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ld7\ofp“b} c;f/] ljsf; u8u8fp“5 clg
Ps dlxgfkl5s} ;fpg] e]nn] aufp“5 .
ljsf;nfO{ e]nn] aufpg' k|s[ltsf] bf]if
xf] . To;}n] ljsf; sfo{df c¿nfO{ bf]if
nufpg] / vf]6 b]vfpg] sfd ug{ x'Gg .
o;f] u/] xft rf6\g] sfo{df la£g cfpg
;S5 / ljsf; 7Kk x'G5 . To;}n]
;j{bnLo ;xdltdf c;f/] ljsf;dfkm{t
xft rf6\g / ah]6 ;Sg ljnDa x'g
lbg' x'“b}g .
kSs} ;'gsf] b/af/df a:5g\, gq lsg
k|x/Ln] ;a} ;'g dflnsnfO{ kqmg ;Sb}g <
cyjf o;f] klg x'g ;S5, ;'g t:s/Ldf
sf/afxL klg xf];\, ;'g cfk"lt{ klg eO/xf];\
eg]/ ;/sf/n] ;'g el/ofnfO{ kqmg], ;'g
dflnsnfO{ g5'g] gLlt agfPsf] xf] ls <
o:tf] gLlt xf] eg] klg ;kmn
ePsf] 5}g . lsgeg], hgtfsf] gfs–sfg
a'Rr} 5 .
gof“ zlQm of cGo s'g} gof“ kf6L{n]
…gfsfdf ;'g ;dftf}“, hgtfnfO{ af“8f}“Ú
sfo{qmd Nofpg'k¥of] . o;f] u/] kf6L{ klg
rDsG5, hgtfsf gfs–sfg
klg rDsG5g\ . ca rDsg] o:tf]
af6f]df nDsf}“ .
em6f/f]
nId0f ufDgfu]
s'?If]q, PsnJo b[li6 /
eLid k|lt1f
Ps hgf /fhf lyP, dx]Gb| dNn plxNo}, sflGtk'/df . pgn] s;d vfPsf lyP, cfkm\gf
k|To]s k|hfsf] efG;faf6 w"jf“ gcfO{ cfkm" efG;} gug]{ . cyf{t\ x/]s k|hfsf] k]6 gel/O{
cfkm" gvfg] . o;f] ljrf/ ubf{ Tof] Tolt 7"nf] s'/f lyPg . lsgeg], pgsf] b]z ;fgf]
lyof] . Ps–b'O{ 3G6f Ps hgf l;kfxLnfO{ s'bfof] eg] k|To]s 3/sf] rfnf a'lemGYof] .
s'g} 3/df rfdn geP/ r'nfaf6 w"jf“ gcfP l;kfxLn] 9f]8 afn]/ eP klg w"jf“ lgsfNg
nfp“bf] xf] . Tolt ePkl5 /fhfn] ef]sf] a:g'' k/]g .
To:t} dNn /fHo kmsf{pg] b':;fx;L 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\, e"tk"j{ sd/]8 afa'/fd
e§/fO{n] . pgn] eg]sf 5g\, …;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLsf 3/ gagL of] afa'/fd e§/fO{n] 3/ agfpg]
5}g . ;Dk"0f{ hgtf ;DkGg gx'Gh]n of] afa'/fdn] lghL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ 5}g . of] d]/f]
eLid k|lt1f xf] .Ú oqf] 7"nf] b]z, olt w]/} hgtf,
b':;fx;L k|lt1f g} xf]Og t of] <
s]kL cf]nLsf 3f]if0ff ;'g]/ psfln“b} u/]sf]
g]kfnLx¿sf] xif{sf] g]K;] kl/;"rs afa'/fdsf
eLid k|lt1fn] emg} 7f8f] ePsf] 5 . Pp6}
ultnf] g]tf gkfP/ lg/fz ePsf a]nf Ps
xn g} g]tf …t“eGbf d jL/Ú eg]/ k|lt:kwf{df
plqPsf 5g\ . k|lt:kwf{ klg b]znfO{ ;d[4
agfpg] † jfx π slt v';Lsf] s'/f π
cf]nLhLsf] cfhsf] ef]ln g} ljsf; u5'{
eGg] af]nLsf lj?4 afa'/fdn] …cfkm\g' sf]xL
gx'g]n] s]xL ub}{gÚ eGg] uf]nL xfg]sf 5g\ . …d
d]/L 5f]/L / pgsf] k':tfsf nflu sfd u5'{ .
of] k':tfn]] b'Mv kfPsf] b]Vg ;lSbg“ . To;}n]
d kSsf sfd u5'{ . of] d]/f] eLid k|lt1f
eof],Ú pgn] ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ eg]sf 5g\ .
d'n'ssf] ;d[l4sf nflu eLid k|lt1fx¿ k|:t't ub}{ pgn] cfkm"n] k'¥ofPsf k'/fgf
rf]6k6s la;{g ;a}nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] eGg vf]h]sf 5g\, !) jif]{ ;z:q
åGåsf a]nf nfu]sf 3fprf]6 ca xfdLn] la;{g' k5{ . d}n] lal;{P“, tkfO{+x¿ klg la;{g'xf];\ .
d/]sf cfkmGt kms]{/ cfpg] xf]Ogg\, sDtLdf af“Rg]n] ljsf;sf] d'v b]Vg kfpg''k5{ .
a]kQf ePsf e]l§g] ;Defjgf 5}g, To;}n] a]kQf x'gaf6 hf] aRg'ef], cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL
;Demg";\ / gof“ zlQmsf k5fl8 nfUg";\ . tkfO{+¿n] ;'v ef]Ug kfpg' x'g]5 . ;w}“ k'/fgf
s'/fsf kl5 nfu]/ x'“b}g . d}n] t To:tf k'/fgf s'/f la;]{/ gof“ gof“ dfG5]x¿;“u dfq}
;+ut ug]{ eLid k|lt1f u/]“ . h:t} M xfd|L jl/i7 g]t[ sl/ZdfhL .
afa'/fdsf] dxfef/t k|]d k'/fg} xf] . !) jif{;Dd pgs} g]t[Tjdf b]z …s'?If]qÚ aGof] .
kl5 pgn] …PsnJo b[li6Ún] ;+ljwfg agfP . clxn] wdfwd …eLid k|lt1fÚsf] rfª
nufp“b}5g\ . ef/t jf dxfef/t st} g st} g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d[l4 uf“l;Psf] x'g'k5{ eGg]
afa'/fdhLnfO{ plxNo}b]]lv nfu]sf] xf] . To;}n] afa'/fd ls t dxfef/tdf 3f]lTn/xG5g\,
ls t ef/tlt/} dg 3'dfO/xG5g\ eg]/ pgsf lj/f]wLx¿ eGg] u5{g\ .
h] xf];\, xfdLnfO{ lauf}tL rflxof], e}“;Ln] kf8f] kfcf];\ ls kf8L † xfdL
g]kfnLnfO{ rflxPsf] ;d[l4 xf], rfx] dxfef/t x'“b} afa'/fdn] Nofpmg\ jf dxfrLg x'“b}
cf]nLn] Nofpmg\ . •
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&# !!

dbgdl0f bLlIft
: d®0f
;gsL dxf/fh
r
Gb|zdz]®sf] lgwgkl5 lj;+ !(*^ df eLdzdz]® >L #
ag] . pgdf k|ltzf]wsf] efjgf Hofb} rsf]{ lyof] . h:tf] M
rGb|zdz]®sf kIfdf nfu]sf eg]® sf7df8f}“df ®x]sf %@ a|fx\d0f
kl®jf®nfO{ pgn] lbg' b'Mv lbP . ltg}dWo]sf] Ps kl®jf® lyof], xfd|f] .
pgn] tL ;a} kl®jf®nfO{ 8f“8} s6fP . >L # ePsf] t];|f] lbg g}
pgn] d]®f dflxnf sfsfnfO{ kl®jf®af6 cnu u®]® 8f“8f] s6fPsf
lyP . 8f“8f] s6fpg' eg]sf] sf7df8f}“ vfN8f]af6 lgsfnfaf; ul®g'
lyof], pgsf] zf;gsfnel® lkmg{ gkfpg] u®L .
rGb|zdz]®sf] lgwgsf] ®ft d emnemnL ;lDemG5' . d]®f lktf
s'?jf a:g hfg'ePsf] lyof] . !! d+l;® !(*^ sf] laxfg To:t} #
ah]sf] x'“bf] xf], lktfhL …o;f] cf“vfnfO{ cf®fd lbg'k¥of]Ú eGb} 3®
kmls{g' eof] . % ah]lt® va® cfof], …rGb|zdz]® ca o; ;+;f®df
®x]gg\ .Ú lktfhLn] lgTosd{ ;s]® cfo{3f6 hf“b} ubf{ eGg'ePsf]
lyof], …ca b'Mvsf lbg ;'? eP .Ú geGb} rGb|zdz]®sf] bfx;+:sf®
;s]® 3® kmls{Pkl5 To:t} eof] .
eLdzdz]®nfO{ >L # 3f]if0ff ubf{ lktfhL rfs®Ldf hfg
;Sg'ePg . dxf®fh 3f]if0ff x'“b} ubf{ eLdzdz]®n] ToxL“ …nId0fdl0fsf]
kl®jf® rfs®Ldf xflh® eof] ls ePg

s"6gLlt ljsf;
;DaGw
lr;}
k//fi6«dGqL sdn yfkf;“u
ef/tLo ;dsIfL ;'ifdf
: j/ fhsf] cfqmf]z
@*
• sdnb]j e§/fO{÷gof“lbNnL
h]7sf] ;f“em ^ ah] pkk|wfg tyf
k®®fi6«dGqL sdn yfkf;“usf]
e]6df ef®tLo ljb]zdGqL ;'ifdf :j®fhn]
k|Zg ul®g\, …tkfO{+sf] b]zsf 7"nf g]tf
xfdLnfO{ lsg ;®sf® lu®fpg nfu]sf] cf®f]k
nufp“5g\ < pgLx¿ a;]® s] s] lg0f{o
u5{g\ clg xfdLnfO{ bf]if nufp“5g\ .Ú pgsf]
cfqmf]zldl>t k|Zg oltdf dfq ®f]lsPg,
pgn] ®fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f®Lsf] lgwf{l®t
ef®t e|d0f lsg ®2 eof] eGg] k|Zg klg
ul®g\ . yfkfn] :j®fhnfO{ g]kfnsf] cfGtl®s
®fhgLltsf sf®0f e|d0f ®2 ePsf] ® of]
låkIfLo ljifo gePsf] eGb} …slGeG;Ú ug{
vf]h] klg :j®fh To;df ;xdt eOgg\ .
®fi6«klt e08f®Lsf] e|d0f ®2 x'g'nfO{
pkk|wfg tyf k//fi6«dGqL sdn yfkf / ef/tLo ljb]zdGqL ;'ifdf :j/fh, @* h]7, gof“lbNnL
gof“lbNnLn]] gof“ d'2f agfPsf] :j®fhn]
yfkfnfO{ eg]sf s'®faf6} klg cg'dfg nufpg
;lsG5 . vf; u®L g]kfnsf] cfGtl®s sf®0fn]
of] e|d0f ®2 gePsf] gof“lbNnLsf] b[li6sf]0f
yfkfsf] sfgdf kfl®Psf] lyof] .
o; cnfjf cf]nL g]t[Tjsf] ;®sf®
9fNg ef®t nfu]sf] eGg] zLif{ g]tfx¿sf]
cleJolQmnfO{ uDeL® ¿kn] lnPsf] ;Gb]z
yfkf 6f]nLn] kfPsf] 5 . To;} u®L ef®tLo
®fhb"tnfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfpg g]kfn ;®sf®n]
dxfGofoflwjQmf;“u ;d]t 5nkmn u®]sf]
;"rgf cfkm"x¿;“u ®x]sf] ef®tLo kIfsf] egfO
lyof] . k®®fi6«dGqL yfkfn] eg] o;cufl8 g}
o;nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf vf®]h ul®;s]sf 5g\ .
sl®a @) ldg]6sf] To; e]63f6df
dw];jfbL bnn] dfu u®]sf] ;Ldf+sgsf] ljifo
klg :j®fhn] p7fpg] yfkfsf] cfsng lyof]
t® To;f] ePg . o;k6s ;du| g]kfnsf]
®fhgLlts ljifodf s'®fsfgL eP klg dw];sf]
;DaGwdf ef®tLo ljb]zdGqLn] s]xL af]lngg\.
ædw];jfbL bnx¿sf] dfusf] ljifodf s'®fsfgL
ePg,Æ yfkfn] e]6kl5 eg] .
hals, :j®fhn] o:tf] k|Zg p7fP s]
hjfkm lbg] eGg] ;DaGwdf lbNnL cfpg'cl3
g} yfkfn] k|wfgdGqL cf]nL ® dfcf]jfbL cWoIf
k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ú;“u k®fdz{ u®]sf
lyP . dw];jfbL bnx¿ jftf{df gcfPsf
sf®0f g} ;d:of ;dfwfgdf l9nfO ePsf]
;Gb]z lbg] yfkfsf] tof®L lyof] . o;cl3
;+ljwfgdf klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] w]®} dfu k"®f
ePkl5 k|wfgdGqL cf]nLsf] ef®t e|d0fsf]
jif{dfg k'g
;dodf k|wfgdGqL g®]Gb| df]bLn] cGo af“sL
d'2f klg l5§} xn x'g] atfPsf lyP .
b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGw ;'wf® ug{ lbNnLdf
a}7ssf] af9L
/fhgLlts :t®df b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'® g®x] klg låkIfLo
a}7sx¿ eg] wdfwd eO®x]sf 5g\ . ®f]lsPsf a}7s ;'? ePsf
5g\ . ef®tLo k|wfgdGqLsf] b'O{ jif{cufl8sf] ef®t e|d0fkl5
låkIfLo a}7s s]xL ;do eP t® kl5 ®f]lsPsf lyP .
olta]nf emG8} Ps bh{g låkIfLo a}7s to ePsf 5g\ . tLdWo]
sltko ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] c;f® dlxgfel® g} låkIfLo a}7s
a:g] ePsf 5g\ . !# ® !$ h]7df kfgL ® pmhf{;DaGwL a}7s
;DkGg eof], h;df g]kfnn] ef®t;“u klxnf]k6s pmhf{ a}+ssf]
k|:tfj cl3 ;f®]sf] lyof] . oxL a}7sdf ljleGg l;“rfO{;DaGwL
kl®of]hgfaf®] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
To;nuQ} g]kfn cfon lgud ® ef®tLo cfon lgudsf aLrdf
jftf{ eof] . o;df b'O{ b]zaLrdf k]6f]«lnod kbfy{sf] kfOknfOg
lgdf{0fsf] sfd cufl8 a9fpg] tyf Uof;sf] cfk"lt{ a9fpg] lg0f{o
eof] . To;} u®L cl3Nnf] jif{ ®f]lsPsf] ;'®Iff;DaGwL b'O{ b]zLo
k®fdz{ ;ldltsf] a}7s;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . of] dlxgfdf ;Ldf
ljjfb;DaGwL, Jofkf® tyf jfl0fHo / pmhf{ ;x;lrj :t®sf] a}7s
x'“b}5 . To;} u®L ljb]zdGqLåo sdn yfkf ® ;'ifdf :j®fhsf] e]6df
b'O{ b]zsf] HjfOG6 sld;gsf] a}7s cfufdL ;fpg dlxgfleq ug{]
;xdlt klg ePsf] 5 .
b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGwdf lr;f]kg cfO®x]sf] ;dodf afSnf]
¿kdf låkIfLo a}7s x'“b}5g\, h;n] ljZjf;sf] jftfj®0f agfpg
of]ubfg ug{] b'j} kIfsf] wf®0ff 5 . ef®tl:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf
sfo{jfxs ®fhb"t s[i0fk|;fb 9sfn eG5g\, æa}7s dfq xf]Og,
b'O{ b]zsf ®fhb"tnfO{ Pscsf{sf] b]z e|d0f u®fpg] tof®L;d]t
xfdLn] ul®®x]sf 5f}“ .Æ
!$ cfOtaf®, !@ c;f® @)&#

tl:a/ ;f}hGo M g]kfnL b"tfjf;, gof“lbNnL, ef/t
pRr ®fhgLlts e]63f6 ug{] of]hgf yfkfsf]
lyof] t® ljljw sf®0fn] ubf{ Tof] k"®f x'g
;s]g . :j®fhsf cnfjf k|wfgdGqL df]bL,
ef®tLo hgtf kf6L{sf cWoIf cldt zfx,
sf+u|]; cfO{sL g]t[ ;f]lgof ufGwL, u[xdGqL
®fhgfy l;+xnufotsf g]tfx¿;“u e]6]®
®fhgLlts txdf g} ;DaGw k'gM:yflkt ug{]
tof®L g]kfnL kIfsf] lyof] t® Tof] k"®f x'g
;s]g . cd]l®sfnufotsf ljleGg b]zsf]
e|d0f ;s]® df]bL @* h]7df ef®t kmls{Pkl5
pgL;“u e]6 x'g] g]kfnL kIfsf] egfO lyof] .
t®, u[xdGqL l;+x;“u ;d]t e]63f6 x'g
;s]g . 1ftJo ®xf];\, s]xL lbgcufl8 dfq
dw];L hgclwsf® kmf]®d g]kfnsf ;ef;b
cleif]sk|tfk zfxn] l;+xnfO{ e]6]® Ps
1fkgkq lbPsf lyP .
r'gfjL Jo:ttfsf] sf®0f b]vfP® ef®tLo
g]tfx¿n] yfkf;“u e]63f6 ug{ rfx]gg\ . dGqL
yfkf ;fs{ ljZjljBfnosf] bLIffGt ;df®f]xdf
efu lng cfP klg ®fhgLlts e]63f6 klg
ug{] p2]Zo g]kfnL kIfsf] lyof] .
k"j{k|wfgdGqL tyf sf+u|]; cfO{sf g]tf
dgdf]xg l;+x;“u eg] yfkfsf] lgs} nfdf]
s'®fsfgL eof] . @( h]7df ePsf] e]6df l;+xn]
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ cfkm"x¿n] :jfut ug{]
atfPsf lyP . o;sf ;fy} pgn] dw];sf]
;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{ g]kfn ® ef®t b'j}sf]
lxtdf x'g] pNn]v u®] .
hfgsf®x¿sf cg';f® ef®t olta]nf
g]kfn;“usf] ;DaGw yk glalu|of];\ eGg]
rfxG5 . Ps ef®tLo clwsf®Lsf cg';f®
o;cl3 w]®}k6s dw];jfbL bnsf] dfusf
;DaGwdf g]kfnL g]tfnfO{ elgPsfn] o;k6s
s]xL gelgPsf] xf] . ®fhgLlts d'2fnfO{ w]®}
gprfNg] ® ;DaGwnfO{ …6«ØfsÚdf dfq ®fVg]
ef®tsf] gLlt 5 . t®, o;sf] dtna dw];jfbL
bnsf] Ph]G8f 5f]8]sf] eGg]rflx“ xf]Og . o;cl3
o'®f]k ® a]nfotsf] e|d0fsf qmddf g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg ;dfj]zL gePsf] eGb} …nlaªÚ u®]sf]
ef®tn] o;k6s df]bLsf] cd]l®sf e|d0fsf
qmddf eg] of] k|;+u p7fPg . æef®t ;DaGw
;'wf® ug{ rfxG5, To;}n] ®fi6«kltb]lv cGo
®fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ ef®tn] af]nfO®x]sf]
5,Æ g]kfn dfldnfsf hfgsf® k|fWofks P;8L
d'lg eG5g\ .
g]kfnL kIf eg] gfsfaGbL, ®fi6«kltsf] e|d0f
®2nufotsf s'®f la;{]® ef®t;“u ;DaGw ;'wf®
ug{] kIfdf 5 . æljutdf s] eof] lal;{g'k5{, ca
b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGw ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfO;s]sf]
5,Æ dGqL yfkf eG5g\ . •
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&# !%

