BONGINKOSI CYPIUAN KHUZWAYO

UKUKHUTHAZWA KOLWAZI KWESINTU, AMASIKO,IZINKOLELO NEMIKHUTSHANA YESIZWE SAMAZULUNEQHAZA OKUNGAUBAMBA EKUGWEMENI IZIFOEZITHATHELWANA NGOKOCANSI, IKAKHULUKAZIIGCIWANE LESANDULELA NGCULAZI NENGCULAZI UQOBOLWAYONguBONGINKOSI CYPIUAN KHUZWAYO

AMAZWI OKUBONGANgifisa ukubonga kakhulu kulabo ababenesandla kulo msebenzikusukela uqalwa kuze kube sekupheleni:USolwazi uL.F. Mathenjwa ngesineke sakhe sokungigqugquzelaekwenzeni 10 msebenzi. Izeluleko nokungiqondisa kwakhe yikhonaokudale impumelelo kuIo msebenzi. Ngithi nje ume njalo Mgabadeli.Amathongo akwenu noMvelinqangi akugcine. Okwenze kimi ukwe=nakwabanye.USolwazi Z.L.M. Khumalo ngokungikhuthalela nokunginika UgqOZllokuqhubeka nalo msebenzi. Ngithi isintu sithi ukhule uze ukhokhobe,kodwa mina ngithi ukhule ungakhokhobi ngoba ikhehla elikhokhobayoalithandeki. Mbulazi!Ngibonga ngiyanconcoza kuNkosikazi Gabela webandla lamaKhatholika,uThandeka Khuzwayo, umntwana wami, uMnurnzane uMdletshewebandla lamaLuthela, uNkosikazi Mkhwanazi webandla i-FaithMission, uMnurnzane uMkhwanazi webandla lamaNazaretha, uNkosikaziNdlovu,uNkosikazi Ngubane webandla i-Presbyterian, uMnurnzane Ntshangase,uMnurnzane Zibani webandla i-Seventh Day Adventist noMnumzaneZondi abangisize kakhulu ngokungicobelela ngolwazi ngesikhathi ngenzaucwaningo. Ngithi nje nikubekezelele ukuhlushwa yithi ngoba sakhalSlzwe.Kungabe ngenza iphutha elikhulu uma ngingabongi kuNkosikazi wami,(iii)

uMazondi. Ngaphandle kokungikhuthaza, udele isikhathi sami nawe, 10msebenzi ubungeke ube yimpumelelo. Gagashe! Nondaba! lzinganezami ngeke ngizikhohlwe. Umphumela wokungabi nasikhathi nani,ikakhulukazi uthunjana, uZamaNguni, yiwo Iona.Intombi yakwaButhelezi, uMaDube, kungabe ngenza iphutha umangiyikhohlwa.Ngithi nje Nzwakele, nanku umsebenzi wakho.Ngigcine ngokubonga uMvelinqangi nezithutha zasekhaya komamanezakithi ngokungipha amandla okunqoba le ndima. Urnzuliswanaonzima Iona.(iv)

IQOQALolu cwanmgo lucubungula ulwazi lwesintu, amasiko, izinkolelonemikhutshana yesizwe samaZulu neqhaza okungalibamba ekugwemeniizifo ezithathelwana ngokocansi, ikakhulukazi igciwane lesandulelangculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo.Luzama ukuthola ukuthi qhaza lini elingabanjwa umphakathi ekulweninalesi sifo esesibhubhise izwe kangaka. Lucubungula izindlela zesintuezazisetshenziswa ngempumelelo, esikhathini sakudala, ukunqanda izifoezithathelwana ngokocansi. Luzama ukuthola ukuthi lezo zindlela ngekeyml zakhuthazwa ukuba zisetshenziswe esikhathini sanamuhlanjengesikhali okungaliwa ngaso nalesi sifo esesiqede isizwe,Lucubungula iqhaza elingabanjwa amasiko afana nokusokwakwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukugwetshwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane,ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa, ukuthomba, ukusoma, ukuyobisa,umemulo, irnikhosi efana nomkhosi kaNomkhubulwane, umkhosiwomhlanga, kanye neqhaza elingabanjwa amabandla ehlukene ekulweninokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, ingculazi uqobo lwayo,ezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngokocansi, ukukhulelwa kwentsha isikhathisingakafiki kanye nokufundiswa kwentsha ngokuziphatha ngenhlanzeko.Lolu cwaningo lunezahluko eziyisibJanu.Isahluko sokuqala siyisingeniso socwanmgo lapho kubhekwa khonaingqinamba yocwanmgo, izinhloso zocwanmgo, intshisekeloyocwaningo, indlela yokuqhuba ucwaningo kanye nemithombo(v)

enokusetshenziswa.Isahluko sesibili sizama ukuthola umlando ngokusokwanokugwetshwa kwabafana namantombazane, inhIoso yakho, indIeIaeyayilande1wa ukukwenza ngesikhathi sakudala namanje kanyenerniphume1a yakho kuleso sizwe okwakwenziwa nokusenziwa kuso.Kugxilwe kakhulu kumaXhosa, amaVenda, abeSuthu, amaNdebeIe,amaSwazi namaZuIu. Kuzothi kubhekwa Iokhu kube kuqaphe1isiswaizinga Iegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi kulezo zindawo.Isahluko sesithathu sicubungula izindlela ezehlukene zokukhuliswanokufundiswa ngokuziphatha kwentsha. Kugxilwe kuMaZulu. Kuzothikwenziwa lokhu kube kuqashwe ngeso-:Iokhozi ukuthi lezo zindIe1a zinaqhaza Iini ekunqandeni ukubhebhethekakwegciwane IesanduleIa ngcuIazi nengcuIazi uqobo Iwayo, lokhuokubonakala kwentuleka kuMaZuIu. Kuyobhekisiswa isiko IokuhIoIwakwezintombi, ukugwetshwa kwabafana namantombazane, urnkhosiwomhlanga, amazinga okukhula kwabafana namantombazane(ukuthomba), umemulo, ukusoma nokuyobisa. Lokhu kwenziwangenhloso yokuthola ukuthi yini imbangela yokwanda kwegciwaneIesandulela ngculazi nengculazi. Lolu lwazi luyosiza kakhulu ernizameniyokuthola ikhambi elingasetshenziswa ukulothisa lolu bhubhaneose1uqede isizwe kangaka. Ngamanye amazwi kuzanywa ukutholaukuthi kukuphi lapho konakala khona kungaze kuvuIeke inkebenkebeyomsele ogeIeza igciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi kanje.Isahluko sesine sicubungula iqhaza lamabandIa ehlukene ekukhuliseniintsha nasekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandule1a ngculazi(vi)

nengculazi. Kubhekwa nokuthi rruzamo rmm ezanywa ibandlaukuhlangabezana nesiqubulo sikaMongameli wezwe esithi "AzibuyeEmasisweni".lsahluko sesihlanu siyisihlaziyo socwaningo. Kwethulwa izincomo besekuyaphethwa.(vii)

OKUQUKETHWEISAHLUKO SOKUQALAIKHASI1.0 Isingeniso socwaningo/ Ukwethulwa kokuqukethwe 11.1 Isingeniso I1.2 Izingqinamba zocwaningo 11.3 Izinhloso zocwaningo 111.4 Intshisekelo yocwaningo 121.5 Imidiyo yocwaningo 131.6 Indlela yokuqhuba ucwaningo 141.7 Umklamo wocwaningo 15ISAHLUKO SESIBILI2.0 Isiko lokusoka njengesikhali sokunciphisa ukwandakwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobolwayo182.1 Isingeniso182.22.2.12.2.22.32.42.52.5.12.5.22.6Ukuchazwa kwamagamaUkusokaUmsokwaUcwaningo oselwenziwe ngokusoka kwabesilisaIzingqinamba ezihambisana nokusokaUkusoka ngokwenkolo yobuKhristuInhloso yokusokaInqubo yokulenzaUkusoka ngokosiko lwamaXhosa\ 181820212428283031(viii)

2.6.1 Inhloso yokusoka 312.6.2 Inqubo yokulenza 322.6.3 lzinga IengcuIazi eMpumaIanga Koloni 342.7 Ukusoka ngokosiko lwamaSwazi 352.8 Ukusoka ngokwenqubo yamaNdebele 372.8.1 InhIoso yokusoka kwabafana 372.8.2 IndIela nenqubo yokusoka 372.8.3 Imfundiso etholakala esikoleni sokusoka 402.9 Ukusoka, ukukhuliswa nokufundiswa kwentshangezindlela zokuziphatha kumaVenda 412.9.1 lzikole zabafana 412.9.2 Izikole zamantombazane 432.10 Ukusokwa kwabantu besifazane 462.10.1 Kuyini ukusoka kwabesifazane? 472.10.2 Kubaluleke ngani ukuthi umuntu wesifazaneasokwe? 472.10.3 Izinkinga ezihambisana nokusokwa kwabesifazane 482.10.4 Lingakhuthazwa yini Ieli siko kuantu besifazanenjengesikhali sokulwa nkusabaIaIa kwegciwanelesanduleIa ngcuIazi? 502.11 Ukugweba 522.12 Isiphetho 54ISAHLUKO SESITHATHU3.03.1lmikhosi, izinkolelo nemikhutshana ephathelenenokukhuIiswa nolruziphatha kwntsha esizwenisamaZulu ngenhloso yokUIwa nesifo sengculazilsingeniso(ix)5757

3.2 Ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa 573.2.1 U~iuNomkhubulwane 583.2.2 Ukubaluleka komkhosi kaNomkhubulwane 593.2.3 La mkhosi usuqhutshwa kanjani esikhathinisanamuhla? 603.2.4 Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa? 653.2.4.1 Ukuhlolwa kwezintombi 653.2.4.2 Zazihlolwa kanjani 663.2.4.3 Ukuhlolwa kwezinsizwa 683.2.4.4 Simi kanjani isimo esikhathini samanje? 693.3 Umkhosiwomhlanga 733.3.1 Uyilli umkhosi womhlanga 733.4 Ukuthomba 763.4.1 Kuyini Ukuthomba 763.4.2 Ikhula kanjani intombazane 783.4.3 Iqhaza lamaqhikiza ekukhulisweni nasekuziphathenikwamantombazane 793.4.4 Ukukhula komfana 813.5 Umemul0 843.5.1 Uyini umemulo? 853.5.2 Okwenzeka esikhathini sanamuhla 883.5.3 Umemulo wesalukazi 893.5.4 Ukwemuliswa komuntu osewashona 903.5.5 Ukwemuliswa kwentombazane esinengane 903.5.6 Intombazane esencane ngeminyaka 913.5.7 Eminye imicimbi esiyaye iqhathaniswe nomemulo 923.5.7.1 Umhlonyane 923.5.7.2 Usuku lokuzalwa lwamashumi amabili nanye 933.5.7.3 Umcimbi wokuhalalisela ohlabane kwezemfundo 96(xl

3.5.8 lzinkinga ezidaIwa ukungenziwa kwesiko lomemuIo 973.5.9 UkubaIu1eka komemu1o esikhathini samanje 983.5.10 Okumele kwenziwe ukuvuse1ela isiko lokwemu1a 993.6 Ukusoma 1013.6.1 Kuyini ukusoma? 1023.7 Ukuyobisa 1033.7.1 Kuyini ukuyobisa? 1043.8 Isiphetho 105ISAHLUKO SESINE4.1 Iqhaza 1amabandla eh1ukene ekulweni nokusabaIaIakwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi entsheniengamaIunga ebandla4.1 Isingeniso4.2 Amaband1a ngokweh1ukana kwawo4.2.1 New Reformed Prebyterian Church in South Africa4.2.2 Faith Mission4.2.3 Lutheran Church4.2.4 Iband1a 1amaKhatholika4.2.5 Nazareth Baptist Church4.2.6 Seventh Day Adventist Church4.3 siphetho108108110110113116117120122124ISAHLUKO SESIHLANU5.05.15.2Isih1aziyo socwaningo nezincomo kanye nesiphethoIsih1aziyo socwaningo nezincomoIsiphetho(xi)128128149

Imithombo yolwaziIsithasiselo153162(xii)

ISAHLUKO SOKUQALA1.0 ISINGENISO SOCWANINGOIUKWETHULWA KOKUQU­KETHWE UCWANINGO1.1 IsingenisoKulesi sahluko kuzobhekisiswa kakhulu izilinganiso zezibaloezikhishwa yimithombo eyeWukene zabantu abafa ngenxayegclwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo Iwayo.Kuzobhekisiswa lokhu ngenWoso yokuthola ukuthi ayikho yinieminye imizamo engenziwa ukukhalima lesi sifo esesibhubhiseisizwe kangaka, ikakhulukazi isizwe esimpisholo. Lokhu kwenziwangokubona ukuthi imizamo eminingi esizanyiwe ibukekaingafinyeleli ekukhalimeni nasekunqobeni lesi sifo.Ngaphandlekwalezi zibalo kuzohlahlwa lZlnJongo, intshisekelo, imidiyonomklamo walolu cwaningo.1.2 Ingqinamba yocwaningoKusukela onyakeni we-1981 kuze kube ngowe-2001, izigidi zabantuemWabeni wonke jikelele ziyafa ngenxa yegciwane lesandulelangculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo. Izigidi ezingamashumi amathathunesithupha (36 000 000) sezihaqwe yileli gciwane lesandulelangculazi, kanti izinkulungwane eziyishumi nesithupha (16 000)kubikwa ukuthi zihaqwa yigGiwane lesandulela ngculazi nsukuzonke. Vma siWabela phambil~ kuyavela emithonjeni yezindabaukuthi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo, izigidi ezibalelwaemashumini amaWanu anesishiyagalombili (58 Inillion) ziyobe

sezendele koyisemkhulu. Lokhu kufakazelwa abemithomboyezindaba zikamabonakude (kuNhlangulana 05, 2001), Ababekakanje:Since then, 22 million people have died and 36million more are known to be infected with thevirus and the number is growing, with morethan 16000 new infections daily.(Kusukela kuleso sikhathi abantu abayizigidiezingamashumi amabili nambili sebefile besekuthi abayizigidi ezingamashumi amathathunesithupha nangaphezulu kubikwa ukuthisezihaqwe yileli gciwane kanti futhi izibaloziyakhula. Abangaphezu kwezinkulungwaneeziyishumi nesithupha bahaqwa yileli gciwanensuku zonke.)Okuphawulekayo ukuthi leli gClwane nengculazi, akuhlaseli njenakwabancane ngeminyaka.ngwadla yenkinga yegciwane.Amazwe amaningi akhungethwe yileLezi zinhla ezilandelayo zithathwekule mithombo, ngokulandelana kwayo: Sowetan, kuNhlangulana22, 2001; uMnyango wezeMpilo eNingizimu Afrika, kuNhlolanja,2001; abeNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo elwisana neNgculazi{Joint United Nations Program on mY/AIDS (UNAIDS)}neNhlangano yoMhlaba yezeMpilo {World Health Organisation(WHO)}, kuZibandlela, 2000. Uma kuhlaziywa lezi zibalonamaphesenti kufike kugqame ngokusobala ukuthi le nkingaayikhungethe nje kuphela izwe. laseNingizimu Afrika kodwa cisheamazwe amaningi anayo le. nkinga. lzilinganiso zezibaloezilandelayo zihlelwe kanje: ithebhula lokuqala likhombisa ukumakwezilinganiso zezibalo zokuphela konyaka we-1999.Ithebhula2

lesibili likhombisa ezokuphela konyaka we-2000. Ithebhulalesithathu likhombisa lzmga lokukhula kwesibalo sabantuabanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngokwezifundazwezaseNingizimu Afrika kusukela2000(Stannard, 2001:2).Ithebhula 1onyakeni we-1996 kuya kowe-AMAPHESENTI NEZIBALO ZOKUPHELA KONYAKA WE-1999Amaphesenti abantu abadala zibalo zabadala nabancane abaphilaabaphila negciwane lesandulela negciwane lesandulela ngculazingculaziBotswana 36% South Africa 4700000Swaziland 25% India 3700000Zimbabwe 25% Ethopia 3000000Lesotho 24% Kenya 2100000South Africa 22% Nigeria 2700000Zambia 20% Zimbabwe 500000Namibia 20% Tanzania 300000Malawi 16% Mozambique 200000Kenya 14% ORC 100000Central Africa 14% Zambia 870000Mozambique 13% USA 850000Djibouti 12% Uganda 820000Burundi 11% Malawi 800000Rwanda 11% Coted'lvoire 760000Thailand 695000Ithebhula 2IZIBALO EZIPHATHELENE NEGCIWANE LESANDULELANGCULAZI NENGCULAZI ZOKUPHELA KONYAKA WE-20003

Isifunda,Unyaka Abadala Abadala Ukusa- Amaphesenti Indlelaisifo nabancane nabancane balala abesifazane elingeesaqalaabaphila abasanda kwala abadala nangawo negciwane kungenwa (') abanegci- ngayalengculazi yigciwane wane (')lengculaziSub- Ekuphe-- 25.3 ezigidi 3.8 ezigidi 8.8% 55% UbuliliSahara- leni obunge--I"a Africa kweya- fanima-70skuyaI!,nase-- ma-80s i IOUfani Jzimu80sekuqalenikwama-80sEnyaka- Ekuphe-- 400,000 80,000 0,2% 40% Ubulilitha ne- leni obunge--Africa kweya-MpumalangaeMaphakathiIningizi- Ekuqa- 5.8 ama- 780,000 0,56% 35% Ubulilimu leni million obunge--neNingi- kwama- fani,DUeMaphakathine-AsiaEast Asia Ekuqa- 640,000 130,000 0,07'"'/0 13% IOU,& Pacific leni ubulilikwama-80sobunge--fani,Latin Ekuphe-- 1.4 million 150,000 0.5% 25~/,", loU,MSMAmerica leni MSM,kwama-ubulili.j

70skuyaekuqa- ,1lenifanikwama-80sIIII,obunge-, II: II, IIi iCaribbe- Ekuphe- 390,000 60,000 2.3% 35% UbuliliIII!70skuya80sNorth Ekuphe- 920,000 45,000 0.6%. 20%, MSM,America leni IOU,kwama-70subulilifanian leni obungekwama-fani,70sIMSMkuyaekuqalenikwama-80sEastern Ekuqa- 700,000 250,000 0.35% 25% IOU 1iEurope & leniIICentral kwama-Asia 90s II·!Western Ekuphe- 540,000 30,000 0,24% 25% MSM,Europe leni IOU ikwama-ekuqalenikwama-obungekuyaekuqalenikwama-80s

Australia15,000 500 I 0.13%. 10% MSMneNewZealandIIkwama·70s ,I kuya ! IiI ekuqalien;kwama-ii80s!,1 Isamba 36.1 million I 5.3 million 1 1 • 1 %ii47% !(*) Kusho ingxenye yabantu abadala (abaneminyaka esuka ku-15kuya ku-49) ababephila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazingonyaka we-2000, kllsetshenzis,ve izinombolo zenani labantll bonkeezwem.Ithebhula 3I Free I KZN Mpum I Northern Gaute- I North Ika I Cape I Cape Cape State ! IIa-la no-a ! Province n2 i WestI Unya I W. lE. N.I I , ,! 1996 I 3.1 I 8.1 6.5 I 17.5 I 19.9 I 15.8 i 7.9 I 15.5 i 25.1I,, 1997 I 6.3, 12.6 8.6 19.6 I 26.9 i 22.6 i 8.2 17.1 i 18.1Ii 1998 I 5.2 I 15.9i 9.9 i 22.8 i 32.5 ! 30.0 I 11.5 22.5I 21.3i1999 I 7.1 ! 18.0 I 10.1 I 27.9 32.5 127.3I, i 11.4 ! 23.9 ! 23.0I 2000 I i8.7 20.2I 11.1! 27.9 36.2 I 29.7 113.2 I 29.3 22.9IIKumaphesenti nezibalo zonyaka we-1999, kuyacaca ukuthi izwe laseNingizimu Atrika vilona elihlaselwe vigciwane lesandulela ngculazi....... .. .. ..... '-'ikakhulukazi intsha. Okugqamayo ukuthi noma libukekalingelesihlanu ngokwamaphesenti kubantu abadala abanaleligciwane, kodwa uma sekuya ngasezibalweni kuyacaca ukuthilihamba phambili (izwe laseNingizimu Atrika). Bheka ngobakubantu abayizigidi ezine. nezinkulungwane ezingamakhuluayisikhombisa (4700 000) abahaqvve yigciwane lesandulela ngculazi.izigidi ezintathu namakhulu ayisithupha namashumi ayisithupha6

nesithupha ezinkulungwane (3666 000), kubona yintsha. Imibikoyakamuva ikhomba ukuthi kubantu abayisishiyagalolunyeeNingizimu Afrika oyedwa kubo unegciwane lesandulela ngculazi.Lokhu kufakazelwa abenhlangano yokusakaza eNingizimu Afrika(kui\'hlangulana 05,2001). Bona ababeka kanje:South Africa has more people living withHIV/AlDS than anywhere else in the world andalso the highest rate infection. More than onein nine South Africans is estimated to be HIVpositive.(INingizimu Afrika inabantu abaningi abaphilanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculaziuqobo lwayo ukwedlula onke arnanye amazweemhlabeni jikelele, kanti nezinga labahaqwayileli gciwane liphezulu. Kubantuabayisishiyagalolunye kwizakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika kuhlawumbiselwa ekuthinioyedwa wabo unegclwane lesandulelangculazi.)Ngakwelinye icala imibiko yokuphela konyaka we-2000 ekhishweyiNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo elwisana neNgculazi {JointUnited Nations Program on HIV/AlDS (UNAlDS)} kanyeneNhlangano yoMhlaba yezeMpilo{World Health Organisation(WHO)}, njengoba ikhonjiswe ethebhuleni lesibili, ikhomba ukuthiabantu abadala ababalel\lia ezigidini ezingamashumi amathathunesithupha nengxenyana eyodwa (36.1 million) baphila negciwanelesandulela ngculazi.Abadala nezingane abasanda kungenwa yileligciwane bayizigidi ezinhlanu nezingxenyana ezintathu (5.3 million).Abantu abadala elitholakala kubo kukhomba ukuthi yiphesenti7

elilodwa nengxenyana eyodwa (1.1 %). Abantu abadala besifazaneabanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi bebengamaphesentiangamashumi amane anesikhombisa (47%) emhlabeni wonkejikelele, ekupheleni konyaka we-2000.Ngaphezu kwalokhu isifo sengculazi sesishiye izinkedamaezibalelwa ezigidini ezintathu (3 million) ngonyaka we-2000 njeuwodwa. Isibalo sesisonke kusukela lesi sifo saqala babalelwaezigidini ezingamashumi amabili nambili (22 million) abantuesesedlule nabo lesi sifo. Ngowe-2000 isibalo sezinganeezineminyaka eyi-14 noma ngaphansi eziyizinkulungwaneezingamakhulu ayisithupha (600 000) sezihaqwe yileli gciwanelengculazi. Arnaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumiayisishiyagalolunye (90%), Ylzmgane ezazalwa komamaabanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi. Kanti izigidi eziyishuminantathu nezingxenyana ezimbili (I3,2 million) izintandane. Akesibezwe bezibekela ngawabo:According to recent estimates from the jointUnited Nations Program on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS) and the World HealthOrganisation (WHO), 36,1 million Adults and1,4 million children were living with HIVworldwide at the end of 2000. In addition, theepidemic has created a cumulative total of 13,2million AIDS orphans in 2000, an estimated600 000 children aged 14 or younger becameinfected with HIV. Over 90% of these werebabies born to HIV-positive women, whoacquired the virus before or at birth, or throughtheir mother's breast milk.8

(http:/www.loveLife.org.za:2001:4)(Ngokwezilinganiso ezisanda kukhishwa ngabeZinhlelo zeNhlangano yeZizwe eziHlangeneyoneNhlangano yoMhlaba yezeMpilo, babalelwaezigidini ezingamashumi amathathu nesithuphanengxenyana eyodwa abantu abadalaokutholakale ukuthi babephila negclwanelengculazi ukuphela konyaka we-2000.Izingane zona bezibalelwa esigidini esisodwaesinezingxenyana ezine. Ngaphezu kwalokho,kuwo 10 nyaka zibalelwa ezigidini eziyishuminantathu nezingxenyana ezimbiIi izintandaneezidaleke ngenxa yaleli gciwane onyakeni we­2000. Zilinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneniezingamakhulu ayisithupha izinganeeziseminyakeni eyishumi nane kuya phansiezihlaselwa yigciwane lengculazi. Amaphesentiangaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalolunyealezi zingane zazalwa komama abanegciwanelesandulela ngculazi, ezalithola zingazalwanoma zizalwa noma ngokuncela ubisi Iwebele.)Uma umuntu ebheka lezi zibalo nemibiko eyehlukene kuvele kucaceukuthi lzwe likhungethwe inkinga enkulu. Eminyakeniengamashumi amabili eyedlule ochwepheshe kwezokuthakwakwamakhemikhali namakhambi bebelokhu bezama ukuthola ikhambikodwa kuze kube yimanje alikatholakali. Babonakele abelaphibendabukobehlanganisa amakhanda kodwa babuya belambatha.Yingakho nenyanga enkulu yaseLusuthu, UMpanyane, uma ibuzwangalesi sifo, yavele yaphumela obala yathi:We can heal every sexual disease but our bonescan't tell what is AIDS.(Sowetan, kuNhlangulana 22, 2001)9

(Sinamandla okwelapha zonke izifo eziphathelenenezocansi kodwa amathambo awasitsheIi ukuthiyini ingculazi.)Bezwakele nabanye abaholi bezinhlangano ezehlukene bekhalangalo mbhubhisazwe kodwa kunhlanga zimuka nomoya.UMongameli wezwe lase Ningizimu Afrika, uMnurnzane uThaboMbeki, naye ulihlabile ikhwela kodwa kunhlanga zimuka nomoya.Bayafa abantu. Kumanje nje kunemizamo yokusatshalaliswakwekhambi eliyokwazi ukusiza umntwana kumama ozithwele ukuthiigciwane lesandulela ngculazi lingedluleli kulowo rnntwana. Kodwaokugqamayo ngaleli khambi ukuthi asikabibikho isiqiniseko sokuthialidali yini ezinye izifo kulowo elisuke Iisetshenziswe kuye.Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi yonke imizamo esizanyiwe kuze kubeyimanje, ayikaphumeleli ukunqanda lolu bhubhane. Kunesidingosokuthi kuke kwenziwe eminye imizamo eyehlukile kulenaeseyenzlwe. Imizamo enokwenziwa yileyo yokubheka izindlelazesintu ezazisetshenziswa kudala ukugwena izifo ezifuze lesisengculazi nokukhulelwa kwezingane kungakabi yisikhathi. Laphasingabala, kokunye, ukukhuliswa kanye nokufundiswa kwentshangokuziphatha, ukusoka, ukuhlolwa kwezintombi neZlilSlzwa,ukukhuthazwa kwemikhosi efana noMkhosi woMhlanga, umemulonokuvuselelwa kwemikhutshana yesizwe eyayigcinwa esikhathinisasendulo efana nokusoma, ukuyobisa, eyayisiza ekugwemeni izifoezinhlobonhlobo. Lokhu kusho ukuzimbandakanya kwawo wonkeumuntu kulo mshikashika. Kuyoba nesidingo sokuthi uHulumeni10

kanye neNgonyama yamaZulu babe nendlela yokukuphoqa lokhuukuthi kwenzeke, ukuze sibe nesizwe esiqinile esikhathini esizayonabaholi abanohlonze.1.3 Izinhloso zocwaningoLolu cwaningo kuhloswe ngalo ukucubungula ukuthi, azikho yiniezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa ngaphezu kwalezi ezikhona,ukunciphisa noma ukunqanda ukubhebhetheka kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi, okunenkolelo enkulu yokuthi yilona elibangelaisifo sengculazi. Luhlose ukuphenyisisa ukuthi kuyiqinisokangakanani ukuthi ukusokwa kwabafana, njengoba sekubonakeleemazweni afana nengxenye eseZansi yogwadule lwase SaharanakwaXhosa, kuyalinciphisa lzmga lokungenwa Ylgclwanelesandulela ngculazi. Luhlose futhi ukuthola ukuthi, njengobaizindlela ezisetshenziswayo okwamanje zokugwema ukungenwayigciwane lesandulela ngculaza zibukeka zehluleka, ngeke yinikwavuselelwa noma kuqaliswe ngezinhlelo zesintu zokufundisangokuziphatha entsheni yakithi. Lapha kubhekiswe, ikakhulukazientsheni engamaZulu, okuyiyona ebalulwe njengehaqwe kakhuluyigciwane lesandulela ngculazi.Kuhloswe ngalo ukubheka ukuthi amasiko esintu, imikhutshanakanye nezinkolelo zesintu ezazisetshenziswa ngempumelelo enkulukudala, ukugwema izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi nokukhulelwakwentsha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kungevuselelwe yini. Luhlosenokucubungula ukuthi izinhlangano zokulinganisa ngobulili11

ziwabheke ngendlela okuyiyo yllll amalungelo abantu.Kucutshungulwa ukuthi zenza wona yini umsebenzi okumeleziwenze noma zenza okuphambene kakhulu nenqubo yesintu.Kuhloswe ngalo ukuthola ukuthi alikho yini iqhaza elingabanjwauHulumeni, njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izinhlangano ezilwisananaleli gciwane ezifana noMkhankaso Wokwazisa Ngengculazi(AIDS Awareness Campaign) ekuphoqeni ukulandelwa kwezindlelazesintu ekunqandeni ukubhebhetheka kwegciwane lesandulelangculazi kanye nesifo sengculazi. Kuhloswe ukuthi uma lolucwaningo seluphothuliwe ludluliselwe ezinhlakeni zikaHulumeninaseNgonyameni ngenhJoso yokuthola ukuthi izincomo eziyovezwayilo ngeke yini zasatshalaliswa emphakathini futhi kwenziweisiqiniseko sokuthi ziyaphumeleIiswa.1.4 Intshisekelo yocwaningoIsizwe siyaphela sibhujiswa ubhubhane Iwegciwanelesandulelangculazi nengculazi. Izibalo esezibalulwe ngenhla ziyakufakazelalokhu.Kuyavela futhi ukuthi eminyakeni engamashumi amabilikusukela manje abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingamashumiamahlanu anesishiyagalombili (58 million) ziyobe sezendelekoyisemkhulu (kuNhlangulana 05, 2001: Izindaba zenhlanganoyokusakaza eNingizimu Afrika)..Kuningi osekuzanyiwe ukulwa negclwane lesandulela ngculazi,singabala izindlela okumele zisetshenziswe uma umuntu eyaocansini, ukllsershenziswa kwamakhondomll, llkwehlukana nocansi12

sampela uma umuntu engezukusebenzisa ikhondomu kanyenemishanguzo enhlobonhlobo, kungaba eyesiLungu noma eyesintu,konke lokhu kubukeka kungayitholi indawo. Kuze kube yimanjeakekho oseke wacubungula izindlela zesintu ezazisetshenziswakudala ukugwema izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi.Kungalezi zizathu kubonakale kunesidingo sokuthi kwenziwe lolucwaningo, ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi azikho yini ezinye izindlelaokungazanywa ngazo ukulwa nalesi simo esibi kangaka. Laphakubhekwa kakhulu izindlela zesintu ezingamasiko, imikhutshanayesizwe, noma izinkolelo zabantu zesintu.1.5 Imidiyo yocwaningoNakuba inkinga yezifo ezithathelana ngokocansi, ikakhulukaziigciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi, ibonakala isabaleleumhlaba wonke kodwa lapho izibalo zifike zibatshazwe khonaiseNingizimu Afrika. Nakhona eNingizimu Afrika akuyizo zonkeizindawo lapho kubatshazwa khona igciwane lesandulela ngculazikepha iKwaZulu-Natal lyona ebatshazwa kakhulu. Nakubazizobhekwa nezinye izindawo ezifana naseMpumalanga Koloni,isifundazwe saseNyakatho (iLimpompo), amaNdebele, amaVendanamaSwazi kodwa okuyibona bantu abazothinteka kakhulu amaZuluaKwaZulu-Natal.13

