evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS
evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS
130evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwZi welq¸‡jv hZUv ZvrwYK (Instantaneous), cwi‡ekMZ Ges cwi‡ekRwbZ ¯^v¯’¨MZjvf-wZi welq¸‡jv ZZUv ZvrwbK bq| ZvB Gi ZvrwYKfv‡e cÖZxqgvb ev `„k¨gvbjY¸‡jv (Instantaneously Evident) Qvov ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` cÖfv‡ei MfxiZv (Depth) evw`K¸‡jv (Dimensions) mswk−ó c¸‡jv (Concerned Stakeholders)Õi ARvbv| GB c¸‡jvig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK, gvwjK, Zv‡`i cwievi, G wk‡íi Drcv`be¨enviKvix Ab¨vb¨ wkí Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK, gvwjK I Zv‡`i cwievi, wkí-mswk−óGjvKvi Rb‡Mvôx, Rxe I cÖvYxRMr, mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx, evqy, cvwb BZ¨vw`| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB G wkíGes Zvi Abykxjb¸‡jv (Practices) w`‡q cÖZ¨ ev c‡ivfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| G cÖfv‡ei wKQzZvrwYK, wKQz ga¨‡gqvw`, wKQy Avevi †ek K‡qK eQi ci `„k¨gvb nq| cwi‡ekMZ w`K†_‡K Gi A_© g~j¨ (Monetary Value) wbY©q mnRmva¨ bq| Avi ZvB cwi‡ekMZ wZi Avw_©Kg~‡j¨i wfwˇZ Zzjbvg~jK wP‡Î AvcvZ wekvj As‡Ki A_©‰bwZK Qvo †`IqvI ¯^fveZ:Bevsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki c‡ gykwKj|RvnvRfv½v wkí g~jZ ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| D`vniYwn‡m‡e ZvBIqvb, K¨v‡¤^vwWqv, fviZ, cvwK¯—vb I evsjv‡`‡ki K_v D‡j−L Kiv hvq| e¨wZµgwn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q Zzi¯‹, †h †`k †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y GKwU Zzjbvg~jK myweav(Comparative Advantage) †c‡q _v‡K| ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k G wk‡íi weKvk jv‡fig~j KviY n‡jv myjf kªg (Cheap Labour) Ges cwi‡ek cÖ‡kœ G †`k¸‡jvi Qvo †`evig‡bvfve (Flexibility)| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z eR©¨ c`v_© ¯’vbvš—‡ii GKwU mnRgva¨g wn‡m‡e G wkí‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q, hv H †`k¸‡jvi A_©bxwZ‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Z wM‡qcwi‡e‡ki Ici weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q (McElroy 2006)| wb‡Ri †`‡ki cwi‡ek‡K welgy³ ivLviRb¨ Zviv cy‡iv‡bv welv³ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_© c~Y© RvnvR¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡`i †`‡k bv †i‡L ¯^‡ívbœZ†`k¸‡jvi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡”Q| ZvB cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfv‡ei gvb`‡Ê RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Av_©mvgvwRKjvf-‡jvKmvb wb‡q AviI M‡elYv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb (Nosal and Wilhelm 1990)|wØwea Kvi‡Y G wkí cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB SzuwKc~Y©| cÖK…Z A‡_©, GKwU RvnvR GKwU kn‡ii GKz`ª ms¯‹iY| ZvB cÖ_gZ GKw`‡K †hgb Rvnv‡Ri eR©¨ GKwU gnvbMix‡Z bvMwiK emev‡mid‡j m„ó mKj AveR©bvi GKwU wZKviK NbvwqZ iƒc (concentrated form), Ab¨w`‡K ZgwbwZKviK mxmvi Avei‡Y Ave„Z RvnvR¸‡jv gvbe‡`‡n `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa msµgY K‡i| wØZxqZ,evsjv‡`‡k GB wkí AZ¨š— †ewk gvÎvq kªgNb (Labour Intensive) e‡j (fvix hš¿cvwZ‡ZcÖ‡qvRbxq wewb‡qv‡Mi Afv‡e) G wk‡í AwbðqZv Ges SzuwKi cwigvY AZ¨waK| d‡j G wk‡íimv‡_ kªwgK wZc~i‡Yi e¨vcviwUI IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Kv‡RB kªwgK‡`i `xN© I wbiew”QbœAvw_©K wZc~i‡Yi e¨vL¨v AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© G wk‡íi †ckvMZ SzuwKi (Occupational Risks)gvivZ¥K gvÎvi Kvi‡YB| Avi G Kvi‡YB RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi mvgwMÖK cÖfve ch©v‡jvPbvqcwi‡ekMZ cÖfve, ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK Ges hveZxq jvf-wZ ch©v‡jvPbvi welqwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) ev ÔBcmvÕ bvgK GKwU †emiKvwi ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvßZ_¨g‡Z, MZ 20 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ 400 Gi †ewk kªwgK g„Zz¨eiYK‡i‡Q Ges 600 R‡bi g‡Zv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ mßv‡n GKR‡bi g„Zz¨
