero.<br />

Ito ay laban <strong>sa</strong> mga isina<strong>sa</strong>ad <strong>sa</strong> pagtaas <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> yumao 80's - maaga<strong>ng</strong> 90-ies<br />

<strong>ng</strong> XX siglo. Uso tandaan, malinaw naman, contemporaries <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan. Sa<br />

1990, M. Gefter, at marami <strong>ng</strong> mga taon <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet Union at <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap<br />

<strong>sa</strong>gimsim close civilizational scrapped, Ruso <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> pag-aal<strong>sa</strong> at geopolitical<br />

muli: At upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ra, <strong>sa</strong> diskarte - bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hamon <strong>sa</strong> Russia, tulad <strong>ng</strong> di-kilala,<br />

gaya <strong>ng</strong> bulkan , na bahagya ay nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong> usok, pero bukas na ito lavu vyvalit<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> bu<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>a, na sumunog <strong>sa</strong> marami pa kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tadhana <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao, kay<strong>sa</strong> mukha a<strong>ng</strong> Armenian Azerbaijani-aawayan . Sa kabutiha<strong>ng</strong> palad,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> anticipation ay hindi suma<strong>sa</strong>lamin <strong>sa</strong> realidad <strong>ng</strong> hinaharap, ibinigay na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

laki <strong>ng</strong> geopolitical pagputol, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat ay relatibo<strong>ng</strong> mapayapa.<br />

Ngunit kunwari para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> minuto na may ay wala<strong>ng</strong> betrayal, at noon ay<br />

pinukaw makabayan <strong>sa</strong>lpok <strong>sa</strong> Russia, Ukraine, a<strong>ng</strong> Kukasus ... Ipagpalagay na<br />

45

a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet hukbo upa<strong>ng</strong> matupad a<strong>ng</strong> panunumpa <strong>ng</strong> katapatan <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet Union<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> seguridad pwer<strong>sa</strong> (militar) pamamaraan pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na magdala order <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> republics <strong>ng</strong> Union Estado. Pagpayag na lumahok <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kaganapan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay. Noo<strong>ng</strong> Mayo 1991, Moscow-host a<strong>ng</strong><br />

una<strong>ng</strong> All-Ruso Conference <strong>ng</strong> mga sundalo-internationalists, pinagtibay a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

address <strong>sa</strong> Army at Navy, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, inter alia, mababa<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod:<br />

Sa mahirap na kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na kapaligiran <strong>ng</strong> Army ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong> tagapanagot <strong>ng</strong> kabanalan <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union, a<strong>ng</strong> susi <strong>sa</strong> civic<br />

pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> at kapayapaan , a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tagapagta<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>ng</strong> seguridad para <strong>sa</strong><br />

Community Development .<br />

Developments <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan sitwasyon ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

minimum <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dekada ginugol <strong>sa</strong> trenches, wa<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> milyon-milyo<strong>ng</strong> buhay,<br />

<strong>sa</strong>mpu-<strong>sa</strong>mpu<strong>ng</strong> milyo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga refugee at <strong>sa</strong> loob displaced tao, tuwiran o di-<br />

tuwira<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> conflict <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga estado at militar yunit mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

banyaga<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. Sino <strong>sa</strong> mga sitwasyon na maaari<strong>ng</strong> uma<strong>ng</strong>kin <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong><br />

bayani, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao na nag-cares tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapwa mamamayan, at<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> sino a<strong>ng</strong> - <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> potensyal na digmaan kriminal (ti<strong>ng</strong>nan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

sitwasyon <strong>sa</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> Yugoslavia)? Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, a<strong>ng</strong> mga patriots, mga<br />

tao na nag-<strong>sa</strong>ve <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na mula <strong>sa</strong> pagpatay <strong>sa</strong> kapatid, halos <strong>sa</strong><br />

una<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo kinuha wala<strong>ng</strong> action na matapos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan, at proactive, magi<strong>ng</strong> Boris Yeltsin, Vladislav Shushkevich at Leonid<br />

Kravchuk. Sa karagdagan, a<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga heograpikal at cultural puwa<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong><br />

ilalim <strong>ng</strong> auspices <strong>ng</strong> empire - ito ay hindi kahit na marami kahapon, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

pozavcherashny yugto <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na pag-unlad, XX siglo <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> ay<br />

tinukoy bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> edad <strong>ng</strong> deconstruction empires.<br />

Subukan <strong>ng</strong>ayon upa<strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kasin a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideal na-pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

larawan <strong>ng</strong> babad efflux dahil pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. A<strong>ng</strong> larawan na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> social contradictions, at hindi na ito ay mas accented, ipahalata <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Imperial kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan,<br />

exercisi<strong>ng</strong> imperyal <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, gusto<strong>ng</strong> makita<br />

46

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na masunurin pak<strong>sa</strong>, pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>bay-<strong>sa</strong>bay, aktibo<strong>ng</strong> buhay<br />

posisyon. Halimbawa, Pranses mananay<strong>sa</strong>y Levek remarked na Pedro karagdaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

nadagdagan a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin Russians, pagtubos na sila ay katulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tao<br />

na libre<strong>ng</strong>, at a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> kapanahon, P. Be<strong>sa</strong>ncon, na tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> mga maghan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>r Nicholas I, tala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> unsuccessfully tina<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

malutas ni Pedro problema ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> - ku<strong>ng</strong> paano gumawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alipin,-<br />

ii<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> kanya na<strong>ng</strong> ganoon, na kumilos sina<strong>sa</strong>dya at malaya<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> problema<strong>ng</strong> ito ay hindi nalutas <strong>sa</strong> Karaniwan, kapag a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao ay tumatagal a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamahirap na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga desisyon at madala<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> responsibilidad para <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, siya ceases na magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alipin at<br />

pagigi<strong>ng</strong> libre, hindi alintana <strong>ng</strong> napaparam maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

ganito<strong>ng</strong> mga release <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet mga tao <strong>sa</strong> harap <strong>ng</strong> kagila-gilalas na pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> form, Vasily Grossman wrote <strong>sa</strong> nobela A<strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay at a<strong>ng</strong> tadhana, a<strong>ng</strong> panloob na damdamin <strong>ng</strong> pagpapalaya at ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bayani <strong>ng</strong> Viktor Nekrasov <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> trenches <strong>ng</strong> Stali<strong>ng</strong>rad, kapag <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong><br />

sunog, gupitin mula <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga bosses, commanders at commis<strong>sa</strong>rs, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao ay magi<strong>ng</strong> libre, ceased na matatakot na mag<strong>sa</strong>lita a<strong>ng</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> J.<br />

Stalin, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> pagkakasupil <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet concentration kampo.<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan believed <strong>sa</strong> kabila<strong>ng</strong> banda, maliban<br />

dagli <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> break ay hindi pagpapahinto na ito <strong>ng</strong><br />

tao batay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> edukasyon, propaganda at pagkalupig, pumipili-<br />

aanak imperyal pak<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na katawanin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> ideal-pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> larawan <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tao. Ito ay dapat na pinag<strong>sa</strong>ma-<br />

iimbot <strong>ng</strong> pag-ibig para <strong>sa</strong> Estado at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras na wala<strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />

interes, siya ay dapat na mabuti, at sportiven altruistichen, at pinaka-mahalaga, <strong>sa</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> oras na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> pag-aalinla<strong>ng</strong>an ay handa <strong>ng</strong> pagpapaka<strong>sa</strong>kit<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> buhay para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> susunod na ideokraticheskogo<br />

proyekto.<br />

Imperial Power, batay <strong>sa</strong> accumulated at monopoli<strong>sa</strong>hin kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na ka<strong>sa</strong>pi, karaniwan na-alis <strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

47

ito, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> lakas, siya ay tumatagal <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> likas at pantao potensyal.<br />

Siya ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ipin <strong>ng</strong> gulo<strong>ng</strong> magtamo na<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> makina,<br />

at ito ay mananatili lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili kaginhawahan manipis reflections<br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> misyon, a<strong>ng</strong> tunay pareho<strong>ng</strong> makina ay magse-<br />

set up <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> gayon, Isumite lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> lokal na batas, ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

gobbli<strong>ng</strong> ito a<strong>ng</strong> Earth .<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> karagdagan, siya ay wala<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kanluranin legal na<br />

kahulugan. Siya a<strong>ng</strong> may-ari <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay-aari <strong>sa</strong> kanya lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala<strong>ng</strong> at pasubali, na may pahintulot <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, na palagi<strong>ng</strong> ay<br />

may karapatan na piliin a<strong>ng</strong> lahat, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> natura<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

karapatan <strong>sa</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian at mga indibidwal na kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong><br />

sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga ay halos wala. Sa pandiwa<strong>ng</strong> antas at kahit <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

nakasulat declarations at a<strong>ng</strong> legal gawai<strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong> sila ay naroroon, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga <strong>sa</strong>lita ay wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga institutional o mental reinforcements<br />

mananatili<strong>ng</strong> hindi hihigit <strong>sa</strong> banal declarations. Kaligayahan ideal-<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> empires ay hindi napapailalim <strong>sa</strong> mga karapatan at mga kalayaan,<br />

hindi <strong>sa</strong> ari-arian, at iimbot serbisyo <strong>sa</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong>, ito ay <strong>sa</strong> imahe <strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan: Mga Serbisyo para <strong>sa</strong> mga pambuo<strong>ng</strong>-Estado at a<strong>ng</strong> mataas na post<br />

- ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na paglili<strong>ng</strong>kod <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> Russia.<br />

Mifologema ideal na pak<strong>sa</strong> imperyo ay i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> chimeras<br />

imperyal-isip, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pagtutol, at<br />

maglaro <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> segment <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural dinamika, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> nararapat na panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> ideological at leksiko oposredovaniya. Ryan,<br />

projecti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> publiko, a<strong>ng</strong> mifologema ay<br />

malaganap. AF Losev, suma<strong>sa</strong>lamin <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kapanahon Russia XX siglo,<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>bihan na Russia ay, siyempre, got a maliit bukado <strong>ng</strong> West, <strong>ng</strong>unit wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinipili, kapabayaan, bezydeynogo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bato ay masyado<strong>ng</strong> marami. Pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

aalipin puluto<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> institutional paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at pagpapalaki <strong>ng</strong><br />

halaga-normatibo Western kabihasnan gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> spawned magtatagal <strong>sa</strong><br />

48

araw na ito paghaharap <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> kultural at institutional pundasyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

Western pagka<strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kamay, at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga civilizations, gaya <strong>ng</strong><br />

para <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> rehiyon o mga indibidwal na mga ban<strong>sa</strong> - a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong>. Sa<br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paglawak na ito ay nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karagdaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

palatandaan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> totoo <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

panayam. Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> tinatawag na epekto ipataw <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kataga na ito ay wala<strong>ng</strong> malinaw na kahulugan at malawak na ginamit<br />

культурологами, sociologists at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> siyentipiko. A<strong>ng</strong> epekto ay hindi<br />

ipataw <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagbuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaya<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, ito ay<br />

higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ilusyon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> na iniuugnay <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

modelo. Madalas ipagdiwa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <strong>ng</strong> mga posisyon na imitativnye<br />

form <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> artificially<br />

nagdala <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyonal na lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon, magi<strong>ng</strong>, magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kunwa <strong>ng</strong> orihinal.<br />

Iba<strong>ng</strong> VG Belinsky, halintulad ito <strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon Moscow at St Petersburg,<br />

napansin na <strong>sa</strong> hilaga<strong>ng</strong> kapitolyo <strong>ng</strong> Western impluwensiya na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katunayan na <strong>sa</strong> araw-araw na buhay ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> tao kape at<br />

tabako, kahit na pihikan podgorodnye guys, at mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na palapag ... wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

kofeyu Matindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay; podgorodnye mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka Petersburg na<br />

nalimutan Ruso pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>yaw para <strong>sa</strong> mga tauhan <strong>ng</strong> Pranses na <strong>sa</strong>yawan na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> tunog <strong>ng</strong> harmonika, nagmula a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili mula <strong>sa</strong> ... . Kunwa paraan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na pamumuhay instilled <strong>sa</strong> medyo madali, <strong>ng</strong>unit ku<strong>ng</strong> paano a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> magali<strong>ng</strong> na distansya mula <strong>sa</strong> mga paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral na a<strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral <strong>ng</strong><br />

nilalaman. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagpuno <strong>ng</strong> form imitativnoy kaugnay na nilalaman ay<br />

hindi higit <strong>sa</strong> malama<strong>ng</strong>, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Russian ay may<br />

matagal na kinuha a<strong>ng</strong> form na dapat tularan <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na manifestations <strong>ng</strong><br />

European culture. Sa<strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> kapuri-puri panlabas na anyo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dayuha<strong>ng</strong><br />

kultura ay makikita, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> Peter I, at <strong>sa</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformations poslepetrovskogo panahon.<br />

49

At <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras <strong>sa</strong> kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na epekto<br />

ay madalas na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> reporma ipataw <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> mga liberal na paraan <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga kaso<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> mawala a<strong>ng</strong> halos ganap, na nag-iiwa<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> nakikita bakasin.<br />

Ryan, antimodernizatsionnaya alon madalas throws lipunan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay mas<br />

mababa kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> predmodernizatsionny. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> klasiko<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na pag<strong>sa</strong>bog, na naganap <strong>sa</strong> form <strong>ng</strong><br />

Islamic Revolution <strong>sa</strong> Iran, ito ay naituturo halimbawa, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga halimbawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga ito, at dito, a<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> pagpapabalik na Russia <strong>sa</strong> mga batayan <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> - Asya, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> Asya Pedro naporma <strong>sa</strong> Europa at<br />

gawi<strong>ng</strong> para<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanluran <strong>ng</strong> tuktok <strong>ng</strong> layer, umaalis a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> Asya.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga imperyo collapsed, a<strong>ng</strong> European itaas na<br />

layer ay halos buo<strong>ng</strong> swept in at nawa<strong>sa</strong>k a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> pamamaraan .<br />

Nagpapakilos ay ipataw <strong>sa</strong> pagpapaunlad <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> paraan. Tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kanya na makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga imperyo ay <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> humiram mula <strong>sa</strong> West, hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya, <strong>ng</strong>unit din a Socio-cultural institusyon upa<strong>ng</strong> epektibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

harapin a<strong>ng</strong> West <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> kondisyon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga mundo <strong>ng</strong> madiskarte<strong>ng</strong><br />

palig<strong>sa</strong>han. A<strong>ng</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> mga paghiram ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

tumawag <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> epekto ipataw <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad, <strong>ng</strong>unit din maliitin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

epekto inokulturnoe ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> libi<strong>ng</strong>an pagkakamali. Ay hindi mahirap na diwa<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> paano bumuo <strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Russia's imperyal<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong>, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tuwiran at ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

min<strong>sa</strong>n direkta<strong>ng</strong> presence (presyon), a<strong>ng</strong> West, bagama't a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapabalik ay<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> Western Union Sobiyet matapos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpirma <strong>ng</strong> Helsinki Final Act, inter alia, makatao ika-apat na basket: paggala<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao. At ito ay tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao <strong>sa</strong> Europa,<br />

Western-unawa, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay kumakalat <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

habitats Civilizational mundo.<br />

50

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> praktikal na paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinaka-hindi katutubo kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> imperyal na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet, at pre-<br />

Sobiyet beses, a<strong>ng</strong> mga panloob na aspeto <strong>ng</strong> Ruso buhay ay direkta umaa<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

impluwensiya <strong>ng</strong> Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> Euro-Atlantic kabihasnan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo. Ngunit<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> problema <strong>ng</strong> pagbubukod <strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan bila<strong>ng</strong> mamamayan ay hindi ila<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

ito ay <strong>sa</strong> tabi <strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong> pagbubukod <strong>ng</strong> mga i-import <strong>ng</strong> Western<br />

institusyon <strong>sa</strong> Rusya. Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> institusyon <strong>ng</strong> mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong><br />

demokrasya, a<strong>ng</strong> Korte, a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> elektoral <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay panlabas na higit <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat, tumutulad form, na hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> lubos na nagbago a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> orihinal na<br />

(kanluran) <strong>ng</strong> nilalaman, <strong>ng</strong>unit din nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> katatagan <strong>ng</strong> mga institusyon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> harap <strong>ng</strong> antimodernizatsionnyh uso.<br />

Ito ay dapat na-address a<strong>ng</strong> isyu na may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> pagpapaunlad <strong>ng</strong><br />

militar, pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya at social teknolohiya <strong>sa</strong> evolution <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Sikat na Ruso tao<strong>ng</strong> lumipat pilosopo-BP Vysheslavtsev, referri<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Western European buhay <strong>sa</strong> kanya, lubos na makatwiran siniya<strong>sa</strong>t:<br />

Ano a<strong>ng</strong> bago ay diyan na baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> mga kondisyon <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> nakatira? A<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>got ay malinaw: ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ek<strong>sa</strong>kto<strong>ng</strong> agham (natural science at matematika<br />

biology), pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham at teknolohiya, a<strong>ng</strong> agham na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> industryalismo.<br />

At, maliban <strong>sa</strong>, at, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> rational organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> batas at <strong>ng</strong><br />

estado ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> liberal demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> estado, na personal na seguridad at<br />

kalayaan, na wala<strong>ng</strong> na wala<strong>ng</strong> pagkamalikhain at imbento at science .<br />

Balik <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> mga nakalipas na Sobiyet,<br />

tandaan ku<strong>ng</strong> paano, <strong>sa</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapakilos <strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> lahat<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga kalahok <strong>sa</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> proseso ginagamit upa<strong>ng</strong> lumikha <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kapanahon <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> mabigat na industriya. A<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet imperyo ay batay<br />

<strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> broadest paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga alipin labor, milyon-<br />

milyo<strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet bila<strong>ng</strong>go built canals, polar at Siberya lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, mga mina <strong>ng</strong><br />

mineral yureyniyum <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga buto na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> tunay na sosyalismo.<br />

Castle Sobiyet siyentipiko na nagkaroon nagtrabaho <strong>sa</strong> sharashke,<br />

threatened-alis mula <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> bilog a<strong>ng</strong> ikalabindalawa bilog <strong>ng</strong> Dante at<br />

51

imahinasyon katawanin <strong>sa</strong> realidad <strong>ng</strong> IV Stalin impyerno pwer<strong>sa</strong> na hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad<br />

na limitahan a<strong>ng</strong> militar-strategic-pareho <strong>sa</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong>, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> Estados<br />

Unidos, na sumusuporta pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham at teknolohiko antas <strong>ng</strong> kalagitnaan <strong>ng</strong> XX<br />

siglo. Sobiyet bila<strong>ng</strong>go ensnared <strong>sa</strong> ikalabindalawa bilog, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga gawa,<br />

na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> proteksyon makuha yureyniyum mineral, ay<br />

garanti<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> at painfully naghihi<strong>ng</strong>alo matapos a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maikli<strong>ng</strong> panahon. Ito<br />

ay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa, bukod <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga katakut-takot<br />

na dami <strong>ng</strong> mga nasira pantao destinies, abyss <strong>ng</strong> paghihirap, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> magali<strong>ng</strong><br />

na dami <strong>ng</strong> namamatay, cumulatively humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> populasyon <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> labis bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> People's Forces <strong>ng</strong> Ruso <strong>ng</strong><br />

populasyon <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> 1995 tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> 146 milyon <strong>sa</strong> 270 milyon, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga eksperto, ay nakatira <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> 1995.<br />

Direkta<strong>ng</strong> at tuwiran pagkalugi <strong>sa</strong> Rusya <strong>sa</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo amounted na tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong><br />

121 milyo<strong>ng</strong> mga tao.<br />

Sa ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, ay may radically binago bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

dayuha<strong>ng</strong> patakaran konteksto ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> USSR at <strong>sa</strong> mga gawain nakaharap<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. Karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> na binuo gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> unti-unti a<strong>ng</strong> shift<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> post-yugto <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad. Sa mga libro A i<strong>sa</strong>-dimensional tao.<br />

Imbestigasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ideolohiya <strong>ng</strong> mga advanced na pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya lipunan ,<br />

may nai-publish <strong>sa</strong> 1964, H. Marcuse remarked na ami<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay<br />

pagtatagumpay sentripugal panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> tulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya, <strong>sa</strong> halip<br />

na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> takot <strong>sa</strong> double a<strong>ng</strong> kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> napakalaki at a<strong>ng</strong> pagtaas <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamantayan <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay na... A<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> post-emancipated kaisipan <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kapaligiran <strong>ng</strong> mga siyentipiko <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alipin ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> itulad <strong>sa</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> epektibo <strong>sa</strong> mga gawain <strong>ng</strong><br />

akademiko<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan. Evolution <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet sistema <strong>sa</strong> utos <strong>ng</strong> mas malaki<br />

pagpapaubaya, siniya<strong>sa</strong>t <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> mga 50-ies <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagharap <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay <strong>sa</strong><br />

Western pamantayan, kinuha na lugar hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> dahil <strong>sa</strong> unti-unti a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

anyo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-loob humanistic espiritu. Sa marami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan, na ito<br />

52

mismo ay na-anyo dahil <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> adaptation <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari at<br />

bayaran para <strong>sa</strong> militar at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> competitiveness.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet pamahalaan, a<strong>ng</strong> Politburo <strong>ng</strong> CPSU Central Committee<br />

nagsimula na kumilos <strong>ng</strong> may pag-ii<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> West, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito ay unti-unti na<br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> kalakalan at partner ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bago<strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya, produksyon na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas<br />

mahalaga. Halimbawa, pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> trabaho <strong>sa</strong> West, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> Ai<br />

Solzhenitsyn Gulag arkipelago mga ka<strong>sa</strong>pi <strong>ng</strong> Politburo <strong>ng</strong> CPSU Central<br />

Committee malawakan-u<strong>sa</strong>pan a<strong>ng</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> dapat gawin <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga sitwasyo<strong>ng</strong> ito, may tulad kilala<strong>ng</strong> manunulat Ruso, na <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

oras na iyon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga winner <strong>ng</strong> Nobel Prize para <strong>sa</strong> Literatura. Lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

panukala, <strong>sa</strong> esensya, pinakulua<strong>ng</strong> pababa <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong>: na magpadala <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong> at tried <strong>sa</strong> USSR <strong>sa</strong> fullest lawak <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet batas. At upa<strong>ng</strong> paru<strong>sa</strong>han, ay<br />

ipinadala <strong>sa</strong> Verhoyansk bila<strong>ng</strong> iminu<strong>ng</strong>kahi<strong>ng</strong> TOV. Kosygin, dahil ba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>y na tao ay mapupunta <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga banyaga<strong>ng</strong> correspondents:<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> masyado<strong>ng</strong> malamig. Ngunit, gaya <strong>ng</strong> naka<strong>sa</strong>ad <strong>sa</strong> malaki ma<strong>ng</strong>hinaya<strong>ng</strong><br />

TOV. Solomentsev, Solzhenitsyn - a<strong>ng</strong> ina <strong>ng</strong> mga kaaway <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay hindi para <strong>sa</strong> mga banyaga<strong>ng</strong> equities, na dala a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union, ito<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong>, siyempre, lutasin a<strong>ng</strong> mga isyu na wala<strong>ng</strong> pagka-antala. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> desisyon ay makakaapekto <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga patakara<strong>ng</strong> panlabas aksyon? .<br />

Kaya, domestic patakaran <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet Union na natagpuan a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-<br />

a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga patakara<strong>ng</strong> panlabas, a<strong>ng</strong> mga internasyonal na konteksto <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

gumana <strong>ng</strong> Ministry of Foreign Affairs at International Department <strong>ng</strong> CPSU<br />

Central Committee. Ito naporma out na <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya, <strong>ng</strong>unit higit pa kaya <strong>sa</strong><br />

post-industrial mundo makamit militar at teknolohiko kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga panloob<br />

na pagguho accompanies imperyal system activates a<strong>ng</strong> epekto ipataw <strong>sa</strong> pag-<br />

unlad ay manifested <strong>sa</strong> una a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> disistemnyh <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na nagdala <strong>ng</strong><br />

westernization.<br />

53

Sa turn, Ruso, at Sobiyet empires ay ipataw <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> mga may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga colonies at<br />

semi-panloob at panlabas na Asya. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> klasiko<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Central Asya. Sa 70 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo ito<br />

seemed na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyunal na paraan <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> na kailanman napunta <strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> nakaraan, Islamic pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> kultura tumi<strong>ng</strong>in mahina, pagpepreserba<br />

<strong>sa</strong> halip lama<strong>ng</strong>. Gayon pa man, matapos a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ban<strong>sa</strong> na mabilis na bumalik <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga likas na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kondisyon, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin medyebal pyudal despotismo, at karatig Afghanistan<br />

matapos a<strong>ng</strong> withdrawal <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet hukbo likod na a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> mga lahi-<br />

panlipi-piraso na characterized ito para <strong>sa</strong> millennia, at ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> frozen<br />

Russian-British tu<strong>ng</strong>galian, at pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong> lohika <strong>ng</strong> Cold War.<br />

Ngayon, a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na self-base a<strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at<br />

kultural sistema <strong>ng</strong> Central Asian estado ay napilitan lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

buhay <strong>sa</strong> kapanahon-internasyonal na kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n, hindi magkaiba <strong>sa</strong> favors <strong>ng</strong><br />

medyebal paraan <strong>ng</strong> isolationism. At <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras, <strong>sa</strong> kaso <strong>ng</strong> easi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

internasyonal na komunidad <strong>ng</strong> pansin <strong>sa</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> isyu externally imposed<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian liberal pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> sistema, na <strong>sa</strong> lupa na ito ay mahirap na pa<strong>ng</strong>alan<br />

kahit pandekorasyon, la<strong>ng</strong> ay eliminated. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> undermini<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo ay organi<strong>sa</strong>do at nag-aral<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay paghahalili mula <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>sa</strong> sentro, at higit pa <strong>ng</strong> mas marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao na ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> orbita, na mai-live more <strong>sa</strong> linya <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon. Ito ay <strong>sa</strong>rili na tradisyon ay hindi<br />

nagpapahintulot <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> ito na sumali <strong>sa</strong> mga global na dibisyon <strong>ng</strong> trabaho<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> modernizi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mundo: lohikal na ipalagay na <strong>sa</strong> XXI<br />

siglo ay a<strong>ng</strong> paglalaglag <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> sektor at mga lugar na hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> sosyalan<br />

at matipid itapon <strong>ng</strong>unit mas madali at mas mura <strong>sa</strong> mahagis.<br />

Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lipunan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> panlabas na sukat tinutukoy teleolohiya <strong>ng</strong> imperyal West paghaharap, na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an ay ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ambivalent kaugnay <strong>ng</strong> akit at pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi. Sa panloob<br />

54

na sukat <strong>ng</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> tinutukoy a<strong>ng</strong> dinamika <strong>ng</strong><br />

nakapamamayani imperyal magpumiglas at magsilbi bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong><br />

pamamaraan, ku<strong>ng</strong> paano ito pattern a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili nito <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, ay dedikado <strong>sa</strong><br />

ami<strong>ng</strong> susunod na seksyon.<br />

III. A<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunod-sunod <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong><br />

Bago <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapaandar na <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunod-<br />

sunod <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at transformation <strong>sa</strong>-aralan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katibayan mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon <strong>sa</strong> pag-ikot at a<strong>ng</strong> complementarity <strong>ng</strong> imperyal at<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, Gusto ko<strong>ng</strong> ipahayag a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lubos na karaniwan <strong>sa</strong> akademiko<strong>ng</strong> circles at okolonauchnyh<br />

ti<strong>ng</strong>nan a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pagkaligaw. Kanya<strong>ng</strong> kakanyahan lies <strong>sa</strong> metapisiko<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga Russia bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan tani<strong>ng</strong> at palagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

patas <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili. Gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito ay tumutugma <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> kultura at<br />

civilizational pay<strong>sa</strong>he nagbago paulit-ulit. Sa karagdagan, a<strong>ng</strong> Sa ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan,<br />

nakita namin <strong>ng</strong> lima<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> Russia: Russia Kiev, Russia Tartaro panahon,<br />

Russia Moscow, Russia <strong>ng</strong> Pedro a<strong>ng</strong> Great, emperador, at, <strong>sa</strong> wakas, a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet Russia. Hindi papansin a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hakba<strong>ng</strong><br />

patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> mythologization istorya. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> mga gawa-gawa at hindi a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> solo<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal banal na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> punto <strong>sa</strong> oras na naglalaman <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

puno <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

Tulad na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> static na ti<strong>ng</strong>nan <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at kultura, mula<br />

<strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, ay hindi naaayon <strong>sa</strong> batas, ito ay hindi magdadala <strong>sa</strong> account <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> impluwensiya <strong>ng</strong> kultura at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> dinamika:<br />

55

Live kultura ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag-uulit <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> - ito ay<br />

nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> lagi<strong>ng</strong> pagsimulan structurally at functionally bago<strong>ng</strong> sistema at<br />

teksto . Ngunit siya ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> humawak a<strong>ng</strong> memorya <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> mitolohiko view <strong>ng</strong> pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso history ay dahil <strong>sa</strong><br />

persistently reproduci<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mental stereotypes <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao at <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kaukula<strong>ng</strong> mga porma <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon.<br />

Mental stereotypes na kahit <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kievan Rus, nagkamit <strong>ng</strong> lakas at<br />

itinatag <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagtataas <strong>ng</strong> Moscow at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Russian<br />

pamban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong> etniko <strong>sa</strong> teritoryo <strong>ng</strong> Vladimir-<br />

Suzdal principality at <strong>sa</strong> mga kalapit na lugar. Koleksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga lupain at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong> mga pampubliko<strong>ng</strong>-uri <strong>ng</strong> modelo para <strong>sa</strong> Moscow institutionalize<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga uso kapag sila ay magparami <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kaguluhan, heograpikal at ethno-cultural transformations. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kapalit <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na mga programa, at muli-aayos <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, P.<br />

Akhiezer tala na mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> katatagan ay garanti<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> naaa<strong>ng</strong>kop na cultural orientation <strong>sa</strong> pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> mga ila<strong>ng</strong> absolute ,<br />

natural ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paligid, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

katini<strong>ng</strong>an pero a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> pagkakalupig na arise kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> kultura .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga pandaigdig na mga programa <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, ay kopyahin medyo madalas na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas o mas<br />

mababa<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> kaganapan. Sa partikular, Boris Kagarlitsky a<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga peculiarities <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> kilalanin a<strong>ng</strong> una <strong>sa</strong><br />

diskarte <strong>ng</strong> mundo, at sila ay ipinaliwanag a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> Rusya <strong>sa</strong> paligid<br />

mirosisteme paligid at bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga internasyonal na dibisyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa at kalakalan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> mga pumipili inokulturnogo paghiram ay<br />

binuo malaki<strong>ng</strong> puwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga tapat na pull <strong>sa</strong> European antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

militar-teknikal na kakayahan at a<strong>ng</strong> backwardness <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> buhay. Araw-<br />

araw na pamumuhay <strong>ng</strong> bulk <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Oktubre<br />

Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat nakapreserba lipas pagano paraan, traces <strong>ng</strong><br />

56

magpumilit na <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga subcultures <strong>ng</strong>ayon. Mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong><br />

araw-araw na buhay ay unplanned, una <strong>sa</strong> lahat bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> adverse<br />

kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

form inokulturnyh (subkulturnyh) borrowi<strong>ng</strong>s, gaya <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> adaptation<br />

<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> partido <strong>sa</strong> mga tunay na sosyal na buhay <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

hamon <strong>ng</strong> imperyal gu<strong>sa</strong>li.<br />

Halimbawa, VI Lenin nakatutok <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> na tao<br />

ay <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran at <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay dapat malaman a<strong>ng</strong> alpabeto. Na<strong>ng</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> ito maaari<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> patakaran , ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

makamit a<strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na literacy ay kata<strong>ng</strong>ian, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, a<strong>ng</strong> mga hamon <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>ndali na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay able <strong>sa</strong> ba<strong>sa</strong>hin a<strong>ng</strong> mga decrees at order <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

rehimen na patuloy na a<strong>ng</strong> tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> seglar form <strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages, kapag a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao na nagkaroon na malaman a<strong>ng</strong> mga instrumento una <strong>sa</strong> lahat upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

ba<strong>sa</strong>hin a<strong>ng</strong> mga Kasulatan. Atas <strong>ng</strong> Konseho <strong>ng</strong> People's Commis<strong>sa</strong>rs Sa pag-<br />

aalis <strong>ng</strong> kama<strong>ng</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga populasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Russian Federation<br />

pet<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> 26.12.1919 set <strong>ng</strong> pagpapatibay para <strong>sa</strong> atubili na matuto<strong>ng</strong> buma<strong>sa</strong> at<br />

sumulat, iyon ay, para <strong>sa</strong> iwas <strong>ng</strong> aktwal na partisipasyon <strong>sa</strong> panlipunan at<br />

pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> USSR: paglihis mula <strong>sa</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin na itinatag <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> utos na ito ... nagdala <strong>sa</strong> mga kriminal na responsibilidad .<br />

Mala<strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>sa</strong> imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

patakaran, ay hindi humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> araw-araw na<br />

buhay, Europeanization suffered nakararami pili. Lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> maikli<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modernizations reformers sina<strong>sa</strong>dya na hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga reporma <strong>sa</strong> publiko, at pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pakikipag-ugnayan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> magsimula mula <strong>sa</strong> oras na sila ay ipinasok <strong>sa</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Dahil a<strong>ng</strong> tunay kababalaghan vzaimoperepleteniya<br />

dalawa<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay malapit na naka-link <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kababalaghan <strong>ng</strong> mga reporma at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong> mga specifics <strong>ng</strong> Russia's<br />

57

pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational paligid, a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay dapat magsimula <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan.<br />

Tayo'y magsimula. Narito a<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> paano a<strong>ng</strong> Professor. M. H. Speransky<br />

characterizes a<strong>ng</strong> XV siglo Moscow ito gumagawa tagiba<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> mga uri<br />

<strong>ng</strong> medyebal миросозерцания base <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong>-naiintindihan o hindi<br />

naiintindihan vizantinizma: Relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> at mamaya pamban<strong>sa</strong>, pagigi<strong>ng</strong> bukod,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pormal na relasyon <strong>sa</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> relihiyon, bukvalistika, rites, kakula<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

<strong>ng</strong> edukasyon, papalitan lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> dogmatismo - lahat <strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

medyebal isip, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> nagdala <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panig, min<strong>sa</strong>n kirat .<br />

Maghan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>r Ivan III ay inilarawan bila<strong>ng</strong> syncretic characterized<br />

neraschlenennostyu uso, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay positioned bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran.<br />

Nakita namin na a<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay, forms at relasyon <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> mga European side ay <strong>sa</strong>pat stro<strong>ng</strong> in Russian buhay.<br />

Tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> Moscow Athens, European siglo Ruso medyebal ki<strong>ng</strong>-lubha<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaganyak-ganyak sina<strong>sa</strong>bi pervostroitele A. Janov. Ngunit may mga iba<strong>ng</strong> mga uso<br />

na kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> karaniwan ay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> tradisyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> despotismo at arbitrary kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan (Ivan ibinila<strong>ng</strong>go a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> apo<strong>ng</strong><br />

lalaki Dmitry, hindi <strong>sa</strong> ba<strong>ng</strong>gitin a<strong>ng</strong> executions at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkabila<strong>ng</strong>go <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga mas mababa<strong>ng</strong> ra<strong>ng</strong>go, matipuno <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> relocation <strong>ng</strong> mga naninirahan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Novgorod, Tver, Vyatka ...) .<br />

Kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran ay laban <strong>sa</strong> mga naninirahan <strong>sa</strong> teritoryo<br />

conquered tila lubos liberal <strong>sa</strong> paghahambi<strong>ng</strong> na natupad a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kahalili<br />

Grand Prince Vasili at a<strong>ng</strong> mga anak na lalaki <strong>ng</strong> more Basil Государем at higit <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat Grand Prince Ivan IV (Grozny). Mula <strong>sa</strong> mga obserbasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagdaan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkatapos Moskovia J. Fletcher,-aari <strong>sa</strong> mga naninirahan <strong>sa</strong> mga ito ay<br />

makakarati<strong>ng</strong> na tinipon link Moscow: Siya (Vasili interrupted, at kinuha <strong>sa</strong> kanila<br />

<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> apat na mga residente, matapos kanino gave o ibinebenta <strong>ng</strong><br />

Tatars, siya ay nagsilbi <strong>sa</strong> digmaan . Laban a<strong>ng</strong> background <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ambivalent<br />

tendencies at stre<strong>ng</strong>thened a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal ideya, <strong>sa</strong>lamat <strong>sa</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> maliit na<br />

masukat contributed <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>l <strong>ng</strong> Ivan III, Sophia Paleolog na may kasunod na<br />

58

legitimization <strong>ng</strong> derzhavopriemstva bumag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> aaway <strong>ng</strong> Turkish<br />

Turko Mayo 29, 1453 Constantinople.<br />

Mula <strong>sa</strong> mga kilala<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> peripeteya naman a<strong>ng</strong> susi <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

panayam <strong>sa</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> formation at a<strong>ng</strong> paghaharap <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<br />

mga linya <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso kultura at lipunan. Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ivan III <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> sinkretichnosti na nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kawan <strong>ng</strong> mga opsyon<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal at protoliberalnuyu uso, <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ivan IV (Grozny), Russia a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay hindi maayos <strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ito turn bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan pagpipilian, nabuk<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> aziatchine <strong>ng</strong><br />

Europeanism. A<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Ivan IV nagsimula <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong><br />

algorithm <strong>ng</strong> Ruso reporma, <strong>sa</strong> halip na regular reproduci<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga susunod na<br />

mga kuwento. A<strong>ng</strong> mga bata<strong>ng</strong> hari-reformer tiklop paligid <strong>sa</strong> kanya <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

impormal na bilog <strong>ng</strong> naiuugnay na ipatupad a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na<br />

lawak, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong>gana <strong>sa</strong> likas na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian.<br />

Reporma mabibigo <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> dahilan, una <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

rejects <strong>ng</strong> sistema, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay di rin exacerbated<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pagbabagu-bago at shortsightedness <strong>ng</strong> reformers. Ivan IV ay di<strong>sa</strong>ppointi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

reporma at paglipat <strong>sa</strong> awtoritaryan patakaran <strong>ng</strong> pagmamalupit, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tunay na kundi pati na rin <strong>ng</strong> mga potensyal na opponents, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

servants, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kaibigan at pamilya. Sa<br />

ba<strong>ng</strong>is <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran <strong>sa</strong> lawak <strong>ng</strong> pagsupil at smertoubiystv hari<strong>ng</strong> malayo <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabila <strong>ng</strong> dati <strong>sa</strong> panahon na iyon <strong>sa</strong> Moskovia <strong>ng</strong> pamamahala. Sa stage na ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga alituntunin <strong>ng</strong> Ivan IV, a<strong>ng</strong> reformers nawala: sino a<strong>ng</strong> bloke, na na<strong>sa</strong> tinapon,<br />

na <strong>sa</strong> monasteryo.<br />

Lahat tayo malaman, at <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga pahintulot dillemy<br />

pak<strong>sa</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga despotiko Russia, nagpakita <strong>ng</strong> P. Kurba -<br />

paglipad <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. At mula <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maniniil, at pagwiwika, ito rin ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na sosyal-pampulitika at<br />

pampanitikan tradisyon, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nagsimula <strong>sa</strong> mga titik <strong>ng</strong> mga dati<strong>ng</strong><br />

59

paborito<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> hari at bayani <strong>ng</strong> Kazan at a<strong>ng</strong> Livonian digmaan AM Kurba <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ivan IV: A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>sa</strong>dya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> princes <strong>ng</strong> Moscow <strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong>-nais a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kapatid na lalaki at pagsira <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> dugo para <strong>sa</strong> mga mahihirap at<br />

nasumpa fiefdom, nesytstva para <strong>sa</strong> kanya .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma <strong>sa</strong> proyekto, na binubo <strong>ng</strong> Gobyerno Napili<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ya, ay<br />

may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> prototipo para <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga susunod na liberal reporma,<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong><strong>ng</strong>alan ubod <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> proyekto, na para <strong>sa</strong> siglo ay pinukaw a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinaka-dynamic at burges-oriented bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> liberal proyekto<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay lagi<strong>ng</strong> umiiral inseparably mula <strong>sa</strong> ideolohiya <strong>ng</strong> paglalapitan <strong>sa</strong><br />

Europa, at ito ay hindi ma-kumpleto <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Ruso.<br />

Paano na manalo <strong>ng</strong> pera-gruber na malapit <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> iglesia reporma, at a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal reaksyon slapped down <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi defeodalizatsiyu nagsimula, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, Zemskov reporma.<br />

Administrative, militar, at higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, Zemskaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma na binalak<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Gobyerno <strong>ng</strong> Napili<strong>ng</strong> nasisiyahan na may been dictated <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kamalayan<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> militar-teknikal, <strong>ng</strong>unit din pulitikal at sosyal na backwardness <strong>ng</strong><br />

Europa. Bagaman a<strong>ng</strong> lohika at paraan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

lawak mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong> lohika at paraan kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> imperyal modelo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, reporma nakapaloob <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili at <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

liberal <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap.<br />

Gayon pa man, Russia ay natupad <strong>sa</strong> mga taon, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mahalaga<br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pinili, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad na ito ay pinaka-adversely apektado <strong>sa</strong> darati<strong>ng</strong> na panahon, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> civilizational malaki<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kuna na sinundan <strong>ng</strong> Oktubre 1917: ... ay ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ami<strong>ng</strong> henerasyon ay hindi magbayad <strong>ng</strong>ayon para <strong>sa</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan sinauna<strong>ng</strong><br />

Moscow? Ay despotismo successors Kalita, pagsira at self-bahagi, at libre<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbibigay boyarstva kalayaan at a<strong>ng</strong> mga Iglesia - ay hindi na<br />

humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> katawan esklerosis imperyo, <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> lakas <strong>ng</strong><br />

60

gitna <strong>ng</strong> klase at a<strong>ng</strong> mga chernosotennomu katutubo<strong>ng</strong> estilo Bolshevik<br />

rebolusyon ?<br />

Dahil <strong>sa</strong> Gobyerno ay nabigo a<strong>ng</strong> mga Napili<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ya in Russian<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, may pagnanais <strong>sa</strong> bumagal a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural<br />

dinamika, haba<strong>ng</strong> pinapanatili kasunduan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga kilu<strong>sa</strong>n at a<strong>ng</strong> kilu<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

bumalik <strong>sa</strong> normal na since a<strong>ng</strong> resulta: a<strong>ng</strong> pagkatalo <strong>ng</strong> reformers at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> mga konserbatibo antireformatorskoy bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pili<strong>ng</strong> tao. Metropolitan Makarov, pinuno <strong>ng</strong> pamunuan <strong>ng</strong> simbahan, ito ay<br />

nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bantay-<strong>sa</strong>lakay, espirituwal na hari. Araw pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> araw, at mga<br />

matitigas na methodically instilled <strong>sa</strong> kanya na siya, a<strong>ng</strong> hari <strong>ng</strong> Moscow,<br />

makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, at a<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, na a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ito -<br />

alipin . Sar Ivan ay masipag mag-aaral, mamaya, pagtugon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sulat na<br />

nagsisiwalat AM Kurba, siya <strong>ng</strong> paulit-ulit <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakaiba-iba<br />

remembered a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Metropolitan: Dahil ikaw ay na<strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

besosostavnoy literacy ulitin a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pareho<strong>ng</strong> bagay, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapaandar na iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga retorika, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon at этак, a<strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong> ka-<br />

iisip na a<strong>ng</strong> mga alipin Masters ay may kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> kabila ... Ito ba a<strong>ng</strong> budhi<br />

<strong>ng</strong> keto<strong>ng</strong>in, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kaharian <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay, at <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> servants<br />

hindi <strong>sa</strong> patakaran? Ano a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> marumi<strong>ng</strong> isip - hindi mo nais na ay alipin nito?<br />

Ito ba ay pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian presvetloe - magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> awtoridad <strong>ng</strong><br />

alipin?<br />

Mamaya transfer naganap kalubhaan <strong>ng</strong> labanan <strong>sa</strong> sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kanluranin ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> kabuluhan <strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago<br />

<strong>sa</strong> militar at strategic prayoridad <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Ivan IV, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tiyak na maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit para <strong>sa</strong> mga kontemporaryo<br />

kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> mga ganito<strong>ng</strong> kaganapan na ito ay nagwawa<strong>sa</strong>k: a<strong>ng</strong> Krimeano<br />

Tatars mabuk<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> daan <strong>sa</strong> Moscow. Krimeano kan Devlet-timba<strong>ng</strong> devastated<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> sentral na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Estado, masunog Moscow, at pinaka-mahalaga, marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> namatay-paniwala: higit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> daan at dalawampu<strong>ng</strong> libo<strong>ng</strong><br />

61

sundalo at mga mamamayan, maliban para <strong>sa</strong> mga wives, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bata <strong>sa</strong> bukid at<br />

mga residente na fled <strong>sa</strong> Moscow mula <strong>sa</strong> mga kaaway, at halos lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga alas-<br />

otso libo<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Ito ay may Ivan IV (Grozny) at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga na<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>kupan <strong>ng</strong> Kazan at<br />

Astrakhan khanates, dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> entry <strong>sa</strong> Tartaro namana at a<strong>ng</strong> simula<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Russian Empire, nagsisimula katagal bago a<strong>ng</strong> mga patalastas <strong>sa</strong> 1721 <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> emperador Pedro I. Karamihan <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Western historians<br />

ay may tiyak a<strong>ng</strong> punto <strong>ng</strong> view. Tandaan na din namin i-share <strong>sa</strong> pagti<strong>ng</strong>in na ito<br />

hi<strong>ng</strong>gil <strong>sa</strong> sunud-sunod a<strong>ng</strong> simula at a<strong>ng</strong> mga nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> imperyal gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Moscow / Russia.<br />

Nabago aktibidad Boris Godunov <strong>sa</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> paghahara,<br />

ambivalent, ito ay malapit na kaakibat hindi pa nata<strong>ng</strong>gap a<strong>ng</strong> haka-haka<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at bila<strong>ng</strong> imperyal, at protoliberalnye uso. Sa kabila <strong>ng</strong> ambivalence<br />

panloob na reporma, <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, posible na magtaltalan na <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> direksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay malapit <strong>sa</strong> protoliberalnomu direksyon.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> utos ay hindi, siyempre, bukod <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad a<strong>ng</strong> natura<strong>ng</strong> kumilos bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

abolition <strong>ng</strong> karapatan na lumipat <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> may-ari <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Yuryev araw, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> isina<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pagsulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> imprenta affairs, edukasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga imbitasyon para <strong>sa</strong><br />

permanente<strong>ng</strong> paninirahan <strong>ng</strong> mga dayuhan at <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patakaran na naglalayo<strong>ng</strong><br />

tagpo <strong>sa</strong> Europa.<br />

Maikli<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Godunov, maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> matandaan ku<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> dahil<br />

siya tuma<strong>ng</strong>gi na ipagpatuloy a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal-despotiko takot at magagawa hakba<strong>ng</strong><br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> puk<strong>sa</strong>in a<strong>ng</strong> kahihinatnan nito. Kanya<strong>ng</strong> paghahara muli ay nagpapakita <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n, ay na a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> Russia's rulers kumilos<br />

maalinla<strong>ng</strong>an. Indecisiveness na ito ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> situational, dahil <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

panlabas na mga dahilan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> mga panloob na pag-aari. Sa<br />

kritikal na <strong>sa</strong>ndali <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga numero, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>sa</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> linya <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Ruso <strong>ng</strong> Boris Godunov <strong>sa</strong> MS<br />

Gorbachev, sinusubukan na humawak ambivalent patakaran <strong>ng</strong> Kombinasyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

62

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> reporma, at pledged <strong>sa</strong> system, at <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga pagnanais <strong>sa</strong> konserbatibo imperyal balumbunin, physiological takot<br />

<strong>sa</strong> reformi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> sistema. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Amerikano<strong>ng</strong> mananalay<strong>sa</strong>y Francis<br />

Vchislo remarked na ... tampok pulis-iisip (na <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Great reporma 1860 -<br />

1870-ies ipakita ... at <strong>sa</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>in reformers, dahil <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> palagay ay batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagkilala <strong>ng</strong> pagkapa<strong>ng</strong>unahin <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> interes at a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong><br />

( pag-iimbak) <strong>ng</strong> kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n at katatagan . Kami ay <strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>bihan succinctly - <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

emko totoo.<br />

Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa, a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> krisis Boris Godunov (since 1602)<br />

istonchalas postepennno disintegrated at a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> patakaran nito,<br />

at imperyal, despotiko elemento ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas, lalo na kapag<br />

may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> pananakot <strong>sa</strong> personal na seguridad at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Sa<br />

wakas ay nagpahayag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mabahiran <strong>ng</strong> reporma ay tumigil <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>ligutgot pagdati<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />

Sa konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> ipagwala<strong>ng</strong>-bahala a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ganoo<strong>ng</strong> buhay maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> tayahin bila<strong>ng</strong> Mali Dmitry I. A<strong>ng</strong> tali<strong>ng</strong>haga ay<br />

Poruchik Kizhe, na napaligiran <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ri-<strong>sa</strong>ri<strong>ng</strong> klase <strong>ng</strong> pagpapalagay na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> mitolohiko pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at pampanitikan na character.<br />

Tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> Mali<strong>ng</strong> Dmitry ko, dinala ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

Moscow <strong>ng</strong> Estado at a<strong>ng</strong> kaso ay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> trono, NI Kostomarov wrote tulad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> sumusunod: Siya pumigil <strong>sa</strong> Ruso boses <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan ... a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ito ay<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> malaman a<strong>ng</strong> Ruso <strong>sa</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> konsepto, siya a<strong>ng</strong> nakatutok <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay. Sa kanya<strong>ng</strong> kaharian, na lasted 331 na araw, ako Falsdmitry ay nagpakita<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na liberal reformer lumipad kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

hinalinhan (ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, Boris Godunov), siya ay mabigla boyars kalubhaan at<br />

sigla <strong>ng</strong> loob <strong>sa</strong> mga gawain <strong>ng</strong> estado.<br />

Pinakamataas na puno proshlets madalas overlooked: inalipusta nila a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga panunukso, blamed kama<strong>ng</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong>an, panunukso purihin Inozemtsev<br />

at matatag, na a<strong>ng</strong> Russians ay dapat na a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga mag-aaral, upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

63

pumunta <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> lupa, nakikita, relo, at magi<strong>ng</strong> karapat-dapat na<br />

lumitaw a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao .<br />

Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga teorya <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral, ayon <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> alin<br />

<strong>sa</strong> dalawa a<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> - a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal at<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> - Russia, ayon <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat ay nakatutok<br />

<strong>sa</strong> imperyal modelo, kami tandaan na <strong>sa</strong> mga gawa <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso historians, mas<br />

marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> naiintindihan na hatiin imperyal ideolohiya <strong>ng</strong> panahon<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma at a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga proponents ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga malinaw na<br />

dayuhan blotches, a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ganap na kaguluhan at kaguluhan. Sa kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

matindi<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ideolohiya nakikita panahon <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> tulad <strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na manifestations <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>ma. Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> opisyal na bersyon <strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> XVII na siglo. Stipulates na<br />

self-Dmitry ay wala <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mo<strong>ng</strong>he rasstriga, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> magnanakaw at<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lase<strong>ng</strong>go Grishka sira-sira, ay maliwanag propagandistic kalika<strong>sa</strong>n.<br />

Contemporaries <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> bersyon na ito <strong>sa</strong><br />

marami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> lubos na may pag-aalinla<strong>ng</strong>an, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> amin, <strong>sa</strong>lamat <strong>sa</strong> Alexander Pushkin, tandaan na ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Falsdmitry I.<br />

Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> paghahalili mula <strong>sa</strong> kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas autocratic estado<br />

at agresibo imperyal isolationism, na naganap <strong>sa</strong> katedral <strong>sa</strong> 1613 <strong>sa</strong> mga taon ay<br />

magagamit squandered i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon upa<strong>ng</strong> magpadala <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> vector <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> Rusya <strong>sa</strong> Europa, halimbawa, ay nagkaroon na<br />

humawak <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> reporma plano Mikhail<br />

Saltykov . Unrealized na para <strong>sa</strong> bawat uri <strong>ng</strong> inilalagay off Russia mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

Europa, pagtula a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon para <strong>sa</strong> higit pa<strong>ng</strong> backlog <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

<strong>ng</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> backlog, na <strong>sa</strong> dako<strong>ng</strong> huli ay <strong>sa</strong> pagtagumpayan kaya painfully at<br />

kaya buo<strong>ng</strong> pagmamahal.<br />

Recognizi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> handa lupa, a<strong>ng</strong> availability <strong>ng</strong> mga layunin at mga<br />

kondisyon para <strong>sa</strong> subjective reporma Petrovskie ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> may <strong>sa</strong> isip a<strong>ng</strong><br />

patuloy na reporma <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> mga maghan <strong>ng</strong> Alexei Mikhailovich,<br />

64

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat true. Kahit na <strong>sa</strong> panahon dopetrovsky ay<br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> pagmimina, nagpasimula <strong>ng</strong> shelves banyaga<strong>ng</strong> order, European<br />

ranks militar, a<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> Europa-style <strong>ng</strong> damit at marami pa<strong>ng</strong> iba:<br />

Kaya pakiramdam <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> Moscow <strong>sa</strong> European sini<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

kaginhawahan, at mamaya <strong>sa</strong> science edukasyon. Ami<strong>ng</strong> sinimulan dayuha<strong>ng</strong><br />

militar na opisyal at <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Aleman gun, at tapos na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Aleman ballet at<br />

Latin balarila .<br />

Sa konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam ay <strong>ng</strong> interes <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sophia, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> regular na at pagkatapos ay halos nalimutan pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka liberal<br />

predmodernizatsii. Hindi pagpunta <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> detalyado<strong>ng</strong> pahayag <strong>ng</strong> tunay na<br />

batayan <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan, kami tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> marami <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano ay tapos na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Alexei Mikhailovich at pagkatapos ay binuo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kagyat<br />

na kapalit, ay nawa<strong>sa</strong>k imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Pedro I. Kami ay hindi<br />

intere<strong>sa</strong>do <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> paano at ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> partikular na predecessors Peter I<br />

anticipated a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga direksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga reporma.<br />

Huwag magtago <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kritikal na <strong>sa</strong>loobin tu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong><br />

staromoskovskim order Afanasi L. Ordin-Naschekin, Rtischev, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

mababa-kilala contemporaries, boyars BI Morozov, N. Romanov, P. Matveev, at<br />

mamaya a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso Vasily Golitsyn Westerners lumipat <strong>sa</strong> Russia Europa. Na<br />

naglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> pagkatao at a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma na <strong>sa</strong>kop <strong>ng</strong> mga plano, Vasily V.<br />

Golitsyn, Polish amba<strong>sa</strong>dor Neville, na may dati<strong>ng</strong> na <strong>sa</strong> Moscow <strong>sa</strong> 1689, wrote:<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> ako gusto<strong>ng</strong> magsulat <strong>ng</strong> lahat na natutunan a<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> prinsipe, ako ay<br />

hindi kailanman may natapos, sumapat ito <strong>sa</strong> sina<strong>sa</strong>bi na siya pinaghahanap <strong>ng</strong><br />

populasyon disyerto, upa<strong>ng</strong> pagyamanin a<strong>ng</strong> mga mahihirap, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong><br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>vages, cowards <strong>ng</strong> magiti<strong>ng</strong>, kapara<strong>ng</strong>an at mga bato huts <strong>sa</strong> House .<br />

Ito ay <strong>sa</strong> panahon na ito, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapalakas <strong>ng</strong> geopolitical posisyon,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan <strong>sa</strong> Poland at a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabalik <strong>ng</strong> Kiev, ay binuo liberal<br />

proyekto mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka reporma. Sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> proyekto <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka ay na<strong>sa</strong><br />

pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> lupa, at a<strong>ng</strong> serbisyo ay limitado <strong>sa</strong> mga tauna<strong>ng</strong> buwis imperyal<br />

<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Peter I, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kaibahan, a<strong>ng</strong> nagdala <strong>ng</strong><br />

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zakreposchenie <strong>sa</strong> kasukdulan, a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga plano <strong>sa</strong> reporma<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> buhay ay hindi pag-unlad, VV Golitsyn hindi magi<strong>ng</strong> uugnay <strong>ng</strong><br />

Pedro I. Kahit Sofia ay eliminated parokyalismo at medyebal hukuman <strong>ng</strong><br />

kalupitan - a<strong>ng</strong> criminals hihinto <strong>sa</strong> tagain off mga kamay, mga paa at mga daliri,<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> mga pagtatano<strong>ng</strong> at buod<br />

executions, tipikal <strong>ng</strong> Pedro a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, ito ay marami pa<br />

makatao. Kapag Fyodor nagsimula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proyekto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> wika<strong>ng</strong><br />

Eslabo-Griyego-Latin Academy, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay inilatag vsesoslovnogo ideya <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> liberal na edukasyon, at hindi Sofia, at Natalia Naryshkin - a<strong>ng</strong> ina <strong>ng</strong> Pedro,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> katunayan, pinasiyahan dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ibag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> Sophia, at ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kamatayan <strong>sa</strong> 1694, dapat ay isina<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> simbolo <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos, kama<strong>ng</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong>an, at pagkakonserbatibo.<br />

Batay <strong>sa</strong> mga panloob na kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

sumusunod na kontrreformatorskoe kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Sophia, na may<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas na bagay na maaari<strong>ng</strong> mamuno <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong><br />

predmodernizatsionnyh transformations. Subalit, <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago<br />

<strong>ng</strong> panlabas na kapaligiran, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, European Russia ay upa<strong>ng</strong> matugunan<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> hamon <strong>ng</strong> lumalago<strong>ng</strong> geopolitical paghaharap Europa. Relyi<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong>-traditionalist izolyatsionistkuyu mga patakaran upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit ito,<br />

ito ay halos imposible.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> punto ay a<strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> XVIII siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay hindi <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Western mundo, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> Russia, ay nakaharap <strong>sa</strong><br />

hamon <strong>ng</strong> Western moderno<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan, nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> mas marami o mas<br />

kaunti<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay tugon <strong>sa</strong> pandrama acceleration <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural dinamika.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> mga di-bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mundo ay pinilit na anyo, na baguhin upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> adaptation na umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural tradisyon. Iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo ay non-damdamin <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga sitwasyo<strong>ng</strong> ito, a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong>, kapani-aanak <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural mga<br />

tradisyon ay <strong>sa</strong> mga sumusunod na mga seksyon <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

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sociocultural dinamika <strong>ng</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> totoo at a<strong>ng</strong> nominal<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>ng</strong> estado, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin kolonyal-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> binuo ban<strong>sa</strong> o<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong> Art Nouveau. F. Fukuyama tawag <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay mas binuo ban<strong>sa</strong>, pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> bumagay<br />

tugon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso Socio-cultural sistema <strong>sa</strong> hamon <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan. Ruso<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> , na nagsimula <strong>sa</strong> XVIII siglo - a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

nag-aayos pabalik na ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa <strong>makabago</strong> rebolusyon.<br />

Sa konteksto <strong>ng</strong> underdevelopment Russia mula <strong>sa</strong> West malama<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> view <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> militar-teknikal at pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya-<br />

teknolohiko aspeto, dahil ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> pagbabago kinuha na lugar <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> lugar. A<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

reporma <strong>sa</strong> militar-teknikal patla<strong>ng</strong> ay dahil <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

militar <strong>ng</strong> kompetisyon <strong>sa</strong> Europa. Sa yugto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

Russia hiram European teknolohiya, nakatulo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kaalaman, na may kaugnayan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> industriya, science, militar na bagay, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay at paraan <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay: A<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham rebolusyon a<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> Russia pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> digmaan, at natural sciences para <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga taon<br />

na isina<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> primarya<strong>ng</strong> suporta para <strong>sa</strong> mga militar na bagay .<br />

Sa karagdagan, Ruso na awtoridad kinuha sluzhiloe klase ay naka-handa na<br />

makatiis kumpetisyon mula <strong>sa</strong> Europa. Upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> layuni<strong>ng</strong> ito, at upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

tumugma <strong>sa</strong> mas kumplikado<strong>ng</strong> gawain <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> edukasyon ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mas magkakaiba<strong>ng</strong>. Upa<strong>ng</strong> libro artilerya at impanterya <strong>sa</strong>rhento talaan<br />

nagdadagdag <strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> kultura .<br />

Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> teknolohiko pambihira<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay na kinuha na<br />

lugar <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon Petrovskie reporma ay hindi na-back up <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kaukula<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> pampulitika at panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> buhay, ito ay<br />

gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>sa</strong> tiyak pundasyon. Sa kasunod na maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> eras imperyal <strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at a<strong>ng</strong> gastos nakapipigil boltahe mga kamag-anak na ito ay able <strong>sa</strong><br />

magtatag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> competitive na puwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Western Army at a<strong>ng</strong> militar<br />

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kasundo industriya, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> lokal, ito ay hindi<br />

sumusunod <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> industriya sibilyan, tulad <strong>ng</strong> ito ay<br />

<strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, at hindi rin a<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

unlad <strong>ng</strong> lipunan na ito ay <strong>sa</strong> pre-Sobiyet Russia.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> reporma <strong>ng</strong> Peter I gave i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>mple <strong>ng</strong> imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> pagsubaybay <strong>sa</strong> pinaka-kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> form, kumuha ali<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>ng</strong> malay liberal inclusions; autocracy at kaalipinan ay <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> Pedro a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

reporma, hindi alintana <strong>ng</strong> intensyon <strong>ng</strong> mga reformers, nagdala <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso<br />

lipunan at <strong>ng</strong> liberal, disistemnye laban imperyal sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap. Kapag<br />

Pedro kadakilaan Empire naiiwan a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> layunin, at a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na ipatupad ito. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> sistema koordinado <strong>ng</strong><br />

estado - a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka makabuluha<strong>ng</strong>, na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw halaga, pinuno embodies <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad at a<strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> mabuti,<br />

ay nakatayo <strong>sa</strong> mas mababa<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> lipunan a<strong>ng</strong> antas, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> espesyal na<br />

halaga <strong>sa</strong> pamahalaan ay hindi.<br />

Formula imperyal pagpapakilos pambihira<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay, na nagtatakda <strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> tiyak na tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> tao at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, hindi<br />

gaano<strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> vyzrevavshaya <strong>sa</strong> Moscow modelo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado, kapag Peter I-resulta <strong>sa</strong> pinaka malinaw na forms. Kaya,<br />

GV Plekhanov, na naglalarawan Elizabeth reporma makatwiran remarked:<br />

Evropeizuya Russia, at Pedro ay nagdala <strong>sa</strong> extremes <strong>ng</strong> mga linya <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

order, na nagdadala <strong>ng</strong> magka<strong>sa</strong>ma nito Oriental despotismo ... Story characterized<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pamamayani <strong>ng</strong> mga linya na ito, <strong>sa</strong> tuwiran kabaligtaran a<strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong>:<br />

ito ay enslaved, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat maliban <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> demokrasya, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

libre, hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong>, ayon <strong>sa</strong> batas .<br />

Sa oras, hindi na wala<strong>ng</strong> dahilan upa<strong>ng</strong> maniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Europa binabala<strong>ng</strong>kas a<strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> Magdeburg batas. Sa<br />

medyebal Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> legal na tradisyon ay pinag<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> binuo tagalunsod<br />

kultura, <strong>sa</strong> mga kaibahan <strong>sa</strong> Russia, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, <strong>ng</strong>unit wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

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ganap urban na lipunan, at <strong>sa</strong>ka, Magdeburg batas. Tulad <strong>ng</strong> Russia ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

binuo infrastructure <strong>ng</strong> urban na lipunan pati na rin, simula <strong>sa</strong> liberasyon<br />

mambubukid reporma <strong>ng</strong> 1861, at halos ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo<br />

ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal, grupo at panlipunan <strong>sa</strong>pin, at a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> bayan at<br />

marami<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> village na ito ay marginalized, a<strong>ng</strong> mga aktibo<strong>ng</strong> -- paglipat . Kahit<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panay statistical Russia ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> nakararami urban ban<strong>sa</strong>, lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ika-<br />

60 taon <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo.<br />

Ngunit hayaan kami bumalik <strong>sa</strong> pagsusuri <strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso emperador at autocrat <strong>ng</strong> Pedro I. I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

makitid suson <strong>ng</strong> edukado urban intellectuals poslepetrovskogo oras, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga epekto <strong>sa</strong> mga pananaw <strong>ng</strong> mga ilustrado lipunan mismo ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sosyal na puwer<strong>sa</strong> na maaari<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong>-anyo a<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural<br />

pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Malaki<strong>ng</strong> Ortodoksia mga pari ay hindi makapag-play a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> pwer<strong>sa</strong>, kaya upa<strong>ng</strong> mapagtanto a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> halip na awtoridad. A<strong>ng</strong> interes <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad at na<br />

ito ay para <strong>sa</strong> kanya a<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>ng</strong>unit para <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pak<strong>sa</strong> imperyo Western halaga naiiwan tila labas, a<strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> paraan<br />

ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> lipas, tradisyunal na paniniwala at halaga.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal Peter I lumago umiiral<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> oras <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> puwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad at lipunan, dahil<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay undergone i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pantay radikal transformation. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay nagbago karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga panlabas na antas, ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga Aa<br />

Kizevettera, mula <strong>sa</strong> panlabas na shell <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> opisina <strong>ng</strong> hindi maintindiha<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-uu<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>sa</strong> inyo naghahanap <strong>ng</strong> mga luma<strong>ng</strong> Moscow-Russia, ligtas na pagdaan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> pintuan <strong>ng</strong> XVIII siglo at conveniently ilagay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

framework para <strong>sa</strong> San Petersburg imperyo. Ruso lipunan ay hindi na <strong>sa</strong> loob<br />

nagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, at <strong>sa</strong> Peter I, <strong>ng</strong>unit matapos a<strong>ng</strong> Pedro a<strong>ng</strong> Great's imperyal bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> civilizational divisions <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> Ruso lipunan, ma<strong>sa</strong>kit<br />

nadagdagan mistula<strong>ng</strong> pagkatapos ay <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> mga aktwal na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan at mga hamon <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> kapanahunan. Sa loob <strong>ng</strong><br />

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dualistic na ito <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> paligid a<strong>ng</strong> larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo A<strong>ng</strong> Power ay tiyak na<br />

mapapahamak <strong>sa</strong> tapat relapses ideokraticheskogo proyekto, dahil lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> mga dakila<strong>ng</strong> metapisiko layunin justifies nito<br />

lipas na <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> simula-absolutist imperyal na kalagayan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na ipatupad a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na ideokraticheskogo proyekto ay<br />

makataru<strong>ng</strong>an at a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> kawala<strong>ng</strong>-bahala <strong>sa</strong> social sukat tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

legalidad, moralizm o kahit simple<strong>ng</strong> sentido komun. Bereft <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na<br />

liberal, ay naiiwan a<strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na Ruso lipunan ay halos i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

lagaslas tumatagal <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at katayuan <strong>ng</strong> mga iminu<strong>ng</strong>kahi<strong>ng</strong> modelo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon split. A. Tolstoy wrote <strong>sa</strong> 1918 tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong><br />

Petrovskie reporma: Ngunit ito ay na<strong>ng</strong>yayari pa rin na ito ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maipagmamalaki Pedro, Russia ay hindi ka<strong>sa</strong>ma, matikas at<br />

malakas, para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kapistahan <strong>ng</strong> mga dakila<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. At pull<br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhok, pula at ginulo mula <strong>sa</strong> pagkamuhi at kawalan <strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong>, nagdala<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> pamilya <strong>sa</strong> abject at hindi patas na form - raboyu. At kahit gaano<br />

karami pa<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso baril thundered ominously, na humanto<strong>ng</strong>, at na pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

aalipin ay napahiya bago <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na ban<strong>sa</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong><br />

Vistula River <strong>sa</strong> Wall <strong>ng</strong> Tsina .<br />

Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka <strong>ng</strong> mga limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> absolutism <strong>sa</strong> poslepetrovsky panahon ay<br />

hindi dapat na kinuha para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tunay na revitalization <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

tendencies, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> halip na-streamline a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan relasyon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> sistema. Kalapit a<strong>ng</strong> kapalit <strong>ng</strong> Peter I, ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian na ibinigay<br />

ila<strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> mga numero, bahagya makikita <strong>sa</strong> lilim <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> malaki<br />

reformer, <strong>sa</strong> address na a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-malinaw na distortions <strong>sa</strong> Estado, tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal, sinamahan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga matagumpay na kompanya <strong>ng</strong> militar, ay humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> militari<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong>, depleti<strong>ng</strong> nito resources.<br />

Samakatuwid, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Peter I kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

militar expeditions patuloy buyo 80 - 85% <strong>ng</strong> mga kita <strong>sa</strong> Russia, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>ndali<strong>ng</strong> (<strong>sa</strong> 1705) <strong>ng</strong> gastos at 96%. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> demilitari<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong><br />

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maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> merito kapalit na <strong>sa</strong>r-reformer, at limitado, dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay patuloy na lumalaki at pagpipigil <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili. Ito<br />

naporma out na a<strong>ng</strong> dakila<strong>ng</strong> reformer hindi ginagamit ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapakilos kakayahan <strong>sa</strong> pyudal imperyal na sistema, na may Anne Ioannovna<br />

<strong>sa</strong> 1736 ay dumati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> utos restraini<strong>ng</strong> tagagawa para <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

libre<strong>ng</strong> mekaniko magpakailanman na may buto. A<strong>ng</strong> imperyal modelo, kahit mula<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga tagagawa <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ay gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> alipin, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

kalakip <strong>sa</strong> kondisyon kaliwa a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> produksyon para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga serbisyo teokratiya (<strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> imperyal kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan).<br />

Ipaalam kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet direktor, <strong>sa</strong> literal na kahulugan, a<strong>ng</strong> ulo na<br />

respon<strong>sa</strong>ble <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> Gosplan o moderno<strong>ng</strong> bankers at may-ari <strong>ng</strong><br />

factories, mga pahayagan, steamers, na itinalaga <strong>ng</strong> diretso <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad. Iyon<br />

ay, mula <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad, may mga ila<strong>ng</strong> mga estado at oligarkik oligarchs.<br />

Katimba<strong>ng</strong> tao, at <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan, anti-social modelo <strong>sa</strong> maaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon poslepetrovsky kinuha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na posisyon <strong>sa</strong> mga kuru-<br />

kuro <strong>ng</strong> halos lahat <strong>ng</strong> sektor <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. At a<strong>ng</strong> paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na mga<br />

karapatan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso noble <strong>ng</strong> order <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan edukado ay hindi nagbago a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pyudal kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> nakapa<strong>ng</strong>yayari pili. A<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan na ito ay progresibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> Europa XII - XIII siglo <strong>sa</strong> XVIII siglo, kaya Russia ay hindi na magagawa<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kit na kamag-anak pagsiguro corporate pyudal pili, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

ay ginagamit lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kaunti <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon para <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>motransformatsii <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong><br />

di-European epekto. A<strong>ng</strong> Russian ay may mga pili<strong>ng</strong> tao transformed mismo higit<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pyudal kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at pag-andar, hindi upa<strong>ng</strong> magsikap para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mas malaki pagkamatagusin <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> panlipunan <strong>sa</strong>pin, soprotivlyalyayas<br />

burges pagkabulok at muli a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ranks na<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> mababa<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> grupo.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kilala<strong>ng</strong> American sosyolohista Richard Lashmann, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

libro Capitalists kulob <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ay may nata<strong>ng</strong>gap a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na<br />

award <strong>ng</strong> American Sociological Association, ay nagpapakita ku<strong>ng</strong> paano burges<br />

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pagkabulok <strong>ng</strong> pyudal elites <strong>ng</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa. Pyudal lords <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<br />

henerasyon pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> generation <strong>sa</strong> address <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na<br />

komunidad, dahil <strong>sa</strong> mga problema <strong>ng</strong> mga pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> sentrali<strong>sa</strong>syon,<br />

mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka kabagabagan, at, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, a<strong>ng</strong> paglaganap <strong>ng</strong> pera. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong><br />

ito <strong>ng</strong> adaptation <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panlabas na a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> kapaligiran, pulitika,<br />

panlipunan relasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya ay nagdulot <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na yugto upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

matiyak na a<strong>ng</strong> graphs, barons at bishops ... magi<strong>ng</strong> pamagat na Negosyo at ...<br />

nagbago a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kapaligiran. Sa Rusya, wala <strong>ng</strong> mga uri-uri <strong>sa</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> scale na ito ay hindi na<strong>ng</strong>yayari.<br />

Matapos a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> siglo mula <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan <strong>sa</strong> USSR kahit<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pozdnesovetsky panahon, may mga unspoken desisyon ay upa<strong>ng</strong> matukoy a<strong>ng</strong><br />

garantiya <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na integridad <strong>ng</strong> mga miyembro <strong>ng</strong> post-komunista<br />

elites, at patuloy a<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga pyudal corporate kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

desisyon, kinuha matapos a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> duguan lasi<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> Stalinist rehimen ay<br />

dictated <strong>ng</strong> well-intentioned, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> withdrawal, na nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak<br />

na antas <strong>ng</strong> parthoznomenklatury mula <strong>sa</strong> mga alituntunin <strong>ng</strong> batas ay nagpahayag<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pyudal <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n. A<strong>ng</strong> kami ay mas malapit <strong>sa</strong> European na antas <strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga legal na kalayaan, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> autocrat, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> malapit <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> pyudal clans? A<strong>ng</strong> isyu na ito ay ku<strong>sa</strong> ritorichen since approximation a<strong>ng</strong><br />

na<strong>ng</strong>yayari, <strong>sa</strong> halip, <strong>sa</strong> Europa, XII-XIII siglo. A<strong>ng</strong> kalapitan <strong>sa</strong> loob Russia at<br />

Europa maaga<strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages at a<strong>ng</strong> kaibahan <strong>sa</strong> mga kapitalista Europa Modern<br />

Times naka<strong>sa</strong>ad <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Europeans: Europa a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Peter I ay<br />

naiiba kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> 1200. Mula <strong>sa</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> Europa ay katulad <strong>sa</strong> loob, <strong>sa</strong> Europa<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> panahon - itak kabaligtaran .<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas technologically advanced, at kaya mag-enjoy <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas<br />

na antas <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na pisikal na kaginhawahan Europa XVI-XVIII siglo<br />

attracted aralan Russian lipunan <strong>sa</strong> panahon na iyon <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

temptations. Paglala<strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> mga European udyok upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> clocks,<br />

teleskopyo, armas, <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-araw-araw na mga aytem, seglar libro, mga<br />

painti<strong>ng</strong>s <strong>ng</strong> mga European Masters, ay ka<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na buhay <strong>ng</strong><br />

72

mga pinaka-dynamic at edukado bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso pili. Ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan<br />

inokonfessionalnoe effect, mga halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> Socio-politikal <strong>sa</strong> Europa na<br />

istraktura <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatanim <strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> European<br />

kalina<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> paghihiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong> dyeneretor <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> - a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

mabi<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> aktwal na kabiguan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> komite <strong>sa</strong> maghan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Catherine II nakauma<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> tinukoy na mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> posible<strong>ng</strong> reporma, na<br />

nagpapahiwatig <strong>sa</strong> reaksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi vsesoslovnogo a<strong>ng</strong> kaisipan <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipunan at kultural transformations <strong>sa</strong> sistema, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> espiritu.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tugon at rerepasuhin <strong>ng</strong> Catherine II a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> direksyon <strong>ng</strong> reporma<br />

ay tumigil <strong>sa</strong> Pugachevsky paghihimagsik, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> oras <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> napaliwanagan absolutism, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay pinaka-ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan. French Revolution <strong>sa</strong> wakas na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> sindak,<br />

at siya resumed a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lan<strong>sa</strong>n. Awtoridad bumalik <strong>sa</strong> mabagsik at<br />

paglupig . E. Pugachev paghihimagsik ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> gulo, wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

kabuluhan at wala<strong>ng</strong> awa (bila<strong>ng</strong> P. Pushkin) Ruso al<strong>sa</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kahulugan wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> liwanag na programa <strong>ng</strong> pagkilos. GR Derzhavin<br />

matapos a<strong>ng</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> Catherine II, wrote na ... <strong>sa</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

taon, na may Prince Potemkin upoena ay <strong>sa</strong> kaluwalhatian <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

victories, ito ay tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> bagay at hindi-iisip min<strong>sa</strong>n tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kamay a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> hari <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> ki<strong>ng</strong>doms. A<strong>ng</strong> pisikal na<br />

katawan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo ay nakatayo <strong>sa</strong> kailanman lumalago<strong>ng</strong>, palawakin <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan <strong>ng</strong> kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an pagpapakilos, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> simple at mabilis, <strong>sa</strong> isip, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga militar na pamahalaan, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga hukbo at<br />

nagbabalik <strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> mga orders. Catherine II believed na a<strong>ng</strong> Estado<br />

ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mahahaba<strong>ng</strong> autocratic kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> mga espesyal na,<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay pinasiyahan <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> onym.<br />

Tulad na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> magali<strong>ng</strong> na imperyal-udyok <strong>sa</strong> pagpapalaki <strong>ng</strong> mga buhay<br />

na wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan na espasyo, na pumapalit <strong>sa</strong> panlabas kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> trapiko <strong>sa</strong><br />

loob at perezrevshie pushes atra<strong>sa</strong>do reporma <strong>ng</strong> panloob na buhay, hinderi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