1.6 Indlela yokuqhuba ucwaningo1.6.1 Amapheshana emibuzoKuyosakazwa amapheshana anemibuzo eqondene nalolu cwaningo,ngenhloso yokuthola izimvo nolwazi olungashicilelwe phansi ngalesisihloko. Okuyibona bantu beyosakazelwa la mapheshana yilaboabasebenza ezikhungweni ezikhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwamasiko esintunabasayiqhuba imikhutshana namasiko esintu, ikakhulukazi amasikoesizwe samaZulu. Kuyothintwa abamabandla ehlukene ngenhlosoyokuthola iqhaza elibanjwe amabandla ekulweni nokusabalalakwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi entsheni engamalunguebandla.1.6.2 Ukuvakashela nokuxhumana nezikhungoukuqhutshwa kwamasiko esintu anhlobonhlobo.ezibhekeleKuyovakashelwa izikhungo ezehlukene ezibhekele ukuqhutshwakwamasiko afana nokukhuliswa kwabafana namantombazane.Kuyoxhunyanwa nezikhungo zamaXhosa, amaVenda, abeSuthu,amaSwazi namaNdebele. Kuyoxhunyanwa nezikhungo ezikulezizindawo: kwaMashu, kwaShembe, Osizweni nakwaNgcolosi,okuyizindawo noma izikhungo ezidume ngokugqugquzela amasikoehlukene, kuhlanganisa nelokuhJolwa kwezintombi nabafana.14

1.6.3 Ukubuza imibuzoKuyovakashelwa abantu abehlukene abanolwazi olunzulunasebemkantshubomvu kwezamasiko, ukwelapha kwendabuko,ukwelapha kwesilungu nabasabambelele emikhutshaneni yesintueyinsila yomuntu, ebukeka ingaba neqhaza elibonakalayo ekulweninoma ekuvimbeleni ukuya ocansini kwentsha isikhathi singakafiki.Kuyoqoshwa konke okuyovunjululwa lapho kungcinwe njengefaeIiwumlando wesizwe.1.6.4 Ukuhlolisisa okubhaliwe ngesihlokoKonke osekushicilelwe ngalesi sihloko kuyohlolisiswa, ikakhulukaziokuthinta isizwe samaXhosa, amaVenda, abeSuthu, amaNdebele,amaSwazi namaZulu. Le mibhalo elandelayo ingeminye yaleyoeyobhekisiswa: iBhayibheli (1924), Funani (1990), Hlongwane(2000), Krige (1936), Masondo (1940), Mbiti (1975), Ntombelanabanye (1997), Msimang (1975), Nyembezi (1966), LoveLife(2001), Rabulunzi (2000), lmibiko (2000) kanye namaphephandaba(2001).1.7 Umklamo wocwaningoLolu cwaningo Iunezahluko eziyisihlanu.Isahluko sokugala siyisingeniso socwanmgo lapho kubhekwakhona ingqinamba yocwaningo, izinhloso zocwaningo, intshisekelol5

yocwanmgo,enokusetshenziswa.indlela yokuqhuba ucwanmgo kanye nemithomboIsahluko sesibili sizama ukuthola umlando ngokusokwa kwabafananamantombazane, inhloso yakho, indlela eyayilandelwa ukukwenzangesikhathi sakudala namanje kanye nemiphumela yakho kulesosizwe okwakwenziwa nokusenziwa kuso. Kugxilwe kakhulukumaXhosa, amaVenda, abeSuthu, arnaNdebele, amaSwazinamaZulu. Kuzothi kubhekwa lokhu kube kuqaphelisiswa Izmgalegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi kulezo zindawo.Isahluko sesithathu sicubungula izindlela ezehlukene zokukhuliswanokufundiswa ngokuziphatha kwentsha. Kugxilwe kuMaZulu.Kuzothi kwenziwa lokhu kube kuqashwe ngeso lokhozi ukuthi lezozindlela zinaqhaza lini ekunqandeni ukubhebhetheka kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo, lokhu okubonakalakwentuleka kuMaZulu. Kuyobhekisiswa isiko lokuhlolwakwezintombi, umkhosi womhlanga, amazinga okukhula kwabafananamantombazane (ukuthomba), umemulo, ukusoma nokuyobisa.Lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi yini imbangelayokwanda kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi. Lolu lwaziluyosiza kakhulu emizameni yokuthola ikhambi elingasetshenziswaukulothisa lolu bhubhane oseluqede isizwe kangaka. Ngamanyeamazwi kuzanywa ukuthola ukuthi kukuphi lapho konakala khonakungaze kuvuleke inkebenkebe yomsele ogeleza Igclwanelesandulela ngculazi nengculazi kanje.16

Isahluko sesine sicubungula iqhaza lamabandla ehlukeneekukhuliseni intsha nasekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi nencgulazi. Kubhekwa nokuthi mlZamO mmlezanywa ibandla ukuhlangabezana nesiqubulo sikaMongameliwezwe esithi "Azibuye Emasisweni".Isahluko sesihlanu siyisihlaziyo socwaningo. Kwethulwa izincomobese kuyaphethwa.17

ISAHLUKO SESIBILI2.0 ISIKO LOKUSOKA NJENGESIKHALI SOKUNCIPHISAUKWANDA KWEGCIWANE LESANDULELA NGCULAZINENGCULAZI UQOBO LWAYO2.1 IsingenisoKulesi sahluko kuzocutshungulwa imibiko eyehlukene ngokusokwakwabesilisa ezizweni ezehlukene ngenhloso yokwehlisa izingalokwedlulisela igciwane lesandulela ngculazi kowesifazane.Kuzothintwa lezo zindawo osekwenziwe ucwaningo kuzo mayelananaleli siko nesimo sengculazi. Kuhlaziywa kafushane inhlosoyokusoka, inqubo yokusoka, izingqinamba ezibakhona uma kusokwanezinga lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo kulezozindawo. Amagama "ukusoka", "umsokwa" azochazwa. Izizweezizothintwa lapha amaXhosa, amaVenda, abeSuthu, amaSwazi,amaNdebele namanye amazwe ase-Sub-Saharan ye-Afrika kanyenamaZulu.2.2 Ukuchazwa kwamagama2.2.1 UkusokaIgama 'l.Jkusoka" lisho ukunquma ijwabu ebulilini bomuntu wesilisa.URussel (2000:2) yena ukuchaza kanje ukusoka:18

Circumcision is the surgical removal of theprepuce, or foreskin, the highly vascularizedsheath of tissue that surrounds, lubricates andprotects the tender glands, or head ofthe penis.(Ukusoka kusho ukusika ijwabu eliyinyamaemboze iphambili lomphambili. Leli jwabuyilona elizungeze neligcoba futhi libuye livikeleikhanda lomthondo).UJohn (7:22), ngokwaseBhayibhelini, uchazaukusoka kanje:Circumcision is the removal of the prepuce, orforeskin, from the male penis. The Hebrew verbmul (circumcise) is used in a literal and afigurative sense. The Greek noun pe.ri.to.me'(circumcision) literally means "a cutting around"(Ukusoka kusho ukususa ijwabu ebuntwinibomuntu wesilisa. Igama eliyisenzo lesiHebheruelithi mul lisebenza ngendlela ejwayelekilenesasingathekiso. Kanti igama lesiGiliki,ngokujwayelekile lisho "ukusika uzungeze").Njengoba uJohn ethi ukusoka kukabili, kukhona okokusika ijwabubese kuba okusasingathekiso, kungakuhle sisale sesizwa ukuthilokhu okusasingathekiso ukubeka kanjani.kuDeuteronomy (10:16,30):Sicaphuna"You must circumcise the foreskin of your heartsand not harden your necks any longer." Jehovahyour God will have to circumcise your heart andyour offspring, that you may love Jehovah yourGod with all your heart and all your soul for thesake ofyour life."19

("Nibosoka isikhumba esingaphambili senhliziyoyakho kodwa ningaqhubeki nokuqinisa izintamo."UJehova Unkulunkulu wakho uyosoka inhliziyoyakho kanye nesizukulwane sakho, ukuze uthandeuJehova uNkulunkulu wakho ngayo yonkeinhliziyo yakho nangawo wonke umoya wakhoukuze usindiswe").Kafushane lapha uDeuteronomy ubeka ngokuthi kumele umuntuahlanze inhliziyo yakhe ukuze athethelelwe lzono. Nakho-keukushumpulwa kwejwabu lokhu esintwini sakithi kubukekakuthwele Iowa mqondo kanye nenhlanzeko. Ijwabu leli kukholelwaukuthi yilo eliwola amagciwane akhosela kulo agcine esegulisaumuntu lowo, ikakhulukazi lawo alezi zifo ezithathelwanangokocansi. Umuntu osokiwe akulula ukuthi angenwe yilezi zifo.2.2.2 UmsokwaURamurunzi no Neluvhalani (2000: I) bachaza umsokwanjengomuntu osanda kuvunyelwa ukuzibandakanya neqeqeba elithilefuthi okade efundiswa izinto ezithile eziyinqubomgomoekukhulisweni kwabesilisa. babeka kanje:An initiate is a person who has recently beenallowed to join a particular group and who hasbeen taught special things.(Umsokwa yilowo muntu osanda kuvunyelwaukuzihlanganisa neqoqo elithile nosefundisweizinto ezithize eziyisipesheli).Kanti uFunani (1990: 1) uchaza abakhwetha kanje:20

Initiates (abakhwetha) are young males who havebeen circumcised.(Abasokwa abantu besilisa abasebancaneabasokiwe).Ngalezi zincazelo ezingenhla kuyacaca ukuthi umuntu ongumsokwayilowo muntu ozimbandakanye noWelo lwezifundo laphokuqeqeshwa khona intsha esuke isiwelela kwesinye isigabasokukhuIa. Lena yintsha yesiIisa ebekezelele izinhlunguzokunqunywa ijwabu ngesikhathi sasebusika, ebekezelele ukusebenzakanzima ilungiselelwa ubudoda esikhathini esizayo, ebekezeleleukushaywa lapho yonile entabeni.Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi kuphawulwe ukuthi imvamisa lokhu kusokakwenziwa ngesikhathi sasebusika kubanda yikhona izilondazizophola kalula, zingabhibhi. Yiwo-ke la makhaza abekezelelwaabasokwa ngesikhathi besentabeni. Ngokuya kwabo entabeni laphokungathithi basuke beyocela futhi ukuvikelwa uMvelingqangiendleleni yabo ende yokukhula. Intaba phela ngokwesintu ithathwanjengendawo okuyindawo yemimoya yabaphansi noMvelingqangi.Yingakho nje izizwe zabaNsundu uma ziyocela imvula ngesikhathisezomiso ziyaye zenyukele entabeni.2.3 Ucwaningo oselwenziwe ngokusokwa kwabesilisaUcwaningo oselwenziwe kusukela umhlaba wonke wakhungathwawubhubhane lwesandulela ngculazi lukhomba ukuthi amazwe laphoisiko lokusokwa kwabesilisa liqhutshwa khona, izinga lezifo21

ezithathelana ngokocansi, ikakhulukazi igciwane lesandulela ngculazi,(okuyilona okwatholakala eminyakeni elinganiselwa kwengamashumiamabili eyedlule ukuthi libanga ingculazi) liphansi. Lokhu kuzekufakazelwe nawuRussel (2000:1) lapho simcaphuna khona ebekakanje ngesiNgisi:For more than a decade, AIDS researchersstudying the catastrophic spread of mvthroughout Africa have been amassing a body ofevidence suggesting that the epidemic is notconsuming populations at a uniform rate, butseems cruelly selective in the people and places itdoes most harm. In 1998, Americananthropologist, Priscilla Reining drew up a map ofthe African cities enduring the highest mvinfection rate and superimposed upon it a map ofthose places where the predominant culturalpractices were to circumcise or not to circumcise.The correlation was striking : HIV was spreadingfast in places where male circumcision was notroutinely performed.(Eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi, abacwaningiabacubungula ngokusabalala kwengculazi kulolonke elase-Afrika kwabamangalisa ukutholaubufakazi bokuthi ingculazi ayibhubhisi njeisizwe ngendlela efanayo, kanti futhi ibukekainesiWuku esikhulu lapho isuke isifike khona.Ngonyaka we-1998, umMelikana ocwaningangabantu, uPriscilla Reining wadweba ibalazwelamadolobha ase-Afrika ayehlushwa ukuhlaselwangezinga eliphezulu igciwane lesandulelangculazi, wabeka ibalazwe lamazwe laphoukusoka kwakusalandelwa njengesiko nomakungasalandelwa. Uqhathaniso lwalushaqisa:igciwane lesandulela ngculazi lalibhebhetheka22

masinyane ezindaweni lapho abesilisa bakhonaukusokwa kwakungenziwa njalo.)Lapha kubalwa amazwe afana no-Nigeria lapho njengamanje imibikokaHenderson (2000:9) ikhomba ukuthi bangamaphesenti amane (4%)kuphela abantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi. Isizathu salokhoukuthi abesilisa bakhona bayasokwa. Emazweni aseNtshonalanganakhona alibatshazwa kakhulu ngoba nakhona abesilisa bayasokwa.Nako-Asia nase-Philippines izinga liphansi uma liqhathaniswa nezweelifana ne-Thailand.Eminye imibiko ehlelwe nguye uRussel (2000 ; 3) iqhuba ithi amazweafana noBotswana, Mozambique, Uganda, Zimbabwe, MaphakathineNtshonalanga ye-Afrika kuze kuyoshaya eNingizimu Afrika izingalokubhebhetheka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi liphezulu ngobaabesilisa bakhona abasokwa. Leli gciwane lifike libatshazwe kakhuluKwaZulu-Natal. Umbiko ubeka isizathu esifanayo sokuthi yingobaabesilisa bakhona bengasokwa.Kuyaphawuleka futhi kula mazwe abalulwe ngenhla ukuthi umakuhlanganiswa abadala nabancane, iKwaZulu-Natal iyona ehambaphambili ngamaphesenti angu-32.5, kube i-Free State ngo-27.9 kubeiMpumalanga ngo-27.3 bese kulandela nezinye izifundazwe. Nakubaukusoka kubalulwe njengesikhali kulezi zinsuku sokukhalimaingculazi, kodwa kuyavela ukuthi kunezingqinamba ezikhonaekuqhutshweni kwako. Kungebe yisu elihle ukuthi lolu cwaningoluzishiye ngaphandle lezi zinkinga uma kuqondwe ukwakha isizweesiqotho. Ngaphambi kokubheka izingqinamba zokusoka kungakuhle

kesibheke lawo magama angahle anikeze izingqinamba ekuqhubekenikwalesi sahluko.2.4 Izingqinamba ezihambisana nokusokaNjengoba imibiko isho ukuthi le nkinga yokukhuphuka kwezingalegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ibangwa ukuthi abesilisa abasokwa,ziningi izizathu ezaholela ekutheni izinga lokusoka lehle. Okokuqalasingabala ukufika kwempucuko nenkolo yobuKhristu.Ukungaqondisisi kahle inhloso yalo. Ukulamba kwabantu lapho lelisiko selaphenduka uhwebo. Kuyavela ukuthi kwezinye izindawokukhokhwa izimali ezinkulu. Lokhu akuhambi kodwa ngoba kugcinasekuphelezelwa imbuzi, impuphu nokunye. Konke lokhu kukhombisangokusobala ukuthi isiko selilahlekelwe ubumqoka, inhloso nomsocowalo. Yingakho nje usuthola abanye sebeya ezibhedlela nakodokotelanoma baqome ukungaligcini isiko lokusokwa. Okunyeokuyimbangela, ukuphuma kwemiphefumulo yabasokwanokungahlanzeki. Lokhu kufakazelwa abezindaba zokusakazazikamabonakude (kuZibandlela 22, 2000) lapho kubikwa khonaabasokwa abayishumi nanye abadlula emhlabeni ngenxa yokusokwa.Abangu-40 kubikwa ukuthi bangeniswa ezibhedlela ezehlukene,abahlanu kubo besesimeni esibi kakhulu.Kuzokhumbuleka ukuthi kwaZulu leli siko laphela ngesikhathisenkosi uShaka. Ikhona nokho imibiko ethi inkosi uDingiswayoeyaliqeda esikhundleni salo kwangena ukubuthwa kwabafana (SaintMary's University webmaster, 2000:3). Nawo 10 mbono ngeke24

waphikiswa ngoba inkosi uShaka wakhula futhi wathatha ubukhosibakwaZulu esuka kwaMthethwa. Ngaphandle kwalesi sizathu akukhookunye umuntu angabambelela kukho njengesizathu sokwehlukananaleli siko.Ezinye izizathu eziyimbangela yokumiswa kokusokwa kwabafanakwezinye izindawo, indlela labo ababesoka ababesika ngayo ijwabu.Bekutholakala ukuthi labo abasokayo abanaso kahle isilinganisosobungako bejwabu okumele lisikwe. Abanye bebelisika kancaneabanye balisike kakhulu lokhu okubuye kudale izinkinga kumsokwa.Okunye bekuye kutholakale ukuthi ayikho imithi yokupholisaisilonda.Enye inkinga izinto zokusika ijwabu. Ezinye zibuthuntu. Kwesinyeisikhathi kusetshenziswe isikhali esisodwa kubasokwa abaningikodwa uthole ukuthi alukho uketshezi oIusetshenziswayo olubuIaIaamagciwane ukuze angadluleli komunye. Lokhu bekudala inkingangoba uma kukhona onesifo esithathelana ngegazi noma yikanjaniIelo gciwane lizodIulela komunye. Yingakho abazaIi babafanaokumeIe basokwe bebetholakala bethanda ukuphambana nesikolokusokwa kwabafana. Ikhona nenkolelo yokuthi rgclwanelesandulela ngculazi kulula ukusuka komunye liye komunye ezimeniezinjaIo. Ngaleyo ndleIa isiko Iokusokwa kwabafana beIingekeIingalahIekeIwa ubumqoka baI?, ikakhuIukazi kulesi sikhathi IaphoIeIi gciwane libhidIange khona. Kulezi zinsuku nje kukhalwa isiliIosokungasebenzisi izikhali ezihlanzekile nokuyizonazona.25

Nakuba zikhona lezi zinkinga, amazwe amanmgl abonakalaesemshikashikeni wokuvuselela nokuqhuba leli siko. Isizathuesiqinile salokhu yiso leso esibekwe uRussel esesifakazelwa ngu­Henderson (2000:9) ku-AIDS Weekly lapho bebeka ngokuthi umuntuwesilisa osokiwe wehlisa izinga lezifo ezithathelana ngokocansiezifana no-chancroid no-syphillis (ugcunsula), okuyizifoezithathelwana ngokocansi futhi ezingelapheki kalula. Lezi zifozithathwa njengeziyimbangela yokudlulisela igciwane lesandulelangculazi komunye. Bathi ukususa ijwabu kungaba nomphumelaomuhle ekuvikeleni ukungenwa yigciwane lesandulela ngculazi.Ijwabu, babeka ngokuthi, linama-cefls amaningi okuyiwona ehlaselwakakhulu yigciwane lengculazi, ngaleyo ndlela lelo gciwane beseledlulela komunye. Babeka kanje:Male circumcision is known to reduce the risk ofulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (STD's),such as chancroid and syphillis. These diseasesare known to enhance HIV transmission andacquisition, so circumcision may have an indirectprotective effect. Furthermore, removal of theforeskin may provide direct protection againstHIV infection as viral entry may occur throughmicro-traumatic lesions or mini-ulcerations at thissite. The foreskin also has a high density ofLangerhans cells which are a possible primarytarget for infections.(Ukusokwa kwabesilisa kuthathwa ngokuthikusiza ekudluliseni izifo ezithathelana ngokocansiezifana no-chancroid no-syphillis. lezi zifozithathwa njengezifo ezengezayo ekudluliseniigciwane lesandulela ngculazi, ngakho-keukusoka kungaba nomphumela omuhle:6

ekuvikeleni leli gciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho,ukususa ijwabu kunganikeza ukuvikelekaokuqonde ngqo egciwaneni lesandulela ngculazingoba amagciwane ayakwazi ukuhlala kulo.Ijwabu linama-cells amaningi okuyiwonaokukholakala ukuthi angaba yimbangelayokungena kwaleli gciwane.)Lokhu okubikwa yilo mbiko kufakazelwa indlela izizwe eziningieseziqale phansi ngayo ukulusukumela lolu daba lwesiko IOKusokwakwabafana ngoba amaqiniso afana nalana asefakazelekile ezindawenieziningi lapho ucwanmgo olunjengalolu selwenziwe khona.Singalinganisa ngamazwe afana nawama-Muslims, Nigeria, 1-Australia eMaphakathi, i-Africa eseMpumalanga, i-AfricaeseNtshonalanga, i-Philippines, namanye (Beidelman, 1980:2;RusselI,2000:3)Lokhu kukhuthala kwamazwe kubonakala sekushukumisa namaZulu.okukade ehlukana naleli siko.Kubukeka sekunenhlansana efufusayoyokuthi lingase libuyiswe nakuwo. Eqinisweni lisaqhutshwaezindaweni ezithile khona lapha kwaZulu. Abanye sebeliqhubangokuba baye ezibhedlela nakodokotela.Konke lokhu okukhombisangokusobala ukuthi kunesidingo esikhulu sokuthi libuye leli sikongokusemthethweni. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi kumele kuzanyweukulwa nezifo ezithathelana ngokocansi, kuhlanganisa negclvianelesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo Iwayo kanye nokunciphisaizinga lokukhulelwa kwezingane ezisencane.~ ~27

UMthembu eLangeni (7-9, 2001) kuNhlangulana libeka ngokuthiisiko lokusokwa kwabantu besilisa elaqedwa yiNgonyamauShaka lingahle livuselelwe Kwazulu-Natal ukuze kuzanyweukulwa nezifo zocansi, uma kungaba khona umhlangano neSilosamabandla nabanye abaholi. Liqhuba lithi uNgqongqosheweziMpesheni, uMntwana uGideon Zulu kuthe exoxa nesinyeisazi sesilisa esingumLungu samtsheIa ukuthi eMpumalanga­Koloni lehlile izinga lengculazi kanti Kwazulu-Natal liphezulu.Ubeka kanjena uMntwana kuleIo phepha:"Lo mLungu ungitshele ukuthi yena ubonaukuthi okunye okwenza lehle izingalengculazi e-Eastem Cape, yingoba amaXhosaesilisa ayasokwa. Ungibuze ukuthi yini uZuluangalivuseleli leli siko ngoba lalilihle.Ngimtshelile ukuthi phela lolu daba lungaqalalubikwe eNgonyameni iSilo samabandla besekubonakaIa ukuthi bayavumeIana yininabanye abaholi", kusho uMntwana(Ilanga: 7-9; Nhlangulana 200!).Uma sibheka kule mibiko kuyacaca ukuthi sikhulu isidingosokuvuseleIwa kwesiko lokusokwa, jkakhulukazj laphaKwaZulu-Natal.2.5 Ukusoka ngokwenkolo yobuKhristu.2.5.1 Inhloso yokusokwaIsiko lokusokwa laqalwa u~'kuIunkuIu, walehlisela ku-Abrahamnasesizukulwaneni sakhe ngeminyaka yawo- I91 9 B.C, unyakaongaphambi kokuzalwa kuka-Isaac. lJkusokwa kwakuluphawu:3

oluyisivumelwano phakathi kukaNkulunkulu no-Abraham.Ukusokwa ngokwasebhayibhelini kwakukabili, njengoba kushouJohn. Kukhona ukusokwa okusho ukunquma ijwabu kumuntuwesilisa bese kuba khona ukusokwa okusasifengqo, okushoukuhlanza nokuthambisa inhliziyo ngenhloso yokuthandauNkulunkulu ngayo yonke inhliziyo yakho nangawo wonke umoyawakho ukuze usindiswe. Lokhu okusho ukwehlukana nakho konkeokungalungile okungase kube kubi emehlweni kaJehova.UGenesis (17: 1,9-14,23-27) ukufakazela kanje lokhu:Jehova God made circumcIsIOn mandatory forAbraham in 1919 S.C.E, a year before Isaac'sbirth. God said "This is my covenant thaI you menwill keep ...Every male of yours must getcircumcised." Every male in Abraham'shousehold of both his descendants and dependantswas included, and so Abraham, his 13-year oldson Ishmael, and his slaves took upon themselvesthis "a sign of the covenant." From then on, anymale of the household, slave or free, was to becircumcised the eighth day after birth. Disregardfor this divine requirement was punishable bydeath.(UJehova uNkulunkulu wagunyaza ukusoka ku-Abrahama ngonyaka we-1919 ngaphambikokuzalwa kukaJesu. unyaka ongaphambikokuzalwa kuka-Issac. "lesi yisivumelwanookuyomele sigcinwe." \Vonke umntwana wesilisawesisu sakho uyakusokwa." Sonke abesilisabendlu ka-Abrahama kuhlanganisa isizukulwanesakhe nabantwana bakhe bavabandakanveka- -kulesi sivumelwano. Ngalokho u-Abrahama,29

indodana yakhe u-Ishmael nezigqila zakhebakuthatha "njengophawu lwesivumelwanolokhu." Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi noma yimuphiumuntu wesilisa wendlu ka-Abrahama, isigqilanoma okhululekile kwamele asokwe ngosukulwesishiyagalombili ezelwe. Ukungalandeli 10myalo ongcwele isijeziso sakhona kwakubaukufa.)Kuyatholakala ukuthi ukusokwa lokhu kwabe sekuqhubekelanakuma Gibhithe, ama-Moabites, ama-Ammonites, ama-Edomites,ama-Samaria kuze kuyofika endodaneni yakhe uNkulunkulu, uJesu.Kuyavela ukuthi kukhona abangalilandelanga leli siko nomaumyalelo, abafana nama-Assyrians, abase-Babylon, ama-Greekkanye nama-Phillistine.Esingakuphawula lapha ukuthi amaPhilistine kumanje abalulwev.ucwaningo njengabantu abahaqwe yigciwane lesandulela ngculaziukwedlula amanye amazwe ngoba abesilisa bengasokwa.2.5.2 Inqubo yokulenzaKwakuye kuthi ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili umntwana wesilisaezelwe asikwe ijwabu. Lolu suku lwaluqokwa ngesizathu sokuthiuVithamini K odala ihlule usuke esezingeni eliphansi, elibalelwakumaphesenti angama-30, enganeni ephakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-5kuya kweziyi-7. Uma ingane isenezinsuku eziyi-8 uVithamini Kusuke ususezingeni lamaphesenti ayi-llO. \:gale) 0 ndlela umakusokwa ngalolu suku kugwemeka ingozi )okopha kakhulu.Lalivamise ukwenziwa inhloko yomuzi, nokho okwathi kamuva30

kwasetshenziswa umuntu oqokelwe futhi waqeqeshehva ukwenzaumsebenzi wokusoka.Uma sibheka izinga legciwane lesandlllela ngculazi kulezo zindawoezisalandela inqubo yokllsoka ngokosiko lobllKhrestll liphansikakhlllu.Lapho kllngasokwa khona, njengase-Phillipine, liphezlllllkakhlllu.2.6 Ukusoka ngokosiko lwamaXhosaAmaXhosa aziwa futhi adllme ngenqllbo yawo yokllsoka abesilisaabasebancane. Lokhu bakwenza njengengxenye yokllkhulisaabafana bebasllsa ebllfaneni beyiswa eblldodeni. Kulezi zinsukuisizwe samaXhosa sibonakala singezinye izizwe ezisembhidlangweniwokusoka abafana. Kllle ngxenye yocwaningo kllzohloIisiswaizinhloso Zokllsoka, indlela yokllsoka, izinkinga ezikhona kanyenokuhlolisisa izinga lokllsabalala kwegciwane Iesandlllela ngculazieMpllmalanga Koloni.2.6.1 Inhloso yokusokaNgokosiko nangenkolelo yamaXhosa llmllntu wesilisa ongasokiweakasiyona indoda futhi llhlale engesiyo, llhlale eyinbvenkwe.Umllntu ongasokiwe emaXhosepi akakwazi ukudla ifa likayise nomaabe nomllzi. lJbizwa ngisho nangenja, into engahlanzekile(inqambi). Ngaleyo ndlela intombi yeXhosa ayifisi futhi ayimganiumuntu wesilisa ongasokiwe (Funani. 1990:i\).31

UStewart (ku-africa:2) uyamfakazela uFunani kulokhu. Ubekakanje:A boy among the Xhosa is a 'thing' and not aperson until he has been through the Tribe'scircumcision rite. This rite is known as theukwalusa (circumcision) or the abakhwetha ritualand it is the most important event in any male'slife. The full ritual is spread over a period ofabout 3 months.(Umfana emaXhoseni "uyinto" hhayi umuntukuze kube wedlula esikweni lesizweokuwukusoka. Leli siko laziwa ngokuthiukwalusa (ukusoka) noma umcimbi wabakhwethakanti kungumcimbi osemqoka empilweni yanomayimuphi umuntu wesilisa. Umcimbi wonkeuthatha cisho izinyanga ezintathu.)Ngamanye amazwi kumaXhosa umuntu wesilisa ongasokiweakasiyo indoda. Isikhathi lesi sokuwelela ebudodeni usukaebufaneni. Sibukeka siyisikhathi esimnikeza amagunyanamalungelo athize abekade angawatholi uma engakangeni kulesisigaba.Lesi sigaba sibonakala sivula amasango nendlela ebanzikuloyo osuke engena kuleli zinga lempilo entsha.2.6.2 Inqubo yokulenzaIzinyanga zasebusika yizona ezivamise ukusetshenziswa ekusokeniabafana. Ekuqaleni kobusika ubaba womfana uyakhethwa obizwangokuthi uSosuthu ukuba aI1lele isikole noma indawo laphokuzohlanganela khona abasokwa (isuthu) abese eqoka ozofundisafuthi aqeqeshe abasokwa (ikhankatha). Kudala abasokwa babechitha32

isikhathi esithi asibe lzmyanga ezintathuesikhathini sanamuhla ngenxa yemisebenzisekuvamise ukuba kuthathe amasonto amathathu.esikoleni,nezmyekodwaizithiyo,Ngosuku lokuqala besesikoleni basiwa emfuleni bafike bageze.Lokhu kwenziwa njengophawu olukhomba ukuxosha konkeukungcola. Kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi kusiza ukushwabanisaimithambo yegazi ejwabini labasokwa ngenhloso yokuvikela ukophaokunamandla.Kusokelwa edlangaleni lelo lesikhashana elakhiwe. Isikhalisokwenza umsebenzi wokusoka kuqala kwakungumkhonto, kodwanamuhla sekusetshenziswa insingo ebukhali. Umsokwa akumeleakhale kakhulu noma akhombise ukuzwa ubuhlungu. Ngesikhathiosokayo esika ijwabu ukhipha amagama athi "usuyindoda" ebeseephonsa isicubu leso esisikiwe phambi komsokwa. Umsokwakumele naye asho amazwi afuze awomsoki athi "sengiyindoda'·.Ukusho lokhu nje usesiphethe isicubu leso usifumbethe. Emvakwalokho isilonda kumsokwa ngamunye sesizonanyekwa ngobumbaolumhlophe (ifutha) bese bembathiswa ingubo yokulala emhlophe.Emva kwalokho sebezothatha izindlela ezehlukene bayogqibaizicubu zabo ukuze zidliwe zintuthwane. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukubazingaweli ezandleni ezingalungile ngoba funa ziphendukeamakhubalo abakhunkuli. KuneMolelo yokuthi uma kuke kwenziwaumuthi ngalezi zicubu lezo zilonda ngeke ziphinde ziphole.33

Ngesikhathi besedlangaleni bayakugwema ukusebenzisa amagamaathile. Kudingeka basebenzise amagama okuhlonipha afana nalana:amacam (water), isirhuza (meat), inqalathi (boy) nebhengethe (dog).Abavunyelwe ukubuka noma ukubonwa abesifazane. Vma beveleobala bazimboza ngezingubo babaleke.Vma sebeqedile sebephuma (uphumo) bagijima baye emfulenibayogeza ubumba lolu olusemzimbeni bese bebuyela edlangalenilapho befIke bagcotshwe khona ngamafutha angenasawoti.Sekuzoshiswa idlangala bese kuyiwa emzini wenkosi nomakokamsoki (usosuthu).Kuyenzeka abakhwetha bagule emva kokusokwa. Abanye bayafa,abanye bahanjiswe ezibhedlela, njalonjalo. Abakhwetha abayiloluhlobo babukelwa phansi. Ezikhathini eziningi kuye kuthiwe lokhukwenzeke ngenxa yamaphutha abo abasokwa. Kuye kuthiwe kusukekunento embi abayenzile, ngaleyo ndlela basuke bejeziswa ngalezozenzo zabo, noma kuthiwe lokhu kwenziwa ukuthi ngesikhathisokusokwa bakhombise ukuba lula kakhulu ukuthi bangasokwa.Ngaleyo ndlela basuke bezobhekana nobunzima empilweni yabo(Folkard, ku-africa.com : 2).2.6.3 Izinga lengculazi eMpumalanga KoloniEMpumalanga Koloni izinga lengculazi ekupheleni kowe-1999belimi ku-18.0 wamaphesenti. Vma uqhathanisa nezinye izifundaiMpumalanga Koloni ingunombolo 6 ngokwezinga lokubhebhetheka3..\.

kwengculazi. Lokhu kuyisibalo esiphansi uma uqhathanisaneKwazulu-Natali yona ebimi ku-32.5 wamaphesenti ukuphelakowe-1999. Lokhu kwenza lolu cwaningo luvumelane nalo mLunguowayekhuluma noMntwana uGideon Zulu ethi izinga lengculazieMpumalanga Koloni lehlile njengoba abesilisa bakhona besoka nje.2.7 Ukusoka ngokosiko IwamaSwaziIsiko lokusoka eSwazini libukeka lingasalandelwa futhi lingasenaloisasasa. Akumangalisi iNgonyama uMswati isize yezwakalisa ilakalayo ngesifo sengculazi. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi eSwaziniesikhathini esiphambili bekungelula ukukhuluma ngengculazingenxa yemithetho yakhona. Ngesikhathi kuvela intuba yokuphenyangokufa kwabantu eSwazini abe-UNICEF (2000:2) bathola ukuthikusukela ngowe-1997 kuya kowe-1999 isibalo sabantu ababalelwaemaphesentini angu-26 senyuka saye safinyelela ku-32. Kantingowe-1998 babalelwa ngaphezu kwenkulungwane (1000 abantuabase befile ngenxa yengculazi.UWilliams (2000: I) oyazl kahle indaba yengculazi eSwazini.Uyibeka kanje:I, too, am here to see the doctor, to ask him about theAIDS epidemic in Swaziland. He agrees to meet meonly if I promise not to identify him. If his name islinked to any story on AIDS in Swaziland he couldlose his job, he tells me.

