Lara Slivnik2oo5 / 1 ARSlika 1:London 1852: Charles Burton: Predlog tisoè èevljev visokega stolpa.London 1852: Charles Burton: Proposal for 1000 feet high tower.vir: Hix, 1996: 188Slika 2:Philadelphia 1876: Clarke in Reeves: Predlog tisoè èevljevvisokega stolpa.Philadelphia 1876: Clarke in Reeves: Proposal for 1000 feet hightower.vir: Peters, 1996: 263Slika 3:Bruselj 1958:André Waterkeyn:Atomium.Brussels 1958: André Waterkeyn: Atomium.Vir:http://www.atomium.be/HTMLsite/dyn/images/ATPRO005.jpg(september 2004)Slika 4:Seattle 1962: Graham, Steinbrueck in Ridley: Space Needle.Seattle 1962: Graham, Steinbrueck in Ridley: Space Needle.vir: http://www.ijcai.org/past/ijcai-01/Space%20Needle%201.jpg(september 2004)Slika 5:London 2004: Norman Foster: Swiss Re - 30 St MaryAxe Building.London 2004: Norman Foster: Swiss Re - 30 St Mary Axe Building.vir: http://www.delmatic.com/swissre.jpg (december 2004)76
AR 2oo5 / 1Lara SlivnikARHITEKTURA STOLPOV IN NEBOTIÈNIKOVARCHITECTURE OF TOWERS AND SKYSCRAPERSraziskava, researchpovzetekPrièujoèi dokument z naslovom Arhitektura stolpov in nebotiènikovje povzetek enoletnega raziskovanja dveh tem, ki se prepletata. Prvatema je pove<strong>za</strong>na s stolpi na svetovnih razstavah, druga tema jearhitekturno oblikovanje in konstrukcijska <strong>za</strong>snova nebotiènikov.Osrednji del raziskave je razdeljen v štirinajst podpoglavij. Prvopodpoglavje uvodno povzema oblike stolpov od Mezopotamije dodvajsetega stoletja. Babilonski stolp je tema drugega podpoglavja. Vnjem sta citirana dva odlomka, prvi je iz Herodotovih Zgodb, drugi pa izMojzesove knjige Stare <strong>za</strong>veze, prika<strong>za</strong>ni so nekateri primeriupodobitve babilonskega stolpa v slikarstvu. Tretje podpoglavjeobravnava prve naèrte in nerealizirane predloge <strong>za</strong> visoke stolpe, odRicharda Trevithicka, Charlesa Burtona, Jamesa Bogardusa, od Clarkain Reevesa in Roberta Millsa. V èetrtem podpoglavju se tema stolpovumakne temi nebotiènikov - z opisom znaèilnosti Èikaške šole, spredstavitvijo najpomembnejših stavb in s prvim nebotiènikom. Petopodpoglavje je posveèeno Eifflovemu stolpu, ki je s tristo metri prvizgrajeni velikan. V šestem podpoglavju so predstavljeni trije utopièninaèrti z <strong>za</strong>èetka dvajsetega stoletja: Sant'Elia s Cittá Nuova, TonyGarnier s Cité Industrielle in LeCorbusier z Ville Contemporaine.Sedmo podpoglavje je namenjeno predstaviti Tatlinovega spomenikaTretji Internacionali. Osmo in deveto podpoglavje je osredotoèeno nadva nateèaja: prvi je <strong>za</strong> stanovanjsko hišo ob postaji Friedrichstrasse vBerlinu, drugi <strong>za</strong> Chicago Tribune Tower v Chicagu. Desetopodpoglavje je namenjeno nebotiènikom New Yorka pred drugosvetovno vojno, enajsto podpoglavje pa razcvetu nebotiènikov po drugisvetovni vojni v Ameriki in delno v Evropi. V dvanajstem in trinajstempodpoglavju se z Atomiumom v Bruslju in Space Needle v Seattlu zopetvrnem na temo stolpov na svetovnih razstavah. Zadnje je podpoglavje znaslovom Danes - tekma se nadaljuje, v katerem so prika<strong>za</strong>ni najnovejšiprimeri gradnje nebotiènikov, predvsem na daljnem vzhodu.doseeni cilji, namen in rezultatiV diskusiji so podane glavne znaèilnosti nebotiènikov, opisani sotrendi in smernice njihovega razvoja. Pet najpomembnejših osnovnihpogojev, ki jih naèrtovalci, predvsem v manjših krajih, pogosto prezrejo.Prvi je ekonomski pogoj, med katerega štejemo visoko vrednostzemljišèa, monost odtoka delavne sile in kapitala; drugi je socialnipogoj, med katerega štejeta sposobnost dela in ivljenja v velikihskupinah med najpomembnejše znaèilnosti, poleg tega pa še uèinkovitopodjetnost in smotrno organi<strong>za</strong>cijo dela; tretji je tehnološki pogoj <strong>za</strong>ureditev gradbišèa s primernimi delovnimi stroji in delovnimi procesigradnje ter <strong>za</strong>gotovitev <strong>za</strong>dostnih virov energije; èetrti je psihološkipogoj <strong>za</strong>vestnih in ne<strong>za</strong>vestnih (ne<strong>za</strong>vednih) elja, ki jih visoka zgradbaspodbuja in sproa; ter še peti, estetski pogoj, ki zdruuje veselje dovišine in eljo po izstopanju stolpov med nizkimi stavbami.problematika v arhitekturi, umestitevobravnavane teme v te tokove in njen pomenVsi v èlanku omenjeni stolpi