73

sustainable konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> central probinsya <strong>ng</strong> Russia. Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan nagpapaliwanag <strong>ng</strong> marami <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagpipilian <strong>sa</strong> pabor<br />

<strong>ng</strong> paulit-ulit na pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos at / o a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>, at a<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo.<br />

Malawak na teritoryal na pag-unlad, a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

<strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> rehiyon na antas <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

civilizations, nag-iwan <strong>ng</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Russia eksklusibo inhomogeneity<br />

rehiyon <strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan, kultura tradisyon. Heterogeneity <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ruso Socio-cultural globo, una dahil <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> compact arra<strong>ng</strong>ement <strong>sa</strong> teritoryo <strong>ng</strong><br />

sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon, ethno-cultural at relihiyon forms. Sa XIX - maaga<strong>ng</strong> XX siglo a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Russian estado ay hindi pa a<strong>ng</strong> slightest pagkakataon na lutasin a<strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

katanu<strong>ng</strong>an. Overrides ito a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga paraan na a<strong>ng</strong> evolution <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

rehimen, bila<strong>ng</strong> liberal, demokratiko, progresibo alternatibo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

posible<strong>ng</strong> solusyon <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga problema, hindi address <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

isyu at bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta leads <strong>sa</strong> paghiwalay <strong>ng</strong> imperyo .<br />

Ito a<strong>ng</strong> civilizational heterogeneity a<strong>ng</strong> contributed <strong>sa</strong> kabiguan <strong>ng</strong> sosyalista<br />

pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong> bersyon <strong>ng</strong> adjustment polisiya pursued <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet pamumuno,<br />

ulo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> MS Gorbachev, at humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na<br />

vnutrenneee tensions <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia. Boltahe na ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> mga kargamento <strong>sa</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> - legal at di-<br />

marahas, at marahas na - neligitimnyh forms. Ito ay dapat na kilala na <strong>sa</strong> paglipas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> panahon a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> pisikal na katawan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo<br />

Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas restricted a<strong>ng</strong> bi<strong>sa</strong>, lalim at radical transformations <strong>sa</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> imperyal, at a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo.<br />

Pagbabalik <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> nakaraan, ay patuloy na suriin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinaka makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam phases <strong>ng</strong> Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Pagkatapos<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maikli at pinagtatalunan panahon <strong>ng</strong> Paul I <strong>ng</strong> Rusya <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

yugto muli lilitaw a<strong>ng</strong> mga bata<strong>ng</strong> hari, na mag<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> serye <strong>ng</strong> Socio-<br />

cultural transformations <strong>sa</strong> pro, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> espiritu. Sa una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga Alexander I ay ganap malama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

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<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> reporma, mga burador na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay tinalakay <strong>sa</strong> malapit <strong>sa</strong><br />

emperador bilog <strong>ng</strong> kabataan intellectuals. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma <strong>sa</strong> ganap na<br />

karamihan ay hindi na nakuha nito <strong>sa</strong> praktikal na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>katuparan pa lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

yugto <strong>ng</strong> talakayan at proyekto. A<strong>ng</strong> mga opinyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Alexander I unti-unti<br />

evolved mula <strong>sa</strong> mga kamag-anak liberalismo <strong>sa</strong> pagkakonserbatibo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

ay hatid <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pananatili <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-importante at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

oras <strong>sa</strong> halip lipas na para <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural tradisyon.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga digmaan <strong>sa</strong> Napoleon Bonaparte, a<strong>ng</strong> mga dayuha<strong>ng</strong> biyahe <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Ruso hukbo exacerbated mas liberal aspirations <strong>sa</strong> lipunan, lalo na bukod <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga direkta<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> mga kaganapan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kabataan at edukado Guards<br />

opisyales: Ruso opisyales nakita una<strong>ng</strong> kamay a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunud-sunod <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bagay-bagay na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan at a<strong>ng</strong> karapatan na makata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong><br />

eskrima, at may maasim kahulugan inihambi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

nakita <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga bumalik mula <strong>sa</strong> paglalakbay <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. Sila ay<br />

nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> hindi mapigil pagnanais na tumira <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> magsisimula <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> . Opisyal, a<strong>ng</strong> mga nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> Napoleonik digmaan, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

nagi<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-aktibo<strong>ng</strong> kalahok Decembrist kilu<strong>sa</strong>n, bayani at mga biktima <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga istorya: nila ay na-a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-kakaiba <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>ay <strong>ng</strong> International Kaliwa<br />

Romanticism, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay, at a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga biktima (Riego), at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

winners (Bolivar, Ipsilanti). Sami Decembrists ay bag<strong>sa</strong>k pero hindi nawa<strong>sa</strong>k .<br />

Noo<strong>ng</strong> Disyembre 1825 hindi able <strong>sa</strong> simulan napapanaho<strong>ng</strong> liberal reporma,<br />

radically baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> tilapon <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> Russia. Rebolusyon, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakataon na manatili <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Great Russian Revolution, ay<br />

hindi ma<strong>ng</strong>yari.<br />

Europa nagpunta <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> burges transformation, Russia<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>alagaan pyudal-imperyal pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura.<br />

Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> civilizational breakdown na na<strong>ng</strong>yari <strong>sa</strong> Rusya bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

resulta <strong>ng</strong> Oktubre Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917, ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat may bayad para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

patakaran <strong>ng</strong> pag-iimbak <strong>ng</strong> underdevelopment at a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> order. Oo, <strong>sa</strong> loob<br />

<strong>ng</strong> malawak reserbasyon <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> Russian Empire ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas<br />

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na kultura, tsveli sere<strong>sa</strong> orchards, at ito ay para komportable ta<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> t<strong>sa</strong>a <strong>sa</strong> terraces<br />

barsky Estates. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga presyo <strong>ng</strong> mga ito tumigil magaganda<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali,<br />

presyo <strong>ng</strong> preno at maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> sociocultural dinamika <strong>sa</strong> apocalyptic flames<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga digmaa<strong>ng</strong> sibil at mga dekada <strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> pagsupil <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili nadama hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> direct descendants <strong>ng</strong> tagapagta<strong>ng</strong>gol pagkatapos<br />

ay pyudal imperyo, <strong>ng</strong>unit din <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>mpu-<strong>sa</strong>mpu<strong>ng</strong> milyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> Estates at pamagat.<br />

Tatlumpu<strong>ng</strong> maghan <strong>ng</strong> emperador Nicholas I dumati<strong>ng</strong> pababa <strong>sa</strong><br />

preventive inspeksyon at debuggi<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian, a<strong>ng</strong> mga lipas na makinarya <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo. Nicholas I did hindi maibigan at hindi mo makita a<strong>ng</strong> benepisyo, hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga legal na patakaran at paghiram mula <strong>sa</strong> Europa, kundi pati<br />

na rin <strong>sa</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> borrowi<strong>ng</strong>s <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya, na belo<strong>ng</strong>ed <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

minamahal Pedro I. Nicholas isipan a<strong>ng</strong> release <strong>ng</strong> mga serfs mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka,<br />

pagtataguyod <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> siyam (!) A<strong>ng</strong> lihim na komite na maghanda <strong>sa</strong> panukala<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> isyu na ito. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabantulot <strong>sa</strong> mga sugatan a<strong>ng</strong> damdamin <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

noble peresililo, a<strong>ng</strong> emperador believed na mara<strong>ng</strong>al lupa ay dapat na<br />

pananatilihin. Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> ginusto<strong>ng</strong> na gawin wala o halos wala. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mas maaa<strong>sa</strong>han at kumpleto kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Austrian, o Pruso, Russian kaalipinan <strong>sa</strong><br />

1812, na a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay. A<strong>ng</strong> krisis arose mula <strong>sa</strong> Krimeano digmaan, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalahati huli ... A<strong>ng</strong> nakamamatay break Russia ay nabigo<strong>ng</strong> gapiin .<br />

Sa kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> mga mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya, at<br />

administratibo aktibidad <strong>ng</strong> emperador ay wala<strong>ng</strong> inklinasyon na mag<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-upgrade <strong>sa</strong> imperyal, o kahit more kaya <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> forms.<br />

Maliban <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga teknikal na mga proyekto. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> komisyon ulo <strong>ng</strong><br />

kilala<strong>ng</strong> liberal estadista <strong>ng</strong> panahon - M. Speransky - codified, streamlined multi-<br />

at lubha<strong>ng</strong> mapagtatalunan koleksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso batas, simula <strong>sa</strong> sudebnikov na<br />

inisyu <strong>ng</strong> 1830 <strong>sa</strong> 45 volume. Pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an, ra<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong><br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> panlipunan <strong>sa</strong> pagkakabuo at mga armi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> hukbo at hukbo<strong>ng</strong>-dagat,<br />

pauna<strong>ng</strong>-natukoy na a<strong>ng</strong> pagkatalo <strong>ng</strong> Rusya <strong>sa</strong> Krimeano Digmaan. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

emperador minamahal matikas lumalayag mabilis, at belo<strong>ng</strong>ed <strong>sa</strong> may baluti <strong>ng</strong><br />

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si<strong>ng</strong>aw-ships bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mabilis na pagdaan <strong>ng</strong> mga European fashion,<br />

diyan ay ganap hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat na bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> railways at highway. A<strong>ng</strong> kahinaan <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo <strong>sa</strong> militar na lara<strong>ng</strong>an, a<strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na a<strong>ng</strong> patla<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na<br />

aktibidad <strong>sa</strong> Empire, binuk<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> kalye papunta <strong>sa</strong> reporma.<br />

Sa panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> pampulitika katatagan nagkaroon na<br />

magbayad para <strong>sa</strong> nakakahiya pyudal imperyo, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-tsenivshey militar na<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, at militar ka<strong>sa</strong>nayan <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pagkatalo <strong>sa</strong> Krimeano War. Ngunit ito na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagkatalo a<strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong><br />

nag-ii<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso at a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> mistula<strong>ng</strong> militar <strong>ng</strong> kahinaan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia demanded radikal reporma, tulad <strong>ng</strong> kalahati<strong>ng</strong> siglo na<strong>ng</strong> mas maaga, <strong>sa</strong><br />

ilalim <strong>ng</strong> Peter I, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> oras na ito sila nagpunta malalim <strong>sa</strong> reporma, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapaandar na social-order <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> pagbukas <strong>ng</strong> up,<br />

albeit hindi bila<strong>ng</strong> malawak na, a<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan para <strong>sa</strong> mga kapitalista yugto <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad.<br />

Ito ay dapat na remembered na a<strong>ng</strong> militar <strong>ng</strong> kahinaan <strong>ng</strong> estado ay lagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> nawala oras <strong>sa</strong> panlipunan, pampulitika, pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ekonomiya at mga patla<strong>ng</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mahalaga neustroystvami Russia lipas na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> panahon na iyon ay a<strong>ng</strong> pyudal na organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> mga industriya <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan at kaalipinan <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na. Awtoridad na<br />

maunawaan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga gula<strong>ng</strong> na kordero kapakumbabaan kuta <strong>ng</strong> mga tao,<br />

min<strong>sa</strong>n na umabot ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> napakagara self, slabeet <strong>sa</strong> bawat henerasyon, <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabila <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> lupit at kalupitan <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> personal na<br />

paghawak <strong>ng</strong> kahit na mas mabilis na mitigated. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> spoils, -<br />

ami<strong>ng</strong> marinig wala<strong>ng</strong> pahi<strong>ng</strong>a mula <strong>sa</strong> mga labi <strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> landowners at<br />

tagapamili . A<strong>ng</strong> reporma <strong>ng</strong> Alexander II ay natupad <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> interes,<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> malakas na artista, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> imperyal at imperyal heopolitika. Pebrero 19, 1861, ito ay inihayag <strong>sa</strong> Great<br />

reporma, abolition <strong>ng</strong> kaalipinan: namin a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Europa, na withdrew mula <strong>sa</strong> mga institusyon. Ngunit <strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo, kami ay<br />

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hindi abanduna. A<strong>ng</strong> komunidad na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> net tira <strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo, at<br />

pagkatapos din pochvenniki argued na a<strong>ng</strong> partikular na Ruso buhay, Ruso<br />

espiritu, a<strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideya .<br />

Posible<strong>ng</strong> follow-up na reporma <strong>ng</strong> Alexander II <strong>sa</strong> magkakasunod: 1864 -<br />

pagpapabuti <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> edukasyon, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> ampon <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

unibersidad batas, na ginawa para <strong>sa</strong> mga probisyon unibersidad awtonomya; 1864<br />

- Zemskaya reporma, itaguyod a<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> lokal na <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan;<br />

1864 - pa<strong>ng</strong>hukuman reporma, 1865 - a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga pinag - censorship, at<br />

pagpapabuti <strong>ng</strong> mga pindutin; 1870 - lu<strong>ng</strong>sod reporma, pagtula a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga munisipal na pamahalaan; 1874 - militar reporma, may kinalaman a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapakilala <strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> pagpapasundalo o pagpapamarino. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

liberal reporma <strong>ng</strong> Alexander II ay a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka<strong>ng</strong> gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo, kapag nagbago,<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> teknolohiya <strong>ng</strong>unit ito rin panlipunan institusyon.<br />

Sa taon <strong>ng</strong> Alexander's reporma, a<strong>ng</strong> espirituwal at intelektuwal na buhay <strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia kailanman malapit <strong>sa</strong> Europa. A<strong>ng</strong> mga ito nakamamatay para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

ban<strong>sa</strong> ay dapat na reporma i<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>gawa marami mas maaga, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kritikal na<br />

pagka-antala <strong>sa</strong> gitna <strong>ng</strong> XIX na siglo ay tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> siglo, <strong>ng</strong>unit may<br />

pagkaantala <strong>ng</strong> malikhai<strong>ng</strong> potensyal, sila pledged, <strong>sa</strong>pat para <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> panahon<br />

bago a<strong>ng</strong> Oktubre Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917. Sa ka<strong>sa</strong>maa<strong>ng</strong> palad, a<strong>ng</strong> Great reporma,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> contemporaries na tinatawag na ito, ay hindi na magagawa<strong>ng</strong> dalhin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> landas <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad para <strong>sa</strong> European uri, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay lumapit <strong>sa</strong> mga taon <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> emperador Alexander II, na nagtatapos <strong>sa</strong> trahedya <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kamatayan. Sa Russia poreformennoy transformation proseso ay may evolved <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> direksyon, lipas na kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> buhay resisted proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>: Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dako, ay may limitado<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> kultura,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katamtaman pagdami <strong>ng</strong> utilitaryanismo binuo, ay lumakad patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong><br />

mas maunlad paraan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa, sosyal na buhay. Ngunit may iba, <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabaligtaran, ie i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bumalik <strong>sa</strong> dogosudarstvennym halaga <strong>ng</strong> pagkawa<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong><br />

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estado, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkawa<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>ng</strong> kahit na ano na umaabot <strong>sa</strong> kabila<br />

<strong>ng</strong> emosyonal na kaugnayan. A<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso ay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>'t i<strong>sa</strong> eksklusibo,<br />

vzaimorazrushali bawat i<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Alam namin na a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> imperyal panukat <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> yugto<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay hindi Tagumpay. Ito a<strong>ng</strong> trahedya para <strong>sa</strong><br />

karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> Russia ay dahil <strong>sa</strong> kalagayan a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> layunin at<br />

pan<strong>sa</strong>rili kadahilanan. Tayo'y magsimula <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> huli. May dapat na devils,<br />

arsonists at bombers, na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kaibuturan <strong>ng</strong> sikolohikal na lagpas depicted <strong>sa</strong><br />

Dostoevsky a<strong>ng</strong> nobela. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka<br />

sila ay able <strong>sa</strong> literal mamaril <strong>ng</strong> Alexander II, direkta bago a<strong>ng</strong> pagpirma <strong>ng</strong><br />

huli<strong>ng</strong> burges <strong>sa</strong>liga<strong>ng</strong>: malinaw snow araw 1 <strong>ng</strong> Marso, 1881 ... <strong>sa</strong> San<br />

Petersburg, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bata<strong>ng</strong> puti<strong>ng</strong> buhok babae na may matigas a<strong>ng</strong> ulo nilala<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

ay inaa<strong>sa</strong>han <strong>sa</strong> ba<strong>ng</strong>ko <strong>ng</strong> mga kanal, na a<strong>ng</strong> itsura <strong>ng</strong> mga paragos Ko<strong>sa</strong>k<br />

konsorte, mabilis pawagayway kanya<strong>ng</strong> panyo. Bi<strong>ng</strong>i ali<strong>ng</strong>ay<strong>ng</strong>ay pag<strong>sa</strong>bog,<br />

paragos overturned, at <strong>sa</strong> snow na malapit <strong>sa</strong> pader na channel ay batay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

tao na may kulay-abo balabas, binti at mas mababa<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> katawan na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an ay punit-punit na piraso ... Kaya a<strong>ng</strong> partido na People's Will as<strong>sa</strong>ssinated <strong>sa</strong>r<br />

Alexander II. Anuman <strong>ng</strong> subjective intensyon <strong>ng</strong> revolutionaries popular ay muli<br />

ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> vector paglihis <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> burges European paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, ay<br />

muli<strong>ng</strong> na ginawa <strong>ng</strong> mga pagpipilian <strong>sa</strong> pabor <strong>ng</strong> pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> pyudal-<br />

imperyal paligid <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational sistema.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> daloy inokulturnyh pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an, literal bedevil a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> Alexandrovsky liberal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> bahagi<br />

transformations, a<strong>ng</strong> kritikal na stress a<strong>ng</strong> kultura at civilizational sistema<br />

haotizatsiyu Socio-cultural espasyo, na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> umpi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alternatibo liberal-burges disistemy. Natural, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay may proseso na<br />

humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mahigpit na pagtutol <strong>sa</strong> pyudal imperyal system na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> pagpapakilala <strong>ng</strong> Alexander panahon.<br />

Pyudal, at marami<strong>ng</strong> mga more dofeodalnaya Russia ay takot radikal na<br />

pagbabago <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

79

proyekto <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XIX na siglo. Ipaalam kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan <strong>sa</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka mahiyain pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> buui<strong>ng</strong><br />

muli a<strong>ng</strong> Pamahalaan <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka buhay, gawin ito<strong>ng</strong> mas libre, kapag<br />

una<strong>ng</strong> pag-aalaga ay reorganized kanila<strong>ng</strong> administrative system, <strong>sa</strong> lakas <strong>sa</strong> kanila<br />

na wala<strong>ng</strong> bayad. Ako tried <strong>sa</strong> ipakilala a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agrikultura pagpapabuti.<br />

Mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka naiiwan pasibo, malamig a<strong>ng</strong> loob, min<strong>sa</strong>n magrebelde.<br />

Similar <strong>ng</strong>unit kahit na mas malaki antas, at muli <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> dakila<strong>ng</strong><br />

magbubukid reporma <strong>sa</strong> 1861, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka kabagabagan ay itutu<strong>ng</strong>o<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> laban <strong>sa</strong> mga kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> radikal reporma, <strong>ng</strong>unit din laban <strong>sa</strong><br />

release mismo. Effected <strong>sa</strong> dako<strong>ng</strong> huli na kilala bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong>-iisip<br />

Alexander Nikitenko sensura <strong>sa</strong> diaries, pet<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Disyembre 1857, naka<strong>sa</strong>ad na: Sa<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> matakot <strong>ng</strong> kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> kautu<strong>sa</strong>n palayain - kaguluhan <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka. Marami a<strong>ng</strong> mga nag-aatubili <strong>sa</strong> magpunta <strong>sa</strong> tag-init<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> village . Mula <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, a<strong>ng</strong> kahalagahan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong><br />

troubles ay hindi kaugnay logically pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Marxist<br />

People's Movement pagpapalaya, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay mga kaugnay na mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na kaisipan. Kaya, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso Empress Catherine II<br />

inaa<strong>ng</strong>kin na a<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> Rusya na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> nadagdagan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, hindi upa<strong>ng</strong> pahinain ito, at na sila magsimula kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<br />

feared vacuum, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi kapag siya ay paghihirap mula <strong>sa</strong> despotismo.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> Alexander III went down <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan bila<strong>ng</strong> kontrreform;<br />

padaan nakapamamayani pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>sa</strong> oras na iyon, KD Cavelin <strong>sa</strong><br />

1888 wrote: Kapag bala<strong>ng</strong>aw panagano ilaw <strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong> at spark-plug <strong>ng</strong> pagpuno<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> mga reporma, ay tapos na at a<strong>ng</strong> mga taon <strong>ng</strong> maasim<br />

kabiguan, at ano a<strong>ng</strong>: maliwanag inaa<strong>sa</strong>han unfulfilled, tumigil a<strong>ng</strong> Marso <strong>ng</strong><br />

reporma, bahagya<strong>ng</strong> talim ago. Iridescent <strong>sa</strong> kalooban naporma<br />

nakapa<strong>ng</strong>hihilakbot, may malisiya, dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong> o matindi<strong>ng</strong><br />

sindak . Haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> maghari <strong>ng</strong> Alexander III <strong>ng</strong> imperyal kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> mga terorista aksyon, nagdadala order at podmorazhivanie<br />

Russia, <strong>ng</strong>unit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> radikal mag-upgrade eschatological imperyal ideolohiya, na<br />

80

demanded gawain <strong>sa</strong> susunod na yugto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, ito ay hindi able<br />

<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali<strong>ng</strong> muli mukha <strong>sa</strong> mga na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> radikal<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> reporma, dahil <strong>sa</strong> pagtaas <strong>ng</strong> acceleration <strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural dinamika <strong>ng</strong> European kalina<strong>ng</strong>an, moderno<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Ipaalam kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> mahirap kapalaran <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

poreformennyh institusyon <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> maghari <strong>ng</strong> Alexander III. Kaya,<br />

palagi<strong>ng</strong> limitado <strong>sa</strong> mga limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> kakayahan at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan isyu Zemstvo<br />

mga ahensiya <strong>sa</strong> mga damdamin <strong>ng</strong> estado ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pabalik-balik<br />

nakaii<strong>ng</strong>git plano na ilipat a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin <strong>ng</strong> bureaucratic<br />

management structures. A<strong>ng</strong> reaksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga panahon <strong>ng</strong> Alexander III, ay<br />

mabigat a<strong>ng</strong> katawan, maganda a<strong>ng</strong> accented karakter, a<strong>ng</strong> emperador, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> anak na lalaki at kahalili, Nicholas II, tried upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-<br />

importante<strong>ng</strong> elemento <strong>ng</strong> Russia's Socio-cultural tradisyon, tulad <strong>ng</strong> adaptasyon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> European paghiram.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> hamon ay a<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> epektibo<strong>ng</strong> gumagana, viable simbiyos<br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> pyudal-imperyal at a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong>-kapitalista na sistema at ito ay na<br />

yugto <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> mahirap <strong>ng</strong>unit imposible. M.<br />

Weber, tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> Russia simula <strong>ng</strong> ikadalawampu siglo, lubos na makatwiran<br />

nakauma<strong>ng</strong> out na a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, kahit na ila<strong>ng</strong> mga 100 taon na a<strong>ng</strong> nakalilipas, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

paalala <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-ugat <strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tradisyon institutes Diocletian<br />

monarkiya, ay hindi mo mahanap a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> formula para <strong>sa</strong> reporma, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> roots at na ito ay wala<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> viable.<br />

Potensyal na bumagay pag-unlad monarchical sistema ay papalapit <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> likas na ubos, ay lakad na taon <strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> Ruso rebolusyon, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa, mas-aalinla<strong>ng</strong>anan <strong>ng</strong> pagsubok para <strong>sa</strong> Empire - A<strong>ng</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong> World<br />

War. Ni <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> maghari <strong>ng</strong> Alexander III, Nicholas II o <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kagyat na para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga problema na ito ay<br />

hindi lutasin, sila ay may lamig, hinihimok <strong>ng</strong> malalim <strong>sa</strong> na lama<strong>ng</strong> nadagdagan<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga mapanira<strong>ng</strong> mga potensyal na <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga hinaharap. Sa paglipas <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon, wala<strong>ng</strong> lutas problema worsened <strong>sa</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

81

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> compounded nakayayamot pulitika makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan pato<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

ito ay hindi able <strong>sa</strong> magbigay <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> positibo<strong>ng</strong> tugon <strong>sa</strong> hamon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon. Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> mahanap a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> malapit na nakaraan, hindi<br />

pa dopetrovskom lubha<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga para <strong>sa</strong> mga mas mataas o mas mababa <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Russian klase. B. Veydle, referri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> poreformennoy, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga lawak modernized Russia, tanyag na <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tao<br />

<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> Russia na hinati <strong>sa</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong> Luma<strong>ng</strong> Rusya, ay hindi-convert na <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Pedro at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga successors <strong>sa</strong> trono o <strong>sa</strong> trono, siya<br />

broke <strong>sa</strong> heograpiya <strong>ng</strong> pananatili a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> buhay, ito a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

nanalo pareho<strong>ng</strong> likas-apaw <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso makakarati<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> emperador Ruso Nicholas II's pagkakonserbatibo,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na magtrabaho <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas na itinakda <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

Socio-cultural tradisyon, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> katayuan <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> control,<br />

kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> araw-araw na buhay, kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> unawa <strong>ng</strong> mabilis na<br />

pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> mga European imperyo <strong>ng</strong> Romanov na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

kapahamakan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagpapakilala <strong>sa</strong> First World War.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-radikal at anti-antiimperski tono na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ayos <strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> lipunan<br />

believed na autocratic imperyo ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga berdugo, pogroms,<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>rap luho Galunov, kagutuman, Siberya penal, matagal na paglabag <strong>sa</strong> batas na<br />

ito ay hindi nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon upa<strong>ng</strong> manatili a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan.<br />

Haba<strong>ng</strong> kami malaman, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Romanov empire ay hindi nagawa<strong>ng</strong> mai-<br />

lagpa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kapin<strong>sa</strong>laan imperyo, ito apektado a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso klase, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> ikadalawampu siglo at a<strong>ng</strong> kahila-hilakbot na pagputol <strong>ng</strong> mga nag-aral Russia.<br />

Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> Ruso rebolusyon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> pagpipilian, ipagpapalagay na a<strong>ng</strong> ampon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

European na paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad at, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, o a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> pyudal-imperyal linya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, mas at mas mahirap na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dynamic na <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon. Russia ay hilig <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> iba, a<strong>ng</strong> emperador at karamihan <strong>ng</strong><br />

82

ureaucracy ay malugod na pumapayag na sundin KN Leontieva iproklama: Kami<br />

ay naniniwala na namin a<strong>ng</strong> loob na naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> Russia ay pa rin Nakuha <strong>ng</strong><br />

Western European kama ... Kami ay naniniwala pa rin <strong>sa</strong> lakas <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

kalusugan at ka<strong>sa</strong>riwaan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso katalinuhan .<br />

Sa subjective na antas, a<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon ay exacerbated <strong>ng</strong> mistula<strong>ng</strong> kahinaan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> post-rebolusyonaryo taon. Makatwiran<br />

nakauma<strong>ng</strong> out na Moscow at St Petersburg lalo na a<strong>ng</strong> mga araw bago a<strong>ng</strong><br />

rebolusyon ay napaka kanluranin lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, kami ay hindi dapat kalimutan na<br />

maliban <strong>sa</strong> mga residente <strong>ng</strong> Moscow, San Petersburg at <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

malalaki<strong>ng</strong> lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> paraan maihahambi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> EU, Rusya <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

natitira<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na nanirahan <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon, possessi<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> nararapat na kaisipan. Village na taglamig snow kaya <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito na<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> komunikasyon, marahil ay tinatawag na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> wasto<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, ay lubos na malinaw na makikita maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakatulad <strong>sa</strong> mga mag-al<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga European pyudalismo. Born <strong>sa</strong> tunay<br />

bihira<strong>ng</strong> paghabi <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an kaunti <strong>sa</strong> kalakalan at na a<strong>ng</strong> ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin nito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pera ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na pambihira, European pyudalismo ay<br />

lubha<strong>ng</strong> nagbago kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga cell <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> network <strong>ng</strong> mga mahihirap, at<br />

paglaganap <strong>ng</strong> mga kalakal at a<strong>ng</strong> mga barya ay mas magi<strong>ng</strong> mahimbi<strong>ng</strong>, - a<strong>ng</strong><br />

proseso seal pantao kaugnayan, kalakalan contact, pagpapatatag <strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>lapi ay hindi pamahalaan upa<strong>ng</strong> maabot a<strong>ng</strong> mature form <strong>sa</strong> Czarist Rusya, ay<br />

hindi nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> radikal pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka na kapaligiran.<br />

Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> 1917, a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal empire ay magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> anachronism na binayaran para <strong>sa</strong> pagnanais <strong>sa</strong> podmorozit Russia<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> reporma. <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> anyo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

liberal espiritu, na nagreresulta <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala<strong>ng</strong> (ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong>) haotizatsii<br />

Socio-cultural espasyo, tulad transformations ay mahirap na pamahalaan, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

nagbibigay sila <strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap, payagan, <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon a<strong>ng</strong> landas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> burges European pag-unlad. A<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong> pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos pati na<br />

rin, at pagpapalakas <strong>ng</strong> base <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paligid, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong><br />

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imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, maaari tindahan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> katatagan, <strong>ng</strong>unit dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na problema <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

lara<strong>ng</strong>an ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> lutasin o dealt <strong>sa</strong> ineffectively, para <strong>sa</strong> araw na ito <strong>ng</strong><br />

katatagan may <strong>sa</strong> magbayad bukas sosyal pagbabago, a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan lesions at <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran na ito ay humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

civilizational catastrophes.<br />

Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> naitala<strong>ng</strong> aksidente <strong>sa</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> siglo ay may<br />

naganap <strong>sa</strong> Russia dahil <strong>sa</strong> napakahaba at persistent pagnanais na mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong>, pampulitika, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya at cultural identity. Paglaglag<br />

sociocultural dinamika <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan demanded<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pantay sunud reaksyon. I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napaka-haba <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Ruso na awtoridad<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> mga kompanya tried <strong>sa</strong> hanapin a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

recipe <strong>sa</strong> nakaraan, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga luma<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan, mga pamamaraan,<br />

sosyal na institusyon. Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na <strong>sa</strong> Europa vyzrevalo <strong>sa</strong><br />

loob <strong>ng</strong> mga siglo, Russia nagkaroon na gawin a<strong>ng</strong> mabilis, piffli<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> lima <strong>sa</strong> labinlima<strong>ng</strong> taon: Kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga pamahalaan,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> halip na <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> unti-unti pagpapahu<strong>sa</strong>y, tigil a<strong>ng</strong> lahat<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos at sugpuin a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, ito hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi mga leads<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matarik na turnaround. Ito ay oras na para <strong>sa</strong> oras na<br />

mawala . Tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> mataas na lukso - palatandaan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tunay stochasticity,<br />

marami pa mahu<strong>sa</strong>y <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bukas na evolutionary<br />

proseso, patuloy na nagaganap kapag may mga pagbabago.<br />

Kapag a<strong>ng</strong> crumbli<strong>ng</strong> imahe <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> likas <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyunal na<br />

kamalayan, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proseso pamilyar de<strong>sa</strong>kralizatsii halaga at hierarchies, mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kaguluhan, pagkaligalig, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahayag<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso na nagreresulta <strong>sa</strong> Ruso al<strong>sa</strong>. Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> Petrograd <strong>sa</strong> 1917<br />

nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> malaki at mabigat na alon, sinisibulan <strong>sa</strong> Pebrero rebolusyon. Sa<br />

1917-1921 taon <strong>ng</strong> Bolsheviks ay able <strong>sa</strong> gumamit <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alon <strong>ng</strong> mga patok na<br />

pag-aal<strong>sa</strong>, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> eschatological doktrina karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> matatagpuan <strong>sa</strong><br />

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lupa <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagkilala at nanalo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Bolsheviks <strong>sa</strong> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> sibil, at<br />

higit pa <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pitumpu<strong>ng</strong> taon Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> USSR.<br />

Sa susunod, Bolshevik bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal<br />

direksiyon <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> problema na matagal na-hu<strong>sa</strong>y <strong>sa</strong> Europa, ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kritikal na pagkaantala, pauna<strong>ng</strong>-natukoy na, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon shocki<strong>ng</strong>ly malaki<strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> tao casualties, a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo civilizational breakdown Russia.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Bolshevik rebolusyon ay vnesistemnym addressi<strong>ng</strong> systemic hamon Empire,<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> gusto<strong>ng</strong> K. Leontieva ka<strong>sa</strong>riwaan, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

katalinuhan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> katalinuhan at a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. Ganap <strong>sa</strong>hol at,<br />

na<strong>ng</strong> naaayon, ay hindi competitive <strong>sa</strong> ikadalawampu siglo ideokraticheskaya<br />

medyebal Ortodoksia monarkiya ay pinalitan ideokratiey Marxist, magagawa<strong>ng</strong><br />

magbigay <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga kaugnay na panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> assertion <strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na banal na proyekto. Sila-back a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> karaha<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong>pat na dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> halos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

buo<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> USSR ay able <strong>sa</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> buhayin a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bago at napaka-epektibo a<strong>ng</strong> matagala<strong>ng</strong> ideological paligid: na a<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> malaki<br />

marami<strong>ng</strong> nasyonalidad empires na umiiral <strong>sa</strong> Europa <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> World War<br />

ko - Austro-Hu<strong>ng</strong>arian, Turko at mga Russian - lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> matira<strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay, hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> 1991 ... a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> Marxist-Leninist rehimen<br />

ay a<strong>ng</strong> Russian imperyal rehimen, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tagapagmana <strong>ng</strong> imperyo t<strong>sa</strong>rist . Pook<br />

autocrat <strong>ng</strong> Russia won a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> kalihim <strong>ng</strong> CPSU Central Committee,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao-bogonost<strong>sa</strong> kinuha proletariat, a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> Talaan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ranks-class pananakop. Ideologem pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian, autocracy,<br />

nasyonalidad <strong>sa</strong> naitama form naporma <strong>sa</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> / luma<strong>ng</strong> bagay na may<br />

tatlo<strong>ng</strong> bahagi-pagputol, partido a<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaugalian, a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> CPSU <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> autocracy.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatuloy <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso at Sobiyet imperyal<br />

proyekto doon at <strong>sa</strong> pagkilala <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pinagkukunan <strong>ng</strong> mundo<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>ma. Siya ay mananatili<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> West, <strong>ng</strong>unit lumitaw at bago<strong>ng</strong> punto, <strong>sa</strong> gayon,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mundo bourgeoisie na ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> (a<strong>ng</strong> mundo<br />

85

<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma) ay a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-tunay na diwa. Luma<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso imperyal<br />

mundo ideologem Kombinasyon isolationism at pagigi<strong>ng</strong> agresibo, ay revived <strong>sa</strong><br />

bago<strong>ng</strong> Leninist-Stalinist paligid. Isolationism tumira a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan besieged<br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>gulan - a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union, kaya, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga hindi inilathala speeches MI<br />

Kalinin <strong>sa</strong> Nobyembre 1934, sinabi: Ito, comrades, zarubite kanya<strong>ng</strong> ilo<strong>ng</strong>, na<br />

proletarians Sobiyet Union <strong>sa</strong> besieged muog, at alinsunod <strong>sa</strong> mga ito at paggamot<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet Union ay dapat suma<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>ayon <strong>sa</strong> rehime<strong>ng</strong> kuta . A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tapat<br />

na kahandaan <strong>sa</strong> mga panlabas na paglawak motivated <strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<strong>ng</strong><br />

palawakin <strong>sa</strong> Europa at <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa, a<strong>ng</strong> release <strong>ng</strong> Red Army pwer<strong>sa</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>mantala <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> tao, kalye a<strong>ng</strong> paraan para <strong>sa</strong> pagtatatag<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Board <strong>ng</strong> Mundo.<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga dokumento <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> kalahok at mga gunita <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga rebolusyonaryo mga kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> mga taon, kami ku<strong>ng</strong> paano stro<strong>ng</strong> ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

uri<strong>ng</strong> sigasig <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-politicized bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> kapwa mamamayan, ukol<br />

<strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon ay<br />

pansin, kahit mula <strong>sa</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga aral <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> tandaan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga aklat-aralin halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> AV Lunacharsky magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tanyag na<br />

komisyonado <strong>ng</strong> Edukasyon <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet pamahalaan. Bolshevik rebolusyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

1917 ay pinapayaga<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> para i-renew a<strong>ng</strong> buhay at a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit din magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki at mabigat pagdaluyo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> enerhiya<br />

passionarnoy, malinaw at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras arhaizovavshey pampubliko<strong>ng</strong><br />

kamalayan.<br />

Bago<strong>ng</strong> ideokratiya Leninist-Stalinist na panahon <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> marami pampalinis mitolohiko form, a<strong>ng</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, a<strong>ng</strong> konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> mga komunista <strong>sa</strong> lipunan, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong><br />

Blogroll a<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na buhay, mas madali a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

balitaktakan, VI Lenin sinabi na diyan ay komunismo Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan plus<br />

magpakuryente <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ; at huli<strong>ng</strong>, tila, a<strong>ng</strong> mga komunista lider <strong>ng</strong><br />

USSR, tapat believed <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap dahil <strong>sa</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> komunismo, NS<br />

86

Khrushchev, inilun<strong>sa</strong>d <strong>sa</strong> 1962 <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> programa <strong>ng</strong> CPSU, ipinahayag na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay upa<strong>ng</strong> manirahan <strong>sa</strong><br />

ilalim <strong>ng</strong> komunismo , literal paulit-ulit a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>huli<strong>ng</strong> punto <strong>ng</strong> resolution XXII<br />

Ko<strong>ng</strong>reso <strong>ng</strong> CPSU. Na a<strong>ng</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> tao, makuha a<strong>ng</strong><br />

itinata<strong>ng</strong>i managinip <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan, <strong>sa</strong> araw na ito a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> kaayu<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipunan ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> bawat tao <strong>sa</strong> lipunan a<strong>ng</strong> makakakuha <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kakayahan, nagbibigay <strong>sa</strong> kanila <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an,<br />

eschatological bersyon <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> konstruksiyon paraiso, a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nlibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

taon Kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos, na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> CPSU.<br />

Hindi kaha<strong>ng</strong>a-ha<strong>ng</strong>a, na para <strong>sa</strong> mas malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan namin nakita outbreaks <strong>ng</strong> eschatological palagay, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

huli<strong>ng</strong> malakas na pagputok ay stimulated <strong>ng</strong> ampon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> programa <strong>ng</strong><br />

partido: A<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> programa <strong>ng</strong> CPSU ay ipina<strong>ng</strong>ako na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> komunismo,<br />

at ito, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, ito ay natapos <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagbigkas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kagala<strong>ng</strong>-gala<strong>ng</strong> na <strong>sa</strong>lita: A<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tao ay nakatira <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> komunismo. Buildi<strong>ng</strong> Yutopia - at ito ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> mga Yutopia, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<strong>ng</strong> gawin - a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga layunin at pananampalataya . Ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

eschatological kalooban, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> inspirasyon a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong><br />

tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> proletaryan rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> antas, na sinusundan <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pantay mundo-gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>ng</strong> komunismo, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> radikal na<br />

ito ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> na hindi bababa, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> mga oras malampa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

tradisyonal na porma <strong>ng</strong> medyebal Kristiyano ukol <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mundo.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> mga Bolsheviks at a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet na<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> Rusya / USSR iminu<strong>ng</strong>kahi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> mga dynamic at<br />

moderno<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali, a<strong>ng</strong> Western pampulitika at pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ekonomiya doctrines - Marxism. Ngunit Marxism <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay nahaharap <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

napakalaki<strong>ng</strong> suson <strong>ng</strong> lipas na katutubo<strong>ng</strong> buhay at kultura <strong>ng</strong> mga libo-libo<strong>ng</strong><br />

taon <strong>ng</strong> Ruso magbubukid, karaniwa<strong>ng</strong>, gaya <strong>ng</strong> naka<strong>sa</strong>ad <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> G.<br />

von Skerst ... Ruso mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka uri, nakapreserba <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kaugalian at<br />

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tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay mula <strong>sa</strong> oras na maalaala. Siya kaagad mukha gamit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

tradisyonal Russia, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> taros kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan. Iba<strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

tao<strong>ng</strong> lumipat mananay<strong>sa</strong>y nn Alekseev sinabi na <strong>sa</strong> Oktubre 1917 <strong>sa</strong> Rusya won<br />

demokrasya nauna, laog, pampulitika amorphous, poluanarhicheskaya. Adaptation<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> European Marxist <strong>sa</strong> panlabas na kapaligiran ay ganap na wala<strong>ng</strong> tiyak na<br />

ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari, Russian Marxism <strong>sa</strong> lupa ay makapag-panatilihin a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan nito<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga panlabas na shell, pagkawala vnutrenneee nilalaman, at <strong>sa</strong> mga ito,<br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>galan <strong>ng</strong> pagkalalaki a<strong>ng</strong> form para magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideological disenyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

tinatawag na tunay na sosyalismo. Sa ila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali lama<strong>ng</strong> matapos a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga rebolusyonaryo Ruso imperyo F. Stepun wrote na Bolshevism ay hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan <strong>sa</strong> harap <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan at<br />

sosyalismo <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> mga gawain <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na dayuhan na kapaligiran <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dakot <strong>ng</strong> malay Marxists ay masyado<strong>ng</strong> mabilis, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pamantayan, offset, digest at buyo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mass <strong>ng</strong><br />

undereducated mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka at pilistinismo lu<strong>ng</strong>sod. RSDRP (b) ay na inia<strong>ng</strong>kop<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> pagbabalik <strong>ng</strong> imperyo, at a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> imperyal. Na dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> palitan ito <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> uri<strong>ng</strong> kagorte Marxists<br />

dyalektika ay tinuturuan hindi Hegel, na ito ay hindi burdened kontrol <strong>ng</strong> European<br />

pilosopiko, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, pampulitika mga tradisyon, at a<strong>ng</strong> control <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

kultura.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga praktikal na, situational build-pananauli <strong>ng</strong> estado, <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay,<br />

na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sunud pagkabulok <strong>ng</strong> Marxism at a<strong>ng</strong> pananauli <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo. A<strong>ng</strong> mga kultura at civilizational breakdown na na<strong>ng</strong>yari <strong>sa</strong> Rusya <strong>ng</strong><br />

panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito, nagdala <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> buhay mula <strong>sa</strong> malalim na lugar <strong>ng</strong> iyo<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ideya <strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an, naiintindihan <strong>sa</strong> diwa <strong>ng</strong> pagkakapantay-pantay, lipas na<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> pagpareho <strong>ng</strong> materyal na yaman, leveli<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

tiyak na-average na template. Ito ay pagkakapantay-pantay, wala<strong>ng</strong> klase,<br />

pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> pin<strong>sa</strong>la <strong>sa</strong> mga tao, na, matapos a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma <strong>ng</strong> Alexander II<br />

sinabi Slavophils kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao испортили materyal kalibugan, mga ba<strong>ng</strong>ko,<br />

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mga konsesyon, namamahagi, dividends, na inaa<strong>ng</strong>kin burges paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

management a<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> dibisyon <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, threatened a<strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> katutubo<strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga Bolsheviks tina<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> ipatupad <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Marxist, radikal zapadnicheskie ideya, kaya marami <strong>sa</strong> buhay a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapatupad. Kaya, wala<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago na hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga rebolusyonaryo<br />

sosyalista slogans, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> abolition <strong>ng</strong> mga iniaatas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, pamilya, estado, opisyal na simbahan matapos a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maikli<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ganap na kaguluhan at pagsira ay natanto <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lubos na<br />

hindi <strong>sa</strong> orihinal na plano form. A<strong>ng</strong> mga opisyal na iglesia ay pagpasok <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

uusig, simbahan <strong>sa</strong>rado, a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>serdote ay subjected <strong>sa</strong> mass repressions na<br />

humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> unti-unti marginalization <strong>sa</strong> pribado, lokal, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, kahit na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na na<strong>sa</strong> gilid, otzhivshego.<br />

Ngunit ito ay hindi na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> Atheism at classical<br />

pagkamaykatwiran, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapalit palabas na kvazireligiozny bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

relihiyon ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay naka-base ay lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na doktrina - Marxism-Leninism. Marxism <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> Leninist-Stalinist<br />

Sobiyet tao papalitan <strong>ng</strong> pilosopiya, agham at relihiyon.<br />

Institute <strong>ng</strong> mga pamilya, shattered <strong>sa</strong> 1920 kapag a<strong>ng</strong> USSR ay pa rin<br />

malay Marxists (tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> context na ito ay hindi matandaan AM Kollontai at<br />

Armand KUNG), at Marxism a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili na ito ay hindi pa lumampas na <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> sumimot <strong>ng</strong> pagkabulok, <strong>sa</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> Stalin's Thermidor <strong>sa</strong><br />

1930 ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ganap na ibalik, pero kahit stre<strong>ng</strong>thened kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

posisyon. Sa Sobiyet Union hindi la<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi ipakita a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> lakad papunta <strong>sa</strong> naghihi<strong>ng</strong>alo off-estado, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay dapat na<br />

magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yari ayon <strong>sa</strong> Marxist theory, <strong>ng</strong>unit nagpakita a<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran<br />

pagkahilig <strong>sa</strong> tumibay ito. Naka-30 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet estado ay able<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pagsimulan foothills imperyal organi<strong>sa</strong>syon at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>sa</strong> mga vertices<br />

matapos a<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> World War.<br />

89

Bakit a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagpipilian, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>ndali<strong>ng</strong> muli ay pinili a<strong>ng</strong> landas <strong>ng</strong> imperyal gu<strong>sa</strong>li? Sa katunayan, <strong>sa</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong><br />

rebolusyon, marami<strong>ng</strong> mga Bolsheviks ay, <strong>sa</strong> halip, para <strong>sa</strong> mga lan<strong>sa</strong>g <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo, <strong>sa</strong> kurso ay upa<strong>ng</strong> matukoy a<strong>ng</strong> T<strong>sa</strong>rist imperyo bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong>guan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, kalayaan, ayon <strong>sa</strong> batas at / o mga de facto, ay Finland, Poland, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Baltic probinsya, Ukraine, Gitna<strong>ng</strong> Asya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> Kukasus. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

paghahambi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet Russia at Pransiya <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> post-<br />

Napoleon Bonaparte, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> makatulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>unit tandaan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga sumusunod. Estado Kvaziimperskoe Napoleon, halos agad-agad papalitan<br />

terorista rebolusyonaryo rehimen, ito ay hindi malakas <strong>sa</strong>pat na upa<strong>ng</strong> paikutin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

susi na may pamban<strong>sa</strong>-liberal kalye <strong>ng</strong> mga European ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>sa</strong> appendix <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal construction. Ito ay lumiliko out na para <strong>sa</strong> mga tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag-ikot<br />

ay hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat upa<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-matalino lider, ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

halip arbitrary <strong>sa</strong>lpok, hindi suportado <strong>ng</strong> layunin at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> sociocultural<br />

kondisyon.<br />

Sa kaibahan <strong>sa</strong> Pranses imperyal postrevolyutsionnoy Bolshevik estado ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

ilalim <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mainam maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural lupa, batay <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

luma<strong>ng</strong> tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> imperyal gu<strong>sa</strong>li. Sa loob <strong>ng</strong> maikli<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, na<br />

dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> matapos a<strong>ng</strong> Pebrero Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917, ito ay hindi posible<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> alinman na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya, at hindi upa<strong>ng</strong> baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> tilapon <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>ng</strong> imperyo, at<br />

maglaro <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay proved mas malakas kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

Bolsheviks. A<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong> ito ay isinulat tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kinalaba<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> French<br />

Revolution, pero a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay lubos na a<strong>ng</strong>kop para ilarawan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kinalaba<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> Rusya: Ito ay imposible<strong>ng</strong> lumabo<br />

out <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> buwan, traces <strong>ng</strong> ikadalawampu siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> kaharian at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin.<br />

Sa Russia / Sobiyet Union, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> bumalik <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

circles, at <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kalagitnaan <strong>ng</strong> 30-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

Sobiyet ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na processi<strong>ng</strong> ... nagi<strong>ng</strong> ginagamit<br />

90

<strong>sa</strong> pre-rebolusyonaryo Russia a<strong>ng</strong> formula a<strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma : a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> Russia bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong>guan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay nai-mitigated. Sa<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> bayan tumigil upa<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> pag-agaw. Sa<br />

halip, ito ay inaalok <strong>sa</strong> mga sumusunod na paliwanag: <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay ka<strong>sa</strong>ma<br />

Ukraine, dahil ito ay mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> huli invaded Poland.<br />

Pareho<strong>ng</strong> may Georgia: ito ay mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> patayan. Monarchical<br />

kabayanihan ay magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga sosyalista kabayanihan. Pochuyavshee kanila<strong>ng</strong> lakas, kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, lakas<br />

<strong>sa</strong> estado <strong>sa</strong> ika-30 taon na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> choki<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kuwento docilely.<br />

Matapos a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> relatibo<strong>ng</strong> liberal <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> mga kataga<br />

NEPa panahon, ay hindi extend, gayunpaman, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito break <strong>sa</strong> kalipunan <strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> ideolohiya, ay nagsimula na a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na yugto <strong>ng</strong> imperyal<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>: Sa paggawa <strong>ng</strong> mga alipin mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa at<br />

mga tao<strong>ng</strong>-bayan gutom kaya dayuha<strong>ng</strong> pauta<strong>ng</strong> at teknikal na tulo<strong>ng</strong> - ay binuo<br />

Pyatiletka. Stalin a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay inilarawan bila<strong>ng</strong> ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> imperyal at dahil ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>ng</strong> pagbuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> empire<br />

mundo, unti-unti naglalayo<strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> paghahari. Sa karagdagan, a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahili<strong>ng</strong>an paraan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay itinatag <strong>sa</strong> Russia Stalin na panahon, ay<br />

inkorporada doburzhuaznye a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>ng</strong> makaama, <strong>ng</strong><br />

komunidad at mga alipin at pyudal. At tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> magnitude doburzhuaznosti<br />

<strong>sa</strong> industrializi<strong>ng</strong> economies ay mahirap iugnay <strong>sa</strong> nakahahalina ay ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaugalian naiintindihan a<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> kataga<strong>ng</strong><br />

konserbatibo paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> din dito ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong>kop, pati na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Bolsheviks <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, at hindi rin a<strong>ng</strong> IV Stalin <strong>sa</strong> partikular, ay hindi<br />

magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> malakas na pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> damdamin para <strong>sa</strong> mga halaga <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyonal na Ruso buhay.<br />

Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay nakakamit <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pandrama pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> mga tiyak na ratio <strong>ng</strong> urban at rural populasyo<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka mula <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> (higit <strong>sa</strong> 80% nanirahan <strong>sa</strong><br />

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village) ay magi<strong>ng</strong> nakararami <strong>ng</strong> lunsod. Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> artipisyal na gutom<br />

at <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> kolektibi<strong>sa</strong>syon nawa<strong>sa</strong>k a<strong>ng</strong> milyon-milyo<strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka <strong>sa</strong><br />

Ukraine, Russia at Kazakhstan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> American mananay<strong>sa</strong>y Robert Conquest ay tinataya<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

kolektibi<strong>sa</strong>syon at a<strong>ng</strong> kaugnay na gutom kaagad, <strong>sa</strong> tuwiran, na ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> 15 milyo<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka.<br />

Kontrapunkta, a<strong>ng</strong> susi proseso hakba<strong>ng</strong> raskrestyanivaniya, nagsimula <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> Civil War, ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> collectivized, a<strong>ng</strong> mga paputok pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong><br />

mabigat na industriya, a<strong>ng</strong> gutom bila<strong>ng</strong> protesta simula <strong>ng</strong> 1930's at a<strong>ng</strong> Great<br />

makabayan Digmaan, nadlomivshie magbubukid demographically. Concludi<strong>ng</strong><br />

chords proseso kinuha a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga siglo, ay presumed na <strong>sa</strong> Li<br />

Brezhnev sselenie wala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>sa</strong> village. Sa Socio-term, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito haba<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> raskrestyanivaniya suportado <strong>ng</strong> radikal hindi<br />

pagkakapareho <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga bata<strong>ng</strong> henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong>-bayan at mga<br />

tagabaryo, <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, a<strong>ng</strong> nonequivalence <strong>ng</strong> pagpapalitan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga lunsod o bayan at rural na lugar, a<strong>ng</strong> mga umiiral na siwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga presyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya at pa<strong>ng</strong>-agrikultura produkto.<br />

Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka paggali<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> agrikultura <strong>sa</strong> Russia nechernozemnoy zone, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pag-<strong>sa</strong>ve <strong>ng</strong> village, na ginawa <strong>sa</strong> 70 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong> bukid<br />

dahil <strong>sa</strong> pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> mga una<strong>ng</strong> tao a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet estado, ay proved hindi<br />

epektibo. Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka na paraan <strong>ng</strong> buhay<br />

ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> irrevocably nawa<strong>sa</strong>k, a<strong>ng</strong> mga larawan <strong>ng</strong> rural buhay ay a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong><br />

yugto <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kuna, zakolochennyh pahala<strong>ng</strong> izb,<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>ulila, dozhivaniya <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an matatanda mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka. Collapsed<br />

mambubukid mundo, Ascendi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kan lipas na, <strong>sa</strong> panaho<strong>ng</strong> wala na panahon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na pag-unlad. Sa katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, ay may-aalis <strong>ng</strong> adaptation <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipunan, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya teknolohiya, mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka na gawa para <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga millennia, <strong>sa</strong> lokal na, mahirap, na<strong>sa</strong> gilid lupain, ay hindi guaranteei<strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>ng</strong>unit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> minimum na antas <strong>ng</strong> pisikal na buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> trahedya,<br />

неизбывная <strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>ng</strong> proseso, Korçe bezyazykoy Russia ay maayos na inilarawan<br />

92

<strong>sa</strong> panitikan, ra<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> horrors <strong>ng</strong> Civil War larawan, gutom P. Veselov, P.<br />

Platonov, V. Ivanov at writers-derevenschikov V. Rasputin, V. Belova , B.<br />

Mozhaeva atbp<br />

Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya yugto <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

makamit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na antas <strong>ng</strong> kaagahan, <strong>ng</strong> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong>, teknolohiko<br />

complementarities, pagkakaugnay-ugnay at mga pagkakakilanlan <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

industriya ekonomiya. Mga Tampok <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Leninist-<br />

Stalinist bahagi <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga pyudal na gawi.<br />

Halimbawa, referri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Oktubre Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bantog na Ruso<br />

ekonomista Eg Yasin makatwiran tanyag na ito ay <strong>sa</strong> amin <strong>sa</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> form,<br />

mga bago<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita plu<strong>ng</strong>ed <strong>sa</strong> kahit na mas malaki pyudalismo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

ginawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> misyon <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> underdevelopment, at<br />

magtayo <strong>ng</strong> industriya pinakamahu<strong>sa</strong>y ... pyudal pamamaraan .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat stems Bolshevik kinatatakutan at a<strong>ng</strong> 1917 - 1953 na taon,<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideological kataru<strong>ng</strong>an, <strong>ng</strong>unit din na<br />

kinakatawan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka, gamit a<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> karaha<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> matanim<br />

nananalo a<strong>ng</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> kinikilala halaga-regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tao<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> moral pautos, kahit na <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pinakasimple<strong>ng</strong> , utilitaryan forms.<br />

Ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, <strong>sa</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural system dominado <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> panlabas<br />

na anyo <strong>ng</strong> kontrol a<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal, mga personal na pagtitiwala <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ay<br />

hindi magi<strong>ng</strong> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> lipunan o <strong>sa</strong> T<strong>sa</strong>rist Russia, at hindi rin <strong>sa</strong> post-<br />

panahon, ito ay hindi tumulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong> mga rebolusyonaryo taon <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>ligutgot sibil at kaguluhan.<br />

Mula <strong>sa</strong> mga gunita P. Izgoeva na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Civil War:<br />

Russian mga tao ... Lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> gobyerno at dapat na. A<strong>ng</strong> iba ay hindi magawa ito.<br />

Sa ti<strong>ng</strong>in ba ninyo a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> iyo (o cadets) respects. Hindi, siya laughs <strong>sa</strong> iyo,<br />

at respeto a<strong>ng</strong> bolshevik. Bolshevik <strong>sa</strong> kanya a<strong>ng</strong> bawat minuto mabaril maaari<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Ito ay pasimbolo naglalarawan <strong>sa</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga post-rebolusyonaryo<br />

Russia S. Portugeys <strong>sa</strong> Lima<strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> Bolshevism: ... Sa maluwag, hindi matatag<br />

na kapaligiran sumambulat baliw pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya lagnat, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> militar-<br />

93

terorista su<strong>ng</strong>gab ... at pinaka-mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paglahok <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

industriya impyerno napakalaki<strong>ng</strong> dumugin pilistinismo, tagabukid, hunhon<br />

pagkaguho at pagpapalaki <strong>ng</strong> mga takot mahulog <strong>sa</strong> kana<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya hayop<br />

<strong>ng</strong> molok, na shocked <strong>sa</strong> kanila na a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga espirituwal at<br />

mental na pin<strong>sa</strong>la ... Vzbalamuchennoe dagat <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> basura, class<br />

Okroshka at lamasin, a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kit, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

paghihirap akma <strong>ng</strong> mental epidemics ... Ito ay apektado a<strong>ng</strong> henyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

Bolshevism, na siya ay may pinamamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> supilin ito militar-sosyal na<br />

<strong>sa</strong>ri-<strong>sa</strong>ri<strong>ng</strong> uri, paggawa <strong>ng</strong> mga may<strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>sa</strong> kanya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kuto <strong>sa</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> mapanagpa<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>kiman, kahirapan at a<strong>ng</strong> kahirapan a<strong>ng</strong> panimula<strong>ng</strong><br />

punto para <strong>sa</strong> mga sosyalista rebolusyon .<br />

Sa 30 - 40-XX ies <strong>ng</strong> siglo, <strong>sa</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>hali, a<strong>ng</strong> Stalinist panahon, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan peg simple<strong>ng</strong> truths: hindi ma huli para <strong>sa</strong> trabaho, mag-<br />

alis (a<strong>ng</strong> batas <strong>ng</strong> Koloskov), halos literal-ipit <strong>ng</strong> kuko, pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

Civil War, kapag mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay hindi <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

allegorical, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> literal na kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> mga kuko <strong>sa</strong> mga opisyal <strong>ng</strong> ulo at<br />

balikat: A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> bogonosets swindled. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> bogonosets alinman<br />

pagkabu<strong>sa</strong>bos o sedisyon, o kaetsya o hleschet <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buntis <strong>sa</strong> tiyan, o malutas<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga isyu <strong>sa</strong> mundo, o pagpapalaki chickens <strong>sa</strong> ninakaw piano.<br />

Salbahe mga pamamaraan na malutas a<strong>ng</strong> problema <strong>ng</strong> mass pagbabago<br />

prekapitalista Russia <strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan, adaptasyon ito <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya modelo <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Drakoniko hakba<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

kinuha <strong>sa</strong> Stalin panahon, ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat dahil hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> ideologically, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

utilitaryan, malubha<strong>ng</strong> sumusupil mga panukala ay may tried upa<strong>ng</strong> bumuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> tao panahon gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, upa<strong>ng</strong> iakma ito upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga industriya. Sa Nasi Alemanya <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon ay<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga kaso <strong>ng</strong> bulalakaw para <strong>sa</strong> ticketless paglalakbay <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>kyan, upua<strong>ng</strong>-atake <strong>ng</strong> eroplano para <strong>sa</strong> mga hindi naglinis mga<br />

bintana <strong>ng</strong> apartment. A<strong>ng</strong> patakaran na ito <strong>ng</strong> radikal uri <strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>ng</strong> patuloy<br />

na pagpapatibay, malaki<strong>ng</strong> multa medyebal ipataw <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

94

ta<strong>ng</strong>gapan <strong>ng</strong> lu<strong>ng</strong>sod para <strong>sa</strong> mga dumi at basura <strong>sa</strong> harap <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahay, para <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> hindi naglinis <strong>sa</strong>lamin. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> damo damuhan ay<br />

nagigi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong>, binalak form <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> daa<strong>ng</strong> taon, a<strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

aalaga, at katuwiran, nag-aral, pa<strong>ng</strong>gitna tao na pag-uugali ay nakakamit <strong>sa</strong> hindi<br />

kukula<strong>ng</strong>in prolo<strong>ng</strong>ed.<br />

Stalin imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat na isina<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> Pedro, nakita namin a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> absolutism,<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> bawat direkta<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>gunian o poluskrytoe gusto a<strong>ng</strong> mga lider at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga pamantayan ay non-maipagbibili, <strong>ng</strong>unit lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

bago<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay kopyahin powerlessness pak<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> sentrali<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> pagpapakilos <strong>ng</strong> mga resources <strong>sa</strong> mga napili<strong>ng</strong><br />

lugar, paghiram <strong>ng</strong> Western teknolohiya, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> daan-daa<strong>ng</strong> mga factories ay<br />

binili <strong>sa</strong> kumpleto at mas marami<strong>ng</strong> mga kagamitan na binili hiwalay machine at<br />

pamamaraan. Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga magali<strong>ng</strong> na pre-digmaan lima<strong>ng</strong><br />

taon konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> trabaho <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> kagamitan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> importasyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga advanced na teknolohiya mula <strong>sa</strong> kanluran ay sinamahan <strong>ng</strong> malubha<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapanabay pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>la teknolohiya inokulturnyh <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap.<br />

Stalin at a<strong>ng</strong> post cultural-uusi<strong>sa</strong> cruellest paraan surii<strong>ng</strong> mabuti dayuhan<br />

impormasyon, espesyal na mga paghihigpit ay ilagay <strong>sa</strong> impormasyon mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> sosyalista estado, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay limitado <strong>sa</strong> mga impormasyon na<br />

may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham at teknikal na <strong>sa</strong>klaw, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay antagoniko<br />

<strong>sa</strong> imperyal bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Kita at ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> tunay tunay<br />

curious kaso dahil, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar <strong>ng</strong> sensura Voroshilovskiy (<strong>ng</strong>ayon<br />

Alchevsk) inaalok <strong>sa</strong>-withdraw mula <strong>sa</strong> mga lokal na museo busto <strong>ng</strong> Aristotle, at<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Moscow rehiyon ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban <strong>sa</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> mga gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> Schubert <strong>sa</strong><br />

radyo, <strong>sa</strong> paligid na a<strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda raylitu hindi kilala, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

Trotskyites .<br />

Stalin imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> pansin <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katunayan na ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> relatibo<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay na paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> imperyal sistema. Matagumpay na ito ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>wakas na pasiya <strong>sa</strong><br />

95

kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> madiskarte<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin <strong>ng</strong> empire - sila ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> tuparin<br />

<strong>sa</strong> prinsipyo - <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> mga solusyon <strong>ng</strong> pantaktika mga layunin<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali. A<strong>ng</strong> mga gawain ay matagumpay na harapin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

West <strong>sa</strong> militar-pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>galian, nakuha matapos a<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> World<br />

War, a<strong>ng</strong> mundo geopolitical scale.<br />

Sa ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan ay nagbago radically.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> susunod na antas <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiko pag-unlad na ito ay hindi dahil lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

paghiram at ipinagpaliban <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lupa, wala<strong>ng</strong> pundamental na mga pagbabago<br />

<strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> sistema. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal na sistema ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> mag-<br />

iba-iba <strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na lampas <strong>sa</strong> limitasyon na may banta <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kalidad na sistema. Saan na tumakbo a<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga panloob na transformations, a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ay tinutukoy <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> posteriori,<br />

kapag sinusubukan natykayas mismo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> relatibo<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> espiritu ay<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> mapabuti a<strong>ng</strong> sibil, labor aktibidad <strong>sa</strong> Novocherkassk in 1962, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagbuburo a<strong>ng</strong> Fronde at <strong>sa</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> intellectuals, a<strong>ng</strong> panlabas na constraints<br />

posed <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga sosyalista pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> : Hu<strong>ng</strong>ary <strong>sa</strong> 1956 at Czechoslovakia<br />

<strong>sa</strong> 1968.<br />

Kahit medyo liberal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformations ay hindi kaayon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pyudal imperyal sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian. Sa katunayan, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Sobiyet liderato matapos a<strong>ng</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> J. Stalin stood bago perceived o<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> malay pagpili <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga conversion <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> liberal modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> na may kasunod na integration <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at<br />

karugto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon uporstvovaniya ideokraticheskogo <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong><br />

proyekto, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagpapatuloy uporstvovaniya <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong><br />

eschatological mga ideya at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> elemento <strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal gu<strong>sa</strong>li. A<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> NS Khrushchev <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mukha at<br />

pa<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at bila<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> lapida trabaho e Neizvestny. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dako, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

krimen <strong>ng</strong> mga paliwanag J. Stalin, <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> - napapahiya pagmamarka <strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>mba <strong>ng</strong> pagkatao, a<strong>ng</strong> release <strong>ng</strong> mga milyon-milyo<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> mga bila<strong>ng</strong>go at pagsugpo <strong>ng</strong> Hu<strong>ng</strong>arian Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1956,<br />

96

a<strong>ng</strong> mga may gulo, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala solusyon <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya . Gayon pa man, <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> mga alituntunin <strong>ng</strong><br />

NS Khrushchev <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> na ginagamit <strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na-aari <strong>sa</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, bagaman magkakaiba,<br />

raznovektornye proseso ay kaakibat, mag<strong>sa</strong>pin-<strong>sa</strong>pin <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga paraan a<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> may gulo larawan.<br />

Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> di-kilala na <strong>sa</strong> NS Khrushchev, marami<br />

na<strong>ng</strong> mas mababa <strong>sa</strong> Li Brezhnev, at K. U. Chernenko liberal paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> modelo na ginagamit ay hindi na, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyalismo, na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Ruso paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Oo,<br />

may ila<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago, mga pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> mapabuti a<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano ay<br />

mayroon na, halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga istraktura <strong>ng</strong> mga ministro at mga<br />

departamento<strong>ng</strong>. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, mas malama<strong>ng</strong>, unconsciously, ay pinili<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> daa<strong>ng</strong> taon na gula<strong>ng</strong>, at pagkatapos ay lamig<br />

T<strong>sa</strong>rist Russia, at <strong>ng</strong>ayon a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union. A<strong>ng</strong> patakaran na ito ay ipinapakita<br />

na hindi epektibo a<strong>ng</strong> kahit na <strong>sa</strong> ikalabinsiyam na siglo, lalo na mula noo<strong>ng</strong> siya<br />

ay hindi kahit na magi<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mabuti <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> HX siglo.<br />

Gayon pa man, <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay lutasin a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong><br />

mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> problema nakaharap Russia / Sobiyet Union, gaganapin<br />

industrialization, urbani<strong>sa</strong>syon, demographic paglipat lugar, doon na ito ay<br />

kama<strong>ng</strong>ha-ma<strong>ng</strong>ha-unlad <strong>sa</strong> makuha uniber<strong>sa</strong>l literacy <strong>sa</strong> mga gamot, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

sektor <strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga presyo <strong>ng</strong> tagumpay na ito ay<br />

mataas na mapaniniwalaan o kapani-paniwala, a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay ay nakabatay <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ambivalent at <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid marupok, nakakamit <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapakilos, overvoltage a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> lipunan na<br />

higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat pauna<strong>ng</strong>-natukoy na civilizational scrappi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet<br />

panahon.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> bawat kumpanya ay matatagpuan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tatlo<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan: a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad, pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos, kaimbihan. Pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet Union<br />

nagsimula tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> turn <strong>ng</strong> 1960 - 1970 HX siglo. Masteri<strong>ng</strong> Samotlorskih la<strong>ng</strong>is<br />

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<strong>ng</strong> mga patla<strong>ng</strong> ay pinahihintulutan <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> ibayad para <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kaalaman<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet sistema, kahit na higit <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> dekada. Sa karagdagan <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

patakaran <strong>ng</strong> podmorazhivaniya kosmetiko pagpapabuti at mababa<strong>ng</strong>-napili<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> sistema ay ipinapakita at a<strong>ng</strong> mga potensyal na ugali para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> mga karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> ay<br />

bumuo <strong>ng</strong> Western lumalaki<strong>ng</strong> mas malakas. At dito <strong>sa</strong> kalawakan <strong>ng</strong> mga partido<br />

at mga opisyal <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan USSR, a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga sikat figure stands Yu.V.<br />

Andropov, na <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> posibilidad, ay nakakili<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iraos a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na yugto<br />

<strong>ng</strong> imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay hindi pa para <strong>sa</strong> mga oras na ito,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Secretary-General <strong>ng</strong> Central Committee CPSU, siya nagtutulog para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> taon.<br />

Tandaan na <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos (pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos), a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet Union malinis <strong>sa</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> nawala nilalaman, <strong>ng</strong>unit pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong><br />

form <strong>ng</strong> mga papuri. Kaya, <strong>sa</strong>lawahan luma<strong>ng</strong> Konstantin Chernenko, na noon ay<br />

inihalal <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lama<strong>ng</strong>ka <strong>ng</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> Andropov, humahawak pinakadakila<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay, dahil <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na mantle<br />

katotohanan (kami ay <strong>sa</strong>bihin dahil.. Sa kabuuan, ay inilarawan bila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

patakaran <strong>ng</strong> pamumuno <strong>ng</strong> USSR <strong>sa</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> dekada <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay, hindi<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga taon <strong>ng</strong> MS Gorbachev, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> konserbatibo, naglalayo<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpepreserba <strong>ng</strong> status quo. Radically mula <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga panahon, wala pa<br />

<strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> MS Gorbachev, matapos a<strong>ng</strong> pinakahuli<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka<br />

na muli<strong>ng</strong> buhayin a<strong>ng</strong> sistema, bigyan ito <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> flexibility at competitiveness<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> pagkatapos maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> kaaway - a<strong>ng</strong> kanluranin moderno<strong>ng</strong><br />

kabihasnan.<br />

Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> belated at higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na gamitin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at kaya para i-extend a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet system. Gayunman, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na<br />

nagdala <strong>sa</strong> kalipunan <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural na buhay <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga liberal<br />

modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> lumitaw <strong>sa</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema,<br />

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a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan ay spirali<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> kontrol <strong>ng</strong> initiators <strong>ng</strong> perestroika. Dahil <strong>sa</strong><br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> layunin at subjective dahilan bulok Sobiyet rehime<strong>ng</strong> magpaagos,<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga reformers, radikal na pagbabago ay hindi mapigilan.<br />

Ipaalam kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> prophetic NA Berdyaev: pumatay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Ruso empire. At upa<strong>ng</strong> mawala a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pareho<strong>ng</strong> imperyo, na itinatag .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union ay <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> mas marami<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin na<br />

kadahilanan, subjective dahilan <strong>sa</strong> halip <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> play sumusuporta <strong>sa</strong> papel.<br />

Empires hindi huli<strong>ng</strong> magpakailanman, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union ay<br />

natukoy na<strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, matagal na bago a<strong>ng</strong> kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> Agosto-Disyembre<br />

1991, kapag nagkaroon a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga mas radikal halaga <strong>ng</strong> paglagay <strong>ng</strong><br />

isemento a<strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga komunista ideolohiya.<br />

Upa<strong>ng</strong> suriin a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon ay lubha<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga, hindi<br />

bababa <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari. A<strong>ng</strong> liberal at imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya nagsimula na lumabas ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, at mga kaugnay na<br />

umiiral phenomena, magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga alitan <strong>sa</strong> Westerners at slavophiles <strong>sa</strong> 30 - 40-<br />

ies <strong>ng</strong> XIX na siglo, <strong>ng</strong>ayon halos ganap na mawalan <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> ideological<br />

oposredovany na a<strong>ng</strong> higit pa <strong>sa</strong> nakapag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

opsyon <strong>sa</strong> madiskarte<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> Russia.<br />

Sa ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> sistema ay<br />

naka<strong>sa</strong>lalay hindi la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tunay pag-aari, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

konteksto ay na<strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> palagian pagpapanibago, a<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <strong>ng</strong><br />

sistema para <strong>sa</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan. A<strong>ng</strong> pagkatalo <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union <strong>sa</strong> Cold<br />

War minarkahan <strong>ng</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong> global na paghaharap <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga sistema <strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan na proporsyon obscheistoricheskom meant i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dulo <strong>sa</strong> global na<br />

kumpetisyon at a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan imperyal modelo. Radically<br />

accelerati<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural dinamika <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> mundo ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagtaas <strong>ng</strong> di-katiyakan pinatataas a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> pagkakaiba-iba <strong>sa</strong> pag-<br />

unlad <strong>ng</strong> mundo bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo at <strong>sa</strong> mga indibidwal na pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at<br />

civilizational lugar. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> araw na ito a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Socio-kultura at<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> transformation na ito ay hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat upa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> wakas tu<strong>ng</strong>kabin<br />

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Russia mula <strong>sa</strong> tradisyunal na imperyal sukatin, pre- restructuri<strong>ng</strong> may proved<br />

nababaligtad lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pagkat a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> reconstructions aziatchiny kay<strong>sa</strong><br />

scrappi<strong>ng</strong> ito.<br />

Kapag a<strong>ng</strong> Russian genetisista Nikolai Timofeev-Ressovsky argued na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kaalipinan <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay lasted tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> dalawampu<strong>ng</strong> taon, ito ay na ito ay<br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> pakikipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> mga tao. Ito pagpili may mas<br />

higit na iti<strong>ng</strong> at <strong>ng</strong> mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na resulta at a<strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan a<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan: Sa 1861, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay<br />

abolished kaalipinan. A<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga dekada nagsisikap na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> nag-<br />

aral lipunan ... Sa 1917, muli<strong>ng</strong> ibabalik <strong>sa</strong> kaalipinan. At ito ay nagpapaliwanag<br />

marami <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>ng</strong>ayon . A<strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito ay hindi<br />

makakatulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong> loob-libre, aktibo a<strong>ng</strong> pagkatao, kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

gumawa <strong>ng</strong> mga desisyon at akala a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> responsibilidad para <strong>sa</strong> mga ito. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan ay nagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na posisyon <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal (passive<br />

nedeyatelny) uri <strong>ng</strong> pagkatao, pag-uugali at a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> desisyon na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat tinutukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na<br />

kontrol <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad.<br />

Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri<br />

<strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> seleksyon, paghihiwalay, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi liko, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> linya <strong>ng</strong> panahon. I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>nay<strong>sa</strong>y na ito ay upa<strong>ng</strong> matandaan a<strong>ng</strong> matipuno kirurhiko amputation <strong>ng</strong><br />

Leninist-Stalinist period, na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paglubog <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> Estates, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> imperyo at a<strong>ng</strong> mga lipas na <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga manifestations -<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Russian magbubukid. A<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon - <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> labanan <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

propeta, mga kalalakihan <strong>ng</strong> bakal at asero ( b kuko gawin mula <strong>sa</strong> mga tao na ito<br />

ay mas malakas kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kuko <strong>sa</strong> mundo), i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> phased withdrawal<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> moral rigoristov <strong>ng</strong> mga dakila<strong>ng</strong> tao, mga pari, opisyal, at<br />

iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga Estates. Sa susunod na yugto, a<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gal kinuha na lugar <strong>sa</strong><br />

buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga komunista idealists, Burnt <strong>ng</strong> Sun Romantico rebolusyon. Sa<br />

nakaraan, dilaw panahon <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ay hindi-withdraw mula<br />

100

<strong>sa</strong> buhay, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong>, convert <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lamin at kapitalista kampo <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

para <strong>sa</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> aplikante para <strong>sa</strong> papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> mga propeta.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta ay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> pitu<strong>ng</strong>pu't-anyo <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon mapa<strong>ng</strong>utya, panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> uri, na wala<strong>ng</strong> itinatag <strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya,<br />

na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> hari (isipin ito ay pag-aalinla<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> pinakabago<strong>ng</strong> secretary<br />

general), a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao kaya hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga diwa <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> takdaan <strong>ng</strong> oras,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit halos anticipate <strong>sa</strong> pagdati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> / a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong><br />

ideolohiya. Sa sociocultural katayuan <strong>ng</strong> huli Sobiyet lipunan triumphed<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>utya at kawalan <strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya, pagod <strong>ng</strong>iti at pagpapahintulot <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba<strong>ng</strong>, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-alis mula <strong>sa</strong> Messianism, pagpapaka<strong>sa</strong>kit, mula <strong>sa</strong> mga pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> maitaguyod a<strong>ng</strong> katuwiran <strong>sa</strong> lupa ay dapat na buhay <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. A<strong>ng</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong> huli Sobiyet panahon succinctly at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras<br />

ay ipinapahiwatig <strong>sa</strong> tula, Brodsky I. 1972: Ku<strong>ng</strong> ikaw nahulog <strong>sa</strong> Empire<br />

ipina<strong>ng</strong>anak, / ay mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na tumira <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> itinakwil <strong>ng</strong> diyos lalawigan, na<br />

malapit <strong>sa</strong> dagat. / At malayo <strong>sa</strong> Se<strong>sa</strong>r, at a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> snow. / U<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi<br />

na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahag a<strong>ng</strong> buntot, ha<strong>ng</strong>os. / Upa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>bihin na a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

governors - voryugi? / Ngunit ako voryuga milya kay<strong>sa</strong> bampira . Sa mga<br />

relatibo<strong>ng</strong> liberal Gorbachev at Yeltsin taon ay hindi pinamamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kritikal na ma<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> mga tao.<br />

Pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan at inkulturatsiya <strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga Russians <strong>ng</strong>ayon<br />

nakatira kinuha na lugar <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet period, na <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> malubha<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga problema <strong>sa</strong> adaptasyon <strong>sa</strong> accelerate a<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

sociocultural dinamika. Sariwain <strong>sa</strong> alaala a<strong>ng</strong> puna <strong>ng</strong> Pranses sosyolohista P.<br />

Bourdieu na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> madalas maglakip katimba<strong>ng</strong> kahalagahan <strong>ng</strong> maaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

karana<strong>sa</strong>n. Mayroo<strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an effect, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> estereotipiko pag-uugali <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na sinusubukan mo<strong>ng</strong><br />

gamitin a<strong>ng</strong> bumagay na a<strong>ng</strong> pag-uugali na ito ay epektibo <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> nakaraan,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit nawala a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> epektibo <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> lipunan.<br />

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At <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras, <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> merkado reporma binuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

una<strong>ng</strong> henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Russians, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan na<br />

kinuha na lugar <strong>sa</strong> kamag-anak kalayaan. Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

nakatutok <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> mga umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong><br />

komunidad, a<strong>ng</strong> institutional kapaligiran at <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas maliit lawak, value-<br />

regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> sistema ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga pet<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kanan <strong>ng</strong> kanluranin<br />

moderno<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> VTsIOM, henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> 18 - 23 tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

nakatutok <strong>sa</strong> individualistic buhay proyekto - a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> tagumpay<br />

(64%), <strong>sa</strong> mga kaibahan <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyunal na orientation <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an at kataru<strong>ng</strong>an (36%).<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> R. I<strong>ng</strong>leharta ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> pananaliksik <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga <strong>ng</strong><br />

structures na <strong>sa</strong> XX siglo, marahas na proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ami<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga <strong>ng</strong> 18 - 24-taon gula<strong>ng</strong> na nagi<strong>ng</strong> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lipunan pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> 15 - 18. R. I<strong>ng</strong>lehart analyzed a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong><br />

halaga <strong>ng</strong> mga sistema <strong>ng</strong> digmaan <strong>sa</strong> Alemanya, Espanya, South Korea at Japan.<br />

Paano karana<strong>sa</strong>n na ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> kalakip <strong>sa</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural<br />

transformations - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bukas na katanu<strong>ng</strong>an. A<strong>ng</strong> mga proyekto <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matibay na pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura,<br />

civilizational, at ila<strong>ng</strong> mga mananaliksik ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga klimatiko at<br />

lupa, kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> post-imperyal panahon na ito<br />

ay wala<strong>ng</strong> kabuluhan maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> perspektibo.<br />

Sa moderno<strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> mga iminu<strong>ng</strong>kahi<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ideologem<br />

lipunan kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> maluwalhati nakaraa<strong>ng</strong>, batay <strong>sa</strong> galimgim para <strong>sa</strong> oras kapag<br />

namin had a malaki kapanahunan. A<strong>ng</strong> pani<strong>ng</strong>in ay radically kabihasnan mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ugat <strong>sa</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> estilo. Halimbawa, Henry Ford sinabi na gusto<br />

nami<strong>ng</strong> manirahan <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga kuwento na lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bagay ay - ay i<strong>sa</strong> na ami<strong>ng</strong> ginagawa <strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon. A<strong>ng</strong> pakiramdam na a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

malaki <strong>sa</strong> nakalipas na nagmumu<strong>ng</strong>kahi a<strong>ng</strong> pagkaubos <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na ukol<br />

<strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mundo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an inspires <strong>sa</strong> amin na may ila<strong>ng</strong>, albeit tunay<br />

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katamtaman mabuti a<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga posible<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari para <strong>sa</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at sociocultural dinamika.<br />

Chapter 2. A<strong>ng</strong> Anatomy <strong>ng</strong> Ruso traditionalism<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na pag-iisip: a<strong>ng</strong> kaisipan at cultural sinkretismo<br />

Dahil a<strong>ng</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo <strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> sinkretismo ay<br />

nagigi<strong>ng</strong> mas popular <strong>sa</strong> pag-aaral <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong> kaisipan at<br />

kaugalian <strong>ng</strong> mga estado. Subalit, may konsepto na ito ay hampered <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> tiyak na mga tampok <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham rasyonali<strong>sa</strong>syon<br />

panayam, lalo na analitizmom, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> differentiated<br />

at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malinaw na pagkakaiba <strong>ng</strong> mga phenomena <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas tiyak na<br />

kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito. Diyan ay a mismatch <strong>ng</strong><br />

paraan at layunin <strong>ng</strong> katalu<strong>sa</strong>n, na nagreresulta mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pabagu-bago <strong>ng</strong> isip,<br />

hindi maaa<strong>sa</strong>han at undifferentiated kalika<strong>sa</strong>n syncretic bagay.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong>katwiran malay na pakikitu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> mga bagay, a<strong>ng</strong> mga likas na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> preceded kaya genetically mental form, <strong>sa</strong><br />

batayan <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an binuo a<strong>ng</strong> European agham rasyonali<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> malay. Sa<br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras, hindi namin ibahagi a<strong>ng</strong> positivist ti<strong>ng</strong>nan <strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> lohikal na aparato rasyonalistik science bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan na maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> maayos na inilalapat <strong>sa</strong> mga phenomena <strong>ng</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga order. A<strong>ng</strong> problema ay na a<strong>ng</strong> analytical ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan <strong>sa</strong> pag-<br />

aaral <strong>ng</strong> syncretic mga bagay <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga organic integridad <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa<br />

<strong>sa</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> kuwenta. Kami ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na naglalarawan <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tampok <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na-isip, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi <strong>sa</strong> analytical pamamaraan upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

gayahin ito bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay at organic na buo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay malama<strong>ng</strong><br />

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na mukha rasyonali<strong>sa</strong>syon, <strong>ng</strong>unit subukan na magbigay <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-malawak<br />

na larawan <strong>ng</strong> kababalaghan.<br />

Tayo'y magsimula. Russia - mabigat ban<strong>sa</strong>: di-rebolusyon o reaksyon, ito ay<br />

hindi puma<strong>sa</strong>. Russian buhay - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> reaksyon at rebolusyon. At ito<br />

tumutukoy <strong>ng</strong> sistema-i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> buod <strong>ng</strong> sistema - Ruso<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay tinatawag na komunismo at autocracy . Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong><br />

amin subukan <strong>sa</strong> tumyak a<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapasiya <strong>ng</strong> cash sitwasyon.<br />

Russian sociocultural sistema ay <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>ng</strong> mga kritikal na zone <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>a, o a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, resisti<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> katiyakan, at katiyakan <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga partikular na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pagpipilian: sina<strong>sa</strong>gi<strong>sa</strong>g paglala<strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

permanente<strong>ng</strong> karupukan , semantiko ambiguity ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sikat na Ruso random,<br />

ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin ay a<strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> natural na hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga problema ay pinahihintulutan na tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili, na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> subjective pagsisikap Rights . Ano a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ginagawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong> uhaw para <strong>sa</strong> mga pisikal na nedelaniya, <strong>sa</strong> anyo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga palatandaan mga kaganapan <strong>sa</strong> mga imahe Emeli, Ivanushki-idiots <strong>sa</strong> Ruso<br />

kuwento<strong>ng</strong>-bayan, bylinas tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> Ilya Muromtsev nakahiga <strong>sa</strong> hurno <strong>ng</strong><br />

tatlumpu<strong>ng</strong> at tatlo<strong>ng</strong> taon, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao a<strong>ng</strong> personal na pinili. Sa paglaon, a<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka <strong>ng</strong><br />

palayain mula <strong>sa</strong> personal at pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> buhay. Pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon<br />

na manirahan <strong>sa</strong> zone <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>a, at <strong>sa</strong> malapit na ito, higit pa, a<strong>ng</strong> pananatili<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga paniniwala <strong>sa</strong> mga milagro, <strong>sa</strong> kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

pantay-epekto relasyon pa rin a<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> elemento <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> pagano mass<br />

<strong>ng</strong> malay.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> likas pagnanais upa<strong>ng</strong> maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> di-katiyakan, kahit na <strong>sa</strong><br />

paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kawaka<strong>sa</strong>n tadhana I. Goethe ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na Ortega at Gasset:<br />

Life - ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<strong>ng</strong> magpasya na magsulat <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili na<strong>ng</strong> lubu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i tadhana, ta<strong>ng</strong>gapin ito, <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita,<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> lutasin <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> . Hindi alintana <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad,<br />

kami ay nagpapa<strong>sa</strong>lamat na ipamalas a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> character, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

104

okasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> buhay na programa, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> entelehiyu ... (Goethe<br />

gusto<strong>ng</strong> panatilihin a<strong>ng</strong> karapatan na magtapon <strong>ng</strong>. Lagi<strong>ng</strong> . Sa maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

tadhana <strong>ng</strong> Russia ay naroroon, eksplitsiruyas <strong>sa</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas<br />

na manifestations <strong>ng</strong> ito ambivalent simula, a<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na panatilihin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

karapatan nedelaniya, upa<strong>ng</strong> maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> katiyakan <strong>ng</strong> pinili. Raznovektornost,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> contradictions <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural na sistema ay reflected <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

spheres panlipunan at intelektwal buhay. Hence, a<strong>ng</strong> output <strong>sa</strong> mga praktikal na<br />

mga resulta na nakuha alinman se, pero <strong>sa</strong>na alam ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong>, na ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaya emko VS Chernomyrdin sinabi: gusto namin <strong>ng</strong> mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na ito, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

yari <strong>sa</strong> labas gaya <strong>ng</strong> dati .<br />

Russian pilosopo fa Stepun draws i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahilera <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga paraan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pag-iisip at pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya a<strong>ng</strong> form, pagpuna syncretic a<strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

buhay, bila<strong>ng</strong> manifested <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> tao at intellectuals negatibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

attitudes patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> itaas form at pagkita <strong>ng</strong> kaibhan. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na Ruso<br />

relihiyon pilosopiya ay a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkukula<strong>ng</strong>, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lupa<br />

management. A<strong>ng</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agrikultura makinarya <strong>sa</strong> linya <strong>sa</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong><br />

mamamagitan <strong>sa</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> usovershenstvuemyh kakayahan at pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-iisip.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga porma <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon at lifestyles mag<strong>sa</strong>pin-<strong>sa</strong>pin,<br />

ihalo at umusbo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iba, pagbabala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kakaiba<br />

at pa<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at simbiyos. A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> function <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

tradisyunal na tao adaptation na naninirahan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at na sitwasyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

paghahalo <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> relasyon at lifestyles. Adaptation ay ginagawa <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> minimizi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga contradictions, ay nakakamit <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> dibisyon <strong>sa</strong> osoznovaemye <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> paraan na<br />

<strong>sa</strong>gutin, at neosoznovaemye at dahil dito, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> di-umiiral na.<br />

Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan ay pinagtatalunan <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> iba't<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> malay mahiwatigan, kahulugan, at nakakaranas <strong>ng</strong><br />

controversies <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> paraan. Pagpapabalik namin na a<strong>ng</strong> Levi Брюль<br />

gave kata<strong>ng</strong>ian-iisip <strong>ng</strong> mga nauna <strong>ng</strong> tao bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> iisip prelogicheskogo, na<br />

105

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, inter alia, a<strong>ng</strong> mga batas ay hindi mag-aplay <strong>ng</strong> pormal na lohika, at<br />

halos wala<strong>ng</strong> record <strong>ng</strong> kontrobersiya. Kaya, para <strong>sa</strong> mga regulasyon lipas na<br />

karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> indibidwal na kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> contradictions ay posible lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> minimal lawak, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> nakatira <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pag-uugali alinsunod <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>sa</strong>dya<strong>ng</strong>, kina<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kutan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> set <strong>ng</strong> mga normatibo pag-uugali. Iyon<br />

ay, sila umayos <strong>ng</strong> spontaneously umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> controversies, bumuo <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na pamari<strong>sa</strong>n, pagkatapos mata<strong>ng</strong>gap a<strong>ng</strong> panrito kalagayan: Lao<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao<strong>ng</strong> nanirahan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> absolute truths, siya ay tiyak at depinitibo<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>gutan <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga katanu<strong>ng</strong>an: Ano a<strong>ng</strong> daigdig, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong> kanya matapos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kamatayan, atbp.<br />

Malay lipas spared mula <strong>sa</strong> pagkakaroon upa<strong>ng</strong> mahanap a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malaya<strong>ng</strong>-aayos <strong>ng</strong> mga alitan at, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong> mundo<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-maayos: Ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't tao na ito ay kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo, ay hindi pa na natanto o a<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan o a<strong>ng</strong> kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

indibidwal na aksyon, at siya ay hindi kaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> matakot <strong>sa</strong> kanya. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapaandar na a<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal, ito ay mananatili<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong>-<strong>sa</strong>-i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mundo, nakalilito at nakatatakot .<br />

Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages, mental na filter, a<strong>ng</strong> function <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> paglayo (division) kontrobersiya misses (nagbibigay-daan <strong>sa</strong> iyo upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

maunawaan) ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ito. A<strong>ng</strong> tunay mga tao<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages na pa rin askriptivny uri <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao, kaya marami <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kontrobersiya na sila ay lama<strong>ng</strong> na hindi maintindihan. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kontrobersiya, halos lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay na may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon, mga tao ay<br />

mga kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages lubos tiyakan. Ito ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanila <strong>sa</strong><br />

mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> nalalaman pagmuni-muni, <strong>ng</strong>unit din pagbabago ayon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> mga praktikal na pag-uugali. Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin pagpapabalik <strong>sa</strong><br />

ganito<strong>ng</strong> konteksto, a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>kop at pagkakaiba-iba <strong>ng</strong> erehe relihiyoso kilu<strong>sa</strong>n,<br />

at <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> reporma Katoliko Iglesia.<br />

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Para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> medyebal-uri <strong>ng</strong> nilala<strong>ng</strong> na larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

metapisiko pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> kosmolohiko kategorya <strong>ng</strong> mabuti at<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>ma: <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> dako, na kami ay may nakita, sumusuporta <strong>sa</strong> doktrina <strong>ng</strong><br />

dalawa<strong>ng</strong> prinsipyo: maganda<strong>ng</strong> Kristo resists ma<strong>sa</strong>ma Satanas, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> mga espirituwal na mundo ay Kristo; bagay na kumakatawan<br />

Satanas, i<strong>sa</strong>-aari <strong>sa</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> kaluluwa, iba<strong>ng</strong> - a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga katawan. At <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> phenomena, a<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, a<strong>ng</strong> mundo ay<br />

inherently ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, at Satanas, a<strong>ng</strong> hari <strong>ng</strong> kadiliman, naghahanap <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> temptations <strong>sa</strong> pagsira <strong>sa</strong> amin . Paghaharap na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

<strong>ng</strong> liwanag at dilim ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> isipan na a<strong>ng</strong> lawak <strong>ng</strong> mundo<br />

ay kopyahin <strong>ng</strong> oras halos mula <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>sa</strong> Huli<strong>ng</strong> at prodozhayas<br />

Hukuman. A<strong>ng</strong> contradictions na hindi mahulog <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> kambal<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at, o mga perceived na hindi karapat-dapat <strong>ng</strong> pansin o lama<strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

paunawa, ay hindi na matatawaran <strong>sa</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong>: Itim at puti, na<strong>ng</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> gitna - na noon ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga katotohanan para <strong>sa</strong> mga tao medyebal.<br />

Medieval uri <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao ay kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i pananalan<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makikita bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na panlabas na a<strong>ng</strong> tao, ayon, a<strong>ng</strong> labas ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan upa<strong>ng</strong> malutas<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito contradictions. Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> paglutas <strong>sa</strong> kanila<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> marahas na anyo <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> / relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong><br />

konteksto. Bila<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa, pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka revolts at<br />

relihiyon digmaan panahon <strong>ng</strong> reporma. Ngunit iba a<strong>ng</strong> lipas medyebal uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

malay-tao <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> higit na lawak individualizovan at inia<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> sikolohikal na<br />

paggamot <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na pinili at a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

estratehiya a<strong>sa</strong>l.<br />

Radikal na pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paglutas conflicts ay nagaganap<br />

na <strong>sa</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan moderno<strong>ng</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

perceives a<strong>ng</strong> contradictions <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kultura bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagigi<strong>ng</strong> hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> alisin, na nagpapahintulot <strong>sa</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> panloob na higit<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lahat, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagdala <strong>ng</strong> indibidwal produktibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

creative aktibidad, siya ay nakararanas <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pagkatao at nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong><br />

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i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas na mga indibidwal na <strong>sa</strong>got dahil, <strong>sa</strong> point W. Beck, a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> atin ay <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> humi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong> 'byograpiko solusyon <strong>ng</strong> systemic<br />

contradictions .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kultura ay may pananagutan <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tao na ayon <strong>sa</strong> batas ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> blamed<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga awa a<strong>ng</strong> tadhana <strong>ng</strong> kahit sino maliban <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili, na a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pin<strong>sa</strong>la ay dapat na hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> katamaran at katamaran, na getti<strong>ng</strong> ali<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

problema <strong>sa</strong> tawag para <strong>sa</strong> mas malubha<strong>ng</strong> (kanila<strong>ng</strong>) mga pagsisikap .<br />

Patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong> ito uri <strong>ng</strong> kultura at kamalayan ay ipinadala <strong>sa</strong><br />

vector <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> evolution, at <strong>ng</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao ay<br />

makabuluhan <strong>sa</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> Euro-Atlantic moderno<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan. Sa<br />

buo<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> tao ay may evolved mula <strong>sa</strong> ideolohiya <strong>ng</strong> kolektibismo at<br />

kanya <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas malaki<strong>ng</strong> autonomization isip, a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n na ito<br />

<strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga gawain ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan ay dapat na binubuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tahimik na joys <strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili.<br />

Tandaan na <strong>sa</strong> traditionalist halo-iisip na<strong>ng</strong>yayari ito lipas at medyebal uri,<br />

na nagpapaliwanag <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> likas sinkretichnost. Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan,<br />

traditionalism ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> antithesis <strong>ng</strong> palugit na panahon <strong>sa</strong> Bago<strong>ng</strong> Europa<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dynamic na pagkatao-oriented liberalismo: Bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

halaga <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> kanya a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga plano upa<strong>ng</strong> kunin a<strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> liberalismo . At survivability<br />

tratsionalistskoy-iisip ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat dahil <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> palayain<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao mula <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na pagpipilian, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkahilig <strong>sa</strong> mga delegado <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> koponan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga charismatic lider, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> aklat-aralin na tandaan<br />

Legend <strong>ng</strong> Grand Inquisitor mula Dostoevsky <strong>ng</strong> nobela A<strong>ng</strong> Brothers Karamazov.<br />

Pero <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga kilala <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pribado at kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka <strong>sa</strong> wakas idispat<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pagpipilian - kumuha ali<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> ito ay hindi posible, <strong>ng</strong>unit bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> solusyon<br />

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pampakalma, maaari ka<strong>ng</strong> maglipat <strong>ng</strong> ito <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> tao, <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

panlabas na kapaligiran bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo. Sa pagsisikap na idispat<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> makagawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong> pagpipilian, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao subconsciously<br />

nostalgiruet <strong>sa</strong> lipas na panahon, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mitolohiko yugto <strong>ng</strong> ebolusyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

malay-tao ay nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> (estado na tila aari <strong>ng</strong> kaakuhan wala<strong>ng</strong> malay.<br />

Sikat na Ruso culturologist Aa Pelipenko ay naniniwala na may ka<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> genetic memorya <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maayos, pare-<br />

pareho mga kalagayan. Gumawa ito <strong>ng</strong> mali<strong>ng</strong> akala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> maubu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> space dualizovannogo kultura, <strong>ng</strong>unit din kumuha<br />

ali<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na kagustuhan.<br />

Kultura, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> traditionalist orientation, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> Russia, ayos,<br />

albeit <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> mga degree, panlipunan patalismo at pasensya, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lapi<br />

kalagayan ay <strong>sa</strong>nctioned <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural tradisyon. A<strong>ng</strong> umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan a<strong>ng</strong>kanan napupunta <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> Kristiyano<strong>ng</strong><br />

pananampalataya, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> kanya na may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>maan at ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan ...<br />

Kristiyano tinuturuan ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay maka<strong>sa</strong>lanan at a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan,<br />

orihinal at personal, ay naroroon <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maganda<strong>ng</strong> simula, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>ng</strong>ayon - <strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> kailanman no, na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Kristiyanismo mismo ay nagsimula <strong>sa</strong> krus ni Hesus Kristo ... . A<strong>ng</strong> tinukoy na set<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na bukal <strong>ng</strong> malay. Kaya, DS<br />

Merezhkovsky sinabi na ko malalaman ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ako magpunta, hindi ka<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> makakuha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ... Sa labas <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> lupa, <strong>sa</strong> pagtagumpayan<br />

kalu<strong>ng</strong>kutan - na a<strong>ng</strong> problema ... , ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin Pagdati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga bridgi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakabukod mula <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> kanya, ay a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an upa<strong>ng</strong> bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> Kristyanismo.<br />

Complemented <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> orihinal na ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan at personal na mga<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan tulad <strong>ng</strong> paglihis mula <strong>sa</strong> maginoo pantao a<strong>sa</strong>l mga pamantayan na<br />

itinakda <strong>ng</strong> maayos: Sino a<strong>ng</strong> Diyos ay hindi maka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, a<strong>ng</strong> hari ay hindi<br />

masisi?. A<strong>ng</strong> estado na ito <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> maliit na masukat<br />

contributed <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> batas, dahil ito ay pinagtibay <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay<br />

109

<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mass at a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw para <strong>sa</strong> mga paglabag <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>sa</strong>,<br />

pagkatapos Power, pabagu-bago a<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong>, ay<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> hili<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> lawak <strong>ng</strong> kautu<strong>sa</strong>n.<br />

Tandaan na lalo na a<strong>ng</strong> mga sosyal na ugali <strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyonal na lipunan ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panimula <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga sistema <strong>ng</strong> prayoridad<br />

kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Kaya, nagdadala a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo ay natupad <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> regulasyon a<strong>ng</strong> delegasyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-andar at mga pagkuku<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> lipunan na antas.<br />

Ito ay tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> priority, <strong>sa</strong> gayon pagbabawas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

negatibo<strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>sa</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> desisyon nito arbitrary kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at<br />

agaw. A<strong>ng</strong> traditionalists, nararamdaman kanya<strong>ng</strong> kwadra-aari <strong>sa</strong> Socio lugar na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> lahat ay kopyahin alinsunod <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon, at dahil maginoo able <strong>sa</strong><br />

gawin a<strong>ng</strong> horrendous gawa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> arbitrary kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Kaya, H. M. Karamzin<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa mula <strong>sa</strong> maghan <strong>ng</strong> Ivan IV, kapag John ila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali bago siya<br />

commanded i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagti<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliit na ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga mataas na<br />

tao a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na ilagay <strong>sa</strong> count, na a<strong>ng</strong> malu<strong>ng</strong>kot na pamumuhay buo<strong>ng</strong> araw,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kahila-hilakbot na ma<strong>sa</strong>kit pumigil <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>sa</strong>wa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bata, at wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

tigil solid: Diyos ! Pagpapala <strong>sa</strong> ki<strong>ng</strong>! Iyon ay, a<strong>ng</strong> Russians ay bantog na para <strong>sa</strong><br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> иноземцы murahin a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito: bulag, wala<strong>ng</strong> limitasyo<strong>ng</strong><br />

debosyon <strong>sa</strong> monarshey ay <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag-iwas <strong>sa</strong>ga<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga batas at pantao.<br />

Ngunit kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga sitwasyon <strong>ng</strong> kawala<strong>ng</strong>-katiyakan, at a<strong>ng</strong> larawan na<br />

ito <strong>ng</strong> mundo disistemnye <strong>ng</strong> dami <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proseso na ito de<strong>sa</strong>kralizatsii. Pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan panrito<br />

kalagayan karaniwan na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kaguluhan <strong>ng</strong> mga iba't iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

degree <strong>ng</strong> radikal, <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> mga sibil kaguluhan, paghihimagsik, rebolusyon,<br />

riots mga dayuhan, intelligentskoy Fronde, sirkulasyon <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. Lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

paglabag <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao ay nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga sumagot, hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> pagmuni-muni <strong>sa</strong> mabagsik na kalagayan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga materyal na buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan financial<br />

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compen<strong>sa</strong>tion, a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya mula <strong>sa</strong> araw-araw<br />

na pamumuhay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> joys at pag-aalala <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mataas <strong>sa</strong> tao, eschatological proyekto servi<strong>ng</strong> ideya <strong>ng</strong>, empire. Katulad bursts <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagmuni-muni, pagdaan <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> radikal na aksyon, kami ay<br />

hindi tuwiran obserbahan a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso at a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mundo. Halimbawa,<br />

P. de Tocqueville nakauma<strong>ng</strong> out na pyudalismo <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapanahunan hindi<br />

inspirasyon Frenchmen tulad galit, na a<strong>ng</strong> araw bago a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> paglalaho. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinaka-menor de edad <strong>ng</strong> arbitrariness <strong>ng</strong> Louis XVI gave pagsimulan more<br />

pagkasiphayo kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na despotismo <strong>ng</strong> Louis XIV. Short-term<br />

pagkabila<strong>ng</strong>go, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay subjected <strong>sa</strong> Beaumarchais, dulot riots <strong>sa</strong> Paris<br />

higit <strong>sa</strong> dragonnady 1685 . Gayunman, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagpipinta <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> linya <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga inaa<strong>sa</strong>han <strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na kurso <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-bagay, siya ay<br />

able <strong>sa</strong> gumawa <strong>sa</strong> kanya mahulog <strong>sa</strong> proporsyon <strong>ng</strong> pagmamalupit, arbitrariness,<br />

at agaw.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> traditionalist lipunan cultural pattern ay mas nai<strong>sa</strong>lokal at<br />

culturally tiyak na kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> modernizi<strong>ng</strong> lipunan, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> huli ay madalas na<br />

kinuha upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> General Principles <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na halaga<br />

at bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> pulos phenomena <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> kultura. Sa malawak na<br />

espasyo <strong>ng</strong> Earth, mula <strong>sa</strong> Pilipinas <strong>sa</strong> Chile, at mula <strong>sa</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> Iran extended<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katulad Socio-maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> mifologemy a<strong>ng</strong> espesyal na mesyanik papel,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> espirituwal na pagtataas <strong>ng</strong> bawat pagpepreserba <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na pundasyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> West thanks <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>kalakal tunay na<br />

espirituwal na halaga. Mga halimbawa <strong>sa</strong> suporta <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga argument ay<br />

marami.<br />

Sa una, may mga halos i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> klasiko<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> NA Berdyaev, na<br />

naglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> mga komunista lider <strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na Ruso<br />

mesyanik proyekto: At a<strong>ng</strong> budhi <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> natupad a<strong>ng</strong> mga Third<br />

International, nabuk<strong>sa</strong>n din <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mesyanik malay. Sila ay nalalaman<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili dala <strong>ng</strong> ilaw mula <strong>sa</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> turuan<br />

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esidente <strong>sa</strong> burges Western ban<strong>sa</strong> kadiliman. Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> destinasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

mesyanik malay .<br />

Ito ay ginagamit <strong>ng</strong> pantay at tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> posisyon <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> Russia, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

uri <strong>ng</strong> kahulugan ay <strong>sa</strong>pat na karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> Third World na ban<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Descendi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> radikal na pahayag, magbigay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na<br />

osovremenennuyu a<strong>ng</strong> posisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Propesor <strong>ng</strong> Political Z. Sardar. Sa<br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> artikulo<strong>ng</strong> Labas Development: Islamic perspektibo, siya kilala na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ideya <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> Western kahulugan ay ganap na wala<strong>ng</strong> hindi kata<strong>ng</strong>gap-<br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>sa</strong> mga di-European kultura, at <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan, na may kanya-unawa <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan,<br />

sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon ... Sa mga di-European civilizations (India, China atbp) a<strong>ng</strong> papel na<br />

ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> Islam ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga Muslim <strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan ay ipinapakita <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

benepisyo <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> halaga ... .<br />

Kapag kami ay <strong>sa</strong> tabi mula <strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>sa</strong> paghahanap para <strong>sa</strong><br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> unites a<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga opsyon traditionalist-iisip <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malalim na antas, nakita namin na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na lipunan unites<br />

partikular, hindi nakapa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>atwiran-mystical <strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

submissions na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, slitnosti, univer<strong>sa</strong>lity,<br />

kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kaya<strong>ng</strong> mahahati at matalik pagbuwag pribado<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Sa iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> espesyal na <strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay na napupunta <strong>sa</strong><br />

lipas na panahon <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan: una tumi<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>sa</strong> buhay sintetichen <strong>sa</strong><br />

halip na analytical. Buhay na ito ay hindi nahahati <strong>sa</strong> mga klase at subclasses. Siya<br />

nadama na kompanya <strong>ng</strong> tuloy-tuloy na buo, ay hindi nagpapahintulot <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

matalim at malinaw na pagkilala. A<strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

lugar - ay hindi maiigpawan hadla<strong>ng</strong>: sila ay hindi malinaw at madali<strong>ng</strong> mabago .<br />

Ilagay <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> bibigyan <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapaligiran, ideological form, mitolohiko formula syncretic pagkakai<strong>sa</strong><br />

haotizirovannoe organizes Socio-cultural space, sustainable a<strong>ng</strong> nagtatakda <strong>ng</strong><br />

halaga. Na ito ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat a<strong>ng</strong> mga bloke allocation <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hiwalay at<br />

nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili panlipunan self-identity. Mifologema syncretic pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> ay odoy <strong>ng</strong><br />

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mga ugat, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-lipas <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na komunidad <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao: A<strong>ng</strong><br />

mas marami<strong>ng</strong> mga tao bila<strong>ng</strong> unascertained, a<strong>ng</strong> mas malakas a<strong>ng</strong> ako ay<br />

inaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> grupo, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga mas malakas na a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>pi <strong>ng</strong> grupo.<br />

Ito mifologema napupunta <strong>sa</strong> panaho<strong>ng</strong> wala yugto-iral <strong>ng</strong> tao, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

ay characterized <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> commonality <strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mapagpapalit at<br />

panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin, at menor de edad na panloob differentiated: Member <strong>ng</strong><br />

sinauna uri ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> ipahayag a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pagkakakilanlan <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong> ko - na namin , siya ay hindi pa nadama a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

indibidwal na na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong> iyo<strong>ng</strong> grupo. Gayon pa man, mga<br />

alaala <strong>ng</strong> mga panaho<strong>ng</strong> wala pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> oras na naiiwan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga Muslim at Ortodoksia mundo: Sonsensus bezlichen banal at condemns a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ako bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, <strong>ng</strong>unit pare-pareho, at ito ay - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tunay na Ruso -<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagkaunawa <strong>ng</strong> mga katotohanan na kasunduan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hindi na<strong>sa</strong>bi .<br />

I<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural proseso <strong>sa</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong><br />

Europa at Russia, Ai Gertsen tanyag na a<strong>ng</strong> Western mundo ay nawala a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> community-based na aparato; hlebopashtsy at nesobstvenniki ay nagdala<br />

<strong>sa</strong>-aalay <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> minorya <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

dakila<strong>ng</strong> tao at a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong>-bayan ay malaki at mayaman ... A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Ruso lama<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi upa<strong>ng</strong> bumuo <strong>ng</strong> mga kanluranin seremonyal huli<strong>ng</strong><br />

tatlo<strong>ng</strong> siglo, tulad <strong>ng</strong> cru<strong>sa</strong>des, bila<strong>ng</strong> eskolastisismo at teolohiko mga alitan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Romano na batas at Aleman pyudalismo . Tulad <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay ipinapakita<br />

<strong>sa</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Rusya kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> lipas na pato<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga kard <strong>ng</strong> memorya na maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

mai-update pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> programa <strong>ng</strong> pagkilos.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> klasiko<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> self-actualization ay a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga lipas na Third Reich. Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin pagpapabalik a<strong>ng</strong> etimolohiya <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>lita pasismo <strong>sa</strong> paggamot <strong>ng</strong> B. Mussolini: Ito (pasismo) ay hindi na naghahanap<br />

na-convert a<strong>ng</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> buhay, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga nilalaman nito, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> pagkatao, pananampalataya. At <strong>sa</strong> wakas, ito ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

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disiplina at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, na matalos a<strong>ng</strong> mga diwa <strong>ng</strong> mga tao at i-edit ito libre.<br />

Iyon a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga simbolo ay liktorov rods - a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mag-sign <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, lakas at kataru<strong>ng</strong>an . Bali<strong>sa</strong> CG Ju<strong>ng</strong>, perceived <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

panlabas na pagkamapitagan, gitna at kapanatagan <strong>ng</strong> kanluranin isipan na<br />

kumukulo magma wala<strong>ng</strong> malay displaced lipas script, ay mananatili<strong>ng</strong> may-bi<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> araw na ito. Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon humanistic<br />

pagkatao, na may mabuti<strong>ng</strong> pag-uugali, ay <strong>sa</strong> minorya: Hindi namin nagawa<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagtagumpayan a<strong>ng</strong> hatiin <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga minorya na naabutan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

layunin, at <strong>sa</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanila, at a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaisipan na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay malayo <strong>sa</strong> Stone Age, <strong>sa</strong> totemizme, pag<strong>sa</strong>mba idols<br />

pyudalismo .<br />

Sa syncretic prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao, at <strong>sa</strong> Ruso bersyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

prinsipyo соборности o vseedinstva, ito ay magkatugma <strong>sa</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamunuan <strong>ng</strong> simbahan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

traditionalism. Ito ay dapat na naka<strong>sa</strong>ad dito na a<strong>ng</strong> mga likas herarkiya <strong>ng</strong> kultura,<br />

dahil a<strong>ng</strong> Kultura ay gawain <strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakaiba: a<strong>ng</strong> pag-uuri, paghihiwalay <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan at kaya a<strong>ng</strong> mga dibisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na binigyan <strong>ng</strong> kategorya,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pinag<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> panloob na pagkakatulad at hinahati <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlabas na pagkakaiba. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> tradisyonal na lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

herarkiya <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mataas na, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan, at para la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong><br />

makatwira<strong>ng</strong> paliwanag <strong>ng</strong> hierarchical status ay mawawala. Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> mga hierarchies ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamamagitan obschekulturnoy uugnay poles nasira mundo: a<strong>ng</strong> itaas at ibaba, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Creator at paglikha, pagmimina at submultiple, atbp Hierarchical relasyon ay hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> nakapirmi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon at halaga ay batay <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyon.<br />

Sa Ortodoksia-Byzantine cultural lugar na tao ay attracted pareho <strong>sa</strong> daigdig,<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> lubos na kapayapaan, pagpepreserba <strong>sa</strong> kahulugan, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na-tigil<br />

na nauukol <strong>sa</strong> Middle Ages. Kosmolohiko poles patuloy na magtipon <strong>ng</strong> paligid <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya semantiko lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> kultura, ginagawa nito<strong>ng</strong> mahirap at takda <strong>sa</strong> kani-<br />

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kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga baon <strong>sa</strong> gitna zone. Sa a<strong>ng</strong> coordinates <strong>ng</strong> kultura at kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat na <strong>sa</strong> gitna <strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> kultura - mabuway, mahina, neoformleno: Dahil <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaluluwa <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso pay<strong>sa</strong>he pagpinta, at mga tanawin <strong>sa</strong> Ruso kaluluwa tema<br />

nanlilimahid forms may malapit na kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> mga di-banal na temoyu. Ito ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> impormal, neontologichnost pa<strong>ng</strong>gitna zone ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

cultural-civilizational sistema.<br />

Halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tagamasid P. Akhiezer, in Russian history ay patuloy<br />

na labanan a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lokal na rural mundo, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga sentrali<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> estado. Ito<br />

ladlad conflict <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> gobyerno, malaki<strong>ng</strong> lipunan at mga tradisyonal na<br />

mundo. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dako, a<strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka mundo ay hindi nakatira <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong><br />

estado. Sa iba<strong>ng</strong> - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan kinahihinatnan kababalaghan ay<br />

kabaligtaran <strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na space, transforms at decomposes ito .<br />

Paghaharap na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> gawain <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Ruso cultural-civilizational sistema. Balik <strong>sa</strong> mga pagsusuri <strong>ng</strong> mga tampok na ito,<br />

kami magpakilala papunta <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>loobin kaya madalas apektado <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

historians, philosophers, pampanitikan tema <strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong> Russia<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kultura at civilizational <strong>ng</strong> Tatar-Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol pag<strong>sa</strong>lakay at a<strong>ng</strong> Eastern Roman<br />

Empire (Byzantium).<br />

Oo, Moskoviya higit <strong>sa</strong> Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol-Tatar malupit management gawi at<br />

attitudes pagkamamamayan, kapag kahit senior pamahalaan dignitaries<br />

nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> tumawag <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> hari<strong>ng</strong> Kholopov Moscow. At<br />

<strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XIX-XX siglo, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> Ruso din European<br />

intellectuals believed na a<strong>ng</strong> backwardness at aziatchina siniya<strong>sa</strong>t <strong>sa</strong> Russia, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga eksklusibo<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> Tatar-Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol yugo. Judgments <strong>ng</strong> mga uri na ito<br />

magagamit <strong>ng</strong>ayon: Para <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga siglo a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> Europeanization, overcomi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga epekto<br />

<strong>ng</strong> malaki maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> kalamidad, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> Eastern Europe, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Tartaro-Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol pag<strong>sa</strong>lakay. Sa istoriosofskom kahulugan, ito ay mahirap-apruba<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Russia bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kabuuan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> pinag-i<strong>sa</strong> Kristiyano<br />

kabihasnan .<br />

115

A<strong>ng</strong> mga ito assertions ay totoo <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> paraan, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi<br />

exhaustively. A<strong>ng</strong> posisyon na ito ay at ay mananatili<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maginhawa at<br />

psychologically kumportable para <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso historians, at para <strong>sa</strong> intellectuals<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, <strong>sa</strong>pagkat ito ay nagbibigay-daan <strong>sa</strong> mga kumpanya upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

bawiin mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> responsibilidad upa<strong>ng</strong> gawin ito<strong>ng</strong> labas.<br />

Ngunit despotiko tendencies nagsimula kahit bago a<strong>ng</strong> Tartars, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, hindi<br />

sina<strong>sa</strong>dya, ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> pagkatapos ay para <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> Europa, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

hilaga-kanluran Russia, at matapos na a<strong>ng</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> yugo <strong>sa</strong> mga trend ay<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> hindi nawala, <strong>ng</strong>unit din stre<strong>ng</strong>thened. Ngayon pinaka-<br />

kontemporaryo historians madalas na naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol paglusob,<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga malalim na epekto <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso, ay malama<strong>ng</strong><br />

na hindi makaka-apekto <strong>sa</strong> mga makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> character <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tao at a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyon.<br />

Sa karagdagan <strong>sa</strong> mga nagdadala <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga buhay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na makikita <strong>ng</strong> mga Asyano-old Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol-Tatar dominasyon ay<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> mabigat na mas mababa at a<strong>ng</strong> mga impluwensiya <strong>ng</strong> Roman Empire. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinaka-tanyag Byzantine karana<strong>sa</strong>n regarded <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

Kristiyano<strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya, sinamahan <strong>ng</strong> iglesia canons, architecture (a<strong>ng</strong><br />

gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>ng</strong> cathedrals), teknolohiko paraan <strong>ng</strong> Byzantine Masters. Sa karagdagan,<br />

nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> geopolitical at pagpapatuloy <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa at Ikatlo<strong>ng</strong><br />

Roma.<br />

Sa pagpapatuloy na ito, kami ay nais na manirahan <strong>sa</strong> mas marami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

detalye. Matapos a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> aaway <strong>ng</strong> Turks <strong>ng</strong> Constantinople <strong>sa</strong><br />

Moscow kaharian, at pagkatapos ay <strong>sa</strong> Russian Empire, kinuha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> ideya muli<strong>ng</strong> pagtatayo, ibalik a<strong>ng</strong> Byzantine Empire, centered <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabisera <strong>ng</strong> Ruso estado - Moscow. Already Alexei Mikhailovich naghahanap <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga prinsipyo <strong>sa</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> buhayin a<strong>ng</strong> Byzantine Empire <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> center <strong>sa</strong><br />

Moscow bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na monarkiya, uniti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

Power <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> Ortodoksia. Russian hari ay hindi dapat lama<strong>ng</strong> manyari<br />

Byzantine emperador, <strong>ng</strong>unit magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ... .<br />

116

Tradisyon na ito ay hindi pa interrupted at mamaya pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong><br />

kabiguan prevailed <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lipunan, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> Eastern digmaan <strong>sa</strong> Turko<br />

imperyo <strong>sa</strong> 1877 - 1878 <strong>ng</strong> Army ay hindi nata<strong>ng</strong>gap a<strong>ng</strong> order para <strong>sa</strong> mga as<strong>sa</strong>ult<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Constantinople: Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Russian kumpanya ay hindi la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Alexander<br />

II-MU, ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit Siya heeded <strong>ng</strong> pananakot (<strong>ng</strong> E<strong>ng</strong>land at Austria. Siya ay<br />

aku<strong>sa</strong>do <strong>ng</strong> kahinaan <strong>ng</strong> loob at wala<strong>ng</strong> lakas <strong>ng</strong> loob. isumpa at Grand Duke chief,<br />

na, <strong>sa</strong> opinyon <strong>ng</strong> marami, ay derznut suwain order at <strong>sa</strong> iyo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>anib<br />

pumasok <strong>sa</strong> Constantinople . A<strong>ng</strong> tema <strong>ng</strong> Constantinople, a<strong>ng</strong> Straits,<br />

vodruzheniya Cross <strong>sa</strong> San Sophia, at sounded <strong>sa</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong> World War, ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> ideological kataru<strong>ng</strong>an.<br />

Kapag kami makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga aktwal na mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

Byzantine pamana, ito ay kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> itaas a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> pandama <strong>ng</strong><br />

Byzantine pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga pinaka-imperyal-<br />

ideokraticheskoy modelo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> ethno-cultural lupa <strong>ng</strong> Hilaga<strong>ng</strong>-Sila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> Russia, mamaya a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Moscow, a<strong>ng</strong> Russian empire at USSR. Sa sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga<br />

Byzantines Empire <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> lahat. Kaya, Odon Deylsky, Pranses hronist II<br />

kru<strong>sa</strong>da, wrote, na naglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> Byzantine pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> tradisyon na sila<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan believed na wala<strong>ng</strong> dapat na aku<strong>sa</strong>do <strong>ng</strong> panunumpa na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan ku<strong>ng</strong> siya ay pinahihintulutan kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

banal na imperyo. Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> priority a<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong> itaas <strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga interes Byzantine impluwensiya ay makikita a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-<br />

kumpleto at tunay.<br />

Muli, tandaan Leontieva K.: Vizantizm <strong>sa</strong> estado ay autocracy ... <strong>sa</strong> moral<br />

mundo, tayo malaman ... na vizantizm, tulad <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan,<br />

rejects anuma<strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> kabutihan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, na ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> stro<strong>ng</strong>est<br />

antithesis vsechelovechestva ideya <strong>sa</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan vseravenstva ,<br />

vsesvobody ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan vsesovershenstva at vsedovolstva .<br />

Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> ebolusyon <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lugar, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> Byzantine na panahon <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, imperyal,<br />

117

teokratiko loob doktrina ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> malapit <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian. Ipaalam<br />

<strong>sa</strong> amin a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapabalik-a<strong>ng</strong>kin <strong>ng</strong> Serbia at Bulgaria <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> imperyal na<br />

kalagayan, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan at a<strong>ng</strong> natitira<strong>ng</strong><br />

unfulfilled: a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> relihiyon at tradisyon na ito ay <strong>sa</strong> gilid <strong>ng</strong><br />

Constantinople, at pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mahulog, at sinusundan <strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> Turkish dominasyon <strong>ng</strong> imperyal acquisition <strong>ng</strong> nawala a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

kaugnayan.<br />

Tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> Byzantine Estado, ay nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kasunod na epekto <strong>sa</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> Byzantine<br />

apo Nicholas mistiko, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sulat <strong>sa</strong> Bulgarian ki<strong>ng</strong> Simeon na tinatawag na siya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maniniil at a<strong>ng</strong> mga rebels, ay nakauma<strong>ng</strong> out na a<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>ng</strong> Bulgaria, lumalabag <strong>sa</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo Ortodoksia<br />

imperyo bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> icon <strong>ng</strong> Kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos. Bulgarians, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't sila ay<br />

gumawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> split imperyo, karapat-dapat <strong>ng</strong> kaparu<strong>sa</strong>han. Dito, malinaw na<br />

nadama wala<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Estado bila<strong>ng</strong> nag-ii<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> at self-nagtutukod<br />

pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> mundo pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, magpatuloy <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon na ito <strong>sa</strong> kahulugan,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Roman Empire. Originally a<strong>ng</strong> Roman Empire, at mamaya a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan at doon ay / ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na halaga at wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>gan, <strong>sa</strong> gayon a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap <strong>ng</strong> estado ay dapat ayusin <strong>sa</strong> kanya na<br />

batayan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Bulgarian at Serbian hari, upa<strong>ng</strong> sumali <strong>sa</strong> bukas na gera <strong>sa</strong> New Rome,<br />

ito ay hindi ginawa <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> marami mamaya mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit prityazaya muli upa<strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> maitaguyod a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pareho<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> Ortodoksia at<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>sa</strong> susunod na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an maaari<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga . (Marahil<br />

ay hindi, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan laban <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, na may dakila<strong>ng</strong> fought<br />

kapaitan - a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay para <strong>sa</strong> Byzantines ay hindi naglalaban, at pagpipigil <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili, kramolnikami.) Ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga isina<strong>sa</strong>ad na<br />

kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> estado, ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> susi <strong>sa</strong> popular mitolohiko malay. Sinkretichny <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, ito Taglay a<strong>ng</strong> paniwala <strong>ng</strong> estado, lipunan,<br />

118

an<strong>sa</strong>, kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, kahit na <strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia, para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> countrymen ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na malodifferentsirovannoe.<br />

Moscow kaharian at <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na yugto <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> ideolohiya, at ito ay lubos na naaa<strong>ng</strong>kop na<br />

ideya <strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> inheritance, vospriemstve estado (empire) <strong>ng</strong><br />

Una at Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Roma (Byzantium). A<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

ideokraticheskogo proyekto, iniduo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> formation at pag-<br />

unlad <strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal, a<strong>ng</strong> mga nagli-link <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> mga tao. Simula noon, imperyal ideolohiya at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ideya <strong>ng</strong> sverhtsennosti Empire ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na<br />

perceptions at gawi <strong>ng</strong> buhay para <strong>sa</strong> mga pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> siglo. Ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> isipan <strong>sa</strong> Estados Unidos diskarte<br />

empire - bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ideya at a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan - ay, tila, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pagtukoy kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> russkosti .<br />

Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso ideokratichesky proyekto na sinimulan<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proyekto utilitaryan, imperyal ideolohiya kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an kapag a<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> sumulpot geographically, ikinakalat <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

dayuhan <strong>sa</strong> kultura at civilizational mga lugar, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> komposisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Muslim rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> Volga rehiyon (Kazan, Astrakhan) at pagano Space Siberya.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga mananaliksik, <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na Boris Kagarlitsky, naniniwala<br />

na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya na Moscow - a<strong>ng</strong> Ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> Roma, at a<strong>ng</strong> ika-apat na ito ay hindi,<br />

natupad a<strong>ng</strong> papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> ideological kabayaran. A<strong>ng</strong> mas Russia ay<br />

nagigi<strong>ng</strong> paligid <strong>ng</strong> mundo (ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga teorya <strong>ng</strong> mundo E. Wallerstein, <strong>sa</strong><br />

katotohanan, mas siya tried <strong>sa</strong> magpahayag <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili bila<strong>ng</strong> sentro <strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo at a<strong>ng</strong> mga antas <strong>ng</strong> kultura at ideolohiya . A<strong>ng</strong> posisyon ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat<br />

dahil <strong>sa</strong> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso, a<strong>ng</strong> mga dibisyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa at a<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> kalakalan proseso. Naniniwala kami <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong><br />

konteksto na a<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso na nagaganap <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay <strong>ng</strong> Moscow kaharian, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi tiyak <strong>sa</strong> paghugis <strong>ng</strong><br />

ideolohiya <strong>ng</strong> imperyal kabuluhan. Muli, na a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal ideolohiya ay, una <strong>sa</strong><br />

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lahat, may pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> pag-aalaga at pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pisikal na<br />

umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> empire.<br />

Sa kanya<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-magkakaiba<strong>ng</strong> manifestations <strong>ng</strong> imperyo bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

ideya at bila<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan na ito ay mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw araw na buhay<br />

at <strong>sa</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> mga ideolohiya <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> panahon,<br />

kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dekada <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tuntunin. At <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras, pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura<br />

at civilizational na sistema ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na katulad <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili,<br />

ito na pagbabago, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-radikal <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon. Naniniwala kami na<br />

diyan ay <strong>ng</strong>ayon a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lan <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural dinamika ay<br />

hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga posibilidad para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong><br />

at kapani-ulit <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyon, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> lahat circles bumalik <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong>, at lahat na, ito marahil ay. Ngunit maliban ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo at imperyal ideolohiya, paano siya ay, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pisikal na katawan at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-heograpiko<strong>ng</strong> pagkakatawa<strong>ng</strong>-tao? A<strong>ng</strong> mga isyu na kami ay bumalik <strong>sa</strong><br />

ami<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>huli<strong>ng</strong> kabanata, i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

Upa<strong>ng</strong> mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> konteksto na a<strong>ng</strong> mga anyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, ami<strong>ng</strong> nais na suma<strong>ng</strong>guni <strong>sa</strong> specifics <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

traditionalism, upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> syncretic Ruso kultura <strong>ng</strong> malay.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> isyu<strong>ng</strong> ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na tema <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga rehiyon at Europa <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga panahon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Cristianismo at Paganismo. Sa heograpikal at<br />

Socio-cultural limitasyon na kinuha Antiquity, A<strong>ng</strong> Great Pan ay patay, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

paniniwala <strong>sa</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> pagano gods weakened, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> Christianization<br />

nakararami ay natural na character. Propeta at подвижники dala a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong><br />

Diyos ay suma<strong>sa</strong>ilalim <strong>sa</strong> pagkaapi at harina, na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagano hindi <strong>sa</strong> tabak<br />

at karaha<strong>sa</strong>n, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita. Kaya a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga Kristiyano martyrs, P.<br />

Kaprus, masunog a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> araw <strong>ng</strong> Marcus Aurelius, smiled, at na<strong>sa</strong>got a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tano<strong>ng</strong>: ako ay may nakita <strong>sa</strong> kaluwalhatian <strong>ng</strong> PANGINOON, at <strong>sa</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaligayahan .<br />

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Sa labas <strong>ng</strong> mga limitasyon na ay dati na<strong>ng</strong> ginagawa a<strong>ng</strong> Roman Empire,<br />

Kristiyanismo pagkalat nakararami hindi mula <strong>sa</strong> ibaba, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aral <strong>ng</strong> mga propeta at mga personal na asceticism at neophytes, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> itaas, kapag ginagamot <strong>sa</strong>lbahe princes at a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

approximation, at paggamot na ito ay madalas na gawin <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> militar<br />

na puwer<strong>sa</strong>. Nrodnaya buhay para <strong>sa</strong> siglo naiiwan nakararami pagano, <strong>sa</strong> kabila<br />

<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> idols na dinala mula <strong>sa</strong> rural Templo, palitan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ito <strong>sa</strong> mga Kristiyano simbolo <strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> magali<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

Kristiyano feasts inireseta <strong>sa</strong> araw <strong>ng</strong> pagdiriwa<strong>ng</strong> pagano. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> isipan ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> paghahalo <strong>ng</strong> mga Kristiyano at pagano<br />

notions. Kahit na pinagtatalunan Kristiyano pagano isina<strong>sa</strong>ad a<strong>ng</strong> lubos na<br />

nagsisiwalat mula <strong>sa</strong> pananaw <strong>ng</strong> pormal na lohika, a<strong>ng</strong> lohika <strong>ng</strong> syncretic-iisip<br />

na sila ay hindi maintindihan.<br />

European Kristiyanismo arose <strong>sa</strong> lupa Aalis a<strong>ng</strong> mga antigo<strong>ng</strong> kultura. Sa<br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> komunikasyon <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong><br />

antiquity, Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> orihinal na mga heograpikal na pagkalat <strong>ng</strong><br />

halos ganap na palugit <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> Western Roman Empire, ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin, mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> mga Kristiyano mundo ay halos coincided <strong>sa</strong><br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> Romanization. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliit na mamaya sila ay pinalawak <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga European barbarians, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga kabataan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Germans at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> Romano <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, ay naitala <strong>sa</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> old, nagtatrabaho <strong>sa</strong> kabila<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin nito ay, intelektwal at - ku<strong>ng</strong> maayos naiintindihan -<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mapaniniwalaan na antas <strong>ng</strong> paputok pananampalataya ... Sila retsipirovali<br />

na wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan lumampas a<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> nilalaman. At bila<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<br />

na ito ay <strong>sa</strong> loob buhay, kaya inumin, napuno <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> juices, at pabatain<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga luma<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> kaliwa .<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> Eslabo paganismo, ito ay ipinapakita, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, E.<br />

Ivahnenko hindi puma<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> Christianization <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tunay<br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> cycle. Hindi kumpleto pagano na cycle <strong>sa</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Europa na<br />

humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> espasyo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> aktibo at buhay<br />

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na buhay pagano mundo: Sa Eastern Europe, a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> Christianization <strong>ng</strong><br />

itaas na lugar, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga katutubo<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo ay magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

siglo mamaya, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> monasteries nagmula <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> lu<strong>ng</strong>sod pader, mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

ilalim <strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> pag-aalaga at pagtataguyod kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at napunta <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao. Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay a<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> labanan<br />

laban <strong>sa</strong> Paganismo para <strong>sa</strong> mga diwa <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na matipuno a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga order <strong>ng</strong> kumbento, itutu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> tuos praktikal na problema, <strong>sa</strong> Rusya at hindi<br />

pagkakaroon .<br />

Paganismo sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Slavs <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> mass Christianization na ito ay hindi<br />

pa na ipinasok <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan at pagkabulok, a<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya <strong>ng</strong> mga pagano<br />

attitude patuloy na magli<strong>ng</strong>kod bila<strong>ng</strong> pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon. Ngunit<br />

paganismo - ito ay, bukod <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-bagay, a<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga tao ... <strong>sa</strong> pagsira, sugpuin paganismo a<strong>ng</strong> mga aktibo<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> espirituwal na buhay ay maaari lama<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>yari ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay nawa<strong>sa</strong>k o<br />

assimilated <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao. Sa mga di-pagkaubos <strong>ng</strong> domestic<br />

kapasidad ay nagpapahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> paganismo, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> mga antas <strong>ng</strong> mga patok na pagtutol <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong><br />

Christianization. Kaya, Czeslaw Milosz <strong>sa</strong> libro<strong>ng</strong> West-East lugar, tinutukoy a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> Lithuania, sinabi na mahaba pagkalat <strong>ng</strong><br />

Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> lawak na ito ay mahaba <strong>ng</strong> pagpatay <strong>ng</strong> tao,<br />

karaha<strong>sa</strong>n at banditry, itim na krus <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> oras na naiiwan a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

simbolo <strong>ng</strong> kalamidad, mas ma<strong>sa</strong>hol pa kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kit .<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta, binuo a<strong>ng</strong> mga Kristiyano pagano <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tradisyunal na mga kaanak <strong>ng</strong> malay ay nagpahayag <strong>ng</strong> sira-sira a<strong>ng</strong> isip, tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pagano <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap malaki lumama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap ipinakilala <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo. Iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga relihiyon <strong>ng</strong> malay<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ambivalence nagpahayag <strong>ng</strong> malalim na panloob na ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan <strong>sa</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong><br />

malay <strong>sa</strong> lahat. Sa a<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay may dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na lagi<strong>ng</strong> mukha - sinauna, natural paganismo, spontaneity at wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>gan lupain <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Ortodoksia, mula <strong>sa</strong> Byzantium nata<strong>ng</strong>gap, asceticism,<br />

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hindi <strong>sa</strong> daigdig na aspirations para <strong>sa</strong> kapayapaan. Para <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<br />

ay pantay tipikal at likas na dionisizm at Kristiyano asceticism .<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Slavs na paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> paganismo <strong>sa</strong> Kristiyanismo ay<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> panlipi lipunan at a<strong>ng</strong> earliest form <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkaban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas binuo estado. Sa ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, ito ay dapat na<br />

remembered na a<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay hindi ganap, <strong>sa</strong> kalahatan akip lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> proporsyon, pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> nakalipas at<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> form: A<strong>ng</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan ay hindi <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> paghahalili paraan <strong>ng</strong> mas maaga-aayos, at <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> nadstraivanie bago<strong>ng</strong> espirituwal at social structures at a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapasupil <strong>ng</strong><br />

dati<strong>ng</strong> na pagpipilian. Panlipi structures at a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kultura at norms<br />

isina<strong>sa</strong>ad a<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na a<strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> mga degree, may manatili<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na<br />

maglaro <strong>ng</strong> kortadura, vstraivayas <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> relasyon, na suma<strong>sa</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> katawan <strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>sa</strong> lipunan, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> outback at <strong>sa</strong> paligid<br />

. Sa sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Europa, ay interlocki<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> pyudal institusyon,<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> relasyon na may elemento <strong>ng</strong> pagano paraan, at a<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

umiiral at, pagkatapos, <strong>ng</strong> pakiki<strong>sa</strong>lamuha at para <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

elemento at mga institusyon <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan na tinukoy a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mamaya pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> Russia's pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational sistema.<br />

Sa loob persistent paganismo para <strong>sa</strong> siglo ay patuloy na lumago <strong>sa</strong> lilim <strong>ng</strong><br />

cultural norms at tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay hindi<br />

interrupted <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> XX siglo. Halimbawa, <strong>sa</strong> 1926 <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong><br />

direksyon <strong>ng</strong> Academician <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Academy of <strong>Science</strong>s <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> Kara pag-aaral<br />

<strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na pagano paniniwala at nakapagtataka na gawi <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga lugar<br />

<strong>sa</strong> bukid <strong>ng</strong> Nizhny Novgorod rehiyon. A<strong>ng</strong> kinalaba<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mga patla<strong>ng</strong> na ito<br />

espedisyon ku<strong>ng</strong> Kara ay ginawa <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Division of Human <strong>Science</strong>s<br />

Academy, a<strong>ng</strong> ihahatid <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> pamagat na Sa Ruso ma<strong>ng</strong>kukulam publish <strong>sa</strong><br />

Museo <strong>ng</strong> etnograpya at Anthropology <strong>sa</strong> 1928.<br />

Quote record <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kalahok <strong>ng</strong> mga patla<strong>ng</strong> na ito <strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral NA<br />

Nikitina: Sa tag-init 1926, I-aral <strong>sa</strong> buhay Novoslobodskaya volost<br />

123

Lukoyanovskogo <strong>ng</strong> county <strong>ng</strong> Nizhny Novgorod lalawigan, at ako ay mama<strong>ng</strong>ha<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> paano a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ma<strong>ng</strong>kukulam. A<strong>ng</strong> memorya <strong>ng</strong><br />

makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>kukulam, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagti<strong>ng</strong>in na pumatay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> himpilan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> flight, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga ma<strong>ng</strong>gagaway lumiliko <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lobo ka<strong>sa</strong>l tren, nasylavshih<br />

dagat hayop, buhay pa rin <strong>sa</strong> mga kuwento, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> matatanda, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

pamin<strong>sa</strong>n-min<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mga kabataan. Sabi nila na ito ay mas mababa na <strong>ng</strong>ayon<br />

malakas bruha, kundi <strong>sa</strong> 90 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo ay a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>kukulam, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaluwalhatian na thundered <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> okolotok . Ito ay dapat na emphasized na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ganoo<strong>ng</strong> mga ebidensiya ay hindi ila<strong>ng</strong>, ay hindi natata<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>sa</strong> kahulugan<br />

geographically o chronologically, <strong>sa</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong>, mayroo<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pahayagan. Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kanan <strong>ng</strong> mga katibayan, at<br />

J. Fraser: Sa ila<strong>ng</strong> mga lugar <strong>ng</strong> Timog at Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Rusya bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

magdulot <strong>ng</strong> pag-ulan, ay nag-aaply pagla<strong>ng</strong>oy. Min<strong>sa</strong>n pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> simbahan<br />

valili parokya pari <strong>sa</strong> ryase karapatan <strong>sa</strong> lupa at patubigan ito <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

tubig ... Kapag nagkaroon na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> pag-ulan <strong>sa</strong> Kursk rehiyon, a<strong>ng</strong> iba<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong> mga babae grabbed i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> passerby at threw kanya <strong>sa</strong> ilog o okatyvali mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

ulo <strong>sa</strong> mga paa <strong>ng</strong> tubig .<br />

Buhay na <strong>sa</strong> malalim na lugar <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> malay pagano halaga ay<br />

reflected hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> rituals at kaakit-akit na gawain, kahit na mas malaki, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ito makaka-apekto <strong>sa</strong> araw-araw na buhay at <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> kaisipan. Ito ay para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> dogosudarstvennomu <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> memorya <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

ideal na estado, a<strong>ng</strong> pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an at mga gawa-gawa <strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan,<br />

bezgosudarstvennoy mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka Testamento, naiintindihan hindi ku<strong>ng</strong> paano<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>alagaan a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan at magpahayag <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> bawiin, pagtubos wala, at wala ay nabigo<strong>ng</strong> . Tandaan na ito<br />

ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mass paglalaba<strong>sa</strong>n mula <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad na magi<strong>ng</strong> mas remote mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

margin <strong>ng</strong> estado ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga teritoryal na paglawak <strong>ng</strong> Russian<br />

Empire.<br />

Pagano <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> talaa<strong>ng</strong>kanan katutubo<strong>ng</strong>-iisip kaliwa <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga marka, at a<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Russian estado. Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

124

Ruso <strong>sa</strong> kultura at kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> Estado acquires kata<strong>ng</strong>ian na ipinahayag<br />

ambivalence, na pareho<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mapagkukunan <strong>ng</strong> kosmiko kautu<strong>sa</strong>n, at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga mundo <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma. Ano ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> mas mataas at mightier kay<strong>sa</strong> na <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao assumed may ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan? A<strong>ng</strong> estado ay a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

Absolute, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> eliminates a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> cultural contradictions,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit din nanahan <strong>sa</strong> kanila.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> karagdagan, dahil <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> kaisipan vysheoboznachennyh mga<br />

tampok, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> likas na hindi-natukoy na mga relasyon <strong>ng</strong> estado at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatayo, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso ay, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kahulugan, magpakailanman nedoosuschestvlennym proyekto tvorimoy <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

nesotvorimoy panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> istraktura.<br />

Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong><br />

tatlo<strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso lipunan at malaki a<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na mga tradisyonal na.<br />

Traditionalism ay ini-update <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>ndali <strong>ng</strong> pandrama acceleration <strong>ng</strong> Socio-<br />

cultural dinamika, Civilizational scrapped, maliwanag <strong>sa</strong> pagsisikap na maibalik at<br />

palakasin a<strong>ng</strong> mga regulasyon, spontaneously na nagaganap <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyonal na<br />

teknolohiya <strong>ng</strong> kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga tao.<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga opinyon <strong>ng</strong> mga pilosopiko M. Shelera, a<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

halaga <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ra<strong>ng</strong>go order, may herarkiya <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

halaga ay nahahati <strong>sa</strong> mataas at mababa<strong>ng</strong>, makipag-ugnayan a<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga at<br />

hindi na umiiral <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> ra<strong>ng</strong>go <strong>ng</strong> order: ...<br />

ra<strong>ng</strong>go <strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunud-sunod <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga ay pare-pareho, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> mga kagustuhan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> variable . Halaga <strong>ng</strong> sistema<br />

<strong>ng</strong> lipunan Ruso rara<strong>ng</strong>go iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> tao na aktibidad <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon na may mas<br />

mataas na at mas mababa<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga, nirara<strong>ng</strong>go <strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> pagkalehitimo.<br />

Higit pa<strong>ng</strong> mga makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> ay kinikilala intelektwal, espirituwal na aktibidad,<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> oras na dapat ay ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon forms. Sa paglipat <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> nakararami seglar kultura, a<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan ay ililipat <strong>sa</strong> seglar uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

intelektwal na aktibidad, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> panitikan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay patuloy na<br />

magparami ito pagsusuri nirara<strong>ng</strong>go a<strong>ng</strong> estereotipo. Pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> aktibidad<br />

125

<strong>sa</strong> kapitalista forms naiiwan <strong>sa</strong> mababa<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> mga ito hagdan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkalehitimo.<br />

Sa popular na kamalayan, at <strong>ng</strong>ayon doubts magpumilit tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> tama a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga indibidwal na kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n, mga indibidwal na dostizhitelnost hindi pa ganap na<br />

maginoo, ay hindi awtori<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon. Kawalan <strong>ng</strong><br />

tiwala <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki, legal, sipon, depersonifitsirovannomu moderno<strong>ng</strong> mundo<br />

ay reflected <strong>sa</strong> nelyubvi <strong>sa</strong> trial, kahit na <strong>sa</strong> mga pormal (legal) paraan <strong>ng</strong> tuos<br />

problema.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso lipunan ay patuloy na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyunal na pandama <strong>ng</strong> mga kaila<strong>ng</strong>an at hindi kaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> mga aksyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa at paggamit, <strong>ng</strong> lawak <strong>ng</strong> likas na tao pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an. Kaya ito ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> XIX na siglo, kapag hindi nakakata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

makabuluhan gantimpala para <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga trabaho mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka ay napunta <strong>sa</strong><br />

paniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga materyal at espirituwal na mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> dapat<br />

na minimal: Bread <strong>ng</strong> buhay, <strong>ng</strong> pera nuzhu, dresses snoshu ; Sino ay ma<strong>sa</strong>ya na <strong>sa</strong><br />

maliit na, a<strong>ng</strong> mga A<strong>ng</strong> Diyos ay hindi nalimutan . A<strong>ng</strong> mga ito representasyon, at<br />

araw-araw na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay ay kopyahin en masse <strong>ng</strong>ayon.<br />

Sa tradisyunal na lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> nagtrabaho upa<strong>ng</strong> matugunan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga limitado, hindi exercisi<strong>ng</strong>, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

patakaran, a<strong>ng</strong> hilig <strong>sa</strong> nagbigibay at mag<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> lampas <strong>ng</strong> pinakamababa<strong>ng</strong><br />

pamantayan; permanente<strong>ng</strong> pagpapalaki <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

araw-araw na pamumuhay <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong>, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago<br />

teknolohiko, ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> perceived bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patolohiya tipikal <strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makitid bilog <strong>ng</strong> aristokrasya. Kata<strong>ng</strong>ian ti<strong>ng</strong>nan mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka na magtrabaho<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makataru<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong> ari-arian,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagkilala <strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> lupa <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka na<br />

komunidad, a<strong>ng</strong> mga prayoridad <strong>ng</strong> komunidad at <strong>sa</strong> pagkilala <strong>sa</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mabuti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pamilya <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian. Karugto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na paniniwala <strong>sa</strong><br />

mag<strong>sa</strong>ra a<strong>ng</strong> mga kapitalista reporma <strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet panahon, <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

oras a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> ekolohiya balanse.<br />

126

Na tinukoy <strong>sa</strong> itaas a<strong>ng</strong> problema <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na antas <strong>ng</strong> likas at Western<br />

European ban<strong>sa</strong>. Western European ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> oras na iyon-share a<strong>ng</strong> mga katulad<br />

na paniwala na natagpuan a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> expression, <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

doktrina <strong>ng</strong> Catholic Church <strong>sa</strong> mamaya Middle Ages. Yaman mga karapatan<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> regalo <strong>ng</strong> Diyos na dapat gamitin para <strong>sa</strong> mga benepisyo <strong>ng</strong> pagtaas <strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, mga kamag-anak, empleyado, lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga mahihirap. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

yaman na ito ay hindi nahatulan, <strong>ng</strong>unit ay hindi sumusuporta <strong>sa</strong> quest para <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> pagpapabuti: Economic ideal na ilagay <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Caroline panahon<br />

Teodulfom naiiwan makabuluhan para <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages. Sa kanya<strong>ng</strong> view,<br />

dapat na paalalahanan a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> negotsiyami kalakalan at na sila ay hindi<br />

dapat naisin para <strong>sa</strong> mga benepisyo <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> higit pa <strong>sa</strong> buhay na wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>gan ....<br />

European medyebal lipunan disiplinado diskarte <strong>sa</strong> makuha,<br />

depersonifitsirovannym, kapitalista mode <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> aktibidad, lalo na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga lugar <strong>ng</strong> pananalapi: hiram mula <strong>sa</strong> mga guro <strong>sa</strong> paaralan Aristotle's<br />

assertion na a<strong>ng</strong> pera ay hindi pagsimulan <strong>ng</strong> pera, at para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga credit tran<strong>sa</strong>ksyon, nadadala mukha paniwala na ito .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Iglesia Katoliko upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> na<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>kupan kabuluhan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> aktibidad, panatilihin a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> mga lokal na konteksto,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na halaga <strong>ng</strong> kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n, malupit usura nahatulan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> mga di-produktibo<strong>ng</strong>, parasitiko ekonomiya. Itaya a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao, na magbigay <strong>ng</strong> pera <strong>sa</strong> interes, na napapailalim <strong>sa</strong> paggagawad <strong>ng</strong> hatol<br />

<strong>ng</strong> iglesia, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pari na natagpuan <strong>sa</strong> may katulad na mga pagkilos puma<strong>sa</strong>la <strong>sa</strong><br />

relihiyon: Sa iglesia sculptures lalabas <strong>sa</strong> kaini<strong>sa</strong>n at sindak <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mananampalataya, usurero, burdened pitaka, na mga leads <strong>sa</strong> kanya <strong>sa</strong> impyerno.<br />

Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Iglesia Katoliko pagpapatibay contributed <strong>sa</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong><br />

Kristiyano halaga-regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> medyebal, prekapitalista lipunan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> mga European ban<strong>sa</strong> na may mga since dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mahaba<strong>ng</strong> kultural at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> landas, <strong>sa</strong> halip na a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma,<br />

relihiyon digmaan, burges rebolusyon, a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> mga kapitalista relasyon<br />

127

<strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya, a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> demokrasya, sekulari<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong><br />

kultura at lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> Europa a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay mas magi<strong>ng</strong> magparaya<br />

manifestations <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya inequalities, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalahati <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo ito ay nawala <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mai<strong>ng</strong>ay kalubhaan, ipakita off,<br />

napunta <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> lugar mag-sign <strong>ng</strong> hindi pagkakapareho, a<strong>ng</strong> tinapay at<br />

circuses nagsimula, albeit medyo <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> porma, ay makukuha mayaman at<br />

mahirap. Ito a<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> radikal paglago <strong>ng</strong> mga kaalaman <strong>sa</strong> agham at<br />

teknolohiya, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> himala <strong>ng</strong> produksyon, dalawa<strong>ng</strong>-trehsotkratnogo<br />

produktibo paglago <strong>sa</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo. Himala <strong>ng</strong> E<strong>ng</strong>ineeri<strong>ng</strong> na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

wonder ... Lahat <strong>ng</strong> Kagamita<strong>ng</strong> ay magagamit, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> maaari ka<strong>ng</strong> bumili<br />

<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> ubusin. Ay diyan kahit min<strong>sa</strong>n ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an ay na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> himala ?<br />

Alam namin na <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga European ban<strong>sa</strong>-play <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> papel na ginagampanan-luma<strong>ng</strong> Romanization, tuwiran o di-tuwira<strong>ng</strong><br />

baguhin pagano a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kuru-kuro. Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> marahas at di-<br />

marahas na mga form <strong>sa</strong> Europa ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyano paradaym,<br />

sinamahan <strong>ng</strong> unti-unti a<strong>ng</strong> kapalit <strong>ng</strong> paganismo. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay formalized<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> reporma, bagama't ito ay consolidati<strong>ng</strong> halip pasubali.<br />

Halimbawa, G. Heine wrote <strong>sa</strong> 1835 na ... <strong>sa</strong> Westphalia pa rin a<strong>ng</strong> may old, alam<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> nakatago<strong>ng</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> idols; <strong>sa</strong> deathbed, sila na iniulat na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

bunso <strong>ng</strong> mga inapo, na ito ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> lihim nakatago <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> Sahon puso.<br />

Sa Westphalia, Saksonya, a<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi lahat na buried talaga<strong>ng</strong> ay patay .<br />

Ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> mga biktima <strong>ng</strong> digmaan na relihiyon na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> lubha<strong>ng</strong> malaki, at undermined <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> paglililo <strong>ng</strong>unit, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga lawak, at <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanluran Cristianismo. A<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago ay a<strong>ng</strong> makawala <strong>ng</strong> pakunda<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong><br />

kahulugan, kontemporaryo prologo sekulari<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural <strong>sa</strong>kop<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Europa: ... siya (Luther gusto<strong>ng</strong> i-<strong>sa</strong>ve a<strong>ng</strong> mga relihiyon, at sinimulan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> marawal na kalagayan. Siya pagmasda<strong>ng</strong> reporma <strong>ng</strong> Iglesia at nata<strong>ng</strong>gap<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> sekulari<strong>sa</strong>syon. Sa Luther relihiyon retreated <strong>sa</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

128

Marahil ito ay ito pa ri<strong>ng</strong> malay. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na ito ay na-uro<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

simula <strong>ng</strong> kinalaba<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mga relihiyon <strong>ng</strong> katauhan, ito ay hindi anticipated at<br />

hindi nais .<br />

Russian Iglesia ay palagi<strong>ng</strong>, at pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> mga Griyego<br />

(Byzantine) Ortodoksia Iglesia <strong>sa</strong> Florence Cathedral <strong>sa</strong> 1439 unyon <strong>sa</strong> Iglesia<br />

Katoliko Romano at a<strong>ng</strong> paglagas <strong>ng</strong> Constantinople <strong>sa</strong> 1453 <strong>sa</strong> partikular, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

nadama <strong>sa</strong>rili bila<strong>ng</strong> tagapag-alaga <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na pananampalataya. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

paniniwala ay idinisenyo upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n at a<strong>ng</strong> kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap, kinikilala teolohiya ay mayroo<strong>ng</strong> maliit na pagpapabuti <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon, hindi legitimiziruya a<strong>ng</strong> ideya <strong>ng</strong> progreso <strong>sa</strong> mundo na<br />

mayroon na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> maaga<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> espirituwal, teolohiko. At<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga reporma <strong>ng</strong> Ortodoksia mundo, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tendencies, ay malama<strong>ng</strong> na hindi. Ivan Solonevich, i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga tapat<br />

na pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyon at pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha <strong>sa</strong><br />

Moscow kaharian bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> likas at positibo<strong>ng</strong> palatandaan, tanyag na a<strong>ng</strong> hari<br />

nakakita <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili bila<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> Iglesia, a<strong>ng</strong> mga simbahan ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> at estado, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> believed iglesia at estado. Katulad<br />

nito, a<strong>ng</strong> Hari ay hindi - at hindi isip - baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> hindi na at hindi iniisip na baguhin, halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> wika. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay<br />

hindi isip na baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> tao na di-pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaugalian ni autocracy - pareho <strong>ng</strong> comprised na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakakilanlan <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> hari ay subordinated <strong>sa</strong> relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit upa<strong>ng</strong> pasukuin a<strong>ng</strong> mga ministers <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkahilig <strong>sa</strong> mga relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> reporma lumitaw<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahin <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> mga hidwa<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon, na natagpuan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas<br />

na lakas na a<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gal <strong>ng</strong> sentral na distrito <strong>ng</strong> Moscow Estado: Para <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>sa</strong> oras na ito <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> pagano seremonya <strong>sa</strong> kabanalan, at<br />

pagkatapos ay advanced mag<strong>sa</strong>nay ay lubos na invisible. Apektado ay lama<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

dumarati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanluran mardyin (Novgorod at Pskov rehiyon) .<br />

129

Bila<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na mabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> nilalaman, pati na<br />

rin a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> ritwal pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian proved a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-<br />

pare-pareho at tunay, gaya <strong>ng</strong> pagkaalam <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> panahon, i-play a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

orihinal na (apostoliko) Kristiyanismo: A<strong>ng</strong> pag-<strong>sa</strong>ve a<strong>ng</strong> mga Iglesia <strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan, ito ay Ortodoksia nakararami hamunin East ....<br />

Sinkretismo <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na Ruso malay-tao ay pinananatili hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> makina <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> mga kultura at<br />

civilizational elemento <strong>ng</strong> lipunan Kristiyano <strong>sa</strong> pagano mundo. Ito ay<br />

characterized sinkretismo Moscow's pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso, na bumubuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lokal na Socio-cultural system. At a<strong>ng</strong><br />

sistema ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> bawa<strong>sa</strong>n lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kabuuan <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na<br />

impluwensya at borrowi<strong>ng</strong>s, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Byzantium, Europa o a<strong>ng</strong> Tatars at Mo<strong>ng</strong>ols.<br />