(Nami futhi ngizobona udokotela, ukuzozwa ngesifosengculazi eSwazini. Uvumile ukuthi sibonanekuphela nje uma ngingeke ngimdalule. Uma igamalakhe lingaba nobudlelwane nodaba IwengculazieSwazini angalahlekelwa umsebenzi wakhe.engixoxela.)Uqhuba athi:Swaziland is one of the countries worst affected byAIDS in the world. As many as one-third of its youngadults are infected. And the rate is rising withdepressing speed: From 1997 to 1999 alone it jumpedfrom 26 to 32 percent.(Indawo yaseSwazini ingenye yezindawo ezihlaselwekakhulu isifo sengculazi emhlabeni. Okuyingxenyeeyodwa kokuthathu kubantu abasebancanebanegcuIazi. lzinga lokukhula kwayo lidlondlobalangendlela emangalisayo: kusukela ngonyaka we-1997kuya kowe-1999 kuphela nje lisuke kumaphesentiangamashumi amabili nesithupha kuya emaphesentiniangamashumi amathathu nambili.)Uma kuhlaziywa lezi zibalo kuyabonakala ukuthi inkinga yengculazieSwazini inkulu kakhulu. Akumangalisi iNgonyama yamaSwazikamuva nJe isishaye umthetho wokuvuselelwa komcwasho,owagcina ukubonakala ngowe-1982, ngenhloso yokulwa nalolubhubhane.Kungalukhuni-ke ukuthi Iolu cwanmgo lungene lugxile eSwaziningesiko lokusoka ngoba kuyabonakala ukuthi yinto esinesikhathieside yagcina ukubonakala. Akwehlukile okwenziwa eSwazinikulokho okwenziwa amaZulu ngoba nawo kade ehlukana naleli siko.36

Okugqamayo nJe ukuthi isifo sengculazi siyabatshazwa eSwaziningoba abesilisa bakhona bengasoki. Vma ubheka ithebhula 2esahlukweni sokuqala llZobona ukuthi izwe laseSwazini likleliswelaba ngelesibili emazweni ayi-14. Lokhu kukhomba inkinga efanayoneyamaZulu.2.8 Ukusoka ngokwenqubo yamaNdebele2.8.1 Inhloso yokusokwa kwabafanaInhloso enkulu yokusokwa kwabafana kumaNdebele ukuwezaabafana besuswa ebufaneni besiwa ebudodeni. Enye inhlosoukubafundisa izinto eziyinsika yokuphila kwesizwe kanye nakhokonke okuyimithetho yesizwe. Bafundiswa ngezindlela zokuziphathaukuze babe ngamadoda aqinile anomthetho. Baphinde bafundiswenamaculo anhlobonhlobo ayisipesheli nezindlela zokuqhubaimicimbi ethile yesizwe, okuyimicimbi ezokhombisa ukuthi umfanalowo usedlule kuleli banga lokukhula.2.8.2 Indlela nenqubo yokusokaUmcimbi wokusokwa kwabafana kumaNdebele wenziwa njalo emvakweminyaka emine. Emzini ngamunye kuphuma umfana oyedwangesikhathi. Akukhathaleki noma ngabe abafana okudingekabasokwe bangaphezu koyedwa. Lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuthi iH'e!u.okusho ukuwelela kwesinye isigaba sokukhula.

Abafana baphuma emakhaya ukushona kwelanga, bevatheamabheshu kuphela, baye entabeni lapho okufikwe kwakhiwe khonaamadlangala. Ukwevatha amabheshu kuphela babe nqunukwesingenhla kuwuphawu olukhomba ukuthi sebeyehlukana nokubazmgane, uphawu olukhombisa ibanga abaliqhelayo ukusukaezilingweni zobufana.Ngokuhlwa abafana sebezombozwa ngezingubo zokulala,kucashiswe ubuso ngoba phela akufanele babonwe abesimame nomaabafana abangasokiwe. Ukusuka emakhaya baholwa abantuababizwa ngokuthi amaSwazi noma kube obaba babo.behamba bagobisa amakhandaNgesikhathiUma befika kule ndawo uyaqalwa umkhosi wokusokwa. Umuntuonikezwa 10 msebenzi wokusoka uqokwa yinkosi. Umkhosiwenzelwa endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi indawo engcwele esemfuleni.Kule ndawo kunedwala eliyingcwele. Obaba babasokwa basukebehlome ngezizenze noma ngezibhamu ukuvimbela abafana baboukuba bangabaleki. Bathi bengakalindeli lutho basikwe ngaphandlekokubazisa ukuthi sebeyasikwa njalo.Umcimbi wokusokwa uthatha amasonto amabili. Ngesikhathiabakhwetha besentabeni kusuke kuyisikhathi esinzima kakhulukobaba nomama babo. Umuzi nomuzi wenza idili ngenhlosoyokucela abangasekho ukuba bavikele abafana. Ngalesi sikhathiomama bavatha ngobuhlalu kusukela ekhanda kuze kuyoshayaezinyaweni. Lokhu kuwuphawu olukhombisa ukuthi abafana babo38

asentabeni. Lobu buhlalu bubizwa ngokuthi ilinga koba, okushoizinyembezi ezinde, okuyizinyembezi zobuhlungu ngokulahlekelwaumfana nezinye zenjabulo ngokuba nomfana osezoba yindoda.Kuqalwa kusokwe osekhulile ongowozalo lwasebukhosini, ijwabulakhe ligcinwe ukuze kwakhiwe ngalo umuthi. Awabanye abasokwaaphoswa emanzini. Esontweni lokuqala besokiwe bayavunyelwaukudla ithanga eliphekiwe. Kuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathibavunyelwe ukudla myama. Kula masonto ambalwa, umakwenzekile kwakhona ofayo, lokho kusho ukuthi unegazi elibi,okubangwa ukuthi akuzilwanga mhlawumbe ezizukulwaneniezedlule.Uma abakhwetha sebebuya balindwa esibayeni senkosi ngOYISe.Bahlala esibayeni ilanga lishona baze bethuswe yibo abakhwethakusempondozankomo ngamahubo. Ukufika esibayeni, inkosiisizokwehla nabasizi bayo iye esibayeni ihuba ihubo lokubongakwabaphansi. Ukuphuma nJe kwemisebe yelanga abafanabazogijima bazungeze umuzi wonke, ngenhloso yokujabulisa omamanodadewabo, bephakamise izagila zabo ezintsha. Uma abakhwethabeqeda ukuzungeza isibaya babuyela esibayeni, inkosi ibanike igamalebutho labo ngokweminyaka yabo. Emva kwalokho ibandlaliyahlakazeka. Abakhwetha babuyela emakhaya lapho befikebevathiswe khona ubuhlalu ngodadewabo ngenhloso yokukhombisaukuthi sebesukile ebunganeni baya ebudodeni.39

2.8.3 Imfundiso etholakala esikoleni sokusokaNgesikhathi abakhwetha besentabeni bafundiswa okuningi.Ngezikhathi zasebusuku bangunga iziko bothe umlilo. Ngalesosikhathi abanewabo babafundisa okuningi abangakwazi baphindebabafundise nomthetho wesizwe sabo nowamathongo. Khona laphokunemicikilisho okumele yenziwe abakhwetha, imicikilisho efananamaculo ayisipesheli, ukugcinwa kwemithetho eyinsika yesizweokuyiyona eshoyo ekugcineni ukuthi indoda leyo isidlule kulesisigaba sesikole. Lokhu kumaNdebele kwenziwa ngendlelaeyimfihlo. Amagama akhulunywa ahlanakezelwe. Lolu limi lusukeIufundwe ngesikhathi besentabeni, alwembulelwa abantu bokuhambakanti ngisho abesifazane bakubo abadalulelwa Iona (Sunday Times,1998/07/19).Uma sibheka izinga lengculazi, kuhlaluka ngokusobala ukuthi inquboyokukhuliswa kwabafana namantombazane kumaNdebele kwenzaizifo ezehlukene zingayitholi intuba yokuzenzela kubo. Bheka njengoba izinga lengculazi khona libalelwa kumaphesenti ayi-l 1.4. Lesiisibalo esiphansi kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izifundazweezifana noKwaZulu-Natali, Mpumalanga, njalo njalo.Akungabazisi ukuthi uma namaZulu engayilandela le nquboyamaNdebele isizwe singaphepha kule ngozi yengculazi esibhubhiseisizwe seSilo.40

2.9 Ukusoka, ukukhuliswa nokufundiswa kwentsha ngezindlelazokuziphatha kumaVendaOkuphawulekayo ngamaVenda ukuthi awagxilile kakhulu esikwenilokusoka noma ekwenza. Okuyikhona kugqame kakhuluukufundiswa kwabafana namantombazane ngezindlela zokuziphatha.Lokhu kugqama kahle ezinhlelweni zezikole ezikhona. Kukhonaizikole eziqeqesha abafana kanye neziqeqesha amantombazane.Sizoqala ngokubheka eziqeqesha abafana. Sizokha phezulungokutholakala kulezi zikole.2.9.1 Izikole zabafana2.9.1.1 IThondoOkuphawulekayo ngalesi sikole ukuthi isikole sokuqala ukuhanjelwaabafana kule ndawo. Kuningi okubalulwayo okuhle okuzuz\\ a kulesisikole nezinye izizwe ezingakuzuza. Okunye kwakho yilokhuokulandelayo:• ngezikhathi zeZImpl abafana babesebenza njengabavikelibenkosi, beyivikela kanye nenxuluma layo, ngesikhathi amadodaesempml. Lokhu okusho ukuthi babefundiswa ukuba babenesibindi. Uma babekwazi ukuvikela inkosi bekule minyaka,lokho kwakusho ukuthi uma sebebadala bayokwazi ukuvikelaimindeni yabo uma sebenayo.41

• babegxishwa umoya wokukwazi ukuzimela. Befundiswa ukubabakhule bengamadoda ayokwazi ukondla imindeni yabo umasebekhulile• bafundiswa ukwenza imisebenzi enhlobonhlobo.2.9.1.2 ITshikamboUma abafana sebethombile babekhushulelwa kulesi sikole.Babefundiswa ukuba nesibindi, benziswe izinto ezilukhuni,ezibathwalisa kanzima zibazwise ubuhlungu. Babefundiswa~inhlonipho nokuzithoba, bakhule bengamadoda aqotho.Babefundiswa izifundo eziphathelene nezocansi, belulekwe ukuthiuma kwenzeke bahlangana nomuntu wesifazane konke abakwenzayokuphelele emathangeni, hhayi esibayeni somnumzane.2.9.1.3 IMurunduLesi sasisebenza ngokufana neThondo. Abafana bafundiswangokuthi baziqhenye ngobudoda babo futhi bazi ukuthi umuntuwesifazane uhlale emncane endodeni ngaso sonke isikhathi.Kuyavela ukuthi kwakwenzeka kusokwe kulesi sikole nomakwakungento egqamile ngokungakanani. Ukusoka lokhukwakwenzelwa ukuthi uma, umfana esefike ezingeni lokukhulaelifanele, elala nomuntu wesifazane kungabi nabuhlungu obudalwaukungangeni kahle komphambili ebuntwini bentombazane.

2.9.2 Izikole zamantombazaneAke sisike elijikayo futhi ngasezikoleni zamantombazane. Njengobasesike sasho ngenhla ukuthi amantombazane ayehambela izikoleezme, sizozibheka lezi zikole ngamafushane ukuthi zaziphetheniolungaba nomthelela kulolu cwaningo.2.9.2.1 IMusevethoLesi kwakuyisikole sokuqala esasihanjelwa amantombazaneamaVenda. Sasihanjelwa amantombazane aseminyakenieyisikhombisa kuya eshumini leminyaka neminyaka emithathu (7­13).Kulesi sikole amantombazane ayefundiswa izinto eziyimfihlo futhiengavunyelwe ukuxoxa ngokwenzeka kulesi sikole kulaboabangasihambeli. Ayefundiswa ukubekezela, ukumelana neZlmoezinzima zempilo ngenhloso yokulungiselela isikhathi eSlzayo.Babefundiswa ukungaxhumani futhi bangazimbandakanyi nabafanakwezocansi.Uma isiqedile kulesi sikole intombazane yayikhushuleh\ a kwesinyeisikole isibekwe uphawu ethangeni oluyimidwa emibili enegunquzaphakathi nendawo.Lolu phawu lwalusho ukuthi isidlulile kulesisigaba sokuqala.43

2.9.2.2 IVukhombaUma eseqede eMusevetho amantombazane, adlulela kulesi sikole.Kuya amantombazane asekhuIile aselungele ukugana. Sithathaizinsuku eziyisithupha kuphela. Usuku Iokuqala ifikile izothathwaisiwe emthini itshelwe ukuthi iwugomoshele. Izothi ingakwenzaamanye amantombazane akikize kakhulu njengophawuIokuyihalalisela. Ngaleyo ndlela bayakholwa ukuthi intombazaneisikhule ngokwanele ukuthi isingamelana nesimo sendoda. Njaloekuseni izovuka iyogeza emfuleni ngamanzi abandayo. Lokhukungukuhlola ukuthi ingakwazi yini ukumelana nobunzima bempilo.Kwesinye isikhathi ihamba iyotheza izinkuni yodwa ehlathini.Ngalokhu ifundiswa ukuba nesibindi ngoba, njengomuntu oyoganangelinye ilanga, kuyoba nesidingo sokuthi ayosebenza yedwaemasimini. lfundiswa ngomdanso Iona otshikizisa isinqe ngenhlosoyokuthi Iokhu kuyisize kwezocansi, ikwazi ukuhlangabezana kalulanesimo socansi nomkhwenyana. lfundiswa inhlanzeko, ubuqotho,ukubekezela, ukugwema abafana. Lokhu kuze kulekelelweukuhlolwa ubuntombi imbala. Afundiswa ukugwema izinto ezithileuma besesikhathini noma bencelisa.2.9.2.3 ITshikandaLesi siyefana neVhusha. Konke okwenziwa kuVhusha kuyenziwanalapha. Silungiselelwe amantombazane angazange alithole ithubaIesikole sokuqala elokhu ezilondile. Inhloso ukufundisa

amantombazane ngamaculo nezinto ezenziwa kuVhusha. Lesi sikolesivuleleke kuwo wonke amantombazane aseminyakeni yokuthiasengagana. Yisikole lesi esiphakathi nendawo, ngamanye amazwiisikole esiyizibuko lokuwela usuka ekuthombeni uya esikhathinisokulungiselela ukugana. Zonke izinto ezenziwa lapha zilungiselelaintombazane ekutholeni ulwazi ngezocansi nokufundiswa njejikelele.2.9.2.4 IDambaEsokugcina, sihanjelwa ngaphambi kokuba umuntu agane.Sihanjelwa abafana namantombazane. Onke amantombazaneasedlule kulezi ezinye izikole agcina lapha. Bobabili, abafananamantombazane bafundiswa ukuthi yml elindeleke kuboemganwem. Inhlonipho iyagcizelelwa, izifundo eziphathelenenomgano onempumelelo nokuba umzali oqotho kuyafundiswa lapha.Bafundiswa izinto eziphathelene nokukhulelwa. ukuzala nokuthiumgano akusiyo into yokudlala.Ngosuku lokugcina, onke amantombazane ayahlolwa. Vmaintombazane ike yatholakala ukuthi ike yazimbandakanya nezocansiiyajeziswa. Vma iseyintombi nto izalukazi ziyayihalaliselangokukikiza, inikwe izipho. Sekuyaganiselwana njalo ngoba phelaonkabi laba sebethole umakoti wangempela. Izintombi zithola ithubalokukhetha lapha ezinsizweni, ngokunjalo nezinsizwa zithola ithubalokuzibika lapha ezintombini nto.45

2.10 Ukusokwa kwabantu besifazaneNakuba ukusokwa kwabesimame kungesiyo into egqamilenokukhulunywa ngayo KwaZulu, amazwe amaningi asakwenza.Okuvelayo ukuthi emazwem abalelwa emashumini amabilinesithupha leli siko lisaqhutshwa khona. Lapha kubalwa amazweafana neMpumalanga emaPhakathi, iMpumalanga eseNingizimu ye­Asia, iNyakatho, iNtshonalanga ne-Afrika. Aba!elwa ezigidinieziyikhulu namashumi amathathu (130 million) amantombazanenabesifazane asebekhulile leli siko elisaqhutshwa kubo [Nadessen,ku-Journal i- Alternation (2000: 170)].Ngesikhathi sakudala ukusoka kwakuya ngezikhundla emphakathininoma ngesimo somnotho. Kwakusokwa abesifazane abaphumaemindenini ecebile nezihlobo zabefundisi nabaphathi. Kuthe kamuvakwabe sekusokwa wonke umuntu wesifazane ngokungabheki izingalemfundo, inkolo, isikhundla emphathini noma umcebo.UNadessen ku-Journal i-Alternation (2000: 171) uqhuba uthi: lelisiko laliqhutshwa isinyeleIa kangangokuthi uma umuntu eke waxoxangalo lowo muzi wa\\ungabe usahlonishwa. Akuqondakali-ke nomakungalesi sizathu yini okwenza ukuthi ngisho esikhathini sanamuhlaleli siko ungezwa lutho ngalo.walamela umuntu exoxa ngalo.Lapha Kwazulu kungayinhlahla ukeSizokuchaza ukusokwa kwabesifazane kule ngxenve elandelavo~ ~ ~ ,sicubungule ukubaluleka kwakho bese sikulumbanisa na!esi sikhathi46

sanamuhla lapho kudlange khona kakhulu igciwane lesandulelangculazi nengculazi uqobo Iwayo. Sizobe sicubungula ukuthilingaba nawo ylll! umphumela omuhle entsheni yakithi umalingavuselelwa.2.10.1 Kuyini ukusokwa kwabesifazane?Ukusokwa kwabesifazane kusho ukusika sonke noma ukuphungulaisithwana esiqhoshile esithweni sangasese somuntu wesifazaneesibizwa ngokuthi- clitoris. Igama lesizulu elalisetshenziswa ukubizalesi sithwana elithi umsunu, kodwa ngokuthi abantu sebalijikabalisebenzisa enhlambeni sekuye kube lukhuni ukulisebenzisa kodwanje igama okuyilona Iona lesizulu elithi umsunu.2.10.2 Kubaluleke ngani ukuthi umuntu wesifazane asokwe?UKoso-Thomas (1987) ecashunwe uNadessen (2000: 174) ku­Journal ye Centre for the study of Southern African Literature andLanguages i-Volumu 7, ewunombolo 2 we-2000, uthi kunenkoleloyokuthi ukusokwa komuntu wesifazane kusiza ezintweni ezmmglezehlukene. Uthi kusiza:• Ukunciphisa inkanuko kumuntu wesifazane:• Ekunciphiseni amathuba okuzenwaya ngaphambili ngobaekhanukele umuntu wesilisa (masturbation)• Ekunciphiseni amathuba okukhula kwaso lesi sithookungajwayelekile..+/

• Ekwenzeni owesifazane angabi nezikhalo ngempilo ebuthakangaso sonke isikhathi;• Ekudaleni inzalo eningi kumuntu wesifazane futhi abelethekalula;• Ekuthini owesifazane ahlale eqinile.2.10.3 Izinkinga ezihambisana nokusokwa kwabesifazaneNakuba ukusoka kubantu besifazane kunobuhle bakho njengobasibonile ngenhla, kodwa kuyavela ukuthi kukhona okuyimiphumelaengemihle kukho. UNadessen (2000: 174) ku-Journal ye Centre forthe study of Southern African Literature and Languages i-Volumu 7,ewunombolo 2 we-2000, uyazibalula lezi zinkinga. Uzibeka kanje:• Iningi labasoki abaqeqeshekile ngakwezempilo, kwesinyeisikhathi uthola ukuthi abanalo nolwazi lwesitho sangasesesomuntu wesifazane;• Ithuluzi elisetshenziswayo alihlanjwa ngoketshezi olubulalaamagciwane kanti futhi uthola ukuthi lelo thuluzi lisetshenziswaukusika libuye lisetshenziswe ukubopha inxeba;• Kusokelwa ngaphandle kwezindawo zezempilo, lokhu okugcinekudale ukuthi uma kunezinkinga abasokwa bangakwazi ukuthola. .US1ZO masmyane;• Kuyenzeka umthambo ongemuva kwalesi sithwana esisukesisikwa ulimale lokhu okugcina sekudale inkinga esithweni~ -48

sangasese sonke, okungaba inkinga yobuhlungu besikhashananoma ubuhlungu baphakade;• Kunomunye umthambo okuyiwona uthumela igazi eliningioxhumene nalesi sithwana, okungenzeka ukuthi igazi ulikhiphekakhulu, lokho okungagcina kuholele ngisho ekufeni imbala;• Ukuthelelana ngezifo ezifana nengculazi kuyinto elula njengobakusuke kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elilodwa kubasokwa abaningifuthi lingafakwa nasoketshezini olubulala amagciwane;• Abasokayo, izikhathi eziningi abazihlanzi izandla ngaphambikokuqhuba umsebenzi wokusoka;• Inxeba kuyenzeka lithintane nomchamo noma indle kwazisephela imilenze isuke iboshwe yahlanganiswa isikhathi eside;• Ngesikhathi osokwayo esokwa uyabanjwa ngoba kusukekungemnandi, kuthi ngokuzabalaza ephoqwa aze aklunyukeamanyonga;• Ngokuzabalaza kosokwayo, kuyenzeka osokayo angabe esabonakahle athuke esesike lapho kungadingekile khona, ngaleyo ndlelaumsokwa agcine eselimele kabi;• Abasokwa abaningi bayafa bebulawa ukwethuka nokungabibikhokosizo oluphuthumayo;• Kuyenzeka ukuphola kwenxeba kungasheshi lokhu okudalwaumchamo ongaphumeli ngaphandle, uthole ukuthi mhlawumbebekunegciwane elithile noma kubangwe ukuhlanganakwemilenze okugcina sekudale ukuthi inxeba lihlale lichicha,ligcine lingapholi nhlobo;-19

• Ngenxa yokuthi imbobo yokuzala isuke isinciphile, lowoosokiwe, uma eya ocansini, uba nenkinga kangangokuthiumphambili womuntu wesilisa awungeni kalula, lokhu okugcinasekudale ubuhlungu, okuyinto engenzeki kongasokiwe;• Ngesikharhi osokiwe eya ezinsukwini zakhe uvame ukubanobuhlungu obudalwa ukuthi imbobo isuke inokuvaleka, lokhuokugcina kudale ubuhlungu besisu noma ukuvuvuka kwaso.Kwesinye isikhathi uma kumeIe athathe izinsuku ezintathu kuyakweziyisihlanu yena ziyaphela nje neziyishumi. Akugcini laphongoba ngisho nasezinsukwini zakhe zokubeIetha ubelethakanziwa ngoba imbobo isuke mcane, mhlawumbe kuzekudingeke ukuba sihlinzwe isitho sangasese;• Kunenkolelo yokuthi umuntu wesifazane osokiwe uyakhubazekakwezocansi. lsithwana lesi esisuswayo yisona esilerha injabulokumuntu wesifazane. Ukuthinteka -ke nje kwaso kuvele kuthiakahlanye. Vma singasekho uvele angabi namizwa yomuntuwesilisa. La mafushana aphumayo esithweni sangaseseathambisayo awabe esaba khona kumuntu wesifazane osokiwe.2.10.4 Lingakhuthazwa yini leli siko kubantu besifazane njengesikhalisokulwa nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi?Okupha\Vulekayo kulama phuzu angenza ukuthi nakuba bukhonaubuhle kuleli siko kodwa kubukeka sengathi nobubi bukhulukakhulu. Ukususwa kwalesi sithwana kuhle ekurheni kuyayinqandainkanuko kumuntu wesifazane. Kuhle kakhulu entsheni kulesisikhathi esibi kangaka sengculazi. Kumuntu osemncane50

ongakakulungeli ukuzibandakanya nezocansi kuhle ukusoka. Lowomuntu wesifazane ngeke abe nenkanuko yokufisa umuntu wesilisa,ngaleyo ndlela kugwemeke ukuhlaselwa yizifo zocansi, ikakhulukaziisifo sengculazi noma igciwane laso.Lapho kufike kube kubi khona yilapho umuntu wesifazane sekumeleagane, abe nomndeni wakhe. Vma engenalo uthando locansi ngekeakwazi ukuhlalisana nendoda yakhe, ngaleyo ndlela Iowo mgcagcougcme ubhidlikile. Kuvelile phela ukuthi ukususwa kwalesisithwana kwehlisa izinga kwezocansi kumuntu wesifazane, kwesinyeisikhathi agcine engasayifuni nhlobo.Kafushane nje lolu cwaningo, ngokuqaphelisisa izinkinga ezibukekazingamaqiniso ezidalwa ukusokwa, lukubona kungebe yinto enhleukukhuthazwa kwaleli siko kubantu besifazane baKwaZulu.Esikhundleni saiD kubukeka kungayinto enhle ukukhuthazwakokuhlolwa kwezintombi, zihlolwe abantu abadala futhi abanoIwaziOIUllZUlu ngokuhlolwa kwezintombi, abanenhlanzeko nabaqeqeshekakahle ngokwedlula kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, lisukakomunye liya komunye.Ezinye izizathu ezidala ukuthi kuchithwe ukukhuthazwa kwaleli sikoukuthi kuyavela ukuthi ukusika lesi sithwana kumbandakanyaukuphuma kwegazi eliningi. Okwesibili, ukuthi Iowo osuke esokwasisuke singekho isiqiniseko sokuthi akanalo igciwane okungenzekaledluleIe komunye. Okwesithathu, njengoba kukhuthazwa ukuhloIwakwezintombi singebe sisaba khona isiqiniseko sokuthi lobo buntombi51

esisuke sithi siyabuvikela buyavikeleka. Lokhu kushiwo ngoba Ionaosuke esokwa usuke epaquza, ezabalaza, kubuhlungu, okungenzekakugcine sekulimale nalo leli "so" esithi siyalilonda.Ngala maphuzu lolu cwamngo lukukhaba ngazo zombiliukukhuthazwa kwaleli siko njengesikhali sokulwa nokusabalalakwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo.2.11 Ukugweba2.11.1 IsingenisoKwaZulu kwakulisiko ukugwetshwa kwabesifazane nabesilisaabasebancane. Kwakuyinto ekhuthalelwe kakhulu. Kuthe kamuvaleli siko laya ngokuya lishabalala. Ngaphambi kokuba kubhekweimidati ngaleli siko, kungakuhle kekuchazwe ukuthi kuyini khonaukugweba. Emva kwalokho kobe sekubhekwa ukuthi kugwetshwakanjani nanokuthi leli siko lingakhuthazwa yini esikhathinisanamuhla njengesiko elingasetshenziswa njengesikhali sokulwanokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi.2.11.2 Kuyini ukugweba?Ukugweba kusho ukuphehla umuntu wesifazane noma wesilisaosemncane, ongakafiki ezingeni lokuthomba, ngenhlosoyokukhipha igazi elibi eligcina selidale impene. Leli gazi liyashisakumuntu limenze alangazelele umumu wesilisa uma52

kungowesifazane, noma owesifazane uma kungumuntu wesilisa.Kungalesi sizathu, esikhathini sanamuhla, izingane eziningi ziyezitholakale zizimbandakanya ezenzweni zocansi, zisuke zishiselwayileli gazi.2.11.3 Wayegwetshwa kanjani umuntu?UNyembezi noNxumalo (1966:104) bathi ukugwetshwakwakwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene izigodi ngezigodi.Kwezinye izigodi ingane yayigwetshwa ngisho isenezinyangaezintathu, noma kuthi lapho isindala futhi iphindwe igwetshwe.Kwezinye izigodi ingane yayigwetshwa ineminyaka elishumi kuyaphezulu, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ikhule.Kwakugwetshwa ngothi lomsenge noma lomuzi. Lolu thilwalufakwa ngemuva enganeni, kuphehlwe, kuze kophe kakhulu.Kwakuphuma igazi elibi elimnyama kuze kuthi uma sekuphumaelihlanzekile ibisiyayekwa. Noma kwakubukeka kukuhle lokhu,kodwa kuyatholakala ukuthi lalinabo ubungozi ngoba izinganeeziningi zazifa. Nanamuhla ingane isaphehlwa uma kubonakalaukuthi ithanda ukuba nesilonda. Noma kungasasetshenziswa umuzinoma uthi lomsenge, kodwa iyaye ifakwe umuthi wokuhlanzaamazinyo, i-colgate. Kanjalo nomuntu wesilisa uyachatha. Lokhukuchatha kumsiza ekugeqeni igolo kuphinde kuvuse imizwayobuntu bakhe.53

Kuyacaca-ke ukuthi nakho lokhu kuseyikho ukugweba nomakusebenza ngezindlela ezingefani.2.11.4 Lingakhuthazwa yini esikhathini sanamuhla lapho sekudlangekhona izifo ezithathehvana ngokocansi njengengculazi?Nakuba umphumela wokugweba ubukeka umuhle, kodwakubukeka kungaba nobungozi ukukukhuthaza ukuthi kuvuselelwengoba kuyavela ukuthi kwasendulo kwakuba nobungozi,njengokuthi lzmgane ezmmgl zazendela koyisemkhulu.Ayisaphathwa phela eyokuthi abantu abaningi abasenalo kahleulwazi lokwenza amasiko afuze leE, iningi labo selisebenzelainzuzo. Vma kungaba nabantu abanolwazi olunzulu futhiabacophelelayo ukuze kungenzeki ingozi, linganconywa leli sikoukuthi livuselelwe.2.12 IsiphethoNgasohlangothini lokusokwa kwabesilisa, engxoxwem yonkeengenhla kubonakele ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathikokusoka nesifo sengculazi. Kuyavela ukuthi onke amazweasayilandela inqubo yokusokwa kwabesilisa, lokhu kwenza ukuthilzmga lokudluliselwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazikowesifazane libe phansi kakhulu. Lokhu kufakazela khona ukuthiumuntu wesilisa ongasokiwe unethuba eliningi lokubambanokudlulisela igciwane lesandulela ngculazi kowesifazane. Izibaloezenekwe ngasekuqaleni kwalesi sahluko zikukhombisa ngokusobala54

ukuthi lawo mazwe lapho ukusoka kungasanakiwe khona, isifosengculazi siyabhubhisa.Kuyacaca-ke ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwaleli siko ngokusemthethwenikungaba nomthelela omuhle ekunqandeni ukubhebhethekakwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi. Ijwabu kuyaphawuleka ukuthiyilona elithwala amagciwane okuyiwona adala igciwane lesandulelangculazi yona egcina isidale isifo sengculazi. Ukungasikwakwejwabu kuhamba kuhambe kuhluphe ngoba kuyenzeka liqhumengaleyo ndlela lidale izimfa, lezo zimfa zibambe kalula amagciwane.Lawo magciwane agcina esedlulele kumuntu wesifazane, nayeagcine esewedlulisele komunye wesilisa, njalo njalo.Ngaphandle kokuvikela ingculazi, ucwanmgo luvumbulule ukuthiukusika ijwabu kuyamsiza umuntu wesilisa ezintweni ezinihgi.Kubalwa lokhu okulandelayo:• Kuvikela umdlavuza wobuntu besilisa;• Kunciphisa izinkinga zokuhlanzeka;• Kunciphisa ubuhlungu obudalwa ijwabu ngesikhathi sezocansi;• Kuvikela ukushesha achame umuntu wesilisa. Kunenkoleloyokuthi umuntu wesilisa ongasokiwe usheshe achame;• Kunenkolelo yokuthi umuntu wesilisa osokiwe uyamenelisaowesifazane wakhe kwezocansi;• Kusho ukuwelela esigabeni sobudoda usuka ebufaneni;• Kusiza ekuthini ijwabu likwazi ukuhlehla kalula uma ulihlanzanoma kwenzivia ezocansi;55