in nebotièniki, tako nezgrajeni kotzgrajeni, pa tudi e porušeni, kaejo na eljo po dokazovanju konstrukcijna meji monega. Stolpi in nebotièniki so vedno dobro obiskanaatrakcija, saj ponujajo svojim obiskovalcem izvrsten razgled, <strong>za</strong> vseostale pa pomeni dominanto, razpoznavni znak v krajini. Naèrtovanjestolpov in nebotiènikov je stvar prestia arhitektov, konstruktorjev,gradbenikov in predvsem investitorjev.kljuène besedeArhitektura 20. stoletja, nebotièniki, stolpi, svetovne razstavesummaryThe presented document, titled Architecture of towers andskyscrapers, is the abstract of a year-long research on two intertwinedtopics. The first links to towers at world exhibitions and the other toarchitectural design and structural concepts of skyscrapers.The central part of the research is divided into fourteen subchapters.The first sub-chapter is a review of tower forms fromMesopotamia to the twentieth century. The Tower of Babel is the topic ofthe second sub-chapter. It includes two quotations, the first from Herod'sstories, the other from The Book of Moses in the Old Testament, withsome examples of illustrations of the Tower of Babel by figurers. Thethird sub-chapter deals with the first plans and never built proposals oftall towers, from Richard Trevithick, Charles Burton, James Bogardus,to Clark and Reeves and Robert Mills. In the fourth sub-chapter thetower, as the theme, is substituted by the skyscraper, with descriptions ofthe Chicago School's characteristics, some of their most importantbuildings and first skyscraper. The fifth sub-chapter is dedicated to TheEiffel Tower, which was with its 300 metres the first completed colossus.In the sixth sub-chapter three utopian projects from the early twentiethcentury are presented: Sant'Elia's Cittá Nuova, Tony Garnier's CitéIndustrielle and LeCorbusier's Ville Contemporaine. The seventh subchaptershows Tatlin's monument to the Third International. The eighthand ninth sub-chapters focus on two competitions: the first for aresidential building by the station on Friedrichstrasse in Berlin and theother for the Chicago Tribune Tower in Chicago. The tenth sub-chapterdeals with skyscrapers built in New York before the Second World War,while the eleventh describes the proliferation of skyscrapers in Americaand partly in Europe after the war. With the twelfth and thirteenth subchapterswe return to the World exhibitions: the Atomium in Brussels andSpace Needle in Seattle. The last sub-chapter, titled Todaycompetition continues, shows the most recent examples of buildingskyscrapers, especially in the Far East.intentions, goals and resultsThe discussion provides the main characteristics of skyscrapers anddescribes the main trends and directions their development is taking.Five of the most important conditions most often ignored by designers,especially in smaller places, are elaborated. The first is the economiccondition, which amongst other includes high property value andavailable labour force and capital. The second is the social condition,including amongst other, as the most important, the capability forworking and living in a large group. The third is the technologicalcondition for organising building sites with adequate constructionmachinery and construction working process, as well as ensuringsufficient energy resources. The fourth is the psychological condition ofconscious or unconscious (subconscious) desires, which a tall buildingcould affect or release. The fifth is the aesthetic condition, which unitesthe desire for height and the distinction of towers amongst lowerbuildings.architectural issues, positioning the topicin ongoing debate and its’ significanceAll towers and skyscrapers un-built, completed or demolished,which are referred to in the article, support the desire for provingstructures that limit on the impossible. Towers and skyscrapers arealways well-visited attractions, since they offer their visitors excellentviews and are a landmark, a distinct feature in the landscape, foreverybody else. The designing of towers and skyscrapers is a matter ofprestige for architects, builders, engineers and, above all, investors.key words20th century architecture, skyscrapers, towers, world exhibitionsthe77
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