ljdz{
cRo't jfUn]
s'g af6f]df 5, sf+u|]; <
g]
kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efkltdf z]®axfb'® b]pjf lgjf{lrt ePsf]
rf® dlxgf ePsf] 5 . t®, pgn] kf6L{sf ljefu agfpg ®
kbflwsf®L dgf]gog ug{ g;s]sfdf kf6L{leq} cfnf]rsx¿ a9\b}5g\.
o;aLrdf ;efklt b]pjfn] g]kfnsf] ®fhgLlt ® d'n'sL k|zf;gdf
uDeL® t®+u k}bf ug]{ k|s[ltsf s]xL s;®t u®]. dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf
cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnnfO{ cl3 ;f®]® s]kL cf]nLsf] ;®sf®nfO{ x6fpg]
®fhgLlts ;dLs®0f agfpg vf]h] . sf7df8f}“–t®fO{ kmf:6 6«Øfssf
af®]df cgfjZos jQmJo lbP . …k|:6Ls®0fÚsf nflu cfk\mg} x:tfIf®df
k|lt®IffTds k|]; jQmJo lgsfn] . Gofofnosf af®]df lbOPsf] elgPsf]
cleJolQmn] To:t} cgfjZos ljjfb lgDTofof] .
oL b[i6fGtn] k|:6} s] b]vfp“5g\ eg] b]pjfsf] …gof “Ú g]t[Tjn] klg
sf+u|];n] ;}4flGts, af}l4s ® ®0fgLlts pmhf{nfO{ leœofpg ® Jojl:yt
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . of] bn d'n'ssf ;d:of ® kl®36gfk|lt s]jn
k|ltlqmofTds e"ldsfdf dfq} ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . l;h{gfTds, ts{;+ut
® b"®b[li6o'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vf; u®L nf]stGqsf] eljio, d'n'sn]
ckgfpg'kg]{ cfly{s gLlt Pj+ ljsf;sf] df]8]n ® k®®fi6« -ljz]iftM
l5d]s_ ;DaGwsf af®]df sf+u|];n] k|:6 b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug'{ ckl®xfo{
eO;s]sf] 5 . abln“bf] e"–®fhgLlt ® e"–cy{tGqsf
sf®0f oL tLgj6} cfofddf k'®fgf, k|ltlqmofTds ®
6fn6'n] lrGtgn] ca sfd ug]{ cj:yf 5}g .
sf+u|]; oltv]® cfk\mgf] g]t[Tjdf gof“ ;+ljwfg
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ®6 nufO®x]sf] 5 . t®, oyfy{ s] xf]
eg] of] ;+ljwfgsf] d"n e'msfj u}®nf]stflGqs 5.
o;n] kl®sNkgf u®]sf] ®fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjsf]
k|0ffnL g} cl:y®tfsf] lbuf] sf®s aGb}5 .
k|ltlglwTjsf] k|lqmof ;dfj]lztf g} x'g] xf] eg]
klg To:tf k|ltlglwx¿sf] rog;d]t ;DalGwt
;®f]sf®jfnfx¿sf] …slG:6r'PG;LÚaf6 nf]stflGqs ljlwaf6} ug]{
;j{:jLs[t dfGotfnfO{ klg ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft\ u®]sf] 5}g .
;dfj]lztfsf gfddf cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs ljlwsf] ;§f ;fdGtL o'usf]
:jljj]sLo dgf]gognfO{ k|>o lbPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ yk ;+zf]wg u®]®
ePsf s]xL nf]stflGqs cjojx¿dfly yk ;Demf}tf ug]{ bafa ce}m
tLj| 5 . ;+ljwfg k|bQ s}of}“ df}lns clwsf® g} ;xh} sfof{Gjog x'g]
;Defjgf 5}g . To;}n] tTsfnsf nflu ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] cy{
o;sf sfof{Gjog ug{ c;Dej, cnf]stflGqs ® låcyL{ k|fjwfgnfO{
hlt;Sbf] l56f] ;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf n}hfg' g} xf]. ®, ;+3Lotfsf nflu
cfjZos ®fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs ® sfg'gL k"jf{wf®x¿sf] lgdf{0fdf
lqmofzLn x'g' xf] . clxn] nf]stGqnfO{ 3'dfp®f] kf®fn] cjd"Nog u®]®
d'n'snfO{ jfdkGyL kl®efiffsf], ;fDojfbpGd'v …;dfhjfbÚdf n}hfg}
h'g rqmJo"xdf d'n's km;]sf] 5, To;nfO{ sf+u|];n] ®fd|®L cfsng
u®]sf] 5}g . ®, ax'cfoflds ®fhgLlts ;Demf}tfx¿n] nf]stGqsf] d"n
dd{df cf3ft kfg}{ g;Sg] u®L ®0fgLlt agfpg] lbzfdf of] bn cl3
a9\g] e®nfUbf ;+s]t b]lvPsf 5}gg\.
sf+u|];n] cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf nflu k|:t't ah]6sf] sd{sf08L
lj®f]w u¥of], h'g d"ntM ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx¿dfly
s]lGb|t lyof] . o;eGbf uDeL®, d'n'ssf] ;du| cy{tGqsf] bfz{lgs
txsf] ;d:ofdf p;n] Wofg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] cy{tGq lglZrt}
¿kn] ®fHo lgolGqt k'“hLjfbtk{m pGd'v ePsf] 5. ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt
d'n'snfO{ ;dfhjfbpGd'v u®fpg] nIo t 5“b}5, o;sf cltl®Qm ;fN6
6«]l8ªh:tf cw{–;fj{hlgs ® ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ cfkm}“ k]6«f]nkDk
®fVg]h:tf of]hgfdf nufgL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. rfn" cfly{s jif{df
yk s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] gfkmf sdfPsf] k|rf® u®]® lghLs®0f,
cfly{s ;'wf® ® lgof{t ahf®df g]kfnsf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf lj:tf®h:tf
ckl®xfo{tfnfO{ 5fofdf kfg]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 .
sf+u|];n] cfk"mn] eGg] u®]sf] k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfb ® sDo'lg:6x¿n]
JofVof ug]{ ;dfhjfbsf] kl®efiffut km®skg k|:6\ofpg ;s]sf]
5}g . ®, tL b'j}sf] cfw'lgs ljZj cfly{s k|0ffnL;“usf] tfbfTDo ®
;fGble{stfaf®] cBfjlws cjwf®0ff lgdf{0f ug{ s'g} cEof; g} u®]sf]
5}g . s'g} a]nf v'nfahf® cy{tGqsf lxdfotLsf] 5lj agfPsf b]pjfsf]
;efkltTjsfndf cfly{s wf®0ff lgdf{0fsf] ck]Iff ®flvg' :jfefljs xf].
t®, g]t[Tj ® sf+u|];hgsf] Wofg otflt® uPh:tf] b]lv“b}g.
s]xL ;dootf g]kfnL sf+u]|;nfO{ ef®tLo g]tf ® ljZn]ifsx¿n]
lg®Gt® …k|f]–OlG8ogÚ zlQmsf ¿kdf k|rf® u®]sf
5g\ . h:tf] M s"6gLlt1 Pj+ n]vs Pds] eb|s'df®n]
P;;Lcf®cf]PnPn86cfO{Pgdf @& j}zfv )&# df
n]v]sf] cfn]vnfO{ g} lng ;lsG5 . o:tf k|rf®n]
lbg vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z lgs} ljjfbf:kb ® uDeL® 5g\.
c¿ ljifodf xQkQ jQmJo hf®L ug]{ ;efklt b]pjf
® pgsf] bnn] o;af®] s'g} k|ltlqmof lbPsf] 5}g.
ck]Iff k|ltlqmofsf] eGbf klg sf+u|];sf] ;du| k®®fi6«
gLltsf] k|:6tfsf] xf] . o:tf] k|:6tf cfjZos kg]{
lans'n} gof“ kl®b[Zo xfd|f ;fd' cfPsf] 5. Psftk{m
pQ®L l5d]sL rLg Oltxf;df klxnf]kN6 g]kfnsf] ;Qf ;dLs®0fsf]
lgdf{0f÷ljlgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ePsf] 5, kl5Nnf]k6s k'iksdn bfxfnnfO{
k|wfgdGqL aGgaf6 ®f]s]kl5 . ®, rLgsf] gof“ …g]kfndf ®fhgLlts
l:y®tfÚsf] gf®fn] PseGbf w]®} cy{ af]s]sf] 5 . csf{tk{m, p;n]
g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ kl5Nnf låkIfLo cfbfgk|bfg, cGt®lqmof ® cGo
…O+u]hd]G6Úx¿df of]hgfa4 9+un] aflx®} ®fVg ?rfPsf] 5 . pbfx®0fsf
nflu, g]kfnn] ;+ljwfg hf®L u®]kl5sf gf} dlxgfdf sl®a $) j6f
ljleGg tx ® ljifodf g]kfnL k|ltlglwd08nn] rLg e|d0f u®]sf
5g\ . To;df g]kfnL sf+u|]; lj®n} ;dfj]z 5 . ;a}df b]ª l;ofcf] lkª
bz{gsf cg'ofoL g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 jf tL ;Da4 af}l4sx¿sf] clws
afx'No 5 . csf]{, nuftf® g]kfn e|d0f ul®®x]sf pRr txsf ;®sf®L
® ;}Go clwsf®Lx¿n] sf+u|]; g]t[TjnfO{ lzi6frf® e]6 ug{ klg vf;}
rf;f] b]vfPsf 5}gg\ .
ca, b'O{ l5d]sLaLr ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw ®fVg ;gftg ® cf}krfl®s
jQmJo lbP® dfq} pDsg] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ b:tfj]h,
Jojxf® ® cEof;df ptfg'{ cfjZos 5 . t®, b]pjf g]t[Tjsf] sf+u|];n]
of] af6f] lx“8\g] k|of; u®]sf] b]lv“b}g. jf:tjdf, s'g af6f] lx“8\g vf]Hb}5
eGg] g} k|:6 ePsf] 5}g . st} sf+u|]; af6f] la®fp“b} t 5}g< •
!^ cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

fhgLlt ljsf;
jfdkGyL
af6f]d}
afa'/fd
Jffd / nf]stflGqs wf/sf] ldl>t
ljrf/ elgP klg gof“ zlQmsf]
;}4flGts ¿emfg jfdkGy g}
• ;Ltf/fd a/fn
#)
h]7df gof“ zlQmsf]
3f]if0ff;efdf pb\3f]ifssf]
e"ldsfdf /x]sL cleg]qL
sl/Zdf dfgGw/sf] clejfbg z}nL
k"j{dfcf]jfbL g]tf–sfo{stf{sf] eGbf leGg
lyPg . nfn;nfds} z}nLdf d'7L prfn]/
;efdf pkl:yt g]tf–sfo{stf{nfO{ clejfbg
u/]sL pgsf] klx/g ;f/L–Anfph klg
sDo'lg:6 / dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] …6«]8dfs{Úh:t}
alg;s]sf] /ftf] /+us} lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf nflu pgn] /f]h]sf] kf];fs
/ clejfbg z}nL x]bf{ gof“ zlQm elgP
klg dfcf]jfbLsfnLg …x\ofª\ucf]e/Ú 5f8\g
g;s]sf] k|:6} emlNsGYof] . lha|f] lrlKnP/ ;xL,
pb\3f6gkZrft\ b'O{ lbg;Dd ePsf] 5nkmn
;qdf …;'lk|df]Ú Pj+ k"j{k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd
e§/fO{n] cfkm"x¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf ¿kdf
dfq lrgfPgg\, o;f] x'g'df dfcf]jfbLsfnLg
wªwªLn] sfd u/]sf] :jLsf/ klg u/] .
;dfkgdf e§/fO{sf] egfO lyof], …/fhwfgLdf
s'g} kmf]xf]/ gu/L zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf
;kmntfk"j{s kf6L{ 3f]if0ff sfo{qmd ;DkGg
u¥of}“ xfdLn] . olt /fd|F];“u sfo{qmd u¥of]
eg]/ clxn] sf7df8f}“ / b]z}el/ dfcf]jfbLsf]
rrf{ 5 .Ú cfkm"x¿nfO{ …dfcf]jfbLÚs} ¿kdf
lrgfPkl5 ha x'l6ª ;'? eof], To;kl5
e§/fO{n] dfkmL dfUb} uNtL ;RofP . /, To;f]
x'g'sf] sf/0f vf]tNb} eg] klg, …k'/fgf] wªwªL
d]l6g ;do nfUbf] /x]5 . To;}n] o:tf]
q'l6 ePsf] xf] .Ú
5nkmn ;q ;dfkgdf e§/fO{sf] af]nL
/ pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf cleg]qL dfgGw/sf]
z}nLn] dfq xf]Og, kf6L{sf gLlt–sfo{qmd
cflbn] klg gof“ zlQm / k'iksdn bfxfn
…k|r08Úsf] g]skf dfcf]jfbL s]Gb| ldNbfh'Nbf
nfU5g\ . To;afx]s dfcf]jfbL k[i7e"ldsf
g]tf–sfo{stf{sf] afx'No / babafsf sf/0f
sltkon] o;nfO{ k"j{Pdfcf]jfbLsf] rf]O6fsf
¿kdf klg a'em\g] u/]sf 5g\ .
jfd ljZn]ifs Zofd >]i7sf egfOdf,
hgjfbL qmflGt;DaGwL ;}4flGts /fhgLlts
ljifo, dfS;{jfb÷åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb,
cfly{s gLlth:tf ljifodf ljleGgtf eP
klg cGo clwsf+z ljifodf ;dfgtf 5g\ .
>]i7 eG5g\, æleGgtf s] s'/fdf b]lvG5 eg]
l;+xb/af/ abN5' eGb} zflGt k|lqmofdf cfPsf]
dfcf]jfbL l;+xb/af/ abNg] k/LIffdf km]n
eof] . afa'/fdhLsf] gof“ zlQmrflx“ kf; x'G5
jf km]n, Tof] k/LIf0f x'g af“sL g} 5 .Æ
yf]/} leGgtf, w]/} ;dfgtf
g]kfnsf sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] x“l;of–xyf}8f
!* cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

;dfgtf÷leGgtf
gof“ zlQm g]kfnsf] 3f]if0ff sfo{qmddf ;+of]hs e§/fO{
tl:a/ M nIdLk|;fb ªfv';L
c+lst emG8fsf nflu uf9f /ftf] k[i7e"ld
k|of]u ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . gof“ zlQmn] rflx“
uf9f /ftf] k[i7e"ldsf ;fy tf/f lrx\g /fv]/
cfkm\gf] emG8f agfPsf] 5 . vf;df of] emG8f
tTsfnLg g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;xfos ;+u7g
of]ª sDo'lg:6 lnu -jfO{;LPn_n] k|of]u ub{}
cfPsf] xf] . Pstf s]Gb|;“u Pstf ePkl5
dfq jfO{;LPnn] cfkm\gf] k"j{jt\ emG8fdf
aln/x]sf] d;fn yk]/ To;nfO{ gof“ :j¿k
lbPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf gof“ zlQmsf ;'lk|df]
e§/fO{n] o;nfO{ jfd–nf]stflGqs ljrf/wf/f
af]s]sf] bnsf ¿kdf lrgfpg vf]h]sf 5g\ .
olt x'“bfx'“b} klg gof“ zlQmn] cfkm"nfO{ jfdkGyL
zlQms} ¿kdf pEofpg vf]h]sf] s'/f #!–#@
h]7df ePsf] 5nkmn ;qdf e§/fO{n] k];
u/]sf] /fhgLlts k|ltj]bgaf6} 5n{+u x'G5 .
To;df pgn] jfd nf]stflGqs ljrf/wf/f
c“ufn] klg o;sf] d"n rl/q jfds]lGb|t
x'g]df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .
ut jif{ hf/L ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lo
:j¿ksf ;DaGwdf klg dfcf]jfbL
s]Gb| / gof“ zlQmaLr ;dfgtf b]lvG5 .
h:tf] M ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ ;xdt eP
klg tTsfnLg Pdfcf]jfbLn] To;k|lt
!$ a'“b] ;fj{hlgs c;xdlt hfx]/
u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{ ;+ljwfgk|lt
Pdfcf]jfbLn] k"0f{ xf]Og, cfnf]rgfTds
;dy{g u/]sf] xf] . o;} cfwf/df
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|n] dw];df sDtLdf
b'O{ k|b]z x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
ug'{kg{]df hf]8 lb“b} cfPsf] 5 .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;lqmo e"ldsf
v]n] klg e§/fO{n] # c;f]hdf ;+ljwfg
hf/L x'“bf To;sf] lbn vf]n]/ :jfut
u/]gg\ . a¿ Pdfcf]jfbL kl/TofunuQ}
;+ljwfgk|lt c;xdlt hgfPsf k"jL{
dw]; / klZrdsf yf¿ Kff6L{–;+u7g;“u
P]Soa4tf k|s6 ug{ k'u] . o;}
cfwf/df e§/fO{sf] ;fj{hlgs 5lj
;+ljwfglj/f]wL eOlbof] . t/, gof“
zlQmsf] xfn} ;DkGg /fli6«o e]nfdf
pgn] k|:t't u/]sf] b:tfj]h x]g{] xf]
eg] ;+ljwfgsf ;Gbe{df dfcf]jfbL
s]Gb| / gof“ zlQmsf aLr Tolt w]/}
leGgtf 5}g .
;+ljwfg;efaf6 hf/L ;+ljwfgsf]
dxŒjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug'{ g]kfnL
;dfhsf] ;+3if{zLn k/Dk/fsf] ckdfg
x'g] atfPsf 5g\ e§/fO{n] . kfl/t
eO;s]sf] pQm k|ltj]bgdf yk elgPsf]
5, …gof“ ;+ljwfgdf :yflkt ePsf Gofo,
:jtGqtf, ;+3Lotf / ;dfgtfdf
cfwfl/t nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs
zf;g k|0ffnLh:tf pknlAw sndsf]
d;Ln] ;lhn} n]lvPsf lgik|f0f zAb
xf]Ogg\, xfdL ;a}sf] /ut, kl;gf
/ cf“;'n] ntkltPsf efjgfsf
l9Ssf x'g\ .Ú olt eGb} e§/fO{n]
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|s} efsfdf ;+ljwfgnfO{
;do cg's"n ljsl;t, kl/dflh{t ub}{
n}hfg'kg{]df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .
o;afx]s zf;sLo :j¿k /
;+3Lo k|b]zsf ;Gbe{df klg dfcf]jfbL
s]Gb| / gof“ zlQmaLr leGgtf b]lvGg .
b'j}n] Ps} vfnsf] ts{sf ;fy lgjf{lrt
sfo{sf/Lsf] jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb| -tTsfnLg Pdfcf]jfbL_n]
g]skf dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|
cfnf]rgfTds ;dy{g,
c;Gt'li6 ;Daf]wg
ub{} ;+zf]wg .
;+;bLo Joj:yfk|lt
c;xdlt, k|ToIf lgjf{lrt
sfo{sf/L /fi6«klt .
/fHo k'gM;+/rgf cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;+3Lo
vfsf .
ljleGg dfcf]jfbL
ljrf/ wf/fsf kf6L{sf]
df]rf{ .
;To
lg¿k0f cfof]udfkm{t
6'+Uofpg'kg{] .
hDaf] -! xhf/ ((
;b:oLo_ dxflwj]zg
cfof]hs ;ldlt .
lgjf{lrt
k|ltlglwnfO{ lkmtf{
af]nfpg] gLlt 5}g .
dfS;{jfb;lxtsf]
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb .
;dfhjfb pGd'v /fHo
Joj:yf -;dfhjfb cfPsf]
5}g eGg] cy{df_ .
;+ljwfg
zf;sLo :j¿k
;+3Lo :j¿k
kf6L{ k|s[lt
åGåsfnLg d'2f
kf6L{ ;+u7g
;b:otf gLlt
bz{g
/fHo Joj:yf
cfly{s uGtJo
cfly{s qmflGtnfO{
k|fyldstf .
Psn g]t[Tj t/
;fd"lxs g]t[Tjsf]
k|f/lDes cEof; .
g]t[Tj
gof“ zlQm g]kfn
cfnf]rgfTds ;dy{g,
c;Gt'li6 ;Daf]wg
ub{} ;+zf]wg .
;+;bLo Joj:yfk|lt
c;xdlt, k|ToIf
lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/L .
/fHo k'gM;+/rgf
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/
;+3Lo vfsf .
d"nwf/df
gcfPsf kf6L{sf] df]rf{ .
;To lg¿k0f cfof]udfkm{t
6'+Uofpg'kg{]
hDaf] -xfn $ ;o ((
;b:oLo_nfO{ a9fP/ ;ft
;o;Dd k'¥ofpg] tof/L .
lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwnfO{
lkmtf{ af]nfpg] gLlt
clVtof/ .
dfS;{jfblagfsf]
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb .
pGgt ;dfhjfbo'Qm
/fHo Joj:yf -;dfhjfb
cfPsf] eGg] cy{df_ .
cfly{s ljsf; g}
;d:ofsf] lgsf; .
afa'/fd e§/fO{sf]
Psn g]t[Tj .
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&# !(

fhgLlt ljsf;
)^$ sf] klxnf] / )&) sf] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef
r'gfjdf k|ToIf lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/L /fi6«klt /
k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] gf/fsf
;fy k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf] lyof] . gof“ zlQmn] klg
:yfkgf x'gf;fy k|ToIf lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/Lsf]
jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
/fhgLltzf:qL k|fWofks s[i0f xf5]y'
;+ljwfg;efaf6 hf/L ug{] a]nf tTsfnLg
Pdfcf]jfbLn] k]; u/]sf] !$ a'“b] c;xdltkq
/ gof“ zlQmn] cl3 ;f/]sf] …kf“r ;Úsf aLr
;dfgtf b]V5g\ . gof“ zlQmnfO{ glhsaf6
lgofln/x]sf k|f xf5]y' eG5g\, ækm/s slt
dfq xf] eg] cfkm}“n] cl3 ;f/]sf sltko
;sf/fTds Ph]G8fnfO{ k|r08 / dfcf]jfbL
s]Gb|n] af]s]/ lx“8\g ;s]gg\ . e§/fO{n]
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf ltg} !$ a'“b] c;xdltnfO{
kf“r ;df ;"rLs[t u/L gof“ zlQmsf] k|d'v
Ph]G8f agfP/ cl3 a9fpg vf]h]sf 5g\ .Æ
dfcf]jfbLs} af]njfnf
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb| / gof“ zlQmaLr emG8}
bh{g ljifodf ;dfgtf 5g\ . olt w]/} ljifodf
;dfgtf b]lvg'sf lglZrt sf/0f 5g\ . klxnf]
xf], gof“ zlQmsf d'Vo g]t[Tj;lxt clwsf+z
g]tf–sfo{stf{ dfcf]jfbL k[i7e"ldsf x'g' .
e§/fO{ t cfkm}“ dfcf]jfbL …hgo'4Úsf Ps
of]hgfsf/ / efiosf/ x'g\ g} . o;afx]s
kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf dfcf]jfbLaf6} uPsfx¿sf]
afx'No 5 . gof“ zlQmdf emG8} &% k|ltzt
k"j{dfcf]jfbL k[i7e"ldsf g]tf–sfo{stf{ 5g\ .
of] a]Un} s'/f xf] ls kf6L{df dfcf]jfbL /
u}/dfcf]jfbL k[i7e"ldsf g]tfx¿aLr kf6L{nfO{
cf–cfkm\gf] ljrf/wf/f cg's"n n}hfg ;'?b]lv
g} Ps k|sf/sf] åGå rln/x]sf] 5 .
x'g t k/z'/fd tfdfª, hghflt
dxf;+3sf k"j{cWoIf kf;fª z]kf{, k"j{dGqL
s]zjdfg zfSo, k"j{;lrj /fd]Zj/ vgfn,
k"j{PcfO{hL u0f]z /fO{, cleg]qL dfgGw/nufot
;fj{hlgs cg'xf/x¿ gof“ zlQmdf k'u]sf
5g\ . t/, /fO{, dfgGw/x¿sf] ;d:of s] eg]
u}//fhgLlts k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsfn] pgLx¿df
/fhgLlts÷;}4flGts ljifodf bvn 5}g .
;+3Lotf, dfcf]jfbL hgo'4h:tf ljifodf rflx“
tfdfª, z]kf{, zfSon] e§/fO{eGbf km/s wf/0ff
/fVb}gg\ .
hxf“;Dd vgfnsf] k|;+u xf], pbf/jfbL
cy{tGqsf kIfw/ x'g\ pgL, ;dfhjfbL jf
;fDojfbL cy{tGqsf xf]Ogg\ . vgfnnfO{ g}
b[li6ut ub{} e§/fO{n] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL
-dfS;{jfblagfsf]_ bz{gnfO{ gof“ zlQmsf]
bfz{lgs cfwf/ agfPsf x'g\ . o;afx]s
u}/dfcf]jfbL k[i7e"ldsf dflg;nfO{ cfslif{t
ug{ klg pgn] of] af6f] /f]h]sf x'g ;S5g\ .
t/, ;}4flGts÷/fhgLlts ;jfndf e§/fO{sf]
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k"j{dfcf]jfbLx¿ g} xfaL 5g\ .
To;}n] gof“ zlQm / dfcf]jfbL s]Gb| b'j}n]
nufPsf] sf]6af6 Ps} vfnsf] /fhgLlts
uGw cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
h'g k[i7e"lddf e§/fO{ Pdfcf]jfbLaf6
cnu eP, pgL g]t[Tjsf] gof“ zlQm /
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|aLr ;}4flGts÷/fhgLlts
ljifodf Tolt w]/} leGgtf gb]lvg'df
To;n] klg w]/yf]/ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
lsgeg], s'g} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] ;}4flGts
leGgtfsf sf/0f kf6L{ Tofu]sf lyPgg\
e§/fO{n] . To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f kf6L{sf]
klxnf] g]tf x'g] cfsf+Iff g} lyof] . t/,
k|r08 5pGh]n Pdfcf]jfbLdf cfkm" klxnf]
g]tf gx'g] ;Defjgf b]v]kl5 Pdfcf]jfbL
Tofu]/ cfkm\g} g]t[Tjdf gof“ /fhgLlts bn
agfpg'sf] ljsNk pgL;“u lyPg .
ljZn]ifs >]i7sf egfOdf e§/fO{ clxn]
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|df 5}gg\ t/ of] kf6L{ clxn]
klg pgs} Ph]G8fdf rln/x]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL
s]Gb|sf tkm{af6 Joj:yflksf–;+;b\df dgf]gLt
;f+;b;d]t /x]sf >]i7 eG5g\, æ;+ljwfg;ef
pgs} Ph]G8f lyof], nf]stflGqs u0ftGq klg
?s'dsf] r'gafª a}7sdf k|r08 / afa'/fd e§/fO{, c;f]h )^@
pgs} Ph]G8f . cfZro{rflx“ s] lyof] eg]
l;+u} kf6L{ / cWoIf k|r08n] cfkm\g} Ph]G8f
af]lslb“bf klg e§/fO{ cWoIf k|r08 / kf6L{k|lt
v';L lyPgg\ . /, kf6L{ 5f8]/ lx“l8lbP .Æ
o:tf] k[i7e"lddf Pdfcf]jfbL kl/Tofu
u/]sfn] / u}/dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ g;d]6L
Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg g;lsg] ePsfn]
x'g ;S5, sDo'lg:6 jf dfcf]jfbLsf] uGw;d]t
gcfpg] u/L gof“ kf6L{sf] gfds/0f t u/]
t/ dfcf]jfbLsfnLg Ph]G8fsf] df]xrflx“
5f8\g ;s]gg\ . u}/dfcf]jfbL k[i7e"ldaf6 gof“
zlQmsf] cGtl/d s]Gb|Lo kl/ifb\ ;b:o /x]sf Ps
g]tf eG5g\, ægof“ zlQm / dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|aLr
/fhgLlts÷j}rfl/s dfldnfdf w]/} leGgtf
gb]lvg'sf] sf/0f oxL xf] .Æ
clwsf+z g]tf–sfo{stf{ dfcf]jfbL
k[i7e"ldsf ePsfn] xf]nf, gof“ zlQmnfO{
e§/fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf Pdfcf]jfbLaf6 rf]Ol6Psf]
;d"xsf ¿kdf a'em\g]sf] sdL 5}g . ptf
gof“ zlQmdf cfa4 dfcf]jfbL k[i7e"ldsf
g]tf–sfo{stf{n] klg dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf
sfo{stf{nfO{ Ph]G8fsf cfwf/df …gof“ zlQm
g} c;nL dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ ePsf]Ú atfp“b}
To;df cfa4 u/fpg] k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ . /,
k|r08n] klg gof“ zlQm c;kmn x'g] atfp“b}
l9nf]rf“8f] e§/fO{ dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|df g} kms{g]
atfO/x]s} 5g\ . •
@)
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