• Kusiza ukuvikela ukuvuvuka, ukushisa komphambiliokungagcina sekudale ukugula okuthile;• Noma kungacaci kahle ukuthi kanjani, kukhona inkolelo yokuthiukusoka kusiza nasekuvikeleni ukukhulelwa.Kuyavela futhi ukuthi isikhathi sasebusika sihle ekusokeningesizathu sokuthi isikhathi esibandayo nesigodolisa igazi lisheshelishuqe futhi liyashesha ukunqamuka kanti nesilonda siyasheshaukuphola ngoba kusuke kungekho ukushisa okudala ukubhibhaesilondeniUkusokwa kwabesifazane, nakuba kubukeka kukuhle, kodwakuyavela ukuthi mkhulu umonakalo odalekayo kumuntu wesifazane.Ngaleyo ndlela lolu cwaningo lukubona kulukhuni ukuthi leli sikolingakhuthazwa kubantu besifazane esizweni samaZulu.Ukugweba nakho kuyavela ukuthi kungenye yezindlelaezazisetshenziswa kudala njengesikhali sokuvikela impene kubantuabasebancane. Babegwetshwa kukhishwe igazi elibi okuyilona lidalaukuthi umuntu wesifazane noma wesilisa azithole ekhanukelaukulala nomunve.Ngobungozi obuhambisana nalo kungebe vinto,; ...... ..... ...... .,Ienhle ukunconywa kwalo entsheni ngaphamdle uma lizokwenziwamgokucopheIela futhi lenziwe abantu abanolwazi olunzululokulenza.56

ISAHLUKO SESITHATHU3.0 IMIKHOSI, IZINKOLELO NEMIKHVTSHANAEPHATHELENE NOKUKHULISWA NOKUPHATHWAKWENTSHA ESIZWENl SAMAZVLV NGENHLOSOYOKULWA NESIFO SENGCULAZI.3.1 lsingenisoKulesi sahluko kuzocutshungulwa izindlela ezehlukeneezinokusetshenziswa ukulwa nesifo sengculazi negciwane laso. Lezizindlela, okungabalwa kuzo izinkolelo zesintu, imikhosi ebalulekileyesizwe, amasiko nemikhutshana yesizwe ebalulekile ekulweninesifo sengculazi. Inhloso yalokhu ukuzama ukuthola ukuthiukugqugquze1wa nokuvuselelwa kwazo ngeke yIllI kwabanomphumela omuhle ekunqandeni nasekunciphiseni ukusabalalakwalesi sifo negciwane laso KwaZulu-Natali, lapho lesi sifo kubikwaukuthi sesibhubhisile khona. Kuzothintwa nemikhosi efananomkhosi wokuhlolwa kwezintombi neZIllSlzwa, umkhosiwomhlanga, ukuthomba kwentombazane nomfana, umemulonokusoma.Vkuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwaNgesikhathi leli siko lisalande1wa ngendlela, ukuhlolwa kwezintombikwakuyingxenye yomkhosi omkhulukazi kaNomkhubulwane.Okuphawulekayo esikhathini sanamuhla ukuthi ukuhlolwa57

kwezintombi sekwazimela njengomkhosi obukeka wehlukilekokaNomkhubulwane. Ziningi izizathu ezidala lokhu. Ezinye zazoyilezi: ukushintsha kwesikhathi sokuphila, ukungenelelakwempucuko yaseNtshonalanga ezintweni ezingamasiko esintu,ububha, lapho abantu sebezenzela inzuzo ngamasiko ethu kanyenokushabalala kolwazi lwenqubo yokwenza amasiko.Noma isimo sesishintshe kanje kubonakala kunesidingo sokuthi,ngaphambi kokucubungula ukuhlolwa kwezintombi, kesihlehlesibheke 10 mkhosi kaNomkhubulwane ukubaluleka kwawoesikhathini sasendulo nesimo sawo esikhathini samanje. Sizoqalangokuchaza uNomkhubulwane.3.2.1 Uyini uNomkhubulwane?UNyembezi noNxumalo (1966: 131) bachaza uNomkhubulwanenjengowayaziwa njengeNkosazana yeZulu noma indodakazikaMvelinqangi.Kanti uNtombela nabanye (1997:4) uNomkhubulwane bambonanjengesinye sezithunywa zikaMvelinqangi, intombi engcwele,ecwengekile ngenhlanzeko nangesimilo, uyisibonelo sobuntombi,sobukhosikazi nesobuntombazane. Baqhuba bathi konke okuhlekwesifazane kuphelele kuyena. Uthi esamuntu abuye abesanyamazane. Uyena olethela abesifazane amandla okuthobelaabayeni babo, nokuhlekisana ngobunye nokuthula nozakwabo.Bayakuphavvula nokuthi akabonwa kalula. Abanye bathi58

uymyamazane encane engangeqaqa.sibomvu tebhu.Kubuye kuthiwe isinqe sakheUyena-ke uNomkhllbulwane Iona. Le Nkosazana itshalelwa insimuyayo, ilinywe ngamakhosazana wonke esigodi, ayilima ngamakhubaemikhono. Kwakutshalwa ingxubevange yembewu, kuthi Iaphokumila khona kube yinto nje exubene, kungahlakulwa kungavunwa(Nyembezi noNxumalo, 1966: 131).3.2.2 Ukubaluleka komkhosi kaNomkhubulwaneNjengoba uNomkhubulwane wayehlonishwa kakhulu kangakaesikhathini sawokhokho, kuningi ayehlonishwa ngakho. UMsimang(1975: 352) ubalula okuningi uNomkhubulwane ayehlonishwangakho. Akuzukugxilwa kakhulu kukho ngoba inhloso enkuluukuthi kubuyiswe isithombe nje ngalesi simomondiya sentokazi.kuzothintwa okumbalwa nje.Okungakubalulwa ukuthi kwakunenkolelo esikhathini sasendulo(nanamuhla isekhona kulezo ndawo lapho 10 mkhosi usagcmwakhona) yokuthi uNomkhubulwane opha isizwe imvula nenala.Okhokho babeziphiIisa ngokulima. Uma izulu lomisile kwakulalaikati eziko emizini eminingi. Bekuthi kungabonakala ukuthi lomisileabaholi bomkhosi kaNomkhubulwane bakhuphukele entabeni (phelakwakunenkolelo yokuthi ezicongweni zezintaba ezinde kunezizibalapho kuhlala khona iNkosazana yeZulu kuphela) bayocela imvula.Vma umcimbi uhambe kahle lalina izulu.59

Lapha phezulu entabeni kwakulima izintombi, kade futhi ziphumazmgena emlzml zicela imbewu. Osake wagona mganewayengasondeli ngisho nakancane.Emva kwalo mcimbi selizona izulu, kulinywe, kutshalwe ukudlakuthi fihli emasimini, kube inala yodwa ezweni.3.2.3 Lo rnkhosi usuqhutshwa kanjani esikhathini sanarnuhla?Kwakungunyaka we-2000 ngesikhathi umcwamngl ehambeleuMkhosi kaNomkhubulwane endaweni yaseTshelimnyama, indawoengaphandle nJe kancane kwePhayindane, eThekwini.Kwakuyimpelaviki yesigamu sesithathu sokuvalwa kwezikole(uMandulo).Okwaphawuleka kulo mkhosi ukuthi ngoLwesihlanukwatheleka amabhasi namatekisi evela ezindaweni ezehlukene.Ayekhona ayevela Empangeni kwesenkosi uDube, eMpembeni, budebuduze nelokishi laseSikhawini. Ayekhona ayeliqhamukisa e­Bulwer nakwesenkosi yakwaNgcolosi.Amatekisi ayeliqhamukisacisho kuwo wonke amalokishi akhele iTheku. KwakukhonaakoMlazi, Mashu, Clermont, Ndengezi, Chesterville, Hammarsdalenawakwamanve amalokishi.-KwakuwuMkhosi omkhulu impela ngoba wawuhanjelwe amakhosiathile, njengenkosi yakwaNgcolosi, iziMeya zemiKhandlu yeThekueseyaphela kanye noNdlunkulu weSilo, uMaNdlovu.Zonke lezizinqola esezibalwe ngenhla zazithwele izintombi ezazize kulorvfkhosi, omama bazo nababezothamela.60

Izintombi zonke ngokwehlukana ngokweminyaka yazo zabuthanaenkundleni yezemidlalo yakule ndawo. Omama asebekhulilenabazali bezintombi benza indingilizi/isihenqo. Phakathi kwalabaasebekhulile kwakunoyedwa owayeqokelwe umsebenzi wokuhlolaizintombi. Kwakulukhuni nokho ukusondela, njengomuntu wesilisaphela. Ngimbuza uThandeka, umntwana wami naye owayeyohlolwa,ngokwakwenzeka ngaphakathi esihenqweni, wathi kwakwendlalweishidi elimhlophe phansi, bengungiwe, kunesihenqo esincane laphointombi yayifike ingene khona. Uthi lokhu kwakuwukuhloniphisaemehlweni omhlaba nanokuthi ohlolwayo angabi namahloni (phelauthi uThandeka kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthi ungabi namahloni,ikakhulukazi uma uqala futhi usuneminyaka eyishumi nantathu).Uthi ngesikhathi ingena lapha esihenqweni intombi yayiyalwa ukubailale ngomhlane, imise amadolo, ivule imilenze ukuze isithosangasese sigqame kahle. Uthi 10 mama ohlolayo wayengancengi,amahlonyana wayewasusa ngokupakula wona amathangana lawa.Wayezwakala esethi nje "vula wena!, kwenzani lokhu! Mpakungesandla emathangeni. Khona manjalo uzozwa esethi "kulungilelokhu!" Uthi emva kwalesi siwombe uzozwa ngomama sebekikiza.Uma kungasalungile uzwakala esethi "vuka uhambe!" asho ngolaka.Uthi kusuke kungasebuhlungu, sekuthule du, umama wentombiesedumele ngoba phela kusuke kungasalungile. lnyobozele lzeiyoshona.61

Emva kwalo mcimbi wokuhlolwa kwezintombi zabe sezibuthanaizintombi nto. Phela ngalesi sikhathi ayesehlungekile amakhobaemabeleni. Kwathi ntambama wazihola 10 mama ohlolayo namanyeamakhosikazi asekhulile nampaya beyowela umfula, dundu entabeni.Ngenxa yokuthi umcwningi wayengakwazi ukufinyelela entabeniumcwaningi wambuza uThandeka ukuthi njengoba bebephetheizibani ezivuthayo beqombola intaba bebeyaphi? Waphendulangokuthi babeya entabeni kaNomkhubulwane. Uthi batlka entabeni10 mama obebahola wakhuluma, kodwa bengazi ukuthi wayekhulumanobani, okwathi kamuva bathola (izintombi) ukuthi ubekhulumanoNomkhubulwane.Emva kwalokho bewusa intaba baye bafika emfuleni. Uthi bafikebageza emfuleni. Ngalesi sikhathi kwase kuthanda ukuhwalala.Babuyela ehholo elikule ndawo. Uthi lapha ehholo, emva kokubasebedlile, baqala amahubo anhlobonhlobo. Elinye lala mahuboalibalula uThandeka yilelo elikuNyembezi noNxumalo (1966: l3l)elithi:Nang'uMagejana nango!Sibiz'amabele awomame!Wo hhaye! Buyani madoda,Niz'ekhaya! Wo hhaye hhaye!Uqhuba uthi kwathi besahuba, kwavalwa yonke indawo ehholo,kwaqhamuka isilwane esinomsila omude sandiza sagcwala lonkeihholo. Uthi bavika bonke lapha endlini en) e yezintombi ) azeyasiphunga ngesandla. Emva kwemizuzv,ana sanyamalala lesi62

siIwane. Umama Iona owayebahlola futhi enabo entabeni wabatsheIaukuthi bekunguyena-ke uNomkhubuIwane Iona obendiza. Sadlulalesi siwombe kwaze kwalalwa. Ucwaningo alulitholanga ithubalokuxoxisana nomama kaNomkhubulwane.Usuku lwangeSabatha kwakuwusuku olukhulu. Ukusa kwaziwa yizoizintombi nomama. Ekuseni ngovivi amabombo ayesebheke khonafuthi entabeni namakhuba. Bafike balima bahlwanyelaizinhlobonhlobo zezimbewu, kwabuywa.Emini ngalolo suku kwase kunethende elikhulu enkundleniyezemidlalo sekubuthene izicukuthwane ezazizothamela uMkhosinezinkulumo ezikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko esintu.Ngenhlanhla kwenzeka lokhu nje abantu abaningi base bevelesebeqalile ukwethula izinkulumo eziqwashisa ngesifo sengculazi.Izikhulumi ezeWukene zazishiyelana inkundla ngokubalulekakokuvuselelwa kwamasiko esintu ukuze kuliwe nesifo sengculazi.Isikhulumi sasingayiqedi inkulumo yaso singakubalulangaukubaluleka komcimbi wokuhlolwa kwezintombi. Isizathu esikhulukwakungesokuthi intombazane eyazlYo ukuthi njalo emvakwesikhathi esithile iyahlolwa, ihlale izigcinile ubuntombi bayongaso sonke isikhathi. Ihlale inovalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Vmaumfana eke wakhuluma izindaba zocansi ivele ihayize ibhadi.Kwakhuthazwa izintombi nomama ukuba likhuthalelwe leli sikongoba Ylsona kuphela isikhali esinganqoba ngaso inkingayokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqoboIwayo.63

Zazidlala izintombi phambi kwezihlwele zabantu, ziziqhayisangobuntombi bazo, ubone nje ukuthi sezigabisela okungabafanyanaabakhona ungathi zithi "ngeke nisithole". Zazishaya nje izintombilezi, zifake okokuh!oniphisa kuphela, unomndindi. Kwakufinywangendololwane, utshwala bungangamanzi okuphala izikhumba.Mathambama izinqola zaqala ukuthatha imizila eyehlukene.Inhloso yokweneka lesi sithombe bekuwukukhombisa ukuthi noma~ungabukeka sengathi imikhosi enjena ayisanakekile KwaZulukodwa kukhona izindawo Iapho isaqhutshwa khona. Enye inhlosobekuwukukhombisa ukuthi sikhulu kangakanani isidingosokuvuselelwa kwemikhosi efana nalona kulo lonke elaKwaZulu,ikakhulukazi kulesi sikhathi lapho kudlange khona igciwanelesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo Iwayo. Ukuvuselelwa kwalomkhosi kungasiza kakhulu ngoba intsha yakithi ingahlale ivuselelekangaso sonke isikhathi futhi ikhunjuzwa ngokuziphatha. Into ehlaleibeleselwa igcina isize yangena yagxila enhliziyweni, Iowa egxiliswakuye igcine isize yaba yimpilo yakhe. Kuyafakazeleka okushiwouThandeka uma ethi Iona umcimbi omuhle kakhulu kodwakudingeka uqalwe kumuntu oyintombazane eseseminyakeniemincane. Uthi lokhu kungasiza ekuthini Iowa muntu akhule nayo lento kunokuthi intombazane iqalwe ukuhlolwa isindalangokweminyaka. Lokhu uthi wayekushiso ukuthi kulo mkhosikwakunamantombazane ayesekhulile impela kunabo okwathi umabexoxa kwatholakala ukuthi ayaqala ukuhlolwa. Lokhukwakuwabangela amahloni. Kanti nokuza kwawo kwakube yimpoqo

yabazali bawo. Okwajabulisa ukuthi kwatholakala ukuthiasazilondile.Sekuphawulekile ngoMkhosi kaNomkhubulwane, kodwa-kekumuntu ongazi nhlobo ukuthi yini ukuhlolwa kwezintombi,kwenziwa kanjani, kuhlolwani, angakuthola kuyinkinga kakhululokhu okuxoxwa ngakho. Kungakuhle-ke kekuthintwe ngqoukuhlolwa kwezintombi, ukucacisa la maphuzu. Akucaciswe futhi!.!kuthi nezinsizwa nazo zozibhekwa. Kuzokhumbuleka phela ukuthinabo abafana bayahlolwa ukuthi basabulondile yini ubunsizwa babo.3.2.4 Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa?Ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa kusho ukuhlola izitho zangasesezentombazane noma umfana ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi Iowoohlolwayo akakaze yini azibandakanye nezocansi. Ukuhlola ngekekwasho nje kuphela ukubuka noma ukuthinta isitho sangasese,kodwa kungasho ngisho ukuqaphelisisa ukusebenza kwaso isitho lesouma Iowa ohlolwayo echama. Akukhathaleki noma kungabeintombazane noma umfana. Kuhle kugcizelelwe ukuhlolwakwabafana ngoba sekuthanda ukuba kukhohlakale. Isikhathi esiningisekugxilwa ekuhlolweni kwamantombazane kuphela.3.2.4.1 Ukuhlolwa kwezintombiKwaZulu umuntu wesifazane ubengatlki esikhathini sokuganasingekho isiqiniseko sokuthi useyintombi nto.Ukuba yintombi nto65

kwakusho ukuthi lowo muntu wesifazane akakaze ahlanganenomuntu wesilisa ngokocansi. Kungephikwe ukuthi kungenzekaukuthi lowo muntu wesifazane ubesoma nowesilisa wakhe kodwaokuyikhona kwakuhamba phambili kwakuba ukuqikelela ukuthiisibaya soMnuzane asikaze sithintwe. Kwakulisiko elaliqikelelwakakhulu kudala izwe lisabusa. Amakhosikazi anolwazi olunzulungokuhlolwa kwezintombi ayehlala njalo ezihlola izintombi, ukuzezazi futhi zibe nokunakekela. Kwakwaziwa kahle kamhlophe ukuthiuma intombi ike yaphambuka izojeziswa. Umuntu ongasentombizazimkhipha inyumbazane ezinye izintombi, aphoxeke esigodini.3.2.4.2 Zazihlolwa kanjani?a) Ukubheka ulwelwesana olubizwa ngokuthi "iso"Kwakuthi nxa zihlolwa kwendlalwe isihlandla phansi bese zibizwangayinye.Namuhla sekwendlalwa ishidi elimhlophe lapho leli sikolisaqhutshwa khona. Intombi izothi ingafika lapha ilale esihlandleni.Yayihlolwa ngonina, njengoba sekuke kwavela ngasenhla, ngobaphela kwakunenkolelo yokuthi bona banolwazi olunzulu ekuhloleniamantombazane.Izothi ingalala ebese itshelwa ukuba ibhekiseamadolo phezulu, ivule imilenze. Kumuntu wesifazaneongakahlangani nomuntu wesilisa ngokocansi kuba nolwelwesanaebuntwini bakhe olubizwa ngokuthi yiso. Lolu lwelwesana uma lukeIwathinteka kabi luyalimala bese kuphuma igazi kumuntu wesifazaneesithweni sakhe sangasese. UNomagugu Ngobese (2002),ucwanimw olwaxoxisana nave, ubeka ngokuthi leli gazi alifani naleli...... .. '-' '-66

eliphuma uma umuntu wesifazane esesesigabeni sokuthi usengatholaingane. Leli elisho ukuthi ubuntombi bakhe sebuphelile. Uthi ngishoukushuba kwalo akufani naleli lokuthomba, Iona lilula nje ngishoulibuka. Isandla uma singene sangacophelela, naso singawudalaumonakaIo kumuntu ohlolwayo. Yingakho nJe uNomaguguegcizelela ukuthi isitho sangasese singathintwa nakuthintwa ngobayonke into isuke isobala. lnkinga ize ibe kulabo besifazaneabazimukile ngemizimba. Yilapho umuntu ohlolayo ephoqeka khonauJcuthi uze avule ngesandla. Yingakho kwakucoshelelwa ukuba kubeabantu asebebadala abenza 10 msebenzi ngoba futhi bona bebekwaziukulubona loIu lwelwesana ngaphandle kokuthinta isitho sangasese.b) Ukuhlolwa komchamoUkuhlolwa komchamo nakho kungenye yezindlela zokuthola ukuthiIowo ohlolwayo useyiyo yini intombi nto noma insizwa nsi. Lowoohlolwayo, okungaba intombi noma insizwa, wayeye alayelwe ukubaagcwalise isinye ngamanzi. Kuzothi angaphiswa abese eyalwa ukubaachamele emhlabathini. Okuyikhona kuqaphelisiswa lapha indlelaumchamo ophuma ngayo. Kumele uphume uqonde uthi mpo.Kumuntu wesilisa kumele uphume ubheke phezulu ucisho ukwedlulaikhanda lakhe. Okwesibili, ukuthi uma umchamo ufika lapha phansikumele uvule imbobo, ikakhulukazi umuntu wesifazane, kungabiisisefo nje wena owabona kucheleIwa isivande. Uma kwenzekekokubili lokhu nebala Iowa ohlolwayo usabugcinile ubuntombi nomaubunsizwa bakhe.67

3.2.4.3 Ukuhlolwa kwezinsizwaNgaphandle kwalokhu osekubaliwe ngenhla, lzmSlzwa nazoziyabhekisiswa izitho zangasese. Kumfana akugcini nje ngesithosangasese kodwa kubuye kubhekisiswe namadolo. Lapha esithwenisangasese kubhekwa ijwabu. Ijwabu lomuntu wesilisa ongakalalinomuntu wesifazane liyaqina, kanti uma eseke walala nomuntuwesifazane liyathamba. Abadala bebethi nje nhla sebebonile njalobona ukuthi sekonakele.Okwesibili, umuntu wesilisa ubebukwa ngemuva kwamadolo.Nowesifazane naye uyabhekwa ngemuva kwamadolo. UNomaguguNgobese (2002), ucwaningo oluxoxisane naye, ubeka ngokuthikubhekwa iminyama. Iminyama, kungaba eyomuntu wesifazanenoma wesilisa, iyaqumba, ibe mihle uma Iowa muntuengakazimbandakanyi kwezocansi.Okwesithathu, bekubhekwa amadolo kumuntu wesilisa. Bekuye kuthilapha ngaphezu kwamadolo kufakwe iminwe. Uma iminwe ingena,kuthambile lokho kusho ukuthi Iowa ohlolwayo useyalala nomuntuwesifazane. Kumele kuqine kule ndawo, iminwe ingangeni kalula.Okunye, ukuhlola umchamo esesikhulumile ngawo ngasenhla.Okwesine, umuntu wesilisa uhlolwa umthambokomphambili. Uma ezalwa uzalwa nalo mthambo.ekwaluseni bebewunqamula 10 mthambo ngokuthiongemuvaAbafanababhoboze68

imbobo bese bethatha usmga Iweshoba lenkomo babophe raphebebhobose khona. Sekuzothi emva kwesikhashana bese uyaqhuma 10mthambo. Ukuqhuma kwalo mthambo kwenza ukuba kube lulakumuntu wesilisa ukwenza ezocansi ngaphandle kokuhlangabezananezinkinga zejwabu. Ijwabu phela alivumi ukuhlehla kahle, hhayinje kuphela uma kwenziwa ezocansi, kodwa noma ngabe uyazihlanzanje. Lokhu kugcina sekudale inkinga yokuthi liqhume ngoba usukeeliphoqa ngenkani, isikhumba Jesi esimboze ubuntu singavumiu~lehla, ngaphandle uma esokiwe. Lokhu kuthi akufanenokwe=eka kumuntu wesifazane ngoba nakhona Japha uma 10mthambo uke wathinteka kabuhlungu, uyaqhuma kuphume igazi.Ngamanye amazwi 10 mthambo naJeli gazi kusho inhlanzekokumuntu wesifazane nowesilisa.Abantu abadala bebevele babuke 10 mthambo ukuthi useseSlmentsawo nje noma cha. Sebezokwazi-ke bona ukuthi uma usuqhumilekuphakathi kokuthi uwunqamule wena noma unqanyulwe isimo.Uma unqanyulwe uwe bazohlola umchamo namadolo, njengoba sikesasho ngenhJa.3.2.4.4 Simi kanjani isimo esikhathini samanje?Esikhathini samanje, lapho sekuphilwa esikhathini sentando yeninginamalungelo, kubukeka isimo singasefani naleso sakudala. Zikhonaizindawo lapho leli siko lisaqhutshwa khona. Singabala eyase­Bulwer, e-Nyukhasela, Kwa.\;lashu naseMpembeni, kweseNkosiuDube, kwelaseMpangeni. Okupha\\ulekayo ukuthi ukuqhutshwa69

kwalo kungaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yamaKhomishana alwelaamalungelo abantu. Okokuqala lokhu. Okwesibili, ukuthiukuqhutshwa kwalo sekuthe ukwengeza ezinye izinhloso kulezozakudala, kanti nenqubo isithe ukushintsha.Inhloso enkulu yaleli siko kwakuwukukhuthaza izintombi nezinsizwaukuba zigcine ubuntombi nobunsizwa bazo kuze kufike isikhathisokugana noma ukuganwa. Lokhu kwakusiza kakhulu ekuvikeleniukukhulelwa isikhathi singakafiki. Esikhathini samanJesekwengezwe inhloso, ebonakala isemqoka kakhulu, yokuvikela isifosengculazi. Kunenkolelo enkulu esikhathini samanje yokuthiukuhlolwa kwezintombi kungaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu kulelizwe, ikakhulukazi KwaZulu-Natali, lapho lesi sifo sibatshazwakhona kakhulu.Intombi ehlolwayo njalo ngonyaka ihlale isovalweni ngezindabazocansl. Kulula kakhulu kuyo ukusho u'cha' uma kukhulunywaizindaba zocansl. Intombi eyilolu hlobo iba nokuzigqajanokuziqhenya ngobuntombi bayo. Ngisho ihamba ihambangokuzigqaja.Yingakho-ke nje Iolu cwaningo lugxile noma Iubuka leli siko elidalaKwaZulu, njengesiko elihle ukuthi lingavuselelwa ngenhlosoyokulwa nalolu bhubhane oluyingculazi kanye nengciwane Iayo.Kubukeka kungaba yinto enhle ukmuselelwa kwalo i-KwaZulu­Natali yonke ukuze kuliwe naleli gCl\vane eliyisandulela ngculazinengculazi uqobo lwayo.70

Kuke kwaphawuleka ukuthi indlela yokulenza leli siko isithandaukushintsha. Yebo, kunjalo, uma isimo sezwe sishintsha konkeokukulelo zwe kuvame ukushintsha. Abantu bayashintsha, izimoabaphila ngaphansi kwazo ziyashintsha nesimo somnotho nasosiyashintsha. Kunjalo nakuleli lizwe, kuthe ngokungenakwenkululeko nangokwanda kwalesi sifo sengculazi bonke abantubabika ukuthi sebehlola izintombi. Bonke laba bantu sebenolwazilokuhlola izintombi. Okufike kuxake, lolu lwazi luhambisananenkokhelo, kanti kudala yayingekho indaba yenkokhelo. Okushoukuthi noma ngabe intombi ethile iyathanda ukuhlolwa kodwa umaingenayo imali leyo ntombi ngeke ihlolwe. Yingakho nje abanyeabazali bengathandisisi ukuthi izingane zabo zihlolwe.Okwesibili, asisekho isiqiniseko sokuthi Iowa ohlolayo unalo yiniulwazi olwenele lokwenza umsebenzi. Okwesithathu, asisekhoisiqiniseko senhlazeko kohlolayo nohlolwayo. Imbangela yalokhuukuthi ohlolayo usebenzisa izivikelizandla (amagilavu) ezizodwaezintombini eziningi. Kuzokhumbuleka ukuthi ngesikhathi izintombizihlolwa sisuke singekho isiqiniseko sokuthi ayikho esingenweyigciwane lesandulela ngculazi. Ukungena kwesivikelisandla kulesibuye singene kuleya kungaba yingozi enkulu kwabahlolwayo.LOkhu kunobungozi ngoba phela abamanje abasabuki ngeso kubekuphela, kodwa sebedela ngokuthinta.Yingakho lolu cwanmgo lugxile ekuthini kuhle leli siko lenziwengokusemthethweni. Kanjani? Ngokungenelela kwazo izinhlakaeziphathelene nokuvuselelwa kwamasiko esintu. Lapha kubalwa71

lSlgungU seNgonyama, abathintene ngqo nezamasiko emazingenionke kahulumeni, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumenieziqhuba 10 mshikashika wokuhlolwa kwezintombi. Leli sikolingafaniswa nomkhosi womhlanga, wona okungena ngishonoMnyango wezemfundo uqobo. Ukungena koMnyangowezemfundo phela kuhambelana nokuthi izintombi lezi, ezisukezihlolwa, azigcini nje ngokuhlolwa kodwa ziphinde zifundiswengokuziphatha.Lolu cwaningo luthi kuyobe akukakhulunywa ngokuzalwa kabushakweNingizimu Afrika uma amasiko afana naleli lokuhlolwakwezintombi nezinsizwa engakavuselelwa ngokuphelele.Ucwaningo luthanda ukuvumelana noMalinga ku-Daily Mail &Guardian (1999:2) noMntwana uButhelezi (Zululand Observer, 22,200 I: 12) lapho bebeka khona ngokuthi ukugqugquzelaukusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu kukhuthaza ezocansi entsheni.Uma unekhondomu kusho ukuthi yiya ocansini. Ngaphandlekokugwema igciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi intshaingaziyela nje ocansini noma ngasiphi isigaba sokukhula, inqobo njeuma inekhondomu. Ake sizwe uWiseman kaSomaqhinga Mthiyane(i-Zululand Obsever, 200 I: 12) ukuthi umcaphune kanjaniokaShenge:Buthelezi also voiced his concern on the emphasisof using condoms for safer sex. 'When there is nomuch emphasis on condoms because of theHIVIAIDS pandemic, the other message that young

people get these days even from church luminaries,is that sex is good for you regardless of age as longas you make sure you have a condom'.(UButhelezi ubuye wezwakalisa ilaka lakhengendlela okugcizelelwa ngayo ukusetshenziswakwamakhondomu ngenhloso yokuphephakwezocansi. "Vma kungesikho ukugcizelelaekusetshenzisweni kwamakhondomu ngenxayegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, omunye umlayezootholwa intsha kulezi zinsuku ngisho emaBandleniimbala ukuthi ukuya ocansini kuhle, ingakwenza,. kuphela nje uma yenza isiqiniseko sokuthiisebenzisa amakhondomu".)Le nkulumo ikubeka ngokusobala ukuthi kuliphutha elikhuluukukhuthaza amakhondomu entsheni ngoba lokho akubanikiimfundiso yokuthi umuntu osemncane akumele azimbandakanyenezocansi isikhathi singakafiki.3.3 Umkhosi womhlangaUmkhosi womhlanga ungemmye yemikhosi yaKwaZuluenewozawoza. Nakuba ngeminyaka edlule ubonakale uthandaukufadabala, kodwa kuthe kamuva wabonakala usuthanda ukubanesasasa elikhulu kumaZulu. Kungayisu elihle kesiwuchaze 10mkhosi ukuthi ngempela uyini.3.3.1 Uyini umkhosi womhlanga?Njalo ngenyanga kaMandulo onyakeni izintombi nto ziye zibuthaneebuKhosini baKwaZulu, eNyokeni ukuyogubha umkhosi

womhlanga. Injongo yalo mkhosi, ngaphandle kokuthi iNgonyamailapho ithola khona ithuba lokukhetha uNdlunkulu omsulwa,ukugqugquzela ukuziphatha ngenhlanzeko kwezintombinokuhlonipheka kumuntu wesifazane. Esikhathini sanamuhlaumkhosi womhlanga usebenza njengesikhali sokuvika leli gciwanelesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo.Ngesikhathi somkhosi womhlanga izintombi zikha umhlangaemfuleni ziwulethe eNdlunkulu. Kungalesi sikhathi laphoiNgonyama ikhetha khona uNdlunkulu, uma ibone kunesidingo.Abantu abaningi bayawutusa 10 mkhosi ngoba banenkolelo yokuthiugqugquzela ukuziphatha okunobuntombi nto ezintombini kuzekufike isikhathi lapho intombi ikhetha khona umkhwenyana.Umkhosi womhlanga ungumkhosi omdala kakhulu. UyaqhutshwaeSwazini naKwaZulu. Noma wake wathi ukulahlekelwa ubumqokabawo esikhathini esedlule kodwa kuthe kamuva wabonakalasekuwumkhosi ogqame kakhulu KwaZulu. INgonyama yamaZuluiyawugubha 10 mkhosi minyaka yonke.Ukubaluleka kwalo mkhosi kulolu cwanmgo kubanzi kakhulu.Ukuba khona kwawo kuneqhaza elibanzi ezimpilweni zentshayesifazane engamaZulu kuleli zwe. Okokuqala, kulezo zindawolapho 10 mkhosi usaqhutshwa khona, izintombi zisaziqhenyangobuntombi bazo. Okwesibili, lzmga lokukhulelwa liphansikakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo lapho lingaqhutshwa khona.