†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 131nq Ges gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ nq GKRb| Z‡e G wnmve ïaygvÎ bw_fy³ qwZi (ReportedCasualty) wnmve †`q| eû kªwg‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨MZ, `yN©UbvRwbZ I cÖvYNvwZ qwZi Z_¨ bw_fy³nq bv| ZvB Butler and Worral (1991) kªwgK‡`i †ckvMZ SzuwK (Occupational Risk) GeskvixwiK wZi wbix‡L GKwU `xN© Ges wbiew”Qbœ Avw_©K wZc~i‡Yi e¨vL¨vi Dci AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi G wel‡q jvf †jvKmv‡bi GKwU we‡klch©v‡jvPbv Kiv DwPZ, †Kbbv wk‡íi mvgwMÖK jvf-wZi As‡K kªwgK‡`i f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi cwi‡ekMZ cÖfve (Environmental Impact) Ges†ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ wbivcËv (Occupational Health and Safety) m¤ú‡K© ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z jvf-wZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †Kej Avw_©K e¨vcviwUi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎD‡V Av‡m wKš‘ cwi‡e‡ki Ici cÖfve ev kªwgK wbivcËvi mvgvwRK iƒc I cÖK…Z Z_¨ cÖgvYD‡V Avmevi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K| ZvB eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU‡Z RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi mvgwMÖK Av_©mvgvwRKGes cwi‡ekMZ wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU c~Y©v½ aviYv †`Iqvi cÖqvm _vK‡e|eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi g~j j¨ `ywU: cÖ_gZ, kªwgK wbivcËv Ges cwi‡ek msiYRwbZ we`¨gvbAvBbmg~n Ges GB AvBbmg~‡ni cÖv‡qvwMK w`KwU m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv Ges wØZxqZ,cwi‡ek I kªg-AwaKvi wbwðZKiY AvBb¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †‡Î Av_©-mvgvwRK jvf-wZi GKwUmvgwMÖK ch©v‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv|2| RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:mwiZ cwi‡ek `~lYKvix eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n Ges GB eR©¨c`v_©mg~n n‡Z D¢~Z mgm¨v I wZi e¨vwß2.1| RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:mwiZ cwi‡ek `~lYKvix ivmvqwbK eR©¨ c`v_©mg~ncwi‡ek Ges gvbe¯^v‡¯’¨i Ici RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi c&ªfve ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ G wk‡íiAek¨¤¢vex eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n, hv cwi‡ek Z_v RxeˆewPΨ Ges kªwgK wbivcËv Df‡qi DciBcÖfve †d‡j, †m m¤ú‡K© wKQy Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mgỳ ªMvgx RvnvR fv½vi mgq KwVb,Zij I evqexq avZe Ges AavZe `~wlZ c`v_© ˆZwi nq| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:• `xN©¯’vqx ˆRweK c`v_© (wcIwc)• cwj‡K¬vwi‡b‡UW evBwdbvBj KgcvDÛm& (wcwmwe)• A¨vm‡e÷m• AM©v‡bvwUbm&• †Zj• UªvBweDUvBwjb (wUwewU)• fvix avZz, †hgb: cvi`, mxmv, Av‡m©wbK, †µvwgqvg, g¨v½vwbR, `¯—v BZ¨vw`|