ljsf; ;+jfb
‘xfdL j}slNks wf/sf
gof“ zlQm g]kfnsf ;+of]hs afa'/fd e§/fO{ kf6L{ :yfkgfsf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff ;ef / b'O{ lbg] 5nkmn ;qsf] r6f/f] ;s]
klg xtf/f]d} lyP . ToxL df}sf kf/]/ g]kfnsf dfwj a:g]tn] e§/fO{;“u s'/fsfgL u/], To;}sf] ;Dkflbt c+z M
gof“ zlQm / c¿ bnaLrsf] leGgtf s] xf] <
;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L eO;s]kl5 *) jif{b]lvsf]
nf]stfGqLs/0fsf] r/0f d"ntM k"/f ePsf] 5 . ca xfdL cfly{s
ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf 5f}“ . To;}n] Pp6f gof“ ;f]“r,
z}nL / ;+u7gfTds 9f“rf;lxtsf] zlQm rflxG5 eg]/ xfdLn] gof“
zlQm :yfkgf u/]sf xf}“ . o; lx;fan] xfdL j}slNks /fhgLlts
wf/sf cu'jf xf}“ .
l;+uf] Pdfcf]jfbL kf6L{ tkfO{+s} Ph]G8fdf lx“l8/x]s} lyof] . km]l/
gof“ zlQm lsg rflxof] t <
ca ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] of]hgf k"/f ug{ k'/fgf kf6L{x¿ dfq
kof{Kt 5}gg\ . tLeGbf dfly p7]sf] gof“ ljrf/ / gof“ ;f]“r;lxtsf]
kf6L{ rflxG5 . Tof] eg]sf] gof“ zlQm g} xf] .
#* jif{;Dd sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf /x“bf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;s]sf]
s'/f tkfO{+ ^@ jif{ k'u]/ gof“ kf6L{ u7g ub{}df s;/L k"/f xf]nf <
clxn];Ddsf] ofqfdf kl/jt{gsf] 7"nf] Ph]G8f sfof{Gjog ul/of] .
u0ftGq, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts nf]stGq s;sf sf/0f
cfof] < dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngs} sf/0f cfPsf] xf]Og / < d ToxL
cfGbf]ngsf] cu'jf lyP“ . ca Tof] sfo{ef/ k"/f eof] . gof“ sfo{ef/sf
lglDt gof“ ljrf/;lxtsf] gof“ zlQm rflxPsf] xf] .
gof“ zlQmsf] eljio s] lx;fan] ;kmn / km/s x'g ;S5 <
s'g} klg kf6L{ nx8n] aGg] xf]Ogg\ . xfdLn] klg sf]xLaf6 km/s
x'g OR5f hfu]/ agfPsf] xf]Og . xfdLn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] kf6L{n] Oltxf;sf]
cfjZostf k"/f u5{ . ;ft jif{leq ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L cGTo ug]{,
!% jif{leq dWod:t/sf] ljsf;df k'¥ofpg] / @% jif{leq ;+;f/sf]
;aeGbf ;d'Ggt b]z agfpg] ;f]r / of]hgf 5 xfdL;“u . gof“ zlQmsf]
of] kl/sNkgf c¿ kf6L{eGbf km/s 5 / ;kmn x'G5 .
r'gf}tL s] s] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <
;+ljwfg ;+Zff]wg u/]/ k|ToIf /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf hfg ;lsPg
eg] l:y/tf cfp“b}g, l:y/tf geO{ ljsf; / ;d[l4 ;Dej x'“b}g .
klxnf] r'gf}tL oxL xf] .
bf];|f] r'gf}tL xf], hftLo ;d'bfoaLrdf Pstf sfod ug{' . ljljw
hftLo ljz]iftf ePsf] d'n'sdf hftLo ;d'bfoaLr Pstf sfod
ug{ ;lsPg eg] åGå l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . åGån] ljsf; / ;d[l4nfO{
c;/ kf5{ .
t];|f] r'gf}tLrflx“ ef/t / rLgh:tf b'O{ 7"nf cy{tGq ePsf
b]zaLr ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg' xf] . oL b'O{ d'n'saLr ;Gt'ng sfod
ug{ ;lsof] eg] dfq b'O{ 7"nf ahf/sf] kmfObf lnP/ ljsf; / ;d[l4sf]
of]hgf nfu" ug{ ;S5f}“ . t/, ;lsPg eg] pgLx¿sf] /0fgLlts :jfy{
h'w]/ xfd|f] b]z cl:y/tflt/ hfG5 . xfdLn] d'Vo u/L oL tLgj6f
tl:a/ M /lj dfgGw/
r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
gof“ zlQmsf] j}rfl/s nfOgrflx“ s] xf] <
o;af/]df Jofks 5nkmn u/L cfp“bf] *÷!) dlxgfleq
dxflwj]zgaf6 6'+uf] nufp“5f}“ . ToltGh]nsf] 5nkmnsf nflu xfdLn]
pGgt nf]stGqpGd'v jfd nf]stGq eg]sf 5f}“ .
jfd nf]stGq eGg] cfkm}“df c:ki6 ljrf/ xf]Og / <
of] lans'n :ki6 ljrf/ xf] . jfd eg]sf] oyfl:ylteGbf cl3
a9]sf] k|ultsfdL zlQm xf] . nf]stGq eg]sf] hgtfsf] k|ToIf
;xeflutf /xg] k|0ffnL xf] . lxhf]sf] /fHos]lGb|t ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf
hgtfsf] nf]stflGqs cEof; 7Ls 9+un] x'g ;s]g . /, pbf/jfb Pj+
gjpbf/jfbdf hgtfsf k|ultzLn cfsf+Iff k"/f x'g ;s]gg\ . To;}n]
b'j}sf ;Ldf a'em]/ xfdLn] To;eGbf dfly p7]sf] jfd nf]stGqsf]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf xf}“ .
gof“ zlQmsf gfddf afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ gof“ 9+un] k|:t't
ul/Psf] xf]Og <
of] unt s'/f xf] . xfdL @!cf}“ ztfAbLsf kl5Nnf 1fg / lj1fgn]
@@
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

cu'jf xf}“’
;';lHht gof“ ljrf/, gof“ ;+:sf/ / z}nLdf cfwfl/t gof“ zlQm
lgdf{0f ug{ rfxG5f}“ . clxn]sf] ;'?cft k|f/lDes dfq xf] . cfufdL
lbgdf Jofks 5nkmn u/]/ xfd|f] ljwfg, sfo{lbzf, ljrf/nfO{ clGtd
¿k lbG5f}“ .
kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj k|0ffnL Psn xf] ls ;fd"lxs <
xfd|f] g]t[Tj k|0ffnL ;fd"lxs x'g]5 . ;fd"lxs dfq xf]Og, of]
;xeflutfd"ns klg x'G5 . ;fd"lxs / ax'kbLo k|0ffnLdf hfG5f}“ .
;fd"lxs xf] eg] tkfO{+kl5sf] g]tf sf] < b]j]Gb| kf}8]n, /fdrGb| emf,
/fd]Zj/ vgfn jf c¿ sf]xL <
Pp6f nf]stflGqs kf6L{df JolQmnfO{ 6Lsf] nufP/ k|:t't
ul/“b}g . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf uPkl5 sfo{stf{n] h;nfO{ ?rfp“5g\,
ToxL g} g]tf aG5 .
t/, lxhf] k|r08 k|flwsf/ eP eGb} lj/f]w ug]{ tkfO{+n] cfh gof“
zlQmsf gfddf cfkm}“ k|flwsf/ lsg lng'ePsf] <
d ;+o]fhs dfq 5' . s;/L k|flwsf/ eP“ < kf6L{sf] cGtl/d
ljwfg cg';f/ d}n] ;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsf dfq v]N5' . d s'g} lghL,
JolQm k|flwsf/ :yflkt ug{ rfxGg“ . /, xfdLn] ljwfgdf :ki6
n]v]sf 5f}“, Ps JolQm Ps kb / Ps kb clwstd b'O{ sfo{sfn .
gof“ zlQmdf sf]xL klg b'O{ sfo{sfneGbf a9L kbdf a:g kfp“b}g .
lxhf] @)–#) jif{;Dd dfG5]x¿ h;/L kbdf a:y], Tof] gof“ zlQmdf
nfu" x'g ;Qm}g .
tkfO{+n] Psflt/ cfkm\g} hLjgsfndf @% jif{leq ljZjs} ;d'Ggt
b]z agfp“5' eGg'ePsf] 5, csf{lt/ &) jif{sf] pd]/kl5 ;lqmo /fhgLlt
ulb{g“ klg eGb} x'g'x'G5 . of] k/:k/lj/f]wL ePg <
d}n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsfndf g]kfn ljZjs} ;d'Ggt b]z b]Vg rfxG5'
eg]sf] 5' . t/, d cfkm" &) jif{eGbf a9L sfo{sf/L kbdf al:bg“ .
clxn] ^@ jif{sf] eP“ . dg{ t ef]ln klg ;lsG5 . t/, ;Defjgfsf]
s'/f ubf{ cem} @% jif{ af“Rg ;lsG5 eg]sf] xf] . ^@ jif{sf] dfG5] @%
jif{ af“Rbf *& jif{sf] eOG5 . To; a]nf;Dd d}n] g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4
ePsf] b]Vg rfx]sf] xf] . To;sf lglDt cfkm}“ sfo{sf/L kbdf a:g]
eg]sf] xf]Og .
cfufdL lgjf{rgaf6} klxnf] zlQm aGg] bfaL ub}{ x'g'x'G5, To;sf]
cfwf/ s] xf] <
g]kfnL hgtf l5§f]eGbf l5§f] ul/aL, a]/f]huf/Laf6 d'lQm
rfxG5g\ . xfdLn] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ToxL Ph]G8f p7fPsf 5f}“ .
bf]:f|f], lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf ljleGg hflt, If]qsf aLrsf hgtf
Pstf–;b\efj rfxG5g\ . To;}n] ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts nf]stGq
Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug'{'k5{ eg]sf 5f}“ . To;sf] k|of]u ;'? klg
ul/;s]sf 5f}“ . t];|f] / d'Vorflx“ e|i6frf/sf] bnbndf b]z km;]sf]
5, hgtf e|i6frf/af6 d'Qm eO{ ;'zf;g x]g{ rfxG5g\ . e|i6frf/
cGTo / ;'zf;g :yfkgf xfdLn] d'Vo Ph]G8f agfPsf 5f}“ . log} tLg
d'Vo Ph]G8fsf sf/0f xfdL d'Vo zlQm aGg]5f}“ .
t/, tkfO{+s} >LdtL lxl;nf odL e|i6frf/sf k|;+udf ljjflbt
x'g'ePsf] 5 lg <
lxl;nfhLsf af/]df ;r]t 9+uaf6 s]xL j[Qaf6 b'ik|rf/ ul/of] .
To;lj?4 pxf“n] cbfntdf rl/qxTofsf] d'2f bfo/ ug'{eof] .
cbfntn] lxl;nfhLsf] kIfdf km};nf u¥of] . To;kl5 h–h;n]
rl/q xTofsf] cf/f]k nufPsf lyP, cbfntdf pxf“n] lhTg'ePsf]
k|rf/ ul/Psf] 5}g . lxl;nf cfkm}“ Ps ;Ifd dlxnf, cfls{6]S6
x'g'x'G5, ;d[4 3/fgfsf] x'g'x'G5 t/ clxn] b'Mv u/]/ 8]/fsf] 3/df
al;/xg'ePsf] 5 . /xg;xg njfOvjfO x]g]{ xf] eg] klg ;fdfGo
dlxnfsf ¿kdf b]lvg' x'G5 . ca pxf“n] lsg e|i6frf/ ug'{k¥of] <
s]sf nflu e|i6frf/ ug'{k¥of] <
k|;+u abnf}“, ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ elg/xg'ePsf] 5 . To;sf]
;"q s] x'g ;S5 <
;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg aGg' ;sf/fTds s'/f xf] . t/, To;df
s]xL q'l6 5g\ . ;aeGbf 7"nf] q'l6 eg]sf] k|ToIf lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/Ldf
hfg g;Sg' xf] . k|ToIf lgjf{lrt k|0ffnLdf ghfg] xf] eg] clxn]sf]
ldl>t / ;+;bLo zf;sLo k|0ffnLn] cl:y/tf dfq} Nofp“5 . To;n]
b]znfO{ lgsf; / ;d[l4lt/ nf“b}g . o;nfO{ ;+zf]wg u/]/ k|ToIf
lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/Ld} hfg'k5{ .
bf];|f] yf¿, dw];L, hghflt afx'No If]qdf k|b]zsf] ;Ldf+sg
ldn]sf 5}gg\, To;nfO{ ldnfpg ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ . To;sf] cfwf/rflx“
;+ljwfg;efsf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;ldlt / /fHo k'gM;+/rgf
cfof]usf k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;+zf]wg
ug'{k5{ . t];|f], dlxnfnfO{ cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ gful/stf lbg kfpg]
h'g cs'l07t clwsf/ x'g'kg]{ xf], Tof] clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf]
5}g . To;df ;+zf]wg ul/g'k5{ . •
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#
@#

[li6sf]0f
c?0f ;'j]bL
gof“ dfn, k'/fg} rfn
®f
hgLltsf] ahf®df gof“ dfn cyf{t\ gof“ bn cfPsf] 5,
k"j{k|wfgdGqL Pj+ k"j{5fkfdf® g]tf afa'®fd e§®fO{sf]
gof“ zlQm g]kfn . gof“ zlQm gof“ lsl;dn] cl: tTjdf
cfpgf;fy ®fhgLltsf] ahf®df tLj| k|ltlqmofx¿ ;'? ePsf 5g\ .
o;} klg g]kfnsf] ®fhgLlt a9L k|ltlqmofn] g} lgwf{®0f u5{ . Oltxf;
o: t} k|dfl0ft u5{, slxn] ®fhfsf] lqmofsf] k|ltlqmofdf, slxn]
ef®tk|ltsf] k|ltlqmofdf ® slxn] cfGtl®s ;Qfsf] k|ltlqmofdf .
clxn]sf] ;Qf : jo+ ef®tLo k|wfgdGqL g®]Gb| df]bLlj?4 k|ltlqmofsf]
®fhgLltdf g} cfkm\gf] cf}lrTotf ;flat ul®®x]sf] 5 .
o;®L k|ltlqmofdf dfq cfkm\gf] cf}lrTo ;flat ug]{ ;+: s[lteGbf
s]xL dfg]df cnu h: tf] b]lvP klg e§®fO{sf] gof“ zlQm o;af6 vf;}
d'Qm eg] b]lvPg . oBlk, k|ltlqmofdf cfwfl®t ®fhgLltsf] nfdf]
z[+vnfdf Pp6f gof““ ®fhgLlts zlQmn] cfkm\gf] cf}lrTo k|ltlqmofdf
g} : yflkt ug]{ xf] ls cfkm"nfO{ lqmofstf{sf ¿kdf lnO{ hfg] xf],
clxn] g} eGg ;lsg] cj: yf 5}g .
gof“ kIf M e§®fO{sf] Psn …: 6f®Ú k|bz{g ®x]sf] gof“ zlQmdf
sDo'lg: 6 efje"lddf nfdf] ®fhgLlts hLjg latfPsf g]tfx¿sf]
Oltxf; ku]{Nbf yf]®} cnu wf® jf gof“ wf®df rflx“ kSs} 5, of] .
g]kfnL sDo'lg: 6 cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f s6' ®fhgLlts Oltxf; xf],
hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] :j}®sNkgf b]vfP® ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ ®
Pp6f txdf zlQm cfh{g u®]kl5 ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf cjt®0f
ug]{ . To;kl5 oxL lgx'“ kf®]® hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] gf®fdf kf6L{
km'6\g] clg csf{] kf6L{ u7g x'g] . cyf{t\, sDo'lg: 6 kf6L{ pbf®
k|hftGqdf cjt®0f ugf{;fy k®Dk®fjfbL sDo'lg: 6 km'6]® hfg] . csf]{
®f]un] klg sDo'lg: 6 g]t[Tj kLl8t lyof], sDo'lg: 6 cfGbf]ngaf6
la®lQmP®÷knfog eP® of t sf+u|];tkm{ nfUg] of t b®af® g}
k: g]÷km: g] .
gof“ zlQmrflx“ o;df ckjfb b]lvPsf] 5 cyf{t\ gof“ af6f]df
g} 5 . Pp6f 5fkfdf® k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf] sDo'lg: 6 kf6L{ ax'bnLo
k|hftGqdf cjt®0f u®]kl5 kf6L{sf] Ps zLif{ g]tfn] kf6L{nfO{
…cyf]{8S;Ú sDo'lg: 6 efje"ldlt® gnuL pbf® k|hftfGqLs®0fsf]
kydf dfq nu]gg\, cfkm"nfO{ u}®sDo'lg: 6 zlQms} ¿kdf : yflkt
u®] . pgL knfog eP® sf+u|]; jf cGo s'g} bntkm{ jf ®fhflt® klg
uPgg\ . of], g]kfnsf] sDo'lg: 6 cfGbf]ngsf] k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf]
g]t[Tjdf cfh;Dd gePsf] ;Gbe{ xf] . o; dfg]df gof“ zlQmsf]
g]t[Tjsf] gof“ kIf xf], of] . v'gL ® cfttfoL k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf]
Pp6f g]tfdf ePsf] of] pTkl®jt{g -Do'6];g_ k|z+;gLo 5 .
;}4flGts w®ftn s] < M Pp6f ®fhgLlts zlQm : yfkgfsf nflu
klxnf] ;t{ xf], ®fhgLlts l;4fGt . of] qmd cfhsf] xf]Og ® kl5
klg l;4fGtljxLg ®fhgLlts zlQm bL3{sfnLg x'g ;Sb}g . cfkm\gf]
d"n d'2f cfly{s ljsf; x'g] e§®fO{sf] syg 5 . o;sf] cy{ cfkm\gf]
®fhgLlts l;4fGtk|lt pgL uf]nd6f]n
x'g kfp“5g\ eGg] xf]Og . of] k|Zg lsg
klg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eg] u}®sDo'lg: 6 gfd
eP klg pgsf] klx®g z}nL, k|: t'lt ®
;+u7gsf ax'dt dflg;x¿ sDo'lg: 6
k[i7e"lds} 5g\ . To;dfly cfkm\gf] v'gL
ctLtk|lt pgn] cfh;Dd kZrfQfk ug'{sf]
;§f To;sf] cf}lrTotf ;flat ug{d} ;do
vr]{sf 5g\ . of] s'®f ;f]rgLo dfq xf]Og,
vt®gfs klg 5 . o;sf®0f cfkm\gf]
;}4flGts w®ftn pgn] : ki6 kfg'{k5{
ls, cfhsf afa'®fd e§®fO{ 7Ls ls
lxhf]sf < b'j} 7Ls x'g} ;Sb}g . olb
b'j} 7Ls elgG5 eg] of] ®fhgLltdf
7"nf] sk6k"0f{ rfn xf] .
xfdLsxf“ nfdf] ;dob]lv
jfdkGyL wf®df Pp6f zlQm d"n
k|jfx ®xg] ® v'b|] ljjfbn] ToxL
;}4flGts w®ftndf v'b|] kf6L{x¿
lemNs] lqmof, lemNs] k|ltlqmof
gof“ zlQm : yfkgfsf qmddf Pp6f uDeL® ®fhgLlts zlQmsf]
5lj lbg'sf] ;§f gof“ zlQm jf o;sf Psn : 6f® afa'®fd e§®fO{
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] pQfpnf] k|efjdf k®]® kf6L{sf] k|rf® ug{
lemNs] lqmofsnfkd} s]lGb|t ®x] . of] k+lQmsf® : jo+ g} Jofkfl®s
® cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] nfdf] cg'ej ;“ufn]sf] JolQm xf]. g]kfn
clxn] h: tf] cfly{s cj: yfaf6 u'lh|Psf] 5, d'n'ssf s®bftf
® rGbfbftf h'g cj: yfdf 5g\, To; cj: yfdf gof“ kf6L{sf]
o: tf] k|rf® z}nL < cfkm"nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k|lta4tf
hgfpg] JolQmsf o; lsl;dsf lemNs] z}nL w]®}nfO{ ckfRo ePsf]
k|ltlqmof cfO;s]sf 5g\ . o: t} lemNs] z}nL kf6L{ 3f]if0ff sfo{qmd
@$
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