Okwesithathu, izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi, kuhlanganisanengculazi, ziphansi ngendlela engakaze ibonwe.Okwenza konke loldm kube phansi okokuqala, kugqama ukuthiintombi nentombi eya emkhosini womhlanga iyaqikelela ukuthiayilokothi iye ocansini nowesilisa. Okwesibili, umhlanga uqobolwawo unesithunzi sabaphansi. Inkolelo yamaZulu ithiuMvelingqangi wadabuka ohlangeni ebe ewuHlanga kwasayena.Yingakho inkosi yoselwa ibizwa ngokuthi yinkosi yohlanga.Yingakho futhi abantu uma begcatshwa izingcabo eziluphawuoIuthile kubona kuthiwe bagcatshwe inhlanga. Lolu hlanganomhlanga kunobudlelwane obuthinta inkolo yamaZulu. Yingakhonje uma kulabo abaphethe umhlanga kunongaseyiyo intombi ntonoma ekhulelwe, umhlanga uyagoba kanti kufanele uqonde uthi thwi.Yingakho futhi ezigodini eziningi ngaphambi kokuba izintombi ziyeemkhosini womhlanga ziyahlolwa ubuntombi bazo.Engasakulungele ukuya emhlangeni ayibe isazihlupha nokuzihlupha.Yingakho-ke umkhosi womhlanga ubalulekile ukuthi uthintwe kulolucwaningo. Ukugqugquzelwa kwezintombi ngomkhosi womhlangakusho ukuzigcina kwazo zigweme ukuya ocansini ngoba ziyaziukuthi emkhosini womhlanga kumele noma yikanjani zihlolwe.Ngaleyo ndlela, zihlale zizigadile futhi zizilondile. Ngaleyo ndlelaisifo sengculazi negciwane laso kuyagwemeka.Khona kungakuhle ukuthi zonke izigodi zeNgonyama zikubhekeleukugqugquzelwa kokuvuseleh-va kwalo mgubho nokuhambela 1075

mkhosi. Noma kungesilo isiko labamhlophe namaNdiya ukuyokhaumhlanga, izintombi zakhona zikwenza ngoba zibona into enhle futhieneqhaza ekuzigcineni zilondekile izintombi, kuzwakala kuyichiloukuthi umkhosi womhlanga uze uhanjelwe izintombi zabeLungunamaNdiya kodwa ezamaZulu zingakushayi mkhuba lokho.3.4 UkuthombaUk.uthomba esikhathini esedlule kwakunakekelwa kakhulu ngobakwakusho into enkulu kulowo othombayo. Kwakuba umcimbiomkhulu impela kuhlatshwe ngisho izimbuzi nezinkomo. Sizokesilibheke-ke leli zinga lokukhula kanye nemicikilisho yakhonanobudlelwane elinabo nesifo sengculazi negciwane laso.3.4.1 Kuyini ukuthomba?Ukuthomba kusho izinga elithile lokukhula kumuntu wesifazanenowesilisa. Izinga elikhomba ukuthi lowo osuke esengene kulesosigaba sokukhula usengaba nomntwana uma engahlangananowesifazane noma owesilisa ngokocansi olungaphephile nomaolunobungozi. Ngesikhathi lowo ethomba, uma kungowesifazane,kuye kuphume 19azl esithweni sangasese. Kukabili-ke ukuphumakwegazi kumuntu wesifazane, okokuqala liphuma umakuphazamiseke ulwelwesana olusesithweni sakhe sangasese.Singaphazamiseka ngokuthi alale nomuntu wesilisa noma kubenokuthinteka kabi ngandlela thize kwalolo Iwelwesana.Yingakho~ -nJe kuye kudingeke abantu abanolwazi olunzulu ngokuhlolwa76

kwezintombi ngoba kusuke kugwenywa 10 monakalo. Okwesibili,liphuma ngoba Iowa esesezingeni elithiIe 10kukhuIa, lisho ukuthiIowo muntu usengaba nomuntu arnzaIayo uma kuhIangana leIi hIuIenobuntu bomuntu wesilisa. Leli gazi eliphuma okokuqala lishoinhlanzeko kumuntu wesifazane. Ukuphuma kwalo kushoukuphuIukiswa. Yingakho kuye kudingeke aziIe, agonqe isikhathiesithiIe.Ukuthomba kwakuba nohlelo lwakho olwalulandelwa uma kukhonaosefike kuleli banga lokukhula. Kwakubalulekile lokhu ngobayilapho abantu abadala babethola khona ithuba lokufundisaumntwana ngezindaba zocansi nokuba inkosikazi nendoda eqothoyakusasa. Yingakho nje izinga lokukhulelwa kwamantombazanenelezifo zocansi laliphansi kangaka. Ukuba nanamuhla kusalandelwaIokho ingabe izinga lesifo sengculazi liphansi kakhulu. Kufanelesikucacise ukuthi ukungagcinwa kwaleli siko sekunomthelela omubiesizweni ngoba izingane azisazitholi izeluleko ngokocansi koninanoyise uma sezifike kulesi sigaba. Into egcina yenzeka kubayinkombankombane ngokuthi ubani okufanele afundise izinganengokuziphatha kwezocansi. Abazali bakhomba isonto, isontolikhomba isikole. Yikho-ke lokhu okugcina kubangele ukuthi intshaifundisane iyodwa ngoba ayisenabo abelusi abangabazaIinamaqhikiza. Pho zingahlala kanjani izifo zingandi.Kubalulekile ukuthi sikuphawule ukuthi kuyashiyana ukuthomba.Omunye uyaphuza ukuthomba kanti omunye uyashesha.Akumangalisanga ngomunye unvaka kuzwakala ukuthi mgane77

eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ithole umntwana. Kwakuye kuthikungabonakala ukuthi umntwana usephuzile ukuthomba aphuzisweimithi ethile ezoshintsha leso simo. Kvvakusiza futhi ekunqandenilento esiqala ukwanda yokuthi kube khona abafanaabangamantombazane noma amantombazane angabafana. Sekuyintoejwayelekile ukuthi uthole abantu ababukeka benobulili obufanayobethandana. Kuyavela ukuthi labo bantu basuke benobulili obubili.Obunye buyagqama bese kuthi obunye bungagqami. Lokhu kudalwauk].lthi lowo muntu usuke engathombanga kahle. Kuqala umuntuonjalo wayefakwa imbiza ezokhulisa amahomoni. Kuyenzekaumuntu wesifazane kugqame amahomoni omuntu wesilisa kakhulukuye kanti eqinisweni kumele kugqame awomuntu wesifazane.Ngokunjalo nakowesilisa kuyenzeka kuphambane. Ngaleyo ndlelakebese kuphuma abantu abayilolu hlobo. Kunenkolelo ethi nalababantu abamhlophe kusuke kwenzeke into efanayo, kodwa ucwaningoalukuphenyisisanga lokho.3.4.2 Ikhula kanjani intombazane?UNyembezi benoNxumalo (1966:113) indaba yokukhulakwentombazane, bayibeka ngokuthi kwakuthi kungabonakala ukuthiintombazane isikhulile, kwakhiwe idlangala okuthiwa ngumgonqongoba kulapho igonqa khona. Kulo mgonqo yayihlaliswa nontangabayo. Umuntu wesilisa wayengena kulo mgonqo ngoba ezoyiphaisipho esithile.78

Intombazane ekhulile yayiwazila amasl. Ngaleyo ndlela uylsewayeyihlabela imbuzi. Yayinikwa imithi efana nomvongothinevundisa. Le mithi iyababa. Ngalesi sikhathi intombazane itholaiziyalo, imfundiso ngokuziphatha, kugcizelelwe ubuhle negugulokuhlala umuntu ephelele ubuntombi bakhe, atshelwe ukuthiaZiphathe kanjani uma enesoka lakhe, mhla wakhomba.Njengoba lapha emgonqweni kusuke kukhona amantombazaneangontanga nabafana, kusuke kuhutshwa amahubo. Enye inhlosoyokuba khona kwabafana ukuzoyihlekisa intombazane, lokhuokungafanele ikwenze. Kufanele izibambe. Nabo basuke benzanjengoba nawo amantombazane esuke enza kubona.Kwakugaywa utshwala, kuhlatshwe inkabi uylse ebusisaumntanakhe, kuhutshwe amahubo, izintombi ezingontangazibhincile. Lena ekhulile yayiphuca ekhanda, igeze nomzimba.3.4.3 Iqhaza lamaqhikiza ekukhulisweni nasekuziphathenikwamantombazaneUmsebenzi wamaqhikiza kungalukhuni ukuwehlukanisa nokukhulakwamantombazane. Ingabe yayilondeka kanjani intombi ize ifikeekuganeni ingahlangabezananga nezinkinga zokukhulelwa nezezifozocansi? Okokuqala. sikuphawulile ukuthi zinlathu izigabazezintombi, amatshitshi, yizinlombi namaqhikiza. Amaqhikizayiwona ayephatha amatshitshi nezintombi.79

Onjani umuntu obizwa ngeqhikiza? UMsimang (1975: 237) iqhikizaulichaza njengentombazane enda1a phakathi kwekhaya, nomaesigodini esithile. Kokunye kuyenzeka zibe mbalwa izintombieziyintanga phakathi kwendawo bese zikhu1a kanye kanye zibengamaqhikiza kanye kanye. Uma emaningi 1e1o nalelo lengameleodadewabo. Kanti uma eyindla1a, 1iba 1inye kepha 1engame1e isigodisonke.Int~mbi iba yiqhikiza emva kokuba isiqomile. Ukuze ibe iqhikizakumele iziphathe kah1e esokeni 1ayo ihlale iminyaka kulo.Uyini umsebenzi weqhikiza? Njengoba intombazane isuke isikhulile,isuke isiphumile ezandleni zikanina, isisezandleni zeqhikiza. Lokhuokusho ukuthi uma yona, onke lawo maphutha aseyobuzwaeqhikizeni. Eminye imisebenzi yeqhikiza kwakuwuqikelela ukuthiintombi iqoma isoka elilodwa. Uma intombazane isimqokileemthandayo, kwakubikwa emaqhikizeni. Ukona kwentombazanekwakubuzwa eqhikizeni, uma izintombi ziyokha amanzi nomaziyotheza zaziphelezelwa amaqhikiza, uma kunemicimbi izintombizilawulwa amaqhikiza, uma kunezesheli imvume yokukhulumisananezinsizwa yayitholakala emaqhikizeni. Omunye umsebenziwamaqhikiza kwakuwukwelu1eka amantombazane ngobuntombibawo, nangokuziphatha kahle ngezindlela ezingenangozi,neziphephile ngokukhula kwawo (Ngubane, 2002: 2)Isimo esinjengalesi sasisihle kakhulu, ekugcineni amantombazaneephephile ezifeni nasezimeni zocansi.Lima lesi simo kungenziwa80

imizamo yokuthi sivuselelwe, isizwe singahlengeka kulolu bhubhaneoluyigciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo. Isimo sinjenanje esikhathini sanamuhla yingenxa yokuthi isizwe sesiziqheleJanisileneZlmO eZlnJena lapho kukhona abaqaphi bamantombazane,abafundisa intsha ngezindlela zokuzilonda. Kusemandleni esizwe,amakhaya ngamakhaya, izigodi zamakhosi, emalokishininasemadolobheni ukubhekeIa ukuthi amasiko nenqubo yesintu efananalena iyavuseleIwa. Uma kungaqalwa manje izigidi ezingama-58ok1.Jhlawumbiselwayo ukuthi ziyobe sezendele koyise mkhulueminyakeni engama-20 zingasinda.3.4.4 Ukukhula komfanaUkukhula komfana kwehlukile kokwentombazane. Iminyakayokukhula komfana yehlukile kweyentombazane. Intombazaneiyakhula ngisho ineminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu. Nomakunjalo akuvamile ukuthi ize yeqe eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu,kanti umfana uvame ukukhula eseneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanukuyaphezulu.Ukhu[a kanjani umfana? Kuye kuthi eIele aphuphe eIele enzaumkhuba nesalukazi. Kulokhu kulala kwakhe nesalukazi uye ebeeseshaywa yizibuko. Kuzothi kusempondozankomo avuke akhipheizinkomo anyamalale. Abasekhaya sebezobona ngezinkomo ukuthiumfana usekhulile. Abafana asebakhula sebezoyomfuna entabeni.Bazothi bangamfica entabeni bamhuqe ngodaka lwenkalankala,bazungeze isisu, banqamule enkabeni bahlanganise emhlane besefuthi bemphuzisa amanzi enkalankala. Esikhathini sakudala81

kwakuthi Iona okhulile, ame empundwini yesibaya. Kwakuthi nomaamantombazane ezama ukumhlekisa angavuml ngoba lokhokwakungadala ukuba aphenduke isilima.Uyise usezomncindisa imithi, amdlise neminye imithi ingaxutshiwe.Eminye yale mithi liqwaningi, isikhubabedle, impila, inhlabanamakhubalo. Le mithi yayiphathwa umuntu omsulwa okadeeyedwa futhi ehlanzekile ngoba kade angavakashele ndawo.Lo mfana okhulile usezohlaliswa emsamo, endaweni yamadlozi,akhulumele phansi angamemezi. Uyise usehlaba inkomo yabiweabafana kube yibona abaphethe. Bavunule abafana, kuphuzwanotshwala.Njengoba ehlezi lapha emsamo umfana okhulile uyayalwa,ufundiswa ukuziphatha, ayazi yonke inqubo njengoba kufanele.Lapha ufundiswa ngokuthi azi ukuthi lolu ketshezi olumhlopheoluphuma esithweni sakhe sangasese yiwona maqanda obudodaangenza ukuthi uma ehlangana nowesifazane ngokocansi azaleumuntu. Uyayalwa-ke ukuthi uma enowesifazane athandana nayeaqaphele angagqekezi isibaya soMnumzane ngoba lokhokuzomdalela amacala kepha aphelele emathangeni. Konkeakwenzayo kuphelela ngenhlana kwamadolo amathanga evalwe ethephaqa. Lokhu kuthiwa ukusoma. Sekuyothi ngolunye usuku uyiseaphinde ahlabe enye inkomo yokumbika emadlozini-ke manjeesibayeni. Ngalesi sikhathi umfana usuke esevunule njengabanyeabafana. Kulo mkhosi kuyahlatshelelwa kuyajatshulwa.82

Uma kuphunywa kuyiwa ngaphandle abafana bahamba umshungubamngunge phakathi ukuze angabonwa. Unina usezometha izibongokwazise phela uzele umuntu ophelele.Esikhathini sakudala kwakuqikelelwa ukuthi umfana okhulile agezeurnzimba ngoba kwakunenkolelo yokuthi uma engakwenzanga lokhouyonuka umsanka ongapheli. Kwakulisiko futhi ukuthi, umfanaosekhulile, eke waphupha isalukazi avuke ekuseni ngovlvl ayogezaem,fuleni.Uma silandela le ndlela yokukhula komfana kuyacaca ukuthikwakuba indaba enhle nenkulu leyo. Okugqamayo Iapha ukuthiumfana okhulile wayengagcini nje ngokwenziwa imicikilisho ethile,kodwa wayefundiswa ngokuthi kusho ukuthini lokhu osekwenzekile.Wayefundiswa ngobudoda nangomuzi ukuthi uma esefikile kulesosikhathi komele aZiphathe kanjani. Esimeni esinjena yayingekhoingozi yokuthi umfana angakhulelisa noma angangenwa yizifoezithathelana ngokocansi.Kuyakhanya ukuthi njengoba izwe libuya nje, nabaphathi balo bethiazibuye emasisweni, izifo ezifana nengculazi negciwane layo,zingagwemeka uma kungenziwa imizamo efana nalena yokunakekelaukukhula kwabantwana nemicimbi yakhona. Kuyiqiniso ukuthikungeze kwabuya konke, njengoba nesimo sokuphila sesashintshanje, kodwa kukhona okungenziwa okufana nokuyala umntwanangezinga lokukhula asekulo nanokuthi kusho ukuthi kumele83

aZiphathe kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.nezindlela zokukulandela lokho.Angayalwa, kubeYingakho lolu cwanmgo lugxile ekuvuselelweni kwemikhutshanayesizwe eyayibalulekile ekuziphatheni kwentsha yakithi, nakumasikonezinkolelo zabantu. Lokhu kungeminye imizamo yokwakhakabusha i-Afrika. UkugxiIa ekusetshenzisweni kwezivikeIikukhulelwa(kwamakhondomu) ngeke kusisize isizwe esimpisholong9ba yinto lena entsha kuso futhi engahambisani nesimo semvelo.Ukuba amakhondomu ayasebenza ngabe abantu abafi kangaka.Lokhu okushiwo uMntwana uButhelezi (Zululand Observer 22,200I: 11) kufakazela ukuthi kungakhulunywa ngamakhondomu,kodwa lokho akuyinqandi inkinga yokubhebhetheka kwesifosengculazi. Abantu bayafa, ikakhulukazi intsha okuyiyona eyikusasalaleli zwe. Into isizwe esinokuyenza ukuqinisa kulokhu kwesintuokwakusebenza kahle ngaphandle kwenkinga, ingakangeni impucukoyaseNtshonalanga.3.5 UmemuloAkulula ukuthi lolu cwanmgo lungawubukela phansi umemulo.Umemulo ungenye yezinsika eziphase isizwe, ungenye yemicimbiebaluleke kakhulu kulesi sikhathi sanamuhla lapho kudlange khonaizifo eziningi, ikakhulukazi isifo sengculazi. Uma kungalandelwaindlela okuyiyona yona yokwenza umemulo isizwe singabuyelaekuziqhenyeni ngawo futhi sikubone ukubaluleka kwa\\'o.84

Sizowucubungula umemulo kule ngxenye yesahluko sicubungulisiseukuthi wona ngempela uyini, wenziwa uma kunjani, wenziwa ubani,kumuntu onjani, izingqinamba ezikhona esjkhathini sanamuhlananokuthi uxhumana kanjani nesihloko salolu cwaningo.3.5.1 Uyini umemulo?UMagwaza (1993:29) umemulo uwuchaza kanje:This ceremony is traditionally held for agirl reaching the physical condition necessaryfor the marriageable stage.(Lo mcimbi ngokosiko wenzelwaintombazane esuke isikhule yafikaezingeni lokuthi isingagana)UNtombela nabanye (1997:16) umemulo bawuchaza njengesikoelenzelwa ingane yentombazane ngokukhula ize ifinyelele ebangenilokuthi isingagana.UMsimang (1975:245) yena ubeka ngokuthi umemulo umkhosiomuhle kakhulu, owabe unewozawoza nelukuluku elibabazekayo.Lokho kwakwenziwa ngoba kwakungemulj uwonkewonke nje, kephakwakwemula ozime bezintombi, nomafungwase babanumzane.UNyembezi noNxumalo (1966: 107) babeka ngokuthi umemulo isikonamhlanje esesingalifanisa nenqubo yanamhlanje yokubonga ukuthimgane isifike eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanye isaziphethekahle.85

Kule ncazelo kaNyembezi noNxumalo kuyacaca ukuthi bahlanganisainqubo yesintu neyesilungu. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abanye abazalibayazihlanganisa lezi zinqubo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyaqondanauthole ukuthi intombazane isuke iziphathe kahle, kanti kwesinyeisikhathi uthole ukuthi bakwenza ngisho intombazane isinengane.Yilapho-ke okufike kuxake khona.Ngamafushane nJe, uma seslgoqa, incazelo okuyiyonayonayo~emulo yileyo ethi umemulo umcimbi owenzelwa inganeyentombazane ngokukhula ize ifmyelele ezingeni elithile iziphethekahle, isagcwele. Isuke ihloniphe abazali bayo, yalalela imiyaloyabo. Isuke ingagcinanga lapho ngoba isuke ihloniphe nomphakathiewakhele yaze yahlonipha ngisho nabangasekho ngoba phela yibonaebebeyigcinile kuze kube yilesi sikhathi.Ibongwa nguyise ngokuyihlabisa, amemezele emphakathini ukuthiindodakazi yakhe isikhulile. Akagcini ngokubonga yona, kodwaubonga nabaphansi ngokumlondela intodakazi yakhe ize ifikeezingeni lokukhula esuke isikulo. Uyanxusa futhi kubo ukuthinjengoba isikhulile nje ingane yakhe baze bayilonde, bayipheumendo omhlophe. Ngamanye amazwi usuke eseyikhulula ukuthiisingagana uma isithanda, useyayidedela. Nayo iyazibongelaemphakathini khona lapho ibe izigqaja ezinsizweni ukuze phelaziyibone. Kuba nedili elikhulu, kugidwe, kuculwe kuphindwekubuswe.86

Intombazane aylgclm nJe ngokuzigqaja, kodwa ukwenza kwayokusuke kwexwayisa amanye amantombazane asuke engakafiki kulelizinga. Umyalelo Iona wokuthi aze aqhubeke nokuziphatha kahle.Iyakloloda kulawo mantombazane angaziphathanga kahle ekukhulenikwawo. Konke lokhu kuvezwa ngamaculo. La macula awagcini njengokukhuluma nezintombi, kodwa abuye abheke nesilili sesilisa(Ntombela, nabanye, 1997:26). Izikhalo zawo ngendlela izinsizwaeziziphethe ngayo, ivezwa ngawo la maculo. Amanye njalo asukeen"oma owemulayo, encoma ukuziphatha kwakhe, anconywengobuntombi bakhe, kuze kunconywe ngisho ukuma komzimbawakhe imbala.Leli culo elilandelayo lingelinye lamaculo achukuluzayo futhiaklolodela amantombazane angaziphathanga kahle.UmholiIzintombiUmholiIzintombiUmholiIzintombiUmholiIzintombi: We tshitshi elijolayo!: Siyobona ngesisu!: Siyobona ngesisu l: Siyobona ngesisu': We tshitshi elilalayo!: Kuyokhuluma isisu!: Kuyokhuluma isisu!: Kuyokhuluma isisu!Lokhu kujola kwentombazane, lze ikhulelwe akugcini nJengokwehlisa isithunzi sayo, kodwa ithunaza ngisho abazali bayoimbala. Unina wayo uhlale ekhala njalo ngenxa yokungabinasimil0kwengane yakhe. Lokhu kukhonjiswa ngawo amaculo. Lelielilandelayo Iixwayisa amantombazane anezimilo ezixegayo:87

UmholiIzintombiUmholiIzintombi: Uyakhala umama!: yaqoma isencan'ingane kababa!Inamadoda amahlanu!: Uyakhala la mama!: Yaqoma isencane le ngane!Igangile!Amaculo awagcini ngokubheka ezintombini nakomama, kodwaabheka nasezinsizwem. Isuke idlisela ifuna ziyibuke. Iphumelaobala, ithi phela ngibukeni. Insizwa ecwila ezinkambeni ibasen!

Kwesinye isikhathi sekuye kuhIanganiswe umemulo nomcimbiwamashumi amabiIi noma owezlqu. Kokunye uthole ukuthi lemicimbi isithatha indawo yomemuIo.LoIu cwamngo inhIoso yaIo ukuthoIa igaIeIo IomemuIo ekuIweninokusabalala kwegciwane IesanduIela ngculazi. KubukekakubaIuIekiIe futhi ukuthi kesizithinte Iezi zigaba ezibaIuIwe ngenhIangenhIoso yokubeka isithombe sosekwenzeka esikhathini sanamuhIaum,a kuqhathaniswa nokuchazwe ngenhIa. InhIoso ngqangi yaIokhuukuzama ukubuyiseIa isimo somemuIo endIeIeni okuyiyonayonaukuze sithi uma sikhuIuma ngokukhuthazwa kwawo ekuIweni nesifosengcuIazi, kukwazi ukuthoIa indawo Iokho esobe sikhuIumangakho.3.5.3 Umemulo wesalukazjSekuyinto evamiIe ukwemuIiswa kwezaIukazi. Ziningi izimo ezidalaIokhu, eziningi zazo zisemalini. Kuye kuthi noma abazaIi benesifisosokwemuIisa umntwana wabo kungenzeki ngesikhathi mhIawumbeIowo okumeIe enze Iowo memuIo aze edlule emhlabeni. Umuntuonjalo kuyenza abe nayo inhlahla yomendo noma ngabe IeIi sikoaIigcinwanga. EkukhuIeni kwakhe agcme esehIangabezananezingqinamba empiIweni. Kungaba izingqinamba ezivelela izinganezabantabaso noma sona uqobo, kuthi uma kuyiwa ohlanyeni lufikeIukhombe indaba yomemuIo. Uma kunjaIo-ke Iiye Ienziwe IeIi siko.KanjaIo futhi nakumama womuzi into efana naIena iyenzeka.Okusho ukuthi akukho okubi Iapha.89

3.5.4 Ukwemuliswa komuntu osewashonaEnyangeni kaNhlolanja onyakeru we-2000 ucwamngo luhambelekwenye yezindawo zaseMgungundlovu lapho kwakukhona khonaumemulo, lwahlangabezana nomemulo wengane yentombazaneeyashona izalwa. Kulo mcimbi yayimelwe umnewabo oneminyakaeyishumi nantathu. Yona ngokuzalwa yayisineminyaka eyishuminesithupha. Noma wawukhona umbuzo wokuthi ngabe leyonto.mbazane yayisikhule ngokwanele yini ukuthi isingemula,kwabonakala ungabalulekile kakhulu ngoba esikhathini sanamuhla,ngokwesabela impilo, umnumzane useye ayemulise ingane yakheingakafiki ezingeni elenele lokukhula. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngobaabantu sebaba ngamagovu, okuyintombazanyana lokhu kukhonaabasuke sebekubonile, umnumzane ngokujaha izinkomo zamalobolo,abese eyayemulisa ingane yakhe. Isuke phela isingagana nomaymml. Kodwa ngokosiko IwesiZulu intombazane ekule minyaka(16) isuke ingakakulungeli kahle hIe ukugana. Kanti-ke futhi kulesisimo, lapho kwakukhuJuma abantu abangasekho, ayikho intoayengayenza. Singekulandule ukuthi esikhathini samanJesekuyinsakavukela ukwemuliswa komuntu osewashona.3.5.5 Ukwemuliswa kwentombazane esinenganeSekuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi abantu abansundu bemulisa izinganezabo esezithole abantwana zisesemakhaya. Umbuzo omkhulu yilowowokuthi uyise ngempela usuke ebonga yiphi inhlonipho, ukuziphathanokuhJonipha umphakathi ewakhele le ntombazane? Yikuphi lokhu90

asuke ekubonga kokhokho uma ingane yakhe ingazange iziphathekahle? Kufanele kubuzwe lokhu ngoba okuyiyona njongo enkuluukubonga ukuziphatha kwengane ize ifinyelele ezingeni eiithilelokukhula iseyintombi nto. Ngeke sathi uyise usuke ebonga ukuthiwaphiwa ingane yabuye yakhula yaze yafika kuleli zinga ngobalokho kunohlelo lwakho lodwa.Kuyakhanya-ke ukuthi ukwenziwa kwaleli siko entombazaneniesinengane kuyanhlanhlatha. Uma usuke ufunwe abaphansi,ngokwesintu, lelo dlozi siye sithi idlozi elibi, idlozi elingenanhlahlaekhaya. Kumele sikhumbule phela ukuthi nakuwo amadlozi kukhonaabafa beyizixhwanguxhwangu, behlupha, bebulala abantu abanyebethakatha. Ayikho-ke into enhle engalindelwa kubantu ababeyiloluhlobo.3.5.6 Intombazane esencane ngeminyakaKulesi sikhathi samanJe sekwande kakhulu ukubona kwemuliswalZlllgane zamantombazane ezisencane ezingakazi nokuthi kushoukuthini kuzo lokho okusuke kwenziwa. Sekuyivela kancaneukubona kwemuliswa intombazane eseyevile emashumini amabilieminyaka. Okungenani usungabona yona imigubho yamashumiamabili nanye nemigubho yeziqu noma kuhlanganiswe umemulonale migubho. Khona ngokwesintu intombazane esikhulile esukeisiseminyakeni engamashumi amabili nesihlanu kuyaphezulu.91

Uyafakazeleka umbono kaNtshangase (2000), uewanmgoolwaxoxisana naye, uma ethi: njengoba isikhathi sanamuhlasingasafani nesakuqala umzali wengane useye abe novalo lokuthiingane yakhe isingaze yonakale, ngaleyo ndlela abese eyenzelaumemulo noma ingakafiki ezingeni lokukhula elanele. Kantikwesinye isikhathi basuke bephambanisa umemulo nomhlonyane.3.5.7 Eminye imicimbi esiyaye iqhathaniswe nomemuloEnye into eyindida esikhathini sanamuhla yileyo lapho ubona khonaimieimbi ethile isiqhathaniswa nomemulo. Lapha singabalaumhlonyane, usuku lokuzalwa Iwamashumi amabili nanye kanyenomeimbi owenziwa ukuhalalisela ohlabene eziqwini zemfundoephakeme. Kuyenzeka nasebangeni leshumi wenziwe 10 meimbi.Ngaphandle kokueubungula nokuqondisisa le mieimbi emithathukungebe lula ukubona ukuthi isiko lokwemulisa lisaqhutshwa ngakhoyini noma eha, nanokuthi yikuphi okumele kwenziwe umakungukuthi akusaqhutshwa ngendlela eyiyo.3.5.7.1 UmhlonyaneUmhlonyane umeimbi owenzelwa intombazane noma umfana umasebefike ezingeni elithile lokukhula. ONtombela (1997:8) babekangokuthi ingane yomfana yenzelwa 10 mcimbi uma kungukuthiueelwe abaphansi noma yona ingane uma ifike ngephupho, emvakokuba seyashona, yacela ukwenzelwa 10 mcimbi. Kodwa nJeumuntu owenzelwa 10 mcimbi kakhulu ingane yentombazane.92

