evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS

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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvevsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvbXvKv

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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAóweskwZZg LÊ evwl©K msL¨v 1417cÖeÜ1 wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ†gvnv¤§` iv‡k` Avjg fu~Bqv†gvnv¤§` gvneyeyi ingvb29 ga¨-Av‡qi †`‡k DËi‡Yi cÖZ¨vkvq evsjv‡`k : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebvgbRyi †nv‡mb†gvnv¤§` BKevj †nv‡mb53 †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj RvZxq ev‡RU AR©‡bi c‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZcÖwZgv cvj-gRyg`vi87 my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ - GKwU we‡k−lY†KGg bexDj Bmjvg†gvt bRi“j Bmjvg129 evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí : cwi‡ek ebvg A_©bxwZKvkwdqv †b‡nixb†nvgvqiv Avn&‡g`153 wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx : evsjv‡`k †cÖvcUGweGg kvgmyj Bmjvg169 evsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbve`i“b †bQv Avn&‡g`†bvU183 F‡Y wbgMœ evsjvi MÖvg : gyw³i Dcvq wK?Abycg †mb191 Acywó wbim‡b wRsK mg„× av‡bi RvZ : GKwU Awfbe Avš—R©vwZK cÖKígvneye †nv‡mb†iRvDj Kwig195 MÖš’ ch©v‡jvPbvDbœq‡bi A_©bxwZ†gvnv¤§` BDbym

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fu~Bqv I ingvb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 11cyb:ewÈZ n‡”Q| wKš‘ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ggb GKwU AwefvR¨ cÖZ¨q †h GUv ïaygvÎ wew”Qbœ Bmÿ Ges†‡Îi g‡a¨ GKwU wbw`©ó gvÎvq KZ©„Z¡ AR©b Kivi mvg_©¨‡K †evSvq bv eis mgMÖ mËvi Icic~Y©v½fv‡e iv‡óªi gZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi mvg_©¨‡K †evSvq| myZivs wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq mve©‡fŠgZ¡ jw•NZn‡”Q GUv A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB|Reinicke (1998:7) ÔAf¨š—ixY Ges Ôewn:¯’Õ mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Ae¯’vb‡K Zz‡j a‡i Gmgm¨vwU‡K D‡cv Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ wZwbI GUv †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb, wek¦vqbhw`I ewn:¯’ mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e¨vcv‡i Avcm K‡i‡Q, wKš‘ †`kxq A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvMZ cyb:web¨vmGes K‡c©v‡iU ms¯’v Ges Avw_©K gZvi bZzb †bUIqvK© Af¨š—ixY mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖ‡qv‡MµgvMZ P¨v‡jÄ Ki‡Q|4.2| wek¦vqb Ges cwieZ©bkxj kvmb cÖwµqvwek¦vq‡bi d‡j kvmb cÖwµqvq cwieZ©b eZ©gv‡b GKwU eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq| kvmb ej‡ZAvgiv †m mKj cÖwµqv Ges cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K (AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK DfqB) eywS hviv GKwUMÖ“‡ci mw¤§wjZ Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv Ges wbqš¿Y K‡i| miKvi n‡”Q GKwU Awfbœ mËv hv KZ©„Z¡cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ges wbqgvbyM eva¨evaKZv ˆZwi K‡i| wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M kvmb cÖwµqv Acwinvh©fv‡e†KejgvÎ miKvi Ges Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’vmg~n ØvivB cwiPvwjZ nq bv| e¨w³ wbqš¿YvaxbevwYwR¨K cÖwZôvbmg~n, evwYR¨ cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni mwgwZ ev †dWv‡ikb, GbwRImg~n GesGbwRImg~‡ni mwgwZ mK‡jB kvmb cÖwµqv Ges kvmb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z RwoZ _v‡K| GgbwKmiKv‡ii A½ cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni m‡½ GKwÎZfv‡e Avevi miKv‡ii KZ©„‡Z¡i evB‡i †_‡KI(Keohane & Nye 2000) |mbvZb A¨v‡cÖvP Abyhvqx Kj¨vYKi iv‡óªi wecix‡Z wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄmg~n AvaywbKiv󪸇jv‡K kvmb aviYvq bZzb weKí †LuvRvi ZvwM` w`‡”Q| wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq we‡kl K‡iKvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‹v‡ii cieZ©x mg‡q bvMwiK msMVbmg~n e¨vcK gZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| GUvD‡j−L‡hvM¨ †h, ms¯‹vi cieZ©x mg‡q RbRxe‡bi ˆ`bw›`b Bmÿ ¸‡jv †_‡K iv‡óªi nvZ ¸wU‡q†bIqvq A_©vr wKQz wKQz †‡Î iv‡óªi k~b¨Zv wmwfj †mvmvBwUi weKv‡ki my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q|eZ©gv‡b wmwfj †mvmvBwU ïaygvÎ iv‡óªi k~b¨K…Z ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q Zv bq eis †hLv‡b ivóª I†emiKvwi LvZ KvR Ki‡Q me †‡ÎB wePiY Ki‡Q|ˆewk¦K iv‡óªi miKvi¸‡jv cÖv‡`wkK, AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq mËvi wbKU we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡ggZv nviv‡bvi GKwU cÖeYZv j Kiv hv‡”Q| bZzb Dbœqb c¨vivWvB‡g `vwi`ª¨-`~ixKiY IA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ ÔMYZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© we‡ePbv Kiv n‡”Q|Avš—R©vwZK `vZv‡Mvôxi g‡a¨I (†hgb- USAID, UNDP) wek¦e¨vcx ¯’vbxq kvmb-msµvš—wel‡qi cÖwZ e¨vcK AvMÖn j Kiv hv‡”Q| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Ici †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ev iv‡óªin¯—‡c Kgv‡bvi K_vI evisevi D”PvwiZ n‡”Q|ev¯—‡e A_©‰bwZK wm×vš— MÖnY cÖwµqvi MYZš¿vq‡bi †‡Î Ôwe‡Kw›`ªKiYÕ aviYvwU †Zgb†Kv‡bv ¸i“Z¡ enb K‡i bv| A_©‰bwZK wm×vš— †bq ¸wUKZK †UK‡bv‡µU Avi ivR‰bwZK

fu~Bqv I ingvb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 13gvwjKvbvq NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Ab¨w`K w`‡q Avevi iv‡óªi f~wgKv m¤cÖmvwiZ nIqvimy‡hvM i‡q‡Q| ivóª bvbv ai‡bi wewaweavb cÖYq‡bi ga¨w`‡q evRvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wbqg-Kvbyb †Kgb n‡e, KLb wK Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg eÜK‡i †`qv hv‡e BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡bi ga¨w`‡q ivóª A_©bxwZ‡Z †Rviv‡jv f~wgKvivL‡Z cv‡i| G wel‡qi Ici nv‡f© †dBbevg (Harvey Feignbaum) I Zvi mnKg©x‡`i †jLv(1999) “Shrinking the State” bvgK eBwU we‡klfv‡e ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| weª‡U‡b gvM©v‡iU _¨vPv‡iiAvg‡j e¨vcK AvKv‡i †h †emiKvwiKiY N‡U‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨v we‡k−lY i‡q‡Q G eB‡Z| Zuv‡`ig‡Z, _¨vPvi miKv‡ii Avg‡j e¨vcKvKv‡i †emiKvwKiY N‡U‡Q hvi d‡j miKvi‡K A‡bK¸‡jv†mev (†hgb †Uwj‡dvb, we`ÿ r, cvwb BZ¨vw`) mieivn Kvh©µg †_‡K nvZ ¸wU‡q wb‡Z n‡q‡Q|wKš‘ GKB m‡½ A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii wbqš¿Yag©x gZvi gvÎvI h‡_ófv‡e †e‡o †M‡Q| eZ©gv‡b†WwfW K¨v‡gi“‡bi KbRvi‡fwUf miKviI GKB bxwZ AbymiY K‡i‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb-Kvbyb cÖYqb I ev¯—evq‡bi ga¨w`‡q miKvi GUv wbwðZ Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Q †h, †emiKvwiK…Z†mev cÖ`vb e¨e¯’v †hb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †fv³vi ¯^v_©‡K zYœ bv K‡i| myZivs mvgwMÖKfv‡eA_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f~wgKv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB K‡gwb|Z‡e †ewkifvM †`‡kB miKvi †emiKvwiKi‡Yi †mªvZ‡K ev †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb‡K wbqš¿YKi‡Z cv‡iwb| †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv AwaK gybvdv Kivig‡bve„wˇZ †fv³v ¯^v_© zYœ n‡q‡Q Ges cY¨ I †mevi `vg eû¸Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q|4.4| iv‡óªi gZv n«vm : ivóª‡f‡` wewfbœZvAvš—R©vwZK cyuwRi `vcU m‡Ë¡I ivóª gZvnxb n‡q hvqwb| Aš—Z wewfbœ †`‡ki gZv-PP©vicv_©‡K¨i w`‡K ZvKv‡j GUv †evSv hvq| nü v-Ryb P¨vs †`wL‡q‡Qb, ivóª‡f‡` Avš—R©vwZK cyuwRicÖfve wfbœ wfbœfv‡e Abyf~Z nq| wfbœ wfbœ Bmÿ ‡Z G cÖfv‡ei gvÎvI nq wfbœ wfbœ| †ewkifvM†‡ÎB IB cÖfv‡ei gvÎv wbf©i K‡i †`kwUi AvqZb, mvgwiK kw³ I mgZvi Dci| wek¦vqbcÖwµqv mvaviYZ `ye©j I z`ª †`k¸‡jvi `i KlvKwli gZv A‡bKUvB Kwg‡q w`‡q‡Q| Zv‡`ic‡ RvZxq ¯^v_©‡K AzYœ ivLv KwVb P¨v‡jÄ n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K AvaywbK I gZvaiivóªmg~n GLb AviI †ewk kw³kvjx f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q‡Q| RvZxq ¯^v_©‡K m¤ú~Y© AzYœ IAZ †i‡L G †`k¸‡jv GLb Avš—R©vwZK ch©v‡qi bxwZ wba©viYx f~wgKv MÖn‡Y A‡bK †ewkmg|• eûRvwZK cyuwRB mKj †‡Î g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡i GUv me‡‡Î mZ¨ bq| †hme†`‡ki Af¨š—ixY evRv‡ii AvqZb A‡bK eo Zviv Avš—R©vwZK cyuwRi m‡½ `iKlvKwli ga¨w`‡q fv‡jv myweav Av`vq K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Pxb I fviZ| z`ªAvqZ‡bi evRvim¤^wjZ †`k¸‡jv Zv cv‡i bv| †hgb- evsjv‡`kmn Z…Zxq we‡k¦i†`kmg~n|• wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjvi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`k wewfbœ iKg †`kxq bxwZ-†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K| †`Lv †M‡Q, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKvi Zv‡`i m¤ú` I

14evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxve¨emv-evwYR¨-wkí-KviLvbv eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`Iqvi my‡hvM K‡iw`‡q‡Q| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k Zv‡`i wbR¯^ Drcv`b cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZnevi Rb¨ Pvc w`‡q‡Q hv‡Z †m¸‡jv AviI †ewk kw³kvjx n‡q eûRvwZK cyuwRi m‡½cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi DbœZ †`k¸‡jv evRvi Db¥y‡³i K_v e‡jIZv‡`i wbR¯^ A_©‰bwZK †m±i¸‡jv‡K ivi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi msiYg~jK c×wZiD×veb †KvUv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|• iv‡óªi wbivcËv e¨q Z_v mvgwiK Ges AvBb-k„•Ljv ivq wb‡qvwRZ evwnbxi Rb¨ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB AwaKvsk †`‡kB Zv DˇivËi e„w×cv‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi µgewa©òz wgwjUvwi ev‡RU mvgwMÖK ev‡RUNvUwZi Rb¨ `vqx| myZivs iv‡óªi f~wgKv Ges e¨q K‡g hvIqvi wecixZgyLx `„óvš—†`Lv hv‡”Q| Kj¨vYgyLx Kvh©µ‡g iv‡óªi e¨q m‡¼vPb Kiv n‡jI wbivcËv ev Ab¨vb¨†‡Î e¨q e„w× cv‡”Q| GUv jYxq †h, wek¦vq‡bi cÖmviK ms¯’vmg~n iv‡óªi wbivcËvZ_v mvgwiK ev‡RU e„w× wb‡q K_v ej‡Q bv wKš‘ Kj¨vYgyLx Lv‡Z e¨q e„w× †c‡jBZviv ˆn ˆP ïi“ K‡i †`q|5| A_©‰bwZK D`vixKiY : weivóªxKiY evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afÿ `‡qi ci †_‡K wW‡m¤^i 1971-1975 ch©š— Dbœqb cwiKíbvqivóªxq n¯—‡‡ci Ges wbqš¿‡Yi bxwZ AbymiY K‡i AvmwQj Ges G mg‡q e¨vcKnv‡iDrcv`bLvZ I eÈb e¨e¯’vi RvZxqKiY, k³fv‡e evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y Ges ivóªxq n¯—‡‡ci wewfbœbxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq; †h‡nZz ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvi ivóªxq g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡eÔmgvRZš¿‡KÕ MÖnY K‡iwQj| G ivR‰bwZK A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvq ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k B÷ cvwK¯—vbBÛvw÷ªqvj †W‡fjc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ik‡bi (EPIDC) Aaxb wkímg~n, cvwK¯—vwb gvwjK‡`i cwiZ¨³wkímg~n Ges evOvwj gvwjK‡`i cvU, e¯¿ I wPwb wkímg~n miKvwi gvwjKvbvq wb‡q Avmv nq|1975 mv‡j AvM‡÷i wbg©g NUbvi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii cwieZ©‡bi ci ax‡i ax‡i A_©‰bwZK †‡ÎcyuwRev` I e¨w³gvwjKvaxb cÖwZôvb e¨w³MZLv‡Z n¯—vš—wiZ Kiv nq| e¨w³MZLv‡Z cyuwRwewb‡qv‡Mi wmwjs m¤ú~Y© DwV‡q †`Iqv nq| e¨w³Lv‡Z we‡`wk cyuwRcwZ‡`i m‡½ evOvwjgvwjK‡`i †hŠ_ wewb‡qv‡Mi wei“‡× mKj cÖwZeÜKZv Zz‡j †`qv nq| Gme bZzb bxwZgvjviKvi‡Y 1981-82 mvj bvMv` wkíLv‡Z gvwjKvbv web¨v‡mi †Pnviv wQj wbgœiƒc:K) ivóªxq gvwjKvbv : 69.10 kZvskL) †`wk-we‡`wk †hŠ_ e¨w³ gvwjKvbv : 2.50 kZvskM) †`wk e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb : 28.40 kZvsk|1982 mv‡j †NvwlZ nq bqv wkíbxwZ (New Industrial Policy- NIP)| G bxwZi Aax‡bme©cÖ_g miKvwifv‡e e„nr cvUKj I e¯¿Kj¸‡jv weivóªxqKi‡Yi Rb¨ Kvh©Kwi c`‡c M„nxZnq| 1985 mvj bvMv` ivóªvqË e„nr wk‡íi msL¨v gvÎ 160wU‡Z †b‡g Av‡m| hw`I 1972

fu~Bqv I ingvb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 15mv‡j G msL¨v wQj 392wU| 1972 mv‡j †hLv‡b wkíLv‡Zi 92 kZvsk m¤ú` wQj iv‡óªigvwjKvbvaxb 1985 mv‡j Zv n«vm †c‡q `uvovq 40 kZvs‡k| 1993 mv‡j miKvi “PrivatisationBoard” MVb K‡i †gvU 44wU ivóªvqË wkí e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq n¯—vš—‡ii Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ †`q|Avwki `k‡K †mvwf‡qU I c~e© BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi miKvi cZb I A_©‰bwZK as‡mid‡j cuywRev`x e¨e¯’v e¨vcKfv‡e M„nxZ n‡Z _v‡K| †h gZwU cÖwZwôZ nq Zv n‡”Q wbgœiƒce¨w³gvwjKvbv I evRvi A_©bxwZ Øviv ¯’vqx A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| e¨w³ gvwjKvbv I evRviA_©bxwZi e¨_©Zv¸‡jvi cÖwZ‡laK mgvRZš¿ bq, G cÖwZ‡laK n‡”Q evRvi I e¨w³ gvwjKvbviIci MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii MYZvwš¿K wbqš¿Y|Ó hv‡nvK 1990-Gi cieZ©x mg‡q evsjv‡`‡kimvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨vcK ms¯‹vi mvwaZ nq, we‡kl K‡i evwYR¨ Db¥y³KiY bxwZ M„nxZ nq| Gmgq evwYR¨ eo ai‡bi ïé n«vm, †hŠw³Kfv‡e U¨v· I U¨vwid wba©viY, evwYR¨ msµvš— (†`wkwk‡íi cÖwZ myweav cÖ`vbKvix) Af¨š—ixY msiY bxwZ cÖZ¨vnvi, Avg`vwbi Rb¨ jvB‡m‡Ýi cÖ_vevwZj Ges bgbxq wewbgq nv‡ii bxwZ MÖnY Kiv nq| GQvov ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ I wewb‡qv‡Mi†‡Î mKj evav µgvš^‡q cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq| GK K_vq cy‡iv`‡g evRvi A_©bxwZ Pvjy nq|6| evRvi Ges ivóª : Avš—:m¤úK© bvwK Ø›Ø?g~jZ ivóª n‡”Q Ggb GKwU msMVb hv mvgvwRK myweav cÖ`vb K‡i Ges ivóªxq m¤ú‡`icyb:eȇbi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K| ivóª n‡”Q ¯’vbxq, cÖv‡`wkK, RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK cÖwZôvbmg~‡niGes miKvwi wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wefv‡Mi (AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefvM) mgwš^Z iƒc| †jb‡`‡biaviYv †_‡KB evRvi aviYvi m„wó| mvaviYZ evRvi ej‡Z GKwU ¯’vb‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b†Kbv‡ePv nq| A_©bxwZi fvlvq evRvi ej‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡kl c‡Y¨i cÖK…Z I m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡K†evSvq| mnRfv‡e ej‡j evRvi ej‡Z Avgiv eywS †µZv I we‡µZvi mgwš^Z iƒc| cY¨iDrcv`b I K¨vUvMwii w`K †_‡K evRvi‡K `ywU fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v- †fv³v evRvi Iwkí evRvi| †hLv‡b P~ovš— †fv‡Mi Rb¨ hviv cY¨`ªe¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx µq K‡ib Zv‡`i mgwó‡K†fv³v evRvi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K wkíRvZ cY¨`ªe¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h evRvi M‡oD‡V Ges cÖvZ¨wnK Dc‡fvM ev e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †h cY¨`ªe¨ µq Kiv nq Zv‡`i mvgwóK iƒcn‡jv wkí evRvi| G Aby‡”Q‡` Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv †fv³v evRvi‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwie¨vß n‡e|evRvi Pjvi †‡Î h_vh_ w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’v I k‡Z©i `iKvi nq| `iKvi nq wek¦¯— A_© mieivn|ivóªB evRvi Ges evRvi e¨e¯’v‡K ˆZwi K‡i| ivóªB evRvi cwiPvjbvi bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i|wKš‘ G bxwZgvjv ev¯—evq‡bi †‡Î ivóª evRvi e¨e¯’v †_‡K G ai‡bi P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb nq|†hgb- Avš—R©vwZK A_©evRv‡ii wbqš¿Y, cY¨ I †mev Drcv`‡b Avš—R©vwZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cÖfve,wKsev ¯^í kªg gRywi BZ¨vw` †‡Î RbMY‡K †`Lfvj Kivi e¨vcv‡i RbKZ©„‡Z¡i (ivóªxq) gZvK‡g hv‡”Q|wKš‘ wecix‡Z GUv †`Lv hvq, Ab¨fv‡e ej‡j, ivóªB evRvi e¨e¯’v ˆZwi‡Z †ek mwµqf~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| c‡Y¨i Ges kª‡gi bZzb evRvi ˆZwi eZ©gv‡b iv‡óªi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y©P¨v‡jÄ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q| wek¦vq‡bi d‡j evRvi aviYvq †h cÖZ¨qwU †ewk †ewk D”PvwiZn‡”Q Zv n‡”Q Avš—R©vwZK evRvi| Avš—R©vwZK evRvi GKwU †`‡ki Af¨š—ixY evRv‡ii Ici

16evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvA‡bK cÖfve †d‡j| †Kv‡bv †`kB GLb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| cÖwZwbqZ Zv‡K Ab¨ †`‡ki Iciwbf©i Ki‡Z n‡”Q| Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i cY¨ Avg`vwb I ißvwb Ges wecYb †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡kiA_©bxwZi nvwZqvi| cÖwZwU †`kB Avš—R©vwZK evRvi a‡i ivL‡Z wecYb cÖwµqv cÖwZwbqZPvwj‡q hvq| MZvbyMwZK Diplomacy †K Qvwo‡q ÔAvR‡Ki we‡k¦Õ ‘Economic Diplomacy’ GicÖwZ AwaK ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡”Q| ZvQvov ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvbmg~‡n †emiKvwiKiY,bZzb Ki‡cv‡ikb¸‡jvi ZË¡veav‡bi Rb¨ wbqš¿K ms¯’v MVb, evwYR¨ †‡Î ïé I Aïéevavmg~n cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i GKK evRvi ˆZwi‡Z (†hgb : Single European Act 1987 Gi ga¨w`‡qGKK BD‡ivcxq evRvi e¨e¯’v PvjyKiY, DËi Av‡gwiKv †hgbwU K‡i‡Q NAFTA (bvdUv) Giga¨w`‡q Ges cy‡iv wek¦Ry‡o GwU wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi gva¨‡g) ivóªB gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|Gfv‡e evRvi KZ©„Z¡ eZ©gvb wek¦e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi ivóª †ewkifvM wkímg~‡nigvwjKvbv weµq, wb‡`©kg~jK cwiKíbv n«vmKiY Ges Kj¨vY iv‡óªi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP e¨vcKfv‡em‡¼vP‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Z`viwKi welq¸‡jv‡Z mivmwi AskMÖnY Kwg‡q w`‡q‡Q| GcÖeYZv †`‡L we‡k¦i Zver ivR‰bwZK Ges A_©‰bwZK we‡k−lKiv wb‡R‡`i‡K cÖ‡kœ Rwo‡q‡QbAvcvZ`„wó‡Z G we`¨gvb cÖeYZvq ivóª wK Zvi Kvh©Kwi f~wgKv nvwi‡q †dj‡Q (evRvi KZ©„Z¡ wKivóª‡K wb®cÖf K‡i †d‡j‡Q; wKsev evRvi wbqš¿Y Kiv wK m¤¢e bq)?evRvi wbqš¿Y: evRvi `i ej‡Z mvaviYZ Pvwn`v I mieivn †iLvi gva¨‡g g~j¨gvbwba©vwiZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K eySvq| †fv³v `ªe¨ I †mev µq Kivi Rb¨ †h g~j¨ cÖ`vb K‡i †mwUevRvi `i wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki evRvi cwiw¯’wZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡j†`Lv hvq †h, Avg`vwb evwYR¨ wbqš¿K †kªwY, cvBKvix e¨emvqx, ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx Ges LyPiv weµq`vZv‡`i B”QvgvwdK evRvi `i wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q| GUv mZ¨ †h, evRvi `i wba©vi‡Yi †‡ÎA‡bK¸‡jv d¨v±i KvR K‡i| evRv‡ii cY¨mvgMÖxi g~j¨e„wׇZ wKQz ¯’vbxq d¨v±i Ges GKBm‡½ Avš—R©vwZK d¨v±iI RwoZ| cÖvq cÖwZ eQiB cÖPzi cwigv‡Y km¨ eb¨v Ges mvB‡K¬v‡b bónq, hv evRv‡ii ch©vß cY¨ mieiv‡n weNœ NUvq| Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’v h_v wek¦e¨vsK, AvBGgGd,wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Pv‡c evsjv‡`k miKvi GLb Avi Av‡Mi g‡Zv K…wl‡Z fZz©wK cÖ`vb Ki‡Qbv| G ms¯’vmg~n mgevwYR¨bxwZ m¤úv`‡bi bv‡g K…wlmn evwY‡R¨ miKvwi fZ©ywK cÖZ¨vnv‡iAweivg ZrciZv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j G e¨vcv‡i HKgZ¨i‡q‡Q †h, wek¦vqb mivmwi RvZxq Dbœqb †KŠkj cÖYq‡bi †‡Î iv‡óªi gZv I mvg_©¨‡K n«vmK‡i‡Q Ges ivóªxq wm×vš— I bxwZwba©vi‡Yi †‡Î gvb`Êmg~‡ni cwieZ©b NwU‡q‡Q| †hgbK…wl‡Z fZ©ywK n«vm GKwU AvBGgGd I wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki G‡RÛv| Gi d‡j Drcv`b g~j¨ e„w×cv‡”Q hv GKB m‡½ `ªe¨g~j¨ evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| †Kbbv fZz©wK cÖZ¨vnv‡ii d‡j Drcv`b K‡g hvq|A‡bK `wi`ª f~wgnxb K…lK i‡q‡Qb, hv‡`i c‡ D”P`v‡g mvi, exR, KxUbvkK µq Kiv m¤¢enq bv, hv †gvU Drcv`‡bi †‡Î weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j Ges evRv‡i cY¨ mieivn Kwg‡q †`q|myZivs cY¨g~j¨ e„w×i †‡Î wek¦vq‡bi Avš—R©vwZK msMVbmg~n RwoZ| cÖwZ eQi ev‡RUcÖYq‡bi c~‡e© wek¦e¨vsK, AvBGgGd miKv‡ii fZy©wK Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ges wewfbœcwjwm †hgb, wcAviGmwc, wcwmAvB BZ¨vw` Av‡ivc K‡i Zv‡`i wbR¯^ †cÖmwµckb Mwie†`k¸‡jvi Ici Pvwc‡q w`‡”Q| hv‡nvK evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖw‡Z G mgm¨v¸‡jv LwZ‡q †`Lv hvK|

fu~Bqv I ingvb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 177| evRvi wbqš¿Y : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZmv¤cÖwZK mg‡q evRvi wbqš¿Y evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKwU gvivZ¥K P¨v‡jÄwn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q| ûU K‡i `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× GKwU wbqwgZ e¨vcvi n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q| g~j¨ùxwZGLb GKUv eo D‡Ø‡Mi KviY| Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i g~j¨e„w× g~j¨ùxwZi g~j KviY| †fv³v g~j¨m~P‡K Kxnv‡i e„w× NUj, Zvi wfwˇZB wbY©q Kiv nq g~j¨ùxwZi nvi| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †`‡k mvaviYgvby‡li †fvM¨c‡Y¨i ZvwjKvq Lv`¨mvgMÖxi ¸i“Z¡ A‡bK †ewk| A_©vr GKRb †fv³vi †fv‡MiSuvwc‡Z Lv`¨mvgMÖx e¨‡qi cÖavb Ask| abx e¨w³‡`i †‡Î †fvMmvgMÖxi Rb¨ e¨‡qi As‡KLv`¨mvgMÖxi wnm¨v LyeB bMb¨| †`‡k A‡bK abvX¨ e¨w³i D¢e NU‡jI †gvU Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨Giv z`ªvwZz`ª Ask| wbZ¨c‡Y¨i g‡a¨ Pvj, Mg, AvUv, gq`v, †fvR¨‡Z‡ji wecYb, gRỳ IevRvig~j¨ cwiw¯’wZi Ici bRi w`‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, Gme c‡Y¨i evRvi `i AwZgvÎvqDVvbvgv Ki‡Q| GUv mZ¨ †h, Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i `i e„w× †c‡j wKQz c‡Y¨i we‡kl K‡iAvg`vwb wbf©i cY¨mg~‡ni LvwbKUv `i e„w× ¯^vfvweK NUbv| wKš‘ †`Lv hvq †h, nVvr K‡i†Kv‡bv Dcj QvovB G mKj wbZ¨ cY¨mvgMÖxi `vg e„wׇZ †`kxq e¨emvqx †kªwYi AwZgybvdvKivi g‡bve„wË Ab¨Zg KviY| G ai‡bi nxb cÖ‡Póv i“L‡Z miKvi‡K µgvMZ wngwkg †L‡Zn‡”Q|mviwY 1wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i evRvi `i e„w×i nvic‡Y¨i bvgmv¤cÖwZK g~j¨*UvKvq/ cÖwZ‡KwRGK eQi c~‡e©i g~j¨ evrmwiK g~‡j¨i n«vm e„w×%Pvj (†gvUv/¯^Y©v/Bwi) 31-34 21-23 +47.73AvUv 28-32 19-22 +46.34gq`v 34-38 27-32 +22.03mqvweb †Zj †Lvjv 98-100 (wjUvicÖwZ) 75-78 +29.41cvgI‡qj †Lvjv 88-90 (wjUvicÖwZ) 59-62 +47.11gmyi Wvj 74-105 85-116 -10.95Avjy 18-20 27-28 -30.91†cuqvR 40-45 28-44 +18.06imyb 145-200 80-105 +86.49njỳ 290-340 130-150 +125Av`v 100-180 50-80 +115.38gyiwM (eªqjvi) 110-120 90-100 +21wPwb 54-56 52-54 +3.77Drm: evRvi `i AbymÜvb I M‡elYv †mj, †UªwWs Ki‡cv‡ikb Ae evsjv‡`k| *wUwmwe KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ 12 b‡f¤^i 2010Zvwi‡Li evRvi `i Abyhvqx|mviwY 1 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, wbZ¨ cY¨mvgMÖxi g‡a¨ MZ GK eQ‡i ‡ewkfv‡Mi `vg †e‡o‡Q|GK eQ‡i AvUvi `vg ‡e‡o‡Q 46 kZvsk ch©š—| miKvwi wnmv‡eB GK eQi Av‡M ‡Lvjv AvUvi†KwR wQj 19 ‡_‡K 20 UvKv, Zv wewµ n‡q‡Q 28 ‡_‡K 32 UvKv `‡i| A_©vr ‡fv³v‡K GK

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fu~Bqv I ingvb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 19Z`viwKi KvR Ki‡e Lv`¨ gš¿Yvjq| Ab¨w`‡K Kvh©cªYvwj wewa‡Z `ªe¨g~j¨ wel‡q evwYR¨gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GK RvqMvq ejv Av‡Q, g~j¨ wbqš¿Y Kiv| Ab¨ RvqMvq ejv Av‡Q,Avg`vwb evwY‡R¨i bxwZ cªYqb Ges g~j¨ wbqš¿Y Kiv| evwYR¨ msMVb¸‡jv ‡h‡nZy evwYR¨gš¿Yvj‡qi AvIZvfy³, †m‡nZz g~j¨ cwiw¯’wZ mnbkxj ch©v‡q ivL‡Z Zv‡`iB i‡q‡Q †ewkf~wgKv|evRvi wbqš¿‡Y miKv‡ii G mKj cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v kw³kvjxKi‡Yi `vwe D‡V‡Q| wKš‘cÖkœ †_‡K hv‡”Q A_©‰bwZK D`vixKiY Ges evRvi A_©bxwZ Pvjy †i‡L G ai‡bi wbqš¿Y Kiv wKm¤¢e?c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q, evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi¸‡jv beŸB‡qi `kK †_‡K gy³evRvi bxwZMÖnY K‡i‡Q| w`‡bi ciw`b G bxwZ ev¯—evq‡b wewfbœ c`‡c †bIqv n‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZi wewfbœLvZ‡K ch©vqµ‡g †emiKvwi ev e¨w³LvZ wbf©i K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ mgm¨v n‡”Q e¨w³Lv‡Zwewb‡qvMKvix‡`i me©`v gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY †Kw›`ªK wPš—v‡PZbv, gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ Zv‡`i‡K Gmy‡hvM †`Iq ev Ab¨ A‡_© gy³evRv‡ii `ye©„Ëvqb| G cwi‡cÖw‡Z AvmRv`yj wKewiqv ZviKjv‡g wj‡L‡QbÑ ÒAvgiv wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i evRv‡i miKvi Z_v iv‡óªi n¯—‡‡cimvg_©¨nxbZv †`‡LwQ I †`LwQ| Pvj-Wvj-†Zj-by‡bi evRvi `i w¯’wZkxj ivL‡Z wUwmwe wKQzUvn‡jI Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| †mUv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv wUwmwe‡K `ye©j K‡i ivLvi Kvi‡Y| ZvBAvgRbZv‡K wbf©ikxj n‡q _vK‡Z nq e¨emvqx‡`i gwR©i Ici| hviv †fv³v ¯^v_© ev AwaKv‡iiavi av‡ib bv Ges iv‡óªi n¯—‡c ev Z`viwK‡K Avg‡j †bb bv (m~Î : cÖ_g Av‡jv, c„ôv-13, 7RyjvB-2009)| †emiKvwi wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i G ai‡bi GK‡PwUqv, gybvdv‡Kw›`ªK wPš—v‡PZbvme©MÖvmx iƒc wb‡q evRvi‡K `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q Ges †mLv‡b ivóª‡K Zviv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB n¯—‡cKi‡Z w`‡Z Pvq bv, Pvq bv Rb‡mevi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM ivL‡Z| A_P gy³evRvi gv‡bB hv B‡”Q ZvKivi evRvi bq| GLv‡b ivóªxq f~wgKv _vK‡e, cÖ‡qvR‡b ivóª n¯—‡c Ki‡e Ges mȳ ’cÖwZ‡hvwMZv wbwðZ Ki‡e Ges ivóªxq LvZ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Ae‡nwjZ n‡e bv| GUv mZ¨ †h,e¨emvq ev cyuwRi ag©B n‡jv gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY| cyuwRev`x e¨emvqxiv Zv‡`i cyuwRi DbœqbKi‡eb GUvB ¯^vfvweK| RbM‡Yi mvg_©¨ ev `y‡f©vM †`Lvi welq Zv‡`i bq| wKš‘ ivóª GKwUmvgvwRK I Kj¨vYg~jK msMVb| evRvi e¨e¯’vi GK‡PwUqv AvMÖvmb †_‡K RbmvaviY‡K ivKiv ZvB iv‡óªi `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨B c‡o| myZivs evRvi e¨e¯’vq iv‡óªi n¯—‡c ¯^vfvweKfv‡eBKvg¨| wKš‘ evRvi wbqš¿‡Y cÖK…Zfv‡e iv‡óªi n¯—‡c KZUzKz Kvh©Ki wKsev ivóª wK Avm‡jBgZvnxb n‡q hv‡”Q Zv ‡f‡e †`Lvi welq|7.1| evRvi e¨e¯’vi mvgwMÖK wPÎcÖ_gZ, mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq cyuwRcwZ Z_v e¨emvqxiv †`kxq I Avš—R©vwZK evRvi wbqš¿YKi‡Qb| evsjv‡`k‡K wek¦evRvi †_‡K Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb K‡i NvUwZ †gUv‡Z nq| GLbZ_¨cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© wek¦evRvi cwiw¯’wZ Ae‡jvKb Kiv m¤¢e| evsjv‡`‡kiLv`¨k‡m¨i evRvi †hme e¨emvqx wbqš¿Y K‡ib Zviv ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB wek¦evRv‡i `v‡gi cÖeYZv

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fu~Bqv I ingvb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 23c‡Y¨i `vg KZ nIqv DwPZ Zvi †Kvb aviYvI †fv³v‡`i Kv‡Q †bB| GgbwK Av‡M Avš—R©vwZKevRvi `i cÖPv‡ii GKwU e¨e¯’v wQj wUwmwei I‡qemvB‡U| †mwUI GLb Avi †bB|7.6| †hvMvb k„•L‡ji AcZrciZv : ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMxga¨¯^¯—‡fvMx‡`i Kvi‡Y cY¨g~‡j¨i `vg evo‡Q- GwU GKwU eûj D”PvwiZ K_v| AvmRv`yjwKewiqv †hvMvb k„•L‡ji GKwU mvgwMÖK wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| (m~Î : cÖ_g Av‡jv, c„ôv 13, 17AvM÷ 2009) †hvMvb-k„•L‡j ci¯úi wbf©i K‡qKwU Ask _v‡K| mvaviYfv‡e K…wlc‡Y¨i†‡Î †hvMv‡bi k„•Lj †gvUvgywUfv‡e G iKg : K…lK-msMÖvnK-Kwgkb‡fvMx-†ecvix-Kwgkb‡fvMx-cvBKvi-LyPiv we‡µZv-†fv³v| Avg`vwbi †‡Î K…l‡Ki I msMÖvn‡Ki RvqMvqAvg`vwbKviK‡K cvIqv| wKš‘ c‡ii ¯—i¸‡jv †gvUvgywU GKB iKg _v‡K| KL‡bv KL‡bv G ¯—iev avc K‡qKwU nq KL‡bv ev `yB-wZbwU| Z‡e ga¨eZ©x ch©v‡q hviv _v‡K Zviv Avg`vwbKvi‡Kim‡½ cvBKv‡ii †hvMm~Î ¯’vc‡bi KvR K‡i| Avi ZvB Avg`vwb KviK †_‡K g~j cvBKv‡iiKv‡Q †cuŠQ‡Z K‡qK nvZ Nyi‡Z nq| Z‡e Zv KvM‡R| KviY cY¨ cvBKv‡ii Avo‡Z wKš‘ Gig‡a¨ Pvjvb-wb‡`©kbv (†Wwjfvwii AW©vi ev wWI) GKvwaK nvZ Ny‡i| hv‡`i nv‡Z nv‡Z wWI†Nv‡i Zuv‡`i Kwgkb‡fvMx I †UªWvi hvB ejv †nvK bv †Kb, Zuviv G †hvMvb-k„•L‡ji Ask|Gfv‡e GK ¯—i †_‡K Ab¨ ¯—‡i hvIqvi mgq c‡Y¨i `vg ev‡o mswk−ó e¨w³‡`i gybvdv †ZvjvicÖeYZvq| d‡j ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMxiv c‡Y¨i †hvMvb cÖwµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z ev cÖjw¤^Z `yB-B Ki‡Zcv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K cvBKvix †_‡K LyPiv ch©v‡q †h‡ZI KL‡bv KL‡bv GKvwaK nvZ Ny‡i hvq| Z‡eZv wbf©i K‡i cwiw¯’wZ I ¯’v‡bi Ici| myZivs g~j †MvjgvjUv †`Lv hvq †hvMvb-k„•L‡jiga¨eZx© RvqMvq| Avi Gi cÖfve c‡o cvBKvi †_‡K LyPiv me ch©v‡qB| Gi d‡j KL‡bv†hŠw³Kfv‡eB `vg ev‡o| Avevi KL‡bvev cvBKvi I LyPiv e¨emvqxiv my‡hvM †bb| we‡kl K‡igRỳ a‡i †i‡L `vg evov‡bvi †Póv GKwU cyi‡bv PP©v|7.7| myôy evRvi e¨e¯’vcbvq miKv‡ii KiYxqevRvi`‡ii Aw¯’iZv Ges AcÖwZ‡iva¨ evRvi e¨e¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ m‡›`n †bBmiKvi‡KB g~j f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| cuywRev`x‡`i gybvdv me©¯^ wPš—v‡PZbv †_‡K RbMY‡Kiv Kivi Rb¨ miKvi‡K A_©enfv‡e evRv‡i n¯—‡c Ki‡Z n‡e| evRvi n¯—‡‡ci Rb¨miKv‡ii _vK‡Z n‡e cÖvwZôvwbK `Zv I mgZv| me‡P‡q †ewk cÖ‡qvRb †`kxq IAvš—R©vwZK evRvi wbqwgZ wfwˇZ wbweofv‡e ch©‡eY K‡i †`‡k c‡Y¨i gRỳ , Pvwn`v I†hvMvb m¤ú‡K© nvjbvMv` Z_¨ ivLv| c‡Y¨i ¯’vbxq Drcv`b, Avg`vwbi cwigvY, Avš—R©vwZKevRvi`i, LyPiv ch©v‡q KZUv A‡hŠw³K `vg ivLv n‡”Q, Drm‡K›`« ‡_‡K LyPiv ch©vq ch©š—Avm‡Z KqwU avc †c‡iv‡Z nq BZ¨vw` welq hvPvB Kiv| Gme Z_¨ _vK‡j mn‡RB †evSv hv‡eevRv‡ii Ae¯’vUv wK? cvkvcvwk wewfbœ mg‡q Pvwn`v e„w×i AvMvg aviYv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Pvi-cuvPgvm Av‡M †_‡K cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Kiv Ri“wi| gRỳ cwiKíbv miKvi‡KB Ki‡Z n‡e|GQvov miKv‡ii c †_‡K e¨emvqx‡`i Rb¨ K‡qKwU wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jvn‡jv ‡Kvb ch©v‡q KZ jvf Kiv hv‡e †m wel‡q mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv cÖYqb| †gŠmywg e¨emvqxiv