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130<strong>evsjv‡`k</strong> <strong>Dbœq</strong>b mgxvwZi welq¸‡jv hZUv ZvrwYK (Instantaneous), cwi‡ekMZ Ges cwi‡ekRwbZ ¯^v¯’¨MZjvf-wZi welq¸‡jv ZZUv ZvrwbK bq| ZvB Gi ZvrwYKfv‡e cÖZxqgvb ev `„k¨gvbjY¸‡jv (Instantaneously Evident) Qvov ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` cÖfv‡ei MfxiZv (Depth) evw`K¸‡jv (Dimensions) mswk−ó c¸‡jv (Concerned Stakeholders)Õi ARvbv| GB c¸‡jvig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK, gvwjK, Zv‡`i cwievi, G wk‡íi Drcv`be¨enviKvix Ab¨vb¨ wkí Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK, gvwjK I Zv‡`i cwievi, wkí-mswk−óGjvKvi Rb‡Mvôx, Rxe I cÖvYxRMr, mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx, evqy, cvwb BZ¨vw`| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB G wkíGes Zvi Abykxjb¸‡jv (Practices) w`‡q cÖZ¨ ev c‡ivfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| G cÖfv‡ei wKQzZvrwYK, wKQz ga¨‡gqvw`, wKQy Avevi †ek K‡qK eQi ci `„k¨gvb nq| cwi‡ekMZ w`K†_‡K Gi A_© g~j¨ (Monetary Value) wbY©q mnRmva¨ bq| Avi ZvB cwi‡ekMZ wZi Avw_©Kg~‡j¨i wfwˇZ Zzjbvg~jK wP‡Î AvcvZ wekvj As‡Ki A_©‰bwZK Qvo †`IqvI ¯^fveZ:Bevsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU <strong>Dbœq</strong>bkxj †`‡ki c‡ gykwKj|RvnvRfv½v wkí g~jZ ¯^‡ívbœZ I <strong>Dbœq</strong>bkxj †`kmg~‡n weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| D`vniYwn‡m‡e ZvBIqvb, K¨v‡¤^vwWqv, fviZ, cvwK¯—vb I evsjv‡`‡ki K_v D‡j−L Kiv hvq| e¨wZµgwn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q Zzi¯‹, †h †`k †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y GKwU Zzjbvg~jK myweav(Comparative Advantage) †c‡q _v‡K| ¯^‡ívbœZ I <strong>Dbœq</strong>bkxj †`‡k G wk‡íi weKvk jv‡fig~j KviY n‡jv myjf kªg (Cheap Labour) Ges cwi‡ek cÖ‡kœ G †`k¸‡jvi Qvo †`evig‡bvfve (Flexibility)| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z eR©¨ c`v_© ¯’vbvš—‡ii GKwU mnRgva¨g wn‡m‡e G wkí‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q, hv H †`k¸‡jvi A_©bxwZ‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Z wM‡qcwi‡e‡ki Ici weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q (McElroy 2006)| wb‡Ri †`‡ki cwi‡ek‡K welgy³ ivLviRb¨ Zviv cy‡iv‡bv welv³ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_© c~Y© RvnvR¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡`i †`‡k bv †i‡L ¯^‡ívbœZ†`k¸‡jvi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡”Q| ZvB cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfv‡ei gvb`‡Ê RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Av_©mvgvwRKjvf-‡jvKmvb wb‡q AviI M‡elYv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb (Nosal and Wilhelm 1990)|wØwea Kvi‡Y G wkí cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB SzuwKc~Y©| cÖK…Z A‡_©, GKwU RvnvR GKwU kn‡ii GKz`ª ms¯‹iY| ZvB cÖ_gZ GKw`‡K †hgb Rvnv‡Ri eR©¨ GKwU gnvbMix‡Z bvMwiK emev‡mid‡j m„ó mKj AveR©bvi GKwU wZKviK NbvwqZ iƒc (concentrated form), Ab¨w`‡K ZgwbwZKviK mxmvi Avei‡Y Ave„Z RvnvR¸‡jv gvbe‡`‡n `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa msµgY K‡i| wØZxqZ,evsjv‡`‡k GB wkí AZ¨š— †ewk gvÎvq kªgNb (Labour Intensive) e‡j (fvix hš¿cvwZ‡ZcÖ‡qvRbxq wewb‡qv‡Mi Afv‡e) G wk‡í AwbðqZv Ges SzuwKi cwigvY AZ¨waK| d‡j G wk‡íimv‡_ kªwgK wZc~i‡Yi e¨vcviwUI IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Kv‡RB kªwgK‡`i `xN© I wbiew”QbœAvw_©K wZc~i‡Yi e¨vL¨v AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© G wk‡íi †ckvMZ SzuwKi (Occupational Risks)gvivZ¥K gvÎvi Kvi‡YB| Avi G Kvi‡YB RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi mvgwMÖK cÖfve ch©v‡jvPbvqcwi‡ekMZ cÖfve, ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK Ges hveZxq jvf-wZ ch©v‡jvPbvi welqwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) ev ÔBcmvÕ bvgK GKwU †emiKvwi ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvßZ_¨g‡Z, MZ 20 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ 400 Gi †ewk kªwgK g„Zz¨eiYK‡i‡Q Ges 600 R‡bi g‡Zv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ mßv‡n GKR‡bi g„Zz¨
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