Bayakuveza futhi lapha oNtombela ukuthi intombazane eyenzelwa 10mcimbi intombazane esuke isikhule yaze yafinyelela ezingenilokuthomba. Abazali bayo basuke bebonga abangasekhongokuyikhulisa ize ifinyelele kulelo zinga lokukhula.Lo mcimbi uthi av,ufane nomemulo kodwa lapho ufike wehlukekhona kusezilwaneni ezisetshenziswayo. Kumhlonyanekusetshenziswa imbuzi kanti kumemulo kusetshenziswa imbuzinenkomo. Kanti kwalona izinga lokukhula liyawenza umehlukongoba kumhlonyane umuntu owenzelwa wona usuke esekhule wazewafika ezingeni lokuthomba kanti kumemulo usuke esekhule wazewafika ezingeni lokukhula lokuthi usengagana.Kuyacaca-ke kulo mcimbi ukuthi kungakhona ukudideka ngobaumehluko mncane phakathi kwawo nomemulo. Baye bathi benzaumemulo kanti sebenza umhlonyane. Ngamafushane nJeumhlonyane wenzelwa ingane esuke isisezingeni lokuthomba.3.5.7.2 Usuku lokuzalwa lwamashumi amabili nanyeSekunendlela entsha emnyombo wayo ungasesilungwini laphoingane iye ithi ingafika ezingeni lokukhula leminyaka engamashumiamabili nanye bese kuthiwa isikhulile. Lokhu kuye kukhonjiswengomcimbi omkhulu. Kuvenzeka - kuhlatshwe inkomo noma kosiwe.~ .Kuba nekhekhe elikhulu ngangamandla alowo osuke enza Iowamcimbi. Kuphinde kube nesikhiye. Bese kuba ziphuzoezinhlobonhlobo, eziphelezelwa zinsimbi. Emva kwezinkulumo kuye93

kube nesikhathi lapho kusikwa khona ikhekhe. UNdlovu (2000),ucwaningo oluxoxisane naye, uthi: ikhekhe Iiwuphawu lokuthi lowoosuke enzelwe Iowo mcimbi usuke esengaba nowesiJisa athandananaye. Njengoba sekuthathwa ummese nje sekusikwa, lokhokukhombisa ukuthi intombazane isinalo ilungelo lokuba nesokanoma uma ebese inalo kodwa lingakaziwa intombazane isukeisinikwa iIungelo Iokuthi isoka IeIo sekungaba umuntu owaziwayo.Uthi ngesikhathi sakudala kwakusho ukuthi isibaya somnumzanesis~valekile, intombazane isagcwele futhi isamisile. Kodwa manjeisimo sesashintsha ngoba sekwemuliswa namantombazane asonakele.Uthi ukhiye-ke owokuvula isibaya somnumzane. Ememulweni-kekhona intombazane inikwa umkhonto.Ngakolunye uhlangothi uBlose (1998:89) uyibuka ngenye indlelaindaba yomemulo nomcimbi wokugubha usuku lokuzalwalwamashumi amabili nanye. Uthi ukhiye Iona uwuphawu Iwamandlalokulawula impilo yentombazane. Umkhonto wona uthi uwuphawulokuthi mgane isuke inikwa amandla nguYlse okukhethaumkhwenyana. Ubeka kanje:During the umemulo ceremony, the girl is giventhe spear as a symbol of power granted by herfather to choose her future husband. Also duringthe twenty-first birthday, the girl is given a keywhich is a symbol ofthe power granted by herparents to control her life.(Ngosuku lomcimbi womemulo,inikwa umkhonto njengophawuelunikwa UVIse ukuze ikwaziintombazanelwamandlaukukhetha94

umkhwenyana. Nasosukwini lwamashumi amabilinanye, intombazane inikwa ukhiye owuphawulwamandla elunikwa abazali bayo wokunqobaizinselelo zempilo.)Kanti oNtombela (1997:23) indaba yomkhonto bayibeka ngokuthiuwuphawu lokukhombisa ukuthi intombazane isuke isikhulile,isiyibambile impi yayilwa, ngaleyo ndlela kumele iqhubeke iyilwenjalo. Umkhonto 10 ukhombisa ubuqhawe. Akekho umuntu ongalwangaphandle kwesikhali. Lona ngumkhonto wayo wokulwa njalonjalo. Uwuphawu futhi lokuthi intombazane imhloniphile, ngaleyondlela uyise usethi akayibonge indodakazi. Imphathe kahlengenhlonipho, kanjalo naye uyise wayihlonipha njengengane ngobaimhloniphile. Uyise ubonga nakwabaphansi bakubo. Lo mkhontoawugcllll njalo lapho kepha iyongena nawo nasemgcagcweni.Nakhona kulo mcimbi wamashumi amabili nawo ummbese Ionasekuye kuthiwe intombazane kumele iwubeke kahle ngoba iyongenanawo emshadweni.Kudala kusadliwa ngoludala umuntu wesifazane oseminyakeniengamashumi amabili nanye ubesuke engakakulungeli kahle hIeukugana. Kodwa-ke esikhathini sanamuhla sebeyagana.Kwakwenzeka ukuthi intombazane ekule minyaka uthole ukuthiisamisile, ayikaze ihlangane nomuntu wesilisa. Uthole ukuthikungaze kuqalwe kukhulunywe ngomuntu odinga ukwemuliswa umaeseseminyakeni engamashumi amabili nesihlanu nomangaphezudlwana. Umkhonto yiwona owuphawu olukhombisa ukuthiintombazane iseyintombi nto.95

3.5.7.3 Umcimbi wokuhalalisela ohlabane kwezemfundoLona ngumcimbi owenzelwa Iowo osuke ehlabane kwezemfundo.Kungaba iziqu zemfundo ephakeme noma ezebanga Ieshumi. Lomcimbi awugcini nje ngokwenzelwa ingane yentombazane kodwanengane yomfana iyenzelwa. Kweminye imizi kuze kuhlatshwengisho inkomo imbala. Akukho-ke okubi kulokhu ngoba umzaliusuke ebonga kwabaphansi ukuphumelela kwengane yakhe. Laphokufike kushayisane khona ukubona 10 mcimbi usuhlanganiswa nesikolokwemula. Yebo singeze sakuphika ukuthi lokhu kungenzekainqobo nje uma kwenzeka ngendlela futhi kubantu abaqondile.Esikuqaphelisisayo ukuthi 10 mcimbi usuke wesekwe ngezibiliboco,iziphuzo ezinhlobonhlobo, ukosa kanye nomculo oqhuma phezulu.Ukuxokozela kwabantu ekhaya beshaya mgoma bephakamisaumancishana kunezingqoko phambi kwabo nomhluzi kuyisibusisokwabaphansi. Umcimbi owenziwe kanje usuke uhambe kahlekakhulu kangangoba nabaphansi baye babonge. Ukubonga kwabobakubonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi. Pho uthi umsebenzi osukeunokuxokozela kwezigubhu phakathi usuke unaso isibusisosamathongo? Kusobala sisuke singekho isibusiso. Lokhu kukhombangokusobala ukuthi le micimbi emibili ayikwazi ukwenziwa kanyekanye.Kuyacaca-ke ukuthi mukhulu umsebenzi okusamele wenZlweukuqondisa lesi simo. Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi mukhulu umehlukophakathi kwale micimbi esibalulwe ngenhla.96

3.5.8 Izinkinga ezidalwa ukungenziwa kwesiko lomemuloUma leli siko lingagcinwanga intombazane leyo kungasekungayihambeli kahle ngisho isiganile imbala njengoba kubekiweememulweni wesalukazi. UMagwaza (1993:33) uyakufakazela lokhuuma ethi: leli siko uma lingagcinwanga kungahle umntwanaavelelwe zinkinga. Okunye kwakho kungaba yilokhu:• Ukugula okungaqondakali;• Ukungabinabantwana;• Ukuhlushwa yindoda;• Ukungezwani nabasernzini,njalonjalo.Njengoba sebebekile oNtombela noMagwaza basika nJe elijikayoezinkingeni ezingadaleka nezijwayelekile, ikakhulukazi uma leli sikolingagcinwana. Kuyiqiso-ke nokho ukuthi umhlaba esiphila kuwonawo sewonakala. Ngaleyo ndlela ababeka ngayo akusho ukuthi lezizinkinga zingadalwa ukungenziwa kwaleli siko kuphela. Kungabakhona umoya wasezweni ongadunga ukuthula abantuOkunye kwakho kungaba ukuthakathwa.beganene.Ngithanda ukuvumelana noKhumalo (2000), ucwaningo oluxoxisanenaye, uma ethi: izinkinga eziningi azidalwa ukuthi umuntu usukeengenzelwanga umemulo. Uthi lezi zinkinga zidalwa ukuthi Iowamuntu usuke engenzelwanga umkhehlo. Konke lokhu okubalulwauMagwaza uthi kudalwa ukuthi intombazane isuke ingakhehlwanga.Lokhu kufakaze!wa ngokugcwele ngoba abantu abaningi esikhathinisamanJe, mgane yabo inele ingalotsholwa ubezwe sebethi97

azoyemulisa ingane yabo. Benza umcimbi okusuke kufanele ngabesekunesikhathi wenziwa.Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwale micimbi. Njengobasekuchaziwe ngenhla, umemulo wenzelwa intombazane ekhule yazeyafika ezingeni elithile iziphethe kahle, ibugcinile ubuntombi bayo,ehloniphe abazali bayo, umphakathi ephila kuwo nezintombizendawo yangaziphoxa. Kanti umkhehlo wenzelwa umuntuosezogana, oselotsholiwe noselindele ukuyokwakha umuzi wakhe.Abantu abaningi-ke bafike baphambanise lapha.Lokhu kusibuyisela ekuthenini kunesidingo esikhulu sokuthikesihlehle silibhekisise leli siko futhi senze izincomo zokuthi kulesisikhathi leli siko libuyele ezimpandeni zalo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthingendlela izinto esezishintshe ngayo kulesi sikhathi akulula ukuthikonke kubuyele njengoba kwakunjalo. Lokho kodwa akusho ukuthikumele sikhwixe imikhono.3.5.9 Ukubaluleka komemulo esikhathini samanjeUNtombela nabanye (1997: 16) baqinisile uma bethi ukwemulisaintombazane kuyinto ebaluleke ukwedlula ukwenza. Bathikubalulekile futhi ukuthi umemulo wenziwe ngaphambi kokubayende intombazane. Phela uma izokwenda ingakenzelwa umemulo,funa izinto zingayihambeli kahle emendweni.98

Abehlukile embonweni kaMagwaza (1993:33), njengoba sikesakuphawula ngenhla, uma ethi izinto ezingaba yinkinga uma lelisiko lingenziwanga kungaba ukugula okungaqondakali, ukungabinabantwana, ukungaphathani kahle kwabaganene, ukungezwaninabasemzini, ukuhlukanisa kwabaganene.Kulesi sikhathi lapho kubhidlange khona isifo sengculazi umemuloubaluleke kakhulu ngoba wenza ukuthi amantombazane ahlaleezilondile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngesikhathi intombazane ifunaudumo ngokuziphatha kahle kwayo, ithokozisa abazali bayo, isigodisangakubo, izicabela indlela yokuphila eqondile. Akulula kumuntuonjalo ukuthi angangenwa yisifo sengculazi ngoba uzilondile. Yisikoelihle kakhulu leli futhi elihambisanayo nesikhathi sokuphilasanamuhla.3.5.10 Okumele kwenziwe ukuvuselela isiko lokwemulaAkusibo bonke abantu ababanethuba lokuhambela izindawo lapholeli siko lisuke liqhutshwa khona. Akusibona bonke futhi abantuabalalela umsakazo. Ngokunjalo futhi akusibona bonke abantuababukela umabonwakude. Ngaleyo ndlela kungumthwalo walaboasebekhanyiselwe ukuba bakwazi ukuxhumana nazo zonke lezizinhla esezibaluliwe, bazame ukusakaza inqubo okuyiyona yonaokumele ilandelwe uma kuqhutshwa leli siko. Lapha kubhekiswekwabasezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme.99

Kungasakazwa futhi lokhu kubo abafundi ezikhungweni zemfundoephakeme lapho kungekho khona imicikilisho yokuthi lokho okusukekuzokwenziwa kumele kudlule ezikhulwini ezithile zikahulumeni.Ngamanye amazwi, abafundisi kumele bakwenze kuphile lokhuezikhungweni zabo. Kodwa nabo kudingeka benze ucwaningoolunzulu noluqondile ukuze bazi ukuthi lokho abakudluliselakubafundi kuyothela izithelo ezinhle. Kungenziwa imihlanganoyokuqwashisana ngolwazi (workshops) ezindaweni ezehlukenena~ezikoleni.Kungenziwa ngendlela esamdlalo, kungacelwa isikhalaephephandabeni, emsakazweni noma kumabonwakude.Engxoxweni yethu ngenhla sibekile ukuthi onJanl umuntuowemuliswayo. Kuvelile ukuthi umuntu owemuliswayo intombazaneesikhulile yaze yafika ezingeni lokuthi isingagana. Akunoma iyiphinje intombazane okumele yemuliswe. Kumele kube intombi ntoengakaze ihlangane nomuntu wesilisa ngokocansi, eziphathe kahleemphakathini, yahlonipha abazali bayo. Uyise usuke eyibongangokuziphatha kahle, eyitshela ukuthi isikhulile ngaleyo ndlelaisingaba nesoka ngokusemthethweni.Vma intombazane ingaziphathanga kahle yayisuke ingaphoxanga njeyona uqobo lwayo kodwa yayisuke ilimaze ouke amantombazaneesigodi, uyise nonina wayo. Intombazane etholele umntwana ekhayaibigcina isiganiselwe ikhehla, okulihlazo elikhulu. Yingakhokwakubalulekile ukuzilonda ezintombini.100

Kuyenzeka kwesinye isikhathi uthoIe ukuthi isuke isinaIo isokaesiIiboniIe kodwa nje isiIindeIe usuku uyise ayoyikhuIula ngalo.Usuke futhi ebonga nakoyisemkhuIu ngokumgcinela ingane yakheize ifike kulelo zinga loIcukhuIa. Ubonga kwabadaIa nje pheIakufaneIe ngoba uma engakwenzanga Iokhu mgane ingahIe ibenezinkinga. PheIa yibona ebebekhuIisa le ngane. ONtombeIa(1997: 17) bayakufakazela lokhu uma bethi:Uyise usezobonga nokhokho ukuthi bamupheindodakazi, bese futhi ebabongangokuyilondoIoza baze bayikhuIise. BaphindebaceIwe-ke abangasekho ukuba, baqhubeke njalonokuyiIondoloza ingane le.Kwesinye isikhathi kuba Iukhuni ukubona ukuthi intombazaneiseyintombi nto. NgaIeyo ndlela kuyenzeka kaningi umzaIi azishayeisifuba athi ingane yakhe iseyintombi nto kanti kade konakaIa. Phosingakuqinisekisa kanjani Iokhu? lsu eIingcono kuseyilo IeIoIoIcuhIolwa kwezintombi elibukeka Iithanda ukugqama kuIezizinsuku. LihIe IeIi siko kodwa uma Iizokwenziwa abantu abadaIafuthi abanoIwazi oIunzulu ngalo.3.6 UkusomaUkusoma kwakungenye yezindIela eyayisetshenziswa kudaIaeyayisemqoka kakhuIu eIcuvikeIeni ukukhuleIwa ngaphambikwesikhathi kanye nokuvikeIa izifo ezithatheIana ngokocansi.lDl

3.6.1 Kuyini ukusoma?Ukusoma kusho ukulalana kwabathandanayo emathangeni ngenhlosoyokugwema izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi, ukugcina ubuntombinokukhulelisana okungenasidingo. Owesilisa uchamela emathangeniowesifazane. UNgubane (2002:2) ubeka ngokuthi kunohlangothioluthile owesifazane oyintombi abelala ngalo uma elele nesokalakhe. Intombi yayiphambanisa imilenze yayo, ukuvikelaukijkhulelwa. Kanjalo, nowesilisa wayenohlangothi alala ngalo umaelele nentombi yakhe. Vma sebelele, isoka laligcina emathangeningezansi kwesibaya somnurnzane. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kushoukumisela noma ukuzitshela emqondweni ukuthi owesilisa ulelenowesifazane, nowesifazane ulele nowesilisa, kuze kufike laphobejabulisana baze banelisane khona. Owesilisa nowesifazanebayajabulisana baze banelisane kodwa ngaphandle kokungenaesibayeni somnurnzane. Kanjalo, nowesilisa noma insizwayayiyalwa nzulu noma kabanzi ngezinye izinsizwa eziyizingqwelezayo ukuthi kufanele ilale kanjani nentombi yayo, ukuze ivikeleingozi yokuthi ikhulelise intombi yayo.Kwakulihlazo elesabekayo ukuthi owesifazane akhulelweengagcagcile. Kanjalo, nowesilisa wayejivazwa ukuthi ukhuleliseintombazane angagcagcile nayo. Owesilisa wayethathwanjengomuntu owayengaseslYo mSlzwa ephelele njengobanowesifazane wayengaseyiyo intombi ephelele. Isiko lokusomakwakuyindlela yokuvikela ukukhulelisana kwabantu abathandanayobengakagcagci. Leli siko lalaziwa kakhulu ekuvikeleni izifo102

ezithathelwana ngokocansi. Lalibuye livikele abantu abasebashabangabi budedengu futhi bangabi livanzi ekuziphatheni ngezindabazocansl. Laliphinde futhi lisize ekukhuthazeni nasekugqugquzeleniisimilo esihle ngasohlangothini lwabesilisa nabesifazanengokufanayo.Esikhathini sanamuhla lapho kubhidlange khona isifo sengculazi,kungayisu elihle ukuthi nalo leli siko libhekelwe ukuthi ngeke yinilagqugquzelwa ukuthi livuselelwe, ikakhulukazi kulabo abasukebehluleke ukulinda. Kungasiza kakhulu futhi kulabo ababonakalabengathandisisi ukusebenzisa amajazi okuzivikela.3.7 UkuyobisaUkuyobisa kwakuyisiko elihle kakhulu Kwazulu. Noma libukekasengathi selashabalala nje kodwa kuyathokozisa ukwazi ukuthikukhona amazulu asalilandelayo. Singeze sakulandula ukuthiezindaweni ezithile Kwazulu lisalandelwa kodwa lolu cwaningoaziziningi izindawo oluthole ukuthi lisalandelwa kuzo ngaphandlekwaseNtshongweni, indawo ephakathi kweTheku neMpumalanga(eHammarsdale). Enye indawo evunjululwe ucwaningo i-Clermont,okuyilokishi elibude buduze nePhayindane. Emibhalweniecutshunguliwe akuhlanganwanga naleli siko. Singekulandule ukuthikungenzeka ibe khona imibhalo echazayo ngalo kodwa lolucwaningo olwehlulekile ukuyithola. Ake sikuchaze ukuyobisa.103

3.7.1 Kuyini ukuyobisa?Ngenxa yokuthi imibhalo ibingakuvezi kahle lokhu ngabe sengixoxanoMnuzane Mjuda Zondi (2001) wakhona e-Clennont wawuchazakanjena umyobiso: Uma intombazane iqala ukuhlangana nomfanawesilisa ngokocansi, Iowa muntu wesilisa usuke eseyonile.Kwazibani kungenzeka nje ukuba isuke isikhulelwe. Ngesikhathiabazali bentombazane bethola ukuthi intombazane seyonakeleba~ayiphoqa ukuthi isho ukuthi ubani oyonile. Ingalikhipha nje izwilokuthi ubani owenze Iowa mkhuba, uyise walowo mfana noma lowoongumbheki wayo usezoyobiswa. Ngamanye amazwi ukhiphainkomo ebizwa ngokuthi umyobo. Ngamafushane nje le nkomoiyinhlawulo yokuthi Iowa muntu wesilisa useqede ubuntombi baleyontombazane, ayisagcwele kanti futhi namalobolo ngeke esaphelela.Lesi senzo sokuhlawula yisona esiyisibopho kulaba bantu ababiliabonene. Umphakathi usuke sewazi ukuthi leyo ntombazane isiqomekosibanibani. Ngokunjalo nomfana kusuke sekwaziwa ukuthiuthandwa kosibanibani. Ngamanye amazwi imindeni yomibili isukeisihlangene sekunobuhlobo phakathi kwayo.Uma intombazane nomfana sebewele kulesi silingo bayayalwangezindlela zokuziphatha, nangempilo yabo. Bayalwa ukubabangaqhubeki nokulalana ngoba lokho kungaveza ingozi. Badonswangendlebe ukuthi uma kwenzekile balala basome (ukusomakuchazwe ngenhla). Kume1e bakwenze lokhu kuze kufike isikhathilapho belobolana khona, beganana.104

Uma sihIaziya IeIi siko Iibukeka Iilihle kakhulu kulesi sikhathi Iaphokudlange khona igciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobolwayo. Sekulukhuni entsheni yakithi ukuzibamba kanti iningi layoliyabehlula abazali bayo. Uma umphakathi wehlulekile ekuhlolwenikwezintombi nezinsizwa, ungakhalela kuIeli siko njengesikhalisokulwa nalolu bhubhane. Uma abathandanayo sebaziwaumphakathi kungakhona ukuziqoqa noma labo abathandanayob~lale omunye komunye. Ngaleyo ndlela kungabe kuqiniswaesinye seziqubulo zokulwa nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulelangculazi nengculazi sokuthi abathandanayo abethembeke omunyekomunye. Lokhu kungaba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu,ikakhulukazi ngoba laba ababili bayafundiswa ngezocansi ngobabasuke sebephumele obala.Ngaleyo ndlela kubalulekile ukuthi leli siko ligqugquzelwe,ikakhulukazi kuleyo ntsha esuke isivele isiwele esonwelll,eseyehlulekile ukugcina ubuntombi bayo noma ubunsizwa bayo.3.8 IsiphethoKuIesi sahluko kuvelile ukuthi kubaluleke kangakananiukukhuthazwa nokuvuselelwa kwamasiko athile esintu, imikhosiyesintu nemikhutshana yesizwe. Sikubonile ukubaluleka komkhosikaNomkhubulwane, ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa. Kuvelilefuthi ukuthi kulesi sikhathi sanamuhla kukhulunywa ngokuhlolwakwezintombi kodwa kungakhulunywa lutho ngokuhlolwa kwabafana.lO5

Kuyathokozisa ukuthi lolu cwanmgo luyakuphawula Iokhu futhiIuyakukhuthaza ukuthi nendaba yabafana kumele ibhekwe.Ukubaluleka komkhosi womhIanga kuphawuliwe kulesi sahluko.Sibonakele isidingo sokukhuthazwa kwezintombi ukuhambela 10mkhosi ngenxa yeqhaza lawo ekugcineni izintombi zilondekile,ziyizintombi nto. Lokhu kukhomba iqhaza 10 mkhosi ongalibambaentsheni ekugwemeni ukusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi,ingculazi nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngokocansi.Ukukhula kwentombazane nomfana kuthintiwe nakho kulesi sahluko.Iqhaza okungalibamba ekulweni nezifo ezithathelana ngokocansi,ikakhulukazi ingculazi, lingaba phezulu uma kungenziwa njengobakwakwenziwa esikhathini sakudala. Kuvelile ukuthi ukukhulakuhambelana nokufundiswa ngezinga Iowa osuke ekhula esekulo.Ufundiswa ngokuziphatha nangomzimba wakhe. Umuntu osukeefundiswe kanjalo akubi JuJa ukuthi awele esonweni socansi.Uyakwazi ukugwema izimo zomhlaba eziningi. Lokhu kukhombangokusobala ukuthi kulesi sikhathi, lapho kudlange khona ingculazi,intsha ethola lezi ziyalo iningi layo iyaphepha.Imibono eyehlukene ngomemulo ikubeka ngokucace bha ukuthiindlela isiko lokwemulisa nokwemula eseliqhutshwa ngayoesikhathini samanje ayishayi emhlolweni. Sibonile ukuthi onjaningempela umuntu omulayo. Sabubona ubuthakathaka osebukhonakulo mcimbi. Sayibona neminye imicimbi esitike yalixova yaliqedaleli siko. Sakubona futhi nokubaluleka kwalo kule nkulungwane[06

yesibili yeminyaka. Sayibona futhi nenselelo esibhekene nayoukwenza ngcono ukuqhutshwa kwaleIi siko esikhathini esiphila kuso,ikakhulukazi njengoba nohulumeni esibona isidingo sokuthi kumelezibuye emasisweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele, uma sivumelana,sisukume, sibhunkule, sizibambe ziqine ukuze izingane zethuzingasifeli ngamathe zithi sasilengise amajazi amnyama, aluhlazanabomvu ubala nje, asibantu balutho ngoba sayekelela isizwesakhalakatheIa eweni sibhekile.Ukusoma kuyavela ukuthi ukukhuthazwa kwakho kungabanomphumela omuhle entsheni esuke seyehlulekile ukuzibamba,yalingeka, yaweIa esonweni socansi. Uma kungakhuthazwakuyacaca ukuthi ikhona ingxenye yentsha engahlengeka kulolubhubhane olusakazeke nezwe lonke.Ukuyobisa kuvela njengenqubo enhle kakhulu ekukhuthazeniasebewele esonweni socansi ukuba bayilandele. Njengabantuabasuke sebaziwa emphakathini ukuthi bayathandana, lokhokungadala ukwethembana phakathi kwabo. Ngaleyo ndlelaamathuba ezifo ezifana nengculazi angagwemeka.107

ISAHLUKO SESINE4.0 IQHAZA LAMABANDLA EHLUKENE EKULWENINOKUSABALALA KWEGCIWANE LESANDULELANGCULAZI ENTSHENI ENGAMALUNGU EBANDLA4.1 IsingenisoInkolo yobuKhristu yafika ezweni lase-Afrika nezinguquko eziningikubantu abaMnyama. Abantu abaMnyama babemazi uMvelinqangifuthi bemhlonipha. Babenenkolelo yokuthi abangasekho sebeseduzenaye, ngakho uma becela kubo ukuthi babacelele izinhlanhla, babaziukuthi lokho kuzokwenzeka noma yikanjani. Kuthe kamuvaeminyakeni yowe-1835 kwafika le nkolo yobuKhristu. Ithe umaifika labo ababekhishwe ukuba bazoyiqhuba bakuhumusha kabiokwesintu, kwagcina sekuthatheka sengathi uma wenza khona wenzaicala elibi kabi. Kancane kancane yaguquka imiqondo yabantu base­Afrika bagcina sebebona okokufika njengento elungile nefaneleukwenziwa. Lokhu kuthuntubezeka komqondo kwaqhubeka njaloizizukulwane ngezizukulwane kuze kube yimanje. Uma umuntuehlaba imbuzi yakhe ernzini wakhe abanye bakuhumusha lokhonjengento engenakho ukulunga. Abanye impela baze basho ukuthiabayidli bona inyama yamadlozi futhi abazihlanganisi nemicimbiehlobene nalokho. Emabandleni athile uthola kushunyayelwangamadlozi, ebekwa njengento embi. Baze bakubeke ukuthikukhona abakhonza amadlozi. OkLlye kube kubi ukuthi usukeengekho ozabaqondisa ngokuthi akukhonzwa wona amadlozi kodwa108

kusuke kunxuswa kulabo abangasekhosebeseduze noMdali, basicelele izinhlanhla.ngempepho, ngomancishana nangenyama.ukuthi ngoba bonaKuxhunyanwa naboNgaleyo ndlela-ke kuyacaca ukuthi inkolo aYlllgenanga kahlekubantu abaMnyama. Yasuke yahumusheka ngokuthi ithi umuntuakalahle okwakhe anamathele kokwabezizwe, kanti akunjalo.Nakuba kunjalo, kodwa kuyathokozisa ukwazi ukuthi kulesi sikhathisamanje amabandla amaningi aseyakubona lokhu kuthuntubezwakomqondo womuntu oMnyama. Lokhu akugcini nje emabandleniayaziwa ngokuthi awabantu abaMnyama kodwa sekusabalelenakulawo ayethathwa ngokuthi awaseNtshonalanga. Atholakalaesemshikashikeni wokuvuselela ubuntu, ukuziphatha entsheniengamalungu awo, ukuhlolwa kwezintombi, njengesikhali sokulwanokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi.Okuthokozisa kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi ngisho lawo mabandla adumengokungalandeli izinto ezingamasiko esintu kodwa kuneqhazaelibonakalayo alibambile ekukhuliseni intsha ngezindlelazokuziphatha nokuyixwayisa ngesifo sengculazi, igciwane laso, besekusho khona-ke ukuthi abantu sebawona umhlaba.Kulesi sahluko kuzobhekwa iqhaza lamabandla ehlukene ekulweninokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi entsheniengamalungu ebandla kanye naleyo engesiwo amalungu. Amabandlaazothintwa yilawa: i-New Reformed Presbyterian Church in South109

Africa, i-Faith Mission, ibandla lamaLuthela, lamaRomanaKhatholika , ibandla IamaNazaretha kanye nebandla I-Seventh DayAdventist.4.2 Amabandla ngokwehlukana kwawo4.2.1 New Reformed Presbyterian Church in South AfricaIbandla i-Presbyterian kulezi zinsuku Iigqame ngokukhuthazanokugqugquzela amasiko esintu. Lithi londla abazalwanengokomphefumulo, libe Iingakulibele ukuthi umuntu omnyamaunamasiko akhe okumele awagcine. Lithi umuntu onsundukunezinto ongeke wamehlukanisa nazo, eziwukuphila kwakhe,eziyinsila yakhe futhi eziyinsika yakhe. Lokhu lize likukhombisengokuthi uma kunezingqungquthela zonyaka, kubuthene ankeamagatsha, kuhlatshwe izinkomo kubongwa izinhlanhlakwabangasekho. Alikulibali ukuya emalibeni nama entabeningesikhathi sePhasika liyakhulekela abangasekho licele nezinhlanhla.Ngithe ake ngivakashele omunye wezinsika zaleli bandla uLennaNgubane (2001), osendaweni yase-Auckland, eThekwini.Ngesikhathi ngifakana naye umlomo mayelana neqhaza elibanjweyibandla entsheni ekuzithibeni kwezacansi, njengoba kudlangekangaka isifo sengculazi, wangilandisa ngokuthi ngonyaka we-\97\ibandla lathatha isinyathelo sokuthi libe nezigaba ezintathuezazizobhekela imikhakha ethile yempilo. Lezo zigaba nomaizinhlangano kwaba uManyano (okuyinhlangano yomama), kwaba110

uDodana (okuyinhlangano yobaba namadodana) nenhlanganoyezintombi.Inhlangano ngayinye inomthethosisekelo oyilawulayo nornholi wayo.Owesifazane ohola omama nohola izintombi babizwa ngokuthiogosa. Yena ungurnholi womama. Izinjongo zoManyano yilezi:• Ukukhuthaza impilo yomoya wobuntu;• Ukukhuthaza ukunikezela impilo kuJesu Khristu;• Ukwandisa ulwazi ngobuKhristu kwabangakholwayo,ikakhulukazi amakhosikazi nabantwana;• Ukwalusa nokunakekela abantwana, intsha, abagugilenabakhathazekile;• Ukubulala amasiko obuhedeni, njengokuphuza nokubhema;• Ukusiza eminikelweni yebandla, kusizwe inhlanganonezinkundla ezisiza ukwandisa ibandla.Kulezi zinjongo eyangihlaba umxhwele yileyo yokwalusanokunakekela abantwana, intsha, abagugile nabakhathazekile.Isikhathi sanamuhla lapho kwande khona izifo nobudlwembekubantu. Kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukunakekelwa kwezingane.4.2.1.1 Kuba nezingqungquthela njalo ngonyakaNjalo ngonyaka kuba nezingqungquthela. eyoManyana iba yodwa.eyezintombi ibe yodwa neyobaba ibe yodwa. Emva kwaleziIII

zingqungquthela kuba neyodwa ehlanganise zonke lezi zinhlanganoebizwa ngokuthi uNatali. Isuke isihlanganise onke amagatshaebandla izindawo ngezindawo.Engqungqutheleni yomama kusuke kushukwa izindaba eZiphathelenenamakhaya abo, ukuhlalisana kahle nemindeni, ukuhloniphaabakhwenyana nomakhelwane, ukuziphatha ngesizothanangokulunga nokusebenzela ibandla ngokweqiniso nangokuzinikela.Engqungqutheleni yoDodana kusuke kudingidwa izindaba zobababese kuba ezabafana. Njengoba kunezigaba zokukhula ezimbili njekule nhlangano, obaba banomholi wabo bese kuthi abafana babenowabo futhi ngokunjalo. Kuzo zozimbili lezi zinhla kukhulunywangokuziphatha. Obaba bayakhunjuzwa ukuthi kumele bayiphathekanjani imizi yabo, amakhosikazi nabantwana. Ukuhamba kukababawekhaya, njengendoda eganiwe, kuyagcizelelwa.Nomholi wentsha engabafana naye akazibeki phansi. Ukuziphathakomuntu ongumfana osemncane kuyagcizelelwa. Umfana ongakafikiezingeni lokukhula elithile akalokothi athandane nentombazane.Ayisaphathwa eyokuthi alale nalowo muntu wesifazane. Umaesefike ezingeni lokuthi usengaganwa uyalwa ukuba ethembiseebandleni, futhi akukho okuyokwenziwa ngaphambi kokuthi bashade.Amazwi lana akhishwa umholi wentsha.Izintombi nazo zinegosa lazo. Umsebenzi walo ukuqapha ukuhambanokwenza kwezintombi.Kungumsebenzi walo ukunika izeluleko112

neziyalo ezintombini. Ziyalwa ngokuziphatha, zitshelwe konkeokuphathelene nemizimba yazo. Iphuzu lokungaqomi isikhathisingakafiki ligcizelelwa kakhulu ezintombini. Izintombi ziyalwaukuba zethembise uma isikhathi sesifikile. Eyamakhondomuayikhuthazwa nangengozl. Okungenani kuze kukhulunyweeyokuhlolwa kwezintombi. Ziyakhuthazwa ukuthi zihambeleizikhungo lapho kuhlolwa khona izintombi.4.2.1.2 Okwenziwa yibandla ukulwa nokusabalala kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi.Njengoba sekwande isifo sengculazi nJe, umama uNgubane uthiabayiphathi ngisho ukuyiphatha eyokusetshenziswakwamakhondomu. Into abayikhuthazayo ukungaqali ngisho ukuqalauma umuntu omusha engakaqali ukuya ocanSlTI1. Intshaengamantombazane ikhuthazwa ukuhambela izikhungo zokuhlolwakwezintombi. Uma kwenzekile umuntu walingeka, kuyekukhuthazwe ukuthi aziqoqe ukuze agweme izifo ezithathelanangokocansi nokukhulelwa kungakafaneli. Okuthokozisayo ukuthikule ndawo yangakubo iningi lezintombi ziyahlolwa kanti futhi lokhozikwenza ngokuzithandela.4.2.2 Faith MissionIbandla i-Faith Mission laziwa njengebandla elingakukhuthaziukulandelwa kwamasiko athile esintu. Ukuhlaba ngenjongoyokuhlabela abangasekho, ukufaka isiphandla nokuhamba113