Ito ay may-lubha<strong>ng</strong> kaganyak-ganyak a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga magkakaiba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

panlabas na impluwensiya at pagbabago, at upa<strong>ng</strong> gayahin, mula <strong>sa</strong> siglo <strong>sa</strong> siglo<br />

haba<strong>ng</strong> pagpepreserba <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian. Sa paglipas <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapaligiran, mediati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

semantika <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga, mga imahe <strong>ng</strong> mga character mula <strong>sa</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> at <strong>sa</strong> iba<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong> mga bu<strong>sa</strong>k<strong>sa</strong>k, katawanin antigeroev <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kaugalian na recreated muli.<br />

Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> sistema, a<strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga poles na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong><br />

bayani anti-bayani ay kaila<strong>ng</strong>an, raznozaryazhennye Pole gumanap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> function, gaya nito a<strong>ng</strong> panloob na enerhiya pinagmulan. Kaya,<br />

halimbawa, at Hitler at Stalin depended <strong>sa</strong> demonize i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>ng</strong> galit, na<br />

nagbigay sila <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at pawala<strong>ng</strong>-<strong>sa</strong>la a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga aksyon. Bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> akit <strong>sa</strong> kabaligtaran poles <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural sistema<br />

ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> panloob stress, pagpepreserba, gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> katatagan at<br />

reproducibility. Sinkretismo <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na Ruso malay-tao ay inaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> institutional organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> gayon hindi naaapektuhan<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

130

Halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kilala<strong>ng</strong> Ruso sosyolohista Yuri Levada naka<strong>sa</strong>ad na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> pagka-antala at pinagtatalunan paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> Russia - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahina pagkita <strong>ng</strong> kaibhan <strong>ng</strong> mga structures <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

patuloy na pagtitiwala <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya mula <strong>sa</strong> pulitika, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakakilanlan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga Estado, mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> buhay mula <strong>sa</strong> publiko, atbp. A<strong>ng</strong> paglalarawan ay<br />

suma<strong>sa</strong>klaw ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan, moderno<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>, nagpapahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> syncretic paghahayag <strong>ng</strong><br />

katini<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> isipan <strong>ng</strong> mga Russians, at a<strong>ng</strong> institutional organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> lipunan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon ay nagsimula <strong>sa</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> nakaraan,<br />

pozdnesovetskie at post-Sobiyet taon.<br />

Ipinahayag ambivalence <strong>ng</strong> Ruso kultura ay mahirap na matupad a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga susi function, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay upa<strong>ng</strong> tiyakin na a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalehitimo <strong>ng</strong><br />

pampulitika at pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> mga sistema <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Negatibo<strong>ng</strong> attitudes<br />

binuo at a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> kultura kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian at <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagnanais na sverhmernomu pagpayaman, a<strong>ng</strong> legal na karapatan, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at People's katuwiran, concepts, nakaugalian na batas, paliitin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahalagahan <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal, a<strong>ng</strong> komunidad <strong>ng</strong> prayoridad at <strong>ng</strong> estado, ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga tadhana <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> indibidwal ay perceived bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong><br />

( na a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo, at pagkatapos ay babemu anak na lalaki). Ay posible, na<br />

may paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> itaas, payagan a<strong>ng</strong> katuparan <strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran, tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan<br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kambal oppositions?<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> gaano kabi<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod na subsystem (pantulo<strong>ng</strong>) kapag<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga antas a<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga <strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> pahiwatig blocki<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan at pag-andar <strong>ng</strong> subsystems? A<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napaka-pinakamahalaga upa<strong>ng</strong> matukoy a<strong>ng</strong> mga prospects <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural globo. Ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

ito ay <strong>sa</strong> halip maliwanag <strong>sa</strong>yu<strong>sa</strong>y, <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, bila<strong>ng</strong> makataru<strong>ng</strong>an siniya<strong>sa</strong>t<br />

character dog puso MA Bulgakova Propesor FF Preobrazhensky, tumampala<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

sits hindi klozetah, at <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ulo!.<br />

131

Russian sociocultural <strong>sa</strong> kapaligiran, at <strong>ng</strong>ayon opposes a<strong>ng</strong> pormasyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na gumagana <strong>ng</strong> subsystems <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar <strong>ng</strong> mga batas, ekonomiya,<br />

mga karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao. Sobiyet mamamahayag, pagtugon <strong>sa</strong> mga accu<strong>sa</strong>tions na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> mga bataya<strong>ng</strong> karapatan bila<strong>ng</strong> mamamayan,<br />

sinabi na wala<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> pananalita, pagtitipon, pampulitika buhay <strong>sa</strong><br />

Western-unawa, <strong>ng</strong>unit kami ay binigyan <strong>ng</strong> basic, physiological mga karapata<strong>ng</strong><br />

pantao. A<strong>ng</strong> karapatan upa<strong>ng</strong> gayahin a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> pagsisikap na<br />

may minimal na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao: trabaho para <strong>sa</strong> lahat, albeit may mababa<strong>ng</strong><br />

magbayad, may kaugnayan, gayunpaman, naabot a<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> trabaho produktibo<br />

(a<strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>sa</strong> minimum na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para kumatig buhay paghihina<strong>ng</strong>),<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> pag-aalala tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga bata-reari<strong>ng</strong>, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga benepisyo , benepisyo, orphanages (na itaas <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan Sobiyet Man).<br />

Russian sinkretismo, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kawala<strong>ng</strong>-katiyakan, dilim <strong>ng</strong> kahulugan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan mula <strong>sa</strong> paghiwalay, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon hinders kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

unlad, ottorgaya systemic nagdala <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> liberal.<br />

Sa ami<strong>ng</strong> mga kondisyon ay lubos na mahirap na kita<strong>ng</strong> ipakilala <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

advanced na sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga pamamaraan <strong>ng</strong> batas at hustisya, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

ay may higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat papalitan a<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> mezhsubektnyh<br />

relasyon, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an at transformed, at eliminated na nahahati <strong>sa</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an at hindi<br />

kaila<strong>ng</strong>an, <strong>sa</strong> trabaho at di-batas at a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad: Act na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Web: bubuyog slip at lumipad uvyaznet . Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> paraan, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na mataas na kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> mga kaugalian na batas<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> araw-araw na buhay, kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pamamaraa<strong>ng</strong>: kaugalian batas, pinagtibay <strong>ng</strong> legal na batayan <strong>ng</strong> aktibidad<br />

parokya hukuman, kawalan <strong>ng</strong> tiwala <strong>ng</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong>, legal, sipon,<br />

depersonifitsirovannomu mundo moderno<strong>ng</strong> hindi nagugustuhan pormal (legal)<br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> tuos problema.<br />

Well a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito, bukod <strong>sa</strong> marami, sinabi Ng Chernyshevskiy: A<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na ami<strong>ng</strong> tradisyon - na namin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

132

lahat <strong>ng</strong> gumawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> arbitrariness. Legal na form, at personal na<br />

pagsisikap para <strong>sa</strong> amin na tila wala<strong>ng</strong> magawa, at kahit funny, inaaba<strong>ng</strong>an namin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> lahat, nais nami<strong>ng</strong> gawin a<strong>ng</strong> mga kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> whims,<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> pigil malay na desisyon upa<strong>ng</strong> itaguyod, <strong>sa</strong> likas na kakayahan at <strong>ng</strong> iba,<br />

hindi namin inaa<strong>sa</strong>han, hindi namin gusto mo<strong>ng</strong> gawin negosyo <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> paraan<br />

. Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural relasyon, na, na<br />

nakapag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita, na may iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> degree <strong>ng</strong> kaliwanagan, ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyunal<br />

na Ruso buhay. At haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> kaisipan<br />

attitudes, a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago o liberal la<strong>ng</strong> tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan, alinman bila<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga institusyon <strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> halalan, pagpapanatili lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> panlabas na anyo, ay transformed <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> kaugnayan <strong>ng</strong> sistema. Ito<br />

ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> sinabi <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha <strong>ng</strong> nagdala <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> inherently kaugnay na<br />

sistema.<br />

II. Wasto<strong>ng</strong> at naririto <strong>sa</strong> isipan <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na Ruso<br />

Antinomy umiiral na maayos na at ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bataya<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tradisyunal na Russian-isip, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an antinomichnaya organi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong><br />

kapayapaan at <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> perceived bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagkaka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>atan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga materyal at tama<strong>ng</strong>-tama, Ina at Espiritu, at <strong>sa</strong> Suschim.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kaibahan ay hindi lagi<strong>ng</strong> malinaw na nakapag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay<br />

bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na kultura space. Pagtata<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

antinomy, nagsisiwalat ito <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> malay, ay nagbibigay-daan upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> malalim na pato<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na kamalayan<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga organic na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ayawan para <strong>sa</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> halaga. Pagmuni-muni <strong>sa</strong> antinomy na ito ay makakatulo<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> patuloy na pagbubukod <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Dahil pattern / umiiral doon para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tradisyunal na kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> mga tapu<strong>sa</strong>n at likas na form, traditionalist iisip<br />

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mifologichno <strong>sa</strong> halip na concepts, operati<strong>ng</strong> unit-tiyak na semantika, <strong>sa</strong> halip na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga haka-haka na kategorya <strong>ng</strong> mga pandaigdig na, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin nakararanas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> palatandaan, hindi a<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kakanyahan.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> traditionalists, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> Russia, ay may kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i specifics <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga indibidwal at kolektibo<strong>ng</strong>-iisip, limitado o kahit imposible<strong>ng</strong> gumana<br />

abstractions, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> pera bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhunan, iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> uri<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga securities, stock excha<strong>ng</strong>e tran<strong>sa</strong>ksiyon, a<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin operasyon, ila<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

bukod <strong>sa</strong> tiyak na, at naiiba<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na mga expression <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal<br />

na mundo. A<strong>ng</strong> malaki hinders <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>, at hindi la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

Karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> Russian-iisip organic abstractions pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi ay hindi na<br />

kakaiba. Sa tradisyunal na European lipunan at a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao resisted shematizatsii<br />

mga bagay-bagay, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> matematikal na abstractions na nauukol <strong>sa</strong><br />

ekonomiya at lipunan. Sa transendental kalipunan <strong>ng</strong> maganda<strong>ng</strong> ideya <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bagay-bagay ay ganap na ganap complemented <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> banal na-<br />

pantao tularan. A<strong>ng</strong> mga ito prefigurations ay medyo mahirap unawain, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kahulugan, ila<strong>ng</strong>, kakaiba. Sa kultura at lipunan gawi<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> numero, at mga simbolo, matematikal-rami corporeality ay palitan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tradisyunal na mundo, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga bagay at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> produksyon<br />

na ito ay mabuti na nauunawaan, na<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lat, nadarama.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> hypostasis, bila<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga parokya parokyano,<br />

miyembro <strong>ng</strong> bapor shop, consumer kalakal at serbisyo ay din <strong>ng</strong> mas indibidwal,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit hindi madali<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na panahon, nahulog <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong><br />

batas <strong>ng</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> numero, pagkuha <strong>ng</strong> mga tampok formalized, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mahirap unawain halaga. Bago<strong>ng</strong> panahon na baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> buhay, kahulugan,<br />

kahalagahan, pagsira a<strong>ng</strong> integridad <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na kabuhayan, a<strong>ng</strong> init <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao na mga relasyon, pagkita <strong>ng</strong> kaibhan ay Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas darati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

palitan sinkretichnosti: Everythi<strong>ng</strong> na ginagamit upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> totoo <strong>sa</strong> mata at<br />

kamay, siya naporma <strong>sa</strong> aabala. Bazaar ay magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pamilihan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pi<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

puhunan, a<strong>ng</strong> club, pahayagan, restaurant, serbe<strong>sa</strong> hall rallies. Na bago a<strong>ng</strong> kulay,<br />

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hugis, mukha, boses, - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pigura, marka, sulat, simbolo . A<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay<br />

hindi bypassed Russia partido, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> isipan <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na pa-gumon <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga tiyak na semantika <strong>ng</strong> unit.<br />

Kabila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso kultura <strong>ng</strong> mga espesyal na kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

problema <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral na halaga dahil antinomy / umiiral para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tradisyunal na Ruso Space nagpasimula at ginawa ig Yakovenko. Sa<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, recognizi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> konsepto, kami ay tumutok <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong><br />

problema, na nakikita a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam.<br />

Ano a<strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong>? Ideal (to) ay naiintindihan na a<strong>ng</strong> kaharian <strong>ng</strong> absolute<br />

una<strong>ng</strong> sinkrezi<strong>sa</strong>, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na ganap na ganap. Sa antas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> mass ito idealized imahen <strong>ng</strong> panlipi buhay - Belovode o<br />

komunismo. Sa antas <strong>ng</strong> teolohiko pananaliksik - Cathedral <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>nto<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga banal ay na<strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it, iyon ay, talaga, ay wala <strong>ng</strong> higit pa<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> teolohiko pagmuni-muni <strong>sa</strong> mga larawan <strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan,<br />

transendente nesotvorimogo at neunichtozhimogo Roda lies mula <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

nakaraan <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap at <strong>sa</strong> mabuga a<strong>ng</strong> sukat <strong>ng</strong> daigdig. Kaya a<strong>ng</strong> stress, at<br />

pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, na a<strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>ng</strong> nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> mga kuwento - a<strong>ng</strong> tapat<br />

na piraso <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural sinkrezi<strong>sa</strong>. Ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay tinukoy bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

persistent kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> malayo, malayo mula <strong>sa</strong> mga ideal na. Sa paggala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, ito<br />

pogibelna, at lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> eschatological perspektibo nagdadala <strong>sa</strong> mga ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> paglaya .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan ay ibinigay ig Yakovenko, pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

komento. Una, tandaan na namin <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> pagti<strong>ng</strong>in, ay hindi dapat a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ideal na, kahit na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kamag-anak konsepto. A<strong>ng</strong> ideal, hindi<br />

alintana <strong>ng</strong> mga degree-aabala at pipe, nagdadala <strong>sa</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

elemento <strong>ng</strong> pagkamaykatwiran, a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> sinabi <strong>ng</strong> pamantayan.<br />

Sa isip, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magtaltalan tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, ikaw ay maari<strong>ng</strong><br />

humira<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alternatibo, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin tama<strong>ng</strong>-tama <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas malaki<strong>ng</strong><br />

lawak kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento na maaari<strong>ng</strong> maintindihan at nasuri na mas<br />

marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> mga independiyente<strong>ng</strong>, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin ideal na maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

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subjected <strong>sa</strong> analytical pamamaraan. Hindi ito a<strong>ng</strong> kaso <strong>sa</strong> dahil <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

monolitik at hindi mapaghihiwalay lumipat malapit <strong>sa</strong> kahulugan na ito <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

sinauna<strong>ng</strong> smysloobrazam, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> paghiwalayin function<br />

simantim, mag-sign at magemy. Sanhi <strong>ng</strong> kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> easi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> likas na hindi<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-estado a<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> mga sosyal na buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> may archaize at<br />

postarhaicheskim kamalayan na hindi i-<strong>sa</strong>ve a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Moscow, at <strong>sa</strong><br />

dako<strong>ng</strong> huli a<strong>ng</strong> Russian Empire mula <strong>sa</strong> mga paulit-ulit na mga ekspresyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

natural na antigosudarstvennichestva.<br />

Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapabalik <strong>sa</strong> mga ito na koneksyon, marami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka uprisi<strong>ng</strong>s, na reflected a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na pakiramdam <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> social exclusion gosudarstvennicheskoy paraan: A<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka<br />

gusto<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> magta<strong>ng</strong>gal <strong>ng</strong> kaalipinan, <strong>ng</strong>unit getti<strong>ng</strong> ali<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> estado,<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay may-ari <strong>ng</strong> lupa, ispravnikom o militar commanders, ku<strong>ng</strong> sila ay ay<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> makahanap <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na <strong>sa</strong>lita, sila ay sina<strong>sa</strong>bi na sila ay hindi<br />

kaila<strong>ng</strong>an na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> halip <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>mbahayan at na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay hi<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>sa</strong> iyo na i-<strong>sa</strong>ve a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> buhay<br />

magpakailanman . Pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> susi para <strong>sa</strong> tagapamagitan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyunal na <strong>ng</strong> malay, dahil <strong>sa</strong> pagpapalabas <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> sikolohikal na<br />

function, <strong>ng</strong> kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagpuna <strong>ng</strong> intra-matipid contradictions.<br />

Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> tinina <strong>sa</strong> eschatological tono <strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> pandama<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mundo ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> relihiyon o kvazireligioznom, <strong>ng</strong>unit din <strong>sa</strong> Ruso<br />

<strong>ng</strong> malay lahatan. Sa proseso <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, mayroo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga lohikal na kahulugan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka<br />

Yutopia Belovode, Banal na Russia, komunismo, at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga imahe <strong>ng</strong><br />

Golden Age. Sam a<strong>ng</strong> ginintua<strong>ng</strong> edad ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> susi subdiskursov ipinagkaloob.<br />

Inilarawan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Yutopia na ito ay hindi limitado <strong>sa</strong> context <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> serye <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ukol <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mundo, kami ay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga mag-sign <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso Yutopia eschatological fantasies. A<strong>ng</strong> mga mananalay<strong>sa</strong>y <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Ruso simbahan AV Kartashov, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> Ministro <strong>ng</strong> interim na<br />

Pamahalaan <strong>ng</strong> ehersisyo, tanyag na a<strong>ng</strong> maliwanag <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>ay <strong>ng</strong> net <strong>sa</strong> Luma<strong>ng</strong><br />

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поганого ay alinsunuran lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga sinauna<strong>ng</strong> Israel. Russian mga tao na<br />

nakakita <strong>sa</strong> Kristiyanismo - a<strong>ng</strong> paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagdati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Tagapagligtas <strong>sa</strong><br />

daigdig at a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> banal na gawain <strong>ng</strong> simbahan, <strong>sa</strong><br />

halip <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, marumi mundo, i<strong>sa</strong> pa, na<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> banal .<br />

At <strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon, <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan<br />

mananatili<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga antinomy, reproduci<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> yugto <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga stereotypes Manichean isip, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malinaw na paghihiwalay <strong>ng</strong><br />

liwanag at dilim, mabuti at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>gutan <strong>sa</strong> mga katanu<strong>ng</strong>an Sino a<strong>ng</strong> masisi?. Hanapin a<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>gutan <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga katanu<strong>ng</strong>an ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na ako ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> mas ma<strong>sa</strong>hol pa bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

resulta <strong>ng</strong> reporma ipataw mula <strong>sa</strong> labas, may mga theories <strong>ng</strong> mga pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong><br />

conspiracies. Sa anuma<strong>ng</strong> kaso, hindi masisi <strong>sa</strong> akin, hindi <strong>sa</strong> amin, kami ay<br />

mabuti <strong>sa</strong> mga bagay-bagay na di tama, masisi iba<strong>ng</strong>, estra<strong>ng</strong>hero, ay nagbibigay<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mystical lakas kakayahan, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kahila-hilakbot na krimen, at<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. A<strong>ng</strong> papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> mga sundalo <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

sociocultural dinamika ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magsilbi <strong>ng</strong> enemies <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, a<strong>ng</strong> CPSU,<br />

zhidomasony, mga dayuhan, Amerikano, at mamaya Chubais AB, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

oligarchs, mga ka<strong>sa</strong>pi <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> etniko minorya, matipid, sosyalan<br />

matagumpay a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na gawin, gayunpaman, maliban <strong>sa</strong> mga negatibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

damdamin magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi at i<strong>ng</strong>git, a<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na a<strong>ng</strong> kaso <strong>sa</strong><br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> mayaman at makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> sila.<br />

Labis na pinasimple <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na solusyon <strong>sa</strong> mga tunay na panlipunan at<br />

kultural na isyu ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<strong>ng</strong> sirain a<strong>ng</strong> iba, o hindi pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwan,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> loob o labas kaaway. Down supostata at mag-sign in a<strong>ng</strong> kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an wala<strong>ng</strong> mga problema at contradictions, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> integridad <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan at maayos pagkatao.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ideal para <strong>sa</strong> mga mass wala<strong>ng</strong> malay-tao ay upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

static, matsura estado <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> panahon, <strong>sa</strong> mundo<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, pag-unlad bila<strong>ng</strong> natura<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Nagpapakita. John Meyendorf: A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> Ruso kultura ...<br />

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kakayahan na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ugali upa<strong>ng</strong> manirahan bila<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> dualism kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, Manichean ti<strong>ng</strong>nan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katunayan na <strong>sa</strong> mundo ay perpekto, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito cache <strong>ng</strong> kaluluwa, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

dumati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ilaw, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan: sila ay libre, hindi<br />

alintana <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> ... Maniheystvo, dualism <strong>sa</strong> ugnayan nito <strong>sa</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian <strong>sa</strong> nasloilsya ... . Kapalit na<br />

eshatologizmom Historicism ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> malay, <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong><br />

tubig <strong>sa</strong> paradaym para <strong>sa</strong> ipinagkaloob.<br />

Hindi FM Dostoevsky, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga bayani <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

nobela bagets Versilova enthusiastically nagpahayag <strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na ito para <strong>sa</strong><br />

apocalyptic huli<strong>ng</strong> araw, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkumpleto <strong>ng</strong> mga istorya: A<strong>ng</strong> Golden Edad -<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> managinip pinaka-paniwala <strong>ng</strong> lahat, <strong>ng</strong>unit ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na nagbigay <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> buhay at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pwer<strong>sa</strong>, na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an namatay at pumatay <strong>ng</strong> mga propeta, na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na<br />

hindi mo nais na manirahan at hindi kahit mamatay! .<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> mga gawa-gawa <strong>ng</strong> imahe <strong>ng</strong> ginintua<strong>ng</strong> edad<br />

ay undergone malaki<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago. Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga lipas na, ito ay tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga gawa-gawa nakalipas, na may mga oras na pervopredkov, a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

moderno<strong>ng</strong> malay forbids anuma<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>sa</strong> pagbabalik <strong>ng</strong> mga bumalik <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> gawa-gawa neoposredovannom pervoistokam. Abot-tanaw awakeni<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> gawa-gawa lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga nakalipas na mga form <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap ... . A<strong>ng</strong><br />

Golden Age nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> mag-isip tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> paano hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagtagumpayan bumabag<strong>sa</strong>k a<strong>ng</strong> layo mula <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, <strong>ng</strong>unit tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

withdrawal <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga conflicts,<br />

conflicts at contradictions. Niveliruya pagkakaiba <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> nakalipas at<br />

hinaharap, dahil obemlet paraiso nawala at natagpuan a<strong>ng</strong> paraiso: a<strong>ng</strong> ginintua<strong>ng</strong><br />

edad <strong>ng</strong> lipas ay umaabot <strong>sa</strong> edad <strong>ng</strong> ginintua<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> kuwento-oras, dulo ay<br />

umaabot <strong>sa</strong> simula: ay mesyanik beses: World <strong>sa</strong> visions <strong>ng</strong> mga propeta - ito ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> mesyanik oras kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao pagtagumpayan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakahati-hati na ito mula <strong>sa</strong> separates <strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> tao at likas na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian, ito ay<br />

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tunay at kapayapaan <strong>sa</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> may been separated ... Hanapin <strong>sa</strong> mga propeta,<br />

mesyanik oras - ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> unawa <strong>ng</strong> pagkakasundo <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tao, <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> lalaki at babae, <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> tao at likas na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> managinip <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos <strong>sa</strong> lupa, makuha<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumpleto at depinitibo a<strong>ng</strong> kaligayahan ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> superyor,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit din antagoniko <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkamaykatwiran, seglar, demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> pamamaraan, ay tutol <strong>sa</strong> tunay<br />

paradaym <strong>ng</strong> unti-unti na pagpapabuti <strong>sa</strong> mundo, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay deployed <strong>sa</strong> pahala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> laki <strong>ng</strong> mundo, <strong>sa</strong> buhay . A<strong>ng</strong> bantog na<br />

Ruso relihiyoso pilosopo SN Bulgakov, naglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>pi <strong>ng</strong> Estado<br />

Duma <strong>ng</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kumbokasyon, sinabi napakamahalaga <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

panayam bagay-bagay: Ako ay may malinaw na makikita, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, malayo<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> patakaran-paggawa, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, araw-araw na gawain <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwan<br />

repairi<strong>ng</strong> at greases mekanismo <strong>ng</strong> estado, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> ito <strong>sa</strong> malayo. Na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ugali ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong> mga pulitiko, hindi maalam realists at postepenovtsev, hindi, ito<br />

ekzaltirovannost desperado a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao naghihintay para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong><br />

Kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos <strong>sa</strong> lupa, New Jeru<strong>sa</strong>lem, haba<strong>ng</strong> halos wala<strong>ng</strong> bukas. Kinuku<strong>sa</strong><br />

isip Anabaptists, at marami pa<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga komunista sectarians Gitna<strong>ng</strong><br />

apokaliptiki at hiliasty, zhdavshie maaga<strong>ng</strong> pagsisimula <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nlibo<strong>ng</strong> taon<br />

Kaharian ni Kristo, at <strong>sa</strong> malinaw na a<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan para <strong>sa</strong> kanya na may tabak,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> popular na pagbaba<strong>ng</strong>on, komunista mga eksperimento, mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka digmaan,<br />

tandaan John Leyden <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga tagasunod <strong>ng</strong> propeta <strong>sa</strong> Munster .<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay tiyak characterized <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> unti-unti<br />

at tumatag pagpapabuti, at praktiko utility. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tampok na ito ay may Socio-<br />

cultural kapaligiran <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>, ito ay <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>, na hindi maliit na masukat<br />

contributed <strong>sa</strong> dynamism <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> buhay. Tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> negosyo<br />

ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> mga kalakal at<br />

serbisyo kundi pati na rin <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> mga merkado, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nagbibigay-<br />

daan <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> mga operator upa<strong>ng</strong> makuha a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> tubo,<br />

diyan ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> regular na restructuri<strong>ng</strong> management, ay naghahanap <strong>ng</strong> kabisera <strong>sa</strong><br />

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ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito ay posible na makamit a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na posible<strong>ng</strong> kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan.<br />

Generation at paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideya ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> pamilyar na kadena <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago-estereotipo ay<br />

suma<strong>sa</strong>ilalim <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> stereotypi<strong>ng</strong>, na loses<br />

nito kalubu<strong>sa</strong>n at katiyakan bila<strong>ng</strong> modelo. Sa halip, a<strong>ng</strong> lipunan mamaya paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> heterogeneity <strong>ng</strong> stereotypes na relatibo<strong>ng</strong> maliit na<br />

oras <strong>ng</strong> buhay. Heterogeneity ay manifested <strong>sa</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> pinag-i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

estilo, ie <strong>sa</strong> polistilistichnosti, purok estereotipo.<br />

Palawakin <strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan <strong>ng</strong> stereotypical na pag-uugali facilitates a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>bog <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha. A<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

impormasyon <strong>sa</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago magagamit (kilala) na hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ito, kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> mundo,<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an na ito para <strong>sa</strong> mga mag-set up a<strong>ng</strong> mga kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> mga teknikal na<br />

kakayahan. A<strong>ng</strong> siniya<strong>sa</strong>t accelerati<strong>ng</strong> piraso <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> kultura at a<strong>ng</strong> paputok<br />

pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago leads <strong>sa</strong> magkaka<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-bagay at<br />

simulyakrov, riski<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga problema, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, gayunpaman,<br />

ay lampas <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam.<br />

Proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> pagsimulan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha na hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> mundo naririto,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit din magli<strong>ng</strong>kod iba<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> function: <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> artifacts,<br />

kahulugan at mga epekto <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> attitudes <strong>sa</strong> mundo, pagpuno <strong>ng</strong><br />

alienation a<strong>ng</strong> puwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matibay na paraan.<br />

Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> posisyon ay dapat na isinumite <strong>sa</strong> paghahayag<br />

<strong>ng</strong> espirituwal, pilistinismo, burges, <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> self-liberal kultura ay<br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> aarmonya <strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan at integration <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> kultura<br />

space.<br />

Characteristically, a<strong>ng</strong> malaki at mabigat Sobiyet mga tao, kahit na <strong>sa</strong><br />

pinaka-sumusupil, ideologically <strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad na lumikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> barrier<br />

mismo <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian laban <strong>sa</strong> malaganap emanation dahil. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

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pagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> na nauukol <strong>sa</strong> export <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kultura <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian mula <strong>sa</strong> Alemanya <strong>sa</strong> teritoryo <strong>ng</strong> USSR <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

Second World War. Para <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> USSR, ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-loob na<br />

form <strong>ng</strong> mga kakilala <strong>sa</strong> European kultura, ba<strong>sa</strong>gin a<strong>ng</strong> mga bakal na tabi<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

estetizatsii araw-araw na buhay. Kaliwa larawan, kainan set, muwebles, kagamitan,<br />

mga libro na puno <strong>ng</strong> mga wala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>y (simple) <strong>ng</strong> proletaryan buhay, <strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

bababa <strong>sa</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na upa<strong>ng</strong> makapawi cravi<strong>ng</strong>s para <strong>sa</strong> burger kagali<strong>ng</strong>an,<br />

napuno a<strong>ng</strong> vacuum <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> mundo, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> mas matatag, matibay, burges.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet mamamayan nekotromu upa<strong>ng</strong> panatilihin <strong>sa</strong><br />

mundo-iral pinahihintulutan, albeit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> minimum na, magpanatili at<br />

magparami buhay <strong>sa</strong> biological at Socio-cultural forms. Sa puro<strong>ng</strong> form dahil<br />

emanation maaari<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> limitado<strong>ng</strong> panahon, maaari mo<strong>ng</strong><br />

tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga taon <strong>ng</strong> militar komunismo, a<strong>ng</strong> Civil at a<strong>ng</strong> Great makabayan<br />

Digmaan, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga lawak, Leninist-Stalinist na panahon <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> lahat, <strong>ng</strong>unit wala<strong>ng</strong> mga konsesyon <strong>sa</strong> mundo na a<strong>ng</strong> umiiral na ay hindi<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> matagala<strong>ng</strong>-iral at kapayapaan ipinagkaloob. Lagom,<br />

ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> argued na a<strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan ay dapat parasito <strong>sa</strong> mundo na naririto,<br />

capturi<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> biological sociocultural at<br />

pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> lahat.<br />

Ipagtayo Dahil / umiiral na a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili nito <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong> subdiskursy, key kabila<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> Power <strong>ng</strong> Diyos, ayos, katotohanan,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> di-translatable <strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan , na na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon, at a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan at moral at likas na karapatan . A<strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

subdiskursy naman maghiwalay <strong>sa</strong> mas pribado, pronizyvaya neontologichnuyu,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an dahil <strong>sa</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay na umiiral na.<br />

Ig Yakovenko tanyag na malay-tao, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya ay buhay ay dapat na<br />

hiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong> chleneniya mundo <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> antas. Panrito antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

normativity, o dapat lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tunay, a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> mga bundok at<br />

kapatagan-iral, naiintindihan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> false, <strong>sa</strong>hol, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katinuan,<br />

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pinakamataas . Sa loob <strong>ng</strong> larawan na ito <strong>ng</strong> mundo ay dapat maunawaan bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

predvechnaya, banal na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> buhay, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong><br />

nakaraan, at ito ay umiral <strong>sa</strong> eschatological hinaharap. Ito ay dapat na karapat-<br />

dapat igala<strong>ng</strong> at ontologichnoy kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> halip ay tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

tunay na ra<strong>ng</strong>go, pagbabawas at hindi lubos na bersyon ay dapat. Sa topographiya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> tao at <strong>sa</strong> mundo na mayroon wala<strong>ng</strong> ontolohiya, ito ay hindi na<br />

magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili nito<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, at ku<strong>ng</strong> gayon, <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

batas, na nagtatakda <strong>ng</strong> ito dapat, na naghahanap upa<strong>ng</strong> i-maximize a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

potensyal na ito <strong>sa</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong>movoploscheniyu.<br />

Ipaalam kami lumiko <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga palatandaan <strong>ng</strong> riots, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kilos ay guided <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong> paglilinis at pagpapanumbalik <strong>ng</strong> mga umiiral na mga <strong>sa</strong>lita.<br />

Dahil a<strong>ng</strong> huli 50 - una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 60-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet Union lilis a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alon <strong>ng</strong> kabagabagan, matipuno fights, grupo-aapi, na<br />

nagpapahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lumalago<strong>ng</strong> uso a<strong>ng</strong> layo mula <strong>sa</strong> pagkilala. Talaga, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katulad na sitwasyon ay siniya<strong>sa</strong>t <strong>sa</strong> Rusya at matapos a<strong>ng</strong> abolition <strong>ng</strong><br />

kaalipinan, <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> pagkabulok, a<strong>ng</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> dati Socio-cultural form,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> pagbabawas <strong>ng</strong> sumusupil kultura at lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> mga artikulo <strong>ng</strong><br />

1905, sensi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> lumalaki<strong>ng</strong> gulo <strong>sa</strong> panlipunan at kultural na buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>gimsim, na sinusundan <strong>ng</strong> DS Merezhkovsky, parokya dumati<strong>ng</strong> Hama, A.<br />

White wrote: A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> uri, katawanin a<strong>ng</strong> gulo na may risen mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

malalim na lugar - a<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> mga bagamundo. Grozny lumago multuhin Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol<br />

invasions .<br />

Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> kalahati<strong>ng</strong> siglo <strong>ng</strong> mass-aapi ay hindi magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> tulad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahila-hilakbot na kaba, sila ay na<strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga natural na mga elemento, diyan ay kaunti malay pagtutol laban <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

panlabas na, <strong>ng</strong> materyal na buhay, at mga reaksyon <strong>sa</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagkita <strong>ng</strong><br />

kaibhan <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, kita hindi pagkakapareho, a<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> ihambi<strong>ng</strong><br />

kumpara <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> at <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>ng</strong> pinansiyal na kalagayan. Kalahok <strong>ng</strong> mass<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan aksyon katwiran <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga aksyon bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

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proteksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga komunista ideals, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> maibalik a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Partido at Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> kauna-unahan na form <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet utopizma.<br />

Ito ay hindi imposible na kilalanin na a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabawas <strong>ng</strong> riots ay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kahulugan, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkatalo <strong>ng</strong> mga Bolshevik ideolohiya, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sintoma <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> impluwensiya <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> orihinal na Yutopyan ideal: ito<br />

ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na makapag-pumunta <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

proteksyon.<br />

Sa una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 1970's, a<strong>ng</strong> karubduban <strong>ng</strong> riots makabuluha<strong>ng</strong><br />

nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n, na nagpapahiwatig na a<strong>ng</strong> mga hindi tuwira<strong>ng</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong><br />

mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka at ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa, kahapon ay dumati<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> pagpareho naiintindihan a<strong>ng</strong> ideals <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> hustisya ay<br />

pinaghihiwalay <strong>ng</strong> kataas-taa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> estado kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, pagkatupad <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga nakaraan na pamahalaan mula <strong>sa</strong> mga ministro<br />

ipinagkaloob. Ma<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> pakiramdam pravdolyubtsy, kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

mga persistent naninibugho ay dapat na a<strong>ng</strong> mga imahe ay inilarawan na may tulad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pag-ibig VM Shukshina, unti-unti nakalakip <strong>sa</strong> lu<strong>ng</strong>sod (mi<strong>sa</strong>) kultura, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na a<strong>ng</strong> pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> publiko, panlipunan at<br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong> lugar, a<strong>ng</strong> mga lokal. Buhay <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> field <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> partido,<br />

Komsomol, unyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong>, subbotnik, iba pa<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> gumagana, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na panlipunan papel,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> maginoo mga patakaran <strong>ng</strong> laro.<br />

Sa lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> espasyo upa<strong>ng</strong> magpahi<strong>ng</strong>a, uminom <strong>ng</strong><br />

bodka at mamilosopo <strong>sa</strong> kusina, upa<strong>ng</strong> ireklamo opisyal, disbosom. Pag-aal<strong>sa</strong> ay<br />

eliminated mula <strong>sa</strong> publiko <strong>sa</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> buhay, haba<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kawala<strong>ng</strong>-matwid, malinaw (binary) dibisyon <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kaibigan at foes, itim at puti, mabuti at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma. Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> poste <strong>ng</strong> ilaw<br />

at <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mabuti<strong>ng</strong>, unifyi<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga co-ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa, kainuman, ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patakaran, mga tao na alam <strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> personal na.<br />

Upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> laban, a<strong>ng</strong> madilim na mahihirapan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nsinukob ay a<strong>ng</strong> mundo<br />

zakuli<strong>sa</strong> (tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>pakatan theories at lihim na machinations<br />

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laban <strong>sa</strong> Russia / USSR <strong>sa</strong> general at a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular<br />

na), a<strong>ng</strong> imperialists, ochkasty pribado<strong>ng</strong> may-ari, rehiyon o mamaya <strong>sa</strong> Moscow<br />

awtoridad, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin iba pa<strong>ng</strong> kakaiba, hindi maunawaan, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay<br />

malama<strong>ng</strong> na kumakatawan <strong>sa</strong> mga pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>maan. Sa pribado<strong>ng</strong> kalipunan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> malay pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong> katulad na hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> parirala: namin stick dito, <strong>ng</strong>unit sila ay may ka<strong>sa</strong>ma Giroux<br />

besyatsya, ko fought, na may patu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga aktwal na partisipasyon <strong>sa</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> militar aksyon. A<strong>ng</strong> mga ito mizanstseny i<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong><br />

nonverbal komunikasyon: i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> punit-punit shirt <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> dibdib, iikot <strong>ng</strong><br />

kamao <strong>sa</strong> me<strong>sa</strong>, i-link pi<strong>ng</strong>gan, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao na tanu<strong>ng</strong>in na mula <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong><br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> tao: Ako ay lubos na makabuluhan para <strong>sa</strong> kapaligiran, <strong>sa</strong> kapayapaan, Ako<br />

ay sumisikdo hayop, o may karapatan, voproshanie ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong>cramental<br />

parirala: Mayroon ka paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> akin?.<br />

Bumabalik <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga kaya mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong><br />

ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam antinomy dahil / umiiral na. Ito ay tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong><br />

coordinate na concepts at mga halaga na tutulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ideolohiya <strong>ng</strong> traditionalism<br />

lumapit <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>ng</strong> mundo. A<strong>ng</strong> structures <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan ay ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong><br />

concepts at modelo ay dapat / umiiral na. A<strong>ng</strong> mga bagay na hindi akma <strong>sa</strong> tulad<br />

na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo, hindi perceived, hindi naitala <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na isip,<br />

ipinasok <strong>sa</strong> kategorya <strong>ng</strong> mga aksidente. Kaya ito ay <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> hindi pa rin-<br />

masyado<strong>ng</strong>-malayo Sobiyet nakalipas. Ito ay dito, dito, <strong>sa</strong> kahit ano<strong>ng</strong> kumpanya,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kahan at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar na tulad excesses at kapa<strong>ng</strong>itan, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

iyon ay wala<strong>ng</strong> dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> puri<strong>ng</strong> generalizations <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

napakalaki<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay tama <strong>sa</strong> marami pa <strong>sa</strong> linya <strong>ng</strong> papuri. Upa<strong>ng</strong> mapatunayan<br />

na a<strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> remote, nakahiga <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na karana<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>sa</strong> araw-araw <strong>ng</strong> mundo, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tao ay hindi magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kahit <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pumunta, ito ay <strong>sa</strong>pat na upa<strong>ng</strong> ba<strong>sa</strong>hin a<strong>ng</strong> mga susunod na isyu <strong>ng</strong> pahayagan<br />

Pravda, pagpapahinto makinig <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lektor lipunan Knowledge, at kahit mas<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> makinig <strong>sa</strong> mga kurso <strong>sa</strong> University of Marxism-Leninism.<br />

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Para <strong>sa</strong> mga mass <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet mga tao, na nanirahan <strong>sa</strong> espasyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipunan at kultural tradisyon, <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> dahil / iral,<br />

naiintindihan bila<strong>ng</strong> kaunti ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't maaari. Permanent paglayo (paghihiwalay <strong>ng</strong><br />

malinis na mula <strong>sa</strong> marumi) ay <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan:<br />

katotohanan na akma <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> coordinates, dahil Asked антиномией<br />

/-iral ay makanoniko, a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan na hindi magkasya <strong>sa</strong> pattern na ito, hindi<br />

siniya<strong>sa</strong>t o itinuturi<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> kabuluhan, wala<strong>ng</strong> halaga.<br />

Salamat <strong>sa</strong> mga ito na may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga lawak <strong>sa</strong>kralizuetsya, pagigi<strong>ng</strong> sosyalista <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> myths at legends, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> patawa <strong>ng</strong> Kasulatan.<br />

Conceived <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> sosyalista ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, tulad <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga kaharian <strong>sa</strong> Moscow, Russia / USSR, at mamaya <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet<br />

Rusya, ay hindi min<strong>sa</strong>n at para <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> data, frozen form, ito ay <strong>sa</strong> tapat na<br />

kilos, napapailalim <strong>sa</strong> pagrepaso, audit, ay rethinki<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabaligtad a<strong>ng</strong> papel<br />

at lugar na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga numero at mga kaganapan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mahalaga paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> pani<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> prisma <strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> Dahil / umiiral ay may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> memorya. Ito ay mga ugat na dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> kakaiba,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>in, a<strong>ng</strong> mga palatandaan, namely a<strong>ng</strong> pagkasumpu<strong>ng</strong>in, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap, kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> discretion at nababatay <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan pagtitiyak, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> likas na<br />

batas at lohika ay hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay bumaba <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyunal<br />

na larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo. Kaya, i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga peculiarities <strong>ng</strong> pagdama<br />

oras, tipikal <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka <strong>sa</strong> mga reporma na panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

mananay<strong>sa</strong>y Boris Mironov ay naka<strong>sa</strong>ad na a<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka perceived time lumipat<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bilog, paikot at ito kinakatawan, na<strong>ng</strong> naaayon, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong> mundo<br />

repeats mismo, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi baguhin. Paglihis mula <strong>sa</strong> normal, ie, <strong>ng</strong> paulit-ulit na,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga kurso <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay na ito seemed <strong>sa</strong> kanya bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i, a<strong>ng</strong> gawain <strong>ng</strong> marumi pwer<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> intrigues at<br />

145

witches dahil a<strong>ng</strong> pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala<strong>ng</strong> at panandalian lama<strong>ng</strong>: Obomnetsya, obotretsya<br />

- a<strong>ng</strong> lahat ay pumunta gaya <strong>ng</strong> dati.<br />

Dahil <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga modalities ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> unfettered pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>sa</strong> mabuti, ay<br />

hindi magkasundo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makatwira<strong>ng</strong>-unawa <strong>sa</strong> mga irreversibility <strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural oras. Wala<strong>ng</strong> oras para <strong>sa</strong> mga maayos na at hindi<br />

hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> pawala<strong>ng</strong>-bi<strong>sa</strong>, at a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyon, ay naniniwala na <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali na maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> ihinto a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon at simulan muli - kalama<strong>ng</strong>an. At ku<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> limitasyon, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi masyado<strong>ng</strong> malakas na magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong>-<br />

epekto relasyon - at pagkatapos ay ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit hindi maglaro na may iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

modelo <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> organi<strong>sa</strong>syon o kahit na <strong>sa</strong> ordinaryo<strong>ng</strong> / pambihira beses<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> pamimigay <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian?<br />

Pandrama ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga layunin mundo na umiiral at kumalat<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> emanation dapat hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at<br />

kultural contradictions. A<strong>ng</strong> ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mundo a<strong>ng</strong>kanan<br />

napupunta likod kawalan <strong>ng</strong> damdamin <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na kultura <strong>sa</strong> management<br />

pani<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>ng</strong> mundo, kaya a<strong>ng</strong> ugali <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso karapatan <strong>ng</strong> ideological<br />

(mitolohiko) interpretasyon <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan. Dahil nadrealno, ito precedes <strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan at hindi a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> mga tunay na buhay, ay hindi tumutugma <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya at hindi napatunayan na may ito: A<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideya ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

nakatira, ay hindi mula <strong>sa</strong> mundo chleneniya <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mga antas: a<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> normatibo o <strong>sa</strong>pat na bila<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na katotohanan at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga umiiral na base, naiintindihan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> false, <strong>sa</strong>hol pinakamataas.<br />

Ngunit ito tila kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan-volyuntaristicheskom kaganapan <strong>sa</strong>ligutgot pa<br />

rin a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga batas na tinukoy <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagwawasto palagian at<br />

mitolohiko-ugnay na may susi subdiskur<strong>sa</strong>mi ipinagkaloob. Para <strong>sa</strong> mga layunin<br />

na ito a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod na pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pamamaraan.<br />

1. Exclusion mula <strong>sa</strong> memorya, ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at buhay <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan, na <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas malaki o mas maliit lawak hindi tumutugma <strong>sa</strong><br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaso. Sa antas na kaparaanan, a<strong>ng</strong> malaki facilitates <strong>sa</strong><br />

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pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> mga vymaryvaniya katibayan <strong>ng</strong> mga katotohanan mula <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

nakasulat na mga mapagkukunan, mula <strong>sa</strong> Chronicles listahan <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na<br />

passion para <strong>sa</strong> pag-download <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> aklat na may mga binago<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapakahulugan at, <strong>sa</strong> mga beses, na a<strong>ng</strong> nilalaman, a<strong>ng</strong> naitala<strong>ng</strong> personalities,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> pagtata<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> estado at pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> numero. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong>ayon klasiko<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa vymaryvanie portraits at mga reference <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kaaway <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet aklat, encyclopedias at a<strong>ng</strong> Stalinist panahon,<br />

Sobiyet izyatie library libro emigrated o <strong>sa</strong> kabila<strong>ng</strong> banda vpavshih awtoridad <strong>sa</strong><br />

pabor <strong>ng</strong> mga writers. Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon, ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> beses: a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga klase<br />

at labanan <strong>ng</strong> mga klase gave paraan upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> produksyon at<br />

teknolohiya, <strong>ng</strong>unit na, naman, dakila<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mekanismo para <strong>sa</strong> paghihiwalay <strong>ng</strong> mga katotohanan na a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ayon / mga pagkakaiba ay dapat domestic <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at gumagana <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

kaisipan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> panloob na tagasuri.<br />

2. Ambivalent interpretasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga katotohanan na sila ay naiintindihan <strong>sa</strong><br />

dalawa<strong>ng</strong> nagkaka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>atan bersyon. Halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>ksi kolektibi<strong>sa</strong>syon,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kamay, at maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> tandaan na <strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga horrors, tulad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ito ay <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan. Sa kabila<strong>ng</strong> dako, siya ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> lahat ay<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>yayari ay katulad <strong>ng</strong> paglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> kolektibi<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>sa</strong> nobela M.<br />

Sholokhova itataas birhen. Paano na ipaliwanag kabalintunaan na ito, ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay<br />

may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> psychopathology, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> split <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao? Para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga medikal na lara<strong>ng</strong>an, palatandaan na ito ay wala <strong>sa</strong> gumawa <strong>sa</strong>, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga orihinal na lohika para <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na paraan / lahat na ipaliwanag a<strong>ng</strong> buhay at<br />

pag-uunawa. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> pagkaunawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan ay<br />

superimposed <strong>sa</strong> bawat iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga larawan <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano ay <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan at<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> dapat na alinsunod <strong>sa</strong> mga ideologically kulay at lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> gawa-<br />

gawa.<br />

3. Selective pagtatala <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian at mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>sa</strong> mga batayan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pagsunod ay dapat, <strong>ng</strong> paghihiwalay,<br />

147

ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, Opisina cleaner (s) mula <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma (hindi kaugnay). Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kalahati<strong>ng</strong>-katotohanan ay a<strong>ng</strong> pinakama<strong>sa</strong>ma uri <strong>ng</strong> mga kasinu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong>an, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, ayon <strong>sa</strong> I. Kant, nakakatakot dissolved <strong>sa</strong> scintilla <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan, na<br />

ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malubha<strong>ng</strong> paglabag <strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, at hindi<br />

maipagpapaumanhin paglabag, gaya ito touches <strong>sa</strong> harap <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ehem<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-ugat <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-iisip ... .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> irratsionalisticheskogo antiistorizma ay patuloy<br />

reproduci<strong>ng</strong> infantilism Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> konteksto, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay hindi magpahiwatig pagpapatuloy, dahil darati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> manunu<strong>ng</strong>kulan potensyal na nagdadala <strong>sa</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon<br />

na mag-upgrade a<strong>ng</strong> space at buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na mga<br />

nakalipas na mga krus, ito bihira gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> mga praktikal na pagpapalagay, na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> bahagi ay ali<strong>sa</strong>n lipunan <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> bugs at testi<strong>ng</strong>. At <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

oras, napapailalim <strong>sa</strong> mga opisyal na pagkaapi dati<strong>ng</strong> pinuno ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal<br />

na kamalayan buhay pakikilahok at suporta, pag-ibig namin persecuted at<br />

na<strong>sa</strong>ktan: A<strong>ng</strong> mga lider, na nawala a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> trabaho, binili lahat <strong>ng</strong> maiisip at<br />

hindi mailarawan <strong>ng</strong> isip ideal na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian (namin would <strong>sa</strong>y para <strong>sa</strong><br />

ipinagkaloob. Ito ay katulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>mahan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>maa<strong>ng</strong>-palad, at noon ay<br />

maganda<strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ito <strong>sa</strong>pagkat ito ay hindi na nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />

Halimbawa, ibabalik <strong>sa</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong>guan <strong>sa</strong> amnesty P. a<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong><br />

trabaho, arra<strong>ng</strong>ed <strong>sa</strong> opisina <strong>ng</strong> Chief of hikayatin, nagkaroon as<strong>sa</strong>ulted i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pulis, pagtawag <strong>sa</strong> kanila fascists, gadami, traitors, at at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras<br />

aku<strong>sa</strong>syon a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> poisoned Stalin.<br />

Pagdati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pinuno, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> dekada, at a<strong>ng</strong> halalan <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> komposisyon <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>ay na pambata<strong>sa</strong>n, madalas na sinamahan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kalat hindi nakapa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>atwiran inaa<strong>sa</strong>han para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kaha<strong>ng</strong>a-ha<strong>ng</strong>a baguhin (i-<br />

update) <strong>sa</strong> mundo o <strong>sa</strong> kahit na para <strong>sa</strong> mga kagyat na pagpapabuti <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga pinansiyal na kalagayan. Ugnayan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito batay <strong>sa</strong> mga inaa<strong>sa</strong>han<br />

hypertrophied layunin Socio-cultural katotohanan <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan na<br />

hindi magagamit <strong>sa</strong> tradisyonal malay. Sa simula <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga nilala<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

148

awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> gobyerno ay pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>mantalahan a<strong>ng</strong> availability <strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>dya<br />

pinagrabe, halos <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> inaa<strong>sa</strong>han, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon, upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

huwag gawin a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan na anyo mundo malay<br />

traditionalists ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> gumanap <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>liwain tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

submissions, na may mga poste <strong>sa</strong> Good a<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran tikin <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyonal na media-isip, iniisip <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> /<br />

exists, ay mas mahalaga kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> nilalaman, mga programa na a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pananalita, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga personalities na gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ito. Iyon a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> nilala<strong>ng</strong> kaya ito ay mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

sina<strong>sa</strong>bi <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> maliit at pribado, <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay hindi<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> hiyain, hindi pumasok <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tentasyon <strong>sa</strong> mga maliit na, nagbibigay <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanila <strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon na magkai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga suporta <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> namumuno.<br />

Kapag <strong>sa</strong> mga kurso <strong>ng</strong> panahon a<strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

mawalan <strong>ng</strong> koneksyon <strong>sa</strong> emanation ay dapat siya na ibinigay <strong>sa</strong> mga umiiral na,<br />

pabulusok <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong>, nepodlinnyh katunayan, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbili <strong>ng</strong> lilim<br />

nepodlinnosti. Maaari nami<strong>ng</strong> pagpapabalik <strong>sa</strong> ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito para <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapwa mamamayan na a<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> rulers <strong>ng</strong> Russia.<br />

Kaya't. Rulers, na nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> mababa, wala<strong>ng</strong> ilaw,<br />

makataru<strong>ng</strong>an nalimutan, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa, pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga komunista lider <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> paglubog <strong>ng</strong> araw <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong><br />

serye ay A<strong>ng</strong> Secretaries-General <strong>ng</strong> CPSU Central Committee Li Brezhnev at K.<br />

U. Chernenko. A<strong>ng</strong> rulers na <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> form o <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> tutulan tama<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

mifologizuyutsya bila<strong>ng</strong> villains, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay kaila<strong>ng</strong>an pantay <strong>sa</strong> tradisyunal<br />

na larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> mga bayani at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga banal. Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> twenties <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo Leninism ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> doktrina, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran, a<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran -<br />

antileninizm - <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> trotskizma. Availability krivdy at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma had upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

kumpirmahin a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga katotohanan at kabutihan . Ng mga<br />

149

kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na mga oras na ito mitolohiko ma<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mass traditionalists makilala Mikhail Gorbachev at Boris Yeltsin.<br />

Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> magaganda<strong>ng</strong> pahayag <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet umaa<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon 1950 -<br />

80-ies <strong>sa</strong> Pahayag <strong>ng</strong> mga VA Kozlov: Hello chiefs , <strong>sa</strong> kaibahan, na ito ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan. Dalawa<strong>ng</strong> beses nahatulan bila<strong>ng</strong>go<br />

Shavarsh <strong>sa</strong> buwan <strong>ng</strong> Abril 1959, wrote a malaki marami mura <strong>ng</strong> sulat <strong>sa</strong><br />

Khrushchev: Ikaw tolstopuzoe uhaw <strong>sa</strong> dugo hayop, pakawalan a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

offal mula <strong>sa</strong> mga luha at dugo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas na tao, nakatayo <strong>sa</strong> opisina,<br />

humahawak <strong>ng</strong> kamay at <strong>ng</strong>ipin <strong>ng</strong> trono, promisi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maliwanag hinaharap, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay magsisimula pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> iyo<strong>ng</strong> libi<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Huwag mo ba, makatao aso, Malenkova pipiliti<strong>ng</strong> na magbitiw <strong>sa</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin, <strong>sa</strong><br />

dahilan <strong>ng</strong> mali<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>sa</strong> agrikultura, ilagay <strong>sa</strong> unahan a<strong>ng</strong> kandidatura <strong>ng</strong><br />

Bulganin para <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin ....<br />

Dahil oriented tradisyonal budhi isumbo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> pito<strong>ng</strong><br />

nakamamatay ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito para <strong>sa</strong> mga si<strong>ng</strong>il ay, gaya <strong>ng</strong><br />

patakaran, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> bagay - a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito na mabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> nakataas a<strong>ng</strong><br />

imahe <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapaandar na ito mula <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> panrito. Wala <strong>ng</strong> mga tao at mga espesyal na<br />

thanks <strong>sa</strong> hari at a<strong>ng</strong> puno<strong>ng</strong> kalihim, a<strong>ng</strong> liberators, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay hindi<br />

na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an dahil <strong>sa</strong>, nahulog <strong>sa</strong> mali<strong>ng</strong> na umiiral na. Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin<br />

matandaan a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga mahal <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> oras NS Khrushchev at Mikhail S.<br />

Gorbachev, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga imahe <strong>sa</strong> mass <strong>ng</strong> malay ipininta maliwanag negatibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

connotations. Medyo baliktad na imahe <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinuno ay makikita <strong>sa</strong> stand-up <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga pagsusulit para <strong>sa</strong> pagsunod ay dapat na. Ito a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> tao na mga<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian ay unti-unti eliminated, a<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad ay dapat - ito ay<br />

marahil hindi a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao at hindi kahit superman, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga kataas-<br />

taa<strong>sa</strong>n na.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> halimbawa, pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> classical ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> popular na<br />

kamalayan a<strong>ng</strong> mga imahe <strong>ng</strong> IV Lenin at Stalin. Kaya, pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> magbag<strong>sa</strong>k<br />

<strong>sa</strong> trono <strong>sa</strong> XX Ko<strong>ng</strong>reso <strong>ng</strong> CPSU pagkatao kulto <strong>ng</strong> Stalin <strong>sa</strong> Georgia ay na<br />

150

matipuno demonstrations <strong>sa</strong> sinisibulan riots, <strong>sa</strong> panahon na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, <strong>sa</strong> Tbilisi<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Gori <strong>sa</strong> trucks dati<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> 2 libo<strong>ng</strong> tao; <strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>ng</strong> ulo <strong>sa</strong> makina ay ginawa<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> bronevik. May mga dalawa<strong>ng</strong> tao zagrimirovannye ilalim<br />

Lenin at Stalin, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> marino bihis <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> may machine-gun<br />

belts <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> balikat . Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> tagpo namin a<strong>ng</strong> paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> na<strong>sa</strong>bi<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

mahigit <strong>sa</strong> tao, mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga lider ay dapat, pisikal na kamatayan ay hindi<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> ihinto a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> partisipasyon <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> proseso, hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> indirekta form, kundi pati na rin <strong>ng</strong> personal.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin ay maaari pa ri<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> numero <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

halimbawa. Halimbawa, <strong>sa</strong> 1977 <strong>sa</strong> pahayagan <strong>ng</strong> Writers Union <strong>ng</strong> Belarusian<br />

Sobiyet sosyalista Republika ay nai-publish na tula, a<strong>ng</strong> makata <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita na<br />

ita<strong>ng</strong>hal a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay lagi<strong>ng</strong> obrattsya para <strong>sa</strong> mga payo at suporta<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga communists numero 1 VILenin: namin ay may karapata<strong>ng</strong>: Budi! Kami ay<br />

may karapatan, kami ay: Tawagan ... Hindi sterpish iyo, hindi ko smolchu. Namin<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> tawag Ilich! . Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> coordinate chiefs dapat kumilos<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> mga komunista kvazireligii <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> Marxist-<br />

Leninist bersyon, <strong>sa</strong>nto, na maaari<strong>ng</strong> makipag-ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> mga indibidwal at<br />

kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> mga reklamo, mga kahili<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> pagwawasto <strong>ng</strong> mga problema<br />

na maaari<strong>ng</strong> mag-iba mula <strong>sa</strong> linya na tinukoy ay dapat na moscham na lagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

posible na pag<strong>sa</strong>mba at tumata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> suporta at kaginhawaan.<br />

Dito namin dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> anti<strong>ng</strong>-anti<strong>ng</strong> na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay i<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga pinakamahalaga<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw<br />

paradaym Dahil / umiiral <strong>sa</strong> Ruso <strong>sa</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> malay. Pagtata<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> problema<br />

makakatulo<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong><br />

matagal pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> societal norms at value na nagdala <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural<br />

space <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Mga awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> Ruso<br />

Socio-cultural tradisyon ay mas i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> metapisiko kategorya, <strong>sa</strong> halip na<br />

panlipunan, at ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> itsura, Parade A<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan level ay itina<strong>ng</strong>hal<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sosyal na institusyon, <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tahanan, <strong>sa</strong> malalim na antas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kargamento nito metapisiko kakanyahan. Mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makatwira<strong>ng</strong> pagtuos <strong>ng</strong><br />

151

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay naiintindihan <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> paraan: bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> artista at bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paggamot.<br />

Sa kaibahan <strong>sa</strong> Russia, <strong>sa</strong> pagtagumpayan a<strong>ng</strong> mga lipas na / medyebal<br />

sinkretismo European kultura <strong>ng</strong> malay <strong>ng</strong> mga mode na ito <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan na<br />

itinatag <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ontological antecedence pagkakaiba. Sa Ruso cultural<br />

kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> subdiskursov dapat<br />

direkta<strong>ng</strong> nito projection, fulfilli<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> function <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamamagitan para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> mga minimum na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong><br />

gumagana at pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> lipunan obschekulturnoy integridad. A<strong>ng</strong> Ruso na<br />

awtoridad ay hindi regulated a<strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na Socio-cultural proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagkuha<br />

ilagay <strong>sa</strong> mga pahala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> seksyon <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, ku<strong>ng</strong> ilan a<strong>ng</strong> mga link <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

braket na ginawa para <strong>sa</strong> realidad <strong>ng</strong> metapisiko, patayo ierarhizovannye poles <strong>ng</strong><br />

mabuti at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, <strong>sa</strong> ganyan pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> integridad <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural<br />

system.<br />

Sa paligid <strong>ng</strong> mga panloob na dibisyon at matindi<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>way pa<strong>ng</strong>gitna<br />

lugar <strong>ng</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> oras ay kritikal<br />

outbreaks <strong>ng</strong> pag-igti<strong>ng</strong>, exacerbated <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagya<strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

unlad <strong>ng</strong> pahiga ugnayan mediativnyh. Sa situasyon na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> mga panlipunan at<br />

kultural na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay fastened at a<strong>ng</strong> mga umiiral na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga panlabas na may paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga horizontal social kapayapaan: Huwag<br />

Moscow-utos <strong>ng</strong> Estado, a<strong>ng</strong> Estado Moscow. Kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong><br />

substantsionalny character <strong>sa</strong>moprichinnost at kosmologichnost, Kinukuha a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi repressed <strong>sa</strong> mundo, ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

tseke at balances. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan a<strong>ng</strong> hini<strong>ng</strong>a lipas, ito weakened a<strong>ng</strong><br />

projection, mga alaala <strong>ng</strong> mga ayos na ito <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-bagay, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito<br />

ay mahalaga upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> produktibo<strong>ng</strong> lakas <strong>ng</strong> hari, na<br />

ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtaas <strong>sa</strong> abundance around: <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga nakatira<br />

Bei<strong>ng</strong>s at <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n ... (mamaya <strong>sa</strong> Scandinavian ban<strong>sa</strong> ki<strong>ng</strong> ay nagsisigurado<br />

kaunlaran para <strong>sa</strong> mga lupa at <strong>sa</strong> dagat, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> maghan <strong>ng</strong> mga bu<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong><br />

lupa abundantly at babae pagkamayabo<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

152

Sa mga sitwasyo<strong>ng</strong> ito, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> pamamagitan ay may <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagtitiyak, kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> specifics <strong>ng</strong> West, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw a<strong>ng</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamamagitan ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dialogue. Sa medyebal Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pyudal lords, <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, batay <strong>sa</strong> mga higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong><br />

prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> diyalogo at obligasyon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>'t i<strong>sa</strong>, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> dialogue - ito ay<br />

permanente<strong>ng</strong> panloob contradictions <strong>sa</strong> isipan <strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paghahanap para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> liwanag solusyon haba<strong>ng</strong> pinapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> pag-igti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga creative na<br />

aktibidad. Sa mga lugar na natukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga problema permanente<br />

pinagtibay a<strong>ng</strong> posisyon <strong>ng</strong> ako <strong>sa</strong> may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili at <strong>sa</strong> iba<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> pamamagitan ay<br />

natupad higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> monologo. Sa kanya<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> anyo<br />

pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala<strong>ng</strong> Ruso kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> monologichnoy sinusubuka<strong>ng</strong> form<br />

hierarchically Inayos space na naririto, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pahala<strong>ng</strong> mundo, na mag-link nito <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga indibidwal na mga segment. Ngunit ito mediativno-ierhaiziruyuschee epekto<br />

<strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo ay hindi lagi<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay, a<strong>ng</strong> gayon, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahirapan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi coped alinman Kiev o Moscow o St Petersburg<br />

Russia, ay tiyak na ito <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga tao at a<strong>ng</strong> kultura, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao at <strong>ng</strong> estado, pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi<strong>ng</strong> sumampalataya a<strong>ng</strong> kultura tradisyon na ito <strong>ng</strong><br />

lakas at hadla<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> pagali<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali<strong>ng</strong> naganap <strong>sa</strong> puwa<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> streamlini<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural na espasyo upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

hara<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> pagbuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> dialogue. Monologo-hierarchical<br />

obschekulturnoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistematiko<strong>ng</strong> depisito mediativnyh<br />

function bila<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n sverhtsennost ay regarded bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kultura <strong>ng</strong> malay bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>moidentifikatsionny sign. Sa ati<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon, ito ay<br />

malinaw na a<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> feedback <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad at lipunan,<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit ito kaya mahirap na ayusin a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

bagay <strong>sa</strong> Russia na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong>-apruba <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-graphic illustrations <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

mahina at a<strong>ng</strong> maliit na bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> partido mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

153

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia. A<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon, kapag <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

awtoridad at lipunan ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puwa<strong>ng</strong>, at a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n monologichno perceived hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na<br />

karaniwan, dati, <strong>ng</strong>unit din bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> para<strong>ng</strong>al. Russia <strong>sa</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay<br />

hindi nag-ii<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tunay malaki a<strong>ng</strong> distansya <strong>sa</strong> mga relasyon at mayroo<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> Mexico at India, a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> ay, <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, <strong>sa</strong><br />

labas <strong>ng</strong> Europa. A<strong>ng</strong> minimum na distansya na nauukol <strong>sa</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong>, at<br />

mayroo<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> Alemanya at <strong>sa</strong> UK, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> aari <strong>sa</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan moderno<strong>ng</strong>. Detalye <strong>ng</strong> mga parameter na tiyak <strong>sa</strong> iba't<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> kultura, i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga Olandes antropologo G. Hofstede.<br />

Kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> estado ay i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaiba <strong>ng</strong> Russia<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa mula noo<strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages <strong>sa</strong> pinakamataas na<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> Europa ay ipinagbabawal <strong>ng</strong> batas, <strong>ng</strong> malubha<strong>ng</strong> paglabag na<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan upa<strong>ng</strong> ibuyo vas<strong>sa</strong>ls <strong>sa</strong> ali<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> kanya bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> o ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin nito ay hindi naaayon <strong>sa</strong> batas. Pumunta pa<strong>ng</strong>inoon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> linya hindi kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> alinman <strong>sa</strong> palakasin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, o magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pag-iimbak <strong>ng</strong> mga sukat na teritoryo, na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> tao ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> mahanap a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>inoon, siya<br />

nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> ilipat ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> kaso <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na mahaba<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagtatago, at, ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an, ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>sa</strong> ancestral castle. Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkalat <strong>sa</strong> iba't-<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Western Europe, at nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian<br />

<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> sociocultural pinananatili panloob na katatagan, curbi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mapanira<strong>ng</strong> manifestations <strong>ng</strong> arbitrary kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> kosmolohiko kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso na awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

output <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> kabutiha<strong>ng</strong>-a<strong>sa</strong>l at <strong>ng</strong> mga batas, ilagay ito <strong>sa</strong> kanila: ilaw, i<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> araw <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong>r <strong>sa</strong> lupa. In Russian ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, kami ay<br />

<strong>sa</strong>ksi <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad perceived <strong>ng</strong> Roman Empire (Byzantium) tsezarizma ideya<br />

kapag a<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> top-down<br />

hierarchical kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan relasyon, ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas na kalagayan.<br />

154

A<strong>ng</strong> ideya <strong>ng</strong> mga banal na kakanyahan <strong>ng</strong> imperyal kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan pet<strong>sa</strong><br />

pabalik <strong>sa</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> ki<strong>ng</strong>doms. Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> Ehipto <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> Ikaapat<br />

dinastya ki<strong>ng</strong> perceived filed bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> anak na lalaki <strong>ng</strong> diyos RA: a<strong>ng</strong> hari,<br />

haba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> labas, at a<strong>ng</strong> anak na lalaki <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ama, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> anak <strong>ng</strong><br />

kataas-taa<strong>sa</strong>n Diyos. I<strong>sa</strong>ac Mas<strong>sa</strong> ipinayo<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> Russian ti<strong>ng</strong>in nito para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pinakamataas na diyos <strong>ng</strong> mga Hari. Opinion ay ganap na hinati, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

dayuhan moskovity, referri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga lider<br />

<strong>ng</strong> simbahan at <strong>ng</strong> mga manunulat a<strong>ng</strong> huli XV - simula <strong>ng</strong> XVI siglo, Joseph<br />

Volokolamskoe wrote na a<strong>ng</strong> hari, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kalika<strong>sa</strong>n,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> posisyon at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay tulad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> Mataas na Diyos . Nag<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alit <strong>sa</strong> lahat at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Ruso na awtoridad ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> humawak <strong>ng</strong> volyuntaristicheskuyu patakaran, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> entidad na awtoridad pagsukat: A<strong>ng</strong><br />

katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> Diyos, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>r's ay.<br />

Halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tinatawag na tunay na<br />

sosyalismo <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala <strong>sa</strong> suriin para <strong>sa</strong> pagsunod <strong>sa</strong> mga batas <strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet aksyon (desisyon), J. Stalin, NS Khrushchev, Li Brezhnev? Tano<strong>ng</strong> na ito<br />

ay retorika <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n wala<strong>ng</strong>, dahil hindi tried <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kalooban <strong>ng</strong><br />

hari o reyna. Paturol, kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kaalaman <strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet constitutions, ra<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong><br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> Stalinist Saliga<strong>ng</strong>-Batas <strong>ng</strong> 1936, ito ay malinaw na nauunawaan binuo<br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an lumitaw <strong>sa</strong><br />

60-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo dissident pagkilos na ito ay: Panatilihin a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

konstitusyon.<br />

Ito raises a<strong>ng</strong> natural na katanu<strong>ng</strong>an, dahil <strong>sa</strong> ito ay pinag<strong>sa</strong>ma, srastit <strong>sa</strong><br />

loob <strong>ng</strong> parehas na mga legal na paggagamot <strong>ng</strong> patakaran na ito <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet<br />

panahon para <strong>sa</strong> mga pamantayan <strong>ng</strong> mga legal na karapatan, marami<br />

skalkirovannym <strong>sa</strong> legal na sistema<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa at Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Amerika,<br />

at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan-ugat tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> arbitrary <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan? Sa loob na ito<br />

puzzli<strong>ng</strong> legal na ipagtayo ganap na wala<strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

vnutrennyayaya kompetisyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan <strong>ng</strong> annihilation, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> likas na<br />

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pagnanais na makamit a<strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na panloob na homogeneity. A<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

direksyon, mas at mas malaganap a<strong>ng</strong> araw na ito, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga luma<strong>ng</strong> Russian<br />

mundo: A<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan ay inyo, muzhichok at polezay-ka <strong>sa</strong> bag!.<br />

Sa abot <strong>ng</strong> moralidad, pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> batas, <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> West at East<br />

Europa, may mga iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ganap. Moral Prinsipyo <strong>sa</strong> West ay malaya<strong>ng</strong><br />

mediatsionnym regulyativom dahil a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga batas <strong>ng</strong> moralidad magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

konteksto <strong>ng</strong> radically i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> diyos (Kristiyanismo uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na form .... A<strong>ng</strong> moral<br />

prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> sila<strong>ng</strong>an European kontinente ay mas likido at mga kamag-anak.<br />

Dahil a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> hypostasis ito ay dapat malaman a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lawak <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanya <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> moralidad. Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

moral na sistema ay halos lahat na a<strong>ng</strong> pagsunod ay dapat pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> hindi-<br />

masyado<strong>ng</strong>-malayo oras kapag desisyon at mga aksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad ay<br />

tinutukoy rebolusyonaryo <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mamaya <strong>ng</strong>ayon. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

neartikulirovannyh, <strong>ng</strong>unit kinikilala a<strong>ng</strong> Convention <strong>ng</strong> Ruso ay may awtoridad <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin nito ay a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas maliit na halaga kay<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> banal, a<strong>ng</strong> mga relihiyon globo, at <strong>sa</strong> katunayan ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na pinagmulan <strong>ng</strong> moral norms: A<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Diyos upa<strong>ng</strong> hari. Moral na alituntunin ay tunay madali na mag-iba-iba ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

discourses dapat, <strong>sa</strong> cash pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panayam <strong>sa</strong> pabor <strong>ng</strong> Power.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga quest dahil <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw nito a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-<br />

bagay ay hindi totoo at a<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran poles <strong>ng</strong> mabuti at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

mistula<strong>ng</strong> uhaw mas mataas na - <strong>sa</strong> diyos, na may been, at <strong>sa</strong>tanas ... ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

sinauna<strong>ng</strong> demiurge. Siya ay orihinal, at siya lama<strong>ng</strong>, ito ay <strong>sa</strong> mali<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga kontrobersiya, siya ay hindi alam ni a<strong>ng</strong> araw ni gabi, ni <strong>ng</strong> mabuti o<br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>ma. Ito ay - wala, at ito ay - a<strong>ng</strong> lahat. Hindi namin alam ito, dahil alam<br />

namin <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga contradictions ... . Ito ay dapat pumunta at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong>kan pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pinakamahalaga<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> Ruso na<br />

awtoridad - ambivalence nito.<br />

Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kultura ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>gitna zone ay hindi nagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />

natural, at kosmolohiko poles <strong>ng</strong> mabuti at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, ugma <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> malapit na,<br />

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a<strong>ng</strong> mga kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay hindi maghawak <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>gitna lugar <strong>ng</strong> buhay, nagli-<br />

link <strong>ng</strong> sistema mula <strong>sa</strong> loob. Ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> tumagal <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumbinasyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

dalawa<strong>ng</strong> poles, na pareho, tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buklod pigain a<strong>ng</strong> sistema mula <strong>sa</strong> labas.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga analogues <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katulad na kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> nakikita <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages, ku<strong>ng</strong> kailan, ayon <strong>sa</strong> Georges Dyubi, Hari <strong>ng</strong> Pransya, na<br />

ito ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hiwalay na bahagi <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> paraan: dahil siya ay<br />

nananatili<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagkakasunod-sunod, na, <strong>sa</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> pagbuo <strong>ng</strong> hukuman<br />

lipunan .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tampok na ito na matatagpuan <strong>sa</strong> itaas, <strong>sa</strong> halip na <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> lipunan,<br />

ambivalent at tinutukoy a<strong>ng</strong> mga kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso na awtoridad upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

pareho bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinagmumulan <strong>ng</strong> mga benepisyo, at ma<strong>sa</strong>ma. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dako,<br />

at para <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet at pre-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, nakita namin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

panay-apila <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> paghahanap para <strong>sa</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

institusyon <strong>ng</strong> reklamo at u<strong>sa</strong>pin ay hindi pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> lipunan,<br />

batay <strong>sa</strong> redistributivnoy (redistributive) na batayan, <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> - maaari nami<strong>ng</strong><br />

makita at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> tiwala <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> posible<strong>ng</strong> mapagkukunan <strong>ng</strong> mabuti . Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na<br />

Sinusubukan <strong>sa</strong> ma-enable a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na nakatira, hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> manatili <strong>sa</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan. Ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, concluded <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan agad <strong>sa</strong><br />

pakikitu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> kanila .<br />

Ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ontological ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, ito ay<br />

dictated <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinakamahalaga interes ay dapat i<strong>sa</strong>katwiran na hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

imposible, <strong>ng</strong>unit maka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, na Diyos ay nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanino pohochet. Traditional malay lagi<strong>ng</strong> ipa<strong>ng</strong>atwiran a<strong>ng</strong> kaba<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> iba't-<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an na labanan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> pambugbog, a<strong>ng</strong> enemies <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, a<strong>ng</strong> ikalima<strong>ng</strong> haligi. Mas<br />

madalas, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kriminal na aksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad ay perceived bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

disonansya, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> mas mataas na pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> marinig ito pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, hindi maramdaman a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> mga tono.<br />

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Awtoridad neontologichny mga kaba<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>sa</strong>n, ontological ma<strong>sa</strong>ma ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo na a<strong>ng</strong> umiiral, hindi oblagorozhennaya Dahil maka<strong>sa</strong>lanan kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

tao.<br />

Manifestations <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at a<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> pagboboluntaryo ay<br />

higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat dahil <strong>sa</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> paghihiwalay <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan mula <strong>sa</strong> tunay<br />

na buhay, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> kahiba<strong>ng</strong>an invertatsii pak<strong>sa</strong> perceived<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> kaalaman at kadakilaan. Well sinabi tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpuna <strong>ng</strong> mga iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga aksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad traditionalists aawit<br />

pagkakonserbatibo at a<strong>ng</strong> mga espesyal na Ruso K. Leontyev: Ayon <strong>sa</strong> Saliga<strong>ng</strong><br />

Batas <strong>ng</strong> Empire, para <strong>sa</strong> mga tunay diwa <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> legal at maayos<br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay na emanates mula <strong>sa</strong> kataas-taa<strong>sa</strong>n kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Batas<br />

zakreposchenie lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> at well, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga dibisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> klase (o<br />

estado), a<strong>ng</strong> lahat ay mabuti <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> oras - at a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong>rado korte, at<br />

pagpaparu<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> katawan. Legal, well pagsira <strong>ng</strong> buo, hindi kaya marami <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian, <strong>ng</strong>unit dahil a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay pagayon masiyahan<br />

... Kami pareho a<strong>ng</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>in at hindi naniniwala na ito Ruso, na hindi malaman ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

paano <strong>sa</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>in ko, kahit na siya ay na-a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-tapat at karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kapaki-pakinaba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> isip <strong>sa</strong> mga gawain <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ... . Ngunit para <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay para mabayaran, at para <strong>sa</strong> kaginhawahan <strong>ng</strong> mga batas na<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> mahihirapan, at para <strong>sa</strong> pagkahagis <strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya, pulitika, at ito<br />

nakakalasi<strong>ng</strong> ganap na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay maari<strong>ng</strong> magpahiwatig <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malubha<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> panloob na mga paghihigpit, tseke at balances, hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga imperyal kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong>unit at a<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo<br />

ay magbayad <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> civilizational <strong>ng</strong> 1917.<br />

Mediativnaya function <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay kritikal subdiskursom dapat<br />

pronizyvaya umiiral mundo, a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na buhay.<br />

Ito subdiskurs dahil <strong>sa</strong> Russia emphasized monologichen <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> panloob na<br />

lohika <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> magtayo <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan pamunuan <strong>ng</strong> simbahan<br />

(vertical) <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> spheres <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, ito ay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