vf]n]® ;Qfsf] rf: gL rfVg] k®Dk®f 5 . csf{]kl§ k|hftflGqs wf®sf]
d"n k|jfx ®x]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];s} d"nwf®df ;fgfltgf ;}4flGts
kfy{So b]vfP® bn vf]n]® ;Qf ;'vdf kx'“r agfpg] k®Dk®f klg
k'®fg} xf] . xfd|f] ®fhgLltdf vfnL ®x]sf] ;}4flGts w®ftn xf], …df]8®]6
sGh®e]l6eÚsf] . vf; u®L sdn yfkfsf] ;}4flGts ® ®fhgLlts
ktgkl5 of] w®ftn emg} pj{® b]lvPsf] 5 . l5d]sL ldq®fi6« ef®tdf
a9\b} uPsf] df]8®]6 sGh®e]l6esf] jr{: jn] klg of] w®ftnnfO{
dnhn g} ug{]5 . t®, e§®fO{sf b: tfj]h ® k|: t'lt x]bf{
Tof] ljGb'df k'Ug] b]lvGg . ;}4flGts w®ftn ePsf]
: yfgdf 7fp“ geg]{ xf] eg] pgsf] bnn] of t
Pdfn]–dfcf]jfbL efje"lddf yk eL8 lgdf{0f ug]{
xf] of sf+u|];L efje"lddf . oL b'j}
: yfgdf pgsf] x}l;ot d"n k|jfxsf]
x'g] 5}g . cyf{t\ s'g} g s'g} axfgfdf
;Qfsf] rf]O6f] rfVg] yk Pp6f bn
dfq x'g]5, gof“ zlQm .
®fhgLltdf gof“ zlQm gfd
lbP klg cfly{s ljsf;sf] gf®fdf
gof“kg 5}g . ;dfhjfb,
pbf®jfb ® ;fDojfbsf]
sS6]ndf ®ge'Nndf k®]sf]
g]kfnL cfly{s–;fdflhs
gLlt lgdf{0fnfO{ lbzf lglb{i6
ug]{ ;f]r ® ;}4flGts cfwf® gof“
zlQmdf 5}g .
klxrfgsf] d'2f ® e§®fO{ M gof“ zlQmsf] Pp6f c8fg 5, hftLo
® If]qLo klxrfgnfO{ : jLsf® ug]{, klxrfgsf] n8fO“nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ .
o;sf] : ki6 cfwf® xf], g]kfnsf] ;f+: s[lts ®fli6«otfsf] ljljwtfnfO{
: jLsf® ug'{ . t®, g]kfnsf] ;f+: s[lts ljljwtf pGd"ng g} ug]{
lsl;dn] al9®x]sf] ;f+: s[lts cltqmd0fk|lt pgsf] s'g} lj®f]w x'“b}
gx'g' ®x: osf] ljifo xf] . ;f+: s[lts klxrfgsf] kIfkftLn] g]kfnsf
;f+: s[lts ;d"xsf] lghTjdfly ePsf] cltqmd0fsf] lj®f]w ug{}k5{. of]
gu®]® pgn] bf]xf]®f] rl®q b]vfO®x]sf 5g\ . Psftkm{ klxrfgjfbLsf]
;~rfngdf klg ckgfOof] . l;g] cleg]t[ sl®Zdf dfgGw®k|lt s'g}
cfu|x g®fvL eGg'kbf{ pgn] klg cfkm\gf] Ifdtf leq ® aflx® s]
5 eg]® a'em\g' kYof{] . cfkm\gf] s]Gb|Lo ;b: onfO{ …UNofd®Úsf nflu
e§®fO{n] k|of]u klg ug'{ x'GgYof] . o: tf] lemNs] sfdaf6 pgsf]
cf]h a9]g ® a9\b}g klg .
gof“ zlQmaf6 csf]{ lemNs] pb\3f]if klg cfPsf] 5 ls : gfts
gu®]sfnfO{ r'gfjdf l6s6 glbg] . of] s'®f lemNs] dfq xf]Og,
xf: of: kb klg 5 . clxn] e§®fO{;dIf Oltxf;j]Qf Pj+ ljåfg\
lbg]z®fh kGtnfO{ l6s6 lbg' k¥of] eg] lbg] ls glbg] < pgL;“u
t P;Pn;Lsf] k|df0fkq klg 5}g . a]nfotsf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
hf]g d]h® d]l6«So'n]6]8 dfq lyP . o: tf] lemNs], xf: of: kb
® jflxoft s'®f e§®fO{ lsg ul®®x]5g\ < o;n] pgdf ®x]sf]
ufDeLo{dfly 7"nf] k|Zg v8f u5{ .
t'i6Ls®0f ® csf{kl§ k];f ® zlQm ®fi6«x¿sf] ®0fgLlts bafadf
;f+: s[lts cltqmd0f ug]{ ld;gx¿;“usf] ;xsfo{ .
o;sf] csf]{ klg : ki6 k|df0f 5, JolQmut klxrfgnfO{
;dy{g ug]{ ® ax';+Vos klxrfgsf] of]hs ;f+: s[lts klxrfg lxGb'
®fli6«otfnfO{ c: jLsf® ug]{ of] cToGt vt®gfs s'®f xf] . ®, of]
ljv08gjfbsf] aLhf®f]k0f xf] . kfy{Sosf sf®0fx¿nfO{ : jLsf® ug]{
® Pstfsf] cfwf®nfO{ c: jLsf® ug]{ e§®fO{ s6' cfnf]rgfsf kfq
x'g\, ;Gb]xf: kb JolQm x'g\ .
ljb]zL cfsf, :jb]zL efsf M klxn] ljb]zL cfsfdf ef®t
® klZrd dfq ulgGy] eg] ca rLg klg Tof] ab\VofO“ kfpg]df
k'lu;s]sf] 5 . Oltxf; ® jt{dfgnfO{ lgofNbf klg ®fhgLlts bnx¿
dfq geP® gful®s ;dfh ® ;~rf® hut\ klg Tof] dfgsdf c5'tf]
b]lvGg . u}®;®sf®L ;+: yfsf] t emg\ s'®} cnu . ljb]zL cfsfsf]
O;f®fdf : jb]zL efsf af]ln®x]sf ®fhgLlts zlQm ® JolQmsf] k+lQmdf
gof“ zlQm ® o;sf g]tf klg c5'tf] 5}gg\ .
g]kfnL sf+u|];leq clxn]sf lsrnf]sf k|d'v ljifo ;+3Lotf,
wd{lg®k]Iftfnufotlj?4 hgdt lgdf{0f eO®x“bf k|hftflGqs wf®df
ltg} d'2fsf] lxdfotL eg]® gof“ zlQm cfPsf] 5 . oL d'2f clxn]sf
ljjfbf: kb ;+ljwfgsf cfTdf 7x¥ofOPsf] 5 . ®, of] ;+ljwfgsf]
: jfldTj !@ a'“b]sf ;"qwf® zlQmn] lnPsf 5g\ . cyf{t\, ef®tsf]
k|ltkIf ® klZrdfx¿nfO{ of] ;+ljwfgsf] arfj ug]{ ® ;+ljwfgdf
lglxt tL ljifonfO{ ;+zf]wg g} ug{ glbg] Pp6f k|hftflGqs cfj®0fsf]
zlQmsf] h?®t lyof] . ToxL afx\o ®0fgLltsf] h?®t k"lt{ ug]{ sfo{
cg';f® gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f ePsf] t xf]Og <
c:ki6 ljb]z gLlt M g]kfnh: tf] ®0fgLlts dxŒjsf] ®fi6«df
ljb]z gLltsf] vf; dxŒj x'G5, o;}sf] k|of]u ®fli6«o : jfy{sf
nflu x'g g;s]® d'n'sn] b'u{lt a]xf]g'{k®]sf] 5 . aLkL sf]O®fnf
k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 g]kfnnfO{ nfu]sf] of] uDeL® ®f]usf] lgbfg
ug]{ l;4fGt;lxtsf] kl®jlt{t ;f]r cfh;Dd s;}df cfPg . of]
cndnsf sf®0f d'n'sn] 7"nf] 3f6f a]xf]l®;s]sf] 5, a]xf]l®®x]sf] 5 .
of] zf: qLo cndnsf] s;Ldf gof“ zlQm klg pxL 8\ofªdf b]lvG5 .
k®®fi6« gLltnfO{ cfGtl®s ®fhgLltsf] cf}hf® agfpg] kl®kf6L ®
cfGtl®s ®fhgLltnfO{ cfkm\gf] ®0fgLlts : jfy{sf nflu k|of]u ug]{
zlQm ®fi6«x¿sf] rnv]naLr cl: y® ® uGtJoxLg g]kfnsf] k®®fi6«
gLltdfly gof“ zlQmsf] gof“ ;f]r k6Ss} 5}g .
Gffd ® g]tf M b]znfO{ o'u o'u;Dd g]t[Tj ug]{ cfsf+Iffn] v8f
x'g] u5{g\, ®fhgLlts bnx¿ . o;}n] ltgsf] gfd h'g o'udf klg
zfZjt vfnsf x'G5g\ . tTsfnsf] cfjZostf cg';f® jf tTsfnLg
hglk|o÷s0f{lk|o gf®fnfO{ dfq k|ltlglwTj ug]{ gfdsf ®fhgLlts
zlQm bL3{hLjL x'Ggg\ . s'®f zf: qLo xf] t® ;To . o; cfwf®df %)
jif{kl5 klg e§®fO{sf] bnsf] gfd gof“ zlQm g} x'g] xf] < of] ;fgf]
nfUg] lh1f;f eP klg dggLo 5 .
clg, s'g} hdfgfdf s'g} g]tfsf] g]t[Tjdf P]ltxfl;s cfGbf]ngdf
;xefuL ePsf t® ;Qf l;sf®sf] lg;fgf nufpg c;kmn
ePsf z®0ffyL{ ®fhgLlt1x¿sf] eL8 klg gof“ zlQmdf ®fd|}
5 . o: tf z®0ffyL{nfO{ g} ;f®ly agfP® s] s: tf nIo k|flKt unf{
gof“ zlQmn] < •
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#
@%

pTs[i6
Kn; 6"
• /fdaxfb'/ /fjn
u
t jif{ sIff !! / !@ sf ljBfyL{n] e"sDksf]
q:t dgf]lj1fgsf aLr k/LIff lbP . ToxL sf/0f w]/}
ljBfnosf] glthf cgk]lIft tj/n] vl:sof] . vf; u/L
pkTosfaflx/sf ljBfyL{sf] rfk x'g] ljBfnox¿n] To;sf] df/
v]k] . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg k'/fgf] glthfnfO{ sfod /fVg ;kmn pRr
dfljx¿sf] ;"rL g} eGg'k5{, o;nfO{ .
ljut gf} jif{b]lv nuftf/ k|yd :yfgdf /x]sf] nlntk'/sf] k|;fbL
Ps]8]dLn] o;kN6 klg Tof] :yfg ;'/lIft u¥of] . oBlk, ut jif{
-(*=&#_sf] t'ngfdf o;kN6 p;sf] glthf s]xL vl:sPsf] -(*=#%_
5 . emLgf] cGt/ -)=@&_ n] bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}“sf] ;]G6
h]leo;{ sn]hn] k|;fbLnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf] 5, (*=)& NofP/ . /,
;]G6 h]leo;{ sn]hn] cl3Nnf] jif{ -(^=#!_sf] cfkm\g} glthfdf klg
pNn]Vo c+s -!=&^_n] a9fPsf] 5 . 6k 6]gsf] ;"rLdf lj1fg ;d"x
dfq k9fpg] PSnf] Kn; 6" klg xf] of] .
t];|f] :yfgdf ut jif{s} ;]G6 d]l/h pRr dflj, nlntk'/n]
lg/Gt/tf kfof], (^=!* c+ssf ;fy . p;n] cl3Nnf] jif{sf] k|fKtf+sdf
o;kN6 )=^$ c+s hf]8]sf] 5 . o;k6s bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] ;]G6
h]leo;{af6 eg] ;]G6 d]l/h pNn]Vo b"/L -!=()_df 5 . 6k 6]g
pRr dfljsf] ;"rLdf 5fqf dfq cWoog ug]{ Ps dfq pRr dflj
klg xf] of] .
cl3Nnf jif{x¿sf] t'ngfdf ut jif{ s]xL k5fl8 ws]lnPsf]
sf7df8f}“ df]8n pRr dfljn] o;kN6 rf}yf] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .
5}6f}“ :yfgaf6 rf}yf]df k'Ug p;n] )=%* c+s yKb} (%=#^ Nofpg'k¥of] .
sf7df8f}“s} Unf]an sn]h ckm Dofg]hd]G6n] ut jif{s} kf“rf}“ :yfg
cf]u6]/ Joj:yfkg dfq cWofkg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿df ;jf]{Ts[i6 Kn; 6"sf
¿kdf cfkm\gf] gfd btf{ u/]sf] 5 . ut jif{ -($=()_sf] t'ngfdf
o;kfln p;n] pQL0f{ b/ klg )=$# n] a9fP/ (%=## k|ltzt
tl:a/ M nIdLk|;fb ªfv';L
k'¥ofPsf] 5 . eQmk'/sf] ;}lgs cfjf;Lo dxfljBfnosf] eg] ut
jif{sf] :yfg -rf}yf]_ / pQL0f{ b/ -(%=@#_ b'j}df lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 .
o;kfln of] ;+:yf (#=^# c+s NofP/ 5}6f}“ :yfgdf k'u]sf] 5, h'g
kf“rf}“ :yfgsf] Unf]an sn]haf6 klg kof{Kt b"/L -!=!&_df 5 .
ut jif{ !!cf}“ gDa/df /x]sf] sf:sLsf] ;u/dfyf pRr dflj
o;kfln rf/ :yfg dfly plSnPsf] 5 . /, 6k 6]gsf] ;"rLdf
kg]{ pkTosfaflx/sf] PSnf] Kn; 6" klg ag]sf] 5
of] . nlntk'/sf] lnl6n PGhN; cf7f}“ pTs[i6
pRr dflj ag]sf] 5, h'g ut jif{ b;f}“
:yfgdf lyof] .
sf7df8f}“sf] Pg;L;LP; / eQmk'/sf]
df]8g{ af]l8{ªn] eg] ut jif{sf] qmdzM
cf7f}“ / gjf}“ :yfg u'dfP/ Ps–Ps :yfg
k5fl8 ws]lnPsf 5g\ . Joj:yfkgdf
dfq egf{ lng] oL b'j} pRr dfljsf]
pQL0f{ b/df klg pNn]Vo lu/fj6 cfPsf]
5 . kl5Nnf rf/ jif{sf] cf};t pQL0f{ b/
(!=!) /x]sf] df]8g{ af]l8{ªn] g} o;kfln 6k 6]gsf]
;Ldf/]vf sf]/]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] 6k 6]gsf] ;"rLaf6 nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}“sf]
h]leo/ Ps]8]dL aflxl/Psf] 5 eg] sf:sLsf] ;u/dfyf lelqPsf] 5 .
;u/dfyfn] g} 6k 6]g ;"rLdf pkTosfaflx/sf] pkl:yltnfO{ z"Go
@^
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

x'g lbPg . hals, ut jif{ pkTosfaflx/sf] Pp6f klg pRr dflj
6k 6]g ;"rLdf lyPg . o;kfln 6k 6]g ;"rLdf Pp6f lj1fg dfq
k9fpg], tLgj6f Joj:yfkg dfq k9fpg] Kn; 6" k/]sf 5g\ . 6k 6]gdf
pkTosfs} pRr dfljx¿sf] jr{:j o;kfln klg sfod /x\of] .
6k 6]gsf] bf}8df
6k 6]gdf gk/]sf t/ lgs6td k|lt:kwf{df b]lvPsf !% pRr
dfljx¿sf] ;"rLdf nlntk'/sf] ;]G6 h]leo/, sf7df8f}“sf Soflk6n
/ Go' ;ld6 pRr dfljn] klxnf]kN6 k|j]z kfP eg] sf7df8f}“s} k|fOd
pRr dfljsf] kf“r jif{kl5 pTs[i6 @% sf] ;"rLdf k'g/f]bo ePsf] 5 .
ut jif{ pTs[i6 @% leq /x]sf bfªsf] uf]/vf OG6/g];gn klAns,
nlntk'/sf] d'gnfO6 af]l8{ª, sf7df8f}“sf sf7df8f}“ ag{xf6{, ;]G6
n/]G; / P; tyf eQmk'/sf] VjMk pRr dflj o;k6s aflxl/P .
df]/ªsf] c/lgsf] pRr dfljn] pTs[i6 @% pRr dfljsf] ;Ldf/]vf
sf]¥of] . @% pTs[i6 pRr dfljsf] ;"rLdf o;kfln pkTosfaflx/sf
rf/j6f pRr dflj k/] .
ut jif{sf] pTs[i6 @% sf] ;"rLdf k/]sf sf:sLsf] db/NofG8,
nlntk'/sf] o'gfO6]8 Ps]8]dL, sf7df8f}“sf h]leo/ OG6/g];gn,
gf]a]n Ps]8]dL, l/nfoG; OG6/g];gn, eLP; lgs]tg, ;u/dfyf
dlN6kn, g];gn :s'n ckm ;fOG;]; / df]/ªsf] d]l/NofG8 pRr
dflj o;kfln klg bf]xf]l/P .
k"j{ If]qaf6 lj/f6gu/ / klZrddf kf]v/fafx]s cGo ;x/n] 6k
5gf]6 ljlw
Ps bzsb]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf pTs[i6 pRr dflj 5gf]6 ub}{
cfPsf] g]kfnn] o;k6s klg P;Pn;Lsf] glthf ;fj{hlgs
eP;“u} d'n'ssf pDbf pRr dfljsf] ;"rL k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\n] sIff !! / !@ sf] z}lIfs ;qsf]
cGTodf lng] k/LIffsf] lgoldttkm{sf] glthf ljZn]if0fsf
cfwf/df oL pTs[i6 pRr dflj 5flgPsf x'g\ .
5gf]6sf qmddf ljutsf] dfkb08df s'g} x]/km]/ ul/Psf]
5}g . o;k6s klg Go"gtd ! ;o !( ljBfyL{nfO{ k/LIffdf
;xefuL u/fpg] pRr dfljnfO{ 5gf]6sf] k|f/lDes ;"rLdf
/flvPsf] lyof] . To;} u/L )^( b]lv )&@ ;Ddsf rf/ z}lIfs
;qsf !! / !@ sIff u/L cf7j6f k/LIffsf] pQL0f{ k|ltztsf]
cf};t c+ssf cfwf/df k|fKtf+s lbOPsf] 5 . /, pTs[i6tfsf]
qmd klg ToxL c+ssf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;n]
glthfdf l:y/tf / pRr dfljsf] :yfloTjnfO{ k|:t't u5{ .
sd ljBfyL{ k9fP/ ztk|ltzt glthf xfl;n ug]{
ljBfno klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/, cf};t ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
gePsf ljBfnonfO{ k|lt:kwf{df ;fd]n ul/Pg . To;}
u/L Go"gtd dfkb08leq k/]/ klg glthfdf l:y/tf
sfod ug{ g;Sg] pRr dfljx¿ ;du| d"Nof+sgdf :jtM
sdhf]/ b]lvP .
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf
s]Gb| / pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\sf] hf“ra'emsf qmddf
k/LIffdf cdof{lbt ultljlw ug]{, k/LIff s]Gb| cfkm" cg's"n
agfpg], pQ/k'l:tsf hf“Rg] qmddf clgoldttf ug]{h:tf
ljs[ltdf ;+nUg ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf pRr dfljx¿nfO{
eg] o; k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
6]g dfq xf]Og, 6k @% df ;d]t pkl:ylt b]vfpg ;s]gg\ . /, log}
b'O{ ;x/ k"j{ / klZrdsf clGtd ;Ldf;d]t aGg k'u] . cyf{t\, pTs[i6
pRr dfljx¿sf] bfo/f o;eGbf km/flsnf] aGg ;s]g .
;fd'bflos pRr dfljsf] l:ylt
pTs[i6 @% sf] ;"rLdf gk/] klg kf]v/f, sf:sLsf] cd/l;+x
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/fhgLlt, snf, ;+uLt
cflb .
k|ltef af]s]/ cfPsf] x'g ;S5 . eljiodf a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf, ax'/fli6«o
sDkgLx¿df cfkm\gf] :yfgaf/] sNkgf ul//x]sf] x'g ;S5 . cyjf,
cfkm\g} s'g} Joj;fo ug]{ ;f]r x'g ;S5 . o:tf] ljBfyL{ Joj:yfkg
cWofkgsf nflu pQd x'G5 . ha/h:tL c¿ s'g} ljifodf nufp“bf
pDbf k|bz{g gug{ ;S5 . km]l/ Joj:yfkgleq klg gof“ gof“ ljifo
/ pkljwfx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . eljiodf To:tf ljifox¿df ljz]if1tf
xfl;n ug]{ xf] eg] Kn; 6"af6} Joj:yfkglt/ nfUg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 .
d'n'ssf] k|d'v Ph]G8f g} cfly{s ljsf; ePsf] 5 . a}+s tyf skf]{/]6
;+:yfx¿sf] j[l4sf sf/0f klg Joj:yfkg cWoogkl5 sfd kfpg
vf;} ufx|f] x'“b}g . cfkm}“ s]xL u¿“ eGg] pBdzLn ;f]rsf] ljsf; ug{
klg Joj:yfkg cWoogn] d2t u5{ . ef]ln uP/ 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/x¿
/x]sf ;+:yfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg klg of] ;d"xsf ljBfyL{n] g} ug{ ;S5g\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo ;xeflutf x'g] ultljlwdf slt ;xefuL u/fOG5,
;d"x sfo{ slt lbOG5 / Jofj;flos ;+3;+:yfx¿;“usf] ;DaGw
5÷5}g eGg] cfwf/df ljBfno 5fGg'k5{ .
lzIff / dfgljsLsf ljifox¿ k|foM ;fd'bflos
pRr dflj / SofDk;x¿n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf
5g\ . Go"g cfo:t/ ePsf, lj1fg, ul0fth:tf
eljio
d]l8sn, OlGhlgol/ª,
;"rgf–k|ljlw, gl;{ª, kmfd]{;L,
s[lif tyf jg lj1fg, p8\8og
If]q . ;fy}, lj1fg k9]kl5
Joj:yfkg / cGo If]qdf
klg hfg ;lsG5 .
eljio
;DalGwt
If]qdf hflu/,
j}b]lzs /f]huf/L /
:j/f]huf/ .
P;Pn;Lkl5sf ljsNk /
z}lIfs of]Uotf
P;Pn;Ldf Go"gtd
hLkLP @, lj1fg /
ul0ftdf ;L Kn;, c+u|]hLdf
;L / ;fdflhs tyf
g]kfnLdf 8L
Kn; .
dfgljsL
z}lIfs
of]Uotf
P;Pn;Ldf Go"gtd
hLkLP !=^ -8L
Kn;_ .
lj1fg
ljifodf /fd|f] c+s Nofpg
g;s]sf ljBfyL{sf] /f]hfO
lzIff / dfgljsL x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . oyfy{df /fd|f] c+s Nofpg]
ljBfyL{n] ;d]t efiff, ;flxTo, snf,
;+uLt, cy{–jfl0fHo tyf ;fdflhs
If]qsf cGo ljifox¿sf] cWoog
ug'{k5{, ?lr 5 eg] . jf:tjdf xfd|f]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / z}lIfs If]q log}
b'O{ ;+sfoaf6 rn]sf] 5 eGbf km/s
gknf{ . Kn; 6"df /fd|f] cWoog x'g
;s] ljZjljBfno txdf oL ljifox¿sf]
ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . oL
ljifosf nflu cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog,
cEof; sfo{, l;h{gzLn ultljlwnfO{
k|fljlws ljifox¿
-PrP, kmfd]{;L, gl;{ª, Nofa 6]lSgl;og, cf]e/l;o/ cflb_
z}lIfs
of]Uotf
P;Pn;Ldf Go"gtd
hLkLP !=^ -;L
Kn;_ .
#$ cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