abathandazi nezmyanga, yizinto ezingakhuthazwa kuleli bandla.Noma kunjalo kukhona okuhle okwenziwa yibandlangasohlangothini lokufundiswa kwentsha ngokuziphathanangamazinga okukhula. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokulandela uhlelooluthile. UMakhosazana Mkhwanazi (2002) ubeka ngokuthi ibandlalinezinhlangano ezintathu. Kukhona inhlangano yobaba, yezinsizwaneyobaba abashonelwe.Inhlangano yezinsizwa ikhuthaza ukuthi ziziphathe kahle, zingalalinamantombazane, zingaphuzi, zingebi kodwa zizigcine zihlanzekileebusheni bazo. Ziyalwa ukuba zifunde iBhayibheli, zibhekeizincwadi eziyaJayo ngokuziphatha kahle. Zigqugquzelwa kakhuluukuba zifunde izaga I kanye nezinye izincwadi ezifundisayo.Nobaba abadala bayabayala abafana ukuthi baziphathe kanjani.Ngamafushane ibandla limi ekuthini abasha bonke abazigcinebehlanzekile ngobusha babo. Intombazane esencane ichazelweukuthi ekuhlaleni kwayo kukhona isimo sokuba kwelinye izingalokuba ithombe, lokho okusho ezinye izimpawu zokukhula futhiyilapho izinto zonakala khona. Kwenzeka izinto engazejwayeleempilweni yayo yonke.Lezo zimpawu zokuthomba zisho ukuthi uma nje lowo angase alalenomfana, nakanjani isisu siyahlala ngoba lelo qanda elisukelihlangana nelomfana lidala ingane, atshelwe nokuthi ukukhulelwaakufundelwa kodwa kuyenziwa nomfana. Naye umfana kudingaayalwe ngokweqiniso lonke, ayalwe ukuthi kuyini ukuwela izibukoll-l

nanokuthi kufanele aziphathe kanjani ukugcina ubunsizwa bakhe,ahlale eyinsizwa ehlanzekile, ezokhula ibe yindoda eqotho.Esikhathini esidala babehlonishwa, beyihlonipha imizimba yabonempilo yayehlukile, ihlazo lesatshwa.Nasebandleni bakhona omama abadala abanye ababengabahlengikaziababasizayo abasha ukuba bazigcine ubuntombi nobunsizwa babobuhlanzekile. Kodwa kusala ekutheni abekho abahlolayo,njengasekuqaleni ngokwesiko lesiZulu. Kwakuba nezikhathizokuhlolwa kwezintombi kanti manje sebegcina ngokuziyala ukubaziziphathe kahle. Ikhondomu alikhuthazwa. Khona kuyatuswakakhulu ukuthi isiko lokuhlolwa kwezintombi lalilihle kakhulu.4.2.2.1 Iqhaza lebandla ekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulelangculazi.lbandla liba nezinhlelo elizenzayo, libe nemihlangano nabasha,kubizwe isikhulumi esizochaza ukuthi liyini igciwane lesandulelangculazi nengculazi. Bayabachazela abasha ukuthi lesi sifosiyabulala nanokuthi sisabalala kalula kangakanani. Abasha nabobaba nemibuzo abayibuzayo, leso sikhulumi siyiphendule. Abavameukuba zikhulumi kuba abahlengikazi noma abezenhlalakahle.Umbono kaMakhosazana ngesisombululo kwingculazi, "Ngowamiumbono ngibona kungakuhle kuhlangane bonke osolwazi bamasikoehlukene esintu nabezinhlelo eZiphathelene nokuziphatha kahle115

komuntu omusha bahlangane bacobelelane ngolwazi ukuze baphumenekhambi ukunqanda lolu bhubhane".4.2.3 Ibandla lamaLuthelaOkuphawulekayo ngebandla lamaLuthela ukuthi akukhookungakanani elikwenzayo ukukhuthaza amasiko esintu.Liyakuvuma ukuthi akhona nokho amasiko ibandla elingaxabaninawo. Lokhu kuphawulwa u-Emest Mdletshe (2002) waleli bandla.Uqhuba uthi ibandla linazo izinhlelo lapho kukhuthazwa khonaimpilo ehlanzekile kumalungu aleli bandla nasentsheni. Lokhukugqama kahle emisebenzini yezinhlangano ezikhona kuleli bandla.Ubalula lezi zinhlangano ezilandelayo: inhlangano yobaba. Injongoyayo ukukhuthaza ubuqotho nempilo ehlanzekile. Eyomama,umsebenzi wayo ngaphezu kokunakekela ubuqotho, iqwashisangamalungelo abesifazane. Eyabasha, igcizelela kakhuluukuziphatha nokuzigcina komuntu omusha. Ngaphandlekwezinhlangano zebandla, ngokukaMdletshe, kukhonanamakhomishani afana nebheke igciwane Iesandulela ngculazinengculazi uqobo lwayo.4.2.3.1 Iqhaza lebandla ekuhveni nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulelangculazi.UMdletshe ubeka ngokuthi ibandla Iigxile kakhulu ekufundiseniabefundisi befundiswa ngokweluleka. Kunamakomidi emazingenionke aqondene nalo mkhakha. Bonke abanethuba lokushumayela116

akhuthazwa ukuba baluthinte lolu hlamvu umuntuintshumayelo. Uyakubeka ukuthi ibandlaukusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu.engakayigoqialikukhuthaziUmbono kaMnumzane Mdletshe ngesisombululo kwingculazi,"Ibandla liyazi ukuthi liphila nezombangazwe, futhi ngokwezibalomaningi amalungu aleli bandla angamalungu ePhalamende, futhikuwo wonke amaqembu. Abasha benzelwa imihlanganoyokubonisana (workshops) bathamele nemmye imihlanganoeyenziwa kwamanye amazwe".4.2.4 Ibandla lamaRoma aKhatholikaIPHEPHA LEMIBUZO(1) Igama nesibongo(2) Indawo(3) Igama lebandlaGabela MD.KwaDlangezwaSacred Heart Catholic Church(4) Limi kuphi ibandla ekuzahveni kabusha kwe-Afrika?(unganikeza umlando omfushane ngosekwenziwe yibandlaukuhlangabezana nalesi siqubulo, njengokuthi nje ibandlaseliyakubhekela ukunakekelwa kwamasiko esintu ayekadeenganakiwe ngesikhathi esedlule):Ibandla lalibona iphutha lalo lokuhlakaza amasiko abantu, izinkolelozabo nomnyombo wempilo yabo.Njengamanje kwenziwa konke117

okusemandleni ukuzama ukubuyisana phakathi kwenkoloyobuKhristu nesikompilo lakobantu (enculturation process)izibonelo: uPapa etike lapha wemukelwa ngokwesintu; kunohleloolumiyo lokubuyisana; isigqi samaculo sinobu-Afrika; kunemicimbiebusiswayo yabantu ebandleni, izibonelo: ukwemula, ukukhumbulaabangasekho, ukudumisa oSanti base-Afrika. Ungazibonela naweemaculweni noma ezincwadini zamaculo zebandla.(5) Izinhlangano ezikhona ebandleni (njengokuthikunenhlangano yobaba, njll.)Onke amalungu anohle1o/uhlaka ahlele1we lona.imihlangano yobaba; yomama; kasontosikole;abasebasha; yezintombi; izinhlangano ezmcanenekomidi lokwalusa ibandla.Kukhonayabaganenezamakholwa(6) Izinjongo zenhlangano ngayinye (njengokuthi nje ikhuthazaukuziphatha entsheni bese uyachaza ukuthi kanjani nomaikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwezamasiko)Zonke lezi zinhlangano zimiselwe ukubhekela izidingo zamalungaazo zonke; ezomphefumulo, umoya, inyama, nobudlelwane obuhle.Kanjalo nokusimamisa ibandla nokwakha imindeni yamakholwaeSlmeme. Zonke lezi zinhlangano zakhelwe esisekelweni sokuthiikholwa nekholwa linemvelaphi yalo efanele ukusekelwangokobukholwa bayo bobuKhristu, nangokwesintu, inqobo umalokhu kokubili kungashayisani.118

(7) Iqhaza lebandla ekulweni negciwane lesandulela ngculazinengculazi (lapha ukufaka izinhlelo ibandla elinazo zokulwanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, ikakhulukazi entsheni)Sinezinhlangano zabasha kuwowonke amazinga ebandla (kwi-Parish,Diocese ne National level), bayaqwashiswa ngalolu bhubhane.Bayelulekwa, kubizwe izikhulumi, ngisho nalabo elibaphetheigciwane Ieli bayafika bezokhuluma nentsha. Ibandla ezingenileSifundabhishobhi linekomidi elibhekene nalesi sihloko. Kanjalokunezizinda lapho begcinwa noma belashwa khona laboesebeguliswa yilesi sifo, izibonelo: ngaseHoly crosslMatigulu.Kanjalo nakuzwelonke.Empeleni leli bandla liyaziwa ngokuba elinye lezingqalabuthoekunakekeleni izidingo zemiphakathi njengemfundo, izibhedleIa.(8) Nokunye ongafisa ukukubekaAmaSacramente ayisikhombisa ebandla anobudlelwane obukhulunarnasikompilo akobantu, izibonelo:a) Umbhabhadiso- imbeleko, ukubikwa kwabaphansi.b) Umqiniso - nakobantu iyaqiniswa ingane, inikwe imishanguzothize, igcatshwe, yeqiswe imililo kube njeya, isokwe, ikhuliswe.c) ISacramente eliyingcwele ewe laselatini ukufakwaezithembeni ngokwezingalakho.119

d) Impenduko - inhlambuluko, ukuya esigcawini kuyothethwa icalanokukhuma umlotha.e) Umgcobo wabagulayo - ukuncamisa umuntu ogulayo umaehlatshelwa isilwane ukuze adle isidindi aphathe nomphakowendlela azoyihamba eseyohlangabezana noyisemkhulu.1) UbuPristi - ukukhetha ibizelo/umsebenzi ozovelela kuwona,ukubekwa uma llZoba yinkosi, ukuphothulwa uma uzobayinyanga, ukunikezwa izikhwama zokwelapha ozomelamakulowo msebenzi, ukubuthwa, etc.g) Umshado - akudingi ncazelo lokhu.4.2.5 Nazareth Baptist ChurchIPHEPHA LEMIBUZOCl) Igama nesibongo(2) Indawo(3) Igama lebandla: Thembinkosi Patrick Mkhwanazi: KwaDlangezwa:Nazareth Baptist Church(4) Limi kuphi ibandla ekuzalweni kabusha kwe-Afrika?(unganikeza umlando omfushane ngosekwenziwe yibandlaukuhlangabezana nalesi siqubulo, njengokuthi nje ibandlaseliyakubhekela ukunakekelwa kwamasiko esintu ayekadeenganakiwe ngesikhathi esedlule):Ibandla lamaNazaretha lihlose izwe lase-Afrika lilondoloze amasikokanye nesithunzi sabantu, kanye nezwi labantu ukuba likhiphe120

ikhambi, ukuthi izinto zonke mazenziwe enkolweni kodwa sigcineamasiko, ukuze silwe nobululwane obuhlakaza isizwe sonke.(5) Izinhlangano ezikhona ebandleni (njengokuthikunenhlangano yobaba, njll.lzinhlangano zebandla kukhona omama baka Fotini, laphobekhumbuzana ngokuqina komthetho ekhaya ngobuntu, kanyenababa bona bakhumbuzana ngokuthi uthini uJehova, nenhlonipho.(6) Izinjongo zenhlangano ngayinye (njengokutbi nje ikhutbazaukuziphatha entsheni bese uyachaza ukuthi kanjani nomaikhuthaza ukuvuselehva kwezamasiko)lzinjongo zenhlangano yobaba ikhuthaza ukuziphatha kwabafananokuhlonipha isiko lenkolo, yona ehlose ukwelapha isintu. Ibuyeigcizelele ngokuthi uma ungumfana noma uwubaba kumele ungafisiukunukubeza urnzimba wakho. Ubaba uMholi webandla iNkosiuShembe igcizelela ukuthi wonke amaNazaretha nezinhlangano zawo,mawabe munye kuMvelinqangi.(7) Iqhaza lebandla ekulweni negciwane lesandulela ngculazinengculazi(lapha ukufaka izinhlelo ibandla elinazo zokulwanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi, ikakhulukazientsheni)121

Ibandla lamaNazaretha, njengokwenjwayelo, linamantombazaneahlolwayo ukugcina ubuntombi bawo. Uhulumeni UXOXlsananezikhulu zebandla ukuba bagqugquzele ukuziphatha kwentsha.Ngo-Oktoba ebuhleni eThempelini kwafika uDokotela Zweli Mkhizewancoma.(8) Nokunye ongafisa ukukubekaMina nJengomunye oyisakhamuzi salapha eNingizimu Afrika,ngincoma kakhulu le nqubo yocwaningo lwezenhlalakahle, nokubasilandele umthetho kaMvelinqangi, kanye nemithetho yethunjengesizwe samaciko, okufanele sicikoze emabandleni ukuzekuthukululwe isizwe ezisingeni.4.2.6 Seventh Day Adventist ChurchIPHEPHA LEMIBUZO(1) Igama nesibongo : Zibani A.N.(2) Indawo : Esikhawini(3) Igama lebandla : Seventh Day Adventist Church(4) Limi kuphi ibandla ekuzalweni kabusha kwe-Afrika?(unganikeza umlando omfushane ngosekwenziwe yibandlaukuhlangabezana nalesi siqubulo, njengokuthi nje ibandlaseliyakubhekela ukunakekelwa kwamasiko esintu ayekadeenganakiwe ngesikhathi esedlule):122

Ibandla likhuluma ngokuzalwa kabusha ngokwenkolo yobuKhristu,umuntu abe yisidalwa esisha. Konke okudala kwedlule bese umuntuelungisa inkambo yakhe. Umuntu ufundiswa ukukwazi ukuzinakaimpilo yakhe (one lives once and then dies. It is important to mindhow do you live your life- Motto for the church).(5) Izinhlangano ezikhona ebandleni (njengokuthikunenhlangano yobaba, njll.• Home and Family Life (Eyezamakhaya);• Adventist Youth conerstone (ezolusha);• HIY/AIDS co-ordinator.(6) Izinjongo zenhlangano ngayinye (njengokuthi nje ikhuthazaukuziphatha entsheni bese uyachaza ukuthi kanjani nomaikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwezamasiko)Ezamakhaya zivuselela ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi komndeni(Communication and family welfare). Ezolusha zididiyela zonkeizinhlelo zokuziphatha komuntu omusha ekhula kuze ukuba utholanaye ithuba lokufinyelela ebudaleni (adulthood and itsresponsibilities).(7) Iqhaza lebandla ekulweni negciwane lesandulela ngculazinengculazi (lapha ukufaka· izinhlelo ibandla elinazozokulwa negciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi,ikakhulukazi entsheni)

Ibandla liyisiza intsha ngokuthi lisebenzise abantu abasebandleniabaqeqeshiwe emikhakheni yezempilo njengodokotela namanesi.Laba bahlela izinhlelo zokumema abanye abagogodile nomabengekho ebandleni lama-Advebtist ukuba beze bezofundisa ulushangalesi sifo nezinye (Health Professionals are invited to address theyouth)(8) Okunye ongafisa ukukubekaKunenhlangano yamaVulandlela (Pathfinders) efundisa ulushangokuziphatha nokukhula komuntu ukuze abe yisakhamuzi esihle.Ibandla ligcina kakhulu ukuziphatha kahle kunokusebenzisa ijazi.Umzimba uyithempeli likaMoya oyingcwele.4.3 IsiphethoOkuphawulekayo kulesi sahluko yilokho kokuthi inkolo yobuKhristuyafika ezwem lase-Afrika nezinguquko eziningi kubantuabamnyama. Abantu abamnyama babemazi uMvelinqangi futhibemhlonipha. Kuthe kamuva eminyakeni yowe-1835 kwafika lenkolo yobuKhristu. Ithe uma ifika labo ababekhishwe ukubabazoyiqhuba bakuhumusha kabi okwesintu, kwagcina sekuthathekasengathi uma umuntu enza khona wenza icala elibi kabi. Kancanekancane yaguquka imiqondo yabantu base-Afrika bagcina sebebonaokokufika njengento elungile nefanele ukulandelwa. Lokhu124

kuthuntubezeka komqondo kwaqhubeka njalo izizukulwanengezizukulwane kuze kube yimanjeNakuba kunjalo, kuyavela ukuthi kulesi sikhathi samanje amabandlaamaningi aseyakubona lokhu kuthuntubezwa komqondo womuntuomnyama. Okuthokozisayo ukuthi lokhu akugcini nje emabandleniayaziwa ngokuthi awabantu abamnyama kodwa sekusabalelenakulawo ayethathwa ngokuthi awaseNtshonalanga. Atholakalaesemshikashikeni wokuvuselela ubuntu, ukuziphatha entsheniengamalungu awo, ukuhlolwa kwezintombi, njengesikhali sokulwanokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi.Okunye okuvelayo futhi okuthokozisa kakhulu ukuthola ukuthingisho lawo mabandla adume ngokungalandeli izinto ezingamasikoesintu kodwa kuneqhaza elibonakalayo alibambile ekukhuliseniintsha ngezindlela zokuziphatha nokuyixwayisa ngesifo sengculazi,igciwane laso, nokuziphatha ngenhlanzeko.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amabandla amaningi anezinhlelo azihlelileeziphathelene nokuvuselela amasiko esintu, ukunakekela intshanokuyikhuthaza ngezindlela zokuziphatha, ukuyifundisanangokuyixwayisa ngesifo sengculazi nezinye ezihlobene naso.Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ibandla lamaNazaretha kuphelaelizibophezele enqubeni yesin,tu, kanti cha namanye amabandlaasengene shi kulo mshikashika wokubheka ezamasiko nenquboyesintu ekukhulisweni kwentsha. Singalinganisa ngamabandla afanano-Faith Mission, elingakukhuthazi ukuhlaba, ukuhamba abathandazi125

nezmyanga, kodwa elingene shi emshikashikeni wokukhuthazaintsha ukuba ihlale ihlanzekile ebusheni bayo. Kuyavela ukuthi lelibandla liyayifundisa intsha esencane ngamazmga okukhula,ukuthomba nanokuthi iyiphi ingozi umuntu awela kuyo umaengaziphethe kahle esekuleli zinga, nomfana naye uyayalwangokweqa iziko nokuhambisana nakho.Singalinganisa futhi ngebandla lamaKhatholika ukuthi nalo kuyavelaukuthi lingene shi emshadweni lapho kushadiswa khona amasikonamaSakhramente ayisikhombisa. Lokhu kuwuphawu olukhuluolukhombisa ukuzimbandakanya kwebandla kwezamasiko.Mayelana neqhaza lamabandla ekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi, okuphawulekayo ukuthi onke amabandlaathintwe yilolu cwanmgo akhombisa ngokusobala ukubasemshikashikeni wokulwa nalesi sifo. Kunezinhlelo ezikhonaezibhekele lesi simo. I-Presbyterian kuvela ukuthi ikuncoma kakhuluukuhlolwa kwezintombi, i-Faith Mission, nakuba ingasho luthongokuhlolwa kwezintombi, kodwa liyakukhuthaza ukufundiswakwentsha ngokuziphatha nangamazinga okukhula. Kuvela ukuthingezikhathi ezithile kuba nezinhlelo lapho kumenywa khonaizikhulumi ukuze zizochazela intsha ngalesi sifo.Okunye okuveiayo ukuthi amanye amabandla agxila ekufundiseniabefundisi ngokukhanselisa. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu kulabo abasukesebethole ukuthi sebenalo leli gciwane. Singalinganisa ngebandlalaseLuthela.126

Ibandla lamaKhatholika kuvela ukuthi aligcini nje ngokuqwashisaintsha ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, kodwa kuze kubizwe ngishoizikhulumi nalabo eselibaphethe igciwane bazokhuluma nentsha.Ibandla leli sekuvele nokuthi selinezizinda lapho kugcinwa khonaasebeguliswa yingculazi. Kulezi zizinda bayelashwa baphindebondliwe ngokomoya.Ibandla lamaNazaretha, ngaphandle nje kokugcizelela ukuziphathaentsheni nokuhlolwa kwezintombi, kuvela ukuthi lisemshikashikeniwokuxoxisana nezikhulu zikahulumeni ngezindlela ezingenziwaukuxwayisa intsha ngalesi sifo. Sekuyinto ejwayelekile ukubonaabaholi abaphezulu bezombusazwe behlanganyele nebandlalakwaShembe. Lokhu kuyinkomba yokuthi uhulumeni kukhonaimizamo ayenzayo ukuxhumana namabandla ekulweni nalesi sifo.Okunye okuphawulekayo ukuthi amanye amabandla anabaholibomphakathi abafana nodokotela, amanesi nabezenhlalakahleabakhona emabandleni. Kuvela ukuthi babambe iqhaza elikhulukakhulu ekuqwashiseni intsha ngaleli gciwane. Bayakhanselishauma kukhona asebeguliswa noma eselibangene leli gciwane. Lokhukubukeka kuyinto enhle kakhulu eyenziwa amabandla ehlukene.127

ISAHLUKO SESIHLANU5.0 ISIHLAZIYO NEZINCOMO KANYE NESIPHETHO5.1 Isihlaziyo socwaningo nezincomoVma sihlehla sibheka eminyakeni yowe-1981, okuyiminyakaokunenkolelo yokuthi isifo sengculazi saqala ngayo, kuyacaca ukuthikunokuba sidambe lesi sifo slya ngokuya sidlondlobala.Ekuhlaziyeni kwethu kulesi sahluko sizoqala ngokwakha isithombeesisha ngesimo sokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazinengculazi uqobo lwayo. Sizobeka izilinganiso zezibalo zakamuvanjengalokhu zikhishwe abe-UNAIDS (United Nations Program onHIV/AlDS) bebambisene nabe WHO (World Health Organisation),kuZibandlela, we-2001. Isizathu sokweneka lesi sithombe ukuthi,njengoba isifo singanqandeki nje, siyanda isibalo sabantu abaphilanaleli gciwane, elibahaqayo nsuku zonke nabafayo. Ngaleyo ndlelakeizibalo lolu cwaningo obeluhamba ngazo sezishintshile.Sizokweneka izilinganiso zezibalo zomhlaba wonke jikelele, sitholeisamba bese seneka ezaseNingizimu Afrika.Izibalo zomhlaba wonke jikelele zonyaka we-2001.IZWEI ASADALA NABANCANE I ELlSANDAI ASAPHILA I KUBANGENA, 1ESEUBASU·LELE! NEGCIWANE ' _____---'--- ---.J128

Latin AmericaEast Asia ne PacificI LESANDULELAi NGCULAZI (HIV)Isigidimillion)esi..1.4Isigidi (1 million)(1.4 130000 80000270000 I 35000North Africa ne Middle 440 00080000 ! 30000EastCarribean, 42000060000 30000Eastern Europe ne Isigidi (1 million), 250000 23000Central AsiaNorth Americ:aWestern Europe, 940 000i 560000Australia ne New i 15000!I ZealandI Sub-Saharan Africa lzigidi ezingama-28.1!,i 45 000 i 20000i 30000 6800I500 120Izigidi ezi·3.4lzigidi ezi~2.3(28.1 million) (3.4 million) (2.3 million)Uma sezihlangene lezi zilinganiso umhlaba wonke zimi kanje:• Abantu abadala nabancane abaphila negCl\Vane lesandulelangculazi: izigidi ezingama-.+O• Eselibahlasele: izigidi ezinhlanu• Eseledlule nabo emhlabeni: izigidi ezintathu1.+0 million)(5 million)(3 million). ~Lezi ezilandelavo ezase1\ingizimu Afrika ezikhombaukwenvuka.kwezinga legciwane lesandulela ngculazi unvaka nom'aka.'-' '-' .......~.rf1~aka n-. £. :\. Free KZ:\ "puma· '\. Pro,,'i- Gau. :"orthCape Cape Cape Stare hin!!:! nee teng \\ est1996 3.1 8.1 6.5 17.5 19.9 15.8 7.9 15.5 25.11997 6.3 12.6 8.6 19.6 26.9 22.6 8.2 17.1 18.1'998 5.2 15.9 9.9 22.8 32.5 30.0 11.5 ._--22.5 21.31999 7.1 18.0 10.1 27.9 32.5 27.3 11.4 23.9 23.0zoo0 8.7 20.2 11.1 27.9 36.2 29.7 13.2 29.3 22.91:9

Uma sihlaziya Iezi zibalo ezingenhla kuyacaca ukuthi umhlabawonke ukhungathekile ukusabalala kwaleli gciwane. Abantuababalelwa ezigidini ezingamashumi amane akusona isibalo esincaneleso. Kwazona izigidi ezintathu zabantu asebefile, ngenxa yesifosengculazi, azizincane.Okuhlasimulisa urnzimba ukubona isibalo sabantu abanegciwanelesandulela ngculazi esibabazekayo emazweni ase-Afrika. Izigidiezibalelwa emashumini amabili nesishiyagalombili ziyethusa.Okushaqisa kakhulu, uma sibheka ngokwezifundazwe zaseNingizimuAfrika, ukubona izibalo ezikhula unyaka nonyaka zabantuabanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi. Ezifundazweni eziningikunokuthi lidambe izinga laleli gciwane, liyakhula. IKwaZulu-NataliJDe iyodwa, ekupheleni konyaka we-lOO I, izibalo zikhomba ukuthiizinga lokwenyuka kwabantu asebenegciwane lesandulela ngculaziselikhule laze layofika kumaphesenti angama-36.l. UcwaningoluvumbuluJe ukuthi intsha ehlaselwa kakhulu yileli gciwane yileyoeseminyakeni esukela kweyi-14 kuya kwengama-24. Kamuva njeabezindaba zoMsakazo uKhozi (28/0112002: 21:00) baveza ukuthieminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, kusukela ngalesi sikhathi (200 I),babalelwa ezigidini ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu (65million) abantu abayobe sebefiJe uma kungenziwa ImlzamoenempumeleJo. Akusona isibalo esincane lesi.Kuyacaca ukuthi yonke imizamo eseyenZlwe kuze kube manJeayikhombisi bungcono ekulweni nalesi siro. Bheka ngoba130

eminyakeni engamashumi amabili eyedlule ochwepheshekwezokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali namakhambi bebelokhu bezamaukuthola ikhambi kodwa kuze kube yimanje alikatholakali.Kuyavela futhi nokuthi abelaphi bendabuko nabo bazenzile izabakodwa babuya belambatha. Ikhambi elivikela ukungena kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi kumntwana, kuyavela ukuthi asikabi bikhoisiqiniseko sokuthi ngeke lidale ezinye izifo kunina womntwana.Ngokubona yonke imizamo yokunqanda 10 mbhubhisazweyehluleka, kuyanconywa ukuthi kekuke kwenziwe eminye imizamoeyehlukile kulena eseyenzlwe. Lolu cwanmgo luncomaukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zesintu ezazisetshenziswa kudalaukugwena izifo ezifuze lesi sengculazi nokukhulelwa kwezinganekungakabi sikhathi. Lapha singabala ukukhuliswa kanyenokufundiswa kwentsha ngokuziphatha, umkhosi womhlanga,ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa nokuvuselelwa kwemikhutshanayesizwe eyayigcinwa esikhathini sasendulo, eyayisiza ekugwemeniizifo ezinhIobonhlobo. Lokhu kusho ukuzimbandakanya kwawowonke umuntu kulo mshikashika. Kuyoba nesidingo sokuthiuhulumeni kanye neNgonyama yamaZulu babe nendlelayokukuphoqa lokhu ukuthi kwenzeke, ukuze sibe nesizwe esiqinileesikhathini esizayo nabaholi abanohlonze. UMnyango wezoBucikonamaSiko kufanele ukhuthaze futhi ubuye uxhase ngezimali laboabazama ukubuyisa imikhosi nemikhutshana ebalulekile ekulweninesifo sengculazi eNingizimu Afrika.Ut

5.1.1 Ukusokwa kwabesilisaOkuvunjululwe wucwanmgo kuveza ukuthi kusukela umhlabawonke wakhungathwa wubhubhane lwegciwane lesandulela ngculaziamazwe lapho isiko lokusokwa kwabesilisa liqhutshwa khona izingalezifo ezithathelana ngokocansi, ikakhulukazi igciwane lesandulelangculazi, liphansi. Lapha kubalwa amazwe afana ne-Nigeria,iNtshonalanga ye-Asia, i-Phillipine, namanye. Kanti amazwe afananoBotswana, Mozambique, Uganda, Zimbabwe, imaPhakathineNtshonalanga ye-Afrika, iSwazini neNingizimu Afrika leligciwane libatshazwa kakhulu khona.Lokhu kusivezela kahle isithombe sokuthi kukhona ukuxhumanaphakathi kokusoka nesifo sengculazi. Kuyavela ukuthi onke amazweasayilandela inqubo yokusokwa kwabesilisa izinga lokudluliselwakwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kowesifazane liphansi kakhulu.Lokhu kufakazela khona ukuthi umuntu wesilisa ongasokiweunamathuba amaningi okubamba nokudlulisela igciwane lesandulelangculazi kowesifazane.Lolu cwanmgo luyakuncoma ukuvuselelwa ngokusemthethwenikwaleli siko ngoba kubukeka kungaba nomthelela omuhleekunqandeni ukubhebhetheka kwezifo ezithathelana ngokocansi,ikakhulukazi igciwane lesandul(:la ngculazi. Kuyavela ukuthi ijwabuyilona elithwala amagciwane okuyiwona adala igciwane lesandulelangculazi yona egcina isidale isifo sengculazi. Kuyaphawulekaukuthi ukungasikwa kwejwabu kuhamba kuhambe kuhluphe ngoba

kuyenzeka liqhume, ngaleyo ndlela lidale izimfa, lezo zimfa zibambekalula amagciwane. Lawo magciwane agcina esedlulele kumuntuwesifazane, naye agcine esewedlulisele komunye wesilisa, kugcineselisabalele nabantu abaningi.Okunye okugqamayo, ngaphandle kokuthi ukusoka kunganqanda .ukusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, ukuthi ukusika ijwabukuyamsiza umuntu wesilisa ezintweni ezmmgl; njengalokhuokulandelayo:• Kuvikela umdlavuza wobuntu besilisa;• Kunciphisa izinkinga zokuhlanzeka;• Kunciphisa ubuhlungu obudalwa ijwabu ngesikhathi sezocansi;• Kusiza ekuthini umuntu wesilisa angasheshi ukuqeda umaezithokozisa kwezocansi. Kunenkolelo yokuthi umuntu wesilisaongasokiwe usheshe achame;• Kuvela nokuthi umuntu wesilisa osokiwe uyamenelisaowesifazane wakhe kwezocansi;• Kuyinkomba yokuwelela esigabeni sobudoda usuka ebufaneni;• Kusiza ekuthini ijwabu likwazi ukuhlehla kalula uma ulihlanzanoma abathandanayo bezuthokozisa ngezocansi;• Kusiza ukuvikela ukuvuvuka, ukushisa komphambiliokungagcina sekudale ukugula okuthile;• Noma kungacaci kahle ukuthi kanjani, kukhona inkolelo yokuthiukusoka kusiza nasekuvikeleni ukukhulelwa.