158

emanation dahil sumuot <strong>sa</strong> remotest sulok <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, araw-araw na<br />

mundo na umiiral na.<br />

Mediativnaya function <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> mundo na mayroon a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<br />

nito <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> tiyak na mga institusyo<strong>ng</strong> panlipunan, attitudes at mga<br />

tradisyon. I<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> susi institusyon dito ay hierarchically na inayos ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

Institute of bureaucracy na regular at mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon confirmation. Kaya,<br />

Academician Ti Zaslavskaya a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod na mga numero <strong>sa</strong> mga bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga bureaucrats <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet Union at <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia: Ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

impormasyon na ibinigay noo<strong>ng</strong> 1999 at a<strong>ng</strong> panayam Saan a<strong>ng</strong> Russia? , Sa<br />

USSR bago a<strong>ng</strong> restructuri<strong>ng</strong> ay 700 libo<strong>ng</strong> mga civil servants, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan Russia - <strong>sa</strong> 1200 thou<strong>sa</strong>nd. Sa tatlo<strong>ng</strong> at kalahati<strong>ng</strong> beses na higit pa<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> milyo<strong>ng</strong> katao pinamamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> !<br />

Bakit a<strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong> Estado ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maganda<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit<br />

bureaucracy kaya't malaki <strong>sa</strong> laki at may-play tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> papel na<br />

ginagampanan <strong>sa</strong> lipunan? Panlabas na mga kontrol ibayad para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> panloob na mga uri <strong>ng</strong> kultura, ligal, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, pampulitika<br />

control at paglahok bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> personalidad <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> buhay proyekto,<br />

at <strong>sa</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Huwag gumawa <strong>ng</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit upa<strong>ng</strong> ipamahagi<br />

at mamigay na muli, upa<strong>ng</strong> harapin a<strong>ng</strong> mga isyu pakapilitin batay <strong>sa</strong> bawat<br />

indibidwal, <strong>sa</strong> personal na nego<strong>sa</strong>syon, hindi bababa, hindi malinaw na ginagamot<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga alituntunin <strong>ng</strong> batas. Ngunit ito ay hindi self-mahalaga dito, a<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga opisyal ay tinukoy bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pag-andar na makitid a<strong>ng</strong> isip <strong>ng</strong><br />

Estado, a<strong>ng</strong> mga likas ugali <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lahat-<strong>ng</strong>-malaganap.<br />

Kapag a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong>-oriented bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> mga una<strong>ng</strong><br />

90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, pumigil <strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an upa<strong>ng</strong> paliitin a<strong>ng</strong> papel <strong>ng</strong> estado,<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> mabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> papel na ginagampanan <strong>sa</strong> formula <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> estado -<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> gabi-i<strong>ng</strong>at, na sinadya lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay - hindi maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> amin<br />

na nakatira, nagtatrabaho, ati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag-aalaga <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili. Viable buhay <strong>ng</strong> mundo mo pa rin maghintay ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> ito ay imposible,<br />

kaya <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> hindi makagambala. Ikaw ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> kapaki-<br />

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pakinaba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> - <strong>sa</strong> mga pulis a<strong>ng</strong> pagganap <strong>ng</strong> mga pag-andar, ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>sa</strong> konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>ng</strong> estado, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakatulad<br />

<strong>sa</strong> West, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay ... flourished dahil <strong>sa</strong> mga tao gamit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> baril<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> bantayan a<strong>ng</strong> mga interes at mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong> dolyar, kalahati<strong>ng</strong> kilo<strong>ng</strong><br />

esterlina, a<strong>ng</strong> markahan . Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga kumpanya ay hindi nata<strong>ng</strong>gap mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> kahit na tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> minimum, ito ay lilitaw na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pamahalaan ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> basic order <strong>sa</strong> The Streets, lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

kontrolado <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> media, a<strong>ng</strong> mga negosyo na kapaligiran lahat.<br />

Kaya na, <strong>sa</strong> Russia upa<strong>ng</strong> sugpuin kalye krimen, ikaw ay dapat, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

minimum na, upa<strong>ng</strong> magtatag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> awtoritaryan rehimen, <strong>ng</strong>unit upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>galin a<strong>ng</strong> mga bubo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> banditry negosyo kaila<strong>ng</strong>an i<strong>sa</strong>ban<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> negosyo<br />

mismo (hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> malalaki) at upa<strong>ng</strong> magtatag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> totalitaryo /<br />

kvazitotalitarny mode. Bravo, ginoo! Ito ay lumiliko out na a<strong>ng</strong> mga estado <strong>sa</strong><br />

Rusya ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki at komprehensibo<strong>ng</strong> (Big Brother ay para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> iyo), o hindi, iyon ay, hindi makaya <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> arbitrarily maliit na halaga na<br />

natitira <strong>sa</strong> kanya. Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahila-hilakbot na dillema nakaharap <strong>sa</strong> lipunan, at<br />

marahil <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-intelektwal bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> entidad <strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />

Ngayon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliit na puna tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kalabagan <strong>sa</strong> katwiran,<br />

fetishizatsii Ruso na awtoridad. Rasyonalismo ay, <strong>sa</strong> halip, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> pahala<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

makamundo mundo na umiiral na. At mula <strong>sa</strong> mga rasyonalistik argument tu<strong>ng</strong>kol<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at pag-uugali <strong>ng</strong> traditionalists<br />

humahawak hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> takot kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas malalim<br />

na kahulugan at a<strong>ng</strong> ban dahil rasyonali<strong>sa</strong>syon leads <strong>sa</strong> hindi nakapa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>atwiran<br />

pagkawa<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad. A<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> hindi dapat maintindihan,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> matira<strong>ng</strong> buhay, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakatulad <strong>sa</strong> mga mekanismo <strong>ng</strong><br />

gumagana <strong>ng</strong> relihiyon <strong>ng</strong> malay-tao, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi ratsionalizuet at<br />

direkta nakakaranas <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagkilos <strong>ng</strong><br />

relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n.<br />

160

Very much <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

estado gu<strong>sa</strong>li ay dahil <strong>sa</strong> pata<strong>ng</strong>o, pagbabaligtad kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mga dynamic na<br />

proseso <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at sotsiokulture. Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> amplitude <strong>ng</strong> imbayog ay<br />

inherently <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural dinamika <strong>sa</strong><br />

general at a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay maliwanag, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma, <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> na<br />

binuo gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> lawak protivohoda, presence o<br />

kawalan <strong>ng</strong> bait at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ambivalence sukdulan na posisyon, a<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong><br />

semantiko lugar para <strong>sa</strong> mga dialogue. Para <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Western classical<br />

pagka<strong>makabago</strong>, mga kaibhan na ito ay nagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago<br />

aanak, incorporati<strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> maginoo space <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at<br />

kultural tradisyon. A<strong>ng</strong> kasunod na yugto <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay mananatili<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> pagpapatuloy <strong>sa</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong>, ay napapailalim <strong>sa</strong> pagwawasto <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> developments at artifacts.<br />

Sa Russia lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay ay naiiba. Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural<br />

system, hindi a<strong>ng</strong> kahila-hilakbot na imbayog, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> laki <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

amplitude, a<strong>ng</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamaliit na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an na koneksyon <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga poles. A. Be<strong>sa</strong>ncon tala na a<strong>ng</strong> Russian lupa, hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> dahil<br />

<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Falsdmitry absolutely at regular na palitan a<strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong>, dalawa<strong>ng</strong> simulan.<br />

Sa i<strong>sa</strong> ay nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga kamag-anak kalayaan, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kumpanya ay gumagamit <strong>ng</strong> mga potensyal na <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> pagkuku<strong>sa</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagsisikap <strong>ng</strong> masigasog mamamayan <strong>ng</strong> magtamo na<strong>ng</strong> yaman, kakayahan,<br />

kaalaman at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> mga resources. Iba<strong>ng</strong> pamalagia<strong>ng</strong> simulan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kabaligtaran a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> pagpapahayag - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado na may<br />

marka<strong>ng</strong> totalitaryo aspirations. A<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago epochs ay ginanap <strong>sa</strong> mas marami<br />

o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> dramatically, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari. Sa<br />

ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> bahagi prevails halaga gosbyurokratii. Karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> hakba<strong>ng</strong><br />

mapagkukunan expropriated, nationalizi<strong>ng</strong>, ogosudarstvlyaetsya .<br />

Sa katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> panahon ay accumulated<br />

mumunti mga potensyal na para <strong>sa</strong> mga pagkaka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>atan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ugat<br />

at Ascendi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> dahil <strong>sa</strong> syncretic katutubo<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan.<br />

161

Ipadala a<strong>ng</strong> paglabag <strong>sa</strong> mga luma<strong>ng</strong> order ay perceived <strong>sa</strong> excited tunog, may<br />

mga kalat inaa<strong>sa</strong>han para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tagumpay para <strong>sa</strong> mga ipinagkaloob. Dito,<br />

<strong>sa</strong>lamat <strong>sa</strong> Diyos, ay inilun<strong>sa</strong>d, sinabi <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tanke <strong>sa</strong> alaala F. Stepuna<br />

Revolution <strong>ng</strong> Pebrero <strong>ng</strong> 1917, ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> daigdig, ay baptized. Sa pag-aaral<br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> Petrograd, <strong>sa</strong>rhento <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> malapit <strong>sa</strong> Tchoulkov<br />

sinabi: Ngayon ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan. A<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> yugto <strong>sa</strong><br />

simula perceived bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na magtayo <strong>ng</strong> kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos <strong>sa</strong><br />

daigdig, tulad <strong>ng</strong> malapit ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't maaari <strong>sa</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an o hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong><br />

gantimpala para <strong>sa</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> awtoridad.<br />

Kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> pata<strong>ng</strong>o kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso, na <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> orientations at ideological oposredovaniy pareho <strong>sa</strong><br />

paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-masugid na pag-iisip na<br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Lama<strong>ng</strong> kapag approachi<strong>ng</strong> na ito allegorical, <strong>ng</strong>unit lubos na<br />

tumpak a<strong>ng</strong> display pagbabaligtad proseso <strong>sa</strong> Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at sotsiokulture a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pata<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> poles, extremes <strong>sa</strong> amplitude <strong>ng</strong> pagkilos, diyan ay<br />

makunan at paggamot <strong>sa</strong> mga linya <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> configuration <strong>ng</strong><br />

pananampalataya <strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos na nagaganap <strong>sa</strong> pagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> kapwa eksklusibo poles. A<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> mahihirapan ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tikin halos<br />

ipinagpapahintulot kalayaan, perceived <strong>sa</strong> lipunan bila<strong>ng</strong> anarchy, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

pagpapahina <strong>ng</strong> mga batas, radically nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n sociocultural normatibo, co-<br />

umiiral at <strong>sa</strong> palig<strong>sa</strong>han para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> posible<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap raznovektornye uso <strong>sa</strong><br />

pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> kultura at lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> Liberty Polo, at, <strong>sa</strong> bahagi, <strong>sa</strong>ligutgot<br />

potensyal na naglalaman <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural space, a<strong>ng</strong> creative pol,<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> posible <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari para <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an may mga patuloy <strong>sa</strong> at i-import mula <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at<br />

kultural na may bago<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha. Sa iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga polo <strong>ng</strong> Liberty - ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> umiiral na pol, a<strong>ng</strong> mga poste <strong>ng</strong> Life. Natural,<br />

siya a<strong>ng</strong> tina<strong>ng</strong>gal halos lahat <strong>ng</strong> estado, ay kaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> sumunod.<br />

Pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> Pole - ay dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> poste approximation, a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas<br />

na maaari <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ma. Na ito - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> poste <strong>ng</strong> order<br />

162

<strong>sa</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural tradisyon Matatag na konektado <strong>sa</strong> authoritarianism,<br />

pamin<strong>sa</strong>n-min<strong>sa</strong>n degenerati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> totalitaryo form <strong>ng</strong> kontrol <strong>sa</strong> lipunan. Ito<br />

ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga poste at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga hierarchies,<br />

peti regulasyon, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito ay hindi pinahihintulutan - siyempre hindi.<br />

Sa abot <strong>ng</strong> akit <strong>ng</strong> poles dahil <strong>sa</strong> magbigay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya, oras,<br />

buhay <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> dakila<strong>ng</strong> ideologies, malaki estado, charismatic<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Sa sukdulan, na<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>bay-<strong>sa</strong>bay raises <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

enemies, a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas at panloob, na sila makahadla<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>wakas at hindi mababawi a<strong>ng</strong> dapat dahil <strong>sa</strong> tagumpay, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay dapat<br />

sirain. Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kaaway ay hindi give up - ito destroys, at ito ay sinabi <strong>sa</strong> Moscow<br />

partkonferentsii 1968, a<strong>ng</strong> makata Sergei Mikhalkov,: tirelessly <strong>sa</strong> hate a<strong>ng</strong><br />

enemies - a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay (true proletaryan humanism!. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunod-<br />

sunod <strong>ng</strong> mga tikin ay dapat - kahit na ito ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> poste <strong>ng</strong> kamatayan , a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pinakamahu<strong>sa</strong>y na mahihirapan undead, a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga kvazizhizni, dahil <strong>sa</strong><br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> buhay ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> vyryvayas umiiral <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mundo umiiral?<br />

DS Merezhkovsky remarked min<strong>sa</strong>n na a<strong>ng</strong> kaibuturan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso reaksyon -<br />

hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pampulitika <strong>ng</strong>unit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon, hindi dito -<br />

transendental. A<strong>ng</strong> reaksyon <strong>ng</strong> - relihiyon. Mukha<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> min<strong>sa</strong>n na a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong><br />

kakanyahan <strong>ng</strong> Russia - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>sa</strong> reaksyon . Kapag<br />

approachi<strong>ng</strong> mahihirapan dapat mapakinaba<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> isila<strong>ng</strong> na muli institusyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya ay nasira sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga tseke at balances,<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay ay nagsisimula na mag-pokus <strong>sa</strong> mas malinaw na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao, <strong>sa</strong>mahan, partido pamumuno. Sa stage na ito, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan pili kaila<strong>ng</strong>an ideolohiya, ta<strong>ng</strong>gapin a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pisikal na kalagayan, na nagpapahintulot <strong>sa</strong> sublimat a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong><br />

interes <strong>sa</strong> enerhiya, na para <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> gamitin<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga tao para <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong>-pagtanto <strong>sa</strong> pahiga eroplano <strong>ng</strong> materyal na buhay.<br />

Ideolohiya, demanded <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon, postulates<br />

sverhlichnostnye layunin, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakaiba-iba<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-aalala para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga at pagdami <strong>ng</strong> Russian Empire, a<strong>ng</strong> focus<br />

163

<strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-lipas na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon (ban<strong>sa</strong>), kakayahan <strong>sa</strong><br />

mesyanik teachi<strong>ng</strong>s, ku<strong>ng</strong> Ortodoksia o Marxism-Leninism at bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> tukso, iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong>, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> agresibo mga uri<br />

<strong>ng</strong> nasyonalismo. Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> Russia ay nakaranas <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

uudyok <strong>ng</strong> mga pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> sosyalismo, na itaas a<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> publiko,<br />

kahit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na panremedyo, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi tu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> sosyalismo bila<strong>ng</strong> tulad,<br />

pagkatapos, hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> ugnayan nito <strong>sa</strong> mga internasyunal na sukat. Ngunit<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga udyok <strong>ng</strong> mga pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sosyalismo, mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong><br />

agresibo mga uri <strong>ng</strong> nasyonalismo <strong>sa</strong> kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon, o, mas malama<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

relihiyon forms ay hindi pa dumati<strong>ng</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga mass panremedyo laban<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kanya ay hindi pa binuo.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kaso, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, at a<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> magali<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

potensyal na etnointegriruyuschim, tila, ay a<strong>ng</strong> udyok para <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad,<br />

painfully mahalaga tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> paano mag-<strong>sa</strong>mahin lipunan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

relatibo<strong>ng</strong> pa rin <strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> impormasyon space, a<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malaki<strong>ng</strong> banta <strong>ng</strong> digmaan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> kaaway, a<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

ideolohiya. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> postimperskogo, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> taon ay<br />

mas magi<strong>ng</strong> hiwalay neoimperskie kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> estado na mag-pokus <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> relihiyon identity ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pamban<strong>sa</strong>-<strong>sa</strong>ma, <strong>ng</strong>unit paghiwalay <strong>ng</strong> estado, hindi bumagal - <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> accelerate<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> deconstruction <strong>ng</strong> imperyo. Ito ay malinaw na <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> subjective na antas, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kalahok <strong>ng</strong> mga proyekto a<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> batayan para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideolohiya Ito ay hindi malaman a<strong>ng</strong><br />

layunin <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga aksyon na direkta<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran resulta, a<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano ito na humanto<strong>ng</strong>, at kahit pagkatapos, tila, hindi mass, ay maaari<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> matapos a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan .<br />

Sa ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> napakamahalaga point. Bila<strong>ng</strong> sosyalista<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> Rusya at a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagkabulok <strong>ng</strong> Marxism, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay tinukoy bila<strong>ng</strong> F.<br />

Stepun ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan <strong>ng</strong> sosyalismo <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili, at a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong><br />

164

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian bila<strong>ng</strong> batayan para <strong>sa</strong> pormasyon <strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong><br />

relihiyon ideolohiya ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kapus-palad kahihinatnan kahit<br />

hindi tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian mismo. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga founder <strong>ng</strong><br />

Frankfurt School <strong>ng</strong> pilosopiya T. Adorno siniya<strong>sa</strong>t <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga sumusunod: Baguhin relihiyon <strong>sa</strong> seglar pampulitika dulo ay a<strong>ng</strong> reverse ...<br />

moderno<strong>ng</strong> pasista demagogo lumapit <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon motifs lama<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

atomizirovannymi <strong>sa</strong> kortadura <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagkasira <strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> kaayon paniniwala . I<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga labi <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na<br />

relihiyon, nagtitipon siya ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin, at<br />

throws a<strong>ng</strong> balanse, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga banal na <strong>sa</strong>lita, siya a<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon<br />

Isina<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napaka-praktiko pagtuos .<br />

Pagpapabalik <strong>sa</strong> itaas na a<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yari (maaari<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>yari)<br />

na malapit <strong>sa</strong> poles <strong>ng</strong> Order <strong>ng</strong> papuri. Ay depende <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong><br />

dulo, a<strong>ng</strong> pata<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>ng</strong> Ruso kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado kilu<strong>sa</strong>n magsisimula likod papunta<br />

<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran pol. Sa una<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagkilos mula <strong>sa</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong><br />

imbayog amplitude proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagwawasto <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-hiwalay distortions,<br />

error, at hindi makatwiran, kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural<br />

system. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay malawak na pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> simpatiya, bahaw lula <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tagumpay, mula matunaw, kinuha hakba<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alagaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> arbitrary (o kalayaan, naiintindihan bila<strong>ng</strong> anarchy), a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> ligal na norms. Sa karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural<br />

pata<strong>ng</strong>o ay na<strong>sa</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> sentido komun, a<strong>ng</strong> zone na balanse <strong>ng</strong> mga interes,<br />

pampulitika katatagan, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> mga elites at lipunan.<br />

Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos <strong>ng</strong> mga palawit <strong>sa</strong> zone <strong>ng</strong> sentido komun. Dito ito ay<br />

tumatawid mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan nito mula <strong>sa</strong> mga karatig poles <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> binary<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at ... Heto na ito ay malapit <strong>sa</strong> paglabas mula <strong>sa</strong> zone <strong>ng</strong> sentido komun,<br />

may-unawa <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pili<strong>ng</strong> tao ay pagpunta <strong>sa</strong><br />

gumawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagkakamali, para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> haba<strong>ng</strong> may ila<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga bago<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nawa<strong>sa</strong>k at o emigrated <strong>sa</strong> susunod na<br />

165

segment <strong>ng</strong> pata<strong>ng</strong>o galaw. A<strong>ng</strong> pinto mula <strong>sa</strong> break-kumon o unti-unti<br />

nagpapakita, at kami ay init o malamig na Burns regular Yutopia ...<br />

<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Paggawa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> form, ay hindi<br />

tumutugma <strong>sa</strong> mga maayos na, dahil <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>moosuschestvleniya<br />

tao <strong>sa</strong> pahiga eroplano <strong>ng</strong> buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> ay malinaw na <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga rate <strong>ng</strong> per capita income, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

antas <strong>ng</strong> na maaari<strong>ng</strong> mapadali o hara<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>moosuschestvlenie tao dito at<br />

<strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>sa</strong> mga pahala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> eroplano-iral. A<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pagkakataon para <strong>sa</strong> mass <strong>ng</strong> materyal zhizneosuschestvleniya <strong>sa</strong> buhay at<br />

markahan a<strong>ng</strong> pagkumpleto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

nais na <strong>sa</strong>ma-<strong>sa</strong>ma wala<strong>ng</strong> malay dulo <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> bakal <strong>sa</strong><br />

seglar kay<strong>sa</strong> relihiyon forms. Pagpipigil kahirapan ay mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong><br />

formation <strong>ng</strong> malaki at matibay na pato<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay consumer<br />

paninda, mga serbisyo, produkto <strong>ng</strong> kultura.<br />

Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> mga mas matagumpay na gumagamit <strong>sa</strong> Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mas mababa ay a<strong>ng</strong> buhay, kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> puwa<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> lupa pagmimina vysey at a<strong>ng</strong> abyss <strong>ng</strong> espiritu, <strong>ng</strong>unit din para <strong>sa</strong> pre-<br />

pantao <strong>sa</strong> lahat. Zhizneosuschestvleniyu <strong>sa</strong> eroplano <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal na buhay<br />

komplementaren imahe <strong>ng</strong> mundo, nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> supermarket, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

marami a<strong>ng</strong> may pormal na (pera) katumbas, komplimentaryo<strong>ng</strong> binuo tao <strong>ng</strong> huli<br />

<strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakataon <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga bukas na espasyo.<br />

May ila<strong>ng</strong> mga alternatibo, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matagumpay na<br />

self-unawa <strong>sa</strong> mga pahala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> eruplano <strong>ng</strong> buhay at a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>imbabaw <strong>ng</strong><br />

unrealized potensyal, na a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, pahiga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>moosuschestvleniya identity at kabuluhan para <strong>sa</strong> mga mass kamalayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

alternatibo, hindi humaharap <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> buhay na pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari. Self pantao<br />

mass <strong>sa</strong> pahiga eroplano ay hunhon <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong>, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga asocial at<br />

patayo oriented buhay estratehiya <strong>sa</strong> na<strong>sa</strong> gilid na lugar. Ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi ito posible,<br />

nauukol na bayad opsyon zhiznestroitelstva dumalo <strong>sa</strong> unahan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Deputy<br />

<strong>sa</strong>moosuschestvleniya <strong>sa</strong> daigdig <strong>ng</strong> pisikal na buhay.<br />

166

Pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> pahiga zhizneustroitelnogo proyekto na, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, ay<br />

nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> streamline,<br />

kosmologizatsii Ruso panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura space. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong> linya <strong>sa</strong> pagkakakilanlan, na may disiplina <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, na sumunod<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>gitna kultura, makapag-control a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong> gawain,<br />

correlati<strong>ng</strong> maginoo a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> mga pamantayan at patolohiya,<br />

na mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> buhay proyekto. Tulad na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> gawin na<strong>ng</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> mga backs <strong>ng</strong> Pulisya. Human buhay <strong>sa</strong> huli moderno<strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan ay lilitaw bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> projective chreda dostizhitelnyh action para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapatupad, <strong>sa</strong> paggawa, paggawa, bagaman madalas na lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mass consumption.<br />

Sa kawalan <strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon <strong>sa</strong>moosuschestvleniya <strong>sa</strong> mundo<br />

exists, na materyal na eroplano <strong>ng</strong> buhay, unrealized enerhiya napupunta <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tao ay dapat, <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga nauukol na bayad makabayan, mesyanik teachi<strong>ng</strong>s,<br />

relihiyoso<strong>ng</strong> pundamentalismo, wala<strong>ng</strong> kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon at mga relihiyoso<br />

ideologies. A<strong>ng</strong> mga prayoridad <strong>ng</strong> vertical pagsukat <strong>ng</strong> buhay at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

derivatives, nadadala <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili a<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> panukala<strong>ng</strong>-batas,<br />

kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> relihiyon at domestic pilosopiko tradisyon,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan ay malinaw na ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> komplikado<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> isina<strong>sa</strong>ad,<br />

tatawagin bila<strong>ng</strong> Ruso ideya.<br />

Sa post-Sobiyet Russia, <strong>sa</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga isina<strong>sa</strong>ad ay may sina<strong>sa</strong>gi<strong>sa</strong>g,<br />

sina<strong>sa</strong>gi<strong>sa</strong>g ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, a<strong>ng</strong> attitude na divides lipunan <strong>sa</strong> Supporters at opponents<br />

<strong>ng</strong> proyekto na magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> bahagi vertical. At <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

oras <strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> vertical laki <strong>ng</strong> ideological konstruksiyon ay<br />

epektibo <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> mass-muli pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> lugar na na<strong>sa</strong><br />

gilid <strong>ng</strong> buhay. Determinancy mga personal na proyekto zhizneneosuschestvleniya<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> materyal posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-<br />

mabi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> patakaran ay may ila<strong>ng</strong> mga eksepsiyon,<br />

pribado, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao ay lubos na aktibo <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> horizontal at vertical na<br />

sukat <strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

167

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> E. Gellneru, Civil lipunan ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> likened <strong>ng</strong> bisikleta: ito<br />

crashes kapag loses bilis kapag maluwag ekonomiya hindi na masiguro a<strong>ng</strong><br />

patuloy na pagpapabuti <strong>ng</strong> kapakanan <strong>ng</strong> mayorya <strong>ng</strong> mga miyembro nito.<br />

Karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga ito ay handa na upa<strong>ng</strong> hayaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na mga<br />

prinsipyo, <strong>sa</strong>crifici<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> kapakanan <strong>ng</strong> mga tunay tunay na kalayaan . Post-<br />

Sobiyet alon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay nagdala <strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> mga umiiral<br />

na, <strong>sa</strong> local na tinukoy vector <strong>ng</strong> nakapamamayani panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura mula<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> pribado, polistilistichnosti halaga at relatibismo.<br />

Ano a<strong>ng</strong> ginagamit na publiko, haba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga field na dapat a<strong>ng</strong> mga kalipunan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> estado, ito ay pribado. Mayroo<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> paglawak <strong>ng</strong><br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong>, haba<strong>ng</strong> kitid a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala.<br />

Go, tao, magi<strong>ng</strong> libre - siya alchet dapat alchet Grand inquisitor, na sinabi:<br />

ko<strong>ng</strong> malaman ku<strong>ng</strong> paano. Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> Russian. Hindi masyado idea ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

gaano karami<strong>ng</strong> mga pisyolohiya - a<strong>ng</strong> pakiramdam <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bagay na bogoprotivnogo - pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin, bila<strong>ng</strong> kawa<strong>ng</strong>gawa ... Sa Freedom -<br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin - a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>nto. Santo alipin. Banal na Russia - <strong>sa</strong><br />

lupain <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>nto alipin . Excha<strong>ng</strong>e <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, awtonomya, purok - para <strong>sa</strong><br />

authoritarianism at <strong>ng</strong> Cathedral, pasubali <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong> pagdiriwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

serbe<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> parada militar at mga ilaw na sulo magprusisyon, pagbibigay <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga lipas na kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>: ako ay hindi nag-ii<strong>sa</strong>, marami <strong>sa</strong> amin,<br />

kami a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao. Sa obscheistoricheskom konteksto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Rusya ay malapit linked na <strong>sa</strong> proseso dahil izzhivaniya at approval <strong>ng</strong> ontological<br />

kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

III. Pyudal Kvazifeodalnaya imperyo bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> porma <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> self-Ruso pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at civilizational sistema<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga kultura at civilizational system ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na kritikal<br />

threshold <strong>ng</strong> panloob na mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> output para <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito ceases <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an nawala a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> panloob na pagkakakilanlan,<br />

168

<strong>sa</strong>motozhdestvennost. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> self-kritikal na elemento <strong>ng</strong> mga kultural at<br />

civilizational sistema ay na<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an hindi pagayon marami laban <strong>sa</strong> pagbabago, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> halip forms a<strong>ng</strong><br />

konteksto <strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na sentido at malapad kata<strong>ng</strong>ian, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagbabago ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> form. Gayon pa man, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> pagti<strong>ng</strong>in ayon na a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> ayusin <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural form na may pantay na tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> evolve <strong>sa</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> direksyon, na Russia's Socio-cultural system ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> arbitrarily<br />

modeled <strong>sa</strong> Swedish, Chinese, Korean, at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo, hindi alintana <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kultural at civilizational kata<strong>ng</strong>ian. Ito arbitrary <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga diskarte ay batay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumbinasyon kakaiba<br />

progressistskoy ideolohiya, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> Marxist-Leninist editoryal alam wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> tao ay, at <strong>sa</strong>lama<strong>ng</strong>ka, Ortodoksia-pagano paniniwala <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

himala, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pakiramdam <strong>ng</strong> karupukan at magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

katiyakan-epekto relasyon.<br />

Fernand Braudel <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga libro a<strong>ng</strong> Mediterranean at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Mediterranean World <strong>sa</strong> Edad <strong>ng</strong> Philip II remarked na kabihasnan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

lugar ay na-proseso, na inayos ayon <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Iyon a<strong>ng</strong><br />

dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit may mga cultural ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan, cultural space, characterized <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> kahabaan <strong>ng</strong> buhay: a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mundo ay wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

lakas <strong>ng</strong> pagkalito . A<strong>ng</strong> mga kultura at civilizational sistema ay evolve <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>palaran pinili utos, ito ay tumata<strong>ng</strong>gap lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha na<br />

tumulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad at a<strong>ng</strong> likas rejects lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay na ito ay laban<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga ito: Oo ano ito atake, tulad na kami ay may science ay hindi? At iyon a<strong>ng</strong><br />

palaisipan: a<strong>ng</strong> batas ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't nais mo, <strong>ng</strong>unit wala na hindi ka pumunta <strong>sa</strong> store<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> ikaw ay pupunta laban <strong>sa</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong> mga tao . Kaso na ito ay hindi<br />

patagin <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> siyensiya, at <strong>sa</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi at a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

transformation inokulturnyh pagbabago, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, para <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />

kadahilanan, ay hindi form na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay binuo <strong>ng</strong> mga batayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

sistema<strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura.<br />

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A<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> kahirapan <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>katuparan <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> mga proyekto <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lupa kumpara <strong>sa</strong> trahedya pagkaka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>atan <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> gawin, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga leads <strong>sa</strong> Socio-cultural system.<br />

Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pakikipanayam <strong>sa</strong> Yegor Gaidar Izvestiya, rememberi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> simula<br />

<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet reporma, sinabi na kami ay mag-isip pa tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong><br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> gawin kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong> gawin <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at panlipunan namana. Gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> daloy inokulturnyh pagbabago, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an unti-unti mga<br />

leads <strong>sa</strong> mga organi<strong>sa</strong>syon disistemnyh mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

sistema, na <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> palitan a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> beses buhat. Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bantog na Polish sosyolohista<br />

P. Shtompka ay naniniwala na karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> o wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

interes <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> sistema, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari mas madalas, <strong>ng</strong><br />

kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> pagpaparami nito, <strong>sa</strong> halip na a<strong>ng</strong> transformation.<br />

Balik <strong>sa</strong> paghahanap para <strong>sa</strong> kahulugan, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-kaugnay na Ruso<br />

kabihasnan ay umaabot <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> sistema, at<br />

pagkatapos ay kahulugan na ito, <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pyudal /<br />

kvazifeodalnaya empire. Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo / kvazifeodalizm <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

unawa ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> bawa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> Socio-economic formations, bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> Marxist na nakasulat <strong>sa</strong> aklat. Pyudalismo / kvazifeodalizm ay hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, kundi pati na rin <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

espesyal na sistema <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon at lifestyles na nagreresulta mula<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga tiyak na istraktura <strong>ng</strong> mga kaisipan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, <strong>sa</strong> turn, tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong><br />

nararapat na larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo at a<strong>ng</strong> laki <strong>ng</strong> halaga. Ako tawag Michael<br />

Voslenskomu: A<strong>ng</strong> problema <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga oras na ito ay hindi na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kapitalista formation ay maubos a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, at na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pyudal pagkaayos ay<br />

hindi pa ganap na maubos a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakataon para i-extend a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay. At ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> gayon, <strong>sa</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> totalitarianism, <strong>ng</strong> sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong><br />

despotismo <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> panahon: a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na sosyalismo, pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sosyalismo,<br />

pasismo, class diktadura politbyurokratii - mga katawagan. A<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

170

eaksyon mamatay pyudal structures embodyi<strong>ng</strong> madilim na nakalipas <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan . Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam, kami higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat na intere<strong>sa</strong>do<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Ruso, ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na iba <strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo / kvazifeodalizma.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> tesis ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod: kvazifeodalnaya<br />

empire ay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>huli form <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili likas in Russian lipunan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Socio-<br />

cultural system.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> imperyal pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at dooms a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>sa</strong><br />

West civilizational ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> huli, nagigi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> alternation<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> at imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patakaran, na<br />

ihinihiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos. Sa kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kuwento <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan <strong>sa</strong> konserbatibo imperyal kickbacks, ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> regular na magdala <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay na disistemnye kaugnay<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pyudal-imperyal paligid. Mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na ito unti-<br />

unti disistemnye inayos <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema. Ku<strong>ng</strong> o hindi ito ay pa rin<br />

Masyado<strong>ng</strong> mahina alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>mpu<strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong><br />

post-Sobiyet reporma, palitan a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>sa</strong> nakikinita hinaharap, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

naitala<strong>ng</strong> - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katanu<strong>ng</strong>an na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an wala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tunay posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> kapalit na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kontemporaryo<br />

Ruso lipunan, halos apocalyptic kaba, <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> konteksto ay nagpapahiwatig <strong>ng</strong><br />

posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> ganap na pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> bantog na kabanalan, paghadla<strong>ng</strong><br />

nito <strong>sa</strong> materyal na batayan <strong>ng</strong> kagali<strong>ng</strong>an, o - o. Sa mga ito ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong>, Gusto<br />

ko<strong>ng</strong> bigyan na naghihikayat <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita Pitirim Sorokina: A<strong>ng</strong> kapalit <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>sa</strong> iba ay hindi hahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> lipunan at<br />

kultura nito, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay subjected <strong>sa</strong> transformation.<br />

Mental ubod <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na kultural at civilizational tela ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema-<br />

gawa-gawa, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay interrelated <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

alamat. Samakatuwid, i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> papel at lugar <strong>ng</strong> mga gawa-gawa<br />

imperyal bila<strong>ng</strong> sistemobrazuyuschego laban kvazifeodalnoy empire. I<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin <strong>ng</strong> katha-katha ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> exposure <strong>sa</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> metapisiko, nagdadala <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> proseso ay nababagay<br />

171

alinsunod <strong>sa</strong> mga iniaatas <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na. At ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> matalbog medyebal<br />

mitolohiko-isip, a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na paraan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura at nag-aral paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

adaptasyon <strong>sa</strong> mga pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> panlabas at panloob na kapaligiran. Tandaan na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mifologemy <strong>ng</strong> katiga<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> Russia's imperyal katakata<br />

mananatili<strong>ng</strong> may-bi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> sentido (oras) broadcast, na may mga panahon na<br />

baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> lumapit <strong>sa</strong> halip mediati<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> semantika.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga pinaka-mahalaga mifologemy, na break laban <strong>sa</strong><br />

pyudal na sistema-/ kvazifeodalnoy Empire katakata. Kaya't.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kritikal na mifologemy dapat mythologeme <strong>ng</strong> Banal na Russia.<br />

Ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> Banal Russia ay hindi gayon heograpikal<br />

na at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong>, tulad <strong>ng</strong> malapit <strong>sa</strong> nilalaman <strong>sa</strong> mababaw Eidos, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkaunawa <strong>ng</strong> mga naghahari, hindi alintana <strong>ng</strong> kakayahan o kawalan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga katuparan mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon, ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> patas <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, kumpleto at hindi mapaghihiwalay. Kabila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso<br />

eschatological utopias mifologema Banal Russia occupies i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> central posisyon,<br />

ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga ito pinagpala Banal Rus', na hindi na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an, at hindi na karapatan,<br />

o mga panlabas na yaman, pati na a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunod-sunod, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

ito ay hindi na ito <strong>ng</strong> mundo - na ito ay tinuturuan a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> Slavophils .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Russian mitolohiko-isip, vyryvayas <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> geopolitical <strong>sa</strong>klaw,<br />

aimi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pandaigdig na antas, a<strong>ng</strong> dominado <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong><br />

legitimized iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga oras oposredovaniyami ideya <strong>ng</strong> higit na kagali<strong>ng</strong>an,<br />

orihinal na batay <strong>sa</strong> moral <strong>ng</strong> uri, at pagkatapos ay ikinakalat <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay. Sa iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> epochs tulad uniber<strong>sa</strong>l scale ay nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

spheres <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong>. Kaya, apologia <strong>ng</strong> Stalin ay<br />

nagi<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga Imperial tunog, <strong>ng</strong>unit din puwa<strong>ng</strong>, ito ipinag<strong>sa</strong>ma<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na extraterrestrial, panlabas na space. At<br />

Marxism <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

theistic mundo ti<strong>ng</strong>nan <strong>sa</strong> space . Ayon <strong>sa</strong> Banal na tama<strong>ng</strong> Russia maaari at dapat<br />

i-<strong>sa</strong>ve a<strong>ng</strong> natitira<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mundo, a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan ay lilitaw matatag <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at sociocultural context <strong>ng</strong> mesyanik kumplikado.<br />

172

Ryan, <strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>ng</strong>ayon, a<strong>ng</strong> search para <strong>sa</strong> mga paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-<strong>sa</strong>ve <strong>ng</strong> mundo,<br />

Russia ay hindi tumigil. Siya ay patuloy .<br />

Sa paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon mifologema Banal Russia ay lumilipat smoothly<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> pinaka-mahalaga <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam mythologeme a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal estado.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na halimbawa metapisiko katakata mga tao-bogonost<strong>sa</strong>, na<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong>, gayunpaman, kaunti <strong>sa</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> gamit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> partikular na <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tao<strong>ng</strong> naninirahan <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tukoy na teritoryo, pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita imperyal estado.<br />

Tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> interes <strong>ng</strong> Estado ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> prayoridad para <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

indibidwal at lipunan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo. Imperial estado ay patuloy a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyon <strong>sa</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, na umaabot mula <strong>sa</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> mundo: Previous <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ito ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Estado <strong>sa</strong> indibidwal na mamamayan ay ganap mahina<br />

at wala<strong>ng</strong> magawa ... A<strong>ng</strong> estado ay bila<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> lupa <strong>ng</strong> diyos, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao<br />

ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga katulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga diyos <strong>ng</strong> Earth.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> imperyal mifologemy <strong>ng</strong> Estado at ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puwer<strong>sa</strong> na<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan <strong>sa</strong> eschatological la<strong>ng</strong>it, maabot a<strong>ng</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan at <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nlibo<strong>ng</strong> taon a<strong>ng</strong> Kaharian <strong>ng</strong> Diyos <strong>sa</strong> daigdig. Imperial<br />

estado embodies ideokratiyu ay dapat, bila<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapatupad, kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> mga banal na layunin <strong>ng</strong> proyekto, bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makamundo paraiso ay hindi dapat lama<strong>ng</strong> na inayos <strong>sa</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Ruso imperyal estado, kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, pinalawak na <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga kontinente at ito ay inkorporada a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> tao genus.<br />

Natural, a<strong>ng</strong> cash na posisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari kapag a<strong>ng</strong> tunay paniwala<br />

<strong>ng</strong> estado ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> mitolohiko konsepto. Mifologema imperyal <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili nito <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na <strong>sa</strong> axiomatic assertion na a<strong>ng</strong> estado ay dapat<br />

na malakas, at a<strong>ng</strong> mas malakas, mas close na a<strong>ng</strong> kaso. Kaya a<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

palakasin at itaguyod ito <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin nito, hindi<br />

alintana <strong>ng</strong> mga presyo <strong>ng</strong> mga regular na ukrepitelnogo proyekto.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagkaproporsyonado <strong>ng</strong> presyo, na ibinigay <strong>sa</strong> trahedya coincidences at<br />

intersections <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>nhi at raises katanu<strong>ng</strong>an hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Rusya kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong> Germany. Kaya, pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong><br />

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World War, karapatan gegelyantsy binago<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nay<strong>sa</strong>y <strong>ng</strong> mabuti, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

allegedly i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na estado, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga mumunti kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapagali<strong>ng</strong>. Kinuha a<strong>ng</strong> view na a<strong>ng</strong> estado (functionally limitado kapitalista<br />

ekonomiya), <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> kaso, pina<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alagaan a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

propesyonal na mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> indibidwal, nag-ii<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya<br />

lipunan, na ito na resulta mula <strong>sa</strong> dibisyon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> kaso rises<br />

<strong>sa</strong> itaas <strong>ng</strong> mga ehersisyo ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> moral magdikta .<br />

Alam namin mula <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na estado<strong>ng</strong> Ruso ay<br />

nakadapa <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> nadagdagan kontrol <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> dictates <strong>ng</strong> moralidad <strong>sa</strong> lipunan at kaakit-akit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> zone <strong>ng</strong><br />

impluwensiya (katipunan) na rehiyon, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga panahon ay bahagi <strong>ng</strong> imperyal buo. I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> panloob at panlabas na mga<br />

proyekto ay a<strong>ng</strong> militari<strong>sa</strong>syon <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> mga ito - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

agresibo at expansionist banyaga<strong>ng</strong> patakaran. At ito ay hindi tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapalaki bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> layunin, at a<strong>ng</strong> militari<strong>sa</strong>syon bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin<br />

nito ay, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> iproklama (at subukan upa<strong>ng</strong> ipatupad) <strong>ng</strong> geopolitical mga<br />

layunin, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magli<strong>ng</strong>kod bila<strong>ng</strong> ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na<br />

pawala<strong>ng</strong>-<strong>sa</strong>la a<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> rehime<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> namin, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mundo maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na estado, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> totolitarnom at awtoritaryan na paraan,<br />

ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kondisyon benepisyo, dito ay ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> podiskusirovat, na may<br />

katulad na mga talakayan pagkuha lugar <strong>sa</strong> komportable <strong>sa</strong> bahay kitchens <strong>sa</strong><br />

USSR / Russia, 60 -- 80-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, at <strong>sa</strong> Nuremberk trials <strong>sa</strong> 1946 <strong>sa</strong><br />

Alemanya. Tandaan na <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> estado ay hindi mahina, ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagganap <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-andar, at <strong>sa</strong> partikular na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong><br />

lipunan, dahil ito ay hindi na naghahanap upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>lin a<strong>ng</strong> mga sosyal na Absolute.<br />

Projecti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> espasyo <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, mifologema <strong>ng</strong> Banal Russia ay<br />

isiwalat <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga subordinates <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

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mga alamat, na ginawa mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> posisyon <strong>ng</strong> winner. Piliin a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

iyan.<br />

Kaya't. Moscow Russia ay a<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> kapalit <strong>sa</strong> Kievan Rus.<br />

Iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso makakarati<strong>ng</strong>, alinsunod <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pre-wasto a<strong>ng</strong> papel na<br />

ginagampanan ay lama<strong>ng</strong> paligid, a<strong>ng</strong> mga sentro ay una<strong>ng</strong> Kiev, <strong>sa</strong> Moscow<br />

mamaya. Mifologema na ito ay hindi tumutugma <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan -<br />

ay malinaw. May i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> linya <strong>ng</strong> sunod, ito ay ini-refer <strong>sa</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nagpapatakbo <strong>ng</strong> Kievan<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> Rus <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> principality <strong>ng</strong> Novgorod at Pskov. Ngunit may<br />

mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> Ruso lupa, pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> Grand dukado <strong>ng</strong><br />

Lithuania, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga lu<strong>ng</strong>sod na kinuha Magdeburg Law at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> sentral na awtoridad at a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay pinamamahalaan <strong>sa</strong><br />

maginoo paraan.<br />

Next mifologema <strong>ng</strong> serye na ito. Banal Russia (a<strong>ng</strong> Moscow kaharian, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Russian Empire, Sobiyet Union) ay patuloy na napaligiran <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlabas na enemies, na <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> epochs katabi panloob<br />

enemies. Lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo upa<strong>ng</strong> makilala a<strong>ng</strong> mga panloob na<br />

enemies <strong>ng</strong> makakaliwa partido, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga RSDRP (b), at pagkatapos,<br />

matapos a<strong>ng</strong> 1917, White, speculators, fists, nepmanov, technicians, writers, at<br />

pula<strong>ng</strong> mga opisyal, mga pari, mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at<br />

kilu<strong>sa</strong>n at gradients <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> VKP (b), at a<strong>ng</strong> listahan ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> patuloy<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't gusto mo at pa rin ito ay hindi kumpleto.<br />

Sa huli Sobiyet panahon, ito ay idinagdag karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao at mga<br />

organi<strong>sa</strong>syon dissidents <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong>. Sa 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo <strong>ng</strong> panloob na<br />

kaaway <strong>sa</strong>ri-<strong>sa</strong>ri depende <strong>sa</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> sympathies at dislikes <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso lipunan, marahil <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napili<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> kaaway ay hindi ipataw mula <strong>sa</strong> itaas <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> lehislasyon. Sampu<strong>ng</strong> taon na wala<strong>ng</strong> domestic na kaaway at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> tunay na ideolohiya ay hindi karaniwan, at awtoritaryan Socio-cultural<br />

tradisyon pushes nito adherents upa<strong>ng</strong> mahanap a<strong>ng</strong> pareho. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> isyu na<br />

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a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> pagkamalikhain <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga ideolohiya ay hindi<br />

mas regular na pagpapakahulugan <strong>sa</strong> tema <strong>ng</strong> amaranto pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaugalian, autocracy at nasyonalidad. Sa paghahanap <strong>ng</strong> mga enemies ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kabutiha<strong>ng</strong>-palad, <strong>sa</strong> trotskizme at accu<strong>sa</strong>tions <strong>ng</strong> paniniktik <strong>sa</strong> pabor <strong>ng</strong> Latin<br />

Empire, ito rin ay hindi pa umabot.<br />

Ngayon, ay nagpasya na limitahan a<strong>ng</strong> mga si<strong>ng</strong>il <strong>sa</strong> buwis, obstructions <strong>sa</strong><br />

lease <strong>ng</strong> mga lugar <strong>sa</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

organi<strong>sa</strong>syon at mga tao<strong>ng</strong> mga pondo <strong>sa</strong> mga banyaga<strong>ng</strong> pakikilahok, at ka<strong>sa</strong>ma<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> paglahok <strong>ng</strong> mga bila<strong>ng</strong> pa <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> oligarchs. Ito ay<br />

inaa<strong>sa</strong>m na a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na ulitin a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, hindi<br />

kaya marami bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> trahedya, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> panahon bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

komedya. A<strong>ng</strong> susunod na yugto <strong>ng</strong> Ruso imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> /<br />

muli<strong>ng</strong> pagbabalik ay a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga katulad na <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na<br />

limitasyon, at ku<strong>ng</strong> ikaw pinamamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ba<strong>sa</strong>gin a<strong>ng</strong> halos lahat domestic<br />

tseke at balances na nauukol <strong>sa</strong> mga lumilitaw na sistema, a<strong>ng</strong> panlabas na<br />

constraints ay magigi<strong>ng</strong> mas malakas, laban <strong>sa</strong> mga ito upa<strong>ng</strong> pasensya na ito ay<br />

hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> geopolitical decomposed, Ya<strong>sa</strong>ka (taxes) ay hindi donachislish.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso imperyal estado kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kakaiba<strong>ng</strong> ihalo <strong>ng</strong> isolationism at pagigi<strong>ng</strong> agresibo, <strong>sa</strong> mga gawa-gawa, ito<br />

ay makikita bila<strong>ng</strong> agrabyado a<strong>ng</strong> mga partido para <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

gawa-gawa, katawanin <strong>sa</strong> imperyal porma <strong>ng</strong> Banal Russia had <strong>sa</strong> makatiis hindi<br />

tampat paggalit laban hudas at agresibo kapitbahay, <strong>ng</strong>unit siya ay hindi kailanman<br />

kahit sino ay hindi na atake. Karatig lupa accounted sumali lama<strong>ng</strong> kapag sila ay<br />

magtatano<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> kamay <strong>ng</strong> Moscow, at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaloob <strong>ng</strong> tulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kapatid na babae, masyado<strong>ng</strong> pilit, ito ay upa<strong>ng</strong> magbigay, ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagtugon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> tawag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> pinahihirapan mga tao, at upa<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong> hili<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

ito ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> tapat, tulad <strong>ng</strong> boses <strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay a<strong>ng</strong> boses <strong>ng</strong><br />

Diyos . Sa lohika <strong>ng</strong> mga gawa-gawa na ito ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> na posible <strong>ng</strong>unit din<br />

na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para kalimutan na ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> artipisyal, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malinis<br />

176

na paraan <strong>ng</strong> makina na nakatali <strong>sa</strong> katawan miyembro, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi<br />

kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> organic.<br />

Next mifologema para ibigay a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo at lalo na a<strong>ng</strong> West, bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

nag-aral na kahalili <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pyudal imperyo, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> set <strong>ng</strong> mga negatibo, at<br />

pamin<strong>sa</strong>n-min<strong>sa</strong>n lama<strong>ng</strong> nakapipin<strong>sa</strong>la dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Russian pantao kata<strong>ng</strong>ian.<br />

Kahina-hinala<strong>ng</strong> at negatibo<strong>ng</strong> pandama kalapit a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>sa</strong> mundo contributes<br />

regular vosproizvodyascheyasya mezhdunarodnay dilema, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, hindi<br />

sina<strong>sa</strong>dya, ay suportado <strong>ng</strong> mga statistics at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan.<br />

In Russian history ay madalas na na<strong>ng</strong>yari na a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> digmaan<br />

malaki lumampas <strong>sa</strong> kapayapaan ( 36 taon <strong>ng</strong> Pedro a<strong>ng</strong> Great's tuntunin Russia<br />

knew i<strong>sa</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> ito <strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan).<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> mifologeme, Banal na Russia nagkaroon na mag-aplay <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kontra-aklas ay hindi a<strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> agresibo, <strong>ng</strong>unit upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

maunahan a<strong>ng</strong> agresibo intensyon <strong>ng</strong> mga kaaway, haba<strong>ng</strong> oblagodetelstvuya<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, at <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>katauhan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo. Entry <strong>sa</strong> Russian<br />

Empire ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> boon para <strong>sa</strong> malapit at malayo <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapit-bahay, tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

tunay na Ruso ay a<strong>ng</strong> perpekto<strong>ng</strong> mamamayan <strong>ng</strong> mundo, at a<strong>ng</strong> Banal na Rus -<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> Estado. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> halip<br />

mahahaba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nay<strong>sa</strong>y ipakita excerpts <strong>ng</strong> Leaflets panahon <strong>ng</strong> Russian-Japanese<br />

digmaan <strong>ng</strong> 1905, dinisenyo para <strong>sa</strong> mga sundalo at mga opisyal <strong>ng</strong> hukbo <strong>sa</strong><br />

lara<strong>ng</strong>an: Hayaan a<strong>ng</strong> enemies <strong>ng</strong> autocracy magtaltalan na ito digmaan - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

autocratic kapritso <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan. Na nakakaalam <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay<br />

maunawaan na hindi magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga konsesyon a<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Yalu Ermak<br />

Timofeyevich lumipat <strong>sa</strong> Irtysh, hindi kabalbalan ipinahiwatig Nevelskoy bibig<br />

Kupido, hindi imperyal arbitrariness <strong>sa</strong>nhi ito <strong>ng</strong> digmaan. Ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> sila<strong>ng</strong>an, a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan ay nagpapakita na a<strong>ng</strong> Russia ay lama<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

<strong>ng</strong>ayon para matugunan a<strong>ng</strong> mga una<strong>ng</strong> panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> malakas a<strong>ng</strong> loob at<br />

mabigat na kaaway, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> siglo, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kilos<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kanluran, siya natutugunan tulad <strong>sa</strong> Swedes, Poles at Turks. A<strong>ng</strong> mga digmaan,<br />

gaya <strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong>, at <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga digmaan ay magpasya: ku<strong>ng</strong> subukan<br />

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a<strong>ng</strong> mga tadhana <strong>ng</strong> Russia o Poland magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga threateni<strong>ng</strong>ly <strong>sa</strong><br />

Shores <strong>ng</strong> Pacific, dahil <strong>sa</strong> ito ay threateni<strong>ng</strong>ly <strong>sa</strong> Shores <strong>ng</strong> Baltic Sea, a<strong>ng</strong> Vistula<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> Black Sea .<br />

Mifologema Russia - a<strong>ng</strong> West. A<strong>ng</strong> West <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema na ito ay hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan kaaway, kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> mga mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

antithesis <strong>ng</strong> Russia, <strong>sa</strong>lamin, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an tunay ila<strong>ng</strong> ibabalik. Ito ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> boyar anak na ipinadala <strong>sa</strong> pag-aaral <strong>sa</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa, <strong>sa</strong> gayon ito<br />

ay at, mas kamakailan lama<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, kapag lumipat <strong>sa</strong> West, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga compatriots ay makikita a<strong>ng</strong><br />

natitira <strong>sa</strong> USSR mamamayan halos bila<strong>ng</strong> residente <strong>ng</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> buwan o <strong>sa</strong><br />

Australian underworld. Samakatuwid, at <strong>sa</strong>bihin mabuti-bye <strong>sa</strong> paliparan<br />

Sheremetyevo otezzhayuschimi seriously, believi<strong>ng</strong> - na magpakailanman: Bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

napakarami wives harem lahat-<strong>ng</strong>-Shah / ay maaari lama<strong>ng</strong> baguhin <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

harem, ako / ay papalitan a<strong>ng</strong> empire. A<strong>ng</strong> hakba<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay dictated <strong>ng</strong> / <strong>sa</strong> gayon<br />

reeked <strong>ng</strong> nasunog na may apat na gilid - / kahit cross a<strong>ng</strong> tiyan, mula <strong>sa</strong> pananaw<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga uwak, na may lima<strong>ng</strong>. / Duya <strong>sa</strong> poluyu tune na a<strong>ng</strong> iyo<strong>ng</strong> pakir, / ako a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lumipas a<strong>ng</strong> responsibilidad dyeniseri <strong>sa</strong> berde, / chuya itlog malamig na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan pagbabawas, / tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pasukan <strong>sa</strong> tubig. At <strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> asin / tikman a<strong>ng</strong> tubig <strong>sa</strong> inyo<strong>ng</strong> bibig, / ako crossed a<strong>ng</strong> linya .<br />

Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tampok <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mundo, Russia / <strong>ng</strong> USSR at <strong>sa</strong> West,<br />

halos bila<strong>ng</strong> malinaw na bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Ilog Styx at a<strong>ng</strong> eroplano <strong>ng</strong> Aeroflot <strong>sa</strong> papel<br />

na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> mga carrier - этакого kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> Харона.<br />

Ito rin ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaya<strong>ng</strong> halaga mifologema imputi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> lahat, na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

exception, pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> imperyo-set antizapadnicheskih properties. Sa konteksto <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mifologemy binuo <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>sa</strong> mga ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahirap<br />

unawain <strong>sa</strong> Ruso at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pantay makuha kanluranin pantao tezy at antithesis.<br />

Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> listahan <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> paghaharap. Ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> West dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

yumao Middle Ages nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> unti-unti a<strong>ng</strong> shift <strong>sa</strong> mga indibidwal na mga<br />

patakaran <strong>sa</strong> buhay, may ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> komunidad, na <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinakamataas na pagpapakita <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Соборность: Home Community <strong>ng</strong><br />

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pundasyon, lupa <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso, nakaraan, ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan at <strong>sa</strong><br />

hinaharap ... Komunidad buhay <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ... ay hindi batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga indibidwal at hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> batay <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, <strong>ng</strong>unit siya thinks a<strong>ng</strong> kataas-<br />

taa<strong>sa</strong>n pagkilos <strong>ng</strong> personal na kalayaan at kamalayan - <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili . Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> West<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Romano na batas, <strong>sa</strong> East - kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi. A<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> sinabi tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> privatizme,<br />

antiprotsedurnosti, pagnanais <strong>sa</strong> buhay na hindi <strong>sa</strong> nakasulat na batas, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

intuitively nakaharap <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan (budhi). A<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan ay<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> maiugnay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga hakba<strong>ng</strong> na pandisiplina, at exclusion,<br />

at moderate <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> tao manifestations, allegedly suportado <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> taos-puso<br />

pagnanais <strong>sa</strong> kahirapan at asceticism. Ngayon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

mifologemy, hindi lagi<strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> makakaapekto <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na<br />

gawi <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga Russians, distorti<strong>ng</strong>, gayunpaman, a<strong>ng</strong> larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo<br />

ay tipikal <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso pantao ma<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> at napakahalaga <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam<br />

mifologeme - a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo ay lama<strong>ng</strong> karapatan at posible<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan<br />

at ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita Empire ay hindi nakapag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita, kami ay na<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> isip na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet Union inilapat <strong>sa</strong> paglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, ito ay hindi kata<strong>ng</strong>gap-ta<strong>ng</strong>gap. Ngunit kahit na haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> buk<strong>sa</strong>n o nakatago kondisyon tabuirovaniyu a<strong>ng</strong> basic concepts na may<br />

kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> imperyo, a<strong>ng</strong> kakanyahan <strong>ng</strong> mga gawa-gawa naiiwan medyo<br />

malinaw, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> mifologemy hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> komplimentaryo<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit punan <strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyonal na syncretic continuum <strong>ng</strong> malay-<br />

tao. Anuma<strong>ng</strong> signal detalyado<strong>ng</strong> paliwanag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mifologemy aktualizuet <strong>sa</strong><br />

isipan <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> kumplikado, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakatulad <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> paano a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga gawai<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>mozakruchivayuschayasya nut (nagkakahalaga <strong>ng</strong> kaunti liglig at<br />

nuwes balot mismo ay na liberal antiimperskie sociocultural blotches).<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mifologemy mapunta <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas pribado<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

makukuha <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> space-time-iral <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Sila ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

gumawa <strong>ng</strong> mahihirap na imahe <strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, <strong>ng</strong>unit patuloy na<br />

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impluwensiya <strong>ng</strong> mass-isip, distorti<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> aktwal na larawan <strong>ng</strong> mundo at<br />

nagdadala <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mitolohiko tampok. A<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na, albeit <strong>sa</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

degree, a<strong>ng</strong> kaugnayan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito mythologeme patuloy na impluwensiya <strong>ng</strong><br />

dinamika at direksyon <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural proseso <strong>sa</strong> Rusya.<br />

Observi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pormasyon <strong>ng</strong> pyudal-imperyal<br />

estado tradisyon, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> ba<strong>ng</strong>gitin a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mumunti<br />

katatagan at a<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari. Sa katatagan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito at ipakita <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

marami<strong>ng</strong> metastases <strong>sa</strong> araw <strong>ng</strong>ayon, manifested, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, at <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

sociological pag-aaral, a<strong>ng</strong> tema na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> kalayaan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Russians. Huwag kopyahin a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaugnay na mga digital na<br />

serye magbigay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian numero. Bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

katanu<strong>ng</strong>an, na higit na mabuti para <strong>sa</strong> inyo, buo<strong>ng</strong> demokrasya, na may mga<br />

mahina garantiya <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n o <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, na may ganap na katiyakan <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n, una <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat, a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan napili 0.5%, pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa 58,7%, lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> 4 - 5% <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

respondents ay hindi handa na magbigay, na baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> bagay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari. Ito ay dapat na kilala, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sociological study concludes: Ito ay malinaw na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pundamental na<br />

batayan halaga ay hindi pa nai-wakas nawa<strong>sa</strong>k, at pagsira suffered lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> prayoridad. Basic na mga halaga, tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> piniks,<br />

isila<strong>ng</strong> na muli mula <strong>sa</strong> ashes .<br />

Balik <strong>sa</strong> mga dahilan <strong>ng</strong> mga pormasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> itaas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon, ito ay dapat na litaw na <strong>sa</strong> pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an ay palagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>sa</strong> mga tao. Sa mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay<br />

ipina<strong>ng</strong>anak, at ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an magli<strong>ng</strong>kod bila<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> formation, magkakaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga hinaharap na pag-unlad . Pormasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabihasnan ay batay <strong>sa</strong> North-Eastern Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> rehiyon ay geographically<br />

remote mula <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay Greco-Romano panahon <strong>ng</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo. Pa<strong>ng</strong> heograpikal na distansya at a<strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> pagkaantala <strong>ng</strong> oras<br />

180

mula <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pinag-i<strong>sa</strong> Roman Empire, ginawa ito mahirap na <strong>sa</strong>mple a<strong>ng</strong><br />

cultural inheritance <strong>ng</strong> antiquity. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> bahagya<strong>ng</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>nan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ito mula <strong>sa</strong> Byzantium, <strong>ng</strong>unit pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> dibisyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

Kristiyanismo <strong>sa</strong> Western (Katoliko) at Eastern (Ortodoksia), itataas malubha<strong>ng</strong><br />

filter laban <strong>sa</strong> pagpunta <strong>sa</strong> Latin West's cultural impluwensiya.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> mga siglo, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> layunin (a<strong>ng</strong> Mo<strong>ng</strong>gol-Tatar pananakop) at<br />

subjective dahilan Moskoviya pursued <strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>ng</strong> cultural isolationism <strong>sa</strong><br />

ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga Katoliko Kanlura<strong>ng</strong> Europa: Para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> lawak, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

peculiarities <strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karakter ay binuo Ruso simbahan, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

tradisyonal na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> kaugalian at poot <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga dayuhan, lalo na<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga Romano Kristiyano , na kinasusuklaman at feared . A<strong>ng</strong> patakaran na ito ay<br />

contributed <strong>sa</strong> malawak na pag-iimbak at buhay, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> negosyo<br />

estratehiya, hindi na wala<strong>ng</strong> dahilan <strong>sa</strong> mga susunod na panahon <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagbabago, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya, a<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> Europa kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Asya, at hindi vyzrevali <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> kultura lumitaw <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar <strong>sa</strong> Europa tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> antipode, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> siglo ay a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpaparami, pag-unlad at pagpapalakas <strong>ng</strong> imperyal mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kabihasnan at otbrakovyvaniya neimperskih. A<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagsubok lama<strong>ng</strong> reinforced pyudal imperyo, na lumitaw mula <strong>sa</strong> mga ito kahit na<br />

mas malakas at mas monolitik, permanente palawakin a<strong>ng</strong> ginagawa teritoryo.<br />

Kaya, para <strong>sa</strong> apat na taon, a<strong>ng</strong> teritoryo <strong>ng</strong> Russia ay nadagdagan <strong>ng</strong> 36 beses.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan na pinagbabatayan <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, na tinukoy <strong>sa</strong><br />

panimula <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili na hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga estilo <strong>ng</strong> Ruso lupa<br />

management, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan at estilo <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso paggawa at<br />

pagkamalikhain .<br />

Klasiko pyudalismo, batay <strong>sa</strong> mga tiyak na (kontrata) a<strong>ng</strong> relasyon na<br />

umiiral <strong>sa</strong> Europa, at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> malayo hambi<strong>ng</strong> na umiiral <strong>sa</strong> kaharian <strong>ng</strong><br />

Moscow / Russian imperyo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> magapi, upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

puk<strong>sa</strong>in a<strong>ng</strong> mass pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> institusyon <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin, ay humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

181

paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> kabaligtaran resulta. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karagdaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

N. Danilevskiy, Russia ay hindi ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mabuti<strong>ng</strong> European o i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

European ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, ku<strong>ng</strong> paano ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Europa? Hindi totoo<br />

kahinhinan, at hindi a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na pagpapahalaga <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ay hindi nagpapahintulot<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Russia itinuturi<strong>ng</strong> Europa , siyempre, siya nakikita Europa bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kultural<br />

at civilizational lugar.<br />

Maaga<strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo <strong>sa</strong> Europa at a<strong>ng</strong> Kievan Rus tumi<strong>ng</strong>in katulad very<br />

much, pero <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paggalaw <strong>ng</strong> mga sentro <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado a<strong>ng</strong> Vladimir-Suzdal principality, at a<strong>ng</strong> kabisera <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

una <strong>sa</strong> Vladimir, at pagkatapos ay <strong>sa</strong> Moscow, a<strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>ng</strong> pagkakaiba ay<br />

nagi<strong>ng</strong> mas konkreto. Malapit <strong>sa</strong> Ruso mananaliksik, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga NP<br />

Pavlov-Silvanskaya, kvazifeodalizm naitala, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an marami<strong>ng</strong> mga phenomena<br />

<strong>sa</strong> itsura matulad <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> European counterparts, pero <strong>sa</strong> esensya, a<strong>ng</strong> simula at<br />

kahihinatnan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay nag-iiba dramatically. Ito a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit binuo<br />

pyudalismo <strong>sa</strong> Russia na ito ay hindi na tiyak <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> klasiko pattern, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay<br />

nabuk<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> kabaligtaran nito - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> autocratic <strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mandatory<br />

service para <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> grupo .<br />

Russia, iba <strong>sa</strong> Europa, ay hindi malaman a<strong>ng</strong> bumuo <strong>ng</strong> multi-hierarchical<br />

social structures, Socio-cultural space <strong>ng</strong> Russia, Muscovy, Russian Empire<br />

differed, ayon <strong>sa</strong> P. Akhiezer, mataas dezorganizovannosti. Sa Europa, pyudal<br />

relasyon ay nakararami dialogic kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> pareho, a<strong>ng</strong> mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> batas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Romano, na ba<strong>sa</strong>hin a<strong>ng</strong>: Ano a<strong>ng</strong> pag-aalala tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> lahat ay dapat na<br />

aprubado <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> - ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makatwira<strong>ng</strong> dahilan para <strong>sa</strong><br />

representasyon, at a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> representasyon ay kinikilala <strong>sa</strong> XII<br />

- XIII siglo. Sa Moscow Russia pyudal relasyon ay nakararami monologichnymi.<br />

Sa Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao na may pananagutan, ay protektado din <strong>sa</strong> mga legal na<br />

anyo <strong>ng</strong> batas: pyudal pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>mantala <strong>ng</strong> mga sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga obligasyon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>'t<br />

i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an contributed <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

regulasyon <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na limitasyon.<br />

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Mga paglabag <strong>sa</strong> mga karapatan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pinag-lipunan-ala<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

paghahayag <strong>ng</strong> arbitrariness, <strong>sa</strong> halip na sundin a<strong>ng</strong> mga pamantayan rin, di-<br />

pagsunod <strong>sa</strong> kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> obligasyon nakatatanda pinakawalan kampon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an sumunod <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> pinakadakila karapatan <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon ay may evolved <strong>sa</strong> prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> kumpanya at sibiko at mga personal na<br />

<strong>sa</strong>mostoyaniya. Vas<strong>sa</strong>ls ay nagpapa<strong>sa</strong>lamat <strong>sa</strong> gawin para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>inoon<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> na-batista. Mga pet<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga serbisyo <strong>ng</strong> militar at <strong>sa</strong>pilitan<br />

kabayaran ay na-foreseen, at a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>inoon ku<strong>ng</strong> nais mo<strong>ng</strong> higit pa, siya ay nag-<br />

iwan na wala<strong>ng</strong> iba, tulad na ipasok <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <strong>sa</strong> pyudal lords at<br />

bumalik <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an benepisyo. Para <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

treaties ay unti-unti na inayos, kahit na pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> o ko<strong>ng</strong>reso, <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> Kourion, o parliaments. Ng mga ito, Kourion, at gumagawa<br />

progressively medyebal klase representasyon .<br />

In Russian lipunan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> dahilan para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagkakaroon ay napapailalim <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ganap na serbisyo <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad, gaya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> hypostasis ay hindi dapat bumuo <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> bagay tulad na ito ay maari<strong>ng</strong><br />

hindi na binuo <strong>ng</strong>ayon. K. Cavelin, na naglalarawan <strong>sa</strong> mga tampok <strong>ng</strong> Russia<br />

sosyal na istraktura, nakauma<strong>ng</strong> out na hindi katulad <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Europa, kami ay ay boyars at ito ay hindi kailanman na<strong>ng</strong>yari bago boyarstva, ay,<br />

ay at ay espirituwal, negosyante, mga peti burges, arti<strong>sa</strong>ns, mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito<br />

ay hindi na - at, tila, ay hindi pari, negosyante, mga pilistinismo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

magbubukid <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> real Estates. Lahat <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga antas, hindi<br />

ibukod a<strong>ng</strong> noble meant trabaho, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin, buwis o<br />

serbisyo, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi kailanman sila ay may halaga a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong><br />

katawan, pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> formations, na may deposito <strong>ng</strong> pampulitika o<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> komunikasyon <strong>ng</strong> buhay .<br />

Sa Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> pyudal modelo ay umabot <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> lohikal<br />

na konklusyon, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> likas na pundasyon para <strong>sa</strong> pagtatayo <strong>ng</strong> burges<br />

moderno<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan. Sa ami<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> bayan pyudalismo / kvazifeodalizm<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> stadialno nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> panlipi pattern at stadialno sundin burges,<br />

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magkaka<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay. Ngunit gaya <strong>ng</strong> Ruso na bersyon <strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo /<br />

kvazifeodalizma ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mabi<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kapan para <strong>sa</strong> konstruksiyon at<br />

pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> imperyal uri <strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado, at siya kinuha <strong>ng</strong> sistema-<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>sa</strong> Rusya's multicultural lipunan. At a<strong>ng</strong> mga Bolshevik rebolusyon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Oktubre 1917 gozhda bago<strong>ng</strong> form, mga bago<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita load (a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> - S.G)<br />

karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo, na assumed a<strong>ng</strong> misyon na ia<strong>ng</strong>at Russia <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong><br />

underdevelopment, na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na industriya, at iba pa pyudal<br />

pamamaraan.<br />

May nakita <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> batas, <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> alin <strong>sa</strong> mga sinauna<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

lipas lipunan pamumuhay ayon <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon (<strong>sa</strong>grado<strong>ng</strong> alinsunuran), higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pyudal pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ayos <strong>ng</strong> mga liberal na batas. Sa lugar <strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

lipunan <strong>sa</strong> mga nakatira <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> pyudal kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n, at <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> lipunan hindi<br />

kadala<strong>sa</strong>n nanirahan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pormal na, nakasulat na batas. Ito ay hindi<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na a<strong>ng</strong> pormal na mga batas ay hindi umiiral, kahit hindi<br />

maganda, at tugma, sila ay may iba pa<strong>ng</strong> katanu<strong>ng</strong>an na a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pormal na<br />

deficiencies at a<strong>ng</strong> kalubhaan offset <strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon na makipag-ayos <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong>, pumikit a<strong>ng</strong> mga mata <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> partial o kahit kumpleto failure.<br />

Ka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at batas ay nagdala <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> harap <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> opisyal.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso para <strong>sa</strong> mga magbubukid siglo nanirahan <strong>sa</strong> customs,<br />

nakaugalian na batas, na <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>,<br />

natupad <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Alexander II, ay a<strong>ng</strong> batayan para <strong>sa</strong> mga gawain <strong>ng</strong><br />

parokya korte. Russian lipunan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo ay patuloy <strong>sa</strong> manirahan <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n na may karagdagan <strong>sa</strong> mga ligal na karapatan, epektibo lama<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't<br />

sila ay hindi <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>atan <strong>ng</strong> interes <strong>ng</strong> mga partido. A<strong>ng</strong> pagkahilig <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

nakatira <strong>sa</strong> mga pormal na mga batas, nagpakita <strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga urban sub-kultura,<br />

hindi mahanap-unawa <strong>sa</strong> komunidad.<br />

Pyudalismo plays at pyudal uri <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian. Ito ay hindi pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> lipunan, at haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga antas <strong>ng</strong> nagbabalik at<br />

hindi legal pamantayan madalas magtaltalan na ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> kaso. Pyudal na ari-arian<br />

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- ito ay relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kabanalan <strong>ng</strong> mga entidad na tumata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> (pagpapakain, pagkolekta rents, atbp) <strong>sa</strong> excha<strong>ng</strong>e para <strong>sa</strong> mga serbisyo (o,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> milder form - katapatan). Dahil a<strong>ng</strong> pyudal imperyal sistema <strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan a<strong>ng</strong> nagtatakda <strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pravoustanovleny,<br />

halos masusugatan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga opisyal at a<strong>ng</strong> mga sitwasyon <strong>sa</strong> pamunuan <strong>ng</strong><br />

simbahan na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay mas mataas kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pormal na a<strong>ng</strong> mga may-ari.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> may-ari ay well-alam, at bila<strong>ng</strong> nakauma<strong>ng</strong> out <strong>sa</strong> kalagitnaan <strong>ng</strong> siglo<br />

XIX Ng Chernyshevskiy, bata sila ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>os promenyat aktibidad <strong>sa</strong><br />

kalakalan <strong>ng</strong> serbisyo. A<strong>ng</strong> uso ay characterized <strong>ng</strong> pyudal na lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

katulad na proseso na ito ay characterized, halimbawa, at para <strong>sa</strong> Italyano lu<strong>ng</strong>sod-<br />

estado, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga barko, mga ma<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alakal gusto<strong>ng</strong> bumili at<br />

magpanatili <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> aristokrasya. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malalim pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos, canni<strong>ng</strong><br />

backwardness na ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> sentro <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> burges E<strong>ng</strong>land, <strong>sa</strong> halip<br />

na <strong>sa</strong> Italyano lu<strong>ng</strong>sod-estado, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga oras na iyon, marami pa<br />

mayaman kalakalan tradisyon.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> lawak na magagamit, direkta<strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magsilbi hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> governmentalization buo<strong>ng</strong> buhay pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya <strong>sa</strong><br />

USSR, kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> mga pre-rebolusyonaryo Ruso na<br />

awtoridad. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal yugto, Pedro ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki at mabigat<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> governmentalization ari-arian: Sa 1714g. Peter I imposed<br />

restrictions <strong>sa</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> lupa: Lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> isda ay napili na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pananalapi, at apiaries at bortnye lupa, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />

Mills ipinahayag <strong>ng</strong> estado at <strong>sa</strong> lupa na ito pinahiran <strong>ng</strong> kabayaran (1704), a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> factories at halaman din ay ipinahayag <strong>ng</strong> estado at overlaid bayad,<br />

pagmamanman <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga gawain na isina<strong>sa</strong>gawa Manufaktura-board, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

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karapatan <strong>sa</strong> lupa nakapa<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Treasury (1719), a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> kagubatan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

European Russia ay na ipinahayag <strong>ng</strong> Estado Reserve (1723) .<br />

Governmentalization patuloy na ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap, lalo na aktibo <strong>sa</strong><br />

First World War. Sa 1915, mga espesyal na pulo<strong>ng</strong> ay magse-set up <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol, gasolina, <strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>kyan at pagkain, at ila<strong>ng</strong> mga komite. Sila ay<br />

<strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong>, contextual mga aksyon, ito ay nakaimpake <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> economies <strong>ng</strong> naglalabanan ban<strong>sa</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

structures a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito matapos a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan ay dissolved, transformed, nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga antas <strong>ng</strong> awtoridad, at para la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado<strong>ng</strong> regulasyon<br />

ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay para <strong>sa</strong> mga Bolsheviks halaga.<br />

Contemporaries kaganapan lubos na maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagkakaloob na ito ay na Russia - a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay mahirap, a<strong>ng</strong> uncultured, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

negrazhdanstvennaya at <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid ito proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagkapagod at paghiwalay ay<br />

dapat na na-read a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mabi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> balas. Diyan ay, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, wala<strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

kagyat na pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>sa</strong> malay regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso . Na nagmula <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Bolsheviks binuo malikhai<strong>ng</strong> mga pamamaraan na ginagamit <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

hari <strong>sa</strong> mga epekto <strong>ng</strong> di-pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> lakas, nagdadala a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na ito <strong>sa</strong> lawak<br />

<strong>ng</strong> posible<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>kdalan.<br />

Very detalyado<strong>ng</strong> aspeto <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> Ruso pyudalismo /<br />

kvazifeodalizma mula <strong>sa</strong> OE Bessonova at S. Kirdinoy, larawan hand-awt <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

ekonomiya. Kamay <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> sistema na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an ay may ... a<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod na kata<strong>ng</strong>ian: a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian (lupa,<br />

kabisera kalakal, infrastructure) ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> serbisyo: a<strong>ng</strong> indibidwal<br />

ay madalas na tinatawag na negosyo entidad <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> mga kondisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> paggamit nito at a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay ibinibigay <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

espesyal na estado katawan. A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> organi<strong>sa</strong>syon ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> serbisyo <strong>ng</strong> trabaho - pakikilahok <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> serbisyo <strong>sa</strong> ari-arian at (o) upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>gawa a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-andar<br />

186

<strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> interes. A<strong>ng</strong> paglalaan <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal na mga kondisyon upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

tuparin a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin <strong>sa</strong> mga pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> serbisyo <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga institusyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian distribution. Pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong><br />

produksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga problema at a<strong>ng</strong> pagbuo <strong>ng</strong> yaman tumatagal <strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Institute para <strong>sa</strong> paghahatid. Feedback signal suma<strong>sa</strong>lamin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

reaksyon <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga kalahok <strong>sa</strong> mga sosyal-aanak problema, lumampas na <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga institusyon <strong>ng</strong> administrative na reklamo. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

nagmamaneho na mekanismo para <strong>sa</strong> pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mekanismo para <strong>sa</strong> koordinasyon <strong>ng</strong> paghahatid-pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga daloy .<br />