af6fx¿
Joj:yfkg
z}lIfs
of]Uotf
P;Pn;Ldf Go"gtd
hLkLP !=^ -;L
Kn;_ .
lzIff
z}lIfs
of]Uotf
hLkLP !=^ -;L
Kn;_ .
eljio
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf,
skf]{/]6 k|lti7fg, ax'/fli6«o
sDkgL, cfkm\g} Joj;fo
tyf ;/sf/L
;]jf .
z}lIfs
of]Uotf
P;Pn;Ldf Go"gtd
hLkLP !=^ -8L
Kn;_ .
ljBfyL{sf]
:jefj
cGt/f{li6«o lzIff
g]kfnd} xfl;n ug{
rfxg] .
ljBfyL{sf]
:jefj
Jofj;flos ;f]r, g]t[Tj lng]
u'0f, cy{tGq Joj:yfkgdf ?lr
ePsf] . ljQLo, Jofj;flos
/ k|zf;lgs If]qdf eljio
b]Vg] .
eljio
lzIf0f, z}lIfs
k|zf;g, z}lIfs
cg';Gwfg tyf
z}lIfs cleoGtf
k|f]T;fxg / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿df klg plQs} ;xeflutf u/fpg]
ljBfnonfO{ 5gf]6sf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg' plrt x'G5 .
o'jf a]/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo / rf“8} g} /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug]{ ;f]rfO
ePsfx¿sf nflu k|fljlws ljifox¿ Psbd} pkof]uL 5g\ . ljb]z g}
hfg] xf] eg] klg ;Lk / bIftf lnP/ hf“bf /fd|f] cfDbfgL, kl/eflift
sfd / ;Ddfg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf klg ljleGg k|fljlws
If]qdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sfn] oL ljifotkm{ ljBfyL{x¿sf]
cfsif{0f a9\g'÷a9fpg' h?/L 5 . P;Pn;L pQL0f{dWo] sl/a !%
k|ltztsf] /f]hfO k|fljlws If]q x'g] u/]sf] 5 . P;Pn;Ldf Go"gtd
;L Kn; NofPsf] ljBfyL{ o; If]qdf of]Uo dflgG5 . oBlk, o;eGbf
/fd|f] c+s Nofpg]n] klg hfg gx'g] xf]Og . ljBfyL{sf] ?lr g} o;df
k|d'v s'/f xf] . Kn; 6" / cGo z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿n] ;d]t o:tf
cltl/Qm k|fljlws kf7\oqmdx¿ rnfp“b} cfPsf 5g\ . x]Ny cl;:6]G6
-PrP_, kmfd]{;L gl;{ª, Nofa 6]lSgl;og, ;a OlGhlgo/ cflb ljifo
ufp“ufp“;Dd klg k9fO x'G5 .
o;afx]s P;Pn;Lkl5 P n]ennufot cGo cGt/f{li6«o If]qsf
ljifo / sfo{qmd klg pknAw gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/, tL Psbd} ;Lldt
P n]ennufot
cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd
eljio
ljb]zsf
ljZjljBfnodf pRr
lzIff cWoog u/L ;DalGwt
If]qdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{,
cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sfd ug{
/ cGt/f{li6«:t/sf hflu/df
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
sxf“ k9\g] <
Jofj;flos
;+:yfx¿;“usf] ;DaGw–
;dGjo, k'/fgf ljBfyL{n]
kfPsf cj;/ tyf
pknlAwdf cAan .
ljBfyL{sf]
:jefj
ljz'4 z}lIfs If]qd}
?lr /fVg], lzIf0f tyf
z}lIfs If]qd} s]xL ug]{
;f]r ePsf] .
sxf“
k9\g] <
sf7df8f}“, kf]v/f,
lj/f6gu/nufot k|d'v
;x/sf z}lIfs
;+:yfdf .
sxf“ k9\g] <
k|foM ;fd'bflos pRr
dfljx¿n] k9fp“5g\ .
cfkm\g} ufp“7fp“ jf
6f]nsf] ljBfno
pQd .
;d"xsf] kx'“rdf 5g\ . o:tf k|foM sfo{qmd
ljb]z hfg nlIft 5g\ . To;sf/0f xfd|f] lzIff
k|0ffnLdf Kn; 6" d"nwf/sf] sfo{qmd xf], hxf“
*) k|ltzteGbf a9L ljBfyL{n] pRr lzIffsf
nflu tof/L u5{g\ .
3/kfos /f]hf}“ M xf], xfdLnfO{ /fd|f] ljBfno rflxPsf] 5 . :t/
/ 5lj b'j} rflxG5 g} . t/, gfd / k|rf/sf k5fl8 dfq nfUbf
u'0f:t/sf] ljifo 5'6\g ;S5 . kfl/jfl/s / b}lgs hLjgd} c;Gt'ng
klg Nofpg ;S5 . To;sf/0f ;s];Dd cfkm\gf] 3/kfos ;+:yf /f]hf}“ .
3/af6 6f9f x'“bf Psflt/ ljBfyL{n] ;dfh / kl/jf/af6 kfpg'kg]{
lzIff Pj+ Jofjxfl/s 1fgaf6 jl~rt x'g'k5{ . o;n] ljBfyL{sf]
JolQmTj ljsf;df klg c;/ kf5{ . csf]{tkm{, ljBfyL{df klg …xf]d
l;sg];Úh:tf ;d:of b]lvg ;S5g\ . 3/af6} EofOg] ljBfno 5g\ eg]
klg ;s];Dd cfkm\gf] 6f]nsf] 5fGg' pQd x'G5 . 6f9f x'“bf Psflt/
;dosf] ckJoo eO/x]sf] x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ysfgsf sf/0f klg
ljBfyL{sf] k9fO k|efljt x'G5 . 3/kl/jf/ / ;dfhaf6 6f9f x'“bf
ljBfyL{sf] plrt lgu/fgL gk'Ug ;S5 / :jtGqtfsf] b'?kof]u u/L
af6f] la/fpg ;Sg] hf]lvd klg plQs} x'G5 .
olt ofb /fvf}“, e'O“sf] l6Kg vf]Hbf kf]N6fsf] klg gv;f];\ . /fd|f]
lzIffsf] ck]Iffdf ul/Psf] Tofu / nufgL v]/ ghfcf];\ . dx“uf] x'“b}df
/fd|f] eOxfN5 eGg] klg 5}g . sltko ;fd'bflos k|of;af6 klg /fd|f
/fd|f yfngL ePsf 5g\ . w]/} t8se8s gug]{ ljBfnon] klg yf]/}
z'Nsdf u'0f:t/ sfod u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cfkm\gf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{
klg Vofn u/L pko'Qm lg0f{o lng' h?/L x'G5 .
cj;/ vf]hf}“ M ?lrsf] ljifo, cAan ljBfno t 5fGg}k5{ . o;sf
cnfjf s] s:tf cj;/ jf ;x'lnot k|fKt 5g\ eGg]af/]df kof{Kt
hfgsf/L lnO{ bfaL ug{ la;{g' x'“b}g . ;/sf/, ljleGg ;+3;+:yf /
hflu/] x'g'x'G5 eg] cfkm}“ sfo{/t sfof{non] ;d]t PnPn;Lkl5sf]
lzIffsf nflu 5fqj[lQnufotsf cj;/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf x'G5g\ . tL
cj;/sf] klg e/k"/ k|of]u ug{ gla;f}{+ . lghL Kn; 6"x¿n] klg sdhf]/
cfly{s cj:yf ePsf, ;fdflhs ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ
lbG5g\, lbg'k5{ . sltko ;+3;+:yfn] cfj]bg /
k|lt:kwf{sf dfWodaf6 klg 5fG5g\ . oL
cj;/sf] ;s];Dd nlIft ju{nfO{ k|of]u
ug{ lbpm“ . To;sf nflu tkfO{+–xfd|f]
:yfgaf6 ;s]sf] ;xof]u u/f}“ tfls
To:tf ;'ljwf / cj;/df 6f7faf7f /
kx'“rjfnfsf] dfq /hfO“ gxf];\ . •
-lnDa" sl/c/ k/fdz{bftf x'g\ .
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&# #%

sf]kf cd]l/sf
s7} † a|flhn
kf“rk6ssf] ljZjsk ljh]tf g]odf/lagf lkmSsf
• 1fg]Gb| cfrfo{
!)
jif{cl3;Dd a|flhnsf]
l6ddf k"/} :6f/ v]nf8L dfq}
x'Gy] . /f]gfN8f], l/efN8f],
sfsf, /f]gflN8Gxf] cflb gfd} sfkmL lyP .
To;a]nf a|flhnsf] v]n klg km/s lyof] .
l:snk'mn / 5l/tf v]nf8L;lxtsf] ;'Gb/
k'm6an, h;nfO{ k'm6an v]Ng] a|flhnsf]
df}lns z}nL eg]/ lrlgGYof] .
o:tf] v]naf6} a|flhnn] kf“rk6s
ljZjsk lhTof] . ;xefuL ePsf ;a}
k|ltof]lutfdf pm :jtM pkflwsf] bfa]bf/
dflgGYof] . t/, clxn] l:ylt PsfPs km/s
ePsf] 5 . k'm6andf a|flhn sdhf]/ eO/x]sf]
5 . g klxnfh:tf] x/]s kf]lh;gdf :6f/
v]nf8L 5g\, g t p;sf] v]ndf s'g} /f}gs
b]lvG5 . o:tf] xfntdf a|flhnnfO{ s'g}
7"nf] k|ltof]lutf lhTnf eGg] cfz ug{ klg
;ls“b}g . To:t} eO/x]sf] 5 clxn] . kf“r
jif{cl3 sf]kf cd]l/sfdf Sjf6/kmfOgnd}
aflxl/of] . a|flhnd} ePsf] ut ljZjskdf
hd{gL;“u &–! n] xf¥of] . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] sf]kf
cd]l/sfdf k]ml/ Sjf6/kmfOgnd} xf¥of] .
o;jif{ t p;n] emg} sdhf]/ v]Nof] . @(
jif{otf a|flhn klxnf]k6s sf]kf cd]l/sfdf
;d"x r/0faf6} aflxl/Psf] 5 . en}, o;df
p;nfO{ b'ef{UozfnL eGg] w]/} 5g\ . lsgeg],
;d"x r/0fsf] clGtd v]ndf a|flhnlj?¢
k]?sf ?Ol8ofhn] xftn] uf]n u/]sf lyP .
a|flhnn] h'g :t/sf] v]n v]ln/x]sf] 5,
To; lx;fadf clxn] p;sf] l6d Oltxf;s}
;a}eGbf sdhf]/ eGbf s'g} km/s gknf{ . ;d"x
r/0faf6} aflxl/Pkl5 avf{:t ePsf k|lzIfs
sfnf]{; 8'+ufn] klg of] s'/f :jLsf/]sf 5g\ .
kbd'Qm x'g'cl3 pgn] of] l6d hlt sdhf]/
a|flhn slxn] klg g/x]sf] / of] l6dsf]] :t/
psf:g ;do nfUg] atfPsf lyP .
jf:tjdf clxn] a|flhndf g]odf/afx]s
c¿ sf]xL 7"nf :6f/ 5}gg\ . g]odf/nfO{
a|flhnn] o;k6s sf]kf cd]l/sfsf nflu
l6ddf /fv]g . lsgeg], a|flhn o;k6s
#* cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

sf]kf cd]l/sfeGbf klg cf]nlDks k'm6andf
:j0f{ lhTg rfxGYof] . cf]nlDks k'm6an
clxn];Dd p;n] lhTg g;s]sf] Ps dfq
k|ltof]lutf xf] . To;dfly o;k6s cf]nlDks
a|flhnn] g} cfof]hgf ub}{5 . g]odf/nfO{ sf]kf
cd]l/sfsf] l6ddf g/fv]/ cf]nlDks l6dsf]
g]t[Tj lbg] lg0f{on] clxn] a|flhnnfO{ 7"n}
wSsf lbPsf] 5 .
x'g t of] lg0f{odf a|flhnsf] eGbf
klg g]odf/n] Jofj;flos v]n v]Ng] Sna
afl;{nf]gfsf] k|efj a9L 5 . cfp“bf] l;hg
afl;{nf]gfn] w]/} v]n v]Ng'kg]{ ePsfn]
g]odf/nfO{ cf]nlDks jf sf]kf cd]l/sf s'g}
Psdf dfq v]nfpg bafa lbof] . sf]kf cd]l/sf
;o jif{ k"/f u/]sf] ljz]if ;+:s/0fafx]s o;sf]
csf]{ s'g} dxŒj gePs} sf/0f a|flhnn]
g]odf/nfO{ cf]nlDks l6ddf /fv]sf] xf] .
/, clxn] g]odf/lagf a|flhn lgs} lkmSsf
b]lvPsf] 5 . pgsf] v]ndf s'g} rds b]lv“b}g,
hlt !) jif{cl3sf] /f]gflN8Gxf] / /f]gfN8f]sf]
l6d / !(%)–!(&) sf] l6ddf lyof] .
g]odf/sf] cg'kl:yltdf k]?lj?¢sf]
k]?sf ?Ol8ofhn] a|flhnlj?4 xftn]
u/]sf] uf]n
8'+uf bf];|f]k6s avf{:t
k]?;“usf] xf/kl5 k|lzIfs sfnf]{; 8'+uf kbaf6 avf{:t ePsf 5g\ . ljZjskkl5
pgn] k'm6andf a|flhnsf] u'd]sf] ;fv kmsf{pg] lhDdf kPsf lyP . bf];|f] sfo{sfnsf]
;'?cft pgn] /fd|} u/]sf lyP . ljZjsk 5gf]6df nuftf/ v/fa glthf lg:s]kl5
pgnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ xNnf rln;s]sf] lyof] . sf]kf cd]l/sf pgsf nflu clGtd df}sf
lyof] . b'ef{Uo † o;}df a|flhnn] clxn];Dds} v/fa glthf lgsfNof] . ;d"x r/0fsf
v]ndf dfq} xfO6LnfO{ x/fpg ;Sof] . OSj]8/;“usf] a/fa/L / k]?;“usf] xf/ pgnfO{
kbaf6 x6fpgsf nflu kof{Kt sf/0f aGof] .
klxnf] sfo{sfndf pgL @)!) sf] ljZjsksf] Sjf6/kmfOgn g]b/NofG8\;;“u
xf/]kl5 x6fOPsf lyP . 8'+ufnfO{ a|flhndf vf;} /fd|f] k|lzIfs dflg“b}g . lsgeg], pgL
a|flhnsf] df}lns z}nL k5\ofp“b}gg\ . pgL h;/L klg v]n lhTg] Wofgdf x'G5g\ . a¿,
lhTgsf nflu 86L{ k'm6an v]Ng'k/] klg ToxL af6f] /f]Hg kl5 x6\b}gg\ .
tl:a/x¿ M Ph]G;L
v]ndf sKtfgsf] lhDd]jf/L ld/fG8fn] kfP .
ld/fG8f s'g} 7"nf] :6f/ xf]Ogg\ . Jofj;flos
v]n pgn] O6fnLsf] OG6/ ldnfg Snaaf6
v]N5g\ . o;k6s ld8lkmN8/ sfpl6Gxf] /
ljlnofgsf] e/df a|flhn cl8Psf] lyof] .
t/, lg0ff{os v]ndf k]?lj?¢ pgLx¿n] klg
s]xL ug{ ;s]gg\ . clxn] a|flhnsf] d'Vo
sdhf]/L klg ld8lkmN8 g} xf] . /f]gflN8Gxf] /
sfsfk5fl8 a|flhnn] s'g} :6f/ ld8lkmN8/
kfpg ;s]g . hlt cfP s]xL v]ndf dfq}
/fd|f] u/]/ x/fP . r]N;Lsf cf]:sf/n] klg
7"n} cfz b]vfP . pgn] sfsfsf] :yfg lng]
;a}sf] cg'dfg lyof] . t/, clxn] pgL r]N;Lsf]
Kn]Oª ;]6df klg kg{ 5f8] . jfog{ Do'lgvsf
8Un; sf]:6fn] o; l;hgsf s]xL v]ndf
/fd|} ;Defjgf b]vfP . pgL klg g]odf/;“u}
cf]nlDks l6ddf 5g\ .
of] l;hgdf @$ jifL{o sfpl6Gxf]n]
lne/k'ndf /fd|} v]n] . pgLaf6 klg a|flhnsf]
7"n} cfz 5 . lk|ldo/ lnudf of] l;hg
r]N;L rn]g . t/ klg, ljlnofgn] /fd|}
u/] . sf]kf cd]l/sfdf xfO6Llj?¢ afx]s
cGodf oL b'O{sf] klg s]xL rn]g . k]?n]
xft}n] uf]n u/]sf] eP klg logLx¿n] y'k|}
df}sf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg'kYof]{ . cflv/ k]?
s'g} alnof] l6d klg xf]Og . :6«fOs/ xNs
klg cfkm}“ l;h{gf u/]/ uf]n ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtfsf xf]Ogg\ .
of] l6ddf /fd|} gfd rn]sf sf]xL lyP
eg] tL 8\ofgL cfNe]; x'g\ . hf] :k]gdf
v]N5g\ . t/, cufl8sf v]nf8Ln] /fd|} ug{
g;s]sf a]nf k"/f l6d oL l8k]mG8/df e/
kg]{ s'/} cfp“b}g .
ljZjskdf hd{gL;“u &–! sf] xf/kl5
l6dsf] :t/ psf:g] / Ifdtfj[l¢ ug]{ sfddf
s'g} k|ult klg ePsf] 5}g . a|flhnsf
;dy{sn] lrGtf ug{'kg]{ ljifo klg oxL
xf] . cfp“bf] ljZjsksf nflu 5gf]6 v]ndf
klg a|flhnsf] xfnt /fd|f] 5}g . !@
v]n af“sL x'“bf;Dd a|flhn 5}6f}“ :yfgdf
5 . hals, blIf0f cd]l/sfaf6 ljZjskdf
dfq} kf“r l6d 5flgG5g\ . ljZjskdf
g5flgP Tof]hlQsf] ah|kft a|flhnsf nflu
s]xL x'“b}g . lsgeg], k'm6an a|flhndf
v]n dfq} geP/ of] a|flhlnogx¿sf]
lhGbuL klg xf] . •
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&# #(