Ngaleyo ndlela lolu cwanmgo luncoma ukukhuthazwakokuvuselelwa kwaleli siko kuMaZulu. Inhloso yalokhu ukugwemaukudlulisela amagciwane athwalwa yijwabu kumuntu wesifazane,ikhakhulukazi igciwane lesandulela ngculazi.Kunconywa ukungenelela kweNgonyama yaMaZulu ngokugcwelekulolu daba, nayo ibambisene neminyango kaHulumeni ethintekayoefana noMnyango wezeMpilo, wezamaSiko, wezeNhlalakahle,wezeNdabuko nowezeMfundo. Leminyango inconywa ngoba lelisiko lithinta izimpilo, inhlalakahle yabantu, amasiko, ubuntunemfundiso. UMnyango wezeMfundo ungabamba elikhulu iqhazaIapha ngoba abasokwa, njengoba befundiswa nje ngezinga abasukesebengene kulo, kuyoba nesidingo sokuthi bafundiswe ubungozibesifo sengculazi, negciwane laso, kanye nezifo ezihlobene nalezo.Uma leE siko selazisiwe ngokusemthethweni, kunconywa ukuthikubhekelwe ukuthi Iiqhutshwa ngendlela. Kumele kube nabantuabanolwazi olunzulu nabaqeqesheke kahle ekuqhubeni leli siko.Kumele kuqikelelwe ukuthi izindawo elenzelwa kuzo ziphephile.Kuqikelelwe ukuthi amathuluzi asetshenziswayo ahlanzekile,ayafakwa izibulalamagciwane nanokuthi akusetshenziswa ithuluzielilodwa kubasokwa amaningi, ukugwema ingozi yokuthelelanangezifo.Kunconywa isikhathi sasebusika njengesikhathi esihle sokusoka.Isizathu salokho ukuthi ebusika kusuke kubanda, igazi liyashesha134

ukunqamuka kanti nesilonda siyashesha ukuphola ngoba kusukekungekho ukushisa okudala ukubhibha esilondeni.Noma kuyinto enhle ukusebenzisa izindawo zezempilo, kodwakungenconyweukusokela kuzo ngoba lokho kungase kudale ukuthi isikolilahlekelwe ubumqoka balo bokuba yisiko. Kodwa-ke kulandelweukuthi uma kunesidingo sezempilo zisetshenziswe lezi zindawo.5.1.2 Ukusokwa kwabesifazaneNakuba ukusokwa kwabesifazane kunabo ubuhle kodwa kuvelilekulolu cwaningo ukuthi kuningi okubi ngakho. Okuhle ngaleli sikokubantu besifazane kugqame lokhu:• Kunciphisa inkanuko kumuntu wesifazane;• Kuncipha amathuba okuzenwaya ngaphambili ngobaekhanukele umuntu wesilisa (masturbation)• Kuncipha amathuba okukhula kwaso lesi sithookungajwayelekile.• Kwenza owesifazane angabi nezikhalo ngempilo ebuthakangaso sonke isikhathi;• Kudala inzalo eningi kumuntu wesifazane futhi abelethekalula;• Kwenza owesifazane ahlale eqinile.135

Njengoba sekubekiwe, kuvelile futhi ukuthi, nakuba kukhona okuhlengaleli siko, kodwa ububi bakhona budlulele. Okuvunjululwewucwaningo ngalobu bubi yilokhu:• Iningi labasoki abaqeqeshekile ngakwezempilo, kwesinyeisikhathi uthola ukuthi abanalo noIwazi lwesitho sangasesesomuntu wesifazane;• Ithuluzi elisetshenziswayo alihlanzwa ngoketshezi olubulalaamagciwane kanti futhi uthola ukuthi lelo thuluzi lisetshenziswaukusika libuye lisetshenziswe ukubopha inxeba;• Kusokelwa ngaphandle kwezindawo zezempilo, lokhu okugcinakudale ukuthi uma kunezinkinga abasokwa bangakwazi ukuthola. .USIZO masmyane;• Kuyenzeka umthambo ongemuva kwalesi sithwana esisukesisikwa ulimale lokhu okugcina sekudale inkinga esithwenisangasese sonke, okungaba inkinga yobuhlungu besikhashananoma ubuhlungu baphakade;• Kunomunye umthambo okuyiwona uthumela igazi eliningioxhumene nalesi sithwana (artery), okungenzeka ukuthi igaziulikhiphe kakhulu, lokho okungagcina kuholele ngisho ekufeniimbala.Ukuthelelana ngezifo ezifana nengculazi kuyinto elulanjengoba kusuke kusetshenzisa ithuluzi elilodwa kubasokwaabaningi futhi lingafakwa nasoketshezini olubulala amagciwane;• Abasokayo, izikhathi eziningi abazihlanzi izandla ngaphambikokuqhuba umsebenzi wokusoka;136

• Inxeba kuyenzeka lithintane nomchamo noma indle kwazisephela imilenze isuke iboshwe yahlanganiswa isikhathi eside;• Ngesikhathi osokwayo esokwa uyabanjwa ngoba kusukekungemnandi, kuthi ngokuzabalaza ephoqwa aze akIunyukeamanyonga;• Ngokuzabalaza kosokwayo, kuyenzeka osokayo angabe esabonakahle athuke esesike lapho kungadingekile khona, ngaleyo ndlelaumsokwa agcine eselimele kabi;• Abasokwa abaningi bayafa bebulawa ukwethuka nokungabibikhokosizo oluphuthumayo;• Kuyenzeka ukuphola kwenxeba kungasheshi lokhu okudalwaumchamo ongaphumeli ngaphandle, uthole ukuthi, mhlawumbe,bekunegciwane elithile noma kubangwe ukuhlangana kwemilenzeokugcina sekudale ukuthi inxeba lihlale lichicha, ligcine lingapholinhIobo;• Ngenxa yokuthi imbobo yokuzala isuke isinciphile, lowo osokiwe,uma eya ocansini, uba nenkinga kangangokuthi umphambiliwomuntu wesilisa awungeni kalula, lokhu okugcina sekudaleubuhlungu, okuyinto engenzeki kongasokiwe;• Ngesikhathi osokiwe eya ezinsukwini zakhe uvame ukubanobuhlungu obudalwa ukuthi imbobo isuke inokuvalela, lokhuokugcina kudale ubuhlungu besisu noma ukuvuvuka kwaso.Kwesinye isikhathi uma kumele athathe izinsuku ezintathu kuyakweziyisihlanu yena ziyaphela nje neziyishumi. Akugcini laphongoba ngisho nasezinsukwini zakhe zokubeletha ubeletha kanziwa137

ngoba imbobo isuke incane, mhlawumbe kuze kudingeke ukubasihlinzwe isitho sangasese;• Kunenkolelo yokuthi umuntu wesifazane osokiwe uyakhubazekakwezocansi. Isithwana lesi esisuswayo yisona esiletha injabulokumuntu wesifazane. Ukuthinteka-ke nje kwaso kuvele kuthiakahlanye. Uma singasekho uvele angabi namizwa yomuntuwesilisa. La mafushana aphumayo esithweni sangaseseathambisayo awabe esaba khona kumuntu wesifazane osokiwe.Okuphawulekayo kulama phuzu angenza ukuthi nakuba bukhonaubuhle kuleli siko kodwa kubukeka sengathi nobubi bukhulukakhulu. Ukususwa kwalesi sithwana kuhle ekutheni kuyayinqandainkanuko kumuntu wesifazane.. Kuhle kakhulu entsheni kulesisikhathi esibi kangaka sengculazi. Kumuntu osemncaneongakakulungeli ukuzibandakanya nezocansi kuhle ukusoka. Lowomuntu wesifazane ngeke abe nenkanuko yokufisa umuntu wesilisa,ngaleyo ndlela kugwemeke ukuhlaselwa yizifo zocansi, ikakhulukaziisifo sengculazi noma igciwane laso.Lapho kufike kube kubi khona, ngokubona kwami, yilapho umuntuwesifazane sekumele agane, abe nomndeni wakhe. Uma engenalouthando locansi ngeke akwazi ukuhlalisana nendoda yakhe, ngaleyondlela Iowa mgcagco ugcine ubhidlikile. Kuvelile phela ukuthiukususwa kwalesi sithwana kwehlisa izinga kwezocansi kumuntuwesifazane, kwesinye isikhathi agcine engasathandi nhlobo ukulalanomuntu wesilisa.138

Lolu cwaningo, ngokuqaphelisisa izinkinga ezibukeka zingamaqinisoezidalwa ukusokwa, luncoma ukuthi lingakhuthazwa leli sikokubantu besifazane baKwaZulu. Esikhundleni salo kunconywaukuthi izintombi zikhuthazwe ukuthi zihlolwe, zihlolwe abantuabadala futhi abanolwazi olunzulu ngokuhlolwa kwezintombi,abanenhlanzeko nabaqeqesheka kahle ngokwedlula kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi, lisuka komunye liya komunye.Ezinye izizathu ezidala ukuthi kuchithwe ukukhuthazwa kwaleli sikoukuthi kuyavela ukuthi ukusika lesi sithwana kumbandakanyaukuphuma kwegazi e1iningi. Kulowo osuke esokwa sisuke singekhoisiqiniseko sokuthi akanalo 19c1wane okungenzeka ledlulelekomunye. Okwesibili, njengoba kukhuthazwa ukuhlolwakwezintombi singebe sisaba khona isiqiniseko sokuthi lobo buntombiesisuke sithi siyabuvikela buyavikeleka. Lokhu sikushiso ukuthi Ionaosuke esokwa usuke epaquza, ezabalaza, kubuhlungu, okungenzekakugcine sekulimale nalo leli "so" esithi siyalilonda.Ngala maphuzu lolu cwanmgo lukukhaba ngazo zombiliukukhuthazwa kwaleli siko njengesikhali sokulwa nokusabalalakwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo.5.1.3 Ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwaKuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezintombi kungesinye sezikhaliesingasetshenziswa ukunqanda ukusabalala kwegciwane lesandulelangculazi, ingculazi, ezmye izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi139

nokukhulelwa kwentsha osekuyinsakavukela kulezi zinsuku. Umaleli siko lingavuselelwa kulo louke elaKwaZulu ungakhonaumehluko othile kulesi sifo esesibhubhise isizwe kangaka.Uma sithi ukuhlehla kancane kuyavela ukuthi esikhathini samanje,lapho sekuphilwa esikhathini sentando yeningi namalungelo,kubukeka isimo singasefani naleso sakudala. Zikhona izindawolapho leli siko lisaqhutshwa khona. Singabala eyase-Bulwer,eNyukhasela, KwaMashu naseMpembeni, kweseNkosi uDube,kwelaseMpangeni naseTshelimnyama.Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ukuqhutshwa kwalo kungaphansikwengcindezi enkulu yamaKhomishana alwela amalungelo abantu.Akumangalisanga uNkk. Zikalala weKhomishana yezoKulinganangokobulili (Umsakazo Ukhozi, 27/06/2001: 11:00) ekukhaba ngazozombili ukuhlolwa kwezintombi, ethi kuhlukumeza amalungeloabantu besifazane. Okwathokozisa kulolo hlelo ukuthi abantuabaningi ababeshaya Izmcmgo babehambisana nalolu hlelolokuhlolwa kwezintombi. Kubantu abashaya izincingo kwakuyilaba:Sipho Mthembu, Bukhosibakhe, Thandi Makhathini, QondaniMthembu noNhlekelele. Babegcizelela ukuthi iKhomishana kumeleifundise intsha ngamalungelo nangamasiko ukuze kwakhiwe isizwe,uma lokhu (ukuhlolwa kwezintombi) kwakuwumkhuba lokho kushoukuthi kwakuwumkhuba omuhle odinga ukuthi kubanjelelwe kuwokulesi sikhathi esinzima kangaka. Uthandi nje waze wabeka ukuthinjengoba kunezifo nje yilona siko elihle kakhulu leli okumelelilandelwe. Uqondani yena waze wakubeka ngokusobala ukuthi140

iKhomishana iswele umsebenzi, izintombi azikaze zikhalazengokuhlolwa, yiyo nje ezikhulumelayo.Kuyakhanya ukuthi njengoba izwe libuya nje, nabaphathi balo bethiazibuye emasisweni, izifo ezifana nengculazi negciwane layo,zingagwemeka uma kungenziwa imizamo efana nalena yokunakekelaukukhula kwabantwana nemicimbi yakhona. Lolu cwarungolukuqonda kahle ukuthi kungeze kwabuya konke njengobakwakunjalo, njengoba nesimo sokuphila sesashintsha nje, kodwakukhona okungenziwa okufana nokuyala umntwana ngezingalokukhula asekulo nanokuthi kusho ukuthi, kumele aziphathe kanjaningaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo. Angayalwa, kube nezindlelazokukulandela lokho.Yingakho lolu cwaningo lukuncoma ukuvuselelwa kwemikhutshanayesizwe eyayibalulekile ekuziphatheni kwentsha yakithi, nakumasikonezinkoleIo zabantu. Lokhu kungeminye imizamo yokwakhakabusha i-Afrika. Ukugxila ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhondomungeke kusisisize isizwe esimpisholo ngoba yinto lena entsha kusofuthi engahambisani nesimo semvelo. Ukuba amakhondomuayasebenza ngabe abantu abafi kangaka. Ngaleyo ndlelakuyanconywa ukuvuselelwa kwale micimbi ngenhloso yokulwanezifo, kuhlanganisa nengculazi, nokukhulelwa kwentsha isikhathisingakafiki.Kungasiza futhi ekunqandeni lento esiqala ukwanda yokuthi kubekhona abafana abangamantombazane noma amantombazane!4!

angabafana. Sekuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi uthole abantu ababukekabenobulili obufanayo bethandana. Kuyavela ukuthi labo bantubasuke benobulili obubili. Obunye buyagqama bese kuthi obunyebungagqami. Lokhu kudalwa ukuthi lowo muntu usukeengathombanga kahle. Kuqala umuntu onjalo wayefakwa imbizaezokhulisa amahomoni. Kuyenzeka umuntu wesilisa kugqameamahomoni omuntu wesilisa kakhulu kuye kanti eqinisweni kumelekugqame awomuntu wesifazane. Ngokunjalo nakowesifazanekuyenzaka kuphambane. Ngaleyo ndlela-ke bese kuphuma abantuabayilolu hlobo. Kunenkolelo ethi nalaba bantu abamhlophe kusukekwenzeke into efanayo, kodwa ucwaningo alukuphenyisisanga lokho.5.1.4 Umkhosi womhlangaKuvelile kulolu cwanmgo ukuthi umkhosi womhlanga uneqhazaelibanzi olibambile ekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulelangculazi. Intombi ehambela umkhosi womhlanga iyazigcinaubuntombi bayo, izilonde, izigweme izilingo zocansi futhi ihlaleihlanzekile. Ngaleyo ndlela 10 mkhosi unconywa kakhulu yilolucwaningo njengomkhosi okungabanjelelwa kuwo njengesikhalisokulwa nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi entsheni.Kunconywa ukuthi izigodi zonke zezinduna zeNgonyamazikukhuthaze ukuhanjelwa kwalo mkhosi minyaka yonke ngobakuyokwenza ukuba sibe nesizwe esiqotho nesinezimilo ezinhleesikhathini esizayo.142

5.1.5 UkuthombaOkugqamayo ngokuthomba ukuthi Iowa othombayo akagcini nJengokwenzelwa umcimbi oqondene nokuthomba kwakhe, kodwauyafundiswa ngezinga asuke esengena kulo nanokuthi lokhu okusukekwenzeka kuye kusuke kusho ukuthini. Umuntu owedlule kulezizimfundiso uyalawuleka futhi akwazi ukuziphatha ngenhlanzeko.Ngaleyo ndlela izifo ezifana nesengculazi zingagwemeka. Ngekekwagcina lapho kuphela ngoba ngisho ukukhulelwa kwentshaokungenasidingo kungagwemeka. Noma kungeke kusaba njengobaleli siko lalenziwa kodwa kukhona okungayithola indawo okufananokuthi intsha ifundiswe ngemizimba yayo nanokuthi kumeleiziphathe kanjani.5.1.6 UmemuloUmemulo esinye sezigaba zokukhula kwentombazane. Okutholwewucwanmgo ukuthi esikhathini sanamuhla abantu abaningiabasaqondi ngomemulo. Abanye benza imicimbi efana nomhlonyanekodwa bebebethi benza umemulo. Abanye esikhundleni somemulobenza umcimbi wesilungu okungumcimbi wamashumi amabilinanye. Kwesinye isikhathi kuhlanganiswe kokubili.Sekukaningi uthola kwenze.lwa umemulo umuntu osemncanengokweminyaka noma osenengane. Lokhu kuvele kukhombisengokusobala ukuthi abantu sebeyaphumputha ngaleli zmgalokukhula. Kungalezi zizathu lolu cwaningo lubone kungcono ukuthi143

kukhanyiswe ukuthi onjani umuntu omulayo, nanokuthi wemula umakwenzenjani, nini. Luthole ukuthi umuntu owemuliswayointombazane esikhulile yaze yafika ezingeni lokuthi isingagana.Akunoma iyiphi nje intombazane okumele yemuliswe. Kumele kubeintombi nto engakaze ihlangane nomuntu wesilisa ngokocansi,eziphathe kahle emphakathini, yahlonipha abazali bayo. Ngamanyeamazwl itshitshi elemuliswayo. Uyise usuke eyibongangokuziphatha kahle, eyitshela ukuthi isikhulile ngaleyo ndlelaisingaba nomkhwenyana ngokusemthethweni. Kuyenzeka kwesinyeisikhathi uthole ukuthi isuke isinalo isoka esilibonile kodwa njeisilindele usuku uyise ayoyikhulula ngalo. Usuke futhi ebonganakoyisernkhulu ngokumgcinela ingane yakhe ize ifike kulelo zingalokukhula. Ubonga kwabadala nje phela kufanele ngoba umaengakwenzanga lokhu ingane ingahle ibe nezinkinga. Phela yibonaebebekhulisa le ngane.5.1.7 UkusomaKuyaphawuleka kulolu cwanmgo ukuthi kudala ukusomakwakusebenza njengesikhali esihle kakhulu ekugwemeni nezifoezithathelwana ngokocansi. Umuntu wesilisa osehlulekilewukuzimamba wayephelela ngenhla kwamadolo, wayengalokothiathinte isibaya somnurnzane. Konke okwakwenziwa kwakuphelelaemathangeni. Esikhathini san,amuhla lapho kudlange khona isifosengculazi kungayisu elihle kakhulu ukuvuselelwa kwaleli siko.144

5.1.8 UkuyobisaKuvela ukuthi ukuyobisa kwakungenye yezindlela eyayidalaukwethembana kulabo ababesuke sebehlulekile ukuzibamba bawelaesonweni sokulala. Inkomo yokuhlawula yiyona eyayihlanganisafuthi yenze ukuthi nomhlaba uhlale wazi ukuthi uzibanibanyanauthandana nosibanibani. Lokhu kwakwenza labo bantu bahlalebethembene futhi konke ukwenza kwabo kuhlale kunokucophelela.Kwakunconywa ukuba basome futhi bayalwe ngokuziphatha. Lokhukukhomba ngokusobala ukuthi uma kugqugquzelwa lokhu bakhonaabangazuzeka, bahlengeke kulolu bhubhane oluyisandulela ngculazi.5.1.9 Iqhaza lamabandla ehlukene ekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwanelesandulela ngculaziAbabekhishwe ukuba bazoyiqhuba bakuhumusha Okuphawulekayongamabandla ukuthi inkolo yobuKhristu yafika ezweni lase-Afrikanezinguquko eziningi kubantu abamnyama. Abantu abamnyamababemazi uMvelinqangi futhi bemhlonipha. Kuthe kamuvaeminyakeni yawo-1835 kwafika le nkolo yobuKhristu. Ithe uma ifikalabokabi okwesintu, kwagcina sekuthatheka sengathi uma umuntuenza khona wenza icala elibi kabi. Kancane kancane yaguqukaimiqondo yabantu base-Afrika bagcina sebebona okokufikanjengento elungile nefanele ukulandelwa. Lokhu kuthuntubezekakomqondo kwaqhubeka njalo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane kuzekube yimanje145

Nakuba kunjalo, kuyathokozisa ukwazi ukuthi kulesi sikhathisamanJe amabandla amaningi aseyakubona lokhu kuthuntubezwakomqondo womuntu omnyama. Okuthokozisa kakhulu ukuthi lokhuakugcini nje emabandleni ayaziwa ngokuthi awabantu abamnyamakodwa sekusabalele nakulawo ayethathwa ngokuthiawaseNtshonalanga. Atholakala esemshikashikeni wokuvuselelaubuntu, ukuziphatha entsheni engamalungu awo, ukuWolwakwezintombi, njengesikhali sokulwa nokusabalala kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi.Okunye okuvelayo futhi okuthokozisa kakhulu ukuthola ukuthingisho lawo mabandla adume ngokungalandeli izinto ezingamasikoesintu kodwa kuneqhaza elibonakalayo alibambile ekukhuliseniintsha ngezindlela zokuziphatha nokuyixwayisa ngesifo sengculazi,igciwane laso, nokuziphatha ngenhlanzeko.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amabandla amaningi anezinhlelo azihlelileeziphathelene nokuvuselela amasiko esintu, ukunakekela intshanokuyikhuthaza ngezindlela zokuziphatha, ukuyifundisanokuyixwayisa ngesifo sengculazi nezinye izifo ezihlobene naso.Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ibandla lakwaShembe kuphelaelizibophezelele enqubeni yesintu, kanti cha, namanye amabandlaasengene shi kulo mshikashi~a wokubheka ezamasiko nenquboyesintu ekukhulisweni kwentsha.. Singalinganisa ngamabandla afanano-Faith Mission, elingakukhuthazi ukuhlaba, ukuhamba abathandazinezinyanga, kodwa elingene shi emshikashikeni wokukhuthaza intsha146

ukuba iWale ihlanzekile ebusheni bayo. Kuyavela ukuthi leli bandlaliyayifundisa intsha esencane ngamazinga okukhula, ukuthombananokuthi iyiphi ingozi umuntu awela kuyo uma engaziphethe kaWeesekulelo zmga, nomfana naye uyayalwa ngokweqa izikonokuhambisana nakho.Singalinganisa futhi ngebandla lamaKhatholika ukuthi nalo kuyavelaukuthi lisemkhankasweni wokuzama ukubuyisana phakathi kwenkoloyobuKhristu nosikompilo lwabantu. Kugqama umshado phakathikwamasiko namaSakhramente ayisikhombisa. Lokhu kuwuphawuolukhulu olukhombisa ukuzimbandakanya kwebandla kwezamasiko.Mayelana neqhaza lamabandla ekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwanelesandulela ngculazi, okuphawulekayo ukuthi onke amabandlaathintwe yilolu cwaningo akhombisa ngokusobala ukubasemshikashikeni wokulwa nalesi sifo. Kunezinhlelo ezikhonaezibhekele lesi simo. I-Presbyterian kuvela ukuthi ikuncoma kakhuluukuhlolwa kwezintombi, ibandla i-Faith Mission, nakuba lingasholutho ngokuhlolwa kwezintombi, kodwa liyakukhuthaza ukufundiswakwentsha ngokuziphatha nangamazinga okukhula. Kuvela ukuthingezikhathi ezithile kuba nezinhlelo lapho kumenywa khonaizikhulumi ukuze zizochazela intsha ngalesi sifo.Okunye okuvelayo ukuthi am~nye amabandla agxila ekufundiseniabefundisi ngokukhanselisa. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu kulabo abasukesebethole ukuthi sebenalo leli gciwane. Singalinganisa ngebandlalamaLuthela.147

Ibandla lamaKhatholika kuvela ukuthi aligcini nje ngokuqwashisaintsha ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, kodwa kuze kubizwe ngishoizikhulumi nalabo eselibaphethe igciwane bazokhuluma nentsha.Ibandla leli sekuvele nokuthi selinezizinda lapho kugcinwa khonaasebeguliswa yingculazi. Kulezi zizinda bayelashwa baphindebondliwe ngokomoya.Ibandla lakwaShembe, ngaphandle nJe kokugcizelela ukuziphathaentsheni nokuhlolwa kwezintombi, kuvela ukuthi lisemshikashikeniwokuxoxisana nezikhulu zikaHulumeni ngezindlela ezingenziwaukuxwayisa intsha ngalesi sifo. Sekuyinto ejwayelekile ukubonaabaholi abaphezulu bezombusazwe behlanganyele nebandlalakwaShembe. Lokhu kuyinkomba yokuthi uHulumeni kukhonaimizamo ayenzayo ukuxhumana namabandla ekulweni nalesi sifo.Okunye okuphawulekayo ukuthi amanye amabandla anabaholibomphakathi abafana nodokotela, amaneSI nabezenhlalakahleabakhona emabandleni. Kuvela ukuthi babambe iqhaza elikhulukakhulu ekuqwashiseni intsha ngaleli gciwane. Bayakhanselisha umakukhona asebeguliswa noma eselibangene leli gciwane. Lokhukubukeka kuyinto enhle kakhulu eyenziwa amabandla ehlukene.Lolu cwanmgo lubuka lezi zinhlelo zamabandla ehlukenenjengezinhlelo ezinhIe ukuthi zinganconywa ukuthi kuqhutshekwenazo. Luncoma lezi zinhlelo ezilandelayo:148

• Ukufundiswa kwentsha ngokuziphatha;• Ukufundiswa kwentsha ngamazinga okukhula;• Ukugqugquzela ukuhlolwa kwezintombi emabandleni; ~• Ukukhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwezinsizwa ubunsizwa bazo;• Ukumenywa kwezikhulumi kanye nalabo asebenalo leligciwane ukuba bazokwethula izinkulumo emabandleni;• Ukusebenziswa amalungu omphakathi achwepheshile,njengodokotela, abahlengikazi nabezenhlalakahle,ukuqwashisa nokukhanselisha intsha nasebeguliswa yigciwanelesandulela ngculazi; kanye• Nokungenelela kukahulumeni kulezi zihlelo ngokuthi alekeleleamabandla ngezimali ngenhloso yokusabalalisa ulwazi ngalesisifo, njengoba enza kwezinye izinhlangano ezilwisana nalesisifo sengculazi.5.2 IsiphethoKulolu cwanmgo kuyacaca ukuthi umhlaba wonke jikeleleukhungethwe yinkinga yokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulelangculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo. Uma abantu abadala nabancaneabaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi bebalelwa ezigidiniezingashumi amane (40 million), abasanda kuhlaselwa yileligciwane bebalelwa ezigidini eziyisihlanu (5 million) bese kuthiizigidi ezithi azibe ntathu (1 million) kube asebefile, kukhombangokusobala ukuthi inkulu inki~ga ekhungethe umhlaba.149

Kuyavela futhi ukuthi kusukela saqala lesi sifo sengculazieminyakeni ye-1981, yonke imizamo esizanyiwe ayikaphumeleliukusinqoba lesi sifo negclwane laso. Sekukhulunywekuphindwaphindwa ngokusebenzisa izivikelikukhulelwaJizivikelizifo (amakhondomu), ukwethembeka komunye nomunyenokungazimbandakanyi nakuzimbandakanya kwezocansi, kodwakunhlanga zimuka nomoya, bayafa abantu.Ukwelapha kwesiLungu nokwesintu kuze kube YlmanJeakukakhombisi Zlmpawu ezinempumelelo ekunqandeniukubhebhetheka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculaziuqobo lwayo. Abelaphi bendabuko baze balibeka ngembabaelokuthi amathambo abo awabatsheli ukuthi iyini ingculazi. Lokhukukhomba khona ukuthi inkulu inkinga ekhungethe izwe.Ngokubona ukukhula ngesivinini kwesibalo sabantu abafayongenxa yalesi sifo, yingakho kulolu cwaningo kunconywa ezinyeizindlela zokulwa nalolu bhubhane, izindlela ezifananokukhuthazwa kokuvuselelwa kwamasiko esiZulu amayelananokuziphatha, izinkolelo nemikhutshana eyayimihle esikhathinisasendulo ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwana ngokocansinokukhulelwa kwentsha isikhathi singakafiki. Kuyavela futhiukuthi sekuphilwa esikhathini sempucuko, kodwa ISlzweesihlakaniphile siyaqikelela. ukuthi impucuko ayikushabalalisiokwesizwe. Ngaleyo ndlela kunesidingo sokujeqeza emuvangenhloso yokucinga lawo masiko angase asisize ekulweni nalolu150

hubhane kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezimilo. Lokhu kuzekufakazelwe nawuMsimang (1975: iv) lapho ebeka khona kanje:Uma thina maZulu sithi siphucuzekile masibhekiseamehlo emuva sibone ibanga esesilihambilekusukela kobabamkhulu kuze kufike kuleli qopheloesesikulo manje. Zonke izizwe eziphucuzekilezibonakala ngemiqingo yamabhuku omlando,zinokuziqhayisa ngokuningi okuhle okwenziwangawokhokho bazo; zinokuningi ezingakufundangobuhlakani bawokhokho bazo, kanti ngamaphuthaababewenza zinethuba elihle lokuba zilungise eyazoimendo.Okushiwo uMsimang kufakazela lokhu okushiwo yilolu cwaningoukuthi kuvuselelwe lokho okhokho ababekubona kulusizoezimpilweni zemiphakathi ensundu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amasikoafana nokuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa, ukusoma, ukuyobisa,imikhosi efana nekaNomkhubulwane nomhlanga, ukuvuselelwakwakho kungaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekulweni nesifosengculazi negciwane laso.Kuyavela futhi ukuthi inkulu indawo engadlalwa amabandlaehlukene ekulweni nalesi sifo. Amaningi kuyavela ukuthi veleasesemshikashikeni wokulwa nokusabalala kwaleli gClwane.Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi nalabo eselibagulisa leli gClwaneamabandla anesandla esikhulu ekubasizeni. Awagcini ngalokhungoba kuyavela ukuthi amasiko athile njengawokukhuliswakwentsha nokwelulekwa kwayo ngamazinga okukhula ayakhuthazwakakhulu emabandleni amaningi.151

Ukuze kube nempumelelo, lokhu okukhulunywa ngakho kuyavelakulolu cwaningo ukuthi uhulumeni kumele azimbandakanyengokugcwele ekuxhaseni izinhlelo ezikhuthaza ukuvuselelwakwamasiko esiZulu, nalokho okwakuyimikhuba esithathwanjengamasiko esiZulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uhulumeniubengakabonakali efaka uxhaso olubonakalayo kulezi zinhlelo.Ukufaka kwakhe uxhaso kulezi zinhlelo ngeke nje kwagwemaukusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kuphela, kodwakuyosiza ekunciphiseni izinkedama ezigcwele imigwaqo ezizalwaizingane kungakabi isikhathi. Kuyosiza futhi ekunqandeni ukuphumakwemiphefumulo ephuma nsuku zonke ngenxa yokuhushulwakwezisu yintsha kanye nokwanda kwabantu kakhulu, okugcinasekukhubaze umnotho wezwe. Kuyosiza futhi ekwakheni abantuabanesimilo esiqotho, ISIZWe esinobuntu, nesilandela imithethonamasiko aso aphilayo, lesi sizwe esikhalelwa uMngadi (1980:isandulelo) uma ebeka kanjena:Kungephikwe ukuthi uhambo olude esesiluhambilekusukela eminyakeni yawokhokho, belusihlanganisanemithetho ethile empilweni yethu. Okuningikuphenduphendulwe ukuguquka kwezikhathi.Noma kunjalo, iqiniso yiqiniso. Umhlabausabomele abanesimilo esiqotho, isizwe esinobuntu,nesilandela imithetho namasiko aso aphilisayo.Isizwe njengesizwe ngesibambisanayo, sibhekanenobunzima bezwe, kube wubuzwe baso obunqobaubutha, sizale izizukulwane ezincela iqiniso konina,zifunde ubudoda koyise.152

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1.14 Ntombela, T.E,nabanye1997. Umkhusu Wezizukulwane.Pietermaritzburg: Shuter no Shooter.1.15 Nyembezi, S.noNxumalo,G.E.H.M.1966. Inqolobane Yesizwe. Pietermaritzburg:Shuter no Shooter.1.16 Ramurundzi, T.S.no Neluvhalani,K.E.2000. The Importance ofInitiation Schools inPreparation for marriage life.Harrismith: Harrismith ConferenceCentre. Iphepha elingashicilelwe.1.17 Russell, S.2000. Circumcision May Cut AIDS Risk.http://www.salon.com/heal...ure/2000/06/301.18 SABC NEWS2001. Circumcision Custom Claims 11 Lives.22 December 200 I1.19 St.Mary's UniversityWebmaster2000. The Zulu Kingdom and Shaka.hnp:/ihuskv 1.snnarys.ca' nmills/course316/9zulu~shab.hlml155

1.20 Stannard, L. 2001. The HIV Epidemic in South Africa.http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/ancO.html1.21 UNAIDS ne WHO 2000. AIDS Epidemic Update.http://hivinsite.ucsf.edulInSite.jsp?doc=wad2000rep1.22 William, M. 2000. See No AIDS, hear no aids.http://www.salon.com/health/feature/2000/08/15/Swaziland.2. Imithombo yolwazi efundiwe2.1 Bell, N.2000. Virginity Newly Prized in Age of AIDS.http://www.africana.comldaily Artets.2.2 Coverdell, P.D.2001. Worldwise School.http://www.peacecorps. gov/wws/guides/lesoth%verview.html2.3 Cullinana, K.2001. Virginity Festival Honours Girls WhoSay No. Sunday Times, September 30,2001.2.4 Eliade, M.1987. The Encyclopedia of Religion.htto::./www.male-tnitiation.netilibraryisurroundleliade.html156

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