At ito ay upa<strong>ng</strong> matiyak na a<strong>ng</strong> mekanismo<strong>ng</strong> ito ay nagtrabaho <strong>sa</strong> lohika <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga pyudal ekonomiya at a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malakas na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> estado. A<strong>ng</strong> function <strong>ng</strong> mass muli<strong>ng</strong> pamimigay -<br />

ay kanya<strong>ng</strong> function. Sa harap <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya ay dominado <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kvazifeodalizma hand-awt, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> market ay kabayaran, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> tampok. A<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong> pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> kvazifeodalnoy<br />

ekonomiya ay nagbibigay-daan upa<strong>ng</strong> maunawaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga mukha несуразности,<br />

excesses at distortions na na<strong>ng</strong>yari <strong>sa</strong> Ruso ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong>ayon. Sila ay itinatag <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> market economy, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

ekonomiya. Ph Kirdina ebidensiya ay nagpapahiwatig na <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lipunan,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw papel-play a<strong>ng</strong> alinman <strong>sa</strong> mga merkado o nagbabaha-bahagi<br />

(redistributive), a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya, at kami ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> baguhin na ibinigay <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili nito<strong>ng</strong> paghuhusga.<br />

Kapag <strong>sa</strong> Russia, diyan ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maikli<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

malawaka<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon <strong>sa</strong> merkado, ito ay lama<strong>ng</strong> meant na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

merkado <strong>sa</strong> yugto na ito kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya<br />

nagbabaha-bahagi, matapos a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>sa</strong> susunod na mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad na ito ay mag-iwan <strong>ng</strong> merkado, ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> karagdaga<strong>ng</strong>, nauukol na<br />

bayad papel. Sa Rusya, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon ay may halos wala<strong>ng</strong> ganap merkado<br />

ekonomiya at hindi <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> klase <strong>ng</strong> mga European uri: Kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

merchant luma<strong>ng</strong> rehimen na tubo marumi paraan, at ginawa milyonaryo, ay hilig<br />

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upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> ito <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan, a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan zamalival at<br />

pinaghahanap <strong>sa</strong> ilaw <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> minuto a<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> buhay , halimbawa,<br />

strannichestve o монашестве. Kaya, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> mga negosyante ay may<br />

malaswa<strong>ng</strong> materyal para <strong>sa</strong> mga bourgeoisie <strong>ng</strong> Western European uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

edukasyon .<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> kabuhayan <strong>sa</strong> function at pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya<br />

na produksyon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet kapanahunan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na pakiramdam<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> inorgani<strong>sa</strong>, upa<strong>ng</strong> makilala a<strong>ng</strong> E. Durkheim, <strong>sa</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

makina pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>. Industrial sosyalista proyekto upa<strong>ng</strong> gayahin a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyunal na mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> komunidad attitude, characterized <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi dostizhitelnoy tao, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga aksyon pagsira <strong>ng</strong><br />

tradisyonal na sinkretismo, kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> mga porma zhiznestroitelstva.<br />

Kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> Ruso lipunan resists a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> paglu<strong>sa</strong>w <strong>ng</strong><br />

lipas na para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> talaa<strong>ng</strong>kanan sinkrezi<strong>sa</strong>, personal na tadhana, i<strong>sa</strong>-i<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakaiba <strong>sa</strong> kinikita <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkasira <strong>ng</strong> kita <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga sektor <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> pagbabayad <strong>ng</strong> propesyonal na ka<strong>sa</strong>nayan,<br />

individualistic, <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> grupo, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> lahat. Aleman<br />

researcher V. Pfayler tanyag na tulad isina<strong>sa</strong>ad manifested minana mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

Byzantine Empire <strong>ng</strong> Univer<strong>sa</strong>list ierarhizirovannom a<strong>ng</strong> paraan na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong><br />

indibidwal ay isinama <strong>sa</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> structures <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ay bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

Diyos kosmiko order.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tradisyunal na <strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>sa</strong> mga nagsiwalat <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kama<strong>ng</strong>ha-ma<strong>ng</strong>ha at bago, post-Sobiyet bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad,<br />

kapag <strong>sa</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> privatization <strong>ng</strong> mga tao lama<strong>ng</strong> na itinalaga bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> may-ari <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian. Ito ay ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yari<br />

oligarkik maaga<strong>ng</strong> estado at a<strong>ng</strong> mga oligarchs kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili. Iyon a<strong>ng</strong><br />

dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> may pinananatili a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahulugan na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga may-ari ay hindi naroroon, na<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> gayon a<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

muli<strong>ng</strong>, upa<strong>ng</strong> makita ku<strong>ng</strong> gaano kahu<strong>sa</strong>y na ginugol a<strong>ng</strong> pinagbilhan <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-<br />

arian, at pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> nagbabayad <strong>ng</strong> buwis, ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin a<strong>ng</strong> sina<strong>sa</strong>bi, sila<br />

188

layunin para bumili <strong>ng</strong> I<strong>ng</strong>les soccer club, o reinvested <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>is. Sa tradisyunal na<br />

bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural klase <strong>ng</strong> sistema ay dapat na magli<strong>ng</strong>kod,<br />

kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<strong>ng</strong> i-share na negosyante, na may labis na buwis upa<strong>ng</strong> pondohan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> sosyal na programa, magi<strong>ng</strong> paternalistami tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

empleyado.<br />

Pyudal ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> prinsipyo otchuzhdaema na, <strong>sa</strong><br />

point Fyustelya de Kulanzha, ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong><br />

pyudal-order na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> lupa ay na<strong>sa</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> mga uri na ito, na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> may-ari ay hindi, mahigpit na nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong> mga may-ari ...<br />

Kondisyon <strong>ng</strong> lupa gamitin, ie pak<strong>sa</strong> o ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> buwis o serbisyo, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kilala<strong>ng</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin, at kabiguan upa<strong>ng</strong> mai<strong>sa</strong>gawa a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin ay magreresulta <strong>sa</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> hawak . Tandaan na <strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon<br />

Russia, <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> lupa ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, mula <strong>sa</strong> mga higante<strong>ng</strong> kumpanya <strong>ng</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>is <strong>sa</strong> serbe<strong>sa</strong> kuwadra.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> abundance <strong>ng</strong> pormal na batas at regulasyon, deklarasyon tiyak na mga legal<br />

na pana<strong>ng</strong>gala<strong>ng</strong> laban <strong>sa</strong> mga ari-arian ay hindi dapat na hindi totoo. Sa mga Ruso<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> powerlessness <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> awtoridad, hindi alintana <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> Arena. Awtoridad ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> lagi<strong>ng</strong> piliin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ari-arian mula <strong>sa</strong> may-ari, na, kaya, diyan ay lagi a<strong>ng</strong> may-ari <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kondisyon.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay upa<strong>ng</strong> kahit na <strong>sa</strong> pinakamataas na puno <strong>ng</strong><br />

Moscow, magbibigay lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa ku<strong>ng</strong> paano a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong><br />

dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kalakalan, a<strong>ng</strong> umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na Russian capitalists, Stroganova. Narito<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> magsusulat tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>ng</strong> hari <strong>sa</strong> pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga negosyo <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> panahon, manlalakbay <strong>sa</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati<br />

<strong>ng</strong> XVI siglo, Doctor of Civil Law at Master <strong>ng</strong> Teolohiya <strong>ng</strong> John Fletcher: i<strong>ng</strong>git<br />

at poot <strong>sa</strong> mga kayamanan <strong>ng</strong> mga na a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay, at lalo na <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

kamay <strong>ng</strong> tao, na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> hari pumili muna a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> unti-unti,<br />

min<strong>sa</strong>n 20000 rubles <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>bay-<strong>sa</strong>bay, na ku<strong>ng</strong> min<strong>sa</strong>n pa, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> wakas,<br />

malinis lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tunay maliit na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ama <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian,<br />

189

haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> natitira ay napunta <strong>sa</strong> mga hari o reyna pananalapi. A<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>alan ay: Jacob, Greg at Semeon sons Aniko .<br />

Kaya may mga <strong>ng</strong>ayon. Mahalaga na tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian - na ito ay<br />

hindi a<strong>ng</strong> kabutihan <strong>ng</strong> indibiduwal, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> at matatag katawanin<br />

<strong>sa</strong>loobin. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> Ruso may-ari <strong>ng</strong> negosyo<br />

ay hindi, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari ay may kondisyon, hindi alintana <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> situational o neblizosti kalapitan <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

dalhin <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>gutin para <strong>sa</strong> mga paglabag <strong>sa</strong> mga batas pinagtatalunan,<br />

minimization <strong>ng</strong> buwis, at iba pa, <strong>sa</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>in palagi<strong>ng</strong> hovers katanu<strong>ng</strong>an - sino a<strong>ng</strong><br />

susunod? Ku<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin ay hindi lubos na akma a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

luma<strong>ng</strong> batas, ito ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> posible upa<strong>ng</strong> ayusin at / o mga aksyon upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

bigyan <strong>ng</strong> bi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> effect, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, upa<strong>ng</strong> masuri a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan <strong>ng</strong><br />

nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> pabagu-bago <strong>ng</strong> isip interes <strong>ng</strong> ordinaryo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali.<br />

Sa Rusya, a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, ari-arian maliban <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad -<br />

maginoo, pansumandali at contextual, <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> matalim na ito<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagmamay-ari ay hindi <strong>sa</strong> mga pagkaka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>atan <strong>sa</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga awtoridad.<br />

Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagnanakaw <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ina<strong>ng</strong>-bayan ay napaka-<br />

espesyal na, manifested hindi kahapon, hindi <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet kababalaghan.<br />

Diyan ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Ivan IV (Grozny), direksiyon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> I<strong>ng</strong>les,<br />

platero: Ruso (a<strong>ng</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> lieges lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga magnanakaw. A<strong>ng</strong> mga palatandaan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pagkalehitimo <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> pagnanakaw <strong>ng</strong> mga karapat-dapat <strong>ng</strong> pansin. Let<br />

us tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> E. Trubetskoy: magnanakaw ideal ay napaka-close<br />

contact gamit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> espesyal na managinip <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na , at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kabuuan, at moral pagta<strong>ng</strong>gal, ami<strong>ng</strong> palagay, ay natukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

dalawa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kadahilanan. A<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ay a<strong>ng</strong> lipas na<br />

pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an pagpareho kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at <strong>sa</strong> kultura at civilizational<br />

kapaligiran: Alienated civilizational Wednesday - a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> forest ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong>, at mula kanino, <strong>ng</strong>unit wala - hindi ubudet, kaya a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> krimen at a<strong>ng</strong> mga normal na pag-uugali ay hindi<br />

190

malinaw at kondisyon. Ito ay makikita kahit <strong>sa</strong> bokabularyo. Subuka<strong>ng</strong> translate <strong>sa</strong><br />

I<strong>ng</strong>les: siya kinuha na ma<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> lies. A<strong>ng</strong> ek<strong>sa</strong>kto<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong><br />

ito ay may rastolkovyvat mahaba. That uri <strong>ng</strong> prasiyolohiko <strong>sa</strong> I<strong>ng</strong>les kultura hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ay a<strong>ng</strong> kahinaan, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi pa kumpleto kawalan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ilustrasyon, muli<strong>ng</strong> mag-umpi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga tala<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> buhay J. Fletcher: Ku<strong>ng</strong> sinuman ay may anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian, at<br />

pagkatapos ay siya sumusubok na itago a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito, <strong>ng</strong>unit maaari<strong>ng</strong> pamin<strong>sa</strong>n-<br />

min<strong>sa</strong>n nagbibigay <strong>sa</strong> monasteryo, at ku<strong>ng</strong> min<strong>sa</strong>n zaryvaya <strong>sa</strong> lupa at <strong>sa</strong> gubat,<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> ginagawa <strong>sa</strong> ... pag<strong>sa</strong>lakay <strong>ng</strong> kaaway <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, cramped<br />

at bawian <strong>ng</strong> lahat na acquires, loses pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aso para <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> trabaho . A<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> mga konsepto <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> at off <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan ay<br />

malabo at higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat maginoo. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga <strong>ng</strong><br />

coordinates basic ontological kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> materyal ay a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>ng</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> tao. A<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong> ay naroroon <strong>sa</strong> mga popular na kamalayan: a<strong>ng</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it, lupa,<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>in, tubig, kagubatan, la<strong>ng</strong>is at gas (<strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> lupa a<strong>ng</strong> lahat) - ito ay banal,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Iyon a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit kaya kakaiba, ay hindi epektibo a<strong>ng</strong> Russian<br />

privatization <strong>ng</strong> estado a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga aktor <strong>sa</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito,<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> kasiguruhan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> Russia - ito ay malala<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

permanente, <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> bagay na ito ay hindi maginoo katiyakan at, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, ay<br />

hindi nakakamit <strong>ng</strong> mga kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> pagkalehitimo <strong>ng</strong> proseso. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> privatization <strong>ng</strong> Ruso estado <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mapabuti a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi man lama<strong>ng</strong> ay a<strong>ng</strong> tinutukoy<br />

pagtugis <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>huli baguhin <strong>sa</strong> Socio-pampulitika order. Ng estado ay hindi<br />

bureaucracy <strong>ng</strong> kamalayan na a<strong>ng</strong> paglilipat <strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>sa</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />

kamay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> pawala<strong>ng</strong>-bi<strong>sa</strong> kumilos, hindi napapailalim <strong>sa</strong> suspensyon<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> prinsipyo bila<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> Ruso ekonomiya. Ito ay sinimulan <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> mga kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan muli<strong>ng</strong> pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-<br />

arian, kaya a<strong>ng</strong> mga kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga institusyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian.<br />

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Ito ay natural na tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-iisip ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> nakararami malawak,<br />

parasitiko buhay diskarte. Sa pinaka-maliwanag na form <strong>ng</strong> mental predisposition<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> gamitin a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay manifested <strong>sa</strong> paglipat, krisis yugto <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 20-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX Century PB Struve<br />

tinatantiya<strong>ng</strong> una, pauna<strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> gawain <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

komunista na pamahalaan <strong>sa</strong> Rusya: komunismo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay niya <strong>sa</strong> kapin<strong>sa</strong>laan <strong>ng</strong> mga kapitalista, at <strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na militar-<br />

kapitalista ekonomiya, <strong>sa</strong> account <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga accumulated stock. Ngayon,<br />

siya ate a<strong>ng</strong> stock - kaya a<strong>ng</strong> sukdulan paglala <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet Russia. Ito pagpalala <strong>ng</strong> parasitosis ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> krisis-ma<strong>ng</strong>hahara<strong>ng</strong><br />

ekonomiya (diin idadagdag - ph), vvergshego ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> likas at pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga reaksiyon .<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga mahahalaga<strong>ng</strong> estratehiya malaki <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, na ginawa<strong>ng</strong> magagamit <strong>sa</strong> Russian space na<br />

nagsisimula <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> malakas na paggamit <strong>ng</strong> slash at sumunog <strong>sa</strong> agrikultura,<br />

patuloy na <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> XVII siglo, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya<br />

ay batay <strong>sa</strong> na slash pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay base management system, batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> lupa at kagubatan. Pagkatapos podseku<br />

inabanduna<strong>ng</strong>, ... wala<strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>ng</strong> lupa muli. A<strong>ng</strong> malawakan-parasitiko estratehiya<br />

at ito ay ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pokus <strong>sa</strong> export <strong>ng</strong> raw material:<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> XV - XIX siglo tina<strong>ng</strong>gal abaka, troso, matamis, furs, at <strong>sa</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-kapat <strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> XX - simula <strong>ng</strong> XXI siglo - la<strong>ng</strong>is, gas, ores at mga metal,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pareho<strong>ng</strong> kagubatan. Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paninda Exports <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon na ito lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> idinagdag <strong>sa</strong> export <strong>ng</strong> mga armas, na <strong>sa</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong><br />

panaho<strong>ng</strong> iyan, Russia binili.<br />

Mula <strong>sa</strong> itaas na ito ay malinaw na a<strong>ng</strong> mga paninda kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

Exports ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-imbento <strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet pili zlokoznennym, ito<br />

gumagawa hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> mga likas na kayamanan, kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong><br />

marami <strong>sa</strong> mga malawak na mga patakaran <strong>sa</strong> buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> ay, <strong>sa</strong><br />

katunayan, a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> natural na upa <strong>sa</strong> cash a<strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> pagbabayad <strong>sa</strong> iba<br />

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pa<strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mundo. A<strong>ng</strong> diskarte ay hindi pa ganap na pagod na pagod<br />

mismo, maaga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong> pakikilahok <strong>sa</strong> pagbebenta <strong>ng</strong> quotas para <strong>sa</strong><br />

polluti<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kapaligiran, a<strong>ng</strong> buod <strong>ng</strong> negosyo, at <strong>sa</strong> mga gawain, at kapaligiran<br />

na proseso, na ibinigay <strong>ng</strong> Kyoto Protocol. Pulitika ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat pumipin<strong>sa</strong>la <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> populasyo<strong>ng</strong> nakatira <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

paninda lugar. A<strong>ng</strong> pananaliksik na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> makabalighuan pagpapalagay<br />

siyentipiko. Kapag a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panlabas na kagali<strong>ng</strong>an at pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong><br />

paglago <strong>sa</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tunay na tao potensyal <strong>ng</strong> mabilis deteriorati<strong>ng</strong>. Benta<br />

<strong>ng</strong> hilaw na materyales at mataas na presyo <strong>ng</strong> enerhiya lumikha <strong>ng</strong> ilusyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

progreso <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan ito ay<br />

humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtaas <strong>sa</strong> yaman pagmimina rehiyon at a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahirap<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga di-pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> probinsya . Malawak na diskarte para <strong>sa</strong> buhay ay<br />

kopyahin <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Russian pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> mga patuloy na at <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

antas.<br />

Sa post-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga buhay <strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kapwa mamamayan ay ginagamit pre-adaptation diskarte, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

aalaga <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagkabuhay ekonomiya, <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na kina<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kutan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> apila <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas lipas form - kukuha <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> uri, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin ma<strong>ng</strong>olekta <strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga bu<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong> lupa at lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay na ma<strong>sa</strong>ma ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mabuti ay -<br />

masyado<strong>ng</strong>. Sa mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga karapatan <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian ay<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> pribrat nitso. A<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> adaptation estratehiya, a<strong>ng</strong> data ay<br />

nagpakita, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, a<strong>ng</strong> mga specifics <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal at kolektibo<strong>ng</strong>-iisip,<br />

limitado o kahit imposible<strong>ng</strong> gumana kapitalista abstractions, pinaka-mahalaga na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay pera, iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> mga securities, at off-excha<strong>ng</strong>e tran<strong>sa</strong>ksiyon,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin anuma<strong>ng</strong> tran<strong>sa</strong>ksyon, separated, bukod <strong>sa</strong> mga tiyak na<br />

manifestations <strong>ng</strong> materyal na mundo.<br />

Isinaayos para <strong>sa</strong> malawak na parasitiko, panakaw mai<strong>ng</strong>gitin diskarte <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas matagumpay at inia<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> mga tao na traditionalists isipan<br />

ay hindi able <strong>sa</strong> gumawa <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>sa</strong> marubdob, kapitalista estratehiya<br />

193

<strong>ng</strong> buhay. I<strong>ng</strong>git - i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-malakas na panlipunan damdamin, higit <strong>sa</strong><br />

lahat ito ay tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> depression. I<strong>ng</strong>git maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

trabaho panlipunan regulator na naglilimita <strong>sa</strong> mga personal na mga kabutihan, at<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras magkai<strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> solo<strong>ng</strong> laban <strong>sa</strong> lumalaki<strong>ng</strong> panlipunan<br />

hindi pagkakapareho <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> sunud-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga tagumpay at a<strong>ng</strong> mga mag-al<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal at grupo . A<strong>ng</strong> bayad para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan at<br />

i<strong>ng</strong>git bukod <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-bagay, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> iba pa para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay - malaki. Sa ganoo<strong>ng</strong> sistema, mga halaga <strong>ng</strong><br />

coordinates ay hindi kaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, a<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> visual<br />

perspectives <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na pag-unlad ay humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

napakababa<strong>ng</strong> buhay-a<strong>sa</strong>, at a<strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> demographic projections.<br />

Cash kalagayan contributes <strong>sa</strong> unpredictable dinamika <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

kadalia<strong>ng</strong>, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> umakyat a<strong>ng</strong> mga sosyal na hagdan<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> itaas, at maaari, pa<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at, pababa mula <strong>sa</strong> itaas na<br />

bahagi <strong>sa</strong> ilalim. Lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

na<strong>ng</strong>yari <strong>sa</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> numero Oktyabrskogy matapos a<strong>ng</strong> 1917 rebolusyon,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> taas <strong>ng</strong> Stalinist pagsupil ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> mga 30-ies at <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> post-<br />

Sobiyet dekada. Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> mahimbi<strong>ng</strong><br />

dinamika <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kadalia<strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sukdulan <strong>ng</strong> bilis, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

halos makumpleto abala <strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pin. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

huli<strong>ng</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na panahon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> ganoo<strong>ng</strong> marahas alalay<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural sitwasyon <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

tinatawag na Brezhnev pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos. Ito ay dapat na litaw na Ruso lipunan<br />

ay hindi malinaw at patuloy na maaari<strong>ng</strong> kopyahin <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

<strong>sa</strong>pin bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Western lipunan. Pumuputok, pagbabaligtad <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

ginagampanan contributes <strong>sa</strong> pabagu-bago at lu<strong>sa</strong>w properties.<br />

Sa isyu <strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari ay may malapit na kaugnayan at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

problema <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan. Sa anuma<strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay libre <strong>sa</strong> lawak na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malaya<strong>ng</strong> may-ari. Siya ay wala<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, ku<strong>ng</strong> kaya't siya ay a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. A<strong>ng</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> alipin ay bawian<br />

194

<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian at mga may-ari ay a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian. Castle mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka ay<br />

ilagay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> maliit na <strong>sa</strong>kahan, at, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> sektor <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliit <strong>ng</strong>unit may kinalaman a<strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na karapatan.<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga kuru-kuro <strong>ng</strong> hindi maikakait pag-aalala tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong><br />

pantao, <strong>sa</strong> halip, <strong>sa</strong> Europa, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi <strong>sa</strong> Russia, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> maliit na<br />

pyudalismo tulad <strong>ng</strong> Europa. Russian mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka zakreposchalis hindi a<strong>ng</strong> yunit,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> numero <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> yumao siglo, kapag marami <strong>ng</strong> Europa,<br />

maliban <strong>sa</strong> Poland, at ila<strong>ng</strong> mga Aleman principalities, sila ay lagi<strong>ng</strong> may na-libre.<br />

Since Peter I, a<strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka got <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin, at laban <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga alipin naninibago na makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga legal na karapatan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagmamay-ari at kalayaan.<br />

Suma<strong>sa</strong>lamin <strong>sa</strong> Russian Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917 at kalalaba<strong>sa</strong>n Civil War <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> R. Pipes remarked na kalayaan ay nauunawaan bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

exemption mula <strong>sa</strong> paghihigpit ipataw <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

katunayan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> buhay at <strong>sa</strong> pagtutulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ito. Kaya nawa<strong>sa</strong>k a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga bago <strong>sa</strong> kanino ay katawanin <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ideya <strong>ng</strong> estado, lipunan, ayos, ayos. Sa mga urban na lugar - a<strong>ng</strong> mga pulis,<br />

administrador, mga hukom, a<strong>ng</strong> mga factories - a<strong>ng</strong> may-ari o manager, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga tunay na resembled na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo <strong>sa</strong> trabaho upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

makuha a<strong>ng</strong> bayad para <strong>sa</strong> ... <strong>sa</strong> village - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kalapit-bahay, a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamalapit na<br />

ban<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> simbolo <strong>ng</strong> barstva, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at<br />

kayamanan at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras ... .<br />

Mas mababa a<strong>ng</strong> lehitimo<strong>ng</strong>, legal registration at hindi alienated na hindi<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-ari-arian na paraan, mas mababa a<strong>ng</strong> registration <strong>ng</strong> mga legal na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

karapatan <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal at a<strong>ng</strong> mga wala<strong>ng</strong> awa at wala<strong>ng</strong> ulirat<br />

paghihimagsik, a<strong>ng</strong> mas malaki a<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> lahat at a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

hierarchies, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga kultura. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makataru<strong>ng</strong>an pagmamasid<br />

PB Struve, matapos a<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon <strong>ng</strong> 1917, <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> populasyon, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong> mga personal na ari-arian, na ito ay kinuha <strong>sa</strong> malayo a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalayaa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, at iba pa hiwa The Roots <strong>sa</strong> mga pinaka-personal na<br />

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kalayaan. Russian komunista karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kapaligiran muli Kinukumpirma<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> sociological at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan, ka<strong>sa</strong>bihan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian at<br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan ay a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon at a<strong>ng</strong> paleydyum <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga manifestations, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-pino at tugatog . Iyon a<strong>ng</strong><br />

dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit, <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga imperfections at inconsistencies <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

proseso na na<strong>ng</strong>yari <strong>sa</strong> Rusya <strong>sa</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> dekada <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, sila ay upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

makahanap <strong>ng</strong> mas marami o mas kaunti a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, at dahil <strong>sa</strong> mga ito - mas<br />

marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan.<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> may-ari <strong>ng</strong> mas mahirap na pamahalaan, doon man lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga tradisyunal na imperyal paradaym, kaya a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na magdala a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> privatization <strong>ng</strong> 90's, hindi<br />

ko nais na <strong>sa</strong> wakas gawi<strong>ng</strong> legal a<strong>ng</strong> may-ari. Kaya, ito ay hindi at hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kagustuhan <strong>ng</strong> may-ari upa<strong>ng</strong> mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na antas <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kalayaan sibil. Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta, a<strong>ng</strong> naka-imbak at kopyahin a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> bagay tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an siya wrote <strong>sa</strong> tula, Brodsky I. 1972: Ito ay<br />

dapat na kapag sila ay tumi<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>sa</strong> kinabuka<strong>sa</strong>n, / kita<strong>ng</strong>-kita <strong>sa</strong> Tver, <strong>sa</strong> Volga: /<br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga tao / <strong>ng</strong> serbisyo <strong>ng</strong> kahirapan a<strong>ng</strong> haba. / Imbes katatagan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> iyo, / tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mabilis at <strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>sa</strong> trabaho / supply <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rilinan tadhana /<br />

kalupitan <strong>sa</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan .<br />

Sa karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> slogan Mas luma-isip tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

bahay at pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ipataw a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pyudal na<br />

lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> diwa, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>lanan. Dito, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>ng</strong>olekta <strong>sa</strong> mga patla<strong>ng</strong> at halaman <strong>sa</strong> pagpoproseso para <strong>sa</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> i-crop,<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay may kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> magtipon, <strong>sa</strong> militar serbisyo <strong>sa</strong> hukbo,<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan guards, <strong>sa</strong>mahan bahagi, magtrabaho <strong>sa</strong> stroyotryadah bumuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

konstruksiyon paraan popular na dito, at di-pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya pagpipigil <strong>sa</strong> trabaho,<br />

mga tawag <strong>sa</strong> pulis, Nagpapadala <strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> 101 km, <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar na hindi kaya<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> remote, a<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala <strong>sa</strong> ganap na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ma-<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga indibidwal na (ikaw ay hindi - magturo, hindi mo nais <strong>sa</strong> - gumawa). At a<strong>ng</strong><br />

196

lahat na ito <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> relatibo<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> pagwawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos, na<br />

talaga<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> mas maaga Sobiyet ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan.<br />

Ano a<strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo, dahil diyan ay wala <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan (kinakatawan)<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> classical na uri <strong>ng</strong> pyudalismo? Pa a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> vowels,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit karamihan undercover kasunduan at kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad<br />

at lipunan ay pa rin. Ikaw ay sumunod <strong>sa</strong> mga alituntunin na itinatag <strong>ng</strong> laro, kayo<br />

ay tahimik kapag ito ay kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an - a<strong>ng</strong> sistema ay magdadala <strong>sa</strong> iyo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

Meal distributor, ay dagdagan a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

nursi<strong>ng</strong> harian posisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga kamay <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong><br />

harap <strong>ng</strong> kvazifeodalizma makikita mas malalim at pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

estado <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin. Lalo na nagsisiwalat <strong>sa</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> Stalin<br />

panahon, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao mula <strong>sa</strong> pyudal fiefdom <strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> bukid at mga<br />

negosyo kinuha <strong>sa</strong> hari gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>sa</strong> Gulag, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> apotheosis <strong>ng</strong> alipin labor. Sa<br />

huli <strong>ng</strong> buhay VV Shulgin tanyag na a<strong>ng</strong> alipin - gave Stalin nanlilimahid<br />

kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka tinapay, alipin - alipin, sundalo toto Hitler ... Slavery ay<br />

may dalawa<strong>ng</strong> mukha: i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahila-hilakbot at creative. Alipin <strong>ng</strong> pyramids at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

malaki<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> Nile spills. Alipin pinamamahalaan matalino pari, doon ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> palatandaan na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay nagkakahalaga-iisip tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga .<br />

Ito ay tumutugma kvazifeodalizmu at mga sosyal-<strong>sa</strong>pin <strong>ng</strong> mature Stalinist<br />

lipunan. Sa panlipunan herarkiya ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat obscheimpersky antas - <strong>sa</strong> antas<br />

na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> belo<strong>ng</strong>ed <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> bayan, a<strong>ng</strong> Partido at a<strong>ng</strong> personal na<br />

TOV. IV Stalin. A<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod ay may <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> kagawaran pyudal antas, at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao belo<strong>ng</strong>ed <strong>sa</strong> office, at <strong>sa</strong> mga lokal na antas - a<strong>ng</strong> ina <strong>ng</strong> halaman, o<br />

kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kahan. Ito ay dapat na litaw na a<strong>ng</strong> pagmamanipula <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao na<br />

nagmumula <strong>sa</strong> chief <strong>ng</strong> imperyal institusyo<strong>ng</strong> panlipunan, ay hindi limitado,<br />

haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga pyudal na relasyon <strong>sa</strong> mga magula<strong>ng</strong> katawan <strong>ng</strong> mas mababa<strong>ng</strong><br />

antas ay pamamahalaan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ay <strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na awtoridad. Sa 90-ies halip<br />

malawak siniya<strong>sa</strong>t a<strong>ng</strong> post-pantao pagnanais na magi<strong>ng</strong> malinaw na top-built<br />

team, o hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> may a<strong>ng</strong> bubo<strong>ng</strong> (mo kanino?), Nagpapaliwanag ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

paano a<strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na panahon <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka <strong>sa</strong><br />

197

kamay, <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, Mr maghanap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> personal at ari-arian<br />

seguridad, proteksyon laban <strong>sa</strong> karaha<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> uri, pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>ng</strong> lakas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga tao насильства .<br />

Ano a<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit namin hindi pa rin lumabas na ito <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

kvazifeodalizma? I<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mabagal na<br />

anyo at izzhivaniya ay na siya ay mabi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagtakbo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> form <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Sa<br />

mga sitwasyo<strong>ng</strong> ito, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Estado na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> set <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian na<br />

naba<strong>ng</strong>git <strong>sa</strong> itaas ay may problema <strong>sa</strong> paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> pyudal pagsupil <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mas rational at humanistic porma <strong>ng</strong> organi<strong>sa</strong>syon. A<strong>ng</strong> kumpanya ay hindi<br />

nagbigay-up <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga lipas na paligid at higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na<br />

sinkretismo, kaila<strong>ng</strong>an la<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-estado,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit para <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> dahilan na ito ay hindi posible at palagian karagdaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> estado.<br />

Drawbacks ma<strong>sa</strong>gana forms spo<strong>ng</strong>er maganda at inefficiently gumana <strong>sa</strong><br />

Ruso lupa. Anchori<strong>ng</strong>, rooti<strong>ng</strong> disistemnyh mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha <strong>ng</strong> ginawa <strong>sa</strong><br />

kalipunan <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural na proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, lalo na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> yugto ay lubha<strong>ng</strong> mahirap na direkta<strong>ng</strong> exclusion <strong>sa</strong><br />

harap maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> maginhawa oportunidad, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> mga susunod na<br />

paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

Ryan, ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan breathes karupukan, pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

alternatibo ay lilitaw buo. Ngunit <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan ito ay hindi<br />

<strong>sa</strong>movosproizvoditsya mahaba. Matapos a<strong>ng</strong> lahat, siya ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> aak<strong>sa</strong>ya <strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resources, aak<strong>sa</strong>ya <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> iti<strong>ng</strong> at matukoy a<strong>ng</strong><br />

duration <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay .<br />

Kvazifeodalnaya kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> Middle Ages, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kakanyahan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay manifested bila<strong>ng</strong> pababa kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

administrative at hierarchical antas <strong>ng</strong> pagkakaiba-iba <strong>sa</strong> mga sosyal na buhay at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay maliwanag <strong>sa</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> ikinabubuhay pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ami<strong>ng</strong> bantog na Barter, upa<strong>ng</strong> palitan <strong>ng</strong> mga serbisyo para <strong>sa</strong> upa at dinadala a<strong>ng</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> porma <strong>sa</strong> kapit-bahay bahay halaga - lupa, <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> interpretasyon na<br />

198

a<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala <strong>ng</strong> mga teritoryo at <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian. Sa sistema<strong>ng</strong> ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> herarkiya <strong>ng</strong> status, trabaho serbisyo, libi<strong>ng</strong> tributes, <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> pagpapakain, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> nagsusumamo hukuman.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katulad na sistema ay kopyahin <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> relasyon, <strong>sa</strong> laki <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, mga rehiyon, probinsya, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an kvazifeodal hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad na<br />

mapa<strong>ng</strong>ibabawan a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga diyos at a<strong>ng</strong> mga hukom, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapakita <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili, kapaladigmaan, <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili - ... a<strong>ng</strong> mga tipikal na tampok <strong>ng</strong> pyudal<br />

barons.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> pagtataas <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado na lihim, at <strong>sa</strong> mga panahon, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

maliwanag na karana<strong>sa</strong>n para <strong>sa</strong> mga lokal na opisyal <strong>ng</strong> misteryo at, <strong>sa</strong> mga beses,<br />

na ipahalata managinip. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi <strong>ng</strong>unit pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong><br />

kagalakan <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga panrehiyo<strong>ng</strong> programa parirala Boris Yeltsin, bumalik<br />

<strong>sa</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga una<strong>ng</strong> 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo: Sumakay <strong>ng</strong> mas marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't maaari ka<strong>ng</strong>, kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, bahagya<strong>ng</strong> kinalaman a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kalagayan ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> medyebal France, ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga Glassona,<br />

ibinigay <strong>sa</strong> kabayara<strong>ng</strong> lupain lahat: lupa, buwis, daan bayad, hukuman at<br />

karaha<strong>sa</strong>n, mga karapatan, rents, opisina.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> napili<strong>ng</strong> tema <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

transformation ay napakamahalaga <strong>sa</strong> mga katanu<strong>ng</strong>an ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Russia <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga antas upa<strong>ng</strong> madali<strong>ng</strong> kinuha a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bandido concepts? Dahil a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay suma<strong>sa</strong>lamin <strong>sa</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong><br />

varvarizovanny <strong>ng</strong>unit organic <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan a<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

ligaments rannefeodalnyh at panlipi relasyon. A<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>kat<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na <strong>sa</strong> akin <strong>ng</strong> estado, <strong>ng</strong>unit na<strong>ng</strong> hindi burdened <strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga a<strong>ng</strong>kop na serbisyo, siya, na<strong>ng</strong> kakatwa <strong>sa</strong>pat na, ay makikita bila<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

suschemu ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot, ito tila <strong>sa</strong> maaari mas madali<strong>ng</strong> makipag-areglo.<br />

American Robert Patnem <strong>sa</strong> mga libro <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya <strong>sa</strong> function ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> hilaga<strong>ng</strong> at timog Italya,<br />

correlati<strong>ng</strong> gamit a<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> pagkalat <strong>ng</strong> mafia-dominado lipunan <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> vertical o horizontal structures: Sa XIX na siglo, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> XII siglo,<br />

199

itinatag vertical ierarhizirovannye istraktura, may kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Mafia ,<br />

nakabaon a<strong>ng</strong> tinatawag na katutubo<strong>ng</strong> mafia kultura. Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> North at<br />

Central Italya, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an min<strong>sa</strong>n may mga lu<strong>ng</strong>sod-makipagniig, may mga<br />

aso<strong>sa</strong>syon, mga unyon, partido, tulu<strong>ng</strong>an lipunan, atbp ... mafia - hindi looban,<br />

banditry ay hindi: ito nagbebenta <strong>ng</strong> tiwala mediates <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> estado.<br />

Vertical ierarhizirovannoe <strong>ng</strong> Estado, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito ay wala<strong>ng</strong> kaugnayan<br />

pahiga - ay nakararami nakatago, absent estado. Mafia pinunan ito pahi<strong>ng</strong>a,<br />

assumes na kumilos bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan . Sumapat ay<br />

axiomatic assertion na Ruso lipunan ay dominado <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> vertical<br />

ugnayan, at kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> pahala<strong>ng</strong>, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong><br />

estado <strong>ng</strong> mga gawain <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ayos <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>kyan na networks, kapag a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kalapit na rehiyon ay mas madali<strong>ng</strong> makuha <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kabisera <strong>ng</strong> mga estado.<br />

Sa pyudal espiritu <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia ay may privatization <strong>ng</strong> karaha<strong>sa</strong>n,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> pag-andar <strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

lokal na antas, na nagreresulta <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> negosyante ay pinilit na lumikha<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga malakas na security system, kumpleto mula <strong>sa</strong> Interior<br />

Ministry, KGB at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> seguridad. A<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> kani-<br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan structures ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> gawin<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>ng</strong> malaki at ku<strong>ng</strong> min<strong>sa</strong>n medium-sized na mga negosyo. Sa<br />

mga ganito<strong>ng</strong> proseso, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malinaw na pagkakatulad <strong>sa</strong> sitwasyon <strong>ng</strong> pyudal<br />

baron, na ay dapat may been able <strong>sa</strong> armas, predvoditelstvuya grupo <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga servants, upa<strong>ng</strong> maprotektahan a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>sa</strong> kabila<strong>ng</strong> banda dahil ito<br />

ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> baron, o i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kampon ay hindi nagsisilbi <strong>sa</strong> kanya, at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

lupain nito <strong>sa</strong> server at villein <strong>sa</strong> panahon na ito <strong>ng</strong> mga alituntunin <strong>ng</strong> batas ay<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na madali<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>huli <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapitbahay,<br />

gerero barons, o pa<strong>ng</strong>inoon .<br />

Sa mga oras na ito ay dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />

armies, pati na rin, <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> seguridad serbisyo Karamihan-<br />

Bank <strong>sa</strong> Moscow ay para <strong>sa</strong> marami at mga propesyonal, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pamahalaan<br />

200

ay ginamit a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga empleyado para <strong>sa</strong> stormi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> City Hall (a<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong><br />

gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>ng</strong> CMEA) <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> Oktubre 1993. Sa gitna at mas<br />

maliit na antas <strong>ng</strong> negosyo ay gayon a bagay gaya <strong>ng</strong> paniwala negosyante, ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin, entrepreneur, na, bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan negosyo<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na gawin a<strong>ng</strong> pihikan asignatura na binubuo,<br />

kadala<strong>sa</strong>n, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> atleta at / o a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao mula <strong>sa</strong> mga kriminal na<br />

mundo. Dito tayo ay muli nabigo <strong>ng</strong> mga European Middle Ages na may kanya-<br />

unawa <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na kalayaan, a<strong>ng</strong> unawa <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> pumatoi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> perceptions<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia: Freedom - ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> garanti<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> status ...<br />

Siya ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> natanto lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> pagtitiwala, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong><br />

sukdulan <strong>ng</strong> garantiya na a<strong>ng</strong> paggala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mas mababa mga karapatan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> mga tao - ay a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakas na pintakasi.<br />

Pyudal / kvazifeodalny kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet buhay ay<br />

hindi pumunta hindi pinapansin, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> domestically, <strong>ng</strong>unit para <strong>sa</strong> pinaka-<br />

mapa<strong>ng</strong>-unawa foreign observers, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay dapat na maiugnay, at G. Boll:<br />

hinted <strong>sa</strong>rismo ku<strong>ng</strong> ihahambi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> komunismo <strong>sa</strong> USSR <strong>sa</strong> XX siglo ay <strong>sa</strong>pat - at<br />

nila a<strong>ng</strong> lahat tila nakakumbinsi <strong>sa</strong> akin. Para <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet Union ay malinaw pyudal<br />

<strong>ng</strong> estado na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an-aapi ay natupad <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga mag-sign ... , at<br />

pagkatapos, referri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> herarkiya binuo a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong> USSR, ra<strong>ng</strong>go, ranks,<br />

nagdadagdag: gusto ko <strong>sa</strong> iyo upa<strong>ng</strong> maunawaan: a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union - kumpleto<strong>ng</strong><br />

pyudal estado .<br />

An 90-s <strong>ng</strong> mga pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad na li<strong>sa</strong>nin a<strong>ng</strong> mahigpit na<br />

kontrol <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga spheres <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> buhay na ito ay wala<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> tuparin a<strong>ng</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kulin <strong>ng</strong> civil society, pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> pahiga ugnayan, at<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-loob kvazifeodalizatsii post-Sobiyet space. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahalagahan <strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay kama<strong>ng</strong>ha-- ito ay nagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki at<br />

matibay na batayan para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kaisipan <strong>sa</strong>morazvertyvaniya. Pero kahit na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kvazifeodalnoe <strong>ng</strong> estado na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ku<strong>sa</strong> discharges <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lipunan <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapahina <strong>ng</strong> imperyal estado <strong>ng</strong> media, ay mas progresibo, suggesti<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

201

mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> personal na kalayaan kay<strong>sa</strong> nakahiga <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin.<br />

Chapter 3. A<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at Socio-cultural proseso <strong>sa</strong><br />

Russia since 1991.<br />

I. Sociocultural a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>sa</strong> Rusya matapos a<strong>ng</strong> 1991<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> 1991 <strong>sa</strong> Rusya at <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap ay tinataya<strong>ng</strong><br />

ambiguously: ila<strong>ng</strong> magbigay <strong>sa</strong> kanila a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamahalaga <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

rebolusyon, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga iba i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito wala <strong>ng</strong> higit pa <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga katawagan pagtatagumpay, sinamahan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paghahalili <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bureaucracy <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> lahi. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> bersyon ay<br />

nagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> mga personal na pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet at post-<br />

Sobiyet pili. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ulo. sektor, a<strong>ng</strong> Institute of Sociology Ras o.<br />

Kryshtanovskaya tala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral <strong>ng</strong> pagsusuri <strong>sa</strong> mga pili<strong>ng</strong><br />

tao sektor, a<strong>ng</strong> Institute of Sociology, Russian Academy of <strong>Science</strong>s, higit <strong>sa</strong> 75<br />

porsyento pampulitika at 61 porsiyento <strong>ng</strong> negosyo pili - ay mula <strong>sa</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

Sobiyet nomenklatura. A<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> pili karamihan ay mula <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

dati<strong>ng</strong> partido at Sobiyet ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa, <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pili<strong>ng</strong> tao ay pinalawak mula <strong>sa</strong> mga activists at mga pinuno <strong>ng</strong> Komsomol, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga lider, managers .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga numero tuwiran ipakita na a<strong>ng</strong> mga sosyal na rebolusyon ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

marami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan na may pahiwatig-apruba at <strong>sa</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> suporta <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi parthoznomenklatury, en masse Pryadko, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, at ganap<br />

na wala<strong>ng</strong> napakalaki bahagi <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, upa<strong>ng</strong> huwag gawin a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga komunista ideals. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>sa</strong>p lama<strong>ng</strong> W. Bukowski, para <strong>sa</strong><br />

karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan parthoznomenklatury Agosto 1991 hindi ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin <strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon, hindi kalayaan mula <strong>sa</strong> totalitaryo-aapi, at mas kaya kay<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> ideals, <strong>ng</strong>unit lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon para <strong>sa</strong> mabilis na<br />

202

accelerate <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga karera, pereprygnuv kaagad pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

hakba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> herarkiya . A<strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari ay hinulaan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong><br />

20-s <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo LD Trotsky pagkabulok parthoznomenklatury naganap natural<br />

excha<strong>ng</strong>e pribilehiyo <strong>sa</strong> mga ari-arian: A<strong>ng</strong> pribilehiyo ay kalahati lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

presyo ku<strong>ng</strong> ikaw ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> mag-iwan a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga anak <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

legacy. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> karapatan ay hiwalay mula <strong>sa</strong> pagmamay-ari. Hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat na<br />

magi<strong>ng</strong> direktor <strong>ng</strong> Tiwala, kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<strong>ng</strong> ibahagi. A<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong><br />

bureaucracy <strong>sa</strong> mga kritikal na lugar na ito ay sinadya panlalik ito <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

klase <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian . Iyon a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>ng</strong> 1991 ay<br />

nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> polubarhatnoy, kaha<strong>ng</strong>a-ha<strong>ng</strong>a mild panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong><br />

Rusya.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> paghiwalay <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet sistema ay umabot na <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong><br />

punto <strong>sa</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan queues pozdnesovetskih ay pakikipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>sa</strong> suporta<br />

GKCHP, <strong>ng</strong>unit lampas na ito ay hindi na bagay na ito. Ito ay diyan, <strong>sa</strong> itaas, sila<br />

Giroux besyatsya hindi a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> kaso, maayos at mabuti na GKCHP, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

order ay dapat na. Worth ispravnik <strong>sa</strong> likod <strong>ng</strong> mga - ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakasunud-sunod<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> kaliwa nag-ii<strong>sa</strong> - wala<strong>ng</strong> order ispravnika ay dapat ibabalik. Ngunit<br />

ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> simple at abot-kaya<strong>ng</strong> mga ideolohiya ay hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

protektahan a<strong>ng</strong> mga sosyalista na sistema at a<strong>ng</strong> USSR ay, kahit na hindi<br />

matipuno, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> memorable performances. USSR <strong>sa</strong>mple <strong>ng</strong><br />

1991 - hindi 1973, Chile, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> li<strong>ng</strong>go na napaligiran<br />

na<strong>ng</strong> mga rebels, a<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol malinis a<strong>ng</strong> paaralan warrant, masunog a<strong>ng</strong><br />

palasyo <strong>ng</strong> La Moneda, Salvador Allende, <strong>sa</strong> helmets at <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

automatic, at hindi kilala a<strong>ng</strong> libu-libo<strong>ng</strong> mga Chileans protektahan a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideals<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> ti<strong>ng</strong>in mo, defended <strong>sa</strong> dulo .<br />

Sa USSR, diyan ay hindi anuma<strong>ng</strong> yunit <strong>ng</strong> militar o mga yunit <strong>ng</strong> ii<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan istraktura, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay may complied <strong>sa</strong> pormal na panunumpa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> katapatan <strong>sa</strong> USSR, a<strong>ng</strong> mga opisyal o partrabotnika, upa<strong>ng</strong> sumunod <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

impormal na <strong>sa</strong> panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> panunumpa <strong>ng</strong> katapatan <strong>sa</strong> CPSU, katapatan<br />

partbiletu poles <strong>sa</strong> puro tinta selyo, nagpakita <strong>sa</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> bayad kontribusyon.<br />

203

Kontribusyon may lo<strong>ng</strong> been limitado, at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mamatay para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong> patuloy na bayaran wala<strong>ng</strong> pinaghahanap. At i<strong>sa</strong>-anim <strong>ng</strong> lupa ay<br />

hindi mahanap a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> sekretarya raykoma, panrehiyo<strong>ng</strong> komite, kraykoma,<br />

reskoma CPSU, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay buk<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> ligtas, inilatag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong><br />

oras <strong>sa</strong> anticipation <strong>ng</strong> mga araw na ito siya relyi<strong>ng</strong>-up <strong>ng</strong> mga armas at babaan<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pula<strong>ng</strong> bandila na may katulad na grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga Panatiko ay tumagal pabilog<br />

na depen<strong>sa</strong>. Ipagpalagay na a<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> li<strong>ng</strong>go, tatlo<strong>ng</strong> araw, anim na oras,<br />

ito ay hindi mahalaga, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> katunayan - ay hindi kahit sino. Entuziastov hindi nakita, marahil<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon ay dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan -<br />

tahimik. Katapu<strong>sa</strong>n, pagkatapos - <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw, at latigo Obukha hindi pereshibesh.<br />

Latigo tried pereshibit ulo <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> taon mamaya, kapag ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

malinaw na a<strong>ng</strong> West ay wala<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan paraiso, kapitalista ekonomiya ay<br />

hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagawaan <strong>ng</strong> gatas kiselnymi mula <strong>sa</strong> ilog ba<strong>ng</strong>ko, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

ay makukuha <strong>ng</strong> maaga kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> anticipated tunay na sosyalismo. Sa 1993,<br />

marami<strong>ng</strong> mga bagay-bagay ay mas ma<strong>sa</strong>hol pa - resisted natitira<strong>ng</strong> matibay<br />

kalan<strong>sa</strong>y Sobiyet <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, resisted a<strong>ng</strong> kataas-taa<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Konseho <strong>ng</strong><br />

Russian Federation. A<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> White House <strong>sa</strong> Krasnopresnenskaya dike at <strong>sa</strong><br />

Agosto 1991, at <strong>sa</strong> Oktubre 1993, halos <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> MPs, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan <strong>sa</strong> panimula <strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong>. Noo<strong>ng</strong> Agosto 1991 a<strong>ng</strong><br />

araw <strong>ng</strong> libo-libo<strong>ng</strong> mga Muscovites dumati<strong>ng</strong> hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> protektahan<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> MPs o President Boris N. Yeltsin bila<strong>ng</strong> democratically halal na lider <strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia at kahit more kaya upa<strong>ng</strong> maprotektahan a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito bila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

indibidwal, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga ito ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kilala<strong>ng</strong> proporsyon<br />

charismatic. Defended a<strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong>, na ka<strong>sa</strong>ma hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na pagbisita <strong>sa</strong> hypermarkets, kape <strong>sa</strong> tera<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> European cafes,<br />

pagbaba<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> libro, watchi<strong>ng</strong> movies, shoppi<strong>ng</strong>, iyon ay, a<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

artifacts <strong>ng</strong> kultura, na <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay consumed <strong>sa</strong> Europa, na <strong>ng</strong>ayon magba<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

manood at magsuot. Defended pag-a<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi kailanman muli <strong>sa</strong> buhay na hindi<br />

pumunta <strong>sa</strong> party at Komsomol pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong>, demonstrations <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

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ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa, hindi na makita a<strong>ng</strong> gabi-gabi <strong>sa</strong> TV at mukha a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na<br />

puno<strong>ng</strong> kalihim <strong>sa</strong> patla<strong>ng</strong>. Ngunit ito ay i<strong>sa</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong><br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> at <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw, at <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-rasyonalistik,<br />

nakahiga <strong>sa</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>gaganyak <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> White House <strong>sa</strong><br />

Agosto 1991.<br />

May i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> nakatago, ito ay mahirap regaluhan halos genetic pagganyak,<br />

na, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> Nacala at lakas <strong>ng</strong> mas marami<strong>ng</strong> daig a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Yeah, <strong>sa</strong> kanan, at a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na pagbisita <strong>sa</strong><br />

hypermarkets - ay maganda, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi upa<strong>ng</strong> mamatay para <strong>sa</strong> kanya, hindi ito<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagganyak. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> nakatayo <strong>sa</strong> Democratic gilid <strong>ng</strong> barricades, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagganyak ay. Intindihin na ito ay maaari, bagaman ito ay hindi na good, ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

mabuti <strong>sa</strong> lahat. Pagpapabalik P. Galić: At ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an roamed a<strong>ng</strong> lugar para <strong>sa</strong><br />

kaery / at <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> snow tumi<strong>ng</strong>in gapok roots, / <strong>sa</strong> lupa, wala<strong>ng</strong> premieres,<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> pantalon podtyanuvshi knelt ... / Si<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> tube, bila<strong>ng</strong> Si<strong>ng</strong>, Si<strong>ng</strong><br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> Potmu, / Si<strong>ng</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> kapatid na lalaki, may, <strong>sa</strong> malamig padi .<br />

Ipaalam kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga milyon-milyo<strong>ng</strong> tortured, pagbaril, hindi<br />

ipina<strong>ng</strong>anak, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga bila<strong>ng</strong>guan at concentration kampo, kaya na<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pito<strong>ng</strong> taon (1934-1941) seized 19 840 000 mga tao, a<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> 7<br />

000 000 pagbaril. Mula <strong>sa</strong> lagernikov ibabalik at ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago<strong>ng</strong>-tatag <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga 200 000 , at para <strong>sa</strong> pito<strong>ng</strong> taon (1929-1936 siya ay a<strong>ng</strong> kolektibi<strong>sa</strong>syon. Sa<br />

village had nawala halos lima<strong>ng</strong> milyo<strong>ng</strong> pamilya .<br />

Pagpapabalik Kolyma Stories V. Shalamov, a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> A<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an Pugachova, kapag fleei<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> kampo <strong>ng</strong> mga ex-hukbo<br />

na may ila<strong>ng</strong> trehlineykami ibinigay <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> gera nastigshim<br />

enkavedeshnikam. May mga pitu<strong>ng</strong>pu't taon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay<br />

pagkatapos pamumulaklak, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Tambov lalawigan, at Siberya maaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

20's, ito lama<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> mga mata, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> 60-70-XX ies <strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

digmaa<strong>ng</strong> sibil. Bumalik <strong>sa</strong> 50 taon <strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka strehami izb natagpuan<br />

trehlineyki disenyo Mosina <strong>sa</strong>mple <strong>ng</strong> 1886, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an malinis a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

205

mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka bago a<strong>ng</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> buhay na may pag-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> puso<br />

kailanman upa<strong>ng</strong> gamitin ito <strong>sa</strong> iyo nachalnichki - para <strong>sa</strong> kolektibi<strong>sa</strong>syon.<br />

Halimbawa, <strong>sa</strong> 1957, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mamamayan ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> criminally<br />

respon<strong>sa</strong>ble para <strong>sa</strong> anti-men<strong>sa</strong>he, ka<strong>sa</strong>bihan <strong>sa</strong> hukuman na hindi na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol ako. Laban <strong>sa</strong> iyo ako ay ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili kapag<br />

ako ay may na armas. Ako wrote tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sulat at ako ay sumulat. Kami ay<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong>. Kami ay dapat na magkai<strong>sa</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mag<strong>sa</strong>gupa ... . Agosto 1991 - ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> gera <strong>ng</strong> Major Pugachev, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

huli<strong>ng</strong> gera <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> hindi nakatira, <strong>ng</strong>unit nais ko<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagbubuka<strong>ng</strong>-liwayway. Ito ay tunay mahalaga, tanks dito assistants mahina, at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagbaril, hiwa, upa<strong>ng</strong> pumatay. Ngunit wala<strong>ng</strong> ay. Pagod. Dulo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon.<br />

Sa 1993, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maihahambi<strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>sa</strong> pagganyak <strong>ng</strong> mga regular na<br />

tagapagta<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>ng</strong> White House ay hindi. Maaari protektahan a<strong>ng</strong> mga pader, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga natira ay bahagi <strong>ng</strong> parliamentarians, ito ay posible na ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> USSR.<br />

Gusto nami<strong>ng</strong> bumalik <strong>sa</strong> USSR, kami ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kaha<strong>ng</strong>a-ha<strong>ng</strong>a panahon.<br />

Kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>-a<strong>sa</strong>m para <strong>sa</strong> paraiso nawala, nawa<strong>sa</strong>k Reserve, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagkabata, soriso <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> dalawampu't-dalawa<strong>ng</strong> at tatlo<strong>ng</strong> bodka<br />

animnapu-dalawa. Kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>-a<strong>sa</strong>m para <strong>sa</strong> mga nawala dahil. Dahil<br />

namatay, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay kahit na maghintay para <strong>sa</strong> pamimitak <strong>ng</strong> araw at <strong>sa</strong> gayon<br />

ay maayos pagnanais <strong>ng</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kaaway? Para <strong>sa</strong> mga ipinagkaloob -<br />

ito ay posible para <strong>sa</strong> batutay <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> dalawampu't-dalawa<strong>ng</strong> - ay hindi. At a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga mamamahayag bise-presidente <strong>ng</strong> Rusya at General AV Rutskoi: Narito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

aki<strong>ng</strong> mga makina, ito ay <strong>sa</strong> gra<strong>sa</strong>, hindi mabaril <strong>sa</strong> akin, hindi mabaril ... Bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

resulta <strong>ng</strong> Oktubre a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan na ito ay marami<strong>ng</strong> casualties pareho <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga kalahok, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> random na <strong>sa</strong>ksi, na a<strong>ng</strong> tunay <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> deepest<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>hihinaya<strong>ng</strong> at pagkaawa. Oo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay developments, <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tiyak na mga kondisyon, magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pambu<strong>ng</strong>ad na digmaa<strong>ng</strong> sibil, <strong>ng</strong>unit, <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabutiha<strong>ng</strong>-palad, may naiiwan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na labanan. At iba pa<br />

206

nito lumipas <strong>sa</strong> fork <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> 1993., spared, at oras na ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Russia.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> 1991 at 1993, ito ay dapat na<br />

remembered na sila ay hindi ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> gayon marami<strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ganap na minorya <strong>ng</strong> populasyon <strong>ng</strong> USSR. Ginagamit <strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

lipunan ay ipinapakita a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bihira<strong>ng</strong> hinaba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ugnayan <strong>sa</strong> mga kaganapan,<br />

believi<strong>ng</strong> na sila ay hindi kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> araw-araw na buhay, personal na pananaw <strong>sa</strong><br />

buhay, personal na hinaharap. -Kibo na ito ay hindi mga bago<strong>ng</strong> in Russian<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, tulad <strong>ng</strong> ito ay <strong>sa</strong> Oktubre 1917, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> rages Petrograd, ay<br />

labanan <strong>sa</strong> Moscow, Russia at a<strong>ng</strong> mga natitira<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na live na mas marami o<br />

mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> mga normal na buhay, <strong>sa</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> uri<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, ila<strong>ng</strong> ay<br />

ipapalabas <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>sa</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi o a<strong>ng</strong> iba.<br />

Pampulitika aktibo<strong>ng</strong> minorya <strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan <strong>ng</strong> Russia ay nagpadala <strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga regular na a<strong>ng</strong> bersyon na ito ay tumata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

oras na ito a<strong>ng</strong> itsura <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon a<strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> teachi<strong>ng</strong>s -<br />

Marxism-Leninism.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kibo <strong>ng</strong> bulk <strong>ng</strong> mga tao at a<strong>ng</strong> aktibo<strong>ng</strong> minorya, pinili <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kaso para <strong>sa</strong> lahat, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> 1917, at <strong>sa</strong> 1991 - ito ay pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwan na<br />

nagdadala <strong>ng</strong> magka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito tila baga kaya a<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> proseso. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pundamental na kaibahan <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga ito lies una <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan na <strong>sa</strong><br />

1917 nagpunta a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao upa<strong>ng</strong> matugunan a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> bersyon ay dapat<br />

na humi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon upa<strong>ng</strong> sumaklaw <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo. Sa 1922 a<strong>ng</strong><br />

MV Frunze wrote na <strong>ng</strong> progreso <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> rebolusyonaryo<br />

nagtatrabaho class ay <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> ilipat <strong>sa</strong> atake, kapag ito ay lumikha <strong>ng</strong><br />

mainam na kondisyon, haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> global na pagkalat <strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at a<strong>ng</strong> konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> mga lupon <strong>ng</strong> Mundo <strong>sa</strong> pagkuha<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> European - ay a<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-harap na <strong>ng</strong> pinakamalapit na<br />

turn tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> mga limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga Mainland Luma<strong>ng</strong> World. Sa<br />

1991, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> baliktad na a<strong>ng</strong>kop na proseso <strong>ng</strong> pag-aalaga, pag-aalaga<br />

207

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lokal na pribado<strong>ng</strong> buhay, na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> priority <strong>ng</strong> mga simple<strong>ng</strong> tao joys<br />

at cares.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> mga sumusunod na <strong>ng</strong> Agosto 1991, labi<strong>ng</strong>-tatlo<strong>ng</strong> taon, marami ay<br />

nagbago, at binago a<strong>ng</strong> kultura at lipunan. Kahirapan at probuksovyvanie<br />

demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> reporma na kami ay makikita a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

na taon, ay hindi kontrahin a<strong>ng</strong> pundamental na pagkakaiba <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pozdnesovetskoy at a<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet katotohanan. A<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagbabago ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> radikal a<strong>ng</strong> shift <strong>sa</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> kaisipan, dahil <strong>sa</strong> kamatayan<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> dapat, na para <strong>sa</strong> siglo ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sistema-simula <strong>sa</strong> Ruso cultural<br />

tsivilizit<strong>sa</strong>tsionnom space.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> pozdnesovetskoy panahon ay characterized <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>utya,<br />

katapatan, total kasinu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong>an, halos kalunus-lunos na form <strong>ng</strong> pagkaluwalhati<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, personified <strong>sa</strong> susunod na Secretary-General <strong>ng</strong> CPSU Central<br />

Committee. Mga awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> oras na iyon a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> halip <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

komplikado<strong>ng</strong> paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> mga rehiyon dahil <strong>sa</strong> umiiral na, hindi nawawala<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kalye huli<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lakayin panrito. Matipid, a<strong>ng</strong> mga materyal na mga kataga <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo, Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas relied <strong>sa</strong> Exports <strong>ng</strong> mga kalakal, a<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

paglago batay <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>is. Sa espirituwal na mga kataga a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet imperyo<br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan ay batay <strong>sa</strong> pagkawala<strong>ng</strong>-kilos ay dapat na hindi na dovlelo<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lahat at a<strong>ng</strong> lahat, <strong>ng</strong>unit pa rin nakapagpapaalaala <strong>ng</strong> karapatan order <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bagay-bagay, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga wala<strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> mauna, at wala<strong>ng</strong> alinla<strong>ng</strong>an na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga lokal, pribado, bila<strong>ng</strong> karagdagan. Sa 1991, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet ideolohiya<br />

collapsed at maayos na. Ngunit ito ay hindi na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> drop-hindi lubos pa<strong>ng</strong>wakas,<br />

kami nagtutulog <strong>sa</strong> kanya marami<strong>ng</strong> subdiskursy.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> ay na <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> 90 taon na nawala dahil <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>ng</strong> daigdig, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an seriously altered a<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural sitwasyon <strong>sa</strong> Rusya.<br />

Pa rin ito subdiskursy naiiwan a<strong>ng</strong> sinuspinde-dama <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, a<strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

ay hindi pa makakapag-(<strong>sa</strong> pinakamahu<strong>sa</strong>y na, hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat na oras) upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> ganap sosyal na institusyon. A<strong>ng</strong> natitira<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap ay dapat na pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> inertial <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, moderno<strong>ng</strong> na susubok na<br />

208

muli<strong>ng</strong> buhayin ito <strong>sa</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> imperyal <strong>sa</strong>klaw at vseproniknovenii ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

tunay matagumpay para <strong>sa</strong> initiators <strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito, ku<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> peke<strong>ng</strong>, na wala<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> epektibo. Ikaw ay hindi<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> subukan at hindi ilagay a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> regular na agham Karana<strong>sa</strong>n,<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinababa<strong>ng</strong>-awtoritaryan sosyalista pulis<br />

muli science eksperimento, natupad <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> liderato <strong>ng</strong> Lenin, na ay<br />

characterized Ruso panatiko naukoveriya.<br />

Let's bumalik <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Sa<br />

pozdnesovetskie oras ay dapat na subjected <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malalim na panloob na<br />

pagguho, pagbabaligtad prinsipyo nananaig <strong>sa</strong> Russian-iisip, at ito kontrol <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malawak na hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga smysloobrazovatelnyh channels, at nagpakita <strong>ng</strong> laban<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kanya. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kapanahunan pozdnesovetskuyu ay dapat progressively<br />

devalued, pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> malalim at kahustuhan <strong>ng</strong> semantiko oposredovany, na <strong>sa</strong><br />

tao<strong>ng</strong> 1917-1953 ay nagsilbi bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> komunista ideolohiya. Sa ika-60 taon <strong>ng</strong><br />

ikadalawampu siglo <strong>sa</strong> isipan <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tao postulates na ideolohiya ay hindi<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> nawala a<strong>ng</strong> halaga makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>ng</strong>unit unti-unti din ceased kinuha<br />

seriously: Wala<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ay sigaw <strong>sa</strong> kabayo! / Noblemen nalilimas <strong>ng</strong> root. / Pugaci<br />

Ni kayo ni Stenki. / Winter ay kinuha, ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga bike. / Dzhugashvili naka-<br />

imbak <strong>sa</strong> lata. / Tahimik gun <strong>sa</strong> unahan <strong>ng</strong> barko. / Sa aki<strong>ng</strong> ulo - lama<strong>ng</strong> pera .<br />

Dahil unti-unti nawa<strong>sa</strong>k mula <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> multilevel<br />

marami<strong>ng</strong> interes at mga epekto <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> Western kabihasnan. Sa loob <strong>ng</strong><br />

60 taon at a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-kabataan at edukado lipunan binuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong>-luma<strong>ng</strong><br />

mifologema, estado na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraiso, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it, pero <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong><br />

Iron kurtina, may <strong>sa</strong> West. Sa paglipas <strong>ng</strong> panahon, ito mifologema stre<strong>ng</strong>thened,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga opisyal na paliwanag <strong>sa</strong> imperyal ideolohiya, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

visual hanay, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an nagpakita a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet telebisyon. Dito at slums, at<br />

welga, at mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> krimen, kawalan <strong>ng</strong> trabaho, kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

confidence <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap. Sobiyet propaganda Drew West ay hindi tulad <strong>ng</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit tulad <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan paglala<strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>ng</strong> impyerno, halos i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ikalabindalawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw. Lipunan ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> mas at mas biha<strong>sa</strong> na ilipat a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

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ideologically kulay pula kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> kawastuhan ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> laban.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> propaganda argues na ito - <strong>sa</strong>na, ay may - paraiso, diyan ay a magputo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kuwento - a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> consumption. Sa taon <strong>ng</strong> perestroika, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mifologema ay a<strong>ng</strong> mental na batayan <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga ideological pagbabago <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon na iyon: Bago<strong>ng</strong> Iniisip, uniber<strong>sa</strong>l halaga, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> market ekonomiya.<br />

Ngayon, veterans <strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> nostalhik pagpapabalik<br />

<strong>ng</strong> daan-daa<strong>ng</strong> libo <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na pumunta <strong>sa</strong> rallies, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>ng</strong>ayon rallies<br />

magpatakbo <strong>ng</strong> daan-daan o kahit <strong>ng</strong> mga dose-dosena<strong>ng</strong> mga ito. Sumariwa <strong>sa</strong><br />

alaala ko a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Robespierre: Republika namatay robbers triumphs.<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga bagay na nagbago a<strong>ng</strong> panahon, dahil namatay, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong><br />

inilipat a<strong>ng</strong> layo mula <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> expression <strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> Aktibismo,<br />

siya ay ibabalik <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> personal, pribado<strong>ng</strong> victories at sorrows, ay gumagawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pera, paglalakbay <strong>sa</strong> mundo upa<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay para <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga mahal <strong>sa</strong> buhay. Iba<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na ito ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

naka-handa na pumasok <strong>sa</strong> sibil na lipunan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> uri. Sila ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

ganap na pagsunod <strong>sa</strong> mga batas <strong>ng</strong> mitolohiko lohika naghihintay para <strong>sa</strong> tag-<br />

lagas <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet imperyo <strong>ng</strong> auto paraiso. Kapag able <strong>sa</strong> alisin a<strong>ng</strong> kaaway, ito ay<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it, at ito ay posible na pumasok <strong>sa</strong> friendly serye ginintua<strong>ng</strong><br />

lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, - mga shared illusions at marami<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong>-iisip intellectuals.<br />

Mabilis na la<strong>ng</strong> nalaman na a<strong>ng</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it ay talaga<strong>ng</strong> hindi, <strong>ng</strong>unit may ay matigas<br />

kompetisyon, wala<strong>ng</strong> paraiso <strong>sa</strong> West, at ano a<strong>ng</strong> hindi, ay hindi maari<strong>ng</strong> i-import<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Russia - pagkatapos ay ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet / anti<br />

oposredovaniya Dahil <strong>sa</strong> wakas collapsed.<br />

Ngayon, a<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an subdiskursov ay dapat,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap nito, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> eschatological ideya,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> wakas ay namatay, na ami<strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga posible<strong>ng</strong> katapatan.<br />

Ideological stamp - a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> eschatological katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliwanag hinaharap (komunismo) - <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union ay ganap devalued. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> kabalintunaan <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mass kamatayan dahil bawian Sobiyet tao, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga chief metapisiko<br />

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gabay, kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> nagtatakda <strong>ng</strong> mga araw-araw na pamumuhay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

maginoo sistema.<br />

Sa pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan dominado <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> matibay na<br />

paniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet Union <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> Communists<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> umiiral para <strong>sa</strong> mga taon, daan-daa<strong>ng</strong> taon, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

mga tao na gumawa <strong>ng</strong> mga plano para <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap, believi<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

matatag at predictable. Nadezhda Mandelstam <strong>sa</strong> 1975 bila<strong>ng</strong> tugon <strong>sa</strong> mga sikat<br />

na assertion P. Amalrika siniya<strong>sa</strong>t: ko paki<strong>ng</strong>gan mo wrote na a<strong>ng</strong> mga rehime<strong>ng</strong><br />

hindi makalibre ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> 1984. Dumi! Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> makaligtas libo<strong>ng</strong> taon! .<br />

Submissions <strong>sa</strong> kabanalan <strong>ng</strong> geopolitical at panlipunan mundo magli<strong>ng</strong>kod<br />

streamline a<strong>ng</strong> araw na ito <strong>ng</strong> buhay at may kaugnayan ito <strong>sa</strong> gabay <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap,<br />

na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan at puno <strong>ng</strong> tuloy-tuloy na kadena <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong>. Sa<br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tao ay Mas madali<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay, dahil siya a<strong>ng</strong><br />

palagi<strong>ng</strong> may alam ku<strong>ng</strong> paano <strong>sa</strong> paggamot <strong>sa</strong> pagkapa<strong>ng</strong>unahin <strong>ng</strong> mga bagay at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> takip jacket, a<strong>ng</strong> mga libertarian at puti verses <strong>sa</strong> matematikal abstraction at<br />

makuha eskultura, <strong>sa</strong> mga isyu <strong>ng</strong> gender at kulay <strong>ng</strong> ki<strong>sa</strong>me, a<strong>ng</strong> guniguni <strong>ng</strong><br />

budhi at la<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>r<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> . Sa kabila <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> halip kritikal na <strong>sa</strong>loobin <strong>sa</strong> opisyal<br />

ideological tayuan, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki at mabigat Sobiyet mga tao pa rin na benepisyo<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> mga ito <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> nilalaman na provider psychotherapeutic positibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

epekto at patatagin a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay, ibinigay <strong>sa</strong> kanya <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> existential rootedness.<br />

Natural, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga a<strong>ng</strong>kop na kurso <strong>ng</strong> panahon ay nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mas at mas kondisyon, tandaan ku<strong>ng</strong> paano <strong>sa</strong> huli Sobiyet period, na dati<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>sa</strong><br />

gilid uri <strong>ng</strong> mundo, pansini<strong>ng</strong> na gawi, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> gawain ay unti-unti<br />

tinamo ambivalent kalagayan. May naiiwan pa rin <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mga dakila<strong>ng</strong><br />

tradisyon, malaki estilo <strong>ng</strong> panahon, madalas na atake a<strong>ng</strong> legal na lara<strong>ng</strong>an, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga ito <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> oras <strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagta<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga subcultures. Unti-unti bagbag a<strong>ng</strong> mataas na estilo, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon: <strong>sa</strong> simula, a<strong>ng</strong> kasuklam-suklam na<br />

lipunan pambihira<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> nilalaman <strong>sa</strong> pag-uugali, paliwanagan,<br />

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at iba pa ay na<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makitid na kapaligiran, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga grupo ay<br />

perceived kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> kultura <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> kontrkulturami. Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tradisyonal na lipunan <strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an persisted at hindi nakaranas <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

sitwasyon <strong>ng</strong> paglipat, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pag-uugali <strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na judged<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> Deviant .<br />

Na<strong>sa</strong> gilid, individualistic, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran,<br />

<strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> estilo <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> mundo at a<strong>ng</strong> mga kasunod na maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon ipinatupad nakatago<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakataon, ay nagpakita <strong>ng</strong> kakayahan<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> reference - muli<strong>ng</strong> buhayin a<strong>ng</strong> diwa <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

kapitalismo <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay hindi <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> Protestante tama (<strong>sa</strong> Russia ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

hindi, ay wala<strong>ng</strong> malama<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi), <strong>ng</strong>unit mula <strong>sa</strong> pansini<strong>ng</strong> malay .<br />

Sa ika-80 taon <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo ay nagbago malaki, at a<strong>ng</strong> sosyal na<br />

komposisyon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet / Russian lipunan ay nadagdagan a<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

intellectuals at mamamayan <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong>-ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> henerasyon. Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

naghihi<strong>ng</strong>alo Sobiyet imperyo, urban na lipunan, at soootvetstvenno, kultura <strong>ng</strong><br />

lunsod na ito ay able <strong>sa</strong> bumuo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki at mabigat scale <strong>sa</strong> unibersidad<br />

bayan millionnikah, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> una <strong>sa</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> sentro <strong>ng</strong> imperyal -<br />

Moscow at Leni<strong>ng</strong>rad. Katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> lubos na pinabilis na a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet Union dahil <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ideolohiya, sistema <strong>ng</strong> pamamahala at gawi ay<br />

kinakalkula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas matanda at mas hindi edukado panlipunan na kapaligiran.<br />

Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kabalintunaan <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, tulad <strong>ng</strong> mga matipuno<br />

Sobiyet a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> mas-aralan at bumuo <strong>ng</strong> multi-faceted, <strong>sa</strong> oras na<br />

siya got a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga apartments, pribado<strong>ng</strong> aklatan at radyo - a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union<br />

ceased upa<strong>ng</strong> matugunan a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagkawa<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon Sobiyet - oras na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga luma at a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>anakan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n na ito ay hindi pa nai-<br />

bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> lahat, para makuha a<strong>ng</strong> katayuan <strong>ng</strong> pamantayan. Sa post-<br />

Sobiyet panahon, may pag-igti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> institutional<br />

adaptation, value-regulasyon sistema at a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>bog <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural<br />

dinamika, a<strong>ng</strong> malikhai<strong>ng</strong> potensyal <strong>ng</strong> gulo, a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan,<br />

212

halaga at pag-uugali. Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

acceleration <strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay confronted <strong>sa</strong> progresibo<strong>ng</strong> social anomie, halaga <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> norms at pamamaraan terms, paghira<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> tao at grupo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin at mga kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an.<br />

Nawala a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga maginoo kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural space na<br />

puno na may kakaiba pagtutulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga tunay at kimeriko posibilidad,<br />

madali<strong>ng</strong> pera, marupok, likido panlipunan ginagampanan (halimbawa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> mga negosyante, tagaba<strong>ng</strong>ko, Broker).<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> katumpakan <strong>ng</strong> mga artista di-umano'y <strong>sa</strong> papel na ginagampanan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> laro ay mapasiyahan a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na rate <strong>ng</strong> buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> pakiramdam <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> multo, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkasumpu<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>ng</strong> buhay na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matalim<br />

pagnanais upa<strong>ng</strong> manirahan <strong>ng</strong>ayon, Tomorrow tinamo la<strong>sa</strong> marginality ( mayroon<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> nakalipas at hinaharap, ito ay tinatawag na<br />

buhay). A<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaiba-iba <strong>ng</strong> halaga-normatibo sistema, kapag wala <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

elemento ay hindi claim na uniber<strong>sa</strong>l normativity. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> deconstruction<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet institutional space, a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> institusyon, norms, values at<br />

buhay na gawi <strong>sa</strong> halip <strong>ng</strong> damdamin: Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

institusyon collapsed, kaagad declares <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> atomic handulo<strong>ng</strong>, magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> digmaan <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga laban <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Dahil <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> nakapaloob na lipunan para <strong>sa</strong> siglo at nagbigay <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

at mamaya Sobiyet tao<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong>-aari <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> social buo. Kamatayan ay<br />

dapat magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malubha<strong>ng</strong> dezintegriruyuschim panlipunan at kultural na<br />

kadahilanan, ay nagdulot <strong>ng</strong> shock existential alienation, na <strong>sa</strong> Russia kinuha <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinahaba kalika<strong>sa</strong>n. Natural na <strong>sa</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

panloob na <strong>sa</strong>pin at mga piraso <strong>ng</strong> lipunan na ito ay madalas na perceived bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na negatibo<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> halip magdulot <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> gulo at pagsira. Bahagi<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga kapwa mamamayan ay sinusubukan na mabawi a<strong>ng</strong> mga nawala <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> resorti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> / bago<strong>ng</strong> ideological ilusyon,<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> simulyakram ay dapat, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga huli<strong>ng</strong> panlikod<br />

na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> hukbo battles.<br />

213

Panahon <strong>ng</strong> 1990 - 1993's ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> rebolusyonaryo na oras, a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

radikal acceleration <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at sociocultural dinamika. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />

makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> shifts <strong>sa</strong> halaga-regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

estado ay hindi na magawa a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na papel paternalisticheskuyu:<br />

