evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS
evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS
118evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv5| Dcmsnvi Ges mycvwikDc‡ii Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ¯úóZB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, my›`ieb mswk−ó A‡ji †ckvRxwe‡`iAvq ˆelg¨ e¨vcK| Dc‡ii ¯—‡ii †ckvRxwei 10 kZvs‡ki Avq wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii †ckvRxwe‡`i†P‡q 43 ¸Y †ewk (wMwb wb‡`©wkKv cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 0.42 -0.52, hv mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡kiZzjbvq A‡bK †ewk)| 15 eZ©gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK Ges AvenvIqv cwieZ©bRwbZ mgm¨v¸wjicwi‡cÖw‡Z fwel¨‡Z GB A‡ji Av‡qi GB AmgZv AviI evo‡e e‡jB Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q|µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v I mxwgZ RxweKvq‡bi my‡hvM my›`ie‡bi Dci gvivZ¥K K…wÎg Pvc m„wóKi‡Q, hv µgvš^‡q g¨vb‡MÖvf eb aŸs‡mi cÖavb KviY (FAO 2003; Waggoner and Ausubel2001) n‡q D‡V‡Q| eZ©gvb mgxvq †`Lv †M‡Q, 10 jv‡LiI †ewk †jvK mivmwi my›`ie‡bim¤ú` msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ wewfbœfv‡e RwoZ| 16 MZ `k eQ‡ii Zzjbvq msMÖnKvixi msL¨v GLbA‡bK †ewk, d‡j my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix‡`i gv_v wcQy msMÖ‡ni cwigvY e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm†c‡q‡Q| 17 GB Kvi‡Y e‡bi Dci ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi wbf©ikxjZv Avk¼vRbK nv‡i †e‡o Pj‡Q|fwel¨‡Z GB Pvc AviI evo‡e (Anon 2001)| GLv‡b Pig `vwi‡`ª¨i (Extreme Poverty) gvÎvcÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 0.42, A_©vr my›`ieb msjMœ 10wU Dc‡Rjvi †gvU RbmsL¨vi 42 kZvsknZ `wi`ª| Ab¨w`‡K my›`ieb GjvKv ev‡` A_©vr evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ Dc‡Rjvi Mo nZ`vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎv 26 kZvsk| GB Ae¯’vq my›`ieb cÖfvweZ AÂj (SIZ) G `vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎv cÖKU†_‡K cÖKUZi n‡e, hv bxwZwba©vi‡Y LyeB Zvrch©c~Y©|eZ©gvb mgxvwUi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, my›`ie‡bi wewfbœ cY¨ †f‡` weµqg~‡j¨iDci †Lv` msMÖnKvix‡`i g~j¨ms‡hvRb 50 †_‡K 75 kZvsk n‡jI Zv‡`i Mo gvwmK bxU AvqGB cY¨ mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i †gvU Av‡qi Zzjbvq gvÎ 3 †_‡K 7 kZvsk hv AwZ D”P Avq‰elg¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| eZ©gvb Av_©-cÖvK…wZK †cªvc‡U my›`ie‡bi m¤ú‡`i Drcv`b A‡bK K‡g†M‡Q, hvi d‡j msMÖnKvix‡`i Avq AviI K‡g †M‡Q| GB Ae¯’v my›`ie‡bi cY¨ mswk−ó†ckvRxwe‡`i g‡a¨ Avq ˆelg¨ e„wׇZ f~wgKv ivL‡Q| m¤ú` K‡g hvIqv Ges mxwgZ m¤ú‡`iAmg eÈb my›`ieb msjMœ GjvKvi cÖKU `vwi`ª¨Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY| GB Ae¯’v †Kej †`‡kwe`¨gvb we¯—„Z `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bB evavi m„wó Ki‡Q bv, evav m„wó Ki‡Q my›`ieb m¤ú‡`ie¨e¯’vcbv Ges msi‡Yi Dbœq‡b| ZvB GB Ae¯’vi Avï Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb| GB j‡¨ GLv‡beZ©gvb cÖeÜwUi Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ wKQy Kvh©Ki c`‡c mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q|my›`ieb m¤ú‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv I msi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g my›`ieb mswk−ó m¤ú‡`i wb毗‡ii†ckvRxwe we‡kl K‡i msMÖnKvix‡`i `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G cÖm‡½ wbæwjwLZwelq¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e cÖwYavb‡hvM¨|15 HIES (2008) Abyhvqx mvwe©Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg GjvKvi wMwb wb‡`©wkKv 0.30 Ges kni GjvKvq 0.38|16 mviv eQi 10 jv‡LiI †ewk †jvK my›`ie‡bi cY¨ msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K | Zvi g‡a¨ †R‡ji msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk, Zv‡`ig‡a¨ Avevi †cvbv msMÖnKvix ‡R‡ji msL¨v cÖvq `yB jvL| Avgv‡`i M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, M‡o GKRb msMÖnKvix eQ‡i 1.8wUm¤ú` msMÖn K‡i, †mB Abyhvqx wnmve Ki‡j cÖvq 6 jvL †jvK mivmwi msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ|17 grm¨ e¨ZxZ my›`ie‡bi evwK mKj m¤ú` †gŠmyg wfwËK msMÖn Kiv nq, d‡j grm¨ Lv‡Zi Dci Pvc µ‡g cÖKU n‡Z cÖKUZin‡”Q|
Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 119my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni cwigvY µgvMZ n«vm cv‡”Q| wKQy cÖRvwZ we‡kl K‡i wKQywKQy grm¨ cÖRvwZ wejywßi c‡_| GLv‡b grm¨ LvZ‡K we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e|msMÖnKvix‡`i msL¨v (we‡kl K‡i †R‡j ev †MvjcvZv msMÖnKvix) A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q|eZ©gv‡b G msL¨v cÖvq 9 jvL hv‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM kªgRxwe †R‡j| evwK‡`i g‡a¨dwoqv/e¨vcvixi msL¨v A‡bK †ewk| †`Lv †M‡Q, ïay gv‡Qi ‡‡Î 2 jvL dwoqv/e¨vcvix i‡q‡Q|K…wl Rwg‡Z jeYv³Zvi cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvq my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvixi msL¨vevo‡Q| my›`ie‡bi AwaKvsk cY¨ †gŠmyg wfwËK, d‡j Rxeb-RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b grm¨m¤ú‡`i Dci AwaK Pvc m„wó n‡”Q|eb wefvM †_‡K KvV msMÖ‡ni cvk eÜ _vKvq I weKí Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v bv _vKvqgrm¨ Lv‡Z µ‡gB Pvc evo‡Q, hv Rxe-ˆewP‡Î¨i fvimvg¨ ivq †bwZevPK cÖfve†dj‡Q|grm¨ wkKv‡ii †‡Î hvZvqvZ LiP Lye †ewk| hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ msMÖnKvix‡`i `xN©mgq e¨q nIqvq Li‡Pi fvi AviI †e‡o hvq|msMÖnKvix‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk e¨q Ki‡Z nq Rj`mÿ ‡`i Puv`v, gyw³cY Ges wewfbœwbqgewnf©~Z A_©| 18RxebhvÎvi e¨q e„w×i Kvi‡Y msMÖnKvix‡`i AviI Amnbxq ch©v‡q wb‡q †M‡Q|cÖvwZôvwbK FY g~jZ g~j¨-k„sL‡ji Dc‡ii †kªwYi †ckvRxwe‡`i Rb¨ mnRjf¨|Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Awej‡¤^ bxwZwba©viY Kiv DwPZ|g~j¨-k„sL‡j Aš—f©y³ wewfbœ ai‡bi weµqKvixi Av‡qi g‡a¨ mgZv Avbq‡b Ges `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’viDbœq‡b KiYxq:FY Ges Avw_©K mnvqZvA_© mnvqZvi weKí †Kv‡bv mnR Dcvq bv _vKvq `v`bB GKgvÎ mnR Dcvq wnmv‡emsMÖnKixiv †e‡Q †bq| eZ©gvb M‡ilYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, Kg †ewk 95 kZvsk msMªnKvix `v`bwb‡q _v‡K| `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, `v`b wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii msMÖnKvix‡`i †kvl‡Yi GKwU eonvwZqvi| ZvB wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii msMÖnKvix‡`i Rb¨ FY myweav cÖ`vb †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| `v`bmy›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix‡`i A_© mnvqZv w`‡jI GB e¨e¯’v g~j¨-k„sLj‡K wb‡Pi ¯—‡iimsMÖnKvixi m‡½ dwoqv‡`i `„pfv‡e AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| D”P my‡`i nvi, gvÎvwZwi³ Kwgkb,c‡Y¨i mwVK g~j¨ bv cvIqv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y `v`b †ewki fvM †‡ÎB GKwU AveZ©gvb c×wZ| G†_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv n‡”Q:18 eZ©gvb mgxv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q, cY¨‡f‡` G ai‡bi e¨q †gvU msMÖne¨‡qi 25 kZvsk|
- Page 73 and 74: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 75 and 76: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 77 and 78: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 79 and 80: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 81 and 82: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 83 and 84: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 85 and 86: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 87 and 88: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 89 and 90: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 91 and 92: cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj R
- Page 93 and 94: evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAóweskwZZg L
- Page 95 and 96: [Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú
- Page 97 and 98: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 99 and 100: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 101 and 102: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 103 and 104: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 105 and 106: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 107 and 108: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 109 and 110: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 111 and 112: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 113 and 114: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 115 and 116: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 117 and 118: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 119 and 120: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 121 and 122: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 123: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 127 and 128: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 129 and 130: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 131 and 132: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 133 and 134: Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`