k':ts ljsf; ahf/
aflx/L
lemnLldnL
k':tssf] clt k|rf/ / t8se8sn] kf7s ljslif{t
• uf]s0f{ uf}td
sf
7df8f}“sf] e[s'6Ld08kdf
g]kfn cGt/f{li6«o k':ts
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cfof]hsb]lv k':ts laqm]tf;Ddn] :jLsf®]sf]
tYo xf] . en} d]nf c;kmntfsf] bf]if
df};dnfO{ lbOof] .
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36]sf] ;+s]tsf ¿kdf a'lemPsf] 5 .
k|;+u d]nfsf] dfq klg xf]Og . g]kfnL
k':ts ahf/sf] kl5Nnf] kl/b[Zo lgofln/x]sf
hf] sf]xLnfO{ s] dx;'; x'g yfn]sf] 5 eg]
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oyfy{ Tolt g} lkmSsf 5 <
dfnfdfn x'“b} uPsf] elgPsf] ;flxTo
ahf/df la:tf/} o:tf ;jfn p7\g yfn]sf
5g\, ha lgs} tfdemfd u/]/ k|sfzg ul/Psf
k':tsn] kf7s / ahf/ b'j}sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{
;s]gg\ . To;}n] t kNk;f Sofkm]h:tf] k':ts
ahf/sf] …6]«G8 ;]6;{Ú dflgPsf] pkGof;sf
k|sfzs ls/0fs[i0f >]i7 :jo+ clxn] k':ts
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a]:6;]lnª elglb“bf kf7s cndn / låljwfdf k5{g\ . To;}n] k|sfzsx¿ ldn]/ o;sf]
plrt dfgs agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}“Nofp“5g\ a'slxnsf e"k]Gb| v8\sf . eG5g\,
æg]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf / ahf/sf] ;Gbe{df k':ts 5flkPsf] tLg dlxgfdf kf“r xhf/
dfly laSof] eg] a]:6;]lnª eGg ;lsG5 .Æ
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atfOPsf] 5 eg] c+u|]hL, sf]l/og k|m]Gr
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t ;dfTof] t/ ToxL prfOdf csf]{ k':tssf]
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cfjZostf xf]Og . of] k|j[lQ tLg jif{otf
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yfn]sf] 5 ;dfhdf . k|sfzg Ps xhf/
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kTofpg] xf] eg] klxnf] ;+:s/0f g} 36Ldf %
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k':ts ahf/ psfnf] b]vfp“5 . n]vs s'df/
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zdf{ eG5g\, æxNnf / laqmLsf] tfnd]n
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;d:of eofgs x'G5 . ahf/ / kf7ssf]
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cu|k+lQmdf 5g\ .
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/ k|1f k|lti7fgdf jiff}{+ nfOg a:g'kg]{
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a9]sf] 5 .
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pgn] :jLsf/] .
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t/ s]xL nfv nufgLdf lg:sg] k':tssf]
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eO;s]sf] 5 . o'6\o'adf cl8of] / lel8of]
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b]vfj6L eg]/ l6Kk0fL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
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g;Sg] 7f]s'jf ug]{ gePsf xf]Ogg\ t/ a'slxnsf cWoIf
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glaTb} !! k':ts ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf] 5, a'slxnn] .
k|foM k':tssf] nf]enfUbf] k|rf/ ubf{ klg s'g} k':tsaf6
3f6f gk/]sf] 7f]s'jf u5{g\ pgL .
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x'Gg, k':ts a]Rg' x'Gg eGg' 9'+u] o'uLg ;f]r xf],Æ o; jif{
!# k':ts lgsfNg] tof/Ldf /x]sf v8\sf eG5g\, ænlIft
kf7s cg';f/ k|df];g ubf{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf gfkmf g}
x'G5 . k7g;+:s[lt klg a9\5 .Æ
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u/]sf] pgn] hfgsf/L lbP . a|h]zs[t h'g]nLsf] a'slxnn]
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atfpg rfx]gg\ .
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kmfOglk|G6 . g]kfndf k':tssf] ahf/Ls/0f lj:tf/ /
n]vgnfO{ …UNofD/fOhÚ ug{ o;sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{
5 . kmfOglk|G6sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t lg/h ef/L
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olt l5§} lj:tf/ x'“b}gYof] . km]l/, xfdLn] Ifl0fs Jofkfl/s
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u/]sf x'G5f}“ .Æ
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n]vsnfO{ x'G5 . km]l/ k':tsn] ;a} kf7ssf] lrQ a'emfpg
;S5 eGg] klg t xf]Og .Æ
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gx'“bf kg]{ c;/ bL3{sfnLg x'G5 . 9f“l6Psf] jf 7luPsf]
efg eof] eg] k':tsk|ltsf] ljt[i0ff r'lnG5 . of] kf7ssf]
ljZjJofkL dgf]lj1fg xf] . t/, clwsf+z k|sfzssf]
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sn]S;gÚ ug{lt/ a9L pGd'v 5 . hals, k':tssf]
ljifoj:t' dfq xf]Og, Jofkfl/s cfo' klg nfdf] x'G5 .
ækf7s hlxNo} a'l4dfgL x'G5g\, k':tssf] u'0f cg';f/
vl/b u5{g\, lj1fkgaf6 w]/} k|efljt x'G5g\ eGg] xf]Og,Æ
g]kfnosf >]i7sf] egfO 5, æk':tssf] ahf/Ls/0fsf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] c:q g} j8{ ckm dfpy xf] . lj1fkgaf6
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k|sfzssf] ;fv lu5{ . To;s} 8/ 5 clxn] .Æ •
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ug]{ tl/sfaf/] olt ;'emfj kfp“5g\ ls pgLx¿ g} bf]wf/df k5{g\ .
sxf“ pkrf/ ug{], s] vfg], s] gvfg], c¿nfO{ ;g]{h:tf olt w]/} k|;+u
cfO;s]sf x'G5g\ ls pgLx¿ lg0f{o lng g;s]/ tgfjdf k5{g\ .
vf;df o:tf] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] hlG8; s] xf] / s;/L
x'G5 eGg] s'/f ga'em]/ g} xf] . 3/df s;}nfO{ hlG8; x'g'k5{, jl/kl/
g} %)cf}“ lj1 b]vf k5{g\ . %) hgfsf] @ ;o %) y/Lsf s'/f ;'g]kl5
s'g} klg dflg;sf] lg0f{o lng] Ifdtf 8udufpg' c:jfefljs xf]Og .
To;}n] oxf“ hlG8;;DaGwL To:tf s]xL e|dsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
e|d ! M hlG8; eg]sf] vt/gfs /f]u xf]
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/utdf laln?lagsf] dfqf a9]/ cf“vf / z/L/ kx]“nf] x'G5, To;nfO{
hlG8; elgG5 . To;}n] s;}sf] hlG8;n] d[To' eof] eGg' 7Ls x'“b}g .
lsgeg], hlG8;n] xf]Og, hlG8; u/fpg] /f]un] d[To' x'g] xf] . 6fpsf]
b'Vg', Hj/f] cfpg', v'§f ;'lGgg'h:t} hlG8; klg w]/} /f]usf] nIf0f dfq
xf] . xfdLsxf“ b]zdf hlG8; eg]sf] /f]u xf] / o;sf nIf0f jfsjfs
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ubf{ clwsf+z dflg; ;dodf pkrf/ ug{ ghfg] / uP klg l9nf
hfg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
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o;n] s]jn s'g} /f]usf] ;+s]t u5{ .
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xfd|f] b]zdf k|z:t} 5 . Hj/f] cfp“bf, 6fpsf] b'Vbf, emf8fjfGtf nfUbf
xfdL 8fS6/nfO{ ljZjf; u5f}{+ . t/, Tof] ljZjf; To;a]nf 8udufp“5,
ha s;}nfO{ hlG8; x'G5 . Pnf]KofyLdf hlG8;sf] pkrf/ x'“b}g eGg]
e|dn] o;/L hS8]sf] 5 ls k9]n]v]sfx¿ klg o;}df ljZjf; u5{g\ .
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pkrf/ g} x'“b}g, g Pnf]KofyLdf, g t cfo'j]{bdf, g xf]ldof]KofyLdf .
pkrf/ t hlG8; u/fpg] /f]usf] ug]{ xf] . t/, Pnf]KofyLdf To;/L
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5 eg] To;n] ubf{ hlG8; x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf cfo'j]{lbs cf}iflwn]
lgsf] x'“b}g, a¿ /f]u uDeL/ x'G5 . lkQgnLaf6 9'+uf lems]/ dfq of]
/f]u clg hlG8; lgsf] x'G5 .
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dfq hlG8; x'G5 . /utdf ;+qmd0f km}lnP/ x'g] /f]u ;]lK6;]ldof,
dn]l/of KoflGqmofhsf] SofG;/ cflb /f]udf klg hlG8; x'G5 .
oL /f]udf hlG8; b]lvP klg sn]hf]df s]xL klg ;d:of x'“b}g .
d'6'sf] s'g}–s'g} /f]udf laln?lagsf] dfqf a9]/ $) klg k'Ug
;S5, hlG8; b]lvg ;S5 .
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hlG8; ePkl5 %–!) ln6/;Dd kfgL lkpg] la/fdLx¿ klg
e]l6G5g\ . w]/}sf] of] ljZjf; 5 ls w]/} kfgL lkpgfn] hlG8;
kvflnG5 / rf“8} lgsf] x'G5 . t/, of] unt xf] . la/fdLn] cfkm"n]
lkpg] ;flasadf]lhd g} kfgL / emf]n vfg]s'/f lkpg' g} pQd
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v'§f ;'lGgg], k]6df kfgL hDg ;Sg] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf kfgL w]/}
lkpgfn] kmfObf eGbf gf]S;fg x'G5 . sd kfgL lkpg] afgL ePsfnfO{
eg] rflxg]hlt lkpg] ;Nnfxrflx“ pQd xf] .
a];f/ x6\5, g'g, t]n, £o" vkt Psbd sd x'G5 . df5f, df;',
cG8fsf] k|of]u s]xL dlxgf;Dd} x'“b}g . c¿ kmnkm"n xf]Og, pv' /
d]jf dfq e/df/ lelqG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf hlG8; x'g]lalQs} vfgf
afg]{ / k|foM pl;g]/ dfq vfgf vfg] unt rng JofKt 5 . s;}nfO{
SofG;/sf sf/0f klg hlG8; x'g ;S5 . of] eGg' kb}{g ls SofG;/sf]
la/fdLn] vfgf afbf{ /f]u emg\ hl6n aGg k'U5 . SofG;/ dfq xf]Og,
vfgf afbf{ hlG8; u/fpg] c¿ /f]u klg kf}li6s tŒjsf] sdLn] ubf{
hl6n eOlbG5 .
hlG8;df a];f/sf] dlxdf klg ck/Dkf/ 5 . of] vfP t hlG8;
slxNo} lgsf] x'“b}g eGg] cfdwf/0ff 5 . a];f/ vfP/ hlG8; x'g] /
a9\g] eP ;fu vf“bf cf“vf xl/of] x'g'kg]{ lyof] . cem lhGbuLe/ xl/of]
3f“; vfg] e}“;L sfnf] geP/ xl/of] x'GYof] xf]nf ∕ To;}n] hlG8; eP
klg cfkm"n] ;flasadf]lhd vfO/x]sf] vfgf vfg' h?/L 5 .
e|d $ M hlG8; bf]xf]l/P x]kf6fOl6; x'G5
o;df s'g} ;To 5}g . hlG8; eg]sf] nIf0f xf] eg] x]kf6fOl6;
eg]sf] /f]u xf] . s;}nfO{ x]kf6fOl6; x'“bf hlG8; x'g ;S5 t/ hlG8;
eP/ x]kf6fOl6; x'g] xf]Og . h;/L Ps hgfnfO{ ljleGg /f]u nfu]/
w]/}k6s Hj/f] cfpg ;S5, To:t} u/L ljleGg /f]u nfu]/ k6s–k6s
e|d ^ M hlG8;df pv'sf] /; / d]jf vfg'k5{
xfd|f] b]zdf ufh/, d]jf, sf“qmf] / pv'sf] /; hlG8; ePsf
la/fdLsf] /fli6«o vfg]s'/f xf] eGg] h:t} 5 . w]/}n] vf]hL–vf]hL log} s'/f
vfG5g\ . o:tf vfg]s'/f vfP/ s]xL glau|]nf t/ hlG8; rf“8f] lgsf]
x'g] s'/f ztk|ltzt unt xf] . lkQgnLdf 9'+uf ag]/ hlG8; ePdf
%) ln6/ pv'sf] /; / %) lsnf] d]jf vfP klg lgsf] x'“b}g . a¿,
h'g tl/sfaf6 pv' k]n]/ /; lgsflnG5, To:tf] lkpgfn] emf8fkvfnf
nfu]/ /fd|f] eGbf g/fd|f] x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . sf“qmf], d'nf, ufh/
dfq vfP/ hlG8; lgsf] kf5{' eGbf z/L/sf] /f]u;“u n8\g] Ifdtf
sd eP/ /f]u emg\ alNemg ;S5 .
e|d & M hlG8;df of}g ;Dks{ ug'{ x'“b}g
w]/}nfO{ hlG8; Ps ;?jf /f]u xf] eGg] e|d 5 . klxnf] t of] /f]u
g} xf]Og, To;dfly ;?jf /f]u t x'“b} xf]Og . h;/L Pp6fnfO{ 6fpsf]
b'v]sf] csf]{nfO{ ;b}{g, hlG8; klg ;b}{g . hlG8; / of}g ;Dks{sf]
s'g} ;DaGw 5}g . OR5f, rfxgf / z/L/df zlQm ePdf s'g} 5]saf/
5}g . olb hlG8;sf sf/0f x]kf6fOl6; aL cyjf ;L xf] eg] oL b'j}
/f]u zf/Ll/s ;Dks{af6 ;g{ ;Sg] ePsfn] k'?ifn] sG8d k|of]u ubf{
;g]{ ;Defjgf /f]Sg ;lsG5 .
cfzf 5, e|d lgjf/0fsf] of] k|of;n] xfdLdf /x]sf] hlG8;;DaGwL
dfGotfnfO{ lrg{ d2t k'¥ofpg] 5 . /fd|f];“u tYo ga'emL ;'g]s}
e/df cg]s e|d kfNgfn] /f]u lau|g] / pkrf/df l9nfO x'g ;S5 .
k/Dk/fut pkrf/ / ;f]rsf k5fl8 nfUbf /f]u lau|g], la/fdLn] b'Mv
kfpg] jf d[To';Ddsf] eofjx cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .
-k|f8f s];L sn]hf] /f]u ljz]if1 x'g\ ._
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&# $#

JolQmlrq
cleJolQm
cfOsg
• /fhs'df/ aflgof“
;f
lxlTos ;]/f]km]/f]df cleJolQm eg]s} gu]Gb|/fh zdf{ x'g\ /
eg]s} gu]Gb|/fh zdf{ x'g\ /
gu]Gb|/fh zdf{ eg]s} cleJolQm . pgsf] cleJolQm–ofqf ofqf
$^ jif]{ cwa}“;] eO;Sof] . pgn] pd]/sf] ## jif{df yfn]sf]
sfd *) jif{ k'Ug nfUbf klg cfkm}“ ;Dxfln/x]sf 5g\ .
pgL cleJolQmsf] kl/ro lbG5g\, b'O{ dlxg] ;fdfGo ;flxlTos
klqsf . o;sf !*@ c+s 5flkO;s]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ JolQmut k|of;df
lgsflnPsf] klxnf] ;flxlTos klqsf eg] x'G5 . To;cl3sf zf/bfb]lv b]lv
¿k/]vf;Ddsf klqsf ;/sf/L vr{ of ;fd"lxs nufgLdf lyP .
cleJolQmsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf s] eg] lgoldt 5 . cfsf/ / k|sf/df
36a9 5}g . klqsfsf vfnL 7fp“df g]kfnL n]vss} dxfjf0fL 5flk/x]sf]
5 . n]vsx¿aLr x'g] /f]rs÷3f]rs Vofn7§f /x]sf] :tDe …hd36af6Ú
nf]slk|o 5 .
k~rfotsfndf ;lhn} klqsf btf{ x'“b}gYof] . btf{ geP ;/sf/L
lj1fkg kfO“b}gYof] . k'ln; l/kf]6{sf] emd]nf 5“b} lyof] . jfUdtLsf k|d'v
c~rnfwLz ;/bf/ lji0f'dl0f cfrfo{ bLlIftsf 5f]/f wgdl0f pgsf
;fyL lyP . pg}sf] eg;'gkl5 lji0f'dl0fn] eg], …ltdLnfO{ sf+u|];n]
prfNof] ls s] xf]

fxGy] . t/, s]bf/dfg Jolytn] …Sns{Ú agfOlbP . s6'jfnsf cf“vf /S;L
glkp“bf klg dflQPsf h:tf b]lvGy] . æjf:tjdf s6'jfn d}n] hlt klg
/S;L vfGy]g, p;nfO{ Ps} lunf;n] nfUYof],Æ pgL eG5g\, ævfPeGbf
a9L ;f] ubf{ 8fS6/;d]t em'lSsP .Æ Ps lbg lkp“bflkp“b} sf]dfdf uPsf
xl/eQmnfO{ af]Sg 6\ofS;Ljfnfn] dfg]g . …kf]lvP/ 3fdsf] em'Nsf===Ú n]Vg]
log} x'g\ eg]kl5 lagfk};f nlulbPsf] pgL ;'gfp“5g\ .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] cfly{s ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg k|zf;g
-;]8f_df sfd ubf{ pgL lgTo kfl/hftsxf“ k'Uy] cfwf af]tn ;f]d/;
af]s]/ . ;f“emkv l;tg agfP/ klv{/xlGyg\ kfl/hft . pgn] kfl/hftsf
8fo/L klg 5fk] klqsfdf . æJojxf/df kfl/hft hlt;'s} /fd|f] eP klg
n]vssf ¿kdf cf]e/ /]6]8 x'g\,Æ pgL eG5g\, æckf+utf, bfhL{lnª],
dtjfnL / sfd/]8 x'g'sf] nfe pgnfO{ eof] .Æ
af;' zzL pgsf csf{ ldq x'g\ . h;sf] klg tfl/km ul/lbg], uha
5 elglbg] . vfglkgsf ;f]lvg . bf? c8\8fdf 6Gg lkP klg cGTodf
nf]sn /S;L g} rflxg] . æ9lsrf -hojfu]Zj/Lsf] e§L;fx"_sxf“ cToGt
lgDgsf]l6sf] /S;L kfOGYof], Psbd} gld7f],Æ pgL eG5g\, æp;nfO{
ToxL geO{ gx'g] .Æ
ejfgL l3ld/] pgsf csf{ ldq lyP . pgsf cfxf/sf ls:;f k|z:t
5g\ . Ps lbg pgsf] 3/df $% 3f]uf ds}, b'O{ lsnf] Kofh, Ps bh{g
cG8f, Ps c“h'nL v';f{gL / Ps af]Qn /S;L a'TofPsf] cleJolQmd}
5flkPsf] 5 . hubLz l3ld/] pgsf ;flx“nf efO x'g\ t/
pgL ;fyL–efO eG5g\ . æxfdL t dL7f] vfGYof}“, gld7f]
vf“b} gvfg],Æ pgL eG5g\, æ:jf:Yosf] Vofn ug]{
pxL rf“8f] uof] .Æ
tfdfsf];L lsgf/df /x]sf] /fd]5fksf]
;b/d'sfd dGynLdf hGd]sf zdf{sf
lktf clknsf xflsd ;'Aaf -k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] GofofwLz_ /x]5g\ . pgL rf/
bfh'efOdWo] dflxnf x'g\ . h]7f lbg]z zdf{
;/sf/L hflu/] lyP, ;flx“nf hubLz l3ld/]
dbg k'/:sf/ ljh]tf n]vs eOuP . sfG5f
;dL/ l3ld/] k"j{/fi6«klt 8f /fdj/0f ofbjnfO{
sf+u|];sf] ;b:otf lbg] g]tf dflgG5g\ .
)!# ;fndf P;Pn;L u/]sf x'g\ pgn] . jgf/;
lxGb' ljZjljBfnodf aLP k9\bfk9\b} l6Da/ skf]{/];gsf]
yfkfynL l8kf]sf] OGhfr{ eP . pgsf] sfdaf6 v';L eP/
cd]l/sgx¿n] x]6f}“8f ;?jf ul/lbP . t/, cf}nf] nfU5 eg]/ kl/jf/n]
hfg} lbPg .
kmfNt' a;]sf a]nf pgn] rf/j6f pkGof; n]v] . klxnf]
pkGof; dxfk'?if -)@*_ /Tg k':ts e08f/n] …plrt
kfl/>ldsÚ;lxt 5flklbof] . /Tgsf lj1 dfwjnfn sdf{rfo{n]
eg], …pkGof; /fd|f] 5 . t/, k|d'v kfqsf] oxL gfd eg]/ 5fKof]
eg] h]n k5f}{ .Ú
Zofd zfx gfdsf] b/afl/of kfq s:tf] eg] /S;L
vfg], :jf:gL a6'Ng], 3/sf] u/uxgfb]lv kmlg{r/;d]t
a]r]/ vfg] . ca To:tf] emGem6 sxf“ a];fpg] < ;dfwfg
klg dfwjnfnn] g} lbP, …ltdLnfO{ dGh'/ 5 eg] d
Zofdljqmd agfOlbG5' .Ú
csf]{ jif{ km]l/ /Tgaf6} gof“ pkGof; cfof], lbjf:jKg .
b'j} pkGof; pgn] …sfnf] s's'/nfO{ ;dk{0fÚ u/]sf 5g\ .
vf;df Tof] dftflktf, 5f]/f5f]/L, >LdtLnfO{ k':ts ;dk{0f
Ps lbg b]jsf]6fsf]
;fOsn x/fof] . t/,
x/fPsf] rf/ lbgd} km]l/ gof“
;fOsn lsg] . Tolta]nf
;fOsn lsGg' eg]sf] clxn]
sf/ lsGg'h:t} xf] .
ug]{ n]vsx¿k|lt Jo+Uo lyof] . ;a}n] pgsf] cfVofgsfl/tfsf] tfl/km
u/] . a¿ pg}nfO{ /fd|f] nfUg 5f8\of] . kl5 pgsf b'O{ syf;+u|x 5flkP,
kLknsf] af]6d'lg -)#(_ / PsfGtsf cfkmGtx¿ -)%%_ .
vf;df zdf{nfO{ ;flxlTos agfpg] cfkm\g} 3/]n' kl/j]z xf] . pgsf
b'O{ sfsf gfdL slj lyP, e/t/fh dGynLo / x[bo/fh zdf{ . 3/df
;fDjb]jeQm ;'j]bL, ;f]dk|;fb l3ld/] …Jof;Ú, s'nrGb| sf]O/fnf, xl/x/gfy
/]UdLsf] afSnf] cfphfp x'GYof] .
d}tLb]jLdf lyof] pgsf] 3/ . l5d]sL lyP dxfslj nIdLk|;fb
b]jsf]6f . b]jsf]6f afh]nfO{ r'/f]6 nfg] sfd klg u/] pgn] . Tof] hdfgfdf
klg b]jsf]6f ;fOsn r9\y] . Ps lbg Tof] ;fOsn x/fof] . t/, x/fPsf]
rf/ lbgd} km]l/ gof“ ;fOsn lsg] . æTolta]nf ;fOsn lsGg' eg]sf]
sf/ lsGg'h:t} lyof],Æ pgL ;lDemG5g\, æb]jsf]6fsf] hLjgz}nL gjfjsf]
h:tf] lyof], ul/aLsf s'g} nIf0f lyPgg\ .Æ
)@& b]lv )$@ ;Dd ;]8fdf ;xfos k|fWofkssf ¿kdf sfd u/]
pgn] . To;kl5 5'§L lnP/ cf]s'/f PG8 sDkgLsf] hflu/] eP/ sf]nsftf
uP . cf]s'/fn] lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn agfp“b} lyof] . pgsf] sfd hfkfgaf6
l8:Kofr ePsf] ;fdfg a'em]/ sf7df8f}“ k7fpg] x'GYof] . cf]s'/fn] pgnfO{
e'6fg klg k7fof] .
g]kfn cfPkl5 pgL ;]8f kmls{Pgg\ . pgn] k|]; rnfP . ;femf
k|sfzg / g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf k':ts 5fk] . t/, pgn] k|];sf] b'lgof“df
d'8 r]Gh eO;s]sf] kQ} kfPgg\ . æl/sf] ckm;]6 lk|lG6ª d]l;g
cfO;s]sf] lyof] t/ d}n] n]6/k|]; lsg]“,Æ pgL eG5g\, ærf/
nfv ?lkof“df lsg]sf] d]l;g sjf8LnfO{ a]Rg'k¥of] .Æ
;f“Rr} eGg] xf] eg] oL ldqx¿sf klg ldq cln
PlSnPsf 5g\ . sf]xL lalt;s], sf]xL /f]ufPsf
5g\ . kl5Nnf] l5dnsf ;fyLnfO{ gfd lbPsf
5g\, hf]gLjfs/ kf}8]n, lao/axfb'/ a'9fyf]sL,
lx\j:sLaxfb'/ l;+x . pgsf] st} bf? vfg] u'7L
5, st} vL/ vfg] u'7L .
dlb/f pgsf] lk|o k]o xf] . /df l;+x /
ef:s//fh /fhsl0f{sf/sf] 6LeL ;f] …lh/f] cfj/Údf
dlb/fsf] kIfdf af]Nbf Ps e§L;fx"n] slDKnd]G6 lbP5g\
pgnfO{ . æ/S;LnfO{ d klg c;n elGbg“ t/ v/fa}rflx“
xf]Og,Æ pgL eG5g\, æof] b]zdf /S;L vfg]n] eGbf gvfg]n] g} ug{
gx'g] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .Æ
Oltxf;sf/ ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnLsL 5f]/L sdnf;“u pgsf] efuL ljjfx
eof] . jgf/; k9\bfsf] lrghfg sf7df8f}“ cfPkl5 k|]ddf ablnof] . af /
;;'/fnfO{ af]wfy{ lbP/ Psfw jif{ nvgplt/ latfP . 5f]/L hGd]kl5 3/
kmls{P . t/, 5f]/Lsf] cNkfo'd} lgwg eof] . h]7f 5f]/f k|0fo /fi6«;+3Lo
km'8 PG8 Plu|sNr/ cu{gfOh];gdf sfd u5{g\, sfG5f 5f]/f cf]kn
cfkm\gf] sfdsf cltl/Qm cleJolQmsf] cfj/0f agfp“5g\ .
kl/jf/, klqsf / hflu/ g} pgsf nflu ef/L eof] . pgn] c¿lt/
;f]Rb} ;f]r]gg\ . pgsf] ;Gt'li6 s]df 5 eg] n]vs eP cfkm}“ dfq aGy],
klqsfsf sf/0f w]/} n]vs hGdfPsf 5g\ . æd dfd'nL dflg; x'“, dh:tf
slt cfP, slt uP,Æ pgsf] cfTd;dLIff 5, æ;aeGbf 7"nf] s'/f dnfO{
cleJolQmn] Oi6ldq lbPsf] 5 . d]/f O{Zj/ ltg} x'g\ .Æ
;flxlTos klqsfsf] eljio ;lsof] eGg] s'/f pgL dfGb} dfGb}gg\ .
æ;+uLtsf] hlt;'s} ljsf; eP klg /fu/flugLsf] dxŒj 36]sf] 5}g,
s:tf s:tf gfrufg cfp“bf klg sTys / e/tgf6\od rln/x]s} 5,Æ
pgL eG5g\, æKof; nfUbf lao/ vfP/ x'“b}g, kfgL g} rflxG5 . ;flxlTos
klqsf klg To:t} xf] .Æ •
cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&# $%