Kabila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ay shifted, ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matipuno disgusto <strong>sa</strong><br />

kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> estado a<strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong>-ama, <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katinuan inconsistencies na<strong>ng</strong>yari<br />

dahil.<br />

Freedom lumapit Nagaya, / thrown <strong>sa</strong> puso <strong>ng</strong> mga bulaklak. / At kami,<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga binti <strong>sa</strong> shagaya / pakikipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it <strong>sa</strong> ikaw ... /<br />

Hayaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga maidens kantahin <strong>sa</strong> mga bintana, / International so<strong>ng</strong>s tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong><br />

sinauna<strong>ng</strong> hikes, / A loyalist Li<strong>ng</strong>go / autocratic mga tao , - <strong>sa</strong> XX siglo nanirahan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Russia kondisyon <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, lumiliko <strong>sa</strong> anarchy, <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Pebrero - a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Oktubre Revolution. A<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Comi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan ay lasted para <strong>sa</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> dekada, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> mga umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na muli<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

na taon, Socio-cultural normativity. Sa 90 taon, a<strong>ng</strong> estado ay may ipauubaya<br />

claims na makamtan a<strong>ng</strong> monopolyo <strong>ng</strong> mga legal na kaalaman tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mundo<br />

at tao. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay nag-iwan mag-i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong> pag-aalala, a<strong>ng</strong> edad na cycle, propesyonal self-unawa, iyon ay, <strong>sa</strong><br />

esensya, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> barrier ay nawala, separates, pinoprotektahan laban <strong>sa</strong><br />

katotohanan, distracti<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> existential buhay. Palipa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> oras mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

sindak <strong>ng</strong> buhay nagsilbi bila<strong>ng</strong> matulin emigrasyon at buhay <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet Union,<br />

membership <strong>sa</strong> CPSU at tutol, pagbaba<strong>sa</strong> sini<strong>ng</strong> trilohiya Li Brezhnev at <strong>sa</strong>mizdat<br />

- a<strong>ng</strong> serye ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magpatuloy para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> panahon. Epekto at<br />

hindi aktibo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>ng</strong> pulos pribado, ay perceived<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> gawain na ito ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>unit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

panlipunan kahalagahan. Ila<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakataon upa<strong>ng</strong> makatakas mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, a<strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> makiramay, pakikipag<strong>sa</strong>pakatan, ano ay a<strong>ng</strong> laki at<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> abundance <strong>ng</strong> genres, mula <strong>sa</strong> mga drama <strong>sa</strong> komedya, play para <strong>sa</strong> Social<br />

Pagganap.<br />

214

Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paglubog <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet order, para <strong>sa</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> pitu<strong>ng</strong>pu't<br />

taon pagpapahayag Dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> estado ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> lubos na mahirap na mapanatili<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> kautu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan. Russia ipinasok a<strong>ng</strong> lugar<br />

na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan <strong>ng</strong> mga takda <strong>sa</strong> deconstruction <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na<br />

kontrol a<strong>ng</strong> tao lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> bahagya<strong>ng</strong> ginalaw ay nadagdagan <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

internal locus <strong>ng</strong> control, radikalizuetsya panlipunan at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura malaki<strong>ng</strong><br />

kaguluhan, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahina <strong>ng</strong> normatibo, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabawas <strong>ng</strong><br />

kapasidad <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan, kai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga kahinaan <strong>ng</strong> mga umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na sibil<br />

lipunan. Panlipunan at kultural na espasyo <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panahon na ito proved<br />

natagos raznovektornymi, may gulo impulses, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

palampas <strong>sa</strong> kultura at lipunan ay tinatawag na a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

kalayaan para <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideya, competitive selection, a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>gupa<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap, para <strong>sa</strong> mga pagkakataon na ilagay a<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na mga<br />

elemento <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> maginoo modaliti. Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago ay<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>yayari stereotypi<strong>ng</strong>, na pag<strong>sa</strong>mahin a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong>-tigil na may patu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> Socio-<br />

cultural tradisyon <strong>sa</strong> mga nakatulo<strong>ng</strong> na kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> yugto <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> sociocultural at dinamika.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> kapwa mag-post-Sobiyet transformation dulot<br />

shock, lakit panlipunan anomy, bagama't tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay dapat na ito<br />

ay inaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> simula. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, a<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> losers a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> mga huli<strong>ng</strong> panahon, ay malaki a<strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya itutu<strong>ng</strong>o<br />

laban <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet reporma, perceived bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> mapanira<strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

unlad na destroys a<strong>ng</strong> lehitimo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Socio-<br />

cultural tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga <strong>sa</strong> regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso lipunan.<br />

Ngayon, <strong>sa</strong>bihin na mas malinaw, a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> ancestry intelligentskoy. Dahil kahit na <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

transformation <strong>ng</strong> Peter I, a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> Europeanized lipunan <strong>sa</strong> Russia na nilikha<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estado kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, pa<strong>ng</strong>gagali<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> European kultura at<br />

edukasyon <strong>sa</strong> lipunan na ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magsilbi upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin. Komunidad selectively absorb mga European <strong>sa</strong><br />

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pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an halaga, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay pinili para <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>sa</strong> gayon<br />

lessons ... nakrepko mga halaga ay naka-link <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan na may<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. A<strong>ng</strong> pusod na nag-uugnay a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso edukado lipunan <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, eased lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> mga XIX na siglo,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga pre-rebolusyonaryo intelligentsia ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> matapos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Bolshevik Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917 nawa<strong>sa</strong>k i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi, <strong>ng</strong>unit bahagi ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapatapon. Karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet intelligentsia, sosyal na<br />

nagmumula mula <strong>sa</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka at mga ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa, ay nakrepko niniti<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal na may kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Ito ay hindi na a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union bila<strong>ng</strong>guan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tao at a<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> Estado <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa at<br />

mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka - ay a<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay nito.<br />

Paano stro<strong>ng</strong> ay adhesion na ito, maliwanag <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-intellectuals mourned a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Union dahil<br />

<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mid-90's a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> dreyfuya tu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> kaliwa<strong>ng</strong> tagiliran <strong>ng</strong><br />

political spectrum. Ito naporma out na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet intelligentsia ay<br />

nagtrabaho a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> imperyal na pamahalaan. At kapag a<strong>ng</strong><br />

estado na ito ay hindi na, malu<strong>ng</strong>kot ito naporma out na a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kondisyon para <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> bawat tao ay nagpapa<strong>sa</strong>lamat <strong>sa</strong> pagbutihin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> abilidad na mananatili at pinalawak nito portfolio <strong>ng</strong> mga proyekto<br />

(plano). Ku<strong>ng</strong> kahit sino, <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> dahilan hindi na gawin ito, siya a<strong>ng</strong> mabilis<br />

marginalized at ibinukod mula <strong>sa</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

Stratu, na binabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> pagkaunawa <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> proyekto at<br />

mga panukala . Kapag hindi magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet imperyal <strong>ng</strong> estado, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

post-Sobiyet intelektwal ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> hindi garanti<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> mapagkukunan <strong>ng</strong><br />

materyal na buhay, <strong>ng</strong>unit nawala a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kahulugan, pagigi<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> gu<strong>sa</strong>li, at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga hamon<br />

panahon.<br />

Ito yari <strong>sa</strong> labas na ito ay kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an upa<strong>ng</strong> makagawa <strong>ng</strong> pera, ikaw ay<br />

dapat na mag-iwan kurilok Research Institute of kulmanov disenyo bureau, ito ay<br />

kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an na mag-alay <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> tulad intelektwal at materyal<br />

216

na mga produkto, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ito suma<strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> pagbili. Ay hindi ito drama para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Russian intelektwal, ay hindi ito ay hindi na gusto a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito a<strong>ng</strong><br />

dumi at melteshni, mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na vozopit <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan: magbigay <strong>ng</strong> order<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> ideolohiya, a<strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideya, bagaman <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> order,<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga labi, mula <strong>sa</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> labi <strong>sa</strong> amin na gumawa <strong>ng</strong> pera <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, kami maganda<strong>ng</strong>, kami ay hindi ma<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol<br />

<strong>sa</strong> inyo <strong>sa</strong> kitchens, at kahit more kaya <strong>sa</strong> media. Kaya - mabuhay a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

komunista Partido at / o neoimperskaya kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ay<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> prigolubit at kapighatian, upa<strong>ng</strong> magbigay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> piraso <strong>ng</strong> tinapay<br />

araw-araw, at a<strong>ng</strong> kalahati ay may kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kahalagahan. Bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet intelligentsia alchet bago<strong>ng</strong> / luma<strong>ng</strong><br />

order, at na ito order ay pinag<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> gastos. Kaya,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> arra<strong>ng</strong>ement ay maari lama<strong>ng</strong> stro<strong>ng</strong> kamay, matibay, matigas a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ulo lider . Ngunit ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay tunay na humi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay - maaari ka<strong>ng</strong> mag-<br />

aplay para <strong>sa</strong>, at naka-anyo<strong>ng</strong> nata<strong>ng</strong>gap.<br />

Hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> intelligentsia, kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong><br />

mas malawak na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso lipunan, diyan ay matagal paghihiwalay <strong>sa</strong><br />

dalawa<strong>ng</strong> bahagi, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, redutsiruemoy <strong>sa</strong> anarchy, at<br />

seguridad ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> perceived bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> awtoritaryan order. A<strong>ng</strong> reaksyon ay<br />

lagi at <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> dako ay a<strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> hindi mapigilan a<strong>ng</strong> itsura <strong>sa</strong> entablado<br />

<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> batas. A<strong>ng</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> ay:<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> reaksyon at paano ito gumagana? Vosstanovlyaet ba ito lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

iyo<strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an, batay <strong>sa</strong> malusog at katamtaman pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, o siya, <strong>sa</strong><br />

turn, patakbuhin <strong>sa</strong> extremes, at kaya raises bago<strong>ng</strong> mga pagkakaiba-iba? (Diin<br />

idadagdag - ph .<br />

Sa una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 90-ies marami <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> at <strong>sa</strong> labas ito seemed na<br />

dito, <strong>ng</strong> kaunti pa, at Russia ay magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> European estado. At<br />

iyon ay kapag civil society ay handa na upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> mga gobyerno,<br />

nadama, marahil <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> mga panloob<br />

na pa<strong>ng</strong>ako na ito. Na <strong>sa</strong> Agosto 1991 na ito <strong>sa</strong>pagkat ito ay <strong>sa</strong> Oktubre, a<strong>ng</strong> 1993.,<br />

217

kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan a<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> gu<strong>sa</strong>li Mossovet at ay handa na<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> Kremlin, Russia upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kaha<strong>ng</strong>a-ha<strong>ng</strong>a pakiramdam na a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, lasted mahaba, dahil tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> Agosto 1991 ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> dulo <strong>ng</strong><br />

una<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>ulo Boris N. Yeltsin. Pagkatapos doon ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> Yugoslavia, a<strong>ng</strong> Russian paratroopers pagbaril <strong>sa</strong> Pristina, pag-aalaga,<br />

Ministro para <strong>sa</strong> Foreign Affairs P. Kozyrev.<br />

Awtoridad muli maglandi <strong>sa</strong> Ruso imperyalismo, imperyal perekrashivalas<br />

<strong>sa</strong> tono, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makitid bumitak <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> believed na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay unti-unti baligtad a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> abyss.<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita ami<strong>ng</strong> wika, ay hindi lubos na<br />

magpatawad, <strong>ng</strong>unit subukan maintindihan, kahit na <strong>sa</strong> Agosto 1998. Awtoridad,<br />

na hindi gusto mo<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> dialogue, monologues preferri<strong>ng</strong><br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> manatili<strong>ng</strong> poluezopovom wika Russian imperyalismo, trimmed media at<br />

inilun<strong>sa</strong>d a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> gumagapa<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ban<strong>sa</strong> - ay bila<strong>ng</strong> dayuhan <strong>sa</strong> sibil<br />

lipunan, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan Marcial, hakba<strong>ng</strong> lupa <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>ko<br />

gera, depicted <strong>sa</strong> nobela G. Wells imbasyon Marcial, ito ay iba<strong>ng</strong> wika, a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga halaga, mas kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> mga tao. At <strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>sa</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> tagpo <strong>sa</strong><br />

Russia may naiiwan, alinsunod <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na, dalawa<strong>ng</strong> laban pwer<strong>sa</strong>: kalayaan<br />

nepugannoe generation, socialized <strong>sa</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> 90-s, at a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patay na<br />

empire - prostershiysya higit <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga tagapagpatupad - kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />

At hindi na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> magsinu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> presensiya ay<br />

hindi kahit munti ranks <strong>ng</strong> mga kondisyon na karapatan <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lamin <strong>sa</strong> mata at<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estilo itali, <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> good-iisip at mga mataas na mga propesyonal na<br />

mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian. Anuma<strong>ng</strong> sistema characterized <strong>ng</strong> loob <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>sa</strong> pagsisikap na<br />

pagkakapareho, ito rejects a<strong>ng</strong> kurso <strong>ng</strong> oras mula <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga dayuhan,<br />

tandaan ku<strong>ng</strong> paano nagtototoo kasiyahan pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> aresto <strong>ng</strong> M.<br />

Tukhachevskogo kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na mga ka<strong>sa</strong>mahan tadyakan<br />

hilis, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay kaya mahilig pula<strong>ng</strong> kumander. Ah, na nakakaalam ku<strong>ng</strong> ito<br />

ay hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> accordion, pagkatapos ay marahil a<strong>ng</strong> lahat ay gastos, at <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

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ito, at MN Tukhachevskogo lahatan. Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian <strong>sa</strong> mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> mga hayop<br />

physiological antas <strong>ng</strong> pakiramdam, na para at sino ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> hindi kilala, at<br />

ito ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> itago, hindi makatakas, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't gusto mo, maaari mo<strong>ng</strong><br />

patayin a<strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> Ruso wika na ito ay <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet panahon <strong>sa</strong> mas mataas na<br />

echelons <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, gawin tatlo o apat na -- lima<strong>ng</strong> mga error <strong>sa</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-agrikultura pagtindi, - ay hindi na tulo<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Mayroo<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panloob na lohika <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay mahirap<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga break, kapag sila <strong>sa</strong>y A, na sinusundan <strong>ng</strong> B - mas marami<strong>ng</strong> musika, at iba<br />

pa bago a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> alpabeto. Ito ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kaunti buntis, kaya<br />

hindi mo maaari<strong>ng</strong> i-<strong>sa</strong>ve a<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong><br />

kinokontrol tayuan. A<strong>ng</strong> lohika <strong>ng</strong> pyudal-imperyal na sistema ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> maayos at phased transfer <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga talakayan <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> wika <strong>ng</strong> mga espesyal na mga serbisyo at mga espesyal na<br />

pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> hukbo. Padaan <strong>sa</strong> mga tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> wika dialogue na may<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> lipunan na kilala talo, dahil populasyo<strong>ng</strong> sibil ay makapag-aral at<br />

magturo at paggamot <strong>sa</strong> mga bata at matatanda na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> mga bahay, gumana<br />

negosyo, magsulat <strong>ng</strong> mga libro at mga artikulo, <strong>ng</strong>unit malinaw naman hindi<br />

edukado at hindi mo alam ku<strong>ng</strong> paano bagaman bila<strong>ng</strong> -- pagkatapos ay harapin<br />

GRU espesyal na pwer<strong>sa</strong>. Para <strong>sa</strong> lipunan dialogue <strong>sa</strong> natura<strong>ng</strong> field damagi<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

gaya lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong>, lulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> resort, tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> paliparan Zvartnots<br />

Armenia, Vilnius TV at marami<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga puntos <strong>ng</strong> dialogue <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

awtoridad at lipunan MS Gorbachev. Upa<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan uri <strong>ng</strong> dialogue na ito<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> mukha<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>gap na ganap, a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tabi,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit ku<strong>ng</strong> paano kwadra ay magse-set up <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> serye <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

matagumpay na mga talakayan na ito <strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong> istraktura<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika - a<strong>ng</strong><br />

tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> bukas.<br />

Ngunit bumalik <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga hindi-masyado<strong>ng</strong>-malayo Sobiyet nakalipas.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet Empire Classic (a<strong>ng</strong> Stalin panahon) ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pyudalismo / kvazifeodalizm evolved unti-unti Kinukuha a<strong>ng</strong> mas advance na mga<br />

porma. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan, a<strong>ng</strong> CPSU ay talaga<strong>ng</strong> avant-garde <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

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lipunan, bila<strong>ng</strong> katawanin a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na porma <strong>ng</strong> pyudal / kvazifeodalnoy<br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili. Sinusubuka<strong>ng</strong> para maitatag at mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> kontrol <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> spheres <strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay, a<strong>ng</strong> CPSU perekovyvala, muli<strong>ng</strong> bumili ito <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong> Ruso pre-<br />

pantao, ito vpisyvaya hierarchical pyudal / kvazifeodalnogo <strong>sa</strong> paligid <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan. CPSU tried <strong>sa</strong> mga miyembro nito at structures, at <strong>sa</strong> dako<strong>ng</strong> huli na<br />

ibinahagi <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> kumpanya <strong>ng</strong> mga relasyon at mga institusyon na umiiral <strong>sa</strong><br />

Europa <strong>sa</strong> Gitna<strong>ng</strong> Ages. Lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> binuo at ito ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

multi-system vas<strong>sa</strong>liteta, form a<strong>ng</strong> panloob na code <strong>ng</strong> mga pag-uugali at corporate<br />

moralidad, kapa<strong>ng</strong>anakan karapatan, evolved form <strong>ng</strong> pyudal rents ma<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong><br />

form <strong>ng</strong> aarmonya <strong>ng</strong> lahi at pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mga halaga, at iba pa A<strong>ng</strong> mga puno<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

guro <strong>sa</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> progresibo<strong>ng</strong> bumaba mula <strong>sa</strong> 1953, a<strong>ng</strong> proporsyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-aalipin, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an stood para <strong>sa</strong> siglo imperyal estado.<br />

Sami pyudal-kaalipinan institusyon <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

90 taon <strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, liberals, reformers, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon ay <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, hindi nagpasya upa<strong>ng</strong> ikansela a<strong>ng</strong><br />

propiska, muli ito <strong>ng</strong> Institute para <strong>sa</strong> pagtatala at pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> halos <strong>sa</strong><br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> pagbabawal . Ku<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> namin a<strong>ng</strong> mga propiska<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Non-functional panunumbalik Sobiyet panahon, ito ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> pormal na kundi pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong> abolition <strong>ng</strong> nilalaman ay <strong>sa</strong> halip <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bagay <strong>ng</strong> oras. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> instituto ay i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> populasyon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> control a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, ito ay tumutulo<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> pyudal order.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-aktibo gumaganti kakayahan Institute propiska ginamit na<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Bahagi <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay na<br />

ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapaalis <strong>ng</strong> Moscow <strong>sa</strong> ika-101 kilometro, at <strong>sa</strong> buwan <strong>ng</strong> Abril<br />

1968, <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ndali lama<strong>ng</strong> matapos a<strong>ng</strong> Ginzburg-Galanskova, <strong>ng</strong> CPSU<br />

Central Committee na iminu<strong>ng</strong>kahi na pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> batas <strong>sa</strong> rehistrasyon <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

konseho <strong>ng</strong> lu<strong>ng</strong>sod ... wala a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapataw <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> administratibo<strong>ng</strong> paru<strong>sa</strong><br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> ikansela a<strong>ng</strong> registration <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong>-pansin antisocial aktibidad, na<br />

nagpapahintulot <strong>sa</strong> naninira fabrications inciti<strong>ng</strong> antisocial elemento <strong>sa</strong><br />

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pampulitika <strong>sa</strong> mapamin<strong>sa</strong>la<strong>ng</strong> aktibidad, na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> provocatively patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> ... Pagta<strong>ng</strong>gal <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na ini-refer <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga ordinan<strong>sa</strong> na ito ay dapat gawin <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> 24 oras mula <strong>sa</strong> oras na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

desisyon na pawala<strong>ng</strong>-bi<strong>sa</strong> propiska .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> tunay mahalaga, magpatuloy <strong>sa</strong> araw na ito ay upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>alagaan a<strong>ng</strong> pyudal institusyon <strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l militar <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> pagpapasundalo<br />

o pagpapamarino. Sa mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> militar, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

institusyon na ito ay hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> na kaila<strong>ng</strong>an, kundi pati na rin <strong>sa</strong><br />

mapamin<strong>sa</strong>la<strong>ng</strong>. Kumpitensiya <strong>sa</strong> mataas na propesyonal armado<strong>ng</strong> pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bumuo <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> tulad gawi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga hukbo, ito ay lubha<strong>ng</strong><br />

mahirap. A<strong>ng</strong> punto ay na a<strong>ng</strong> hawak <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> digmaan at<br />

mga propesyonal na paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga sopistikado<strong>ng</strong> armas sistema ay<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> propesyonal na hindi kukula<strong>ng</strong>in kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> trabaho <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

high-tech sibilyan industriya. A<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> kalidad <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay para <strong>sa</strong><br />

militar <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> espesyalista upa<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> batas militar <strong>ng</strong><br />

serbisyo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> pagpapasundalo o pagpapamarino.<br />

Obviously, <strong>sa</strong> kaso<strong>ng</strong> ito, a<strong>ng</strong> desisyon ay talaga<strong>ng</strong> lubos na peripherally militar na<br />

gawain, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kahulugan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alaga <strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l militar serbisyo<br />

ay a<strong>ng</strong> mass pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan <strong>ng</strong> lalaki populasyon <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, perekovke<br />

dogosudarstvennogo likas na karapatan.<br />

Sa hukbo <strong>sa</strong> tawag, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kontrata na pamamaraan, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat<br />

<strong>ng</strong> account para <strong>sa</strong> mga hindi gaano<strong>ng</strong> edukado at sosyalan matagumpay, mga<br />

kabataan mula <strong>sa</strong> mahihirap upa<strong>ng</strong> uma<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya<br />

market segment <strong>ng</strong> populasyon. A<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> kita <strong>sa</strong> pamilya, pisikal at mental na<br />

kalusugan <strong>ng</strong> conscripts, recruited militar para <strong>sa</strong> mga serbisyo, marami mas<br />

mababa kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kapantay na naiiwan <strong>sa</strong> mamamayan. A<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga ito ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> ba<strong>sa</strong>hin at isulat, wala kahit na may pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pag-<br />

aaral, at a<strong>ng</strong> hukbo <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> buhay - a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> institusyon <strong>ng</strong> estado na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an sila mukha close. Gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga recruits na ito ay napakita <strong>sa</strong><br />

estado <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong>guan sistema. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

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matagumpay na panlipunan <strong>sa</strong>pin ay may mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na mga potensyal na para <strong>sa</strong><br />

legal o hindi legal na lubos na pag-aalaga <strong>sa</strong> militar serbisyo.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Hukbo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> araw na ito ay marahil <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

institusyon na binuo <strong>ng</strong> tao screws <strong>sa</strong> pyudal herarkiya, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an siya develops<br />

dalawa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>sa</strong>l na pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari: una, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katulo<strong>ng</strong>, pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

chief. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> hukbo <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan lumapit pamin<strong>sa</strong>n-min<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong><br />

monstrously hypertrophied form, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> balanci<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan <strong>sa</strong><br />

bi<strong>ng</strong>it <strong>ng</strong> buhay at kamatayan, mahigpit na pamamaraan upa<strong>ng</strong> uma<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

patakaran <strong>ng</strong> laro sistema. Kapag a<strong>ng</strong> 60-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> halaga ay dapat, at <strong>sa</strong> mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> pagguho <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet kabihasnan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga hukbo ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> pagsisimula <strong>ng</strong> bawat kasunod na dekada <strong>ng</strong> Padalas na<strong>ng</strong><br />

padalas mahigpit at halos hindi mabata.<br />

Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>sa</strong> hukbo <strong>sa</strong> kapaligiran, maaari<br />

mo<strong>ng</strong> suminag a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na halaga. Kahit na <strong>sa</strong> ika-50 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong><br />

siglo gayon a bagay gaya <strong>ng</strong> aapi <strong>sa</strong> hukbo halos ay hindi. Dagdag dito, ito ay<br />

gaini<strong>ng</strong> more at marami pa<strong>ng</strong> iba na puwer<strong>sa</strong> at kalakhan, transformed <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet - a<strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puro<strong>ng</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> mga kriminal, a<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> sosyal na institusyon - a<strong>ng</strong><br />

hukbo at bila<strong>ng</strong>guan - a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>bay-<strong>sa</strong>bay. A<strong>ng</strong> mga panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

institusyon na may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan, mapakay pagkakai<strong>sa</strong>, dahil sila a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> magli<strong>ng</strong>kod <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> socialized pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan, karamihan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> dogosudarstvennyh pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> sektor. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> ganap na anti-na<strong>sa</strong> gilid<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet simbolo, at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan,<br />

sinabi VK Kozlov <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga kalahok anti speeches 50 - 60-XX ies <strong>ng</strong><br />

siglo: Ku<strong>ng</strong> kayo ay <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> cries, at utterances ideolohiya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideolohiya<br />

primariya<strong>ng</strong> anti - gamit a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> pagsinta, sila tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

prinsipyo at mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan .<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mataas na kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> form na ito <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan ay batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pyudal na batayan, <strong>sa</strong> Estado <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> kalaban imperyo <strong>ng</strong><br />

Western kabihasnan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan ay malayo mas<br />

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mababa importante at natupad <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas makatao paraan. A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

papel <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> edukasyon plays up upa<strong>ng</strong> maghanda<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> mga estado <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> daan-daa<strong>ng</strong> libo <strong>ng</strong> mga art critics, na<br />

malinaw naman ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> gamitin <strong>sa</strong> specialty, <strong>ng</strong>unit na a<strong>ng</strong> pagharap <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> husto raises nito pantao kalidad. Pagbabalik <strong>sa</strong> mga katotohanan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga buhay, kami makahatak <strong>ng</strong> pansin <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> punto:<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> tauna<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alap <strong>ng</strong> mga bata<strong>ng</strong> lalaki, a<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> kanino<br />

mamatay bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> pagmamalabis <strong>sa</strong> baguha<strong>ng</strong> estudyante, pin<strong>sa</strong>la, at<br />

iba pa, reminds pareho<strong>ng</strong> lipas na institusyon <strong>sa</strong>crifices <strong>ng</strong> mga tao, at a<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong><br />

buwis pyudal na lipunan a<strong>ng</strong> nagbabayad <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> drop <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan KPSS ay hindi na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paglagas <strong>ng</strong> mga pyudal order <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> harap linya, <strong>ng</strong>unit ito a<strong>ng</strong> meant-ubos <strong>ng</strong><br />

source. Sumusuporta <strong>sa</strong> frame pyudal organi<strong>sa</strong>syon ay malinis nakatago<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

poluskrytyh at substituted porma <strong>ng</strong> bahagya<strong>ng</strong> pagkasira <strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay makikita<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagsisimula <strong>ng</strong> gulo, kahit na <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan <strong>sa</strong>ligutgot, maihahambi<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> civilizational scrappi<strong>ng</strong> 1917 - 1921 taon <strong>sa</strong> Russia ay hindi. Intellectuals<br />

shocked, at una<strong>ng</strong> una, a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga artista <strong>sa</strong><br />

drama may karapatan Kamatayan dahil hindi magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> liberal intelektwal,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> assumed <strong>sa</strong> pozdnesovetskuyu panahon, at mag-post<br />

pagala - lagalag, <strong>sa</strong>lbahe.<br />

Sa una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, ito ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napakabuti<br />

panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> uri pakiramdam tunay na master <strong>ng</strong> buhay. Ito ay marahil <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

a<strong>ng</strong>kop na pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> paglalarawan <strong>ng</strong> mga P. Izgoevym <strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> Civil War <strong>sa</strong> Russia, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an nakita namin a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> akla<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

pagkakataon <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan: Huwag <strong>sa</strong> komunidad<br />

panlipunan kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay hindi mahina, kaya nadorvany bila<strong>ng</strong> opisyal<br />

na <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> kaharian sosyalismo. Tao <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lobo - ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

motto <strong>ng</strong> mga kahila-hilakbot na araw . Pagano pagnanais para <strong>sa</strong> mga bila<strong>ng</strong> ay<br />

anarchy ay hindi repressed <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> batas, kaya mahaba<br />

inhibitions pyudal order ay dapat na <strong>sa</strong> wakas bubo out. Gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka<br />

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horrifyi<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga digmaa<strong>ng</strong> sibil, a<strong>ng</strong> marahas na<br />

paghiwalay <strong>ng</strong> Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakiha<strong>ng</strong> kagulo ga<strong>ng</strong>s - ito ay hindi na kinuha<br />

lugar. Kahit sino seriously nakukulo<strong>ng</strong> pagala para <strong>sa</strong> mga taon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, ay nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na okulturitsya, <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay hindi upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

sirain a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon <strong>ng</strong> kalina<strong>ng</strong>an buhay: ito ay na proved magkawasto <strong>sa</strong><br />

concepts.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-viable at nakikita form <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong><br />

mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> pyudal, transformed mula <strong>sa</strong> macrostructure <strong>ng</strong> imperyal lipunan <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> kalipunan <strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na <strong>sa</strong>mahan na entidad. Kami pa rin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pakikitu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>ng</strong>ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga luma at hindi <strong>sa</strong>nay imperyal institusyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahalaga nadadala istraktura <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kaayu<strong>sa</strong>n ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga lokal na<br />

kriminal-bureaucratic clans. Tampok <strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

buhay ay na ito ay na ito ay nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> self-structures upa<strong>ng</strong> punan a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

lacuna binuo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paglagas <strong>ng</strong> mga Sobiyet empire. A<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan ay may haba na hirati na tumira <strong>sa</strong> mga impormal na mga patakaran <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>sa</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> wika na may label na Ruso concepts, na<strong>ng</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> pag-aatubili kinuha a<strong>ng</strong> opsyon na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> likas na,<br />

poluanarhicheskogo kvazifeodalizma.<br />

Gayon pa man, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na hindi lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay naporma<br />

out well, tulad <strong>ng</strong> nakikita mula <strong>sa</strong> 80's, nakita namin 90 <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Sa panahon na ito <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

ay literal swept a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> daloy <strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

orihinal na nilalaman, halos <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay na-lifted<br />

halos lahat sensura paghihigpit <strong>sa</strong> diseminasyon <strong>ng</strong> impormasyon, maliban, of<br />

course, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bahagi na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> mga militar na patla<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

Inokulturnye mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha <strong>ng</strong> malaya<strong>ng</strong>-kumpitensiya <strong>sa</strong> mga elemento<br />

<strong>ng</strong> play <strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon, halos a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon <strong>sa</strong><br />

sensitibo<strong>ng</strong> lugar na ito ay direksiyon natural selection, pinili ayon <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan at competitiveness.<br />

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Sa mga katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw araw na buhay, marami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bagay-bagay ay nagbago, <strong>ng</strong>unit sociologists, pampulitika siyentipiko at<br />

economists ay tila minadali, proclaimi<strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> batas <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

market <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya at a<strong>ng</strong> mga kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> mga ito magnitude, mas aggravated deconstruction dapat,<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi tumugma <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>mpu<strong>ng</strong> o labi<strong>ng</strong>-lima<strong>ng</strong> taon, tandaan na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Western Europe, para <strong>sa</strong> paglipat na ito kinuha siglo. Post-Sobiyet panahon, at <strong>sa</strong><br />

pareho<strong>ng</strong> pinamamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> uma<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> very much, pa namin<br />

pinamamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> pinakama<strong>sa</strong>ma posible<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> kinabuka<strong>sa</strong>n, at ito ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong>lamat <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet panahon.<br />

Paunawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napaka-importante<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> panayam <strong>sa</strong><br />

katunayan: nineties ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon kapag a<strong>ng</strong> rate dictated paninda exporters at<br />

mga importer na mamimili <strong>ng</strong> mga paninda. May i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> sektor <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pili<strong>ng</strong> tao. Malayo mula <strong>sa</strong> mga MIC <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> layunin at mga interes, siya ay<br />

hindi lumitaw <strong>ng</strong> ideological motives, hindi upa<strong>ng</strong> himukin a<strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> kalakalan<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga banyaga<strong>ng</strong> at domestic patakaran <strong>ng</strong> unyon <strong>sa</strong> West - nito strategic<br />

business partner. Siya ay hindi nabuk<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> layo mula <strong>sa</strong> pasipismo mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

Army at a<strong>ng</strong> militar industriya. Pantay natural, siya ay hindi <strong>sa</strong>bik <strong>sa</strong> paggawa at <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga sibilyan industriya . Ito ay pinahihintulutan na bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

segment, itina<strong>ng</strong>hal <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya, mga pamantayan,<br />

mga value, mga institusyon <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural system.<br />

Numero <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> form o <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong>, nanirahan o lama<strong>ng</strong> tandaan na kinuha<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideya na ito ay masyado na ito ay nagpapahiwatig <strong>ng</strong><br />

formation <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>sa</strong> aralin a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kakayahan (o kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kakayahan) <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> mainam na pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

availability <strong>ng</strong> mga maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon upa<strong>ng</strong> kumuha <strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na<br />

posisyon, na baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal-pyudal na sistema . Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pundamental na katanu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha <strong>ng</strong><br />

huli<strong>ng</strong> labinlima<strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> hu<strong>sa</strong>y-anyo <strong>ng</strong> lipunan o upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> assimilated <strong>sa</strong><br />

225

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> pagbabaligtad pamamaraan imperyal modelo at<br />

papalitan a<strong>ng</strong> regular imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, pa rin wala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got.<br />

Sa araw na ito, gayunman, a<strong>ng</strong> higit pa at mas malinaw na nakikita a<strong>ng</strong><br />

contours <strong>ng</strong> hinaharap <strong>ng</strong> mga post-espasyo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pormasyon <strong>ng</strong> Padalas na<strong>ng</strong><br />

padalas na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay natutukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> lohika <strong>ng</strong> Thermidor, tulad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> taon, malinaw na tinukoy <strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> imperyal-<br />

uudyok <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> kvaziimperskomu daan, na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an, siyempre, ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ideolohiya. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

path na ito ay pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay mas malapit <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad, kamag-<br />

anak, katutubo, gaya ito reproduces mismo, kumuha <strong>ng</strong> semantika <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bago<strong>ng</strong> / luma<strong>ng</strong> ideological oposredovany. A. White inilarawan a<strong>ng</strong> teatro<br />

paghahanap <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> mga katulad na sitwasyon <strong>sa</strong> Rusya matapos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkumpleto <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso-Japanese digmaan at a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> Ruso rebolusyon, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kahulugan napupunta <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> pampakay <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga plays <strong>sa</strong> patula porma<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Ruso panlipunan<br />

at kultural na espasyo: Sa konteksto <strong>ng</strong> pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> siniya<strong>sa</strong>t ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> bagay na makapag-makamit - ay nanlalagkit timpla <strong>ng</strong><br />

sosyalismo <strong>sa</strong> kanya, a<strong>ng</strong> laro <strong>ng</strong> synesthesia, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> aromatic epekto at<br />

kozlovaka, <strong>sa</strong>lbahe imoral <strong>sa</strong>yawan <strong>sa</strong> nasira ay nananatili<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> sibili<strong>sa</strong>syon .<br />

Kapag approachi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga maginoo <strong>sa</strong> traditionalists bila<strong>ng</strong> order magi<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panay pandekorasyon kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> mga institusyon <strong>ng</strong> mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong><br />

demokrasya ay nasira sistema <strong>ng</strong> mga tseke at balances, kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

bagay ay nagsisimula na mag-pokus <strong>sa</strong> mas malinaw na a<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

tao, <strong>sa</strong>mahan, partido pamumuno. Sa stage na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan pili<br />

kaila<strong>ng</strong>an ideolohiya, ta<strong>ng</strong>gapin a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> lipunan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pisikal na<br />

kalagayan, na nagpapahintulot <strong>sa</strong> sublimat a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> interes <strong>sa</strong><br />

enerhiya, na para <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga dahilan ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> gamitin <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong>-pagtanto <strong>sa</strong> pahiga eroplano <strong>ng</strong> materyal na buhay.<br />

Sa mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> pormal na lohika, <strong>ng</strong>ayon ito ay mahirap na malaman<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> o pagbabago?<br />

226

Manatili <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyonal na unawa <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong>got <strong>sa</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay imposible. Muli, makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mysteries <strong>ng</strong><br />

Russian-iisip, hindi bababa, hindi nagbubu<strong>ng</strong>a, dahil ito ay kakaiba, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> pagtitiyak at a<strong>ng</strong> kuru-kuro <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> tao. Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

pananaw <strong>ng</strong> imperyal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay na<br />

ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na panloob na lohika. Sa huli<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> o apat na taon<br />

na a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yayari externally may gulo, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> loob na ito ay inayos ayon <strong>sa</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> drowi<strong>ng</strong> na teknolohiya, mga relasyon, fragments <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong><br />

kabihasnan <strong>makabago</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi na maaari<strong>ng</strong> magamit upa<strong>ng</strong> ibalik at<br />

palakasin a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> imperyal dahilan. Kaya ito ay <strong>sa</strong> 1917, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> empire<br />

ay na-update <strong>sa</strong> tulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> fashion noon a<strong>ng</strong> kanluranin Socio-economic teorya,<br />

inia<strong>ng</strong>kop Bolsheviks <strong>sa</strong> address <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga problema.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga susunod na panahon <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, kapag<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo ay a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamataas na <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, bila<strong>ng</strong> liberal, at lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> nauukol na bayad, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> byproduct <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> imperyal bahagi?<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>got yes literal upod <strong>sa</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>in, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> argument <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

patunay halos araw-araw diyan ay mula <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Gayon<br />

pa man, kami ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> matagal na at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahin bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal na ito ay hindi ganap na<br />

tama para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari: Bureaucracy at a<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon a<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> klase <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso ay nagsisikip<br />

sroslis natagos <strong>sa</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong>. Malalaki<strong>ng</strong> may-ari <strong>ng</strong> tinamo wala pampulitika<br />

impluwensiya, at malaki<strong>ng</strong> operator - mabilis kabisera. Ito ay pagtakpan mga<br />

pagkakaiba <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> phases at accelerate <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pag-ikot . Phase<br />

gosbyurokratii pagdiriwa<strong>ng</strong>, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> nilalaman<br />

coincides <strong>sa</strong> imperyal bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, diluted <strong>sa</strong> kaso<strong>ng</strong> ito,<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nib kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at negosyo blurri<strong>ng</strong> gosudarstvennicheskih ideologies,<br />

ito ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat nagmula at a<strong>ng</strong> ambivalent kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> kontemporaryo.<br />

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Mga pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> deepest, iminumu<strong>ng</strong>kahi na a<strong>ng</strong> Rusya ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon na mag-i<strong>sa</strong> neimperskoe bila<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> estado.<br />

Empires hindi huli<strong>ng</strong> magpakailanman, para <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>anakan <strong>sa</strong> pagkabata,<br />

adolescence, adolescence, adulthood at pa<strong>ng</strong>huli <strong>sa</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong>, dryahlenie, kahinaan at<br />

kamatayan, na a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago ay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> dahilan souiokulturnoy sistema.<br />

Naniniwala kami na <strong>sa</strong> malapit na at daluyan kataga, a<strong>ng</strong> amplitude <strong>ng</strong> oscillations<br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> imperyal at ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay<br />

nabawa<strong>sa</strong>n, since wala na eschatological ideya na ito ay wala<strong>ng</strong> domestic mga<br />

pinagkukunan para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili. Ideokratichesky proyekto<strong>ng</strong> natapos, halos<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> tao na a<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala <strong>sa</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> mystical pambihira<strong>ng</strong><br />

tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it at hindi na-aalay <strong>ng</strong> mga konkreto makamundo mga halaga<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> mga men<strong>sa</strong>he at eschatological megaprojects.<br />

Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> pre-ekonomiya adjustment patakaran, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

magbigay <strong>sa</strong> pinakamahu<strong>sa</strong>y na lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> minimum na kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kondisyon para <strong>sa</strong> biological <strong>ng</strong> buhay. Ini-imbak a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> pagtalikod <strong>sa</strong><br />

katotohanan tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> mga pahala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> eroplano-iral <strong>sa</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> maliwanag<br />

eschatological mga ideya, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay mabuti para <strong>sa</strong> pagpunan <strong>ng</strong> pagkabigo<br />

at kabiguan <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> buhay, ito weakens a<strong>ng</strong> tunay pagganyak para <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> buhay. Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga siyentipiko ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> maaga<strong>ng</strong> pagkamatay ay a<strong>ng</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> nakikita<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

indibidwal na mga prospects. Aimlessness-iral ay humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mababa<strong>ng</strong><br />

halaga <strong>ng</strong> buhay at kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> malay pagnanais ito upa<strong>ng</strong> magpatuloy . Sa<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> artikulo na isinulat base <strong>sa</strong> sociological pag-aaral na isinagawa <strong>sa</strong> Rusya <strong>sa</strong><br />

loob <strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> UN Development Program <strong>sa</strong> 2002 - 2003 taon, tala na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

poorest Ruso rehiyon, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> Pskov at Ivanovo rehiyon, pati na rin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Jewish nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili Oblast at a<strong>ng</strong> Republika <strong>ng</strong> Tuva, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> global na rati<strong>ng</strong> at ito ay<br />

maihahambi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Vietnam at <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> African . Sa i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kahulugan, ay<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> tapos na problema, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na kahirapan <strong>sa</strong> rehiyon<br />

228

pushes <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na gumamit <strong>ng</strong> pre-una <strong>ng</strong> buhay estratehiya, at mental na<br />

disposisyon <strong>sa</strong> aplikasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran exacerbated kahirapan at teritoryo.<br />

Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ideals <strong>sa</strong> Russia la<strong>ng</strong> papalitan interes, tulad <strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yari <strong>sa</strong> simula<br />

<strong>sa</strong> Western at pagkatapos ay Eastern Europe, ito ay hindi pa<strong>ng</strong>wakas, at systemic<br />

transformation <strong>ng</strong> mga kultural at civilizational kata<strong>ng</strong>ian. Ngunit pagpapalakas <strong>ng</strong><br />

sektor interes <strong>sa</strong> kaisipan <strong>sa</strong>pat upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

deideologizatsii, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi a<strong>ng</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas na sistema <strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan burges-liberal uri. Sa ami<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> at Socio-cultural mana <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> formation ay dapat na mas higit na ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> oras kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> labi<strong>ng</strong>-lima<strong>ng</strong> taon na <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan. Pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong> interes ay patuloy pa rin <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pyudal-<br />

ideokraticheskoy paradaym. A<strong>ng</strong> uso ay lubos na magkakaiba, a<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> opinyon botohan magbigay <strong>ng</strong> lubos na ka<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>ng</strong> larawan,<br />

kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katibayan <strong>ng</strong> revitalization a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagpapalit <strong>ng</strong> mga ideal na<br />

mga interes. Kaya, <strong>sa</strong> sociological research natupad <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong><br />

Tomsk inisyatiba ito ay lumiliko out na a<strong>ng</strong> pagsira <strong>ng</strong> tradisyonal na kamalayan<br />

(dahil, ayon, at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkasira ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> pawala<strong>ng</strong>-bi<strong>sa</strong>, at tradisyunal na<br />

mga halaga ay naroroon, una <strong>sa</strong> lahat, ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> Parade antas.<br />

Sa post-Sobiyet ban<strong>sa</strong> ay nakaharap <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagsubok <strong>ng</strong> mundo. Nawala<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> mga kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mobilizi<strong>ng</strong> ideolohiya katatagan <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

at lipunan ay protektado mula <strong>sa</strong> mga panlabas na pananakot, upa<strong>ng</strong> gawin <strong>sa</strong><br />

Sobiyet panahon, na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na posisyon <strong>sa</strong> pamunuan <strong>ng</strong> simbahan <strong>ng</strong><br />

halaga. A<strong>ng</strong> pagsubok ay compounded a<strong>ng</strong> mundo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagsubok<br />

deideologizatsiey, kait <strong>ng</strong> global na proyekto, a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> direksyon <strong>ng</strong><br />

vector <strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> mesyanik proyekto at ideologies <strong>sa</strong><br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong> lugar, a<strong>ng</strong> mga lokal spheres-iral <strong>ng</strong> tao. Pagkatapos<br />

zaideologizirovannoy buhay <strong>sa</strong> USSR ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> di-pa<strong>ng</strong>karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan. Sa<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tano<strong>ng</strong> na arises, <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> paligid ay pinananatili<br />

<strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> minimum na antas <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>ng</strong> lipunan <strong>sa</strong> mga kondisyon<br />

229

<strong>ng</strong> mga kamag-anak kalayaan, a<strong>ng</strong> awtonomya <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal, a<strong>ng</strong> mga antas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> heterogeneity <strong>ng</strong> mga halaga, norms, buhay estratehiya.<br />

Pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, pampulitika at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura pili <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

posible<strong>ng</strong> solusyon upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pinag<strong>sa</strong>ma<strong>ng</strong><br />

pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ideolohiya, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga bersyon <strong>ng</strong> mga aplikasyon,<br />

karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> imperyal prototype. Characteristically, a<strong>ng</strong> mga ideolohiya<br />

postimperskoy panahon ay nagdaan, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay nagpahayag <strong>ng</strong> sira at kunwa<br />

character. A<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga u<strong>sa</strong>pan tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> paglakas <strong>ng</strong> Russia at wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

pumigil <strong>sa</strong> konstruksiyon <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> Russia. Ano a<strong>ng</strong> Russia pagpunta <strong>sa</strong><br />

magpa<strong>sa</strong>riwa, Moscow Rus, Pedro, Nikolayev, Sobiyet? GP Fedotov sinabi <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

ito ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na i<strong>sa</strong> nakikita Russia <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> monasteryo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga iba pa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

kuyog <strong>ng</strong> Ge<strong>ng</strong>his Khan, a<strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> San Petersburg huli<strong>ng</strong> Romanovs.<br />

Kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo<strong>ng</strong> matakot <strong>ng</strong> mura<strong>ng</strong> slogans at makitid perspectives. Russia,<br />

gayunpaman, at ito, at more .<br />

Sa karagdagan, <strong>sa</strong> real ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay hindi ibalik <strong>ng</strong> kahit na ano, ay may<br />

lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay osovremenennye mga<br />

pagkakaiba-iba <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong>, ito ay nagpapakita <strong>sa</strong> amin <strong>ng</strong> mahulog <strong>sa</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n. Ipaalam kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kilala<strong>ng</strong><br />

teoriko <strong>ng</strong> konserbatibo rebolusyon, Carl Schmitt: Huwag Robespierre, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

Metternich broke monarshyu pagbutihan. Mayroon lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili,<br />

pagpapakamatay. Pananauli - ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na paraan <strong>ng</strong> pagkawa<strong>sa</strong>k at ganap na<br />

pagkasira restavriruemogo. Bakit? Dahil ito ay <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong>-pagkasira. Kaya, wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

restorations! Ni iglesia ni estado, magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> monarkiya ni demokrasya, alinman<br />

<strong>sa</strong> trono ni altar, pati na a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, at hindi rin a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong><br />

paraan <strong>ng</strong> obligasyon at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan . Gawa-gawa makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, ito ay<br />

hindi na-kumpitensiya <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan, ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> lohika, maaari mo<strong>ng</strong> ibalik<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kahit ano, puwede mo ri<strong>ng</strong> bumalik <strong>sa</strong> pagka-di-binyagan <strong>ng</strong> sinauna<strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> mga mass <strong>ng</strong> malay a<strong>ng</strong> paniniwala <strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito ay ganap maaari.<br />

Tulad <strong>ng</strong> Byzantium, Russia ay tryi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> gumuhit <strong>ng</strong> lakas mula <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> nakaraan, endlessly bumabalik <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mifologizirovannoy at anti<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

230

anti<strong>ng</strong> kuwento at ideologies, <strong>ng</strong>unit bulaklakan pozavcherashnih ideologies ay<br />

may tama<strong>ng</strong> tanda <strong>ng</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> paghihi<strong>ng</strong>alo kahapon <strong>ng</strong> ideya. Ito ay<br />

nagpapaliwanag <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> delusional, nahihiba<strong>ng</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n ... sinusubukan<br />

Galvanization ideologies lagi<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> convicts <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> mertvost .<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>ayon <strong>ng</strong> Russia ay hindi <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> oras para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran at maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> di-<br />

katiyakan <strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> patuloy na ambivalent pull at itulak <strong>ng</strong><br />

Western moderno<strong>ng</strong> kabihasnan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kamatayan <strong>ng</strong> imperyo, ay pagod na pagod a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

posibilidad <strong>sa</strong> halos lahat <strong>ng</strong> spheres <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> buhay, ay hindi pa sinamahan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> matipuno deconstruction <strong>ng</strong> imperyal <strong>ng</strong> malay. A<strong>ng</strong> paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong> imperyal<br />

<strong>sa</strong> postimperskoy porma <strong>ng</strong> Ruso kalagayan <strong>ng</strong> estado, kai<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> sustainable development, nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot a<strong>ng</strong> kapalit <strong>ng</strong><br />

malawak na buhay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> masinsina<strong>ng</strong> diskarte. A<strong>ng</strong> paglipat mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

dominasyon <strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong>-uri<br />

ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> transformation <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso lipunan pinagbabatayan-iisip,<br />

marahil mas kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> paglagom <strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> Euro-Atlantic moderno<strong>ng</strong><br />

kabihasnan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> imperyo ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malakiha<strong>ng</strong><br />

militar karaha<strong>sa</strong>n, o maaari<strong>ng</strong> ito ay reconstituted at a<strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> takot <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagpapanatili kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Pagkamatay dahil hindi taa<strong>sa</strong>n ideological doctrines,<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> na ito ay hindi magagawa upa<strong>ng</strong> maibalik a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal order, batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

maubos eschatological ideals. Sinusubukan a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal pananauli batay <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan structures <strong>sa</strong> konteksto <strong>ng</strong> lakit katiwalian, ay hindi<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na epektibo, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

makalimutan na kilalanin na a<strong>ng</strong> araw na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> na may gun, marami pa<br />

pantao kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> na hindi. Sa buo<strong>ng</strong> 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> invisible, <strong>ng</strong>unit tiyak na aksyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad at lipunan, ay a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> slogan: kami ay prostoyat gabi,<br />

kaya a<strong>ng</strong> araw lasted, a<strong>ng</strong> naitala<strong>ng</strong> oras pinindot ito <strong>sa</strong> patuloy na wala<strong>ng</strong>.<br />

231

Para <strong>sa</strong> mga tulad na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mundo ay, natural, at malakas na layunin dahilan<br />

rin, natitira<strong>ng</strong> Ruso ekonomista E. Yasin humanto<strong>ng</strong> pagpintog numero <strong>sa</strong> post-<br />

Sobiyet Russia: 1992 - 2660 porsyento <strong>sa</strong> 1993 - 930, 1994 ... - 320. Sa 1995 - 21<br />

bahagdan. Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> madula a<strong>ng</strong> shift ... 1997 ay ipinapakita 11 porsiyento<br />

tauna<strong>ng</strong> pagpintog . Pero <strong>sa</strong> susunod, noo<strong>ng</strong> 1998, <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />

default, a<strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong>-tiklop na pagtaas <strong>sa</strong> mga dolyar, pagsira <strong>sa</strong><br />

na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> komersiyal na ba<strong>ng</strong>ko, untighteni<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> implasyon<br />

paikid. Mahirap <strong>sa</strong>bihin ku<strong>ng</strong> ito man ay kahit na <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Ruso ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan,<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panahon ku<strong>ng</strong> kailan a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao tulad <strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagbabala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> matagala<strong>ng</strong> plano kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga hinaharap na ito ay magigi<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> multivariate.<br />

Sa buo<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon, ay nakatira <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ilusyon <strong>ng</strong> posibilidad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> katatagan <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, <strong>sa</strong> prinsipyo, hindi matamo <strong>sa</strong> panahon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> transisyon mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panlipunan, pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> sistema<br />

<strong>sa</strong> iba. Nakita natin <strong>sa</strong> panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito upa<strong>ng</strong> maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpipilian, bumili <strong>ng</strong> umaaraw showcases kanluranin at kanluranin paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamumuhay <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan at hindi <strong>sa</strong> mawala haba<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

natamo <strong>ng</strong> sosyalismo, ku<strong>ng</strong> maaari, maglubag a<strong>ng</strong> kalubhaan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> proseso. Sa panahon matapos a<strong>ng</strong> 1991 ay na ito ay nakakamit <strong>sa</strong><br />

paglipat patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> paglagom <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> halaga, dahil a<strong>ng</strong> ilan <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap na naibahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pampulitika aktibo<strong>ng</strong> minorya<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso megapolises. Ngunit ito ay irretrievably nawala, a<strong>ng</strong> mga pagsubok<br />

<strong>ng</strong> CPSU ay hindi magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> Nuremberk, gitli <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong><br />

totalitaryo Sobiyet nakalipas ay may tuldok, i<strong>sa</strong> binti dito at iba<strong>ng</strong> doon, at <strong>sa</strong><br />

katunayan, wala ochernyat a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga dakila<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

panahon, flight Yuri Gagarin, komunismo , na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay a<strong>ng</strong> kabataan mundo,<br />

at nahulog <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet-panahon kabataan, a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet<br />

mga tao <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan. Higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat dahil <strong>sa</strong> ito mental-pulitikal na pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari<br />

at a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> reporma simula mid-90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo,<br />

suffered mula <strong>sa</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> lacked a<strong>ng</strong> pulitikal ay, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

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pinaka-mahalaga ay, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi exclusion, pagkatapos, <strong>sa</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> kaso, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

halaga <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kabiguan <strong>sa</strong> mga reporma <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />

lipunan.<br />

Sa Eastern Europe, a<strong>ng</strong> liberasyon mula <strong>sa</strong> komunismo nagsimula mas<br />

maaga, ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makinis na proseso <strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> palayain ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat<br />

coincided <strong>sa</strong> mga proseso <strong>ng</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagpapalaya. Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> differentiati<strong>ng</strong> kadahilanan ay a<strong>ng</strong> matagal na panloob izzhivanie<br />

pyudalismo, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>sa</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> sosyalista ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Eastern Europe <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> 80-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo ay halos makumpleto. Mayroon, subalit, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga Malapit East Europeans <strong>sa</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> amin - a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagbabago <strong>sa</strong> malay-tao. Anti, anti-Sobiyet rebolusyon <strong>sa</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Europa na<br />

kinuha na lugar <strong>sa</strong> turn <strong>ng</strong> 80 - 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, nakilala a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pattern na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> kapaitan <strong>ng</strong> paghaharap <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga luma at a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na sistema disistemoy higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat depende <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> rootedness<br />

<strong>sa</strong> komunidad muna. Sa iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong> paghaharap ay a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga mas<br />

fiercely at a<strong>ng</strong> dugo, a<strong>ng</strong> mas malaki ay a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> tinatawag na tunay na<br />

sosyalismo, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Romania, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga mas mababa na, ito ay sosyalismo,<br />

tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Czech Republic, Hu<strong>ng</strong>ary, Poland, - mas mababa a<strong>ng</strong> paglaban, at ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

paano Samakatuwid, pelus paghahalili <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />

Sa Rusya <strong>sa</strong> 1991 dahil <strong>sa</strong> pagod na pagod, komunista ideolohiya ay<br />

mawawala na a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>sa</strong> totoo<strong>ng</strong><br />

buhay. Ngunit pelus kalika<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon ay, <strong>sa</strong> halip, mannoy la<strong>ng</strong>it<br />

hindi namin ay may anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga unyon Solidarity, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Poland o Prague<br />

(Moscow), a<strong>ng</strong> tagsibol, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Czechoslovakia, 1968, kapag lama<strong>ng</strong> 7<br />

(pito<strong>ng</strong>) <strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Moscow <strong>sa</strong> Red Square, pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />

nata<strong>ng</strong>gap na ito para <strong>sa</strong> mga pagkilos <strong>ng</strong> magiti<strong>ng</strong> aksyon <strong>ng</strong> mga taon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kampo at pagpapatapon. Pagkatapos ay <strong>sa</strong> A. Galich <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>: Ikaw ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

pumunta <strong>sa</strong> mga parisukat, maglakas-loob na ipasok a<strong>ng</strong> lugar at a<strong>ng</strong> mga hinira<strong>ng</strong><br />

oras, at para <strong>sa</strong> mga dekada bago <strong>sa</strong> kanya <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> cycle <strong>ng</strong> mga poems Upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

Czech Republic, tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kapareho<strong>ng</strong>, tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> pag-<strong>sa</strong>ve <strong>ng</strong> da<strong>ng</strong>al <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

233

1940 -- taon ku<strong>ng</strong> kailan, <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> hanay na Wehrmacht binubuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

Czechoslovakia, kami mahanap <strong>sa</strong> M. Tsvetaeva: ... I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> opisyal. / Ng lesochka -<br />

nakatira estilo - / Sa громаду - yes <strong>sa</strong> rebolber! .. / Incurred / Maganda<strong>ng</strong> balita /<br />

Ano-<strong>sa</strong>ve Czech para<strong>ng</strong>alan! / Kaya - Ban<strong>sa</strong> / Kaya hindi ilagay /<br />

na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan - digmaan / Ngunit ito ay! .<br />

Pito<strong>ng</strong> tao ay critically mababa, a<strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon ay hindi<br />

indahin mas marami o mas kaunti a<strong>ng</strong> malawak na mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet lipunan,<br />

siya ay magdanas <strong>ng</strong> absolute minorya, intelektwal, pisikal na dahas ay hindi <strong>sa</strong>pat<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> mga full-liberal reporma. Sa marami<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan, tiyak <strong>sa</strong>pagkat sila ay<br />

pabagu-bago <strong>ng</strong> isip kaya, diyan ay pa rin a<strong>ng</strong> udyok <strong>ng</strong> imperyal pananauli, ito ay<br />

hindi posible na wala a<strong>ng</strong> henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> eschatological ideolohiya.<br />

History ay hindi ladlad <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, ito ay gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> mga tao na hindi na<br />

mag<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>ng</strong> hu<strong>sa</strong>y at epektibo<strong>ng</strong> transformation <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia.<br />

Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin pagpapabalik naporma out na prophetic <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> Thomas<br />

Mann, kanino siya ay natapos na ito <strong>sa</strong> sentenaryo aniber<strong>sa</strong>ryo <strong>ng</strong> I. Goethe, <strong>sa</strong><br />

predrokovom para <strong>sa</strong> Alemanya 1932: Credit, na <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay nagbibigay pa rin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> burges republika, ito ay tunay na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maikli<strong>ng</strong>-term loan, batay <strong>sa</strong><br />

buhay <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya na demokrasya at tunay mo<strong>ng</strong> gawin na kahit na,<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> ikaw ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> katapatan ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> gumawa ito <strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad <strong>ng</strong> rushi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> enemies, namely ... transfer na estado at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ekonomiya <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> mundo . Sa ami<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, <strong>ng</strong> uta<strong>ng</strong><br />

entails a<strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> paglipat <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>, post-pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya<br />

na ekonomiya ay may kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> gamitin a<strong>ng</strong> mga intelektwal na<br />

kakayahan <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> edukasyon at lipunan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kahinaan at karupukan <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> nadagdag <strong>sa</strong> 90 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong><br />

siglo ay hindi stemmed mula <strong>sa</strong> zlokoznennosti kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Sa laban, ito ay<br />

inaa<strong>sa</strong>han na mai<strong>sa</strong>ayos a<strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> spheres <strong>ng</strong> buhay. Ruso<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mga una<strong>ng</strong> 90-ies inaa<strong>sa</strong>han na a<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gal <strong>ng</strong> pindutin<br />

sosyalista ideolohiya at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matalim pagbabawal <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan interbensyon at<br />

kontrol <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> sektor <strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-loob<br />

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pag<strong>sa</strong>bog <strong>ng</strong> mga aktibidad <strong>ng</strong> baraha. Awtoridad, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, count <strong>sa</strong> aktibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>pat edukado mga residente <strong>ng</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> lu<strong>ng</strong>sod, lalo na a<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

mega-lu<strong>ng</strong>sod <strong>ng</strong> Moscow at St Petersburg. Mukha<strong>ng</strong> na malikhain, masipag,<br />

proactive, edukado <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> puluto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga tao at maaari nila<strong>ng</strong> mai<strong>sa</strong>ayos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> buhay, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya at pampulitika<strong>ng</strong><br />

aktibidad at sosyal na buhay para <strong>sa</strong> mas mabuti, dalhin ito <strong>sa</strong> pag-alinsunod <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamantayan pinagtibay <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga bumuo <strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Europa at<br />

Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Amerika. Haba<strong>ng</strong> kami ay makikita na <strong>ng</strong>ayon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga inaa<strong>sa</strong>han ay<br />

masyado<strong>ng</strong> maa<strong>sa</strong>hin <strong>sa</strong> mabuti, at mataas na inaa<strong>sa</strong>han, at nagsiwalat na a<strong>ng</strong> halos<br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> revaluation.<br />

Sa pulitika ay may mga tao <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> mga partido<strong>ng</strong> pulitikal, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> mas malaki o mas maliit na antas <strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> epektibo<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> maipakita a<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan. Pagsisisihan ko na tandaan<br />

na a<strong>ng</strong> tunay na partido-gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan ay<br />

hindi magagamit. Minana mula <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet panahon, ay naiiwan a<strong>ng</strong> mga partido<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga luma<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan highlight <strong>ng</strong> mga alaala na dapat - a<strong>ng</strong> Partido<br />

komunista, at doon ay hindi pa ganap partido, at pinakamahu<strong>sa</strong>y na, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

embryos - Yabloko at SPS, a<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> mga partido, pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ideolohiya. A<strong>ng</strong> natitira<strong>ng</strong> mga istraktura <strong>ng</strong> edukasyon, <strong>sa</strong> papel na<br />

ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> mga partido, ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>, non-classical kalika<strong>sa</strong>n.<br />

Sila ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga produkto <strong>ng</strong> intelektwal pagkamalikhain awtoridad, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

awtoridad na hindi pinturado a<strong>ng</strong> emanation dapat a<strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, na <strong>sa</strong><br />

katunayan ay nag-aalok <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>alan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga partido na istraktura,<br />

partido ideolohiya. A<strong>ng</strong> pagsunod <strong>sa</strong> mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> mga partido <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

kami ay makikita <strong>sa</strong> parlyamentaryo halalan <strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet panahon. Na<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>sa</strong> kanila <strong>sa</strong> mga detalye, pagbibigay <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong>,<br />

kami tandaan lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mataas na elektoral kinalaba<strong>sa</strong>n ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> epekto <strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an dahil. Dahil namatay <strong>ng</strong>unit pa rin a<strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

otozhestvlyat a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili na may kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, bila<strong>ng</strong> mas malapit<br />

ha<strong>ng</strong>ga't maaari <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> malakas, at pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal, na may<br />

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mergi<strong>ng</strong> ito, nararamdaman mismo stro<strong>ng</strong>. Ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> assumed na bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

inertial pamama<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga linya <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kop na impormasyon na nilalaman <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

partido <strong>ng</strong> gu<strong>sa</strong>li ay magbabago patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas pa<strong>ng</strong>unahin at mass partido,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit ito ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> na maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> pagkawala<strong>ng</strong>-galaw <strong>ng</strong> mga iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga suminag subdiskursov ay<br />

dapat kumuha <strong>ng</strong> mas maliwanag <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Halimbawa, tinutukoy a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga tampok <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ulo Yeltsin, I. Klyamkin tala na ibinigay na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso tradisyon, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong><br />

elektoral autocracy ... ako ay may ipinanukala<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> expression lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> konteksto at<br />

suma<strong>sa</strong>lamin <strong>sa</strong> legacy <strong>ng</strong> mga ito, albeit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> weakened form, lalo .<br />

Sa post-Sobiyet taon, pagpapahina <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural normativity<br />

nagpapataas <strong>ng</strong> mas natural, natural mga indibidwal na may wala<strong>ng</strong> sublimat,<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> ay Padalas na<strong>ng</strong> padalas a<strong>ng</strong> mga prohibitions na itinakda <strong>ng</strong> kultura, ay<br />

mas mababa kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> panlipunan-uudyok <strong>ng</strong> mga pananaliksik <strong>sa</strong> agham,<br />

pansini<strong>ng</strong> pagkamalikhain. A<strong>ng</strong> enerhiya na sublimat at ginagamit <strong>sa</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga a<strong>ng</strong>kop na serbisyo, a<strong>ng</strong> gastos <strong>ng</strong> kaganapan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na buhay,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga personal na self-pagtupad <strong>sa</strong> mga nagresulta<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan mga<br />

posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal at espirituwal na inaalok na produkto <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> mundo.<br />

Sa mga tuntunin <strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia para <strong>sa</strong> Ruso kultura <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bago<strong>ng</strong> isyu na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> pak<strong>sa</strong>: Ito ba ay katumbas <strong>ng</strong> halaga Pskov<br />

Pushkin ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> buwis?, Iyon ay, ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Mataas Culture awtoritaryan estado<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, censorship, bakal kurtina, servi<strong>ng</strong> tama<strong>ng</strong>? Ito tila <strong>sa</strong> amin na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ila<strong>ng</strong> mga pagpapagaan <strong>ng</strong> kultura, localization <strong>ng</strong> high-end na segment ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong>kop na si<strong>ng</strong>il para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapalaki <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran, mas kalayaan<br />

<strong>sa</strong>moosuschestvleniya kamatayan para <strong>sa</strong> mga tao ay dapat na. A<strong>ng</strong> susunod na<br />

yugto <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> na kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> acceleration <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> Russian-iisip. Radikalizuetsya proseso <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapalit elemento <strong>ng</strong> kaisipan, talaa<strong>ng</strong>kanan dati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> vertical masusukat na<br />

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mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> mundo na dulot <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pahiga sukat, kina<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kutan<br />

zhizneosuschestvlenie dito at <strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malinaw na tinukoy <strong>sa</strong> framework<br />

<strong>ng</strong> panlupa buhay, pagkakasundo <strong>sa</strong> gitna, masukat a<strong>ng</strong> malamig na pormal na<br />

pravoustanovleny, kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> ikapa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, kawalan <strong>ng</strong> kabagayan Search<br />

recipes uniber<strong>sa</strong>l kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n kapayapaan at tao ay dapat na kamatayan. Katibayan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> shift magli<strong>ng</strong>kod mass multo <strong>sa</strong>kit, a<strong>ng</strong> kaibuturan <strong>ng</strong> traumatiko<br />

shock na <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na malayo mas mahalaga kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay <strong>ng</strong> materyal na mga kondisyon.<br />

II. Sistema at disistema. Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari at Perspectives<br />

Sa kabila <strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> rootedness liberal proyekto <strong>sa</strong> Ruso lupa, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> uso pa rin a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay may binuo a<strong>ng</strong> batayan para <strong>sa</strong> pormasyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema. Ito ay mahina pa rin, <strong>ng</strong>unit malakas pa rin <strong>sa</strong>pat na<br />

panimba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw imperyal tradisyon, smoothi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kalubhaan<br />

neoimperskih at awtoritaryan porma <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> / muli<strong>ng</strong> pagbabalik.<br />

Proseso, malinaw manifested <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon, iminumu<strong>ng</strong>kahi <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagpapahina imperyal pyudal na sistema at a<strong>ng</strong> aktibo<strong>ng</strong> formation <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

alternatibo ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> sistema. A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> dahilan <strong>ng</strong> kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> na<br />

ito porotsessu ay kamatayan dahil at, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> reorientation <strong>ng</strong><br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>sa</strong> ideals <strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> pagtataguyod <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago<br />

<strong>sa</strong> panloob na balanse <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga imperyal at ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga elemento <strong>ng</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, kami ay<br />

makikita a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lakad patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> nadagdagan ibahagi <strong>ng</strong> liberal na<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap <strong>sa</strong> mga kamag-anak ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan <strong>sa</strong> proporsyon <strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong> proseso<br />

<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> imperyal. Ngunit kahit <strong>sa</strong> situasyon na ito, kami ay<br />

dapat kilalanin na a<strong>ng</strong> imperyalismo ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an pa pa<strong>ng</strong>ibabawan, masyado<br />

stre<strong>ng</strong>thened <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na taon.<br />

237

Gayon pa man, mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ika-90 taon <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kalakaran na maaari<strong>ng</strong> magdala <strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> liberal disistemu<br />

na-pareho <strong>sa</strong> mga imperyal-pyudal na sistema, at <strong>sa</strong> partikular na kaayon<br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> mga kondisyon na maaari<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>yari <strong>sa</strong> daluyan kataga, gawin ito<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw na sistema . Namin a<strong>ng</strong> mga kompanya na paniniwala na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na muli<strong>ng</strong> buhayin, upa<strong>ng</strong> makagawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

competitive at mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na sistema <strong>ng</strong> pyudal imperyal ay maaari lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

humahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mumunti tagal <strong>ng</strong> panahon na a<strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ma<strong>ng</strong>yayari<br />

paghihi<strong>ng</strong>alo. A<strong>ng</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> oras na matagumpay na ulitin a<strong>ng</strong> duguan Bolshevik<br />

rebolusyon kulbit, ibuhos a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> / bago<strong>ng</strong> imperyal nilalaman <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

porma - hindi posible. Sa oras na ito - a<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay ay maikli at na a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

patakaran <strong>ng</strong> imperyal pananauli ay may malubha<strong>ng</strong> panloob at panlabas na mas<br />

malubha<strong>ng</strong> constraints. Sa loob <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na mga limitasyon ay naka-set<br />

karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar <strong>sa</strong> mundo <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya at heopolitika.<br />

Ngayon mula <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ratio <strong>ng</strong> imperyal-pyudal<br />

na sistema at a<strong>ng</strong> mga umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na liberal disistemy magpatuloy <strong>sa</strong> aralin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> expression <strong>sa</strong> adaptation <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> kapwa mamamayan na a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kalagayan <strong>sa</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet Russia. Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga pinaka-pagpindot nakaharap a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga isyu <strong>sa</strong> amin upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

uma<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga forms. A<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pre-adaptation estratehiya ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> organic na produkto <strong>ng</strong> pyudal-imperyal<br />

sistema.<br />

Ito ay assumed na <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> proseso <strong>sa</strong><br />

ekonomiya - a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> self-expression <strong>ng</strong> mga personal na Aktibismo - ay<br />

dapat na lumikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> competitive na market, marami<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso at Western<br />

economists, a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> mga pulitiko-iisip na a<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> withdrawal<br />

regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan ay <strong>sa</strong>nhi <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> alon <strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />

inisyatiba, entrepreneurship, a<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bago<strong>ng</strong> kapitalista enterprises. Kaya, P. Aslund, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> eksperto <strong>sa</strong> sosyalista<br />

pagkakai<strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, kumunsulta <strong>sa</strong> Gobyerno <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga CIS ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

238

90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, <strong>sa</strong> simula <strong>ng</strong> reporma ka<strong>sa</strong>bihan na <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay may milyon-<br />

milyo<strong>ng</strong> mga negosyo na <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> enterprise at libre<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

presyo. Practice ay ipinapakita na a<strong>ng</strong> mga inaa<strong>sa</strong>han ay labis na mabuti, dahil <strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga potensyal na <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong> kapitalista na lipunan na ito ay lubos na<br />

overstated, at pinaka makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga alipin bahagi.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> corollary isina<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet at bahagya<strong>ng</strong> pre-Sobiyet<br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> patakaran ay a<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong><br />

sustainable kumplikado<strong>ng</strong> sikolohikal na hindi paniniwala <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

pwer<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan at <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> kapasidad bukod <strong>sa</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga bagay, <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> permanente<strong>ng</strong> ginawin <strong>sa</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> populasyon <strong>sa</strong><br />

Russia, at higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet intellectuals . Sa<br />

una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet reporma, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

na lipunan ay nanatili<strong>ng</strong> naghihintay para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> suporta <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kagustuhan <strong>ng</strong> estado, ayon <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga parameter na ito ay hindi na<br />

makakapag-play a<strong>ng</strong> mga papel na ginagampanan <strong>ng</strong> mga independiyente<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ekonomiya entidad.<br />

Error <strong>sa</strong> estima <strong>ng</strong> P. Aslund, at marami pa<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> mga pulitiko at<br />

economists ay dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan matagal na a<strong>ng</strong> nakalipas naka<strong>sa</strong>ad Ruso<br />

ekonomista at theologians SN Bulgakov: Man ay, siyempre, hindi a<strong>ng</strong> makina<br />

driven na ekonomiya <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> tagsibol <strong>ng</strong><br />

self-interes at pagkilos <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> hindi matinag katapatan at wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

kamali-mali kawastuhan, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga tiyak na uri <strong>ng</strong> espiritu <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kumplikado at pagkakaiba-iba <strong>ng</strong> sikolohikal pagganyak. Relihiyon, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw worldview inilalagay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na selyo at ekonomiya tao. Sa<br />

mga tao <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> puso ay naka-set na a<strong>ng</strong> link <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> relihiyon at pa<strong>ng</strong>-<br />

ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> aktibidad . Ipaalam kami tandaan a<strong>ng</strong> sorpre<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Tolstoy, na sinabi<br />

na ako ay may haba na-amazed na kama<strong>ng</strong>ha-ma<strong>ng</strong>ha, lalo-itinatag <strong>sa</strong> Kanlura<strong>ng</strong><br />

Europa, a<strong>ng</strong> makita na a<strong>ng</strong> gawain ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay na tulad <strong>ng</strong> virtues. Bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> halaga na ito tratsionalistskoy-regulasyon <strong>ng</strong> sistema, <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa<br />

ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maganda<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao ay hindi dapat humi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong><br />

239

yaman, since - yaman makakuha - <strong>sa</strong> impyerno na, <strong>ng</strong>unit i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na<br />

ideokraticheskomu a<strong>ng</strong> mga proyekto <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> relihiyon o seglar forms.<br />

Sa kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga gunita, S. Witte nagunita<strong>ng</strong> muli a<strong>ng</strong> kapaligiran ay tipikal<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso edukado lipunan <strong>sa</strong> 70-ies <strong>ng</strong> XIX na siglo, kapag <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> dovlel<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> espiritu <strong>ng</strong> mga kilala<strong>ng</strong> galit <strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

katayuan o materyal na kayamanan ay ibinibigay mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

medium-sized na mga tao ... na ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pakiramdam prevailed <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong><br />

intelihente liberal suson . A<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan ay matatag, a<strong>ng</strong> kapalit ay ganap<br />

maginoo <strong>sa</strong> pamban<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> Socio-cultural tradisyon. Ito ay naroroon at <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mahaba<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Russia, vyryvayas <strong>sa</strong> labas <strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka, Ko<strong>sa</strong>k riots<br />

Razin, Pugachev, Bolotnikova, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga mas maliit na<br />

disturbances, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> pagkaka<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> mga dekada <strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong> USSR. At <strong>ng</strong>ayon, <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon <strong>ng</strong> ati<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>sa</strong> lipunan ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> na may<br />

kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> malaya at proactive burges, sosyalan matagumpay a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong><br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan.<br />

Sa art form ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lubha<strong>ng</strong> kakatuwa <strong>sa</strong>loobin, <strong>ng</strong>unit dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

mas malinaw na ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> M. Bulgakov Dog Puso. A<strong>ng</strong> nauna pretty<br />

dvornyaga nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>ng</strong> science ay, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kaibuturan, a<strong>ng</strong> kanluranin,<br />

urgiynogo (nilikha <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> labor), a<strong>ng</strong> diskarte <strong>sa</strong> buhay, pagkanta<br />

rebolusyonaryo so<strong>ng</strong>s <strong>sa</strong> chorus, plays a<strong>ng</strong> balalaika, at a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>limuotan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mundo ay tumatagal <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> simple<strong>ng</strong> recipe: Oo doon ay nag-aalok <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ...<br />

pagkatapos ay isulat, isulat ... Ko<strong>ng</strong>reso, a<strong>ng</strong> mga Germans ay may <strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>ng</strong> ulo ...<br />

puhnet! Dalhin a<strong>ng</strong> lahat at hahatiin ... .<br />

At ku<strong>ng</strong> paano na a<strong>ng</strong> kaso ay udovoletvoreniem pinaka-press, pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an? Ito ay inaa<strong>sa</strong>m na a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong> araw-araw na tinapay na<br />

lumitaw bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> seksyon na ito <strong>ng</strong> mga estra<strong>ng</strong>hero ( wala<strong>ng</strong>) <strong>ng</strong><br />

ari-arian na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, o ito (<strong>ng</strong> tinapay), o pag-<br />

aalaga <strong>ng</strong> mga banal na awtoridad ay dapat alinman <strong>sa</strong> velichistvo <strong>sa</strong> kanya good<br />

luck at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> himala <strong>sa</strong> lahat. A<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga hinaha<strong>ng</strong>ad buod<br />

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form upa<strong>ng</strong> ipahayag a<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> mga diwata kuwento Sa schuchemu order,<br />

ako ay <strong>ng</strong>. Kaya a<strong>ng</strong> pag-ibig para <strong>sa</strong> mga piramide-type MMM, Paul himala,<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> laro para <strong>sa</strong> pera, a<strong>ng</strong> pinagbabatayan-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mana mula <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>it, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

himala, kaya <strong>ng</strong> madali<strong>ng</strong>, tunog <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw-araw na gawain <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong><br />

bala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>ng</strong> market economy <strong>ng</strong> magka<strong>sa</strong>ma upa<strong>ng</strong> baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> mga buhay para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y. Katulad na kalika<strong>sa</strong>n at a<strong>ng</strong> mga pana-panaho<strong>ng</strong> surges <strong>ng</strong> interes<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga gawain <strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>ulo, a<strong>ng</strong> gobyerno, a<strong>ng</strong> Duma: ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

ginagawa upa<strong>ng</strong> mapabuti a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> buhay, na Hindi ko<br />

gawin para <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay para <strong>sa</strong> akin.<br />

Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet reporma mamuhi <strong>sa</strong> mga tao, pagulu<strong>ng</strong>in a<strong>ng</strong><br />

average na bila<strong>ng</strong>, manifested bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mental invariant, a<strong>ng</strong> galit <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tinatawag na oligarchs, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> mga materyal na tagumpay, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paggamit <strong>ng</strong> kapitalista na form <strong>ng</strong> adaptation <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kalidad <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipunan at kultural na kapaligiran. Equalization, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay madali<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapitan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>sa</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong>-ama, a<strong>ng</strong> mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> pamimigay <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kuru-kuro <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso lipunan <strong>sa</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na taon ay<br />

nagbago na ito ay hindi kaya a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga panlabas na Socio-<br />

cultural set <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> buhay. Ito rin ay maliwanag na a<strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga background kaganapan, at <strong>sa</strong> magkahiwalay, palatandaan kaganapan,<br />

nakayayanig bigay <strong>ng</strong> lipas na.<br />

Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tag-lagas <strong>ng</strong> 2003, a<strong>ng</strong> chairman <strong>ng</strong> Unyon <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Industrialists at entrepeneur Ai Volski binala<strong>ng</strong>kas <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pani<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>ng</strong><br />

relasyon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at negosyo: Relations na may kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay dapat<br />

lutasin na <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> aareglo, direkta<strong>ng</strong> at lihim. Pero a<strong>ng</strong> problema ay<br />

hindi arise muli, a<strong>ng</strong> laro ay dapat i<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga alituntunin. At<br />

ipinaliwanag: Batas - Ruso expression ay tiyak at may mas malawak na kahulugan<br />

kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> batas. Ginoo<strong>ng</strong> Sam P. Wolski pumayag na negosyante magbayad para <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan, halimbawa, <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagtulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga awtoridad<br />

labanan a<strong>ng</strong> kahirapan, o suma<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> dagdagan a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> espesyal na<br />

buwis <strong>sa</strong> pinakinaba<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> industriya. Kami ay upa<strong>ng</strong> makilala na <strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon<br />

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epormista Ruso bi<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi pa rin <strong>sa</strong> batas, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> lipas na katutubo<strong>ng</strong><br />

Pravda (budhi), mala<strong>sa</strong>han bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> betrayal <strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga kapitalista na<br />

ito tunay na katotohanan (budhi), i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-alis mula <strong>sa</strong> ideal <strong>ng</strong> hustisya at<br />

pagkakapantay-pantay, naiintindihan na a<strong>ng</strong> equation <strong>ng</strong> kahirapan. Sa katunayan,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> equation <strong>ng</strong> yaman malinaw naman imposible.<br />

Sa karagdagan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> Ruso negosyo ay pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso na<br />

awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> personal, intuitive na antas. Siya ay a pagla<strong>ng</strong>kay-la<strong>ng</strong>kayin <strong>ng</strong><br />

shortcomi<strong>ng</strong>s: hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao<strong>ng</strong> may <strong>sa</strong>lamin <strong>sa</strong> mata at itali, <strong>ng</strong>unit<br />

sila ay madalas na neariyskogo pinagmulan, payagan a<strong>ng</strong> iyo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> pag-ibig<br />

na ito ay hindi imperyo, preferri<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> magbuo Russia <strong>sa</strong> global / European<br />

structures, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> mga militar. Kami ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maliit na pagbabago, <strong>sa</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> First World War, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bantog na Ruso espesyalista <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kit <strong>sa</strong> isip<br />

Propesor PI Kovalevskiy-publish <strong>ng</strong> libro A<strong>ng</strong> Psychology <strong>ng</strong> Ruso ban<strong>sa</strong>, ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an, inter alia, na: Sa mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na taon, at kami <strong>sa</strong> Russia nagdala<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> nakapagkaka<strong>sa</strong>kit Home -- Capital ... Para <strong>sa</strong> mga opisyal <strong>ng</strong><br />

ba<strong>ng</strong>ko, speculators, kulaks, a<strong>ng</strong> drafters <strong>ng</strong> syndicates na ito ay wala<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> bahay, wala<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>. Para <strong>sa</strong> kanila - lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kapitolyo. Para <strong>sa</strong><br />

kabisera wala<strong>ng</strong> da<strong>ng</strong>al, wala<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahalaga <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, at hindi <strong>sa</strong> kabutihan <strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong>. Capital ay internasyonal at kosmopolita .<br />

Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> hinala tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pader a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga ito a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga etiketa at patuloy <strong>ng</strong>ayon. Narito<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> fists, kanan, kaliwa, lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga ito <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> root, halos ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

ikapito<strong>ng</strong> tribu <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> mga taon <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet tuntunin nagdala a<strong>ng</strong> pagkatapos-<br />

Patriots statesmen, at lumitaw <strong>sa</strong> postsovetsoy <strong>ng</strong> buhay, mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka ay masyado<strong>ng</strong><br />

maliit at mahina na magtaas <strong>ng</strong> agrikultura, at upa<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan<br />

neoimperskaya ha<strong>ng</strong> label <strong>sa</strong> kanila <strong>sa</strong> bukid miroedov-zahrebernikov Bezrodny at<br />

kosmopolita <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao.<br />

Ngunit ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malalim, ay hindi<br />

mahalata <strong>ng</strong> mga kaisipan <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso negosyante, lalo na malaki, ito ay<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> iba, at i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> napaka-stro<strong>ng</strong> argument <strong>sa</strong> pabor <strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong><br />

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pamimigay <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian mula <strong>sa</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> negosyo <strong>sa</strong> estado, o hindi<br />

bababa <strong>sa</strong> transfer na ito mula <strong>sa</strong> mga sosyal na /-iisip at antropolohiko malayo<br />

negosyante <strong>sa</strong> panlipunan / kaisipan at a<strong>ng</strong> antropolohiko mga kamag-anak. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

lahat <strong>ng</strong> mas malinaw na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> gawi upa<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>sa</strong><br />

ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, tulad <strong>ng</strong> form, teknolohiya at a<strong>ng</strong> mga paraan<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> ibahin a<strong>ng</strong> anyo a<strong>ng</strong> mga lipas na <strong>sa</strong> panahon na institusyon <strong>ng</strong> pamamahagi<br />

<strong>ng</strong> kabuhayan <strong>sa</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong>pat na materyal at teknolohiko kapaligiran at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Ngayon ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> anyo <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

malakiha<strong>ng</strong> reallocation <strong>ng</strong> mga gamit-yaman na mula <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

malakas at relatibo<strong>ng</strong> independiyente<strong>ng</strong> (negosyo komunidad) <strong>sa</strong> bureaucracy <strong>ng</strong><br />

estado <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga konsepto <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamahagi <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya.<br />

Sa 90 <strong>ng</strong> nakaraa<strong>ng</strong> siglo <strong>sa</strong> Ruso ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> wala pa<strong>ng</strong> karana<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>sa</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> likas na excha<strong>ng</strong>e, lalambatin, o gantihan kalakalan. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> mga natural na paraan <strong>ng</strong> kalakalan noon ay dahil hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

situational reaksyon <strong>ng</strong> katawan upa<strong>ng</strong> mabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> estado<br />

order at a<strong>ng</strong> mga kamag-anak-ikli <strong>ng</strong> pera supply, <strong>ng</strong>unit din praktikal, tunay na<br />

pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ma-<strong>sa</strong>ma wala<strong>ng</strong> malay-tao, a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao a<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka-translate negosyo nakikita.<br />

George Foster, aral a<strong>ng</strong> tinatawag na kultura <strong>ng</strong> kahirapan, bantog na para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga tao, nakatira <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> kahirapan <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong><br />

daigdig, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mabuti, a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> maganda<strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>sa</strong> buhay ay may<br />

seemed i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rado sistema, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> gamit-yaman, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

limitado para <strong>sa</strong> mga grupo<strong>ng</strong> ito. Kaya, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao ay may i<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

grupo na natata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> malinaw na bentahe, ito ay karaniwan na na<strong>ng</strong>yari<br />

<strong>sa</strong> kapin<strong>sa</strong>laan <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> partido <strong>sa</strong> kolektibo<strong>ng</strong> . Russian pyudal-imperyal<br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan para <strong>sa</strong> siglo nilina<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> kahirapan <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, dahil a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga mahihirap at a<strong>ng</strong> mga pamilyar at mas madali para pamahalaan, sila ay hindi<br />

magigi<strong>ng</strong> manalanta <strong>sa</strong> Giroux, iyon ay, magkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> opinyon na naiiba<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> posisyon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay malama<strong>ng</strong> na hindi na<br />

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magi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tagapagtaguyod. Sobiyet panahon, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga linya,<br />

barracks para <strong>sa</strong> mga ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa at zekov, wagons para <strong>sa</strong> transportasyon<br />

tselinnikov at recruits ay lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinakahuli<strong>ng</strong> pandrama na hakba<strong>ng</strong> na ito <strong>ng</strong><br />

mahaba<strong>ng</strong> paglalakbay.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> mga siglo <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> mga personal na pinili<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> at malaya<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi, at pinakamahu<strong>sa</strong>y<br />

na, pagkuha <strong>sa</strong> mga dumayo, pagpapalakas <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga trabaho at katalinuhan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga dayuha<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>ng</strong>unit bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> patakaran, mga pisikal na<br />

nawa<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi na<br />

humanto<strong>ng</strong> at humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagkasira <strong>sa</strong> kalidad <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso lipunan, upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay pagkakataon, at <strong>sa</strong> mga direkta<strong>ng</strong> populasyon.<br />

Ngayon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga napili ay naganap, lumitaw mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> adverse pagpili, kapag a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lipunan ay nakauro<strong>ng</strong>, tina<strong>ng</strong>gihan<br />

o ila<strong>ng</strong> mga tao, pagsikat makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> itaas a<strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> kapaligiran.<br />

Sa ta<strong>ng</strong>hali, a<strong>ng</strong> Stalinist panahon katulad-align <strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> average at <strong>sa</strong> ibaba na<br />

ipinapakita <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> literal na kahulugan, a<strong>ng</strong> mga trahedya withdrawal mula <strong>sa</strong><br />

lipunan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> relatibo<strong>ng</strong> mataas na tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> Chief ay<br />

karana<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga sikolohikal na paghihirap. Sa marami<strong>ng</strong> parthozaktivah<br />

panahon dominado <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>ng</strong> average na taas, bila<strong>ng</strong> ig<br />

Erenburg wrote <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga gunita mga tao. Taon. Life , a<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon ay<br />

nagbago la<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> 60 <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo.<br />

Liberal reporma 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo ay kapuna-puna kataliwa<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong><br />

patakaran na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> malakas ay able <strong>sa</strong> bumuo <strong>ng</strong> libre, a<strong>ng</strong> paglikha <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

negosyo, upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ekonomiya kundi pati na rin panlipunan<br />

tagumpay. Sa kalagitnaan <strong>ng</strong> 90-ies, diyan ay humigit-kumula<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> 20 - 23% <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lakad patu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> pagbabawas.<br />

Ngunit a<strong>ng</strong> mahina proved mas higit na at ito ay hindi kama<strong>ng</strong>ha-ma<strong>ng</strong>ha na<br />

matapos na tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> mga personal na<br />

pinili. Prekapitalista (natural) uri <strong>ng</strong> pamilya <strong>sa</strong> bukid ay massively patok <strong>sa</strong> post-<br />

Sobiyet panahon, mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka (at hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ka ay may binuo<br />

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<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> birtuoso kakayahan na makalibre, upa<strong>ng</strong> anticipate <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari at<br />

mga hamon <strong>ng</strong> buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan ay napakahalaga <strong>sa</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> kondisyon,<br />

kapag a<strong>ng</strong> mga pamilya ay <strong>sa</strong>pilita<strong>ng</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong> buk<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>sa</strong>rado <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga kaugnay na Socio-economic structures, mabilis<br />

bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> network <strong>ng</strong> mga pahala<strong>ng</strong>, ku<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-loob, matulu<strong>ng</strong>in kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga kamag-anak at mga tagabaryo. A<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan na literal <strong>ng</strong> kahit na ano tapos<br />

na a<strong>ng</strong> araw na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na self-seguro pananagot system, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an<br />

- pisikal at sosyal na buhay .<br />

Karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> nagtano<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pre-teknolohiya <strong>ng</strong> buhay,<br />

kapag a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> pagpepreserba <strong>ng</strong> garanti<strong>sa</strong>do<strong>ng</strong> minimum na<br />

kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> mga gamit-yaman simple<strong>ng</strong> pagpaparami <strong>ng</strong> mga biological<br />

buhay, ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mapa<strong>ng</strong>anib, <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag-uugali. Sa post-Sobiyet<br />

panahon <strong>sa</strong> 70-80% <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> compatriots napili upa<strong>ng</strong> iakma a<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> mga reporma, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay lampas <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw <strong>ng</strong> mga kapitalista<br />

merkado ekonomiya, pagbabawas <strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>sa</strong> mga limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga pakete<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga kalakal at serbisyo <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpunta <strong>sa</strong> natural na paraan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao bezmolvstvuet, <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga kaso, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong><br />

balintiyak, <strong>sa</strong> ilalim adaptation diskarte. Sa Rusya, hindi katulad <strong>ng</strong> CIS, ay hindi<br />

lakit labor imigrasyon, maliban para <strong>sa</strong> integrasyon <strong>sa</strong> mundo (kanluranin)<br />

merkado a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-ka<strong>sa</strong>nayan <strong>ng</strong> mga ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa. A<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> klasiko<strong>ng</strong><br />

halimbawa <strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> labor imigrasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

programmers magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mabuti<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-agham na pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

siyentipiko, inhinyero, atbp Sa pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> mga de-<br />

industrialization, a<strong>ng</strong> pagsira <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ma-<strong>sa</strong>ma-<strong>sa</strong>kahan na sistema, na <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapalabas <strong>ng</strong> mga mass <strong>ng</strong> mga mas mababa <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>nayan<br />

ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa, ay hindi nagdulot <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> makabuluhan immigration trabaho<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-industriya at pa<strong>ng</strong>-agrikultura ma<strong>ng</strong>gagawa.<br />

Posteriori, <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong> mga post-Sobiyet dekada, maaari nami<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin na a<strong>ng</strong> mga praktikal na gamitin <strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyunal na Socio-cultural<br />

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tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> pag-uugali, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga norms natagpuan na hindi epektibo <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga kondisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga transition <strong>sa</strong> Rusya.<br />

Ngunit dahil <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan, na a<strong>ng</strong> mga alon <strong>ng</strong> Westernization ay<br />

malubak pabugso-bugso, a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay pa<strong>ng</strong>it: i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

malaki<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> nanalo<strong>ng</strong> mula <strong>sa</strong> komunidad o <strong>sa</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal<br />

na hindi kaugnay <strong>ng</strong> merkado at sibilyan na mga komunikasyon, <strong>ng</strong>unit lumiliko <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lumiligid bato , haba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> katunayan mga elemento <strong>ng</strong> mga luma<strong>ng</strong><br />

pamamahagi (<strong>ng</strong>unit hindi mahigpit regulated, at haotizirovannoy) sistema . A<strong>ng</strong><br />

ganito<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> namumuno <strong>sa</strong> lipunan ay hindi kaila<strong>ng</strong>an mo <strong>ng</strong> higit pa <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

artipisyal na-aanak <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad, siya <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay <strong>sa</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pagpipigil <strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>rili, <strong>ng</strong>unit kopyahin <strong>ng</strong> decreasi<strong>ng</strong> na laki, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> natural populasyo<strong>ng</strong><br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>gihan <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay humigit-kumula<strong>ng</strong> na 800 thou<strong>sa</strong>nd-milyo<strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

taon. Maaari i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> nais mo<strong>ng</strong> magpataw <strong>ng</strong> mga pamantayan <strong>ng</strong><br />

pamumuhay, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi mo maaari<strong>ng</strong> pilitin na puwer<strong>sa</strong> kanya na nakatira.<br />

Imperial ideals <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> mga form para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>sa</strong>ynete-isip a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyonal na media - ito ay hindi ku<strong>ng</strong> ano ay nagkakahalaga <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay. Ay<br />

dapat - may namatay, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> matipuno Ruso a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay may hindi pa <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakataon na pagyamanin at palawakin a<strong>ng</strong> mga buhay at <strong>sa</strong> mundo na umiiral<br />

na. Ito ay makikita at a<strong>ng</strong> malu<strong>ng</strong>kot na istatistika <strong>ng</strong> alkoholismo, bawal na gamot<br />

na pa<strong>ng</strong>-aabuso at mental disorder.<br />

Iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga manifestations <strong>ng</strong> Deviant pag-uugali ay batay <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> mga kadahilanan sotsiokulurnyh, <strong>ng</strong>unit sila ay lahat <strong>ng</strong> nagdala <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> denominador, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> - kawalan <strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong>: A<strong>ng</strong><br />

pananaliksik na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> makabalighuan pagpapalagay siyentipiko. Kapag<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panlabas na kagali<strong>ng</strong>an at pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> paglago <strong>sa</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tunay na tao potensyal <strong>ng</strong> mabilis deteriorati<strong>ng</strong> . Sa iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay<br />

hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> patakbuhin a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pahiga-aayos, materyal na pag-unlad, at<br />

tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> consumer lipunan ay hindi pa maaari<strong>ng</strong> makamit smyslozhiznennym<br />

Project para <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> populasyon <strong>ng</strong> Russia.<br />

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Ngunit hindi lahat <strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay malu<strong>ng</strong>kot. Sa post-Sobiyet panahon,<br />

binuo batay <strong>sa</strong> pagkamaka<strong>sa</strong>rili at kapitalista paraan <strong>ng</strong> aktibidad <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> adaptation estratehiya. Pa<strong>ng</strong>gaganyak ( dostizhencheskaya )<br />

aktibidad naglili<strong>ng</strong>kod <strong>ng</strong> kaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> buhay na diskarte, na<br />

ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay dinisenyo para <strong>sa</strong> mga sosyal na pagta<strong>ng</strong>gap at pagta<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong><br />

anuma<strong>ng</strong> mga benepisyo ... Ito ay batay <strong>sa</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

indibidwal <strong>sa</strong> pagkilala at pagpapahalaga <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ... ito - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> diskarte <strong>ng</strong><br />

Aktibismo at makahulugan halaga. Kinuha namin a<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> modernizi<strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia dostizhitelnyh ay a<strong>ng</strong> paggalaw <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na pagbubuyo <strong>sa</strong> antas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ligan representasyon, mga simbolo at halaga na gabay <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

tao <strong>sa</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga araw-araw na negosyo uugali.<br />

Mabi<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> aktibidad ay may i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

edukado bahagi <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat coincidi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan <strong>sa</strong><br />

Russia a<strong>ng</strong> umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri. A<strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> sociological research<br />

Lifestyle middle class, na isina<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> magasin expert at <strong>sa</strong><br />

sirkon, magpahiwatig na a<strong>ng</strong> Russian gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong><br />

kalahati ay binubuo <strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan na may mas mataas na edukasyon. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> kita, panlipunan katanyagan, kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan na posisyon<br />

kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> resulta <strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na mga propesyonal na<br />

kwalipikasyon, a<strong>ng</strong> demand para <strong>sa</strong> mga libre<strong>ng</strong> labor market. A<strong>ng</strong> mga antas <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-aaral na negosyante (ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin, mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> negosyante <strong>sa</strong> 2001, ay<br />

nagi<strong>ng</strong> kahit na mas mataas na: 96.9% nagtapos mula <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> unibersidad, 13.4%<br />

- <strong>ng</strong> higit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> unibersidad. Mas madalas kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> hindi, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

mataas na edukasyon ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> legal o pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga epektibo<strong>ng</strong> estratehiya adaptation, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> primarya<strong>ng</strong> nakapaloob <strong>sa</strong> kapitalista ekonomiya, tulad <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kaso <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tradisyonal na adaptation halaga ay natutukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kagustuhan <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga indibidwal na. A<strong>ng</strong> mga bataya<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> average na Russians ay kalayaan,<br />

ay, enerhiya at mga disiplina <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili. A<strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na pagpapahayag <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

halaga<strong>ng</strong> ito, a<strong>ng</strong> mas malapit <strong>sa</strong> tuktok <strong>ng</strong> piramide panlipunan. Alternative na<br />

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halaga <strong>sa</strong> mga kanino sila ay mula <strong>sa</strong> kaliwa ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga ugali, etika, at a<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong><br />

Sobiyet pagigi<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>pi <strong>sa</strong> komunidad .<br />

Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>-araw araw na buhay na unti-unti i<strong>sa</strong>ma a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> halaga,<br />

mga layunin, na inaprobahan <strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> buhay at pag-uugali.<br />

Para <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay may lagi been mahalaga<strong>ng</strong>-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga panlabas<br />

na pagsusuri, ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin ekstroobraza tao, na ibinigay <strong>sa</strong> aatubili <strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong><br />

mass, gaya <strong>ng</strong> naka<strong>sa</strong>ad <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>bihan <strong>ng</strong> mga uri: Ako ay tulad <strong>ng</strong> lahat. Hindi ako<br />

umaa<strong>sa</strong> , atbp Etatistskoe kinakapatid <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> katinuan-a<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> lipunan, na<br />

awtoridad nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> proseso <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan at<br />

inkulturatsii pagkatao, patuloy na sundin a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

katapu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> ikadalawampu siglo <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay minarkahan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong><br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>nay <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>panlipunan at inkulturatsii indibidwal na mga modelo para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> tagumpay. Sa una<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet dekada, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lumalago<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Russians gamitin a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong> mekanismo <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural<br />

paglelehitimo <strong>ng</strong> tagumpay na ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paghahalili mula <strong>sa</strong> pag-aaral<br />

namamayani <strong>sa</strong> komunidad, kommunitarnyh halaga <strong>sa</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> mga kanya.<br />

Tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> 20% <strong>ng</strong> mga Russians napili na diskarte para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> aksyon,<br />

ibig <strong>sa</strong>bihin binuk<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> negosyo, propesyonal na nata<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>dya, gamit a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ka<strong>sa</strong>nayan <strong>sa</strong> mga rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> Rusya at mga ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> mundo ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an sila ay higit pa <strong>sa</strong> demand. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> tularan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

identity <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, naiiba mula <strong>sa</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> mga grupo, mga interes.<br />

Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> aktibo<strong>ng</strong> gawain <strong>ng</strong> mga nag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili indibidwal ay may<br />

kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> pinaka-mabi<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Anthony Giddens ay naniniwala na a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao ay madalas na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

paglilina<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>anib, maaari<strong>ng</strong> makita a<strong>ng</strong> mga unpredictable laro kaso, <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari na perceived <strong>ng</strong> iba bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> estereotipo, hindi<br />

ma<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> malikhai<strong>ng</strong> interpretasyon. Umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na palawakin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga <strong>makabago</strong><strong>ng</strong>-likha <strong>ng</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>gahan <strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> lipunan-ta<strong>ng</strong>gap na gawi.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kawalan <strong>ng</strong> banal na predetermination, stochastic kadahilanan randomness<br />

buk<strong>sa</strong>n buhay sitwasyon gumagawa <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ambivalence, ay nalutas na resulta<br />

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<strong>ng</strong> malikhai<strong>ng</strong> aksyon. Sa ganito<strong>ng</strong> konteksto, nilina<strong>ng</strong> magkakaugnay <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>anib<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagka<strong>makabago</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

diskarte <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> pagkakakilanlan, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> katalinuhan, a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong><br />

maganda<strong>ng</strong> buhay mga pagpipilian, dahil Ngayon, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>anib ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

bagay <strong>ng</strong> pagpipilian, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> tadhana.<br />

Sa araw na ito a<strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong> miyembro <strong>ng</strong> middle class una at natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga natutukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> mga positibo (burges) buhay<br />

estratehiya <strong>ng</strong> adaptation, <strong>sa</strong> fullest lawak <strong>ng</strong> mga katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet<br />

buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> mga positibo<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> adaptation ginagamit higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso middle class.<br />

Sa kabila <strong>ng</strong> relatibo<strong>ng</strong> maliit na bahagi <strong>ng</strong> gitna <strong>ng</strong> klase, binubuo <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

lipunan <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, social support <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

post-Sobiyet panahon ay hindi tutugma <strong>sa</strong> mga ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan nito - ito ay mas<br />

malawak na. Sa 1996 - 2000 taon (maliban <strong>sa</strong> mga ila<strong>ng</strong> buwan matapos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

Agosto 1998 krisis) <strong>sa</strong> mga Russians polled <strong>ng</strong> mga tao <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

sociologists nadama a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> patuloy na merkado reporma, mas<br />

malaki kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> payag na huminto. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na ito ay bumubuo <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kamag-anak <strong>ng</strong> karamihan <strong>sa</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> Russia. Halos i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> third <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga adult na populasyon ay <strong>sa</strong> katunayan para <strong>sa</strong> upgrade. Natural, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga mananaliksik ay <strong>ng</strong> mas mababa <strong>sa</strong> mabuti ti<strong>ng</strong>nan <strong>sa</strong> kalika<strong>sa</strong>n, epektibo at<br />

availability <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> makrosubeta <strong>ng</strong> Ruso reporma. Kaya, Ti Zaslavskaya<br />

tala na ... a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi pa na binuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> social makrosubekt hindi lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

intere<strong>sa</strong>do <strong>sa</strong> pagkumpleto <strong>ng</strong> mga demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> reporma, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> halip <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> integral at malakas na malutas a<strong>ng</strong> problema<strong>ng</strong> ito <strong>sa</strong>dya.<br />

Gayon pa man, kami ay naniniwala na, haba<strong>ng</strong> pinapanatili relatibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

mainam panlabas na kapaligiran, <strong>sa</strong> partikular, a<strong>ng</strong> mga kondisyon na nagreresulta<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> imbentaryo syrevyh merkado, buwis <strong>sa</strong> rehimen, ay nagtatrabaho <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong> mga tulad na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> macro-artista, a<strong>ng</strong> patuloy na intere<strong>sa</strong>do <strong>sa</strong><br />

transformation na proseso <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong>. Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-malakas, kabataan, edukado, katuwiran ay<br />

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gumagamit <strong>ng</strong> buhay diskarte at pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> positibo<strong>ng</strong> motivations <strong>sa</strong> buhay<br />

<strong>ng</strong> lipunan. A<strong>ng</strong> Russian yuppie kalagitnaan <strong>sa</strong> huli 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

tao sino ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> gamitin para <strong>sa</strong> susunod na ideokraticheskogo proyekto.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makrosubekt nag-aalala <strong>sa</strong> Europeanization <strong>ng</strong> Russia, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos<br />

tu<strong>ng</strong>o <strong>sa</strong> integrasyon <strong>sa</strong> mga internasyonal na institusyon at, <strong>sa</strong> partikular,<br />

European ekonomiya, pampulitika at militar structures. Ito ay nakapaloob <strong>sa</strong><br />

istraktura <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo Europa ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> patibayin a<strong>ng</strong> katayuan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kahalili<strong>ng</strong> liberal Socio-cultural system bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri ay dynamic na pag-unlad, kaya a<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> taon <strong>ng</strong><br />

pananaliksik na isina<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> auspices <strong>ng</strong> magasin expert, siya lumago<br />

up mula <strong>sa</strong> 14 ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> 25% <strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> populasyon <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, ito, na may<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>pat na antas <strong>ng</strong> conditionality ay nahahati <strong>sa</strong> itaas, gitna at mababa<strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> pamamaraan <strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral, pagigi<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>pi <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> partikular na pato<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri ay natutukoy <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> buwana<strong>ng</strong> kita para <strong>sa</strong><br />

bawat miyembro <strong>ng</strong> pamilya.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> Russian middle class na unti-unti ceases magi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bagay <strong>sa</strong><br />

kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, tumutukoy <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kagustuhan <strong>sa</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> norms at mga<br />

halaga, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaugnay <strong>sa</strong> kolektibismo at pagkamaka<strong>sa</strong>rili, partido<strong>ng</strong><br />

pulitikal atbp t Ito ay evidenced <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga resulta <strong>ng</strong> sociological<br />

pananaliksik, upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga tag-lagas <strong>ng</strong> 2002 <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> magasin expert<br />

at <strong>sa</strong> sirkon i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral ay isina<strong>sa</strong>gawa A<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> kagustuhan <strong>ng</strong><br />

gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri.<br />

Bigyan kami <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga numero <strong>ng</strong> per capita income <strong>ng</strong> mga iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

grupo <strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri, na higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat magkakaugnay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> halaga at<br />

ideological preferences.<br />

Tayo'y magsimula. Less pinakinaba<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri (na mas<br />

mababa middle class) ay mas hilig na sundan a<strong>ng</strong> Ruso Socio-cultural tradisyon,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> halaga tulad <strong>ng</strong> kolektibismo, panlipunan<br />

kataru<strong>ng</strong>an, a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga kinatawan ay mas inilabas <strong>sa</strong> kaliwa <strong>ng</strong><br />

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pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> spectrum. A<strong>ng</strong> komposisyon <strong>ng</strong> mga ito, a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-marami<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> 60% <strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso gitna klase,<br />

binubuo <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso <strong>sa</strong> mga mamamayan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buwana<strong>ng</strong> kita para <strong>sa</strong> bawat<br />

tao <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pamilya <strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> 150 - 250 USD. Estados Unidos. A<strong>ng</strong> grupo<strong>ng</strong><br />

ito ay kadala<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kinakatawan <strong>ng</strong> ordinaryo<strong>ng</strong> clerks <strong>ng</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> kompanya<br />

at mga ahensya <strong>ng</strong> gobyerno, gitna managers at labor aristokrasya.<br />

Higit pa<strong>ng</strong> mga grupo <strong>ng</strong> pinakinaba<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> ginusto individualistic halaga na<br />

payag mag-pa<strong>ng</strong>anib, personal na pagpipilian, tendi<strong>ng</strong>, una <strong>sa</strong> lahat, <strong>sa</strong> kana<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Ruso political spectrum. Sa mga ito, a<strong>ng</strong> hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />

grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga middle class, na kumakatawan <strong>sa</strong> 12%, a<strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

buwana<strong>ng</strong> kita para <strong>sa</strong> bawat tao <strong>sa</strong> pamilya ay lumampas <strong>sa</strong> halaga na katumbas<br />

<strong>ng</strong> 400 USD. Estados Unidos. Upper middle class ay binubuo <strong>ng</strong> mga top<br />

managers <strong>ng</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> at katamtaman a<strong>ng</strong> laki <strong>ng</strong> mga kompanya, mga<br />

may-ari <strong>ng</strong> mga maliliit na kumpanya, mataas a<strong>ng</strong> mga kuwalipikado<strong>ng</strong><br />

propesyonal.<br />

Sa pagitan <strong>ng</strong> itaas at mas mababa<strong>ng</strong> grupo ay sekundaryo<strong>ng</strong> middle class<br />

income level na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>klaw mula <strong>sa</strong> 250 <strong>sa</strong> 400 USD. Estados Unidos.<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga, grupo <strong>ng</strong> edad na ito ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat inilabas <strong>sa</strong><br />

itaas na posisyon ginagawa <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri, na malama<strong>ng</strong> ay dahil<br />

<strong>sa</strong> malaki at maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> personal optimismo, pananalig <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong><br />

kakayahan. A<strong>ng</strong> grupo<strong>ng</strong> ito ay tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> 28% <strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

middle class.<br />

Lower middle class ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> aktibo<strong>ng</strong> tagataguyod <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

kataru<strong>ng</strong>an at pagpareho <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural spheres <strong>ng</strong> lipunan, na ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili nito <strong>sa</strong> pagnanais <strong>ng</strong> estado a<strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong>-ama, kitid a<strong>ng</strong> puwa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga pinaka-at a<strong>ng</strong> mga kahit well off grupo. Ito ay mahalaga aktibo<strong>ng</strong><br />

pamahalaan <strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>sa</strong> mga bagay na <strong>ng</strong> trabaho, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> pakikilahok <strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa at kapital, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay complemented <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> relatibo<strong>ng</strong> mataas na suporta para <strong>sa</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> pamimigay,<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian na nakuha <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mapanlinla<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

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paraan. Sa panahon <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> mga kinalaba<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>ng</strong> privatization <strong>sa</strong> grupo na<br />

ito na suportado <strong>ng</strong> mga respondents a<strong>ng</strong> order <strong>ng</strong> 27% <strong>ng</strong> mga respondents, laban<br />

<strong>sa</strong> 16% <strong>sa</strong> mga grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga itaas na middle class. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> views shared <strong>ng</strong><br />

karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga mas mababa<strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri, a<strong>ng</strong> estado ay dapat na play <strong>ng</strong><br />

aktibo<strong>ng</strong> papel <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>asiwa <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya, <strong>sa</strong> addressi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> conflicts <strong>sa</strong><br />

pagitan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa at kapital. At <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, ito ay dapat na kilala <strong>sa</strong><br />

mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>sa</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> halaga, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay itinuturi<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> Panel idedeklara a<strong>ng</strong> respondents, na kumakatawan <strong>sa</strong> mga mas mababa<strong>ng</strong><br />

gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri. A<strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pag-aaral magmu<strong>ng</strong>kahi na a<strong>ng</strong> mga mas<br />

mababa<strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri ay elektoral <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> framework para <strong>sa</strong> pagpapaunlad <strong>ng</strong><br />

Ruso sosyal demokrasya. Sa baba<strong>ng</strong> gitna heightened a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> kahulugan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an, <strong>sa</strong>makatuwid, <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga view, bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> maayos promenyat sibil kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kataru<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

pyudal-imperyal modelo.<br />

Upper middle class para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga posisyon ay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> iba't<br />

iba<strong>ng</strong> mga view kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> counterparts mula <strong>sa</strong> mababa<strong>ng</strong>-kita <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

grupo <strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> kumakalat <strong>sa</strong> environment na ito point of view, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

estado ay dapat na <strong>sa</strong> wakas inabanduna <strong>ng</strong> mga tradisyunal na patakaran <strong>ng</strong><br />

pagigi<strong>ng</strong>-ama <strong>sa</strong> may kinalaman <strong>sa</strong> lipunan bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> buo at a<strong>ng</strong> mga negosyo<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga partikular na komunidad. Upper middle class sumusuporta a<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya, opposes a<strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> pamimigay <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> halip na ito ay dapat na a<strong>ng</strong> Estado, bila<strong>ng</strong> kasosyo, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tagapag-<br />

alaga. A<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na ito ay hindi sirye at nakaririmarim, <strong>ng</strong>unit pantay at karapat-<br />

dapat.<br />

Sa iba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, <strong>sa</strong> itaas na grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso gitna-class tiwala <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili,<br />

pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>lita para <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, a<strong>ng</strong> palayain <strong>ng</strong> indibidwal, ay may kaya <strong>sa</strong><br />

malutas a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga bataya<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga problema. Higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga views mapa<strong>sa</strong>bay <strong>sa</strong> classical liberal tradisyon, na a<strong>ng</strong> gobyerno ay nilikha<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> protektahan a<strong>ng</strong> mga mamamayan <strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> konstitusyonal na karapatan,<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> function <strong>ng</strong> estado at dapat may limitasyon. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> konsepto <strong>ng</strong><br />

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pagkatao, dahil wala<strong>ng</strong> mga layunin (agham) paraan upa<strong>ng</strong> matukoy a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kagustuhan para <strong>sa</strong> mga indibidwal, mga indibidwal a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili ay dapat<br />

magpasiya ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> tama at ku<strong>ng</strong> ano a<strong>ng</strong> hindi totoo, a<strong>ng</strong> pag-abot <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

maximum na halaga at kahu<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> aktibidad. A<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

natata<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> views (itaas na gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri ay upa<strong>ng</strong> makilala<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mataas na halaga <strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>rili, ay kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at disiplina <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili. Ito ay<br />

lilitaw, batay <strong>sa</strong> mga resources, sila ay nakakamit ku<strong>ng</strong> ano sila ay nakakamit.<br />

Bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> itaas middle class, at gravitati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> bahagi gawin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga potensyal na elektoral base <strong>ng</strong> mga karapata<strong>ng</strong>-pakpak partido. Lower middle<br />

class ay mas nakatutok <strong>sa</strong> sosyal-demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> halaga. Ito ay lumilikha <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

potensyal na para <strong>sa</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong>-partido demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> sistema, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga vector <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad na, ayon <strong>sa</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> orientation <strong>ng</strong> Ruso<br />

middle class ay naglalayo<strong>ng</strong> gu<strong>sa</strong>li i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> sociocultural<br />

sistema. Unti-unti realizi<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> grupo na may<br />

kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, pampulitika at pa<strong>ng</strong>kultura interes <strong>ng</strong><br />

itaas at gitna na seksyon <strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mga umuusbo<strong>ng</strong> na gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri gawain<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> potensyal na pak<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>.<br />

I<strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga porma <strong>ng</strong> panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> kumpetisyon bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

cultural kababalaghan, K. Mannheim divides dalawa<strong>ng</strong> panimula <strong>ng</strong> iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> na<br />

paglalapit <strong>sa</strong> buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> diskarte assumes na a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> malay driven na mga layunin, ito ay mapag-adhika at alam a<strong>ng</strong> mga kompanya,<br />

na naghahanap nakapa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>atwiran mundo perceives at nauunawaan <strong>ng</strong> panahon<br />

bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> integridad. Pagkatao nurtured a<strong>ng</strong> mga kata<strong>ng</strong>ian na<br />

kinakaila<strong>ng</strong>an para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> mag<strong>sa</strong>gupa: a<strong>ng</strong> tapa<strong>ng</strong>, realismo, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kakayahan na suriin a<strong>ng</strong> sikolohiya <strong>ng</strong> mga kaaway, masigasig na interes upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

malaman a<strong>ng</strong> pagtutulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga phenomena, a<strong>ng</strong> tapat na anticipation <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bago<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon, a<strong>ng</strong> kakayahan na makita a<strong>ng</strong> mga perspektibo <strong>ng</strong> bawat i<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga advances <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> supply kadena, na nakatira malapit <strong>sa</strong> hinaharap<br />

kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuyan, hindi nasiyahan na naabot, pindutin para <strong>sa</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

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pagkakataon <strong>ng</strong> tagumpay, believi<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> pagpapatupad ay mas<br />

mahalaga kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> ano na ito ay nakakamit, <strong>sa</strong> maikli<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> pagsisikap upa<strong>ng</strong> malampa<strong>sa</strong>n ati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, at kawalan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> i-drag a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> .<br />

Paghihirap, obstacles <strong>sa</strong> mga layunin, pan<strong>sa</strong>mantala<strong>ng</strong> setbacks ay hindi<br />

hihinto <strong>sa</strong> tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao: A<strong>ng</strong> karaniwa<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> average na Russians ay<br />

kalayaan, ay, enerhiya at mga disiplina <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili. A<strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na pagpapahayag<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga<strong>ng</strong> ito, a<strong>ng</strong> mas malapit <strong>sa</strong> tuktok <strong>ng</strong> panlipunan at kultural<br />

pyramids. Alternative na halaga <strong>sa</strong> mga kanino sila ay mula <strong>sa</strong> kaliwa ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

ugali, etika, at a<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet pagigi<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>pi <strong>sa</strong> komunidad .<br />

Sa kaibahan <strong>sa</strong> una, masugid na, dostizhitelnomu uri <strong>ng</strong> tao, na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw<br />

<strong>sa</strong> lipunan, <strong>makabago</strong>, pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> uri, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay karaniwa<strong>ng</strong>, lalo na para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> mga tradisyunal na / polutraditsionnogo, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet lipunan, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

mas pasibo, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>ng</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> inabanduna<strong>ng</strong> magpumiglas para <strong>sa</strong><br />

tagumpay <strong>sa</strong> buhay. A<strong>ng</strong> oras para <strong>sa</strong> mga ito - at static na paulit-ulit, ito ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />

buo<strong>ng</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> moods, at a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kasinu<strong>ng</strong>ali<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>anib <strong>ng</strong> pagtalikod. A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>anib <strong>ng</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili -<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>gan source <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>hig. Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan ay hindi mababago <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kabuua<strong>ng</strong> buhay estilo <strong>ng</strong> pagbabago, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> buhay<br />

mismo ay nagigi<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> target. Kaya, pagkawala <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian na ako ay may ay<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> pagsumite <strong>ng</strong> mga Indians <strong>ng</strong> nirvana.<br />

Kristiyano mistisismo nagpapakita <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagnanais na pag<strong>sa</strong>mahin a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

indibidwal na may Kristo ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> ganap na dissolved <strong>sa</strong> Kristo . A<strong>ng</strong><br />

ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> pagkatao ay talaga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-ayon <strong>sa</strong> tradisyon Ortodoksia<br />

relihiyoso, ay tunay na kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i seglar nilalaman <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet panahon,<br />

accounti<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga tao luma<strong>ng</strong> Russian pyudal imperyal sistema.<br />

Kaya, ami<strong>ng</strong> dagli-ala<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

buhay na mga estratehiya na ginagamit <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga compatriots <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet<br />

Russia - at a<strong>ng</strong> mga burges doburzhuaznuyu. A<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong> mga patakaran<br />

<strong>ng</strong> buhay ay higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat na ka<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kot a<strong>ng</strong> itaas at gitna<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri<br />

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at a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa<strong>ng</strong> grupo <strong>ng</strong> pahi<strong>ng</strong>a, bila<strong>ng</strong> namin na kilala, karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

Ruso lipunan. Ito ay a<strong>ng</strong> katapat <strong>ng</strong> mga iyon at a<strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga may malubha<strong>ng</strong><br />

epekto <strong>sa</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> mga posible<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari para <strong>sa</strong> mga hinaharap na pag-<br />

unlad <strong>ng</strong> Russia.<br />

Sa ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, kami tandaan na may butas laban <strong>sa</strong> mga senaryo <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mapa<strong>ng</strong>anib na kalakaran arhaizatsii regular na pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> kamalayan at,<br />

tila, a<strong>ng</strong> pinakabago huli<strong>ng</strong> imperyal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> / pananauli ay hindi<br />

ma-resolve a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> hamon - upa<strong>ng</strong> ibalik a<strong>ng</strong> mga empire. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas malinaw na pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan mula <strong>sa</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> modelo<br />

<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> karaniwan na humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> acceleration<br />

pagkaatraso Russia para <strong>sa</strong> karamihan <strong>ng</strong> mga tagapagpabatid hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kanluranin mundo, pero maaari<strong>ng</strong> mula rin <strong>sa</strong> mga di-kanluranin na ban<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

nakatayo <strong>sa</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. Sa partikular, a<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi ay<br />

hahanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagtaas <strong>ng</strong> teknolohiko puwa<strong>ng</strong>, tulad <strong>ng</strong> batay <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>, na, tulad namin ay pinapakita, batay <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

malaki at mabigat na trabaho <strong>sa</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> post-teknolohiko panahon<br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakapareho <strong>ng</strong> Euro-Atlantic kabihasnan gawi<strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> panimula imposible. Upa<strong>ng</strong> makamit at mapanatili a<strong>ng</strong> na-pareho na<br />

kaila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> tao, mga propesyonal, libre<strong>ng</strong> damdamin <strong>sa</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

perceivi<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, <strong>sa</strong> media, lalo na <strong>sa</strong> telebisyon, na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gi<br />

at allergy.<br />

Ito ay i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kabalintunaan <strong>sa</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> sulyap ito tunog - wala<strong>ng</strong> ATP at<br />

man<strong>sa</strong>nas <strong>sa</strong> Parlyamento (na <strong>ng</strong>ayon a<strong>ng</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> mga partido, at sila ay<br />

kumakatawan <strong>sa</strong> aki<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>sa</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan), na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> malaya<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpili <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> libre<strong>ng</strong> pahayagan <strong>ng</strong> umaga <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kape -<br />

wala<strong>ng</strong> teknolohiko pagkakapareho, ka<strong>sa</strong>ma na a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> militar na lara<strong>ng</strong>an, <strong>sa</strong><br />

post-industrial mundo ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong>. Nito lama<strong>ng</strong> doon <strong>sa</strong> mga suporta. Libre<br />

at propesyonal na mga tao na makahanap <strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili malayo more<br />

bayad na trabaho at <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas mataas na antas <strong>ng</strong> kalayaan <strong>sa</strong> kahit <strong>sa</strong>an <strong>sa</strong> Los<br />

Alamos, at a<strong>ng</strong> imperyal opisina, hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> mga takot <strong>ng</strong>unit para <strong>sa</strong><br />

255

udhi ay handa na gawin ito pagkakapareho - ito ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> makamit.<br />

Hindi na panahon, hindi <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> panloob na kalayaan, hindi a<strong>ng</strong> pag-access <strong>sa</strong><br />

impormasyon, at <strong>sa</strong> laba<strong>sa</strong>n - hindi <strong>sa</strong> antas <strong>ng</strong> pagkamalikhain. A<strong>ng</strong> lahat na ito,<br />

in turn, mag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ra para <strong>sa</strong> posibilidad <strong>ng</strong> Russia pag<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>sa</strong> post-World at a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

prospects para <strong>sa</strong> mga gu<strong>sa</strong>li <strong>ng</strong> impormasyon <strong>sa</strong> lipunan - a<strong>ng</strong> teknolohiya <strong>ng</strong><br />

puwa<strong>ng</strong> ay magigi<strong>ng</strong> hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> pawala<strong>ng</strong>-bi<strong>sa</strong>.<br />

Ngunit hindi lahat <strong>ng</strong> kaya malu<strong>ng</strong>kot, iba<strong>ng</strong> nakamamatay na ginawa para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay hindi pa ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> katapu<strong>sa</strong>n at 90-ies <strong>ng</strong> XX siglo ay<br />

nakararami oras liberal paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong>. At <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> oras na ito ay <strong>sa</strong><br />

proseso <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, bahagya<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika, at kahit na <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

maliit lawak, a<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri - a<strong>ng</strong> pundasyon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> lipunan. Oo, a<strong>ng</strong> proseso<strong>ng</strong> ito ay dahan-dahan at mahirap at,<br />

<strong>sa</strong> subjective na antas, hindi lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso middle class ay<br />

shared liberal halaga. Moderno<strong>ng</strong> lunsod bourgeoisie maliit pa rin at hindi ganap<br />

na malaman a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pampulitika<strong>ng</strong> mga interes, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> daluyan na<br />

unti-unti vyzrevaet sikolohikal na kahandaan, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi <strong>sa</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>lu<strong>ng</strong>at<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pyudal-imperyal <strong>ng</strong> estado, at pagkatapos ay hindi bababa <strong>sa</strong> upa<strong>ng</strong><br />

maprotektahan a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> ibig<br />

<strong>sa</strong>bihin nito ay magagamit. A<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda ay<br />

naniniwala na ito ay <strong>sa</strong> pre-Sobiyet Russia.<br />

Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong> ratio <strong>ng</strong> mga non-Russians <strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> pre-Sobiyet<br />

panahon, a<strong>ng</strong> mga moderno<strong>ng</strong> Ruso pilosopo at mag-aaral <strong>ng</strong> mga AF Losev,<br />

Vladimir B. Bibihin inilarawan bila<strong>ng</strong> mga sumusunod: Ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Russia pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />

ari-arian ay upa<strong>ng</strong> madali, halos wala<strong>ng</strong> pagtutol, ay na-swept sosyalista pag-inog<br />

<strong>ng</strong> mga hilig, ito ay dahil lama<strong>ng</strong> Masyado<strong>ng</strong> mahina a<strong>ng</strong> pananampalataya <strong>sa</strong><br />

katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, at a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>rili ograblyaemye may-<br />

ari <strong>ng</strong> negoduya <strong>sa</strong> looters para <strong>sa</strong> personal na dahilan, malalim <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

puso ay hindi naniniwala <strong>sa</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga karapatan, hindi alam <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong><br />

kabanalan, ay hindi nararamdaman a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga pananagutan na ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol<br />

256

ito, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, lihim believed <strong>sa</strong> moral kataru<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong><br />

na mga layunin sosyalista .<br />

Kaya, lubos na ku<strong>sa</strong> polemical focus, puna <strong>sa</strong> itaas. Naniniwala kami na a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pribado<strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari - ay karapat-dapat igala<strong>ng</strong>, <strong>sa</strong> gayon ito ay dapat na<br />

protektado <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> posible<strong>ng</strong> paraan at, higit <strong>sa</strong> lahat, pampulitika. Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> Ruso na negosyo <strong>ng</strong> komunidad <strong>sa</strong> mga malalaki<strong>ng</strong> numero ay<br />

hindi umaakit <strong>sa</strong> pulitikal na aktibidad, ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> negosyo komunidad mananatili<strong>ng</strong><br />

bagay <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili, - <strong>sa</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian <strong>sa</strong> Rusya ay malapit<br />

kalimutan. A<strong>ng</strong> tano<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>sa</strong> Russia, albeit <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mas<br />

malumanay form, ay ek<strong>sa</strong>kto a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Oktubre 1917. At <strong>sa</strong> harap <strong>ng</strong><br />

malaki at maliit na may-ari ay a<strong>ng</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> - i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> trahedya katanu<strong>ng</strong>an - ikaw ay<br />

handa na upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian, at kaya a<strong>ng</strong> mga bago<strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia? Kalayaan <strong>ng</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> Ruso <strong>ng</strong> may-ari <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mali<strong>ng</strong> kahihiyan at<br />

takot <strong>ng</strong> gabi nagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> ari-arian - ito ay sikolohikal, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>in qua non<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> ito <strong>sa</strong> mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari <strong>sa</strong> mahigpit na kahulugan<br />

<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita.<br />

Naniniwala kami na <strong>sa</strong> post-Sobiyet paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> pinaka-<br />

aralan bahagi <strong>ng</strong> gitna<strong>ng</strong> uri ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> accelerate paglubog <strong>ng</strong> araw<br />

nakapamamayani imperyal-pyudal na sistema at kontribusyon <strong>sa</strong> pagkaayos <strong>ng</strong><br />

mga bago<strong>ng</strong>, alternatibo<strong>ng</strong> liberal-demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> sistema na <strong>sa</strong> paglipas <strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon ay may kakayahan upa<strong>ng</strong> labanan para <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw. Liberal<br />

disistema unti-unti kumalat a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> impluwensiya <strong>sa</strong> iba't-iba<strong>ng</strong> spheres <strong>ng</strong><br />

pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> buhay, kahit na a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> tunay na buhay ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

inilarawan iba kay<strong>sa</strong> polulatentnuyu. A<strong>ng</strong> evolution at pagpapalaki <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

permanente<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> buhay disistemy matagumpay na may ila<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

sitwasyon ay nag-aalok <strong>sa</strong> Russia a<strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong>m <strong>ng</strong> mga progresibo<strong>ng</strong> liberal<br />

transformation. Ngunit tulad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay<br />

hindi na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan na a<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> at wala<strong>ng</strong> mintis, ito ay posible at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagpapatupad <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari, a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> appendix.<br />

257

Subalit, may posibilidad matagal <strong>sa</strong>pat upa<strong>ng</strong> maiwa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong><br />

katiyakan, na mag<strong>sa</strong>gawa <strong>ng</strong> situational pulitika Fire Response, pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong><br />

ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> katatagan <strong>sa</strong> mga batayan <strong>ng</strong> kami ay prostoyat araw, <strong>ng</strong>unit lasted<br />

<strong>ng</strong> gabi. Na ito, bagaman hindi ganap na tao, a<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> tiyak na mga aksyon<br />

<strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapaandar <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> lokal at banyaga<strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga kapwa eksklusibo probisyon, ipinahayag <strong>sa</strong> pagsisikap para<br />

sigurado, <strong>sa</strong> halip <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> hanay <strong>ng</strong> mga posible<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap na mga<br />

desisyon. Subalit, <strong>sa</strong> mga kamakailan-lama<strong>ng</strong> na taon, ay may lubos na malinaw na<br />

pagpili <strong>sa</strong> pabor <strong>ng</strong> kvaziimperskogo pag-unlad, na natural ay na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>aila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tiyak na ideolohiya. A<strong>ng</strong> landas <strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay malapit <strong>sa</strong> bahay, katutubo,<br />

gaya ito reproduces mismo, kumuha <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> semantika \ luma<strong>ng</strong> ideological<br />

oposredovany. Pyudal-imperyal Russia, at a<strong>ng</strong> pagpili <strong>ng</strong> hinaharap<br />

kvaziimperskuyu kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> sina<strong>sa</strong>dya<br />

suportado at pinaka-hindi-aralan at materyal na suporta <strong>ng</strong> mga middle class.<br />

Gayon pa man, a<strong>ng</strong> mga konsepto <strong>ng</strong> mga hinaharap na mga pagpipilian, at<br />

pag-unlad na ito ay hindi pa ginawa pa<strong>ng</strong>wakas, a<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon ay pag-unlad <strong>sa</strong><br />

mezheumochnomu, ambivalent sitwasyon. Ngayon a<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong> ay patuloy na<br />

balanse <strong>sa</strong> lugar <strong>ng</strong> mga intersection <strong>ng</strong> imperyal at ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong><br />

<strong>makabago</strong> uso, pero <strong>sa</strong> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga imperyal at ma<strong>sa</strong>gana<strong>ng</strong> mga modelo <strong>ng</strong><br />

panlipuna<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> matagala<strong>ng</strong> at<br />

sustainable kompromiso. Sa antas mula <strong>sa</strong> obserbasyon, <strong>sa</strong> lipunan, magkakaiba at<br />

multidirectional uso <strong>sa</strong> kalat <strong>ng</strong> estado, <strong>ng</strong>unit na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw a<strong>ng</strong> madiskarte<strong>ng</strong><br />

pag-unlad ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>bay-<strong>sa</strong>bay na ipinapadala <strong>sa</strong> ibayo <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

direksyon, maaga o huli ay gumawa <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> pinili. At a<strong>ng</strong> mga na<br />

burdened imperyal tradisyon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan ay tutulan na pagpipilian, so<br />

painful ito ay may <strong>sa</strong> magbayad <strong>sa</strong> short-term maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> perspektibo, dahil<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pyudal imperyo <strong>sa</strong> moderno<strong>ng</strong> mundo no. Sa view <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kilala<strong>ng</strong> mga limitasyon <strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal na tao <strong>sa</strong> buhay na ito ay<br />

nakakalu<strong>ng</strong>kot lama<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> mga panahon na wala<strong>ng</strong> hinaharap ay maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

pamin<strong>sa</strong>n-min<strong>sa</strong>n huli<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />

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Paghihinuha<br />

Sa 1247 <strong>sa</strong> Europa mula <strong>sa</strong> malayo at mapa<strong>ng</strong>anib na paglalakbay <strong>sa</strong><br />

imperyo Chi<strong>ng</strong>izhana ibabalik papa amba<strong>sa</strong>dor Pransiskano Giovanni da Plano<br />

Carpini, kaliwa contemporaries at descendants makikita a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paglalarawan <strong>ng</strong><br />

ban<strong>sa</strong>, a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paglalarawan na naglalaman <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> mass <strong>ng</strong> mga materyales,<br />

makikilala <strong>ng</strong> lubos historians maaa<strong>sa</strong>han. A<strong>ng</strong> ikalima<strong>ng</strong> kabanata <strong>ng</strong> libro Sa<br />

pina<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> imperyo <strong>ng</strong> Tartars at a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga princes, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> emperador dramatically naiiba mula <strong>sa</strong> mga magpahi<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />

teksto <strong>ng</strong> mga hindi kapani-paniwala a<strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan na naniniwala kami na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga simbolo <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> paraan na kaayon <strong>sa</strong> tema <strong>ng</strong> monograp na ito.<br />

Ayon <strong>sa</strong> Carpini, Chi<strong>ng</strong>izhan, naghahanap upa<strong>ng</strong> makakuha <strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo, ay<br />

ipinagbabawal na a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga sundalo upa<strong>ng</strong> bumalik bago nanalo<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kumpleto<strong>ng</strong> tagumpay, mapanakop hindi lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> kapwa-tao, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon<br />

culturally close, pero malayo, <strong>sa</strong>lbahe mga tao. Warriors Chi<strong>ng</strong>iz labanan, o<br />

sinusubukan mo<strong>ng</strong> makipag-away <strong>sa</strong> mga tao na hindi <strong>sa</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> mga makamundo<br />

mundo, a<strong>ng</strong> pagdaragdag <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>ligutgot imperyo space, i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka na<br />

makuha mundo dominasyon pushes a<strong>ng</strong> Mo<strong>ng</strong>ols <strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>i-ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon.<br />

A<strong>ng</strong> kaakit-akit parabula <strong>sa</strong> pareho<strong>ng</strong> panahon, at naituturo: a<strong>ng</strong> may-akda<br />

hinulaa<strong>ng</strong> matulin pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k <strong>ng</strong> imperyo hindi kapani-paniwala.<br />

Empires hindi huli<strong>ng</strong> panahon. Alam namin na ito ay marahil a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinakamahu<strong>sa</strong>y na <strong>ng</strong> mga kaganapan <strong>sa</strong> malayo contemporaries. Postimperskoe<br />

Ruso pamahalaan ay sinusubukan na buk<strong>sa</strong>n painfully naezzhennoy <strong>sa</strong> siglo <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal sukatin, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon painfully, pakikipagkumpitensya <strong>sa</strong> neoimperskim<br />

proyekto sprouts break a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> demokratiko<strong>ng</strong> estado. Empire, naghahanap na<br />

maabot a<strong>ng</strong> mundo, namely, na imperyo ay a<strong>ng</strong> USSR, ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />

i<strong>sa</strong>ma <strong>sa</strong> katawan ay magkakaiba, at <strong>sa</strong> gayon ay hindi kaayon Socio-cultural<br />

<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>kap, tulad teritoryo Civilizational antipodes, bila<strong>ng</strong> Estonia at Tajikistan.<br />

Tiomak <strong>sa</strong> kultura at, natural, a<strong>ng</strong> mga tao na mundo, a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo namatay. A<strong>ng</strong><br />

259

pagkamatay <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong>-aalis <strong>ng</strong> space <strong>sa</strong> reformat <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kata<strong>ng</strong>ian <strong>ng</strong> kultura at civilizational sistema, <strong>sa</strong> mga lugar <strong>ng</strong> pagkasira <strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyo magi<strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>-estado, na umaabot <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> dahil <strong>sa</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> daan: mga iyon <strong>sa</strong> Europa, para <strong>sa</strong> kalayaan at demokrasya, na <strong>sa</strong> abo zone <strong>ng</strong><br />

authoritarianism, karaha<strong>sa</strong>n, dominasyon nagse-<strong>sa</strong>ve ideologies : seglar mas<br />

kaunti, mas relihiyoso. Narito tila a<strong>ng</strong>kop <strong>sa</strong> pagpapabalik <strong>ng</strong> admonition Ruso<br />

pilosopo EN Trubetskoy, pagpuna <strong>sa</strong> mapa<strong>ng</strong>anib tendencies <strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> oras,<br />

lubos na malinaw, at magparami <strong>sa</strong> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> mga ito: Gromily, lzhepravoslavnye,<br />

lzhepatrioty, at <strong>sa</strong> kanila bago at mali<strong>ng</strong> propeta ay maghahanda <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago at<br />

mas kakila-kilabot kay<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon, a<strong>ng</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong>bog Bolshevism . At <strong>ng</strong>ayon, ito<br />

marahil ay hindi masyado a<strong>ng</strong> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <strong>sa</strong> pagbabago<strong>ng</strong>-buhay <strong>ng</strong> mga Bolshevism,<br />

<strong>ng</strong>unit udyok <strong>ng</strong> mga militante<strong>ng</strong> nasyonalismo at imperyal. Oo suntok <strong>sa</strong> amin<br />

kahit <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, muli, A<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>sa</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong> una ay ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> lighter, mas<br />

mabuti at simple<strong>ng</strong> mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y. At a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit namin tapat pag-a<strong>sa</strong><br />

upa<strong>ng</strong> baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> mga nilalaman at layunin <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> Ruso:<br />

paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong> ay hindi para patibayin a<strong>ng</strong> imperyo, <strong>ng</strong>unit para <strong>sa</strong><br />

kapakanan <strong>ng</strong> tao, a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, araw-araw na buhay, kasilyas, at<br />

kabundatan, ku<strong>ng</strong> ikaw ay, a<strong>ng</strong> burges, mas marami o mas kaunti<strong>ng</strong> mga regular na<br />

buhay <strong>sa</strong> Europa modelo. Searchi<strong>ng</strong> obryaschut oo, a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

paghahalili mula <strong>sa</strong> nakararami imperyal liberal modelo <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <strong>makabago</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong>ayon ay napakababa, <strong>ng</strong>unit lahat ay pumunta upa<strong>ng</strong> mabilis, <strong>sa</strong> lalo<strong>ng</strong> madali<strong>ng</strong><br />

panahon <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> panahon, na kailanman ay hindi mo itago mula <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan.<br />

P.S.<br />

Maulan tag-init 2004. A<strong>ng</strong> mga libro na ito ay ginagamit na nakasulat, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

window nasira gula<strong>ng</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> panahon ay ipina<strong>ng</strong>anak. Samakatuwid, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ila<strong>ng</strong> mga <strong>sa</strong>lita pahabol. Kaya't. A<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari para <strong>sa</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong>,<br />

siyempre, at iba't iba<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> bila<strong>ng</strong> malinaw naman na hindi lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

humanto<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> pagtatayo <strong>ng</strong> liberal a<strong>ng</strong> mga halaga <strong>ng</strong> mga Ruso estado, marami <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga ito hahanto<strong>ng</strong> lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> wala. Ito ay <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, hindi pa rin very advanced,<br />

260

at <strong>sa</strong> gayon treatable yugto <strong>ng</strong> pagganap <strong>ng</strong> mga ordinaryo / script <strong>ng</strong> kata<strong>ng</strong>i-<br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad, kami ay malama<strong>ng</strong>, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga araw na ito. Karagdaga<strong>ng</strong><br />

kilu<strong>sa</strong>n <strong>sa</strong> direksyon na ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> humanto<strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong> susunod na<br />

maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> appendix, a<strong>ng</strong> probabilidad <strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> daa<strong>ng</strong> taon<br />

<strong>ng</strong> civilizational breakdown, sinamahan <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong> paglabag <strong>sa</strong> pagpapatuloy <strong>ng</strong><br />

kultura.<br />

Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Oktubre Revolution <strong>ng</strong> 1917, Winston Churchill sinabi na<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> Russia <strong>sa</strong>nk <strong>sa</strong> pasukan <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>d<strong>sa</strong>ran <strong>ng</strong> kaligta<strong>sa</strong>n. Ngayon, Russia ay hindi<br />

kailanman approached a<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>d<strong>sa</strong>ran <strong>ng</strong> mga European buhay, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong><br />

imperyal / neoimperskaya kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan mismo, a<strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> oras (!) Para <strong>sa</strong><br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> siglo, bubukas Ki<strong>ng</strong>ston. Tatlo<strong>ng</strong> civilizational krisis <strong>sa</strong> loob <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> daa<strong>ng</strong><br />

taon na - na a<strong>ng</strong> mga sintomas <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>kit na malalim Socio-cultural katawan <strong>ng</strong><br />

Russia. Patay su<strong>ng</strong>gabin buhay, ay dapat na patay, <strong>ng</strong>unit <strong>sa</strong> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> mga indibidwal, a<strong>ng</strong> katini<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> at nag-aagaw-<br />

buhay subdiskursov pa kaya <strong>ng</strong> kunwa-pa<strong>sa</strong>ynete-buhay.<br />

Sa pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> agonizi<strong>ng</strong> na <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay dapat na magsimula<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>hina<br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatatag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet Ruso estado. Ikaw ay hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong><br />

bumuo <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> matatag post-Sobiyet Russia <strong>sa</strong> Moscow <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> proseso,<br />

pagkuha <strong>sa</strong> mga account na a<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon, na may<br />

skalkirovannyh <strong>ng</strong> gitna - ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> kalahati <strong>ng</strong> mga 30-ies <strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> siglo. Ku<strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> Ruso negosyante ay hindi sosyalan na malapit <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet<br />

awtoridad <strong>sa</strong> mga kriminal na kapaligiran, <strong>ng</strong>unit mula <strong>sa</strong> Sobiyet / Russian<br />

intellectuals ipinahayag halos kriminal serial killers, bakit hindi buk<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong><br />

transcript ezhovskogo pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> at batas <strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> at hindi masisi a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito<br />

pareho, at pagkatapos ay a<strong>ng</strong> mga di-kilala na bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> kaunti <strong>sa</strong> mga paghahanda<br />

para <strong>sa</strong> mga pagbebenta <strong>ng</strong> mga bahagi <strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rili<strong>ng</strong> bayan (a<strong>ng</strong> Malayo<strong>ng</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an<br />

- Japan, a<strong>ng</strong> Ukraine - upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> katotohanan <strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon Manchester City -<br />

Alemanya), at bakay para <strong>sa</strong> mga banyaga<strong>ng</strong> katalinuhan? Bakit hindi mahulog <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga lugar <strong>ng</strong> aresto raznoryadku Bezrodny kosmopolita, maniktik, at iba pa<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga enemies <strong>ng</strong> mga tao? Ka<strong>sa</strong>maa<strong>ng</strong>-palad, a<strong>ng</strong> mga isyu<strong>ng</strong> ito a<strong>ng</strong> araw na ito<br />

261

<strong>sa</strong> patla<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> virtual takot <strong>ng</strong> Sobiyet / Russian intellectuals inilipat <strong>sa</strong> action, tulad<br />

<strong>ng</strong> nakita namin <strong>sa</strong> itaas, <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan <strong>ng</strong> Russia, at wala<strong>ng</strong> tao nagtuturo <strong>sa</strong> wala.<br />

Gayunman, ito ay hindi lubos na totoo. A<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet panahon na<br />

nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> makabuluha<strong>ng</strong> agos <strong>ng</strong> capital mula <strong>sa</strong> Russia, <strong>sa</strong> kabila <strong>ng</strong><br />

a<strong>ng</strong> katunayan na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong> ay matagal na malinis marami mas mataas na rate<br />

<strong>ng</strong> bumalik kay<strong>sa</strong>, halimbawa, <strong>sa</strong> European Union ban<strong>sa</strong>, at mga merkado para <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga kapital, kalakal at serbisyo ay malayo mula <strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong>turation. Ayon <strong>sa</strong> mga batas<br />

pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya, <strong>sa</strong> negosyo ay dapat gawin <strong>sa</strong> Russia, at a<strong>ng</strong> kabisera ay hindi<br />

umalis <strong>ng</strong> ban<strong>sa</strong>, <strong>ng</strong>unit humi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong> ito mula <strong>sa</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> dako <strong>ng</strong> mundo. Natural<br />

na tano<strong>ng</strong> - bakit? Sa post-Sobiyet Russia зашкаливали at зашкаливают <strong>ng</strong>ayon,<br />

pampulitika pa<strong>ng</strong>anib, ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> hindi inaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ekonomiya. A<strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> dahilan para <strong>sa</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>lukuya<strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

bagay-bagay ay, ku<strong>ng</strong> hindi ipinahayag <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> direkta<strong>ng</strong> kait <strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>sa</strong><br />

mga pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian, lalo na malalaki, <strong>sa</strong> pag<strong>sa</strong><strong>sa</strong>ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> mga ito bila<strong>ng</strong><br />

tersiyaryo <strong>sa</strong> kahalagahan, occupyi<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> lugar <strong>sa</strong> tina<strong>ng</strong>gap herarkiya <strong>ng</strong> halaga.<br />

Sa ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> mga may-akda <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> paru<strong>ng</strong>git<br />

subjective - ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit dapat pormal i<strong>sa</strong>ban<strong>sa</strong> ari-arian, ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay posible na<br />

ipadala ito <strong>sa</strong> maaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong> kamay <strong>ng</strong> real-Aryans statesmen na, <strong>sa</strong> katunayan, a<strong>ng</strong><br />

ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> manager, servi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga interes <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>sa</strong><br />

ekonomiya at pulitika . At ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> hawak <strong>ng</strong> mga ari-arian ay lagi<strong>ng</strong> may<br />

kondisyon, ku<strong>ng</strong> ito ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> posible na piliin, at pagkatapos ay ku<strong>ng</strong> sino a<strong>ng</strong><br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> dumati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> Ruso ekonomiya <strong>sa</strong> maalab at para <strong>sa</strong> matagal na? Tulad na<br />

i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> ari-arian Burns kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay, at mayroo<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />

mga opsyon para <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> gamitin. A<strong>ng</strong> alinman <strong>sa</strong> mga pondo ay INILIHIS<br />

mula <strong>sa</strong> mga negosyo, <strong>sa</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> mga susunod na pagbag<strong>sa</strong>k, o a<strong>ng</strong> negosyo na<br />

istraktura <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mas mahu<strong>sa</strong>y na inayos at <strong>sa</strong> mga kasunod na benta <strong>sa</strong> mga<br />

banyaga<strong>ng</strong> mamumuhunan, na mukha<strong>ng</strong> magigi<strong>ng</strong> mas protektado mula <strong>sa</strong> butaw<br />

ari-arian. Lubos na natural, na may kaugnayan <strong>sa</strong> pagmamay-ari drastically<br />

binabawa<strong>sa</strong>n a<strong>ng</strong> probabilidad <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> positibo<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon para <strong>sa</strong> kinabuka<strong>sa</strong>n<br />

<strong>ng</strong> Russia at kaya radically pinatataas a<strong>ng</strong> probabilidad <strong>ng</strong> negatibo<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

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pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari. Sa karagdagan, a<strong>ng</strong> magreserba <strong>ng</strong> pagmamay-ari karaniwan na mga<br />

leads <strong>sa</strong> conditionality <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, ito ay ganap na wala<strong>ng</strong><br />

nagtutulu<strong>ng</strong>an proseso.<br />

Iyon a<strong>ng</strong> dahilan ku<strong>ng</strong> bakit daan-daa<strong>ng</strong> libo (milyon-milyo<strong>ng</strong>?) Ng ami<strong>ng</strong><br />

pinaka-handa <strong>sa</strong> hirap at nagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga pa<strong>ng</strong>itain grazhan nanirahan at acted<br />

<strong>sa</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> post-Sobiyet buo<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> buhay, oras na matapos a<strong>ng</strong><br />

oras <strong>ng</strong> paulit-ulit paborito<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>lita <strong>ng</strong> K. Stanislavsky, direksiyon <strong>ng</strong> aktor: hindi<br />

ako naniniwala, - na, ikaw play hilako. Lahat tayo ay nag<strong>sa</strong>bi na a<strong>ng</strong> mga ban<strong>sa</strong><br />

demokrasya, pluralismo, a<strong>ng</strong> mga alituntunin <strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong> ari-arian at, mas<br />

mahalaga, balik <strong>sa</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi, at sila na<strong>sa</strong>got, - Huwag maniwala! - At<br />

bumili <strong>ng</strong> real estate <strong>sa</strong> Europa, nata<strong>ng</strong>gap dalawa pagkamamamayan, bila<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

huli<strong>ng</strong> dulugan upa<strong>ng</strong> panatilihi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga kamay <strong>ng</strong> mga tiket <strong>sa</strong> bukas na pet<strong>sa</strong><br />

<strong>ng</strong> alis. Ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> kahit ano, at maaari<strong>ng</strong> magturo Russian / Sobiyet tao, lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />

ati<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan - ay berezhenogo - Diyos makakatipid, at a<strong>ng</strong> mga guwardiya ay<br />

dapat na una at pinakamagali<strong>ng</strong> imperyal estado.<br />

Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> luma<strong>ng</strong> ay hindi na makakabalik, <strong>ng</strong>unit a<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

komunista rehimen ay a<strong>ng</strong> ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> posible<strong>ng</strong> maka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> appendix, na<br />

maaari<strong>ng</strong> umabot <strong>sa</strong> Russia? Diyan ay at ito ay malama<strong>ng</strong> na patay-end path<br />

Thermidor imperyal at makabayan utopias, a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>anib <strong>ng</strong> radikal na aksyon <strong>sa</strong><br />

pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> mga awtoridad upa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alagaan / lumiba<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> empire.<br />

Oo, kami ay makikita lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> mga uso na ipakita a<strong>ng</strong> pagigi<strong>ng</strong><br />

posible na ito <strong>ng</strong> mga senaryo na a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw, <strong>ng</strong>unit upa<strong>ng</strong> ibaon muli<br />

Russia ay masyado<strong>ng</strong> maaga, ay palagi<strong>ng</strong> mananatili<strong>ng</strong> unexpressed ami<strong>ng</strong> pag-a<strong>sa</strong><br />

- marahil proneset. Kami ay <strong>ng</strong>ayon <strong>sa</strong> Ascendi<strong>ng</strong> (pataas) na cycle,<br />

macroeconomic dinamika, napakataas na presyo para <strong>sa</strong> la<strong>ng</strong>is at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

presyo <strong>ng</strong> mga paninda a<strong>ng</strong> ami<strong>ng</strong> Exports - so far, muntik na marahil, proneset.<br />

Ngunit kumilos bila<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, na may tulad na i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong>-iisip <strong>sa</strong> Descendi<strong>ng</strong><br />

bahagi <strong>ng</strong> macroeconomic cycle - halos hindi mo na hulaan.<br />

Bukod dito, emigrasyon - ito ay hindi i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> uniber<strong>sa</strong>l na solusyon. Gusto<br />

ko<strong>ng</strong> makipag-u<strong>sa</strong>p <strong>sa</strong> mga Ruso, nakatira <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> naaa<strong>ng</strong>kop na panlipuna<strong>ng</strong><br />

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kapaligiran, upa<strong>ng</strong> makakuha <strong>ng</strong> impormasyon mula <strong>sa</strong> balita release <strong>sa</strong> Ruso TV,<br />

at para lama<strong>ng</strong> makita a<strong>ng</strong> disente<strong>ng</strong> (sosyalan / itak close) <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> tao <strong>sa</strong><br />

kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. At bakit, talaga, kami ay dapat umalis, <strong>ng</strong>unit hindi sila?<br />

Ipaalam <strong>sa</strong> amin a<strong>ng</strong> mga aklat-aralin pagpapabalik: <strong>sa</strong> 30 na linya <strong>ng</strong><br />

manager at <strong>ng</strong> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> mga performers / <strong>sa</strong>ksi <strong>ng</strong> mass pagkakasupil mukha <strong>ng</strong><br />

kanila<strong>ng</strong> mga biktima para <strong>sa</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> taon o dalawa<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> pwer<strong>sa</strong>. Ngayon,<br />

history repeats <strong>sa</strong>rili <strong>sa</strong> halip pa<strong>sa</strong>ynete form, <strong>ng</strong>unit pa rin ...<br />

Ngunit hindi lahat na a<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>ma, ako may <strong>ng</strong>ayon Thermidor at mabuti<br />

imbestigasyon. Halimbawa, <strong>sa</strong> wakas ay may malakas na ban<strong>sa</strong> at a<strong>ng</strong><br />

pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> mga pinag-i<strong>sa</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong>, kaya <strong>sa</strong>bihin natin <strong>sa</strong> mga kalaban <strong>ng</strong><br />

karapata<strong>ng</strong>-pakpak partido, maganda<strong>ng</strong> katanu<strong>ng</strong>an, upa<strong>ng</strong> gumawa <strong>ng</strong> mga<br />

kaibigan na ito ay susi <strong>sa</strong> Ruso partstroitelstve, <strong>sa</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahatan, bahagya<strong>ng</strong><br />

personal, mga tuntunin ay palagian. A<strong>ng</strong> matagumpay na partstroitelstvu i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong><br />

kilala<strong>ng</strong> proporsyon <strong>ng</strong> adrenaline gabi: ti<strong>ng</strong>nan mo, skripnuli <strong>sa</strong> pintuhan preno, at<br />

dito - ito ay para <strong>sa</strong> mga dati<strong>ng</strong> na a<strong>ng</strong> kalapit-bahay.<br />

Kaya, a<strong>ng</strong> formula <strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kapanahunan, na a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> mga mas<br />

acute <strong>sa</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>in a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> Ruso buhay: mas maliit na negosyo, na ku<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong>an ay<br />

talaga<strong>ng</strong> i<strong>sa</strong><strong>ng</strong> negosyo, mas privacy policy at marahil, a<strong>ng</strong> benepisyo ay pa rin <strong>ng</strong><br />

Internet, computer na may scanners at printer, kaya a<strong>ng</strong> order <strong>ng</strong> nakalimutan para<br />

<strong>sa</strong> 90-tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> at maaa<strong>sa</strong>ha<strong>ng</strong> radyo Freedom. Kurtina rises, lahat tayo ay<br />

bumalik <strong>sa</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>in <strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>sa</strong>y<strong>sa</strong>yan, at muli A<strong>ng</strong> Times ay hindi pumili, / sila<br />

nakatira at mamatay. / A<strong>ng</strong> pinaka pagbubulaan <strong>sa</strong> ilaw / Hindi kay<strong>sa</strong> humihi<strong>ng</strong>i at<br />

ibinta<strong>ng</strong>. / Bila<strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> mga ito ay maaari<strong>ng</strong> <strong>sa</strong> mga ito, / Paano baguhin a<strong>ng</strong><br />

market.<br />

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