- Page 135 and 136: evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAóweskwZZg L
- Page 137 and 138: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 139 and 140: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 141 and 142: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 143 and 144: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 145 and 146: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 147 and 148: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 149 and 150: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 151 and 152: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 153 and 154: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 155 and 156: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 157 and 158: †b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`
- Page 159 and 160: evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAóweskwZZg L
- Page 161 and 162: Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©
- Page 163 and 164: Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©
- Page 165 and 166: Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©
- Page 167 and 168: Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©
- Page 169 and 170: Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©
- Page 171 and 172: Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©
- Page 173 and 174: Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©
Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 119my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni cwigvY µgvMZ n«vm cv‡”Q| wKQy cÖRvwZ we‡kl K‡i wKQywKQy grm¨ cÖRvwZ wejywßi c‡_| GLv‡b grm¨ LvZ‡K we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e|msMÖnKvix‡`i msL¨v (we‡kl K‡i †R‡j ev †MvjcvZv msMÖnKvix) A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q|eZ©gv‡b G msL¨v cÖvq 9 jvL hv‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM kªgRxwe †R‡j| evwK‡`i g‡a¨dwoqv/e¨vcvixi msL¨v A‡bK †ewk| †`Lv †M‡Q, ïay gv‡Qi ‡‡Î 2 jvL dwoqv/e¨vcvix i‡q‡Q|K…wl Rwg‡Z jeYv³Zvi cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvq my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvixi msL¨vevo‡Q| my›`ie‡bi AwaKvsk cY¨ †gŠmyg wfwËK, d‡j Rxeb-RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b grm¨m¤ú‡`i Dci AwaK Pvc m„wó n‡”Q|eb wefvM †_‡K KvV msMÖ‡ni cvk eÜ _vKvq I weKí Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v bv _vKvqgrm¨ Lv‡Z µ‡gB Pvc evo‡Q, hv Rxe-ˆewP‡Î¨i fvimvg¨ ivq †bwZevPK cÖfve†dj‡Q|grm¨ wkKv‡ii †‡Î hvZvqvZ LiP Lye †ewk| hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ msMÖnKvix‡`i `xN©mgq e¨q nIqvq Li‡Pi fvi AviI †e‡o hvq|msMÖnKvix‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk e¨q Ki‡Z nq Rj`mÿ ‡`i Puv`v, gyw³cY Ges wewfbœwbqgewnf©~Z A_©| 18RxebhvÎvi e¨q e„w×i Kvi‡Y msMÖnKvix‡`i AviI Amnbxq ch©v‡q wb‡q †M‡Q|cÖvwZôvwbK FY g~jZ g~j¨-k„sL‡ji Dc‡ii †kªwYi †ckvRxwe‡`i Rb¨ mnRjf¨|Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Awej‡¤^ bxwZwba©viY Kiv DwPZ|g~j¨-k„sL‡j Aš—f©y³ wewfbœ ai‡bi weµqKvixi Av‡qi g‡a¨ mgZv Avbq‡b Ges `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’vi<strong>Dbœq</strong>‡b KiYxq:FY Ges Avw_©K mnvqZvA_© mnvqZvi weKí †Kv‡bv mnR Dcvq bv _vKvq `v`bB GKgvÎ mnR Dcvq wnmv‡emsMÖnKixiv †e‡Q †bq| eZ©gvb M‡ilYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, Kg †ewk 95 kZvsk msMªnKvix `v`bwb‡q _v‡K| `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, `v`b wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii msMÖnKvix‡`i †kvl‡Yi GKwU eonvwZqvi| ZvB wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii msMÖnKvix‡`i Rb¨ FY myweav cÖ`vb †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| `v`bmy›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix‡`i A_© mnvqZv w`‡jI GB e¨e¯’v g~j¨-k„sLj‡K wb‡Pi ¯—‡iimsMÖnKvixi m‡½ dwoqv‡`i `„pfv‡e AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| D”P my‡`i nvi, gvÎvwZwi³ Kwgkb,c‡Y¨i mwVK g~j¨ bv cvIqv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y `v`b †ewki fvM †‡ÎB GKwU AveZ©gvb c×wZ| G†_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv n‡”Q:18 eZ©gvb mgxv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q, cY¨‡f‡` G ai‡bi e¨q †gvU msMÖne¨‡qi 25 kZvsk|