k': ts
:j}/sfNklgs
;o/
!!÷@@÷^#
n]vs M :6]km]g lsª
k|sfzs M xf]8\8/
k[i7 M &$)
d"No M kfpG8 :6ln{ª (=( -sl/a !,%)) ?lkof“_
• /fhs'df/ a/fn
lj
Zj Oltxf;sf ljleGg
sfnv08df s]xL cfznfUbf dfG5]
hGdG5g\ / s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fnd}
ltgsf] lgwg jf xTof x'g] u5{ . kl5,
To;af/] ljleGg ldys a'lg“b} kl5Nnf
k':tfnfO{ ;'gfOG5 . g]kfndf klg
o:tf s]xL JolQmsf] xTof, h]nrnfg
jf hah{:t alxu{dg ul/Psf tdfd
pbfx/0f 5g\ . oBlk, tLaf/]sf k|Zg /
sNkgf dfq af“sL 5g\ xfdL;“u . o:t}
sNkgfnfO{ !!÷@@÷^# gfds
pkGof;df ptf/]sf 5g\ cd]l/sL
n]vs :6]kmg lsªn] .
ljZj ;flxTon] w]/} km8\sf]
dfl/ ;Sof] . Pl/:6f]6lnog wf/df n]lvPsf
;flxTon] cfhsf ;flxlTos clenfiff k"/f
ug{ ;Sb}gg\, g t pGgfO;f}“ ztfAbLtfsf
n]lvPsf oyfy{jfbL ;flxlTos v'/fsn]
dfq . lsgeg], o; hdfgfsf kf7ssf
;flxlTos :jfb tL ;dosf eGbf km/s
/ l5§} kl/jlt{t x'g] k|s[ltsf 5g\ .
oxL kl/jlt{t / kl/is[t cfsf+IffnfO{
;Daf]wg u5{ lsªsf] o; k':tsn] . ;g\
@)!! sf] cGTolt/ k|sflzt of] pkGof;
k|of]ujfbL 5 . k|foM ljifoj:t' jf k|d'v
kfqnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ pkGof;sf] zLif{s
/fVg] k/Dk/feGbf km/s pkGof;sf/n]
ldltnfO{ zLif{s agfPsf 5g\, h'g ldlt
k"j{cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hf]g ckm s]g]8Lsf]
xTof ePsf] lbg xf] .
o; pkGof;n] Oltxf; /
:j}/sNkgfsf] aLrsf] kvf{nnfO{
eTsfPsf] 5 . pkGof;df cd]l/sL
Oltxf;sf] ;To 36gf, /fi6«klt hf]g
Pkm s]g]8Lsf] xTofnfO{ 6fOd kf]6{nsf]
k|of]u u/L xTof /f]Sg] k|of; ug'{ s[ltsf]
d'Vo ljifoj:t' xf] . ;f] kf]6{nsf] ljz]iftf
cg'¿k pkGof;sf] Ps kfq cnn]
cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hf]g Pkm s]g]8Lsf]
xTof /f]Sg] of]hgf agfPsf] x'G5 . cnsf]
ljZjf; 5, s]g]8L hLljt x'Gy] eg]
ljZjdf jt{dfgdf eO/x]sf clk|o 36gf
x'g] lyPgg\ .
syfdf cnn] 6fOd kf]6{nsf]
ljz]iftfaf/] OlkªnfO{ lj:t[t hfgsf/L
lbG5 . 6fOd kf]6{ndf ul/g] k|To]s ofqfn]
;g\ !(%* ;]K6]Da/ ( sf] laxfg !!M%*
df k'¥ofp“5 . ljutdf uP/ hlt ;do
latfP klg jt{dfgdf b'O{ ldg]6 dfq
lat]sf] x'G5 . pkGof;sf] d'Vo kfq h]s
Olkª ln:ag kmN;df c+u|]hL ljifosf]
lzIfs xf], hf] xfn} kf/kfr's] u/]/ Psn
hLjg lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 . pm cltl/Qm
sdfOsf nflu cfwf/e"t lzIffsf sIff
klg k9fp“5 . h'g @)!! df OlkªnfO{
p;sf] ldq cn 6]Dkn;g cfkm\gf]
xf]6ndf 6fOd kf]6{n d]l;g ePsf],
h;dfkm{t ljutdf uP/ ljutsf 36gf
kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] atfp“5 . pQm
s'/fdf Olkª ljZj:t gePkl5 cnn]
p;nfO{ bf];|f] lbg e]6\g cfu|x u5{ . bf];|f]
lbg Olkªn] cnnfO{ e]6\bf lxhf]eGbf
jiff}{+ a"9f] ePsf] kfp“5 . o;af/] ;f]Wbf
cnn] cfkm" lxhf] /ftL 6fOd kf]6{ndfkm{t
ljutdf uP/ jiff}{+ latfPsf] / sn]hf]sf]
SofG;/ ePsfn] cfkm\gf] d[To' glhs
cfPsf] atfp“5 . To;df klg Olkªn]
ljZjf; gu/]kl5 cnn] OlkªnfO{ 6fOd
kf]6{ndf r9fP/ ljutdf k'¥ofp“5 .
o;/L kfqx¿sf] ljut, jt{dfg /
eljiosf] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/n] pkGof; n]vgsf]
gof“ z}nLnfO{ O+lut u5{ . ;fdfGotof,
oyfy{jfbL k/Dk/fut pkGof;
k9\g] afgL nfu]sf kf7ssf nflu o:tf
s[ltn] plt;f/f] Wofg tfGg ;Sb}gg\ .
pkGof;sf] syfn] xfdL a:b} cfPsf]
oyfy{ ljZjsf] cnfjf csf]{ Ps er'{cn
ljZjsf] sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .
syfdf cGttM s]g]8Lsf]
xTof x'g] lbg @@ gf]e]Da/ !(^#
cfOk'U5 . c;jfN8n] s]g]8Lsf] xTof
ug'{ s]xL ;]sG8 klxnf p;nfO{ /f]Sg]
qmddf Olkªsf] un{k|m]G8 ;]bfO{nfO{
uf]nL nfU5 / pgsf] d[To' x'G5 . l/;sf]
emf]“sdf hgtfn] c;jfN8sf] xTof
u5{g\ . OlkªnfO{ /fi6«klt s]g]8Lsf]
xTofdf ;+nUg xf] ls eg]/ ;LcfO{Pn]
;f]wk'5 u5{ / jf:tljstf yfxf kfPkl5
5f]l8G5 . To;kl5 Olkªn] /fi6«klt s]g]8L
/ pgsL kTgL;“u e]6 ug]{ df}sf kfp“5 .
Olkª jt{dfgdf cfP/ km]l/ 6fOd
kf]6{ndf hfG5, ;]bfO{nfO{ arfpg . ha
pm 8nf; 5f]8\5, ta s] yfxf kfp“5
eg] Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn]
xhf/f}“sf] Hofg lnPsf] x'G5 . OlkªnfO{ s]
cjut x'G5 eg] p;sf] af/Daf/sf] 6fOd
kf]6{n ofqfn] ubf{ ;f] ljgfzsf/L 36gf
ePsf] xf] .
6fOd kf]6{nsf] sNkgf, ;dodfly
ul/Psf] k|of]u, kfqx¿sf] kl/jlt{t
kl/ro, Oltxf; / :j}/sNkgfsf aLrsf
kvf{nsf] lj36gh:tf 36gfn] o;
pkGof;nfO{ k|of]ujfbL pkGof; agfPsf]
5 . oBlk, ;To 36gf;“u ;DalGwt
s]g]8Lsf] hLjg;“u cfkm"nfO{ cEo:t
u/fp“b} u/]sf kf7s PsfPs 6fOd
kf]6{n nufotsf :j}/sfNklgs 36gf;“u
;fIffTsf/ ug'{kbf{ dly+un g/fd|/L
tft]sf] dx;'; u5{g\ . ;fy}, kf7snfO{
cfkm\gf] hLjg jf b]zdf ePsf 36gf
ljz]if lsl;dsf] oGqåf/f ;N6fpg kfP
hLjg cnUu} x'g] lyof] eGg] :j}/sNkgf
klg cfpg ;S5 . ;/n n]vgn]
lvlr/fv] klg lstfasf] df]6fOn] eg]
lbSs kf5{ . •
$^ cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

8fS6/ lrqsf] b'vfGt
• kbdl;+x sfsL{
;[
li6sf xf“ufsf b'O{ y'+uf, Pp6f 89]/
/fv ePsf] 5, csf]{ km'Ng} g;s]/
d'emf{Psf] 5 . nx/fem}“ cfl>t
sf]lknf kmqmg jl~rt 5 eg] cfzfsf
b'O6L d'gf afa'sf ;kgfsf] sndLdf
6';fO/x]sf 5g\ . oxL xf] lbj+ut 8fS6/
lrq jfUn]sf] ljof]ufGt hLjgj[QfGt,
8fS6/ lrq . h;df cwf{+lugL k"hfn]
cfTdansf] d+un;"qnfO{ :d[ltsf] s07xf/
agfPsL 5g\ .
d]3fnol:yt vl;of8f“8fsf]
ufO{uf]7sf] jfUn] kl/jf/df !) df3
)@@ df hlGdP lrq . ;ft jif{df cfdf
u'dfPkl5 pgnfO{ g]kfnsf] ?kGb]xL
NofOof] . dfofn' ;flgdfsf] ;fydf
;f“em–laxfg afv|f r/fp“b}, lbp“;f] :s'n
hf“b} u/]/ :yfgLo k/f]{xf dfljjf6 )$!
;fndf km:6 l8lehgdf P;Pn;L u/] .
8fS6/ jf kfOn6 aGg] pTs6 clenfiffn]
pgnfO{ sf7df8f}“ dfq NofPg ls
sf+u|]; g]tf afns[i0f vf“8sf] eg;'gaf6
dxf/fhuGhdf x]Ny cl;:6]G6sf] sf];{
h'¥of] . Psjif]{ clgjfo{ ;]jfdf ;'v]{tsf]
;fk8f“8f x]Nykf]:6df sfd u/] . 8fS6/L
k9\g hfg sf7df8f}“ cfPsf eb| lrq
ljlrql;t cgfxsdf /fhgLlts cleof]u
v]k]/ eb|uf]n h]ndf sf]lrP .
t}, bf];|f] jif{ 5'6]/ pHj]ls:tfgdf
5fqj[lQ kfP/ ^ jif]{ PdaLaLP;
u/] . To;cl3 pgn] kfNkf / ?Dhf6f/df
la/fdLsf b]jb"t eP/ sfd u/]sf lyP .
)%& df ;/sf/L 8fS6/ eP/ kf]v/fsf]
b/aGbLdf vl6P . t/, b'u{d e]usf
pk]lIft hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ lh2Ln] Toxf“
guP/ c3f{vf“rLsf] ;/sf/L c:ktfndf
!@ jif{ /x]/ lrlsT;f ;]jfsf] gof“ Oltxf;
dfq /r]gg\, c:ktfnsf] :t/ / zøof
klg a9fP . ul/a la/fdLnfO{ lgMz'Ns
pkrf/, l;Q}“df cf}iflw clg 3/ kms{g]
af6f]vr{;d]t lbP ;lGwvs{df . g e"tf],
g eljiolt . pgsf] ;]jf / s'zntfsf]
sLlt{dfg lhNn}el/ chDa/L eP/
dudufO/x]s} 5 .
)%^ df kfNkfsf] lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nodf logsf] k|]d ljjfx btf{
eof] . aLaLP; u/]sL a'6jnsL
k"hf k/fh'nL;“u . xlgd'gsf] ;?jf
?Dhf6f/df eof] . 7"nf] 8fS6/ aGg]
;kgf lnP/ pgL pkNnf] l8u|L PdkLPr
ug{ Kof/f] kl/jf/nfO{ sf7df8f“}df 5f]8]/
yfONofG8 nfu] .
)^( sf] s'/f xf] . ;'vL yfONofG8df
Ps dfq b'MvL lrqn] >L/fh xf]6ndf …x]
eujfg\ † SofG;/ gb]lvof];\Ú eGb} l/kf]6{
t]:of{p“bf 8fS6/sf] hjfkm cfof], …tkfO+{nfO{
Pk]lG8S;sf] SofG;/ 5 . of] kmf]y{ :6]hdf
5 . So'/]jn x'Gg .Ú Tof] ;'g]kl5 pgn]
;aeGbf klxn] >LdtL ;Dem], aRrf ;Dem],
eljio rsgfr'/ ePsf] b]v] . sf]7fdf
cfP/ PSn} Ps 3G6f /f]P .
To;kl5 >LdtLnfO{ n]v]sf] kqsf]
km]b o:tf] 5, …ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5, s'g} klg
>Ldfg\ / >LdtLsf] ;“u} 8]y ePsf] 5}g .
To;}n] Ps g Psn] lhDd]jf/L lng}k5{ .
hLjgnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s lnO{ cufl8 a9\g]
g} 5f} .Ú pgL /fhLj ufGwL c:ktfnsf]
!$ dlxgf klg lSnlgsdf h:t} c¿
la/fdLaf6 3]l/P/} a;] . cGt/1fg 5“bf5“b}
klg aL;f}“k6s Tof] s]df] nufP, h:fnfO{
aLkL sf]O/fnfn] eg]sf lyP, …zq'n]
klg gnufcf];\ .Ú s]jn k"hfsf nflu
pkrf/sf] axfgf /lr/x]sf lyP .
kl/jf/s} nflu eP klg af“Rg] emLgf]
lhhLljiffsf] tf/ To;a]nf r'“l8of],
ha lbNnLaf6 labf lb“b} 8fS6/n]
lSnlgsn 6«fonsf nflu Sofg8f cyjf
cd]l/sf hfg eGof] . s/f]8f}“sf] hf]xf]
s;/L ug]{ < lSnlgsnsf pks/0f /
cfkmGtx¿sf] ;fk6L u/]/ &) nfvhlt
vr{ eO;s]sf] lyof] . clGtd h]yfsf
¿kdf /x]sf] wfkf;Lsf] 3/ a]r]/} eP
klg cd]l/sf nUg] k|:tfj lyof] k"hfsf] .
t/, 7's/fOlbP jfUn]n], …d a¿ ;';fO8
u5{' . 3/ a]Rg lbGg“ . d ltdLx¿nfO{
km'6kfydf cfpg lbGg“ .Ú
oxL åGå / tgfjdf 5f]/LnfO{ n]v]sf]
lr6\7L x[boljbf/s 5 M
…lk|o 5f]/Lx¿ †
8fS6/ lrq
;Dkfbs M kf/;k|sfz g]kfn
k|sfzs M lkmlgS; a's
d"No M #(( ?lkof“
k[i7 M @(@
ltdLx¿nfO{ uflh{ogl;k lbP/
;xof]uL, ;'zLn tyf b]z / hgtfk|lt
jkmfbf/ gful/s agfpg] tyf
gf/L ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu cu|0fL e"ldsf
lgefpg] 5f]/L agfpg] OR5f lyof] .===t/
b}jsf] nLnf, ltdLx¿nfO{ d]/f] /f]uaf/]
yfxf 5}g . yfxf kfpg'cufl8 g} d}n] of]
;+;f/ 5f]l8;s]sf] x'g]5'=== .
5f]/Lx¿, d 8fS6/ ePsfn] s] cg'ej
5 eg] of] If]qdf w]/} sl7gfO eP klg
Odfgbf/ eP/ sfd ug]{ xf] eg] hgtfsf]
;]jf klg x'G5 clg OHht / ;Ddfg klg
kfOG5 . gfgLx¿ o:tf] ;Ddfg / dfof
lsg]/ kfO“b}g . ;f];{ nufP/ kfO“b}g . of]
t dg lht]/} lng] s'/f xf] .Ú
k"hfsf] b[9 c7f]6nfO{ k5\ofp“b}
pgn] g]kfn kms]{/ vr{sf] nflu ;/sf/,
;fyL ;a}nfO{ u'xf/] . /fi6«klt dxf]bon]
kL7 kmsf{P eg] d'Vo;lrj nLnfdl0f
kf}8]nn] 7f]; ;xof]u h'6fOlbP . csf]{
h'gLdf kf}8]nsf] d'lg sfd kfpm“ eg]/
jfUn]n] k'sf/]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} ;f;"–
;;'/fsf] cd"No ;]jf r'sfpg csf]{
h'gLdf sf]vsf] 5f]/f] eP/ hGdg] OR5f
cfkm\gf] 8fo/Ldf sf]/]sf 5g\ . & sflQs
)&) df k"j{OR5f cg';f/ b]j3f6df
clGtd ;+:sf/ ul/of] .
cfo' / ;kmntfsf] pTsif{df
SofG;/n] x/]sf] kltsf] ljof]udf
;fpg] em/L jiff{pg'eGbf k"hf kL8fnfO{
k|]/0ffdf abn]/ caf]w 5f]/f / ;;fgf
gfgLsf] eljio agfpg'df s[t;+sNk
/x]sL 5g\ . kL8f af“8\g g;s]sf] yk
ck|s6 kL8fsf cf“;'n] lgy|'Ss leh]sf]
k':tsn] dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf]
ljifofrgfnfO{ klg ;Demfp“5 . •
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nfUof] . ®f]P“ s]xL a]® . Tof] kmf]6f]nfO{ htg;fy 7"nf] Aofudf ®fv]®
r]g nufP“ . o;®L a]lNhod cfPsf] afa' .
pgn] Tolt eGbfeGb} ubf{ d]®f cf“vf ®;fO;s]sf lyP . pgn]
cfkm\gf] kl:dgf ;nsf] 6'Kkf]n] cfkm\gf cf“vf k'5\b} ;]nfO;s]sf] lrof
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nfp“bf] ®x]5 ®