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26evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvZ`viwK ev n¯—‡‡c iv‡óªi f~wgKv AvR bZRvby| Zvic‡iI wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡Y ivóªmg~‡ni `ye©jnIqvi gv‡b G bq †h, mKj RvZxq miKvi wb‡R‡`i‡K cy‡ivcywi gZvnxb fve‡Z cv‡i|ivóªmg~n Avš—R©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †‡Î KZ©„Z¡gq mËv wn‡m‡e Av‡Q Ges _vK‡e| e¯‘Z hw` iv‡óªi¯^xK…Z Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Z‡e †`Lv hvq, Dbœq‡bi GKwU wekvj Kg©hÁ iv‡óªi g‡ZvGKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZôv‡bi Dcw¯’wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K m¤¢e bq| wek¦vq‡bi d‡j wZMÖ¯— Rb‡Mvôx‡KmnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii Nv‡oB eZ©vq| ivóªxq n¯—‡cgvÎB Lvivc Avi evRvi n‡jvAcÖwZ‡iva¨ aviYvi wecix‡Z Luy‡R †`Lv n‡q‡Q, wK ai‡bi †KŠkj, bxwZgvjv I AvBb-KvbybcÖYqb Ki‡j evRvi Ges ivóª Dfq‡KB MYZvwš¿K I Revew`wng~jK Kiv hvq; †KbbvbvMwiK‡`i mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi‡K kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ GUv LyeB¸i“Z¡c~Y©| evRvi`‡ii Aw¯’iZv Ges AcÖwZ‡iva¨ evRvi e¨e¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ m‡›`n †bBmiKvi‡KB g~j f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| cuywRev`x‡`i gybvdv me©¯^ wPš—v‡PZbv †_‡K RbMY‡Kiv Kivi Rb¨ miKvi‡K A_©enfv‡e evRv‡i n¯—‡c Ki‡Z n‡e| evRvi n¯—‡‡ci Rb¨miKv‡ii _vK‡Z n‡e cÖvwZôvwbK `Zv I mgZv| me‡P‡q †ewk cÖ‡qvRb †`kxq IAvš—R©vwZK evRvi wbqwgZ wfwˇZ wbweofv‡e ch©‡eY K‡i †`‡k c‡Y¨i gRỳ , Pvwn`v I†hvMvb m¤ú‡K© nvjbvMv` Z_¨ ivLv| c‡Y¨i ¯’vbxq Drcv`b, Avg`vwbi cwigvY, Avš—R©vwZKevRvi`i, LyPiv ch©v‡q KZUv A‡hŠw³K `vg ivLv n‡”Q, Drm‡K›`« †_‡K LyPiv ch©vq ch©š—Avm‡Z KqwU avc ic‡iv‡Z nq BZ¨vw` welq hvPvB Kiv| Gme Z_¨ _vK‡j mn‡RB †evSvhv‡e evRv‡ii Ae¯’vUv wK? gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ e¨e¯’vq evRv‡ii wbq‡gB `vg Kgv‡Z n‡e,Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q Avb‡Z n‡e| miKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv‡K Drcv`b ev Avg`vwb †_‡Kïi“ K‡i evRv‡ii cÖwZwU ch©v‡q ch©‡eY Ki‡Z n‡e|iv‡óªi Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cybivq kw³kvjx Ki‡Z n‡e| cvewjK †m±‡i miKvwi wbqš¿‡YiAwaKvi m¤cÖmvwiZ Kivi welqwU ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e| RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡KGgbfv‡e cybwe©b¨¯— Kiv `iKvi hvi g~j D‡Ïk¨B n‡e ivóª Ges evRvi e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y mgv‡Ri†hme Rb‡Mvôx cÖvwš—K Ae¯’v‡b P‡j †M‡Q Zv‡`i Pvwn`v me©v‡MÖ c~iY Kiv| Lv‡`¨i `vg evo‡jme‡P‡q eo AvNvZ Av‡m cÖvwš—K Rb‡Mvôxi Ici | Lv‡`¨i `vg evo‡j `vwi`ª¨ I Acywó ev‡o|MZ 1 ‡m‡Þ¤^i 2010 GdGI cªKvwkZ evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨cwiw¯’wZ welqK cªwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q,Pv‡ji `vg ‡e‡o hvIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki cªvq 40 jvL gvbyl Pig Lv`¨wbivcËvnxbZvi g‡a¨ co‡Zhv‡”Q| Gi g‡a¨ cve©Z¨ PÆMªv‡gi 40 nvRvi Ges wmWi I AvBjv GjvKvi 39 jvL gvbylLv`¨wbivcËvnxbZvi g‡a¨ emevm Ki‡Q| miKvwi ms¯’v cwimsL¨vb e¨y‡iv, wek¦e¨vsK I†emiKvwi ms¯’v eª¨v‡Ki wnmv‡e 2005 †_‡K 2007 mvj ch©š— †`‡k `wi‡`ªi msL¨v K‡g‡Q|wKš‘ 2007 ‡_‡K 2009 ch©š— Zv ‡e‡o‡Q| AwaK RbmsL¨v Avi Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Rb¨ Avš—R©vwZKevRv‡ii Ici wbf©ikxjZv‡K GB cwiw¯’wZi Rb¨ `vqx Ki‡Q ms¯’v¸‡jvi we‡klÁiv| eZ©gvbRbmsL¨v I gv_vwcQy Avq Abyhvqx Lv`¨k‡m¨i Pvwn`v A‡bK †e‡o D‡V‡Q Ges G Ae¯’vqmiKv‡ii nv‡Z m‡š—vlRbKÕ gRỳ ivL‡Z n‡j Drcv`‡bi cwigvY D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e evov‡Z

fu~Bqv I ingvb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Ges evRvi wbqš¿‡Y iv‡óªi mvg_©¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 27n‡e| avb Pv‡li Drcv`b LiP Kgv‡Z n‡e| K…lK eZ©gv‡b avb Pvl Ki‡Z wM‡q ‡h cwigvY A_©LiP Ki‡Q Avi †h djb cv‡”Q Zv‡Z K…lK jv‡fi gyL ‡`L‡Q bv| G Ae¯’v ‡_‡K K…lK‡`i ‡eiK‡i wb‡q Avmv `iKvi| mvewmwW ev fZy©wKi cvkvcvwk K…wl DcKiY we‡kl K‡i mvi, FYmnRjf¨ Kiv `iKvi, †mBmv‡_ DbœZ cÖhyw³¸‡jv K…l‡Ki Rwg‡Z m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g RwgiDrcv`b evov‡bvi D‡`¨vM MªnY AZ¨vek¨K| Zvn‡j K…lK ‡hgb Rwg †_‡K AwaK djb cv‡e†Zgwb K‡g hv‡e Zvi dm‡ji Mo Drcv`b LiP|ˆe‡`wkK FY I Avg`vwb wbf©ikxj bv n‡q cÖv_wgKfv‡e RvZxq mÂq I Drcv`‡bi IciwfwË K‡i A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j ivóªmg~n bZRvby bxwZ Abymi‡Yi †Lvjm†_‡K †ei n‡q ¯^vaxb, mve©‡fŠg f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡e|MÖš’cwÄBmjvg, Gm Avwgbyj (2006): Dbœqb wPš—vi cvjve`j, XvKv, w`e¨ cÖKvk |Ahmed, Sadia and Zaidi Sattar (2004): “Impact of Trade Liberalisation: Looking at theEvidence.” Econocmic and Political Weekly, Sep.4.Cutler, Ac. Haufler, V & Porter T (eds) (1999): Private Authority in International AffairsNewyork: University of New York.Feigenbaum Harvey, Jeffney Hing and Chris Hamnett, (1999): Shrinking the State: ThePolitical Underpinnings of Privatization. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Friedman, Thomas (1999): The Lexus and the Olive Tree Understanding Globalization.(1999 revised ed 2000).Fric Novdlinger (1982): On the Autonomy of the Democratic State Harvard UniversityPress.Fukuyama, F. (1994): The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press.Huntington, S. (1991): The Third Wave, Democratization in the Late Twentieth CenturyNovman, Ok: University of Oklahoma Press.Mark BeeSon (2003): “Sovereignty Under siege: Globalisation and the State in SouthestAsia”. Third World Quarterly, Vol-24, pp-357-374.Martin, Minogue, Uma Kothari and Jocelyn Dejong (eds) (2002): Development Theoryand Practice. London: Sage Publication.Mittelman, J.H. (2000): The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance.Princeton: Princeton University Press.Opello, Jr: W & S. Rosow (1999): The Nation State and Global Order; A HistoricalIntroduction to Contemporary Politics. Boulder; Co: Lynre Rienner.Ohmac, Kenichi (2000): The End of the Nation State. New York: The Free Press.Our Global Neighbourhood (1995): Report of the Commission of Global Governance.Oxford University Press, New York.Quibria, M.G. (ed.) (1997): The Bangladesh Economy in Transition. Dhaka: UPL.

28evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvReinicke, W.H. (1998): Global Public Policy: Governing without Government?Washington, Dc: Brookings Institution Press.Robert O Keoheme and Joseph S Nye Je. (2000): In Edited Joseph S Nye. Je. John D.Donahue, Governance in Globalising World. Washington D. C.: BrookingsInstitution Press.Rodrik, Dani (1997): Has Globalisation Gone Too Far? Washington DC.: Institute forInternational Economics.Sobhan, Rehman (1992): “Structural Adjustment and Macro Economic Performance.”Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol.20, June-September.Strange, S. (1996): The Refreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the WorldEconomy. Cambridge University Press.Thomson, J.E. (1995): State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gapbetween Theory and Empirical Research. International Studies Quarterly, Vol.30.

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52evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv• g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis LvZ wRwWwc cÖe„w×i cÖavb Drm wn‡m‡e Avwef© ~Z nIqvq ißvwbengyLxKiY, ißvwb e„w×i Rb¨ z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi cÖhyw³ AvaywbKvqb Ges cÖe„w×ibZzb Drm e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|• R¡vjvwb I we`ÿ r e¨e¯’vi wbqwgZfv‡e Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^í I ga¨ †gqvw` m¤¢ve¨ mgvavbLuyR‡Z n‡e| G‡‡Î Kqjv PvwjZ we`ÿ r c−v‡›Ui w`‡K hvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i hvi Rb¨Af¨š—ixY Kqjv Lwb †_‡K Ri“wi wfwˇZ DËg c×wZ‡Z Kqjv D‡Ëvjb cÖ‡qvRb|`xN©Kv‡j cvigvYweK we`ÿ r †K›`ª ¯’vcb, bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwb we‡kl K‡i †mŠi we`ÿ rcÖKí MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|MÖš’cwÄBangladesh Bank (2010): Economic Trends. various issues.Begum, Lutfunnahar (2007): “A Panel Study on Tax Effort and Tax Buoyancy withSpecial Reference to Bangladesh.” Working Paper Series: WP 0715. PolicyAnalysis Unit (PAU), Bangladesh Bank.BIDS (2010): “Accelarating Growth Momentum: Proposals for the National Budget2010-11.” April.BIDS (2010): “Recent Performance of the Bangladesh Economy: An assessment of theState of the Economy and Short-Term Outlook.”Ministry of Finance (2010): Bangladesh Economic Review.The Daily Star (2010): “Unfairness in tax policy must go.” Tuesday, September 21.

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54evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvRi“wi welq n‡jv Ki e¨e¯’v| we`¨gvb Ki e¨e¯’v bvixi gZvqb Ges †RÛvi AmgZv`~ixKi‡Y KZUv Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q Zv LwZ‡q †`Lvi Rb¨ MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡ii wewfbœ taxincentive, tax rebate, tax holiday BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dbœqbev‡R‡Ui †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv we‡k−lY Kivi Rb¨ wePvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Dbœqb ev‡R‡U M„nxZDbœqb cÖKí¸‡jv wewfbœ †‡Î we`¨gvb †RÛvi mgZv Ges bvixi Av_©-mvgvwRK gZvqb AR©bKi‡Z KZUv mg_© n‡q‡Q Zvi e¨vwß wbiƒcY K‡i| Z‡e †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj RvZxq ev‡RUAR©‡bi c‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †mwgbvi Ges Kg©kvjvqAskMÖnYKvix‡`i `vex MZ wZb eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡U KZUv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zvi e¨vwß GKwUkw³kvjx m~PK wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb mgxvq|†gvU PviwU As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖeÜwUi Av‡jvPbv mxgve× n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g As‡k f~wgKv GesZ‡_¨i Drm I M‡elYv c×wZ Zz‡j a‡iB wØZxq As‡k wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q wewfbœ †mwgbvi GesKg©kvjvq Zz‡j aiv bvix‡Mvôxi `vexmg~n| RvZxq ev‡R‡U bvix‡Mvôxi `vexi cÖwZdjb Ges†RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj RvZxq ev‡RU AR©‡bi c‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZi e¨vwß wbiƒcY Kivi cÖqvm†bIqv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi Z…Zxq As‡k| PZz_© As‡k GKwU Dcmsnvi Uvbv n‡q‡Q|2| wewfbœ †mwgbvi Ges Kg©kvjvq Zz‡j aiv bvix‡Mvôxi `vexmg~nMZ wZb eQ‡i AbywôZ †mwgbvi Ges Kg©kvjv¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ ¯—‡ii bvix AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb|Zviv wewfbœ wel‡q Zv‡`i `xN© Abyf‚Z mgm¨v¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡ib Ges wewfbœ †‡Î we‡kl we‡klwel‡q bvixi gZvqb Ges †RÛvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ bvbv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖn‡Yi `vexK‡ib| wb‡æ Zv‡`i `vex¸‡jvi wKQy wKQy ms‡‡c Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|bvixi mvaviY `vexmg~n• †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K RvZxq ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e|• †RÛviwfwËK DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|• 1997 mv‡j cÖYxZ RvZxq bvix Dbœqb bxwZ ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e|• RvZxq msm‡` bvixi Avmb msL¨v 100†Z DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mivmwi wbe©vP‡bigva¨‡g cÖwZwU Avm‡b bvix m`m¨‡`i wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|• †KejgvÎ Safety net cÖKí wKsev z`ª FY wfwËK Kg©m~wP‡Z bvixi Dbœqb mxgve× bv†i‡L e„nËi bvix mgv‡Ri gZvqb I RvZxq Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ê bvixi Ask MÖnY mnvqKev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|• ev‡R‡U bvixi Rb¨ mivmwi Dbœqb eivÏ e„w× K‡i Kgc‡ 7 kZvsk Ki‡Z n‡e|• bvix j¨f~Z Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jv wbe©vP‡b Ges cªYq‡b bvixi gZvgZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z n‡eGes bvixi cÖ‡qvRb mwVKfv‡e wbY©q K‡i bvix j¨f~Z cÖKí¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|• `wi`ª bvixi cÖ‡qvRb mwVKfv‡e wbY©q K‡i Safety net cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

cvj-gRyg`vi: †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj RvZxq ev‡RU AR©‡bi c‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ 55• bvix j¨f~Z Dbœqb cÖKí¸wj wbe©vP‡b Ges cÖYq‡b bvixi gZvgZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z n‡e|• bvixi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z ev‡RUxq A‡_©i ` e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ` ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ bvix j¨f~Z cÖKí Ges †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj cÖKí¸‡jvi cwiPvjK wnmv‡ebvix‡K wb‡qvM w`‡Z n‡e|• bvixi e¨vcK wbivcËvnxbZv I bvixi wei“‡× mš¿vm Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|wkv †‡Î bvixi `vex• gv`ªvmv wkv‡K AvaywbKvqb Ki‡Z n‡e|• bvix Qv‡Îi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|• bvixi D”P wkvq cÖ‡ek wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|• Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z bvixi Rb¨ Avjv`v eivÏ ivL‡Z n‡e Ges GB j‡¨ ev‡R‡U eivÏivL‡Z n‡e cÖwZwU evwjKv we`¨vj‡q Kw¤úDUvi Ges j¨ve‡iUix cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨|• bvix‡K ` Rbkw³ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|¯^v¯’¨ †‡Î bvixi `vex• bvixi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ †mev bq, mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨‡K ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡ibvixi e„wËq ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v, hvi D¢e n‡q‡Q MZ K‡qK eQ‡i AwaK msL¨vq bvixikªgevRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j, mgvav‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e|• gvZ…g„Zÿ nvi n«vm Kivi Rb¨ MÖv‡gi Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i Rb¨ me iK‡gi ¯^v¯’¨ myweav N‡iN‡i †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z n‡e Ges N‡i N‡i wbivc` cÖme myweav †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ ev‡R‡Uåvg¨gvb wK¬wbK cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|• bvixi wei“‡× mš¿vm Ges bvix wbhv©Zb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ Kvh©Kix ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnYKi‡Z n‡e|K…wl I wkí †‡Î bvixi `vex• K…wl‡‡Îi Rb¨ M„nxZ ev‡RUxq eivÏ Ges ev‡RUxq cÖ‡Yv`bv bvix K…l‡Ki w`‡K cÖevwnZKivi Rb¨ we‡kl c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †cvwëª I Mevw`cï Lvgvi Dbœq‡b †Kejbvixi Rb¨ wKQy ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|• Mvn©¯’¨ D`¨vb cwiPhv©q bvix gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G Lv‡Z †Kej bvixi Rb¨ ev‡RUxqeivÏ ivL‡Z n‡e|• bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i R‡b¨ RvgvbZ gy³ Ges ¯^í-my‡`i FY mieivn wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡eGes GB j‡¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K ev‡RUxq cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡Z n‡e|

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90evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmgm¨vwU AviI RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i hLb †ckvRxweiv wbqg ewnf©~Zfv‡e †jb‡`b K‡iGes GKB †ckvRxwe GKB mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv KvR K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wKQy dwoqv †QvUgnvRb‡K cvk KvwU‡q mivmwi eo gnvRb A_ev AvoZ`v‡ii Kv‡Q cY¨ wewµ K‡i| †Kv‡bv†Kv‡bv †‡Î Ab¨ ga¨¯’ZvKvix e¨emvqxivI Abyiƒc KvR K‡i| myZivs weµqg~j¨ evg~j¨ms‡hvRb me‡‡Î wbqggvwdK nq bv| Ab¨w`‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv e¨vcvix, gnvRb,AvoZ`vi mivmwi wb‡RivB msMÖn Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| d‡j Zviv jv‡fi Ask K‡qKfv‡eZz‡j †bq| cÖ_gZ, Zviv jf¨vsk cvq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨; wØZxqZ, jf¨vsk cvq wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨;Z…ZxqZ, evRvi g~‡ji †P‡q Kg g~‡j¨ cY¨ wKb‡Z cv‡i; Ges PZz_©Z, Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK gybvdv†ZvAv‡QB| ‡h mKj msMÖnKvix gRyixi wfwˇZ KvR K‡i, Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv g~jab _v‡K bv| d‡jg~j¨ wba©vi‡Y Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv f~wgKv _v‡K bv|bxwZMZfv‡e ejv hvq, cÖ_g we‡µZvi weµqg~j¨ cieZx© †µZvi µqg~‡j¨i mgvb n‡e|‡h‡nZz wKQy e¨emvqx Ab¨‡`i cvk KvwU‡q mivmwi eo e¨emvqxi Kv‡Q cY¨ wewµ K‡i †m‡nZzmKj c‡Y¨i weµqg~j¨ Ges g~j¨ms‡hvRb GKB wbqgvbymv‡i wnmve Kiv hvq bv| mswk−óAskMÖnYKvix †f‡` D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e µqg~j¨ Ges weµqg~‡j¨i ZviZg¨ j Kiv hvq| ‡mRb¨eZ©gvb mgxvq Mo µqg~j¨ I Mo weµqg~j¨ wnmve K‡i ¯’~j (Gross) I bxU (Net) AvqcÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q| msMÖ‡ni c×wZ Ges Kvievix‡`i g‡a¨ g~‡j¨i fvMvfvMx LyeB RwUj Ges†m Kvi‡Y ïaygvÎ Avq e¨‡qi wnmve Kiv KwVb| eZ©gvb mgxvq †gvU 9wU c‡Y¨i Rb¨ g~j¨k„sL‡jiDci we‡k−lY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 3 cY¨¸‡jv n‡jv h_vµ‡g: (1) †MvjcvZv, (2) ¸ov 4 gvQ,(3) mv`v 5 (eo) gvQ, (4) Bwjk, (5) Mj`v wPswo (eo), (6) evM`v wPswo (eo), (7) wPswo †cvbv(Mj`v I evM`v), (8) KuvKov Ges (9) gay |2.2.1| †MvjcvZv†MvjcvZv Mix‡ei †XDwUb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GwU g~jZ N‡ii Pvj ‰Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|mvaviYZ GK ‡bŠKv †MvjcvZv AvniY Ki‡Z 32 w`b mgq jv‡M| AvniYK…Z †MvjcvZv AwaKvsk†‡Î Kvn‡b MYbv Kiv nq (1 Kvnb = 16 cY, 1 cY = 80wU †MvjcvZv)| †MvjcvZv Avni‡Yi¯’vb n‡Z cÖ_g Lvjv‡mi NvU ev ¯’v‡bi Mo AvbygvwbK `~iZ¡ 50 wK‡jvwgUvi| GKwU wUª‡c GKRbgvwSmn 8 †_‡K 10 Rb msMÖnKvix (evIqvjx) _v‡K| Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q, 10 Rb AvniYKvixiGKwU †bŠKv M‡o cÖvq 1,000 cY †MvjcvZv msMÖn K‡i, hvi IRb cÖvq 500 ‡_‡K 550 g‡biKvQvKwQ| †MvjcvZv weµ‡qi cwigvY, g~j¨, Avq-e¨q, g~jab, g~j¨ms‡hvRb BZ¨vw` wel‡qhveZxq Z_¨ mviwY 1G Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|3 MvQ msMÖ‡ni †‡Î eb wefv‡Mi wb‡lavÁv ejer Av‡Q| Gw`‡K wmWi cieZx© mg‡q Miv‡bi DciI Abyiƒc wb‡lavÁv ejer_vKvq eZ©gvb mgxvq KvV I Mivb Aš—fy©³ Kiv hvqwb|4 ¸ov gvQ ej‡Z my›`ie‡bi ¯’vbxqiv †QvU cÖRvwZi gvQ‡K ‡evSvq, hv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q Avgv`x, d¨vBmv, †Pjv, KvDb ev†h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †QvU gvQ|5 my›`ieb GjvKvq eo gvQ‡K Ômv`vÕ gvQ ejv nq|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 91mviwY 1†MvjcvZvi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmvewe‡µZviaibMoweµqg~j¨/cYweµqg~‡j¨iDcig~j¨ms‡hvRb†MvjcvZvi weµqg~j¨ g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨qgvwmK Moweµ‡qicwigvY(cY)msMÖnKvix 98 49.7 104(0.6)gvwS/e¨vcvix 120 11.2 641(3.7)†QvU gnvRb 145 12.7 1,150(6.6)eo gnvRb 148 1.5 4,865(27.7)AvoZ`vi 160 6.1 7,184(40.9)cvBKvi 170 5.1 2,867(16.3)LyPiv we‡µZv 197 13.7 736(4.2)†gvU - 100.0 17,547(100.0)¯’~j Avq(gvwmK)10,192(2.9)14,102(4.1)28,750(8.3)136,220(39.4)107,760(31.2)28,670(8.3)19,872(5.8)345,566(100.0)gvwmKe¨qbxU Avq(gvwmK)3,647 6,545(2.7)3,938 10,164(4.2)6,691 22,059(9.0)46,315 89,905(36.8)25,920 81,840(33.5)8,649 20,021(8.2)6,400 13,472(5.5)- 244,006(100.0)PjwZg~jab(WC)bxU AvqPjwZg~ja‡bi(%)- -8,333 121.9797,308 22.67385,714 23.31325,000 25.18266,667 7.51106,364 12.67- -†bvU: 1 Kvnb = 16 cY, 1 cY = 80wU ‡MvjcvZv| PjwZ g~ja‡bi AvbycvwZK nv‡i Avq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e GKRbwe‡µZvi Mo weµqg~j¨ cieZx© ‡µZvi Mo µqg~‡ji mgvb nIqvi K_v| wKš‘ wKQy e¨emvqx ga¨¯’ZvKvix Qvov mivmwi eoe¨emvqxi Kv‡Q cY¨ wewµ K‡i| GB mKj Kvi‡Y weµqg~j¨ ev weµqg~j¨ ms‡hvRb me †‡Î GKB wbq‡g nq bv| ev¯—‡eGgbwK GKB e¨emvqxi Rb¨ weµqg~j¨ Ges µqg~j¨ wfbœ wfbœ nq hvi d‡j Mo weµqg~‡j¨i mv‡_ Mo µqg~‡j¨i mgš^qK‡i ¯’~j I bxU Av‡qi wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gw`‡K msMÖnKvix hviv A‡b¨i n‡q ev †eZ‡b KvR K‡i Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv g~jab_v‡K bv| eª¨v‡K‡Ui msL¨v Kjvg-Gi AvbycvwZK nv‡i Avq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|g~j¨ms‡hvRb (Value Addition) I e¨emvi cwimi (Volume of Trade)GB ch©v‡q cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, †gvU (msMÖn †_‡K LyPiv wewµ ch©š—) weµqg~‡j¨i Dcig~j¨ms‡hvRb †ei Kiv, hv msMÖnKvix n‡Z †fv³v ch©š— av‡c av‡c n‡q _v‡K| wPÎ 3 n‡Zcwi®‹vi †`Lv hv‡”Q, †gvU weµqg~‡j¨i Dci msMÖnKvix me‡P‡q †ewk g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i (49.7kZvsk)| msMÖnKvixi c‡i ch©vqµ‡g Av‡m LyPiv we‡µZv, †QvU gnvRb, gvwS/e¨vcvix,AvoZ`vi, cvBKvix we‡µZv I eo gnvRb| GLv‡b jYxq †h, me‡P‡q Kg g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡ieo gnvRb, gvÎ 1.5 kZvsk|

92evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 3†MvjcvZvi weµqg~j¨ ms‡hvRb (kZvs‡k)ïay weµqg~j¨ A_ev g~j¨ ms‡hvRb e¨emv ev gybvdvi mvwe©K wPÎ bq| GKRb we‡µZv wKcwigvY cY¨ †Kbv-†ePv Ki‡jv ZvI we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †µZv we‡µZv †f‡` c‡Y¨i cwim‡iiGKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ cvIqv hv‡e mviwY 1 n‡Z| †µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo cwiwaie¨emv K‡i AvoZ`vi (40.9 kZvsk)| Gic‡iB h_vµ‡g eo gnvRb (27.7 kZvsk), cvBKvi(16.3 kZvsk) I LyPiv we‡µZvi Ae¯’vb (4.2 kZvsk)| me‡P‡q wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii we‡µZv n‡”QmsMÖnKvix| Zviv †gvU weµ‡qi GK kZvs‡kiI Kg (0.6 kZvsk) weµq K‡i|¯’~j Avq I bxU Avq (Gross returns and net returns)cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨emv‡qi gvwmK ¯’~j I bxU Avq Avjv`vfv‡e †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q (mviwY 1)| gvwmKbxU Avq wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q gvwmK ¯’yj Avq n‡Z gvwmK e¨q ev` w`‡q| mviwY 1 n‡Z †`Lvhv‡”Q eo gnvRb Ges AvoZ`vi me‡P‡q †ewk Avq K‡i _v‡K| gvwmK ¯’~j I bxU Av‡qi wnmvecixv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Zviv †gvU gvwmK ¯’~j I bxU Av‡qi h_vµ‡g 37 I 39 kZvsk AvqK‡ib| Ab¨‡`i ¯’~j I bxU Avq h_vµ‡g AvoZ`vi 31-34 kZvsk, †QvU gnvRb 8-9 kZvsk,cvBKvi 8 kZvsk I LyPiv we‡µZv 6 kZvsk| Ab¨w`‡K msMÖnKvixi ¯’~j I bxU Avq gvÎ 3kZvsk|Av‡qi gvÎv ev jf¨vsk wbf©i K‡i wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci| †h‡nZz gvSx ev e¨vcvixi Pvjvb LyeKg, †m‡nZz Zv‡`i Avq Pvjv‡bi Abycv‡Z A‡bK †ewk (121 kZvsk)| gvSx ev e¨vcvix‡K ev`w`‡j Pvjv‡bi Abycv‡Z AvoZ`v‡ii Avq A‡bK †ewk (25.2 kZvsk), Zvic‡iB eo gnvRb(23.3 kZvsk) Ges †QvU gnvRb (22.7 kZvsk) Gi Ae¯’vb| Pvjvb Abycv‡Z cvBKvi evLyPiv we‡µZvi Avq 7 †_‡K 13 kZvsk|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 932.2.2| ¸ov gvQmy›`ieb‡K wN‡i AmsL¨ b`x, Lvj, †gvnbv/Lvwo Ges mvMi Rv‡ji g‡Zv Qwo‡q Av‡Q†hLv‡b bvbv ai‡bi ¸ov gv‡Qi Avevm¯’j| ¸ov gvQ ej‡Z my›`ie‡bi ¯’vbxqiv †QvU cÖRvwZigvQ‡K †evSvq, hv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q Avgv`x, d¨vBmv, †Pjv, KvDb ev †h †Kv‡bv cÖKvi†QvU gvQ| GB wekvj Rjvf~wg (175,000 eM© wK. wg.) I ¸ov gvQ my›`ieb cÖfvweZ A‡j(SIZ) emevmiZ mvaviY RbM‡Yi RxweKvi GKwU Drm| mvaviYZ ¸ov gvQ Gi wUªc GKmßvnKvj ¯’vqx nq, wKQy wKQy ‡‡Î Avevi cÖwZw`bI gvQ aiv nq| Z‡e Agvem¨v I c~wY©gviDci wfwË K‡i gv‡m `yBwU ‡Mvb cvIqv hvq―fiv †Mvb I giv †Mvb| cÖ‡Z¨K †Mv‡b Pvi †_‡KcuvP w`b cÖPzi gvQ aiv hvq| evwK w`b¸‡jv‡Z gvQ Kg cvIqv hvq| `yB †_‡K Pvi RbmsMÖnKvix wewkó GKwU †bŠKvq M‡o 60 †_‡K 120 †KwR gvQ aiv nq|mvaviYZ dwoqv †R‡j Pzw³e× AvoZ`vi ev cvBKvi Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q gvQ wewµKi‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j †ewkifvM †‡Î Zviv gv‡Qi b¨vh¨ g~j¨ cvq bv| Z‡e ¸ov gv‡Qi †‡Îdwoqviv gvQ aivi ¯’vb n‡ZI gvQ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKQz dwoqv mivmwi gvQ msMÖ‡ni mv‡_RwoZ _v‡K, Giv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq MÖv‡g-M‡Ä †dix K‡i gvQ wewµ K‡i| †ewkifvM †‡Î¸ov gv‡Qi Avq-e¨q †ei Kiv LyeB RwUj, KviY msMÖnKvixiv ¸ovgv‡Qi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ RjRm¤ú` †hgb, KvKov, kvgyK, wPswo Ges eo gvQI AvniY K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` Avni‡Yi g‡ZvGLv‡bI wKQz ga¨¯’ZvKvix weµq Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ mivmwi RwoZ _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wKQzdwoqv wb‡RB msMÖnKvix, Avevi wKQz gnvRb wb‡RB AvoZ`vi ev cvBKv‡ii f~wgKv cvjbK‡i| eZ©gvb mgxvq g~jZ ¸ov gvQ msMÖn I weµ‡qi mv‡_ mswk−ó‡`i Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve Kivn‡q‡Q|g~j¨ms‡hvRb I e¨emvi cwimi†`Lv †M‡Q, msMÖnKvix n‡Z †fv³v ch©š— †gvU g~‡j¨i wn‡m‡e msMÖKvixiv me‡P‡q †ewkg~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i, cÖvq `yB Z…Zxqvsk (64.6 kZvsk)| msMÖnKvixi c‡i LyPiv we‡µZv †ewkg~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i (12.3 kZvsk)| Gic‡i h_vµ‡g dwoqv (9.2 kZvsk), cvBKvix we‡µZv(7.7 kZvsk), AvoZ`vi (4.6 kZvsk) I †QvU gnvRb (1.5 kZvsk) Gi Ae¯’vb|mswk−ó AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ AvoZ`vi me‡P‡q †ewk cY¨ µq-weµq K‡i _v‡K (72.7kZvsk), Zvic‡i cvBKvi (11.8 kZvsk), LyPiv we‡µZv (5.2 kZvsk) Ges †QvU gnvRb (5.0kZvsk)| dwoqv Ges msMÖnKvix Kg cwigv‡Y cY¨ µq-weµq K‡i h_vµ‡g 4.7 kZvsk I0.6 kZvsk|¯’~j Avq I bxU Avqmswk−ó AvniYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ AvoZ`v‡ii bxU Avq me‡P‡q †ewk, cÖvq 89,000 UvKv (wPÎ4)| AvbycvwZK wnmv‡e AvoZ`v‡ii ¯’~j I bxU Avq cÖvq 59 kZvsk| cvBKvi, LyPiv we‡µZv I†QvU gnvR‡bi †‡Î G nvi h_vµ‡g 12-13, 8-9 I 7-9 kZvsk| msMÖnKvix I e¨vcvixi †gvUI bxU Avq cÖvq 5 †_‡K 6 kZvsk| msMÖnKvixi ‡P‡q AvoZ`v‡ii Avq cÖvq 16 ¸Y †ewk|

94evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwewb‡qv‡Mi w`K w`‡q LyPiv we‡µZvi Ae¯’v me‡P‡q fv‡jv (78.7 kZvsk)| LyPiv we‡µZvic‡iB h_vµ‡g dwoqv (12.9 kZvsk), AvoZ`vi (11.1 kZvsk), †QvU gnvRb (10.9 kZvsk)I cvBKvi (9.1 kZvsk) Gi Ae¯’vb |wPÎ 4¸ov gv‡Qi gvwmK bxU Avq (UvKvq)¸ov gv‡Qi gvwmK bxU Avq (UvKvq)LyPiv we‡µZvcvBKviAvoZ`vi‡QvU gnvRbdwoqvmsMÖnKvix0 20 40 60 80 100bxU Avq (nvRv‡i)2.2.3| mv`v (eo) gvQmv`v gv‡Qi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖRvwZ n‡”Q iƒcPuv`v, †fvjv, †fUKx, cv½vm, cvBiv BZ¨vw`|¸ov gv‡Qi g‡Zv mvaviYZ mv`v gvQI mßvnKvje¨vcx msMÖn Kiv nq| Aí wKQy †‡Î ˆ`bw›`bwfwˇZI msMÖn Kiv nq| mvaviYfv‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i ‡Mv‡bi Dci| Ab¨vb¨ gv‡Qi g‡Zv mv`vgv‡Qi †‡ÎI `yBwU †Mvb Av‡Q †hgb, fiv †Mvb I giv †Mvb| cÖ‡Z¨K †Mvb 4 †_‡K 6 w`b¯’vqx nq| evwK w`b¸‡jv‡Z gvQ Kg cvIqv hvq| 4 †_‡K 8 Rb msMÖnKvixi GKwU †bŠKv gv‡m`yB evi my›`ieb †h‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZ Pvjv‡b M‡o 4 †_‡K 5 gb gvQ aiv nq|mvaviYZ mv`v gv‡Qi ‡‡Î gvSxi we‡kl †Kv‡bv f~wgKv _v‡K bv| †bŠKvi BwÄb Pvjv‡bvi†Zj, Rvj †givgZ Ges gvSx I msMÖnKvix†`i Lvevi mn hveZxq DcKi‡Yi LiP gvwjK enbK‡i Ges wnmv‡ei mgq cwiPvjb e¨q ev` w`‡q Avq wnmve Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Îjf¨vsk fvMvfvMx Kiv nq| Z‡e AwaKvsk †‡ÎB msMÖnKvixiv †eZ‡b KvR K‡i _v‡K| cªwZwUPvjv‡b 5 †_‡K 10 nvRvi UvKv Lv`¨ eve` LiP nq|g~j¨ms‡hvRb I e¨emvi cwimimviwY 2 G mv`v gv‡Qi Avq I e¨‡qi wnmve †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü weµq `‡iiDc‡i g~j¨ms‡hvRb wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q| bxU Avq g~ja‡bi kZKiv wn‡m‡e Avjv`v fv‡e ‡`Lv‡bvn‡q‡Q| ®úóZB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, msMÖnKvix me‡P‡q †ewk g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i, †gvU g~‡j¨i `yB

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 95Z…Zxqvsk, cÖvq 63 kZvsk| AbycvZ wnmv‡e ¸ov gv‡Qi g‡Zv mv`v gv‡Qi LyPiv we‡µZv me‡P‡q†ewk g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i (15.5 kZvsk)| Gi c‡iB i‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g dwoqv (11.5 kZvsk),cvBKvi (4.5 kZvsk), AvoZ`vi (4.0 kZvsk) Ges †QvU I eo gnvR‡bi (1.0 kZvsk)Ae¯’vb|mviwY 2 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q AvoZ`vi me‡P‡q †ewk cwigvY mv`v gvQ †Kbv-†ePv K‡i (41.2kZvsk)| Abyiƒcfv‡e cvBKvi (†KD †KD AvoZ`v‡ii f~wgKvI cvjb K‡i) 25.3 kZvsk, eognvRb 18.2 kZvsk, LyPiv we‡µZv 7.6 Ges †QvU gnvRb 3.8 kZvsk †Kbv-†ePv K‡i| wb‡Pi¯—‡ii we‡µZv, msMÖnKvix I dwoqv Lye Kg cwigvY cY¨ †Kbv-†ePv K‡i, h_vµ‡g 3.2 kZvskI 0.6 kZvsk|we‡µZviaibMo weµqg~j¨(†KwR)mviwY 2mv`v (eo) gv‡Qi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmveweµqg~‡j¨i Dcig~j¨ms‡hvRb(%)mv`v eo gv‡Qi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨qgvwmK Moweµ‡qicwigvY(†KwR)msMÖnKvix 125 62.5 79(0.63)e¨vcvix/ 148 11.5 402dwoqv(3.2)†QvU gnvRb 150 1.0 480(3.8)eo gnvRb 152 1.0 2,300(18.2)AvoZ`vi 160 4.0 5,210(41.2)cvBKvi 169 4.5 3,200(25.3)LyPiv we‡µZv 200 15.5 960(7.6)†gvU - 100.0 12,631(100.0)†bvU: mviwY 1 Gi †bvU †`Lyb|¯’~j Avq I bxU Avq¯’~j Avq(gvwmK)9875(4.6)10,580(5.2)12,000(5.9)62,100(30.6)46,890(23.1)32,000(15.7)29,760(14.6)203,205(100.0)gvwmKe¨qbxU Avq(gvwmK)PjwZ g~jab(WC)bxU AvqPjwZg~ja‡bi(kZvs‡k )3,171 6,704(4.6)2,800 239.42,450 8,404 15,000 56.0(5.8)1,540 10,460 15,700 66.6(7.2)4,600 57,500 126,667 45.4(39.8)16,023 30,867 482,444 6.4(21.4)15,140 16,860 140,000 12.0(11.7)15,980 13,780 13,330 103.4(9.5)- 144,575 - -(100.0)¯’~j I bxU Dfq Av‡qi †‡Î eo gnvRb Ges AvoZ`vi me‡P‡q †ewk cwigvY Avq K‡i|mviwY 3 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, eo gnvR‡bi gvwmK bxU Avq 57,500 UvKv Ges AvoZ`v‡ii Avq

96evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv30,867 UvKv| ¯’~j I bxU Av‡qi †‡Î AvbycvwZK wnmv‡e eo gnvR‡bi Av‡qi AbycvZ cÖvq31-39 kZvsk, AvoZ`v‡ii †‡Î G AbycvZ 21-23 kZvsk| cvBKvi, LyPiv we‡µZv I †QvUgnvR‡bi ‡‡Î G nvi h_vµ‡g 12-15 kZvsk, 9-14 kZvsk I 6-7 kZvsk| msMÖnKvix eve¨vcvixi Av‡qi AbycvZ 5-6 kZvsk| AvoZ`v‡ii Avq msMÖnKvixi Av‡qi cÖvq 16 ¸Y|wewb‡qv‡Mi w`K w`‡q LyPiv we‡µZvi jvf me‡P‡q †ewk (103 kZvsk), †h‡nZz Zv‡`iwewb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Kg| Abyiƒcfv‡e †QvU gnvR‡bi †‡Î G nvi 66.6 kZvsk, dwoqv/e¨vcvix 56.0 kZvsk, eo gnvRb 45.4 kZvsk, cvBKvi 12.0 kZvsk Ges AvoZ`v‡ii †‡Î6.4 kZvsk|2.2.4| BwjkAb¨vb¨ gv‡Qi g‡Zv Bwjk gv‡Qi †‡ÎI `yBwU †Mvb Av‡Q - fiv †Mvb I giv †Mvb|cÖ‡Z¨K †Mv‡b 4 †_‡K 5 w`b †ewk gvQ a„Z nq| evwK w`b¸‡jv‡Z gvQ msMÖ‡ni cwigvY Kg|Qq †_‡K `k Rb msMÖnKvixi GKwU †bŠKvq cÖwZ Pvjv‡b M‡o 12 †_‡K 20 gb (AvenvIqv,¯’vb, Kvj I `Zvi Dci wbf©ikxj) gvQ aiv hvq|AwaKvsk kªgRxwe †R‡j Rvj/†bŠKvi gvwjK Gi mv‡_ GKwU Pzw³i gva¨‡g gvQ msMÖ‡nhvq| gvwS `j‡bZv wn‡m‡e msMÖn Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| Pzw³e× _vKvq †R‡jiv evRv‡iiAb¨ †Kv‡bv AvoZ`vi ev cvBKv‡ii Kv‡Q gvQ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| g›`v †gŠmy‡g Rvj ev†bŠKvi gvwj‡Ki KvQ †_‡K †R‡j kªwg‡Kiv AwMÖg UvKv wb‡q _v‡K GB k‡Z© †h, cy‡iv †gŠmygZvi n‡q KvR Ki‡e| mvaviYZ a„Z gv‡Qi †gvU g~‡j¨I UvKv n‡Z Pvjv‡bi mKj cwiPvjbv e¨q(Lvevi, †Zj I Rvj †givgZ BZ¨vw`) ev` w`‡q cÖvß UvKvi 16 fv‡Mi 10 fvM gvwjK cvq,evwK 6 fvM cvq †R‡j kªwg‡Kiv| gvwS ev‡` evwK mevB mgvb cvq, gvwS GKv `yB fvM cvq| 6cÖwZ wUª‡c LvIqv eve` M‡o 10 †_‡K 12 nvRvi UvKv, †Zj eve` 40 †_‡K 50 nvRvi Geseid eve` cÖvq 10 nvRvi UvKv LiP nq| wKš‘ mvB‡K¬vb A_ev WvKv‡Zi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq mewKQz †Lvqv‡Z nq| ZvB gvwj‡Ki A‡bK SyuwK _v‡K|g~j¨ms‡hvRb Ges e¨emvi cwimimviwY 3 G Bwj‡ki gvwmK Avq e¨‡qi LiP †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GQvov bxU Avq g~ja‡bi KZkZvsk ZvI †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ gv‡Qi g‡Zv Bwj‡ki †‡ÎI msMÖnKvixiv me‡P‡q †ewkg~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i, †gvU g~‡j¨i cÖvq `y-Z…Zxqvsk (63.3 kZvsk)| mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q Gic‡iB LyPiv we‡µZvi Ae¯’vb| LyPiv we‡µZvi ci ch©vqµ‡g gvwS/dwoqv, †QvU gnvRb,AvoZ`vi Ges cvBKv‡ii Ae¯’vb|6 Ali et al (2009). The Supply Chain and Prices at Different Stages of Hilsha Fish in Bangladesh, PPSU, G †ZAbyiƒc k‡Z©i K_v Rvbv †M‡Q|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 97we‡µZviaibMoweµqg~j¨(†KwR)mviwY 3Bwj‡ki weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmveweµqg~‡j¨iDci g~j¨ms‡hvRb(%)msMÖnKvix 190 63.3 70gvwS/dwoqv 220 10.0 683†QvU gnvRb 245 8.3 816eo gnvRb 248 1.0 2532AvoZ`vi 256 2.7 7500cvBKvi 263 2.3 2957LyPivwe‡µZv300 12.3 300(2.0)†gvU - 100.0 14858(100.0)†bvU: mviwY 1 Gi †bvU †`Lyb|Bwj‡ki weµqg~j¨ g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨qgvwmK Mo ¯’~j Avq gvwmK bxU Avqweµ‡qi (gvwmK) e¨q (gvwmK)cwigvY(†KwR)13,300 5,140 8160(0.47) (5.3)(4.2)20,490 6,352 14,138(4.6) (8.2)(7.3)44,880 3,990 40,890(5.5) (18.0)(21.0)70,896 9,994 60,896(17.0) (28.5)(31.3)67,500 22,500 45,000(50.5) (27.1)(23.1)20,699 3,726 16,973(19.9) (8.3)(8.7)11,100 2,410 8,690(4.5)248,865(100.0)(4.5)- 194,747(100.0)PjwZg~jab(WC)bxU AvqPjwZg~ja‡bi(kZvs‡k )- -15,500 91.268,400 59.8333,330 21.3366,667 12.3NANANANA- -mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q g~j¨ms‡hvRb Kg Ki‡jI AvoZ`v‡ii e¨emvi cwiwa A‡bK eo,hv †gvU †jb‡`‡bi cÖvq A‡a©K| Abyiƒcfv‡e cieZx© Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g cvBKvi, eognvRb I †QvU gnvRb| ¯^fveZB wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii ga¨¯’ZvKvix dwoqv I msMÖnKvixiv me‡P‡q KgcY¨ ‡jb‡`b K‡i|¯’~j Avq I bxU Avq¯’~j I bxU Av‡qi w`K w`‡q eo gnvRb, AvoZ`vi I †QvU gnvRb †ewk Avq K‡i _v‡K|mviwY 3 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q Zv‡`i gvwmK bxU Avq h_vµ‡g 60,896 UvKv, 45,000 UvKv Ges40,800 UvKv| wPÎ 5-G wewfbœ ai‡bi we‡µZvi Ae¯’vbwU cwi®‹vifv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| ¯’~jAv‡qi †‡ÎI cÖvq GKB Z_¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| msMÖnKvix Ges e¨vcvixi bxU Avq gvÎ 4 †_‡K 7kZvsk| Ab¨w`‡K msMÖnKvixi Zzjbvq eo gnvR‡bi bxU Avq cÖvq 7 ¸Y †ewk|Bwjk msMÖnKvix †R‡j‡`i cÖvqB eo As‡Ki `v`b wb‡Z nq| wewb‡qvM we‡ePbv Ki‡j,PjwZ g~ja‡bi Dci bxU Avq me‡P‡q †ewk gvwS/e¨vcvixi (132 kZvsk), †Kbbv Zviv Lye KgPjwZ g~jab LvUvq| †mw`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j, †QvU gnvRb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e fv‡jv Ae¯’v‡bi‡q‡Q (59.8 kZvsk)| †QvU gnvR‡bi cieZx© Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q eo gnvRb (21.3 kZvsk) IAvoZ`vi (12.3 kZvsk)|

98evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 5Bwj‡ki gvwmK bxU Avq (UvKvq)2.2.5| Mj`v wPswo (eo)Mj`v wPswo msMÖnKvixiv mvaviYZ mßvnKvje¨vcx gvQ a‡i| A‡bK‡‡Î msMÖnKvixivIjv‡fi wKQz Ask †c‡q _v‡K| Mj`v wPswo weµ‡qi cwigvY, g~j¨, Avq-e¨q, g~jab, g~j¨ms‡hvRbBZ¨vw` wel‡q hveZxq Z_¨ mviwY 4 G Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|g~j¨ms‡hvRb I e¨emvi cwimimsMÖnKvixiv †gvU g~‡j¨i Dci wZb-PZz_©vsk (75.0 kZvsk) weµqg~j¨ ms‡hvRb K‡i_v‡K (mviwY 4)| msMÖnKvix ev` w`‡j LyPiv we‡µZv †ewk g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i (8.7 kZvsk)|Abyiƒcfv‡e g~j¨ms‡hvR‡bi w`K †_‡K LyPiv we‡µZvi c‡iB i‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g gvwS/e¨vcvix(5.0 kZvsk), †QvU I eo gnvRb Df‡q †‡Î (3.3 kZvsk), AvoZ`vi (2.5 kZvsk) GescvBKvix we‡µZv (2.2 kZvsk)|mviwY 4 n‡Z cwi®‹vifv‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q, mKj e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ AvoZ`vi me‡P‡q †ewkcwigvY cY¨ †Kbv‡ePv K‡i (40.2 kZvsk)| cieZx© Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q cvBKvi (28.9 kZvsk),eo gnvRb (13.4 kZvsk) I †QvU gnvRb (8.2 kZvsk)| ¯úóZ wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii †ckvRxwee¨vcvix Ges msMÖnKvix me‡P‡q Kg cwigvY cY¨ µq-weµq K‡i _v‡K, h_vµ‡g 5.1 kZvsk I0.31 kZvsk|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 99we‡µZviaibmviwY 4Mj`v wPswoi (eo) weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmveMo weµqg~j¨(†KwR)msMÖnKvix 450 75.0 22gvwS/dwoqv 480 5.0 360†QvU gnvRb 500 3.3 580eo gnvRb 520 3.3 950AvoZ`vi 535 2.5 2,850cvBKvi 548 2.2 2,050Mj`v wPswoi (eo) weµqg~j¨ g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨qweµqg~‡j¨i gvwmK Mo ¯’~j Avq gvwmKDci weµ‡qi (gvwmK) e¨qg~j¨ms‡hvRb cwigvY(%) (†KwR)9,900(0.31) (7.3)10,800(5.1) (8.0)11,600(8.2) (8.6)19,000(13.4) (14.0)42,750(40.2) (31.6)26,650(28.9) (19.7)14,560LyPiv we‡µZv 600 8.7 280(3.9)†gvU - 100.0 7,092(100.0)†bvU: mviwY 1 Gi †bvU †`Lyb|¯’~j Avq I bxU Avq(10.8)135,260(100.0)bxU Avq(gvwmK)3,450 6,450(6.1)3,600 7,200(6.8)3,850 7,750(7.4)4,560 14,440(13.7)8,596 34,154(32.4)3,850 22,800(21.7)2,083 12,477(11.9)- 105,271(100.0)Ab¨vb¨ gv‡Qi g‡Zv Mj`v wPswoi (eo) †‡ÎI AvoZ`v‡ii gvwmK ¯’~j I bxU Avqme‡P‡q †ewk, h_vµ‡g 42,750 UvKv I 34,154 UvKv| AbycvZ wn‡m‡e AvoZ`v‡ii ¯’~j IbxU Av‡qi AbycvZ me‡P‡q †ewk (cÖvq 31-32 kZvsk)| †gvU Av‡qi Zzjbvq msMÖnKvixi ¯’~jI bxU Av‡qi AbycvZ me‡P‡q Kg (6-7 kZvsk)| AvoZ`v‡ii Avq msMÖnKvixi †P‡q cÖvq 5¸Y †ewk|2.2.6| evM`v wPswo (eo)g~j¨ms‡hvRb I e¨emvi cwimievM`v wPswo weµ‡qi cwigvY, g~j¨, Avq-e¨q, g~jab, g~j¨ms‡hvRb BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ mviwY5-G Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, Mj`v wPswoi g‡Zv evM`vi †‡ÎImsMÖnKvixiv g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i me‡P‡q †ewk, `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡kiI †ewk (66.7 kZvsk)|msMÖnKvixi c‡iB h_vµ‡g Av‡m LyPiv we‡µZv, gvwS/e¨vcvix, †QvU gnvRb I eo gnvRbDf‡q, AvoZ`vi Ges cvBKvi| mviwYwU n‡Z AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, AvoZ`v‡ii weµ‡qi cwigvY

100evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvme‡P‡q †ewk (45 kZvsk), Zvic‡iB cvBKvi I eo gnvR‡bi Ae¯’vb| msMÖnKvixi weµ‡qicwigvY 1 kZvs‡kiI Kg|¯’~j Avq I bxU AvqmviwY 5 n‡Z cwi®‹vifv‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q ¯’yj Avq I bxU Avq Dfq †‡ÎB AvoZ`v‡iicwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk| Zvic‡ii Ae¯’vb h_vµ‡g cvBKvi, eo gnvRb, †QvU gnvRb GesmsMÖnKvixi| msMÖnKvixi †gvU bxU Av‡qi gvÎ 6 kZvsk Avq K‡i|we‡µZvi aibmviwY 5evM`v wPswoi (eo) weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmveMoweµqg~j¨(†KwR)msMÖnKvix 300 66.7 36gvwS/e¨vcvix 330 6.7 480†QvU gnvRb 350 4.4 760eo gnvRb 370 4.4 950AvoZ`vi 386 3.6 3,850cvBKvi 400 3.1 2,250LyPiv we‡µZv 450 11.1 300(3.5)†gvU - 100.0 8,626(100.0†bvU: mviwY 1 Gi †bvU †`Lyb|2.2.7| wPswo †cvbv ev †iYy (Mj`v I evM`v)evM`v wPswoi (eo) weµqg~j¨ g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨qweµqg~‡j¨i gvwmK Mo ¯’~j Avq gvwmK e¨qDci weµ‡qi (gvwmK)g~j¨ms‡hvRb cwigvY(%) (†KwR)10,800(0.42) (6.4)14,400(5.6) (8.6)15,200(8.8) (9.1)19,000(11.0) (11.3)61,600(44.6) (36.8)31,500(26.1) (18.8)15,000(9.0)167,500(100.0)bxU Avq(gvwmK)3,650 7,150(5.5)3,820 10,580(8.2)4,050 11,150(8.6)4,890 14,110(10.9)12,650 48,950(37.8)6,450 25,050(19.3)2,480 12,520(9.7)- 129,510(100.0)wPswo †cvbv ev †iYy cÖwZw`b ev mßvnKvje¨vcx AvniY Kiv nq| †h mKj msMÖnKvix ebwefvM †_‡K cvk wb‡q my›`ie‡bi Rjvkq I Lv‡j ‡cvbv ev †iYy msMÖn K‡i Zviv mßvnKvje¨vcxAe¯’vb K‡i| Avi hviv ¯’vbxq b`x ev Lv‡j †iYy AvniY K‡i Zviv cÖwZw`b †iYy msMÖn K‡i_v‡K| `yB †_‡K wZb Rb msMÖnKvix wewkó GKwU †bŠKvq 300 †_‡K 600 †cvbv msMÖn Kivhvq| msMÖnKvixiv g›`v †gŠmy‡g dwoqv ev gnvR‡bi KvQ †_‡K `v`b wb‡q _v‡K GB k‡Z© †h,mviv †gŠmy‡g wbw`©ó g~‡j¨ dwoqv/gnvR‡bi Kv‡Q †cvbv mieivn Ki‡e| hyM hyM a‡i FY cÖ`v‡bi

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 101GB aviv P‡j Avm‡Q| ZvB my›`ie‡bi Ab¨vb¨ msMÖnKvixi Zzjbvq ZvivB †ewk Ab¨vq †kvl‡YiwkKvi n‡q Avm‡Q|dwoqviv mviv eQiB †cvbv msMÖnKvixi KvQ †_‡K Kg-†ewk †cvbv µq K‡i _v‡K| µqK…Z†cvbv Zviv Avevi AvoZ`v‡ii Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i, AvoZ`vi GLv‡b Kwgkb G‡R›U wn‡m‡e KvRK‡i| wKQz AvoZ`vi Avevi dwoqv ev e¨vcvix‡K FY w`‡q _v‡K GB k‡Z© ‡h, dwoqv ev e¨vcvixïaygvÎ Zvi Kv‡Q †cvbv mieivn Ki‡e| wKQz wKQz †‡Î †cvbv wewµ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bvga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMxi Kv‡Q hvIqvi Av‡M bvm©vix‡Z ivLv nq| dwoqv I AvoZ`vi g~j¨ms‡hvR‡bi cy‡ive¨vcviUv wbqš¿Y K‡i| FY `vZv ev `v`b`vi GK‡PwUqv e¨emv K‡i, GKevi †Kv‡bvfv‡e FYw`‡Z cvi‡j FYMÖnxZv Zvi Kv‡Q cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z eva¨| ¯’vbxq evRv‡iI †cvbv †Kbv-†ePv n‡q_v‡K| Z‡e KviLvbv ev wW‡cvi wba©vwiZ g~‡j¨i wKQy K‡g| Gfv‡eB cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU `v`‡biRv‡j ew›` n‡q c‡o eQ‡ii ci eQi| †cvbv msMÖnKvix‡`i GKUv eo Ask wkï I gwnjv| GBai‡bi wKQz msMÖnKvix †bŠKv wb‡q Avevi wKQy msMÖnKvix †bŠKv QvovB †cvbv ev †iYy a‡i| †cvbvev †iYy msMÖn wbgœga¨weˇ`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi GKwU eo Aej¤^b|g~j¨ms‡hvRb I e¨emvi cwimimy›`ie‡bi †h †Kv‡bv c‡Y¨i g~j¨-k„sL‡ji Zzjbvq wPswo †cvbvi g~j¨-k„sLj A‡bK †ewkRwUj| wewfbœ ai‡bi †µZv, we‡µZv I ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx GB g~j¨-k„sL‡j Ave×| hw`I ejv nq,†cvbv msMÖn Kiv wbwl×, ZeyI ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi †hvMmvR‡m msMÖ‡ni KvRwU Pvwj‡q hvIqv†gv‡UI KwVb bq| GB cÖwµqvi mv‡_ RwoZ msMÖnKvix, dwoqv I AvoZ`vi| weµqg~‡j¨i Dcig~j¨ms‡hvM wePvi Ki‡j msMÖnKvixiv A‡bK †ewk g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i _v‡K, †gvU weµqg~‡j¨icÖvq 57-64 kZvsk (wPÎ 6 I 7)|wPÎ 6Mj`v †cvbvi weµqg~j¨ ms‡hvRb (kZvs‡k)

102evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 7evM`v wPswoi (eo) weµqg~j¨ ms‡hvRb (kZvs‡k)¯’~j Avq I bxU AvqMj`v AvoZ`v‡ii gvwmK bxU Avq dwoqv‡`i PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk| Mj`v AvoZ`v‡iigvwmK bxU Avq wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q 1,34,300 UvKv †hLv‡b dwoqvi gvwmK Avq 63,375 UvKv|AvoZ`v‡ii gvwmK bxU Avq msMÖnKvixi †P‡q 10 ¸Y †ewk| evM`vi †‡Î Avq Mj`vi ZzjbvqA‡bK Kg| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evM`vi AvoZ`vi I dwoqvi gvwmK bxU Avq h_vµ‡g 30,720UvKv I 11,075 UvKv|2.2.8| KuvKovAvš—R©vwZK evRv‡i KuvKovi Pvwn`v w`b w`b †e‡o hvIqvq eZ©gv‡b Av‡Mi †P‡q †ewkcwigv‡Y KuvKov aiv n‡”Q| my›`ie‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj †R‡j‡`i Kv‡Q GUv GKwU m¤ú~iK †ckvwnmv‡e mycwiwPZ| KuvKov aivi Rb¨ Lye mvaviY DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq, hv msMÖnKvix‡`ic‡ e¨e¯’v Kiv mnR| mvaviYZ msMÖnKvix †R‡jiv mßvnKvje¨vcx KuvKov msMÖn K‡i| `yBRb msMÖnKvix wewkó GKwU †bŠKv gv‡m 2 †_‡K 3wU wUªc w`‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡ÎAvoZ`vi I dwoqv mivmwi KuvKov msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K| `yBRb msMÖnKvix †R‡j wewkóGKwU †bŠKvq 20 †_‡K 40 †KwR KuvKov msMÖn Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ dwoqv ev †QvU AvoZ`vimsMÖ‡ni ¯’vb n‡Z KuvKov msMÖn K‡i wW‡cv‡Z Rgv K‡i| †hme dwoqv mivmwi msMÖ‡ni mv‡_RwoZ Zviv KuvKov msMÖn K‡i Zv mivmwi AvoZ`v‡ii Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i| mviwY 6-G KuvKoviweµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmve Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|g~j¨ms‡hvRb I e¨emvi cwimimy›`ie‡bi Ab¨vb¨ AvnwiZ c‡Y¨i g‡Zv †gvU weµqg~j¨ wePv‡i msMÖnKvix me‡P‡q †ewkg~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i| mviwY 6 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q Zviv †gvU weµq g~‡j¨i 50 kZvsk g~j¨ms‡hvRbK‡i| mviwYwU n‡Z cwi®‹vi †`Lv hv‡”Q, msMÖnKvixi c‡iB dwoqv/e¨vcvixi Ae¯’vb (17.6

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 103kZvsk)| dwoqv e¨vcvixi c‡iB h_vµ‡g †QvU gnvRb (13.8 kZvsk), AvoZ`vi (8.3kZvsk), eo gnvRb (6.9 kZvsk) I cvBKvi (3.4 kZvsk) Gi Ae¯’vb|AvoZ`vi Ges eo gnvRb Kg g~j¨ms‡hvRb Ki‡jI Ab¨vb¨‡`i ‡P‡q A‡bK †ewk cwigvYcY¨ †jb‡`b K‡i| mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q AvoZ`vi Ges eo gnvRbiv h_vµ‡g †gvUweµ‡qi 37.1 kZvsk Ges 28.8 kZvsk weµq K‡i| †jb‡`‡bi †‡Î GB `yB `‡ji c‡iBh_vµ‡g cvBKvi (19.3 kZvsk) Ges †QvU gnvRb (10.6 kZvsk), gvwS/dwoqv (3.5 kZvsk)I msMÖnKvix (0.64 kZvsk)Õi Ae¯’vb|we‡µZviaibMoweµqg~j¨(†KwR)mviwY 6KuvKovi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmveweµqg~‡j¨iDci g~j¨ms‡hvRb(%)KuvKovi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨qgvwmKMoweµ‡qicwigvY(†KwR)msMÖnKvix 145 50.0 130(0.64)gvwS/ 196 17.6 708dwoqv(3.5)‡QvU 236 13.8 2,166gnvRb(10.6)eo gnvRb 256 6.9 5,872(28.8)AvoZ`vi 280 8.3 7,559(37.1)cvBKvi 290 3.4 3,920(19.3)†gvU - 100.0 20,355(100.0)†bvU : mviwY 1 Gi †bvU †`Lyb|¯’~j Avq I bxU Avq¯’~j Avq(gvwmK)18,850(3.4)36,108(6.5)86,640(15.5)117,440(21.0)181,416(32.5)117,600(21.1)558,054(100.0)gvwmKe¨qbxUAvq(gvwmK)6,720 12,130(4.1)17,249 18,859(6.3)50,517 36,123(12.1)53,406 64,034(21.5)95,154 86,262(29.0)37,500 80,100(26.9)- 297,508(100.0)PjwZg~jab(WC)bxU AvqPjwZg~ja‡bi(kZvs‡k)7,667 158.269,909 27.0205,714 17.61387,500 4.6350,000 24.61500,000 5.3-- --¯’~j I bxU Avq Dfq †‡Î Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvoZ`vi, eo gnvRb, cvBKvi Ges †QvUgnvR‡bi Avq A‡bK †ewk Ges msMÖnKvixi gvwmK Avq me‡P‡q Kg| KvKovi bxU Av‡qi†‡Î wewfbœ we‡µZvi Ae¯’vb wPÎ 8-G Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 6 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”QAvoZ`v‡ii gvwmK Avq 86,262 UvKv †hLv‡b msMÖnKvixi gvwmK bxU Avq gvÎ 12,130 UvKv|msMÖnKvixi Zzjbvq AvoZ`v‡ii gvwmK bxU Avq 7 ¸Y †ewk|KuvKov msMÖnKvix‡`i Rb¨ eo ai‡bi `v`‡bi `iKvi nq| wewb‡qv‡Mi w`K w`‡q PjwZg~ja‡bi Dci gvwS/dwoqvi gvwmK bxU Avq A‡bK †ewk (27 kZvsk), †Kbbv Zv‡`i Lye Kgg~ja‡bi `iKvi nq| PjwZ g~ja‡bi Dci AvoZ`v‡ii gvwmK bxU Avq 24−26 kZvsk GesPjwZ g~ja‡bi Dci †QvU gnvR‡bi gvwmK bxU Avq 17.6 kZvsk|

104evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 8KuvKovi gvwmK bxU Avq (UvKvq)2.2.9| gaycÖvK…wZKfv‡e gay Avni‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †Î my›`ieb| my›`ie‡bi gay msMÖn GKwU†gŠmyg wfwËK KvR| cÖwZ †gŠmy‡g wecyj cwigvY gay AvnwiZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b bvbv Kvi‡Y †hgbmbvZb AvniY c×wZ, Rjevqy cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gay msMÖ‡ni cwigvY K‡g Avm‡Q|mvaviYZ Ljwm, MivY, †MIqv, evBb, KuvKov, †KIov Mv‡Qi dzj n‡Z gay msMÖn Kiv nq| GmeMv‡Qi g‡a¨ Lwjmv dz‡ji gay DrK…ó gv‡bi| mvaviYZ †g gvm †_‡K Ryb gvm ch©š— mg‡qmy›`ieb †_‡K gay msMÖn Kiv nq| Z‡e gvP©, GwcÖj gv‡mI wKQy gay msMÖn Kiv nq| eb wefvM†_‡K cvk msMª‡ni gva¨‡g 6 †_‡K 9 R‡bi GKwU `j 1 gv‡mi Rb¨ gay msMÖ‡n ‡ei nq|ïaygvÎ AbygwZ cÖvßivB my›`ie‡bi gay Avni‡Y AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvwS ev †bŠKv PvjK(`j‡bZv) msMÖ‡ni cy‡iv welqwU †`Lv‡kvbv K‡i| msMÖnK…Z gay mßvn Aš—i gnvR‡bi Kv‡QcvVv‡bv nq| gay msMÖnKvix‡`i mvaviYZ †gŠqvj ejv nq|jv‡fi Askx`vi wn‡m‡e ev evRvi g~‡j¨i †P‡q Kg `v‡g wewµi k‡Z© gnvRb †gŠqvj‡`iA‡_©i †hvMvb †`q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î gvwS gnvR‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K H GKBk‡Z©| KL‡bv KL‡bv msMÖKvixiv wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i gaymsMÖ‡n AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| j Kiv ‡M‡Q, AwZ m¤cÖwZ wKQz msMÖnKvix wb‡RivB GbwRIig‡Zv MÖ“c ev `j MVb K‡i g~jab †hvMvo K‡i gay msMÖ‡n AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †gŠqvjx‡`icÖ‡Z¨K wUª‡c Lv`¨ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRb eve` M‡o 40 †_‡K 60 nvRvi UvKv LiP n‡q _v‡K| Qq†_‡K bq Rb †gŠqvjx wewkó GKwU †bŠKv gv‡m 12 †_‡K 14 gb gay msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|g~j¨ms‡hvRb I e¨emvi cwimimviwY 7-G gayi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmve Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q weµqg~‡j¨ ms‡hvRb wePv‡i msMÖnKvix †gvU g~‡j¨i Dci me‡P‡q †ewk

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 105g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i| Zviv †gvU g~‡j¨i cÖvq 5 fv‡Mi 3 fvM g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i| msMÖnKvixic‡iB LyPiv we‡µZv †ewk g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i (16.7 kZvsk)| cieZ©x g~j¨ms‡hvRbKvixiv n‡jvgvwS/e¨vcvix (12.0 kZvsk), eo gnvRb (6.7 kZvsk), cvBKvi (3.3 kZvsk) I †QvU gnvRb(1.3 kZvsk)| gayi g~j¨-k„sL‡j †Kv‡bv AvoZ`vi †bB, cvBKviB AvoZ`v‡ii f~wgKv cvjbK‡i|†gvU gybvdv c‡Y¨i †Kbv‡ePvi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cvBKvime‡P‡q †ewk cY¨ †Kbv‡ePv K‡i (54.4 kZvsk)| cvBKv‡ii c‡iB eo gnvRb (25.3 kZvsk)I †QvU gnvRb (8.7 kZvsk) †ewk g~j¨ms‡hvRb K‡i| wb‡æi ¯—‡i Ae¯’vbKvix msMÖnKvix/dwoqv me‡P‡q Kg cY¨ †Kbv‡ePv K‡i, h_vµ‡g 7.3 kZvsk I 1.1 kZvsk|¯’~j Avq I bxU AvqmviwY 7 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q cvBKv‡ii gvwmK ¯’~j I bxU Avq me‡P‡q †ewk| Zviv h_vµ‡gAvq K‡i 34,400 UvKv I 26,852 UvKv| cieZx© Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q eo gnvRb I dwoqv|msMÖnKvixi gvwmK ¯’~j I bxU Avq me‡P‡q Kg| msMÖnKvixi †P‡q cvBKv‡ii gvwmK bxU Avq4.2 ¸Y †ewk| cvBKvi ev gnvR‡bi †gvUv As‡Ki PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jI GKRbmsMÖnKvixi PjwZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY me‡P‡q Kg| g~ja‡bi Dci msMÖnKvixi bxU Avq me‡P‡q†ewk (120 kZvsk)| GKB Kvi‡Y dwoqv/gvwSi gvwmK Avq †ewk, cÖvq 65 kZvsk| Zv‡`iILye eo As‡Ki PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| g~ja‡bi Dci jvf we‡ePbvq †QvU gnvR‡bigvwmK Avq †ek Kg, 12 kZvsk, cvBKv‡ii †‡Î G nvi gvÎ 9 kZvsk|we‡µZviaibMoweµqg~j¨(†KwR)mviwY 7gayi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmveweµqg~‡j¨iDci g~j¨ms‡hvRb(%)msMÖnKvix 180 60.0 68(1.1)gvwS/dwoqv 216 12.0 462(7.3)†QvU gnvRb 220 1.3 550(8.7)eo gnvRb 240 6.7 1,600(25.3)cvBKvi 250 3.3 3,440(54.4)LyPiv 300 16.7 200we‡µZv(3.2)†gvU - 100.0 6,320(100.0)†bvU : mviwY 1 Gi †bvU †`Lyb|gayi weµqg~j¨, g~j¨ms‡hvRb I Avq-e¨q Gi wnmvegvwmK Mo ¯’~j Avq gvwmK bxU Avqweµ‡qi (gvwmK) e¨q (gvwmK)cwigvY(†KwR)12,240(9.6)16,632(13.1)22,000(17.9)32,000(25.1)34,400(27.0)10,000(7.9)127,272(100.0)5,875 6,365(6.7)2,587 14,045(12.9)5180 16,820(17.8)7120 24,880(26.3)7568 26,832(28.4)2600 7,400(7.8)- 96,342(100.0)PjwZg~jab(WC)bxU AvqPjwZg~ja‡bi(kZvs‡k)5,333 119.3521,667 64.8257,500 29.25200,000 12.44300,000 8.9440,000 18.50- -

106evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv3| my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix – mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨c~e©eZx Aby‡”Q‡` my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni m‡½ mswk−ó‡`i m¤ú` msMÖn Kvh©µ‡gi Avqe¨‡qiwnmve Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb Aby‡”Q‡` D³ msMÖnKvix-mswk−ó‡`i evwl©K Avq IZvi eÈb Ges Avq ˆelg¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|Avq AmgZv ev Avq ˆelg¨ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mvgvwRK welq| my›`ieb †_‡K msM„nxZ Ig~j¨-k„sL‡ji AvIZvq wewfbœ c‡Y¨i msMÖnKvix-mswk−ó‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e cÖavbAv‡qi wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q (cwiwkó mviwY¸‡jv‡Z)| 7 evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv†gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gi gvm¸‡jv‡KKvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †gvU Avqev Avq ˆelg¨ cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ GUvB cÖK…Z msL¨v bq| G e¨vcv‡i AviI web¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbi‡q‡Q| Av‡qi AmgZv welqwU mȳ úó Kivi Rb¨ mswk−ó‡`i Mo Avq, Av‡qi `knvix‡Z(decile) eÈb Kiv n‡q‡Q| AmgZv ej‡Z `knvixi wfwˇZ †ckvRxwe‡`i Mo Avq Ges †gvUAv‡qi AbycvZ‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`‡fvMxi Avq web¨vm I wePz¨wZi e¨vwß wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q| mKj†ckvRxwe‡`i ga¨ †_‡K KwZcq †ckvRxwe‡K wb‡q `ywU cÖvwš—K `j (†hgb msMÖnKvix GesAvoZ`vi‡K ev gnvRb) wbw`©ó K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AmgZvi gvÎv cwigv‡ci †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|Avq ˆelg¨ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wMwb wb‡`©wkKv (Gini Co-efficient) GKwU fv‡jv m~PK, hvmy›`ie‡bi mKj Drcbœ`ª‡e¨i Rb¨ cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 8 cÖ_‡g †MvjcvZv w`‡q ïi“ Kiv hvq|3.1| †MvjcvZv†MvjcvZv msMÖnKvix‡`i evwl©K Mo Avq gvÎ 23,451 UvKv| †ckvRxwei Ges wKQyUvAv‡qi µgvbymv‡i †`L‡j, gvwS/e¨vcvixi evwl©K Avq 33,939 UvKv, †QvU gnvR‡bi 76,904UvKv, eo gnvR‡bi 323,878 UvKv, AvoZ`v‡ii 368,280 UvKv, cvBKv‡ii 97,425 UvKvGes LyPiv we‡µZvi Avq 81,098 UvKv| evwl©K Av‡qi w`K n‡Z Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv Lye †ewk†Kbbv GKRb msMÖnKvix AvoZ`v‡ii †P‡q 16 ¸Y Kg Avq K‡i (cwiwkó mviwY 1)| Avqˆelg¨ cwigvcK wMwb wb‡`©wkKv n‡Z †`Lv hvq, g~j¨-k„sL‡ji AvIZvq wewfbœ †ckvRxwe‡`i Avq†gvU Av‡qi KZ Ask †mB Ae¯’vb †_‡K j Kiv hvq †h, msMÖnKvix‡`i Avq †gvU Av‡qi gvÎ2.3 kZvsk| wPÎ 9-G †MvjcvZv mswk−ó wewfbœ †ckvRxwe‡`i Ae¯’vb Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wPÎwUn‡Z cwi®‹vi †`Lv hv‡”Q gnvRb Ges AvoZ`viB me‡P‡q †ewk Avq K‡i|7 Avq ej‡Z ïaygvÎ SRF Drm n‡Z Avq †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K cÖvß Avq GB M‡elYvq we‡ePbv Kiv nqwb|8 bgybvi msL¨v Kg nIqvq Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cÖv°wjZ wMwb wb‡`©wkKv e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 107wPÎ 9my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm kZvs‡k : ‡MvjcvZvAv‡qi `knvix (decile) web¨v‡m Av‡qi AwaKZi ew¼gZv (Skewness) wb‡`©k K‡i| mviwY8-G †MvjcvZv mswk−ó mKj ‡ckvRxwe‡K `yBwU `knvix‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| `knvix 1 Gme©wbæ Av‡qi †ckvRxwe `j‡K Ges `knvix 10 G me‡P‡q D”P Av‡qi †ckvRxwe `j‡K†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| j Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, `knvix 10 Gi †ckvRxweiv `knvix 1 Gi†ckvRxwe‡`i †P‡q 20.5 ¸Y †ewk Avq K‡i| wPÎ 10 cÖKvk Ki‡Q †MvjcvZvi Avq ˆelg¨cwigvcK cÖv°wjZ wMwb wb‡`©wkKv 0.51, hv AZ¨š— †ewk| 9mviwY 8my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi `kK : †MvjcvZvAv‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)†MvjcvZv1g `kK 2.02q `kK 2.53q `kK 3.54_© `kK 3.65g `kK 5.0`knvix : 1g - 5g 16.66ô `kK 5.47g `kK 9.18g `kK 10.49g `kK 17.510g `kK 41.0`knvix : 6ô - 10g 83.4`knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1:20.5wMwb wb‡`©wkKv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.519 HIES (2008) Abyhvqx mvwe©Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg GjvKvi wMwb wb‡`©wkKv 0.30 Ges kni GjvKvq Zv 0.38|

108evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 10j‡iÄ ‡iLv (Lorenze curve) : †MvjcvZv3.2| ¸ov gvQwbgœ Avqm¤úbœ cwiev‡ii Rb¨ ¸ov gvQ LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| ¸ov gvQ msMÖnKvix‡`i Mo evwl©KAvq gvÎ 47,153 UvKv (†MvjcvZvi †P‡q mvgvb¨ †ewk)| †ckvRxwe‡`i µgvbymv‡i †`L‡j†`Lv hvq dwoqv/e¨vcvix 1,00,481 UvKv, gnvRb 1,16,046 UvKv, AvoZ`vi 6,35,830UvKv, cvBKvi 1,86,550 UvKv Ges LyPiv we‡µZv 1,49,286 UvKv (cwiwkó mviwY 2)| Av‡qiGB cwigvY ¯úóZB cÖKvk Ki‡Q evwl©K Av‡qi ‰elg¨Zvi gvÎv Lye †ewk| GB ˆel‡g¨i e¨vw߯úóZi n‡”Q wPÎ 11-G| wPÎwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q †gvU Av‡qi kZvsk wnmv‡e msMÖnKvixiAe¯’vb me©wb‡æ, gvÎ 4 kZvsk Ges AvoZ`v‡ii Ae¯’vb me©D‡”P, 52 kZvsk| cieZx©Ae¯’vb¸‡jv n‡”Q, dwoqv/e¨vcvix, gnvRb, cvBKvi Ges LyPiv we‡µZvi| Av‡qi `knvixweb¨v‡mi w`‡K bRi w`‡j GB AmgZv AviI my¯úó n‡q D‡V (mviwY 9)| GLv‡b `yBwU `knvix†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, 1g Avq `knvix wb毗‡ii †ckvRxwe Ges 10g Avq `knvix‡Z D”P¯—‡ii†ckvRxwe‡`i wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`Lv hvq †h, cÖ_g `k kZvsk †jv‡Ki Av‡qi Zzjbvq D”P¯—‡ii `k kZvsk †jv‡Ki Avq cÖvq 34 ¸Y †ewk| ¸ov gv‡Qi cÖv°wjZ ˆelg¨ cwigvcK wMwbwb‡`©wkKv 0.53, †MvjcvZvi Zzjbvq hv AviI †ewk|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 109wPÎ 11my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm kZvs‡k : ¸ov gvQmviwY 9my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi `kK : ¸ov gvQAv‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)¸ov gvQ1g `kK 1.12q `kK 2.53q `kK 2.74_© `kK 3.15g `kK 4.8`knvix : 1g - 5g 14.26ô `kK 6.27g `kK 7.68g `kK 11.19g `kK 24.110g `kK 36.8`knvix : 6ô - 10g 85.8`knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1:33.5wMwb wb‡`©wkKv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.533.3| mv`v gvQmv`v gvQ msMÖnKvix‡`i evwl©K Mo Avq 63,311 UvKv (hv †MvjcvZv I ¸ov gv‡Qi ZzjbvqwKQyUv †ewk) (cwiwkó mviwY 3)| mv`v gv‡Qi †‡Î eo gnvR‡bi Avq me‡P‡q †ewk (hv†MvjcvZv ev ¸ov gvQ Gi e¨wZµg)| eo gnvRb †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î AvoZ`v‡ii f~~wgKvIcvjb K‡i| j Kiv †M‡Q mv`v gv‡Qi †‡Î evwl©K Mo Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv Lye †ewk| eognvR‡bi evwl©K Mo Avq msMÖnKvixi evwl©K Mo Av‡qi cÖvq 10 ¸Y| GB gv‡Qi Ab¨vb¨†ckvwRex‡`i ZzjbvqI gnvR‡bi Avq Lye †ewk| GB Avq ‰el‡g¨i e¨vwßwU cwi®‹vifv‡e †`Lvhv‡e wPÎ 12 n‡Z |

110evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 12my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm kZvs‡k: mv`v (eo) gvQAv‡qi `knvix web¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q mviwY 10-G| mKj †ckvRxwe‡`i‡K `yBwU `knvix‡Zwb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q Av‡qi w`K n‡Z wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii cÖ_g `k kZvsk†ckvRxwe D”P ¯—‡ii `k kZvsk †jv‡Ki Zyjbvq 19 ¸Y †ewk Avq K‡i| wPÎ 13 wb‡`©k Ki‡Qmv`v gv‡Qi ˆelg¨ cwigvcK cÖv°wjZ wMwb wb‡`©wkKv 0.44, hv my›`ie‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Drcbœ c‡Y¨i†P‡q wKQyUv Kg|mviwY 10my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi `kK: mv`v eo gvQAv‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)mv`v eo gvQ1g `kK 1.62q `kK 2.53q `kK 4.34_© `kK 4.55g `kK 7.4`knvix : 1g - 5g 20.36ô `kK 7.57g `kK 9.18g `kK 14.69g `kK 17.910g `kK 30.6`knvix : 6ô - 10g 79.7`knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1: 19.1wMwb wb‡`©wkKv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.44

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 111wPÎ 13j‡iÄ †iLv : mv`v gvQ3.4| BwjkBwjk Avgv‡`i RvZxq gvQ| ißvwb‡Z Ae`v‡bi †cÖw‡ZI Gi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| BwjkmsMÖnKvix‡`i gvwmK Mo Avq wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q 40,413 UvKv| †ckvRxwe‡`i µgvbymv‡iAb¨vb¨‡`i Ae¯’vb n‡”Q gvwS/e¨vcvix 97,308 UvKv, †QvU gnvRb 1,87,517 UvKv, eognvRb 3,16,195 UvKv, AvoZ`vi 3,05,473 UvKv, cvBKvi 1,32,692 UvKv Ges LyPivwe‡µZv 71,722 UvKv (cwiwkó mviwY 4)| †MvjcvZv I ¸ovgv‡Qi g‡Zv Bwj‡ki †‡ÎIAvoZ`vi‡`i †P‡q eo gnvR‡bi Avq †ewk| GLv‡bI Gi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q †h A‡bK †‡Îeo gnvR‡biv AvoZ`v‡ii f~wgKvI cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G‡‡ÎI wewfbœ ai‡bi †ckvRxwe‡`ievwl©K Mo Av‡qi AmgZvi gvÎv Lye †ewk| GB AmgZvi e¨vwßi GKwU ¯^”Q aviYv cvIqv hv‡ewPÎ 14 n‡Z|wPÎ 14my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm kZvs‡k : Bwjk

112evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 11-G Bwjk mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi `knvix web¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| G†‡ÎI Av‡qi web¨vm AwaKZi ew¼gZv wb‡`©k Ki‡Q hv cÖKvk Ki‡Q AmgZvi gvÎvI †ewk|j Kiv †M‡Q, wb毗‡ii 10 kZvsk †jv‡Ki Av‡qi Zzjbvq D”P¯—‡ii 10 kZvsk †jv‡Ki Avq43 ¸Y †ewk (1t43)| 10 Bwjk gv‡Qi wMwb wb‡`©kK cÖv°wjZ n‡q‡Q 0.48, hv ¸ov gvQ I mv`vgv‡Qi Zzjbvq mvgvb¨ Kg|mviwY 11my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi `kK: BwjkAv‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)Bwjk1g `kK 0.72q `kK 1.53q `kK 3.34_© `kK 4.95g `kK 5.8`knvix : 1g - 5g 16.26ô `kK 7.67g `kK 10.58g `kK 14.49g `kK 20.110g `kK 31.0`knvix : 6ô - 10g 83.6`knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1:42.9wMwb wb‡`©wkKv Gini Co-efficient 0.483.5| eo wPswo (Mj`v I evM`v)wPswo‡K 4wU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, h_v Mj`v wPswo (eo), evM`v wPswo (eo), Mj`v wPswo(†QvU) I evM`v wPswo (†QvU)| ißvwb Av‡q eo wPswoi (Mj`v I evM`v) ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vbi‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb mgxvq ïaygvÎ †`kxq e¨emvqx‡`i we‡ePbvq †bIqv n‡q‡Q A_©vrißvwbKviK‡`i we‡ePbvq †bIqv nqwb| eo wPswo (Mj`v I evM`v) msMÖnKvixi Mo evwl©K Avqwnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q 60,000-66,000 UvKv hv ¸ov gvQ Ges †MvjcvZv †_‡K A‡bK †ewk(cwiwkó mviwY 5 I 6)| wPswoi †‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q †h, AvoZ`v‡ii evwl©K Avq me‡P‡q †ewk,3,26,000−4,67,000 UvKv| msMÖnKvixi evwl©K Mo Av‡qi †P‡q AvoZ`v‡ii Avq A‡bK†ewk, cÖvq 5 †_‡K 7 ¸Y †ewk| Mj`v wPswo (eo) I evM`v wPswo (eo)Õi †‡Î Avq ‰el‡g¨ie¨vwß Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q wPÎ 15 Ges 16 †Z|10 bgybv msL¨v Kg nIqvq Gi e¨envi mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 113wPÎ 15my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm kZvs‡k : Mj`v wPswo (eo)wPÎ 16my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm kZvs‡k : evM`v wPswo (eo)3.6| wPswo †cvbv ev †iYy (Mj`v I evM`v)eQ‡ii †ewki fvM mgq wPswo †cvbv msMÖn Kiv nq| Mj`vi †‡Î AviI †ewk mgq a‡imsMÖn Kiv nq| evM`v †cvbvi †P‡q Mj`v †cvbvi `vg A‡bK †ewk| Mj`v I evM`vmsMÖnKvix‡`i evwl©K Mo Avq h_vµ‡g 63,368 UvKv I 46,505 UvKv (cwiwkó mviwY 7 Ges8)| Ab¨w`‡K Mj`v I evM`v AvoZ`v‡ii evwl©K Avq A‡bK †ewk, h_vµ‡g 5,86,334 UvKvI 1,15,204 UvKv| Mj`v I evM`v †cvbv msMÖ‡n mswk−ó‡`i Av‡qi AmgZvi gvÎvI e¨vcK|†`Lv †M‡Q, Mj`v I evM`v ‡cvbvi †‡Î msMÖnKvixi †P‡q AvoZ`v‡ii evwl©K Mo Av‡qicwigvY h_vµ‡g 9 ¸Y I 2.5 ¸Y †ewk| wPswo †cvbvi wMwb wb‡`©wkKv cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q0.44, hv my›`ie‡bi Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg 11 (wPÎ 17)|11 bgybvi msL¨v Kg nIqvq Mj`v I evM`v GKÎ K‡i wMwb wb‡`©wkKvi cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q |

114evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 17j‡iÄ ‡iLv : wPswo †cvbv3.7| KuvKovAvš—R©vwZK ‡cÖvc‡U KuvKovi Drcv`b Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk m¤¢vebvgq| GwU Ggb GKwUKg©KvÊ hv cÖvq mviv eQiB cwiPvwjZ nq| GKRb KuvKov msMÖnKvix eQ‡i 86,334 UvKv AvqKi‡Z cv‡i (hv †MvjcvZv Ges gv‡Qi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk)| Avq I †ckvRxwe‡`i µgvbymv‡i†`L‡j Ab¨vb¨‡`i Ae¯’vb Giƒc dwoqv/gvwS 1,58,582 UvKv, †QvU gnvRb 2,31,264 UvKv,eo gnvRb 4,87,307 UvKv, AvoZ`vi 5,13,512 UvKv Ges cvBKvi 6,32,490 UvKv(cwiwkó mviwY 10)| AwaKvsk Ab¨vb¨ c‡Y¨i g‡Zv G‡‡ÎI AvoZ`vi me‡P‡q †ewk AvqK‡i| AvoZ`v‡ii mv‡_ msMÖnKvixi Av‡qi AmgZvi gvÎv A‡bK †ewk| †`Lv †M‡Q, GKRbAvoZ`vi GKRb msMÖnKvixi †P‡q 9 ¸Y †ewk Avq K‡i| KuvKovi m‡½ mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`ievwl©K Av‡qi g‡a¨ ‰el‡g¨i e¨vwßwU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q wPÎ 18†Z|wPÎ 18my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm kZvs‡k: KuvKov`knvix wnmv‡e Av‡qi web¨vm Ki‡j Gi ew¼gZv A‡bK †ewk cÖZxqgvb nq (cwiwkó mviwY11)| `yBwU `knvix we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Dc‡ii 10 kZvs‡ki Avq wb‡Pi 10 kZvs‡ki

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 115Av‡qi 35 ¸Y †ewk (1:35)| wMwb wb‡`©wkKv cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 0.52, hv Ab¨vb¨ c‡Y¨iZzjbvq A‡bK †ewk|3.8| gaygay GKwU †gŠmygwfwËK Kg©KvÊ hv eQ‡ii LyeB ¯^í mgqKvj (`yB †_‡K wZb gvm) e¨vcxcwiPvwjZ nq| GKRb msMÖnKvixi evwl©K Mo Avq gvÎ 14,830 UvKv (hv my›`ieb mswk−ómKj Drcbœ`ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Kg)| Avq Ges †ckvRxwei µgvbymv‡i †`L‡j, eQ‡i dwoqv/gvwS 32,725 UvKv, †QvU gnvRb 51,498 UvKv, eo gnvRb 49,760 UvKv, cvBKvi 53,664UvKv Ges LyPiv we‡µZv 54,068 UvKv Avq K‡i (cwiwkó mviwY 12)| Av‡qi w`K n‡Zwe‡ePbv Ki‡j msMÖnKvixi Ae¯’vb mevi wb‡P Ges cvBKv‡ii Ae¯’vb mePvB‡Z Dc‡i| †`Lv†M‡Q GKRb cvBKvi GKRb msMÖnKvixi †P‡q cÖvq 4 ¸Y †ewk Avq K‡i| µgcywÄZ Av‡qiAbycvZ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, msMÖnKvixi Avq gvÎ 5.8 kZvsk| Abyiƒcfv‡e Ab¨‡`i Avq n‡”QgvwS/dwoqv 12.8 kZvsk, †QvU gnvRb 20.1 kZvsk, eo gnvRb 19.4 kZvsk, cvBKvi 20.9kZvsk Ges LyPiv we‡µZv 21.1 kZvsk|mviwY 12-G `knvix wnmv‡e Avq‡K mvRv‡bv n‡j †`Lv hvq gayi †‡Î Zzjbvg~jKfv‡eew¼gZvi gvÎv Kg| wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii cÖ_g `k kZvs‡ki Avq D”P ¯—‡ii `k kZvs‡ki Av‡qi †P‡q17 ¸Y †ewk (1:17)| cÖv°wjZ wMwb wb‡`©wkKv 0.40, hv my›`ie‡bi Ab¨vb¨ `ª‡e¨i Zyjbvqmvgvb¨ Kg (wPÎ 19)|mviwY 12my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi `kK : gayAv‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)ga~1g `kK 1.52q `kK 2.33q `kK 3.94_© `kK 5.55g `kK 9.0`knvix : 1g - 5g 22.26ô `kK 9.17g `kK 13.68g `kK 13.89g `kK 15.610g `kK 25.7`knvix : 6ô - 10g 77.8`knvixi AbycvZ t 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1: 17.1wMwb wb‡`©wkKv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.39

116evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 19j‡iÄ ‡iLv: gay4| my›`ieb n‡Z AvnwiZ m¤ú‡`i mvwe©K we‡k−lYmKj m¤ú` GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU mwbœ‡ewkZ we‡k−lY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvKvh©µ‡gi †ckvRxwe‡`i Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µ‡gi Zyjbvq A‡bK †ewk (mviwY13)| j Kiv ‡M‡Q, AvoZ`vi ev gnvR‡bi Avq msMÖnKvixi Zzjbvq 5 †_‡K 7 ¸Y †ewk|mK‡ji Avq GKwÎZ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, gvÎ 4.9 kZvsk Avq K‡i msMÖnKvix|mviwY 13my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : mKj m¤ú‡`iwe‡µZvi aiYevwl©K Avq†gvU Av‡qi kZvsk(my›`ie‡bi mKj m¤ú‡`i)msMÖnKvix 53632 4.90gvwS/e¨vcvix 98936 9.05†QvU gnvRb 100361 9.18eo gnvRb 261664 23.92AvoZ`vi 349197 31.93cvBKvi 158195 14.46LyPiv we‡µZv 71813 6.57†gvU 1093799 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|Avq eȇbi ew¼gZv †QvU †QvU MÖ“‡c fvM K‡iI †`Lv‡bv m¤¢e| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, my›`iebcÖfvweZ A‡ji 12 †ckvRxwe‡`i Avq web¨v‡mi ew¼gZv A‡bK †ewk (mviwY 14)| `knvixiwb‡Pi A‡a©K (1g †_‡K 5g `kK) †ckvRxwe‡`i Avq †gvU Av‡qi 15.4 kZvsk, `knvixiDc‡ii A‡a©K (6g †_‡K 10g `kK) †ckvRxwe‡`i Avq †gvU Av‡qi 84.5 kZvsk| 1g12 eZ©gvb mgxvi GjvKv my›`ieb cÖfve AÂj (Sundarbans Impact Zone –SIZ)-Gi 5wU †Rjvi 10wU Dc‡Rjv wb‡qMwVZ|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 117`knvix Ges 10 `knvixi Av‡qi AvbycvwZK nvi 1:29| cY¨‡f‡` 1g `knvix Ges 10`knvixi AbycvZ 1:17 †_‡K 1:43| cY¨‡f‡` wMwb wb‡`©wkK 0.40 †_‡K 0.53| 13mviwY 14my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i Av‡qi web¨vm (my›`ie‡bi mKj m¤ú‡`i)Av‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)my›`ie‡bi mKj Drcbœ`ª‡e¨i1g `kK 1.42q `kK 2.13q `kK 2.94_© `kK 3.95g `kK 5.1`knvix : 1g - 5g 15.46ô `kK 6.57g `kK 8.28g `kK 11.19g `kK 17.710g `kK 41.0`knvix : 6ô - 10g 84.5`knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1: 29.3wMwb wb‡`©wkKv Gini Co-efficient 0.52†gv‡Ui Dci my›`ieb mswk−ó A‡ji wMwb wb‡`©wkKv Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q 0.52 (wPÎ 20)|c~‡e©i Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, cY¨ †f‡` wMwb wb‡`©wkKv cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q 0.44 †_‡K0.53| BIDS-Gi mv¤cÖwZK GK M‡elYv n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q, DcK~jxq A‡ji †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z wMwbwb‡`©wkKv 0.19 †_‡K 0.36 (cwiwkó mviwY 14)| 14 DcK~jxq A‡ji D³ †Rjv¸‡jvi wMwbwb‡`©wkKv †KvbUvB eZ©gvb mgxvq cÖv°wjZ wb‡`©wkKvi †P‡q †ewk bq, Avevi KvQvKvwQI bq|wPÎ 20j‡iÄ †iLv : my›`ieb n‡Z AvnwiZ mKj m¤ú‡`i13 c~‡e©i Footnote – HIES (2005) Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki wMwb wb‡`©wkKv n‡”Q 0.42|14 Islam et al (2009). “Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation of Small Scale Water Resources Sector Project – II(SSWRDSP-II),” Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), sponsored by ADB, BIDS, Dhaka.

118evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv5| Dcmsnvi Ges mycvwikDc‡ii Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ¯úóZB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, my›`ieb mswk−ó A‡ji †ckvRxwe‡`iAvq ˆelg¨ e¨vcK| Dc‡ii ¯—‡ii †ckvRxwei 10 kZvs‡ki Avq wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii †ckvRxwe‡`i†P‡q 43 ¸Y †ewk (wMwb wb‡`©wkKv cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 0.42 -0.52, hv mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡kiZzjbvq A‡bK †ewk)| 15 eZ©gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK Ges AvenvIqv cwieZ©bRwbZ mgm¨v¸wjicwi‡cÖw‡Z fwel¨‡Z GB A‡ji Av‡qi GB AmgZv AviI evo‡e e‡jB Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q|µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v I mxwgZ RxweKvq‡bi my‡hvM my›`ie‡bi Dci gvivZ¥K K…wÎg Pvc m„wóKi‡Q, hv µgvš^‡q g¨vb‡MÖvf eb aŸs‡mi cÖavb KviY (FAO 2003; Waggoner and Ausubel2001) n‡q D‡V‡Q| eZ©gvb mgxvq †`Lv †M‡Q, 10 jv‡LiI †ewk †jvK mivmwi my›`ie‡bim¤ú` msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ wewfbœfv‡e RwoZ| 16 MZ `k eQ‡ii Zzjbvq msMÖnKvixi msL¨v GLbA‡bK †ewk, d‡j my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix‡`i gv_v wcQy msMÖ‡ni cwigvY e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm†c‡q‡Q| 17 GB Kvi‡Y e‡bi Dci ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi wbf©ikxjZv Avk¼vRbK nv‡i †e‡o Pj‡Q|fwel¨‡Z GB Pvc AviI evo‡e (Anon 2001)| GLv‡b Pig `vwi‡`ª¨i (Extreme Poverty) gvÎvcÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 0.42, A_©vr my›`ieb msjMœ 10wU Dc‡Rjvi †gvU RbmsL¨vi 42 kZvsknZ `wi`ª| Ab¨w`‡K my›`ieb GjvKv ev‡` A_©vr evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ Dc‡Rjvi Mo nZ`vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎv 26 kZvsk| GB Ae¯’vq my›`ieb cÖfvweZ AÂj (SIZ) G `vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎv cÖKU†_‡K cÖKUZi n‡e, hv bxwZwba©vi‡Y LyeB Zvrch©c~Y©|eZ©gvb mgxvwUi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, my›`ie‡bi wewfbœ cY¨ †f‡` weµqg~‡j¨iDci †Lv` msMÖnKvix‡`i g~j¨ms‡hvRb 50 †_‡K 75 kZvsk n‡jI Zv‡`i Mo gvwmK bxU AvqGB cY¨ mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i †gvU Av‡qi Zzjbvq gvÎ 3 †_‡K 7 kZvsk hv AwZ D”P Avq‰elg¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| eZ©gvb Av_©-cÖvK…wZK †cªvc‡U my›`ie‡bi m¤ú‡`i Drcv`b A‡bK K‡g†M‡Q, hvi d‡j msMÖnKvix‡`i Avq AviI K‡g †M‡Q| GB Ae¯’v my›`ie‡bi cY¨ mswk−ó†ckvRxwe‡`i g‡a¨ Avq ˆelg¨ e„wׇZ f~wgKv ivL‡Q| m¤ú` K‡g hvIqv Ges mxwgZ m¤ú‡`iAmg eÈb my›`ieb msjMœ GjvKvi cÖKU `vwi`ª¨Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY| GB Ae¯’v †Kej †`‡kwe`¨gvb we¯—„Z `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bB evavi m„wó Ki‡Q bv, evav m„wó Ki‡Q my›`ieb m¤ú‡`ie¨e¯’vcbv Ges msi‡Yi Dbœq‡b| ZvB GB Ae¯’vi Avï Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb| GB j‡¨ GLv‡beZ©gvb cÖeÜwUi Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ wKQy Kvh©Ki c`‡c mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q|my›`ieb m¤ú‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv I msi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g my›`ieb mswk−ó m¤ú‡`i wb毗‡ii†ckvRxwe we‡kl K‡i msMÖnKvix‡`i `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G cÖm‡½ wbæwjwLZwelq¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e cÖwYavb‡hvM¨|15 HIES (2008) Abyhvqx mvwe©Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg GjvKvi wMwb wb‡`©wkKv 0.30 Ges kni GjvKvq 0.38|16 mviv eQi 10 jv‡LiI †ewk †jvK my›`ie‡bi cY¨ msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K | Zvi g‡a¨ †R‡ji msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk, Zv‡`ig‡a¨ Avevi †cvbv msMÖnKvix ‡R‡ji msL¨v cÖvq `yB jvL| Avgv‡`i M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, M‡o GKRb msMÖnKvix eQ‡i 1.8wUm¤ú` msMÖn K‡i, †mB Abyhvqx wnmve Ki‡j cÖvq 6 jvL †jvK mivmwi msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ|17 grm¨ e¨ZxZ my›`ie‡bi evwK mKj m¤ú` †gŠmyg wfwËK msMÖn Kiv nq, d‡j grm¨ Lv‡Zi Dci Pvc µ‡g cÖKU n‡Z cÖKUZin‡”Q|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 119my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni cwigvY µgvMZ n«vm cv‡”Q| wKQy cÖRvwZ we‡kl K‡i wKQywKQy grm¨ cÖRvwZ wejywßi c‡_| GLv‡b grm¨ LvZ‡K we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e|msMÖnKvix‡`i msL¨v (we‡kl K‡i †R‡j ev †MvjcvZv msMÖnKvix) A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q|eZ©gv‡b G msL¨v cÖvq 9 jvL hv‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM kªgRxwe †R‡j| evwK‡`i g‡a¨dwoqv/e¨vcvixi msL¨v A‡bK †ewk| †`Lv †M‡Q, ïay gv‡Qi ‡‡Î 2 jvL dwoqv/e¨vcvix i‡q‡Q|K…wl Rwg‡Z jeYv³Zvi cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvq my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvixi msL¨vevo‡Q| my›`ie‡bi AwaKvsk cY¨ †gŠmyg wfwËK, d‡j Rxeb-RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b grm¨m¤ú‡`i Dci AwaK Pvc m„wó n‡”Q|eb wefvM †_‡K KvV msMÖ‡ni cvk eÜ _vKvq I weKí Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v bv _vKvqgrm¨ Lv‡Z µ‡gB Pvc evo‡Q, hv Rxe-ˆewP‡Î¨i fvimvg¨ ivq †bwZevPK cÖfve†dj‡Q|grm¨ wkKv‡ii †‡Î hvZvqvZ LiP Lye †ewk| hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ msMÖnKvix‡`i `xN©mgq e¨q nIqvq Li‡Pi fvi AviI †e‡o hvq|msMÖnKvix‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk e¨q Ki‡Z nq Rj`mÿ ‡`i Puv`v, gyw³cY Ges wewfbœwbqgewnf©~Z A_©| 18RxebhvÎvi e¨q e„w×i Kvi‡Y msMÖnKvix‡`i AviI Amnbxq ch©v‡q wb‡q †M‡Q|cÖvwZôvwbK FY g~jZ g~j¨-k„sL‡ji Dc‡ii †kªwYi †ckvRxwe‡`i Rb¨ mnRjf¨|Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Awej‡¤^ bxwZwba©viY Kiv DwPZ|g~j¨-k„sL‡j Aš—f©y³ wewfbœ ai‡bi weµqKvixi Av‡qi g‡a¨ mgZv Avbq‡b Ges `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’viDbœq‡b KiYxq:FY Ges Avw_©K mnvqZvA_© mnvqZvi weKí †Kv‡bv mnR Dcvq bv _vKvq `v`bB GKgvÎ mnR Dcvq wnmv‡emsMÖnKixiv †e‡Q †bq| eZ©gvb M‡ilYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, Kg †ewk 95 kZvsk msMªnKvix `v`bwb‡q _v‡K| `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, `v`b wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii msMÖnKvix‡`i †kvl‡Yi GKwU eonvwZqvi| ZvB wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii msMÖnKvix‡`i Rb¨ FY myweav cÖ`vb †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| `v`bmy›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix‡`i A_© mnvqZv w`‡jI GB e¨e¯’v g~j¨-k„sLj‡K wb‡Pi ¯—‡iimsMÖnKvixi m‡½ dwoqv‡`i `„pfv‡e AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| D”P my‡`i nvi, gvÎvwZwi³ Kwgkb,c‡Y¨i mwVK g~j¨ bv cvIqv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y `v`b †ewki fvM †‡ÎB GKwU AveZ©gvb c×wZ| G†_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv n‡”Q:18 eZ©gvb mgxv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q, cY¨‡f‡` G ai‡bi e¨q †gvU msMÖne¨‡qi 25 kZvsk|

120evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwe‡klvwqZ e¨vsK Ges we‡kl Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g FY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnYmy›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix‡`i Rb¨ we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g z`ª FY mieivnAvq AmgZv I `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b D‡j−L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| K„wl FY, eM©vPvlx FY GesGmGgB F‡Yi g‡Zv wKQy we‡kl e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g F‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †K›`ªxq e¨vsKG‡‡Î D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡i| 19†mevg~jK ms¯’v Ges Avw_©K myweavK…wl Ges wk‡íi g‡Zv my›`ieb msiwZ ebvÂj (SRF) †K Avjv`v A_©‰bwZK LvZ wnmv‡ewe‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †Kbbv 9 jvL †jvK Gi mv‡_ cÖZ¨ ev c‡ivfv‡e RwoZ| wKQymiKvwi Ges e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g mnR k‡Z© cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK eÜwK (collateral)wenxb FY cÖ`v‡bi bxwZ cÖYqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †bŠKv Ges Rvj‡K eÜK wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivie¨e¯’v K‡i gnvRb ev Ab¨vb¨ †ckvRxwe‡`i FY cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g DrmvwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hvAvq AmgZv ms‡KvP‡b weivU f~wgKv ivL‡e| ZvQvov msMÖnKvix‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËvejq ˆZwi Ki‡Z e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv ivL‡Z n‡e| Zviv msMÖnKvix‡`i‡K mgqgZ,mnRk‡Z© I cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i FY cÖ`vb Ges eb msiY wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© w`‡Z cv‡i|FY cwi‡kv‡a wKw¯—i cwigvY mnbxq n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z PjwZ g~ja‡bi NvUwZ bv c‡o| G e¨vcv‡iGmGgB Gi g‡Zv †K›`ªxq e¨vsK cixvg~jKfv‡e wid¨vBb¨vwÝs w¯‹g Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡i|m‡ev©cwi my›`ie‡bi m¤ú`-msMÖn mnvqK wewfbœ †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjvˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|e¨emvi kZ© Ges evRviRvZKiY e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb†`Lv †M‡Q, my›`ieb A‡j `v`b cwi‡kv‡ai wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨e¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q| †hgb mỳmn cwi‡kva (47.6%), webvmy‡` cwi‡kva (4.0%), cÖPwjZ evRvi g~‡j¨ cwi‡kva (16.7%),wKsev evRvi g~‡ji †P‡q Kg g~‡j¨ cwi‡kva (33.3%) BZ¨vw`| AviI †`Lv †M‡Q, msMÖnKvixivZv‡`i msM„nxZ cY¨ evRvi g~‡j¨i †P‡q 22.5 kZvsk K‡g weµq K‡i _v‡K| GB Ae¯’viDbœq‡bi Rb¨ wb‡æv³ wKQy c`‡c mycvwik Kiv n‡jv|†hvMv‡hvM Ges msiY/wW‡cvi myweavAeKvVv‡gvi `yive¯’v, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Afve, gvÎvwZwi³ msMÖn I cwienb LiP BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YgnvRb ev AvoZ`v‡ii c‡ GK‡PwUqv e¨emv Kiv m¤¢e nq| AwZwi³ hvZvqvZ LiP I`xN©mgq jvfRbK msMÖ‡ni GKwU eo Aš—ivq| GLv‡b hvZvqv‡Zi LiP I mgq Kwg‡q Avqˆelg¨ wKQyUv n‡jI Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i, we‡kl K‡i grm¨ m¤ú‡`i †‡Î| grm¨ Awa`ßi ¯’vbwbw`©ó K‡i w`‡q wW‡cvi msL¨v e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¯’vbxq evRvi m„wó Ges wbjv‡gi myweav e„w×i19 AwZ m¤cÖwZ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK K…wl Kg©Kv‡Ê we‡kl K‡i eMv©Pvlx‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl FY myweavi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡KiMfb©‡ii mv‡_ G e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡j, my›`ie‡bi `wi`ª †ckvRxwe‡`i Rb¨ G ai‡bi z`ª F‡Yi e¨e¯’v Pvjyi wel‡qAvkv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 121gva¨‡g GKw`‡K ‡hgb hvZvqvZ LiP Kgv‡bv hvq †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K b¨vh¨ g~j¨ wbwðZ Kiv †h‡Zcv‡i| Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix †ewki fvM msMÖnKvix wW‡cv ev Ab¨ ai‡bi Lvjv‡mi Nv‡Ui msL¨ve„w× Kivi mycvwik K‡i‡Q| msMÖnKvix I cÖwµqvRvZKvixi g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi gva¨‡gga¨¯^Ë¡‡fvMxi msL¨v Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|msMÖnKvix‡`i `iKlvKwl K‡i †Kbv‡ePvi AwaKvi wbwðZ KiveZ©gvb Rwi‡ci djvdj n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖvq 66 kZvsk msMÖnKvixi g‡Z `iKlvKwlK‡i cY¨ weµ‡qi gZv bv _vKvq Zviv mwVK g~j¨ cvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvq 47 kZvskmsMÖnKvixi g‡Z AvoZ`v‡ii msL¨v Kg _vKvq Zviv GK‡PwUqv AvPiY K‡i, d‡j msMÖnKvixivcÖK…Z g~j¨ †_‡K ewÂZ nq|evRvi`‡ii Z_¨ mieivnmsMÖnKvixiv evRvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb bv nIqvq Zv‡`i‡K gnvRb ev AvoZ`vi‡`i Z‡_¨iDci wek¦vm Ki‡Z nq| myZivs cÖK…Z evRvi `i I evRvi m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Z_¨ Rvbv‡bvi e¨e¯’vKi‡Z n‡e|my›`ieb †ckvRxwe‡`i msMVb/mgevq/mwgwZg~j¨-k„sL‡ji wb‡Pi ¯—‡ii †ckvRxweiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mgevq ev MÖ“c MV‡bi gva¨‡gDc‡iv³ mgm¨v¸wj `~i K‡i †kvl‡Yi nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i‡K wKQyUv iv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvoveo ai‡bi mydj †c‡Z n‡j ‡hŠ_fv‡e m¤ú` msi‡Yi e¨e¯’vI Ki‡Z n‡e| msiY,cÖwµqvRvZKiY Ges mgevq wfwËK msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g mydj cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G e¨vcv‡imy›`ieb A‡j Kg©iZ K‡qKwU GbwRI †gŠqvj I evIqvjx‡`i msMwVZ Kivi KvR Ki‡Q-G‡‡Î Zviv mydj †c‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| G ai‡bi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g msMÖnKvixiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g †Kej Zv‡`i Avq e„wׇZB mg nqwb, wb‡R‡`i gZvqb, AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó,m‡PZbZv e„wׇZI mg n‡q‡Q| †UKmB m¤ú` msMªn I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq Gai‡bi e¨e¯’v ‡Rviv‡jv f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

122evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwÄAli, S. M. Z., Q. Shahabuddin, M. Rahman, and M. Ahmed (2009): The Supply Chainand Prices at Different Stages of Hilsha Fish in Bangladesh. Prepared for Policyand Planning Support Unit (PPSU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock,December (Draft Report).Anon (2001): “Report on Socio-economic Baseline Study on the Impact Zone of theSundarbans.” Urban and Rural Planning Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna,Bangladesh.BBS (2001); Bangladesh Population Census 2001, Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka.― (2001): Population Census 2001,Community Series. Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka.⎯ (2001): Zila Series. Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka.⎯(2007): Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005. Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka.⎯(2009): Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2008. Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka.Islam, K. M. Nabiul (2010): “Value Chains Derived from the Sundarbans ReservedForest (SRF) Products.” IPAC, IRGIslam, K. M. Nabiul et al (2009): “Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation of Small ScaleWater Resources Sector Project – II (SSWRDSP-II).” Local GovernmentEngineering Department (LGED), sponsored by ADB, BIDS, DhakaJacinto, E. R. (2004): “A Research Framework on Value Chain Analysis in Small-scaleFisheries.” Tambuyog Development Center, Philippines.Ong, J. E. (1995): “The Ecology of Mangrove Conservation and Management.”Hydrobiologia, 295,343-351.Rahman, M. Mokhlesur (2007): “Identification of Key Stakeholder Groups &Stakeholder Identification Methodology for Collaborative Management of theSundarbans East Sanctuary and its Landscape.” Center for Natural ResourceStudies (CNRS).Waggoner, P. E. and J. H. Ausbel (2001): “How much will Feeding more and WealthierPeople Encroach on Forests? Population and Development Review, 27, 239–257.

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 123cwiwkómviwY 1my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : †MvjcvZvwe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avqfiv †gŠmyg g›`v †gŠmyg fiv g›`v mgwš^Z (UvKvq)†gŠmyg †gŠmyg g›`v †gŠmyg†gvUAv‡qikZvskmsMÖnKvix 6,545 3,038 3.42 0.85 0.351 23,451 2.33gvwS/e¨vcvix/dwoqv 10,164 4,943 3.17 1.33 0.348 33,9393.38†QvU gnvRb 22,059 8,779 3.38 0.93 0.267 76,904 7.65eo gnvRb 89905 43,610 3.29 4.40 0.644 323,878 32.23AvoZ`vi 81,840 48,692 4.50 - - 368,280 36.65cvBKvi 20,021 13,584 4.00 3.00 1.277 97425 9.69LyPiv we‡µZv 13,472 6,582 4.64 4.88 2.824 81,098 8.07†gvU 2,44,006 1,29,228 - - - 1,004,975 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 2my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : ¸ov gvQwe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avq †gvU Av‡qifiv †gŠmyg g›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmyg(UvKvq)g›`v †gŠmygkZvskfiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 5,675 3,299 5.33 6.67 5.124 47,153 3.82gvwS/e¨vcvix/dwoqv 9,913 6,605 7.00 5.00 4.707 100,481 8.13†QvU gnvRb 13,080 7,848 4.00 8.00 8.120 116,046 9.39AvoZ`vi 88,810 35,230 5.00 7.00 5.444 635,830 51.47cvBKvi 18,200 13,650 5.00 7.00 7.000 186,550 15.10LyPiv we‡µZv 13,780 11,307 5.50 6.50 6.500 149,286 12.08†gvU 149,458 77,939 - - - 1,235,346 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 3my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm: mv`v (eo) gvQwe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avq(UvKvq)g›`v†gŠmyg†gvU Av‡qikZvskfiv †gŠmygfiv †gŠmyg g›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 6,704 4,997 6.00 5.70 4.620 63,311 4.39gvwS/e¨vcvix/dwoqv 8,404 5,901 7.14 4.86 4.305 85,407 5.92†QvU gnvRb 10,460 6,799 5.67 5.50 4.370 89,023 6.17eo gnvRb 57,500 46,210 7.67 4.50 4.500 648,970 44.97AvoZ`vi 30,867 16,761 6.33 5.67 4.564 271,888 18.84cvBKvi 16,860 9,515 7.00 5.00 4.092 156,952 10.88LyPiv we‡µZv 13,780 8,078 6.33 5.50 4.988 127,519 8.84†gvU 144,575 98,261 - - - 1,443,070 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

124evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 4my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm: Bwjkwe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avqfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmyg(UvKvq)g›`v †gŠmyg†gvU Av‡qikZvskfiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 8,160 6,034 3.50 2.50 1.96 40,413 3.51gvwS/e¨vcvix 14,138 9,214 5.00 4.00 2.89 97,308 8.45†QvU gnvRb 40,890 22,149 3.00 3.40 2.93 187,517 16.29eo gnvRb 60,896 37,873 3.67 2.67 2.45 316,195 27.46AvoZ`vi 45,000 21,151 4.33 7.67 5.23 305,473 26.53cvBKvi 16,973 9,656 4.33 7.67 6.13 132,693 11.53LyPiv we‡µZv 8,690 5,561 4.33 7.67 6.13 71,722 6.23†gvU 194,747 111,638 - - - 1,151,321 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 5my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : Mj`v wPswo (eo)we‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avqfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmyg(UvKvq)g›`v †gŠmyg†gvU Av‡qikZvskfiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 6,450 4,065 6.33 5.67 4.65 59,737 6.15e¨vcvix/dwoqv 7,200 4,248 8.00 4.00 3.38 71,972 7.41†QvU gnvRb 7,750 5,428 7.00 4.00 3.43 72,860 7.50eo gnvRb 14,440 7,220 6.00 6.00 6.00 129,960 13.38AvoZ`vi 34,154 25,616 5.00 7.00 6.07 326,174 33.58cvBKvi 22,800 13,995 5.00 7.00 6.07 199,007 20.49LyPiv we‡µZv 12,477 8,110 5.00 7.00 6.07 111,646 11.49†gvU 105,271 68,682 - - 971,356 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 6my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : evM`v wPswo (eo)we‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avq †gvU Av‡qifiv g›`v †gŠmyg fiv g›`v fiv †gŠmyg (UvKvq) kZvsk†gŠmyg†gŠmyg †gŠmygg›`v †gŠmyg fiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 7,150 4,506 6.33 5.67 4.65 66220 5.50e¨vcvix/dwoqv 10,580 5,925 8.00 4.00 3.38 104686 8.70†QvU gnvRb 11,150 7,090 7.00 4.00 3.43 102359 8.51eo gnvRb 14,110 7,902 6.00 6.00 6.00 132072 10.97AvoZ`vi 48,950 36,713 5.00 7.00 6.07 467476 38.84cvBKvi 25,050 15,376 5.00 7.00 6.07 218646 18.17LyPiv we‡µZv 12,520 8,138 5.00 7.00 6.07 112031 9.31†gvU 129,510 85,650 - - - 1203490 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 125mviwY 7my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : Mj`vi ‡cvbvwe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avqfiv g›`v fiv g›`v fiv (UvKvq)†gŠmyg †gŠmyg †gŠmyg †gŠmyg †gŠmyg g›`v †gŠmyg†gvU Av‡qikZvskfiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 13,593 5,842 3.67 8.00 2.31 63,368 7.20e¨vcvix 63,375 28,563 3.00 3.00 1.40 230,113 26.15AvoZ`vi 134,300 91,717 3.00 4.80 2.00 586,334 66.64†gvU 211,268 126,122 - - - 879,815 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 8my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : evM`vi †cvbvwe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avq ‡gvU Av‡qifiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmyg(UvKvq)g›`v †gŠmygkZvskfiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 8,460 3,299 4.40 5.67 2.81 46,505 22.10e¨vcvix 11,075 5,180 3.00 3.00 3.00 48,765 23.17AvoZ`vi 30,720 17,146 3.00 3.00 1.34 115,204 54.74‡gvU 50,255 25,625 - - - 210,474 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 9my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi `kK : wPswo †cvbvAv‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)wPswo †cvbv1g `kK 0.92q `kK 3.53q `kK 4.84_© `kK 6.05g `kK 6.3`knvix : 1g - 5g 21.56ô `kK 7.37g `kK 9.08g `kK 11.29g `kK 14.210g `kK 36.8`knvix : 6ô - 10g 78.5`knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1:40.9wMwb wb‡`©wkKv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.44

126evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 10my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : KuvKovwe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avqfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmyg(UvKvq)g›`v †gŠmyg†gvU Av‡qikZvskfiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 12,130 5,820 5.00 6.27 4.41 86,334 3.58dwoqv/e¨vcvix 18,859 10,560 6.00 5.64 4.30 158,582 6.58†QvU gnvRb 36,123 11,768 5.29 4.17 3.41 231,264 9.60eo gnvRb 64,034 21,558 6.00 5.50 4.78 487,307 20.22AvoZ`vi 86,262 60,944 5.67 6.11 5.32 813,512 33.76cvBKvi 80,100 32,104 5.67 6.11 5.55 632,490 26.25†gvU 297,508 142,754 - - - 2,409,489 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 11my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i ‡kªYxwfwËK evwl©K Av‡qi `kK: KuvKovAv‡qi `kKAv‡qi Ask (kZvs‡k)KuvKov1g `kK 1.22q `kK 2.63q `kK 2.94_© `kK 4.35g `kK 4.5`knvix : 1g - 5g 15.56ô `kK 6.77g `kK 9.18g `kK 9.29g `kK 17.810g `kK 41.7`knvix : 6ô - 10g 84.5`knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kK nB‡Z 10g `kK 1: 34.8wMwb wb‡`©wkKv (Gini Co-officient) 0.52

Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my›`ie‡bi m¤ú` msMÖnKvix I mswk−ó‡`i Avq I Avq ˆelg¨ 127mviwY 12my›`ieb mswk−ó †ckvRxwe‡`i evwl©K Av‡qi web¨vm : gaywe‡µZvi aib gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) w¯’wZKvj (gv‡m) evwl©K Avqfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmygg›`v†gŠmygfiv†gŠmyg(UvKvq)g›`v †gŠmyg†gvU Av‡qikZvskfiv †gŠmygmsMÖnKvix 6,365 4,497 2.33 - - 14,830 5.78dwoqv/e¨vcvix 14,045 6,102 2.33 - - 32,725 12.76†QvU gnvRb 16,820 3,933 2.50 6.00 2.40 51,489 20.07eo gnvRb 24,880 8,217 2.00 4.00 - 49,760 19.40AvoZ`vicvBKvi 26,832 7,505 2.00 - - 53,664 20.92LyPiv we‡µZv 7,400 3,182 7.00 5.00 0.71 54,068 21.08†gvU 96,342 33,436 - - - 256,536 100.00†bvU: evwl©K Avq gvwmK Mo Av‡qi wfwˇZ fiv †gŠmyg Ges g›`v †gŠmy‡gi g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| g›`v †gŠmy‡gigvm¸‡jv‡K Kvh©w`e‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…Z Kvh©-gv‡m mgš^q I iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 13my›`ieb mswk−ó A‡ji Av‡qi web¨vm Ges Avq ‰elg¨Av‡qi AbycvZ kZvs‡kmy›`ie‡bi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨wb‡Pi¯—‡ii†ckvRxwe‡`i Aa©vskD”P¯—‡ii†ckvRxwe‡`i Aa©vsk`knvixi AbycvZ1 †_‡K 10wMwb wb‡`©wkKv(`kK 1 †_‡K 5)(`kK 6 †_‡K 10)†MvjcvZv 16.6 83.4 1 : 20.5 0.51¸ov gvQ 14.2 85.8 1 : 33.5 0.53mv`v eo gvQ 20.3 79.7 1 : 19.1 0.44Bwjk 16.4 83.6 1 : 42.9 0.48Mj`v wPswo (eo) - - - -evM`v wPswo (eo) - - - -Mj`v wPswo (‡QvU) - - - -evM`v wPswo (‡QvU) - - - -wPswo †cvbv (Mj`v I evM`v) 21.5 78.5 1 : 40.9 0.44KuvKov 15.5 84.5 1 : 34.8 0.52gay 22.2 77.8 1 : 17.1 0.40my›`ie‡bi mKj m¤ú` 15.5 84.5 1 : 29.3 0.52

128evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvDcK~jxq †RjvmviwY 14DcK~‡ji ‡Rjv wfwËK Avq ˆelg¨ (wMwb wb‡`©wkKv)cÖKí GjvKv 1 (2wU MÖvg)`knvixi AbycvZ1 ‡_‡K 10wMwb wb‡`©wkKvcÖK‡íi evwn‡ii GjvKv 2 (1wU MÖvg)`knvixi AbycvZ1 ‡_‡K 10wMwb wb‡`©wkKvh‡kvi 1 : 6.5 0.34 1 : 4.5 0.26Lyjbv 1 : 4.7 0.27 1 : 3.2 0.19ewikvj 1 : 9.1 0.36 1 : 5.4 0.26cUzqvLvjx 1 : 9.1 0.36 1 : 7.3 0.34†MvcvjMÄ 1 : 5.3 0.28 1 : 4.6 0.27j²xcyi 1 : 9.8 0.36 1 : 8.2 0.36K·evRvi 1 : 6.8 0.33 1 : 4.0 0.22Drm: Bmjvg (2009)|

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAóweskwZZg LÊ evwl©K msL¨v 14171| †cÖvcUevsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí: cwi‡ek ebvg A_©bxwZKvkwdqv †b‡nixb†nvgvqiv Avn&‡g`*mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j evsjv‡`‡k RvnvRfv½v wkí GKwU Ab¨Zg `ª“Z ea©bkxj wk‡í cwiYZn‡q‡Q| iW, wm‡g›U BZ¨vw` wbg©vY mvgMÖx, iU Avqib, ÷xj Avjgvwi BZ¨vw` AvmevecÎ GesAviI A‡bK wk‡íi KuvPvgvj mieivn nq GB wkí †_‡K| eZ©gv‡b G wkí‡K evsjv‡`‡kmsMwVZ wkí Lv‡Zi Aš—f©y³ e‡j aiv nq| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki ïi“‡Z evsjv‡`‡k RvnvRfv½v wk‡íim~Pbv nq| e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i i‡q‡Q 79wU RvnvRfv½v wkíKviLvbv| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b PÆMÖv‡gimxZvKz‡Û 36wU wbqwgZfv‡e Pvjy KviLvbvq M‡o cÖwZeQi 10 †_‡K 20wU RvnvR fv½v nq|RvnvRfv½v wkí cÖwZôvi 40 eQi ciI G wel‡q we‡kl †Kv‡bv AvBb †bB G‡`‡k(Rahman and Shahin 2007)| RvnvRfv½v wkí Z`viwKi Rb¨ Avš—R©vwZK A½xKvi †g‡b Pj‡ZmnvqK †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ c`‡c Ges cwi‡ekMZ gvb`ÊI †bB| GgbwK RvnvRfv½vi Rb¨†Kv‡bv mvgwMÖK Pzw³cÎ ev A½xKvic‡Îi Aw¯—Z¡I j Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e wkí I cwi‡ekmsµvš— RvZxq AvBb¸‡jv, †hgb cwi‡ek msiY AvBb (1995), cwi‡ek msiY bxwZgvjv(1997), kªg AvBb (2006), Ggc−q‡g›U ÷¨vwÛs AW©vi A¨v± (1965), kªwgK wZc~iY cÖ`vbA¨v± (1923) BZ¨vw` G wk‡íi †‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨|†jŠn AvKwiK bv _vKvq ïaygvÎ ÷xj msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ evsjv‡`k RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi IcikZKiv 40 fvM wbf©ikxj| ZvB G wk‡íi A_©‰bwZK gybvdvi welqwU m¤ú‡K© mK‡jBIqvwKenvj| A_P RvnvR wimvBwK¬s ev cyb:cÖwµqvKi‡Yi d‡j m„ó ivmvqwb‡Ki g‡a¨ ïaygvÎA¨vm‡e÷m †_‡K †h welv³ gwiPv Ges SzuwKc~Y© ivmvqwb‡Ki wb:miY N‡U, Zv gvbyl Gescwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e wZKi| Kv‡RB †h welqwU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q, Zvnj G wkí Øviv msNwUZ cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi ¯^í I mỳ ~icÖmvix cÖfve Ges Gi Kvi‡Y A_©‰bwZKwZ ev e¨q (Economic Cost)-Gi welqwU| GLv‡b jvfwZ ch