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u'unsf] gof“ k|f]8S6
l:k|ªaf]8{
u'unn] cfk\mgf pBdL
s:6d/nfO{ nlIft u/L gof“ k|f]8S6
;'? ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] 5, u'un
l:k|ªaf]8{ . l:k|ªaf]8{ u'unsf]
PsLs[t ;r{ OlGhg xf], h;n]
u'unsf cGo ;]jfsf] k|of]unfO{
Jojl:yt / ;xh agfp“5 . o;sf]
d'Vo sfd eg]sf] k|of]ustf{nfO{
rflxPsf] ;"rgf / hfgsf/L pknAw
u/fpg] xf] . o:tf hfgsf/Lsf] ;r{
o;n] u'unsf cGo ;]jf, h:t} M
hLd]n, , 8«fOe, u'un 8S;, Sofn]G8/,
sG6\ofS6 cflbdf u5{ . u'unn]
lbPsf] hfgsf/Ldf l:k|ªaf]8{nfO{
dflg;sf] l8lh6n Pl;:6]G6 klg
elgPsf] 5 . o;n] k|of]ustf{nfO{
nuftf/ ;xL / rflxPsf] hfgsf/L /
s]xL ;'emfj klg lbG5 . t/, s:tf]
k|sf/sf] ;'emfj eGg] s'/f cem} :ki6
eO;s]sf] 5}g .
Pp6f dflg;n] k"/} Ps ;ftf
nufP/ hDdf ug{ ;Sg] ;"rgf /
hfgsf/L u'un l:k|ªaf]8{n] Ps
lbgd} lbG5 . u'unn] clxn] of]
gof“ k|f]8S6sf] la6f e;{g lgsfn]/
cfGtl/s ¿kd} k/LIf0f ul//x]sf] 5 .
t/, o;sf] k"0f{ e;{g nGr x'g] ldlt
eg] uf]Ko g} /flvPsf] 5 .
;'wfl/of]
Anlsª
lkmr/
dg gk/]sf PsfpG6nfO{ Ans ug{ ldNg]
lkmr/ 6\jL6/df klxn]b]lv g} lyof] . k|of]ustf{n]
cfk"mnfO{ ;tfpg] / cfk\mgfaf/] grflx“bf] s'/f 6\jL6
ug]{ csf]{ k|of]ustf{nfO{ Ans ug{ ;S5g\ . of]
kl5Nnf] kl/jt{gn] Ans ug]{ lkmr/nfO{ cem /fd|f]
agfPsf] 5 .
of] ck8]6af6 ca Ans ul/Psf PsfpG6nfO{
Ans ug]{;“u s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 ;Dks{ /fVg
lb“b}g . Ans ul/Psf k|of]ustf{n] Ans ug]{x¿nfO{
kmnf] ug{ / pgLx¿sf] 6\jL6 x]g{ klg ldNb}g .
/, s'g} kmf]6f] jf 6\jL6df 6\ofu ug{ /
:sf]8f
o'/f]k]nL df]6/ sDkgL :sf]8fn] cfk\mgf]
P;o"eL -:kf]6{\; o'l6ln6L e]lxsn_ uf8L
otLnfO{ yf]/} kl/dfh{g;lxt k]ml/ ahf/df
NofPsf] 5 . uf8Ldf l8hfOg / k|fljlws
s'/fdf yf]/} kl/jt{g;lxt lgsflng]
gof“ ;+:s/0fnfO{ k]m;lnk\m6 ;:+s/0f
eGg] ul/G5 . :sf]8fsf] olt @)!^ klg
k]m;lnk\m6 ;+:s/0f g} xf] .
P;o"eL df]8nsf] uf8L ePsf sf/0f
of] lkr / ckm/f]8 b'j}sf nflu pko'Qm
dflgG5 . ;fdfGo sDkKofS6 sf/sf
t'ngfdf P;o"eL s]xL 7"nf] cfsf/sf]
x'G5 . ahf/df P;o"eL uf8Lsf]
cfsif{0f al9/x]sf
a]nf :sf]8fsf] of]
uf8Ln] klg /fd|}
:yfg kfpg]
cg'dfg 5 .
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8fO/]S6 Dof;]h k7fpg klg ldNb}g .
Ans ul/Psfx¿sf] 6\jL6 klg
6fOdnfOgdf cfp“b}g . t/, To:tf 6\jL6
x]g{'k/] Ans u/]sf] PsfpG6 ;r{ u/]/ x]g{
ldN5 . o;cl3 Ans ug]{sf 6\jL6 Ans
x'g]n] klg x]g{ ldNYof] . t/, c¿ s;}n]
Ans ug]{ / Ans x'g] b'j}nfO{ d]G;g ul/Psf
6\jL6sf gf]l6lkms];g eg] cfp“5g\ . Anlsª
lkmr/df cfPsf] of] ck8]6sf] d'Vo cfzo
eg]sf] Ans ug]{ / x'g]aLrsf] h'g;'s}
cGt/lqmofnfO{ g} Ans ug{' xf] .
k]m;a'sdf #^) l8u|L kmf]6f]
km];a'sdf #^) l8u|Lsf kmf]6f] ;]o/ ug{ ldNg] ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf]
ck8]6df #^) l8u|L Sofd]/f jf df]afOnaf6} kfgf]/df kmf]6f] lvr]/ k]m;a'sdf
/fVg ldNg] ePsf] xf] . o:tf] lkmr/ l5§} cfpg] hfgsf/L k]m;a'sn] Ps
dlxgfcufl8 g} u/fPsf] lyof] .
k]m;a'sdf #^) l8u|Lsf kmf]6f] /fVg s]xL ufx|f] 5}g . /, o:tf kmf]6f]
lvRg #^) l8u|L Sofd]/f g} rflxG5 eGg] klg 5}g . h'g;'s} :df6{kmf]gaf6
lvlrPsf] kfgf]/df kmf]6f]nfO{ k]m;a'sn] cfk}m“ #^) l8u|L agfOlbG5 .
k]m;a'sdf cfPsf kmf]6f] #^) eP÷gePsf] lrGg klg ;lhnf] 5 . #^) l8u|L
kmf]6f]sf] bfof“ efudf ;fgf] sDkf;sf] cfOsg x'G5 . o:tf kmf]6f] x]g{ To;}df
lSns u/]/ tfGg'k5{ . k]m;a'ssf #^) l8u|L kmf]6f] er{'cn l/ofln6Lsf
l8efO;x¿, h:t} M ;fd;'ª luo/ eLcf/ jf cf]s'n;df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .
kl5Nnf] ;do k|ljlw er{'cn l/ofln6Ltkm{ nDs]kl5 km];a'sn] klg
o;df cfk\mgf] pkl:ylt b]vfpg vf]h]sf] xf] . #^) l8u|L kmf]6f]sf] k|of]u
er{'cn l/ofln6L l8efO;df dfq} eO/x]sf] lyof] . oL kmf]6f]nfO{ ;lhn}
Go'hlkm8df xfNg ldNg] agfP/ k]m;a's of] If]qdf cGo ;f];n ldl8ofeGbf
Ps sbd cufl8 /x]sf] 5 .
! xhf/ ( ;o ^* ;L;Lsf]
OlGhg;lxtsf] of] sf/sf] kkm{d]G; klg
plQs} /fd|f] 5 . of] OlGhgn] ! ;o
!) x;{kfj/ a/fa/sf] clwstd kfj/
lgsfN5 . /, of] uf8Ln] Ps ln6/ OGwg
a/fa/ !* sf]nf]ld6/sf] dfOn]h
lbG5, h'g P;o"eL sf/sf nflu /fd|f]
dfOn]h dflgG5 .
:sf]8f otLdf ^ luo/sf] luo/aS;
5 . of] uf8Ldf /x]sf] ckm/f]8 Pl;:6]G6n]
uf8L psfnf]df rnfp“bf 8«fOe/nfO{
uf8Ldfly /fd|f] lgoGq0f /fVg ;3fp“5 .
;'/Iffsf nflu ^ j6f Po/ Aofu klg
5g\, h;n] uf8L qm\of; x'“bf 8«fOe/ /
ofq'nfO{ hf]ufp“5 . ev{/} dfq
g]kfnL ahf/df cfPsf] of] uf8Lsf]
d"No &# nfv ?lkof“af6
;'? 5 .
lhof]gL P;
l;S; k|f]
lhof]gLsf :df6{kmf]gx¿n] clxn]
/fd|} ahf/ lnO/x]sf 5g\ . ;:tf]df /fd|f]
lkmr/;lxtsf :df6{kmf]g Nofpg] of] lrlgof“
sDkgL xf] . lhof]gLn] gof“ :df6{kmf]g
P; l;S; k|f] ev{/} dfq lrlgof“ ahf/df
NofPsf] xf] . rLgeGbf aflx/ of] slxn];Dd
pknAw x'g] xf], v'nfOPsf] 5}g .
lhof]gL P; l;S; k|f]sf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f]
lkmr/ eg]sf] lkm+u/ lk|G6 :Sofg/ xf] .
h;af6 kmf]gnfO{ ns–cgns ug{ ;lsG5 .
/, o;n] )=! ;]s]G8d} cgns ug{ ;Sg]
bfaL lhof]gLn] u/]sf] 5 . of] :df6{kmf]gdf
PG8«f]O8sf] df;{d]nf] ck/]l6ª l;:6d 5 .
%=% OGrsf] l:qmg;lxtsf] of]
:df6{kmf]gsf] l8:Kn] xfO 8]lkmg];g
Sjfln6Lsf] 5 . o;sf] OG6g{n :6f]/]h
Ifdtf ^$ hLaLsf] 5 . /, ¥ofd $ hLaL
Ifdtfsf] 5 . P; l;S; k|f]n] ! ;o @*
hLaL;Ddsf] dfOqmf]] P;8L ;fOhsf] d]df]/L
sf8{ ;kf]6{ u5{ . o;df k|mG6 / l/o/ u/L
b'O{j6f Sofd]/f klg 5g\, h'g qmdzM * /
!# d]uflkS;]nsf 5g\ .
k"/} d]6n a8L ePsf] of] :df6{kmf]gdf
# xhf/ ! ;o #) PdPPrsf] Aof6«L
5 . rLgdf o;sf] d"No b'O{ xhf/ o'cfg
tf]lsPsf] 5, h'g #@ xhf/ % ;o g]kfnL
?lkof“ a/fa/ x'G5 .
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s}b ul/Psf] lyof] . •
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l/n /f]dfG; km\nk ePkl5 l/on
/f]dfG; 6'+lug] cefuL hf]8Lsf] nsf]{
nfdf] 5 . lehf un{ aS; clkm;df
sdhf]/ ePkl5 ljgo >]i7 / Crf
zdf{sf] ckm]o/df k"0f{lj/fd nfUof],
cfef; c;kmntfsf] c;/ ;+od
k'/L / cfZdf 8L;Lsf] ;DaGwdf klg
k¥of] . oxL nx/df gLtf 9'+ufgf /
cfd]z e08f/L ylkPsf] va/ udf{Psf]
5 . km"n}km"nsf] df};d ltdLnfO{
l/lnhcufl8 gLtf / cfd]zsf] ckm]o/
x6s]s lyof], b'j}n] :jLsf/]sf] k|]d,
To;dfly cfd]z ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdd}
gLtfsf] ufnfdf cf]7 hf]l8lbGy],
cfTdLotf / k|]d 5tf5'Nn ePsf] tl:a/
km];a'sdf ;]o/ ug{ b'j} xfgyfk uy]{ .
t/, h;} km"n}km"nsf] df};d ltdLnfO{n]
kfgL lkpg kfPg, pgLx¿sf] ;DaGwdf
u|x0f nfu]sf] ;+s]t ldln/x]sf] 5 .
h:tf] M cr]n r'Dag u/]sf] tl:a/ t
k/} hfcf];\, xft ;dft]sf] tl:a/;d]t
kf]:6 ub}{gg\ . ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf
;“u} b]lvGgg\ . gLtf lge{osf] ;'l6ªdf
Jo:t 5g\ eg] cfd]zsf] cQf]kQf] 5}g .
gLtfn] …ld; o' a]aL===Ú 6fOksf :6\of6;
n]Vg 5f]8]sL 5g\ . a¿, cfd]zn]
km];a'sdf efj'stf kf]v]sf 5g\, …l;+un
x'g' clezfk xf] of lukm\6 < tkfO{+
cfkm}“ lg0f{o ug"{;\ .Ú eg]kl5 lax] ug]{
pgLx¿sf] ;kgf t'lxPs} xf] t < •
;]nfOg\
lzNkf
l5§} rDsg' / ;]nfpg'
snfsf/sf] lgolt g} xf] .
…nSsLÚ of …cgnSsLÚ h]
eg] klg lkmNdj[Qdf o:tf cg'xf/
af/af/ b]lvG5g\ . lzNkf kf]v/]n tfhf
pbfx/0f x'g\ . 5lj/fh cf]emf SofDkaf6
nGr x'g kfp“bf lzNkfsf] r'/Lkm'/L
vlkg;Sg' lyof] . d'v vf]n]/} geg]
klg cfkm"nfO{ /]vf yfkfsf] ljsNksf
¿kdf k|:t't ug{ vf]h]sL lyOg\ . t/,
sxf“ ;a} rDsg] j:t' ;'g x'G5g\ / <
clxn] pgL sxf“ l5g\, km\ofg t s]
ldl8ofnfO{ ;d]t vf;} rf;f] 5}g .
vf; u/L 5lj/fh Aofg/aflx/sf] kmfu"
km\nk ePkl5 lzNkfsf] ;fg 36]sf] xf] .
ls:dt @ sf] k|bz{g ldlt 6'+uf] nfu]sf]
klg 5}g . emg\ 5lj / /]vfsf] a9\bf]
lgs6tfn] pgsf] dg slt kf]n]sf] x'“bf]
xf], cfkm}“ cg'dfg ug"{;\ † •
%$ cfOtaf®, !@ c;f/ @)&#

g sfd, g km';{b
lkmNd gkfPkl5 cleg]tf km';{bdf x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ /fh]z
xdfnnfO{ x]g"{;\, 7\ofSs} pN6f] . /fh]zsf] xftdf clxn]
s'g} lkmNd 5}g, l/lnh x'g af“sL klg zs'Gtnf dfq
xf] t/ Jo:ttfsf] /km\tf/ pxL 5, h:tf] pgL Ps}
;]8\o'ndf b'O{–tLg lkmNdsf] ;'l6ª Eofp“y] . km]l/ nfUnf,
zs'Gtnfsf] k|rf/k|;f/df EofOgEofO xf]nf . To:tf] klg
xf]Og, k|df];gdf …afnÚ glbg] pgsf] /j}of clxn];Dd
x6]sf] 5}g . cflv/ pgsf] Jo:ttfsf] /fh s] xf] t <
;a}nfO{ yfxf 5, /fh]z hlt lrlgPsf] …km];Ú g]kfnL
lkmNdj[Qd} ;fob} sf]xL xf]nf . clegosf] cfnf]rgf
ug]{x¿ klg pgsf] af}l4stf / JolQmTjsf] k|z+;s
x'G5g\ . lx/f]af6 sl/a l/6fo8{ eO;Sbf klg /fh]z
cfkm\gf] oxL 5ljsf sf/0f rrf{df 5g\ . 6]lnlehg
sfo{qmd xf]:6, Ao'6L Kofh]G6b]lv ;}n'g pb\3f6g;Dd
pgsf] dfu 36]sf] 5}g . ljb]zdf x'g] ;+f:s[lts
sfo{qmddf cem klxnf] /f]hfOdf 5g\ . clg, lkmNd
geP/ s] ef], dfu / k};fn] dfnfdfn ePkl5 . •
tl:a/ M dx]z k|wfg
Crfsf] k'g/fudg
tl:a/ M sdn >]i7
Crfl;+x 7s'/Ln] Ps bh{geGbf a9L lkmNd v]lng\
t/ gfO{+ geGg' nafx]s s'g} lx6 ePgg\ . c¿
lkmNdsf] gfd t ;fob pgn] klg lal;{;lsg\ . a¿,
Do'lhs lel8of] df]8lnªdf rflx“ nf]enfUbf] ;kmntf
r'ldg\ t/ lkmNdsf] lg/Gt/ v8]/L nfu]kl5 nuguf“7f]
sl;g\, tLg jif{cufl8 . To;otf lkmNdsf] /+uLg
b'lgof“af6 Crf k"0f{ ¿kdf knfog eOg\ . gof“
lx/f]Ogsf] af]nafnf a9]sf a]nf pgnfO{ vf]Hg] klg
sf]xL ePgg\ . To;}n] t pgnfO{ …sdAofsÚ x'g cfkm\g}
nufgLdf lkmNd lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ afWotf cfOnfUof] .
lkmNdsf] gfd xf], ;'k/ uf]v]{ . clg, lgb]{zs klg
c¿ sf]xL xf]Og, pgs} klt uh]Gb|/fh yfkf . xfn
wdfwd ;'l6ª eO/x]sf] o; lkmNddf Crfafx]s
lrlgPsf snfsf/sf] clego 5}g . •
cfOtaf/, !@ c;f/ @)&# %%

;x/df
crfgs
…;+jfb 3f]Sg d'l:snÚ
olta]nf cgfdgu/l:yt d08nf gf6s3/df ;'gLn kf]v/]nsf] klxnf]
Psn gf6s ObldTyd\ d~rg eO/x]sf] 5 . ;?eQm lnlvt o;
gf6snfO{ ;f]dgfy vgfnn] lgb]{zg u/]sf x'g\ . gf6sdf b]vfPsf]
rl/q / cg'ejsf af/]df ;'gLn;“u ul/Psf] s'/fsfgL M
ObldTyd\df tkfO+{sf] e"ldsf s] xf] <
åGåkLl8tsf] xf] . hf] : j–sf®fjf;df x'G5 ® r®d lg®fzfaf6
lklN;Psf] 5 .
of] kfq tkfO{+sf] jf:tljs hLjgdf slQsf] glhs 5 <
d dfq xf]Og, xfdL ;a}df ®fHo Joj: yf jf dfxf}nk|lt lg®fzf
5 . c;Gt'li6 5 . To;}n] x®]sn] of] kfqdf cfkm"nfO{ kfp“5g\ .
gf6s v]Ng] ;fOt s;/L h'¥of] <
b'O{ bzscufl8 g} ;?eQm bfOn] dnfO{ o;sf] l: qmK6 lbg'ePsf]
lyof] . Tolta]nf rfx x'“bfx'“b} vf]O s] gldn]® ug{ ;lsPg, clxn] ;f]dn]
k|: tfj ®fVof] . d}n] ;xif{ : jLsf®]“ .
tkfO{+ g]kfnL lyP6/sf] klxnf] k':tf, ;f]d kl5Nnf] . sfd
ubf{sf] cg'ej <
dnfO{ gf6sdf k': tfGt® x'G5 h: tf] nfUb}g . xfdLn] lgs} ;xh
jftfj®0fdf sfd u¥of}“ . p;sf] z}nLaf6 d k|efljt eP“ .
gf6ssf] s'g kIfn] cfslif{t u/]sf] xf] tkfO{+nfO{ <
xfdL ®+usdL{nfO{ kfql;t k|]d ug]{ nt al;;s]sf] x'“bf] ®x]5.
o;sf] klg dnfO{ kfq ;zQm nfu]sf] xf] .
Psn clego ubf{sf r'gf}tL <
k"®f gf6s cfkm}“n] xf]N8 ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] sl7g x'“bf] ®x]5. clws
sNkgfzLn x'g'kg]{ . dnfO{ ;+jfb s07 ug{ klg d'l: sn k¥of] .
kfqnfO{ hLjGt agfpg slQsf] ;kmn ePh:tf] nfU5 <
of] t bz{sn] eGg] s'®f xf] . d}n] cem w]®} …ODk|f]efOhÚ ug'{k5{.
of] k|of; clGtd ;f];Dd hf®L ®xG5 . •
tl: a® M s]zj yfkf
lkmNd
• ufhn'
lkmNddf syfeGbf klg
To;nfO{ b]vfpg] z}nL dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5 . ;fdfGo syfnfO{
sl;nf] z}nLdf a'lgPsf] 5 eg]
Tof] cAan 7xl®G5 . g]kfnL
lkmNdsf] ;d: of syfeGbf
To;nfO{ kf]Vg] z}nLdf 5 .
x]d®fh aL;L lgb]{lzt ufhn'
oxL ;+qmd0faf6 u|:t 5 .
s'df®Lsf] syf p7fg ul®P klg
olt lkmtnf] ® lasfp z}nLdf
elgPsf] 5 ls ;+j]bgfsf]
Sn]z;Dd dx;'; x'Gg . To;}n]
x]d®fhn] s'df®Lsf] syfnfO{
d"nwf®df NofPsf] h;
kfp“b}gg\ . k6syfeGbf cgdf]n
s];L, ;[li6 >]i7h: tf : 6f®nfO{
a9L k|fyldstf lbg' lgb]{zsn]
lgotjz u®]sf] sdhf]®L xf] .
k"j{s'df®L ;'hftf zfSo
-;[li6_ ;fdfGo hLjgofkg
ug{ rfxlG5g\ t® kl®jf® ®
;dfh afws alg®x]sf] 5 .
Psflt® s'df®Ln] ljjfx ubf{
3®jf® lau|G5, cz'e x'G5 eGg]
e|d 5, csf{lt® hLljt b]jL
lkmSsf ufhn
ePsfn] pgsf afa'n] hflu®
vfg lb“b}gg\ . o: tf] cj: yfaf6
u'lh|®x]sL ;'hftfsf] 8s'd]G6«L
d]s® cf®e -cgdf]n_;“u e]6
x'G5 . zfGt : jefjsf ;'hftf
® cgdf]nsf] ;DaGw k|]ddf
kl®0ft x'G5 . b'j}sf] kl®jf®n]
c: jLsf® u®]sf] k|]d ;kmn
xf]nf t < lkmNdsf] SnfOd]S;
o;s} jl®kl® 3'd]sf] 5 .
s'df®Lsf] hLjgz}nL,
ef]ufO ® dgf]lj1fgnfO{
;"Id ¿kdf s]nfpg cN5L
ul®Psf] 5 . cfdo'jtLem}“ af“Rg
rfxlG5g\ eGg] Psf]xf]®f] ®6fg
dfq 5 . To;nfO{ hLjGt
agfP® syfk|lt bz{ssf] df]x
a9fpg lgb]{zs r's]sf 5g\ .
ne : 6f]®L lkmNddf lx®f] ®
lx®f]Ogsf] s]d]: 6«L ldn]sf]
x'G5 . t®, ufhn'df cgdf]n
® ;[li6sf] hf]8L slQ klg
lkm6 nfUb}g, ;[li6sf cufl8
cgdf]n km'Rr] b]lvG5g\ . …Ph
Uofk ne : 6f]®LÚ x'“bf] xf] t of]
;'xfp“bf] x'GYof] t® oxf“ hf]8L
ghDbf klg lgb]{zsn] ha/
h: tL ®fv]sf] efg x'G5 . p;f]
t k6syf dfq xf]Og, d]lsªdf
klg cgdf]nsf cl3Nnf
lkmNdsf] :t/ sfod ®flvPsf]
5}g . z}n]Gb| 8L sfsL{h: tf
l;h{gzLn l;g]df6f]u|fkm®n]
lkmNd lvr]sf] xf] eGg] kTof®
nfUb}gg\ s}of}“ b[Zo . …ltdL
cfof}===Ú uLt lkmNdsf] Kn;
kf]OG6 xf] .
ufhn' ®fd|f] x'g] ;Defjgf
x'“bfx'“b} lgb]{zssf] nfk®afxLn]
lalu|Psf] lkmNd xf] . pgdf
cgdf]nk|lt cgfjZos ®
syfk|lt sd cfTdljZjf;
b]lvG5 . en} cl3Nnf tLg
lkmNdsf] t'ngfdf o;k6s
pgn] km®s sG6]G6dfly
v]Ng] k|of; u®], o;nfO{
;sf®fTds dfGg'k5{ .
• uf]s0f{ uf}td
%^ cfOtaf®, !@ c;f® @)&#

gf]6a's
uf]s0f{ uf}td
7]nfd'lg xf]djs{
;x®sf] ljz]iftf xf], xtf® . ;x®sf] ToxL ®km\tf®nfO{ kS8g
vf]Hbf c¿sf] b'MvkL8fdf Wofg lbg] km';{b sxf“ < t®, slxn]sfxL“
d]l;gem}“ alg;s]sf] dg ® cf“vfnfO{ c8\ofpg] b[Zo oxL ;x®df
b]lvG5 . h:tf] M x]6f}“8fsf] dfg;rf]sdf b]lvof], h]7 bf];|f] ;ftf.
ldq wd]{Gb| bfxfn ® d lrt'jfnfO{ la;f{pg] u®L kfOnf
rfNb} lyof}“, ;8s5]pdf Pp6f afns 7]nfd'lg n]Vb} u®]sf]
b]Vof}“, ljBfnosf] kf];fsd} . ;8sdf a]tf]8n] bf}l8®x]sf uf8L
® df]6®;fOsnsf] ss{z cfjfhsf] s'g} dtna lyPg pgnfO{ .
7]nfdfly Pp6L dlxnf ds} kf]n]® a]lr®x]sL lyOg\ . cg'dfg
nufpg ufx|f] ePg, ltgL dlxnf afnssL cfdf x'g\ .
;8ssf] k]6Ldf sfkL cf]5\ofP® n]lv®x]sf tL afnssf] gfd
;F]w]“, nhfp“b} eg], æk|]d df]Qmfg .Æ glhss} l;4fy{ :s'ndf @
sIFfdf k9\b} ®x]5g\ . d}n] klg ToxL :s'naf6 P;Pn;L u®]sf] x'“,
To;}n] cem glhs ePsf] dx;'; u®]“ . 5f]®fnfO{ k9fpgs} nflu
pgsL cfdf b'u{d sf“s8faf6 ;b®d'sfd cfPsL ®lx5g\ . sf]7fdf
PSn} a:g 8® nfu]sfn] v'nf ;8sdf xf]djs{ u®]sf] pgn]
;'gfP . cIf® x]bf{ ;kmf ® ;'Gb® . s] cIf®h:t} pgsf] eljio klg
;'Gb® xf]nf <
k|]dsf] nugzLntf;fd' xfdL gtd:ts lyof}“ t® ug{ ;Sg]
7"nf] t s]xL lyPg, glhs}sf] :6];g®Laf6 cfwf bh{g sfkL ®
snd lsg]® lbof}“ . t®, 3f“6L km'6\nfem}“ u®L cfuf] km'Sb} ® w"jf“df
?dlNn“b} ds} kf]ln®x]sL pgsL cfdfn] kQF] kfPsL lyOgg\ .
lx“8\g] a]nf k|]dnfO{ ;f]w]“, æ7"nf] ePkl5 s] aGg] xf]

sf=lh=b=g+= !)$÷)%^÷%& d=If]=x'=lg=sf=b=g+= @÷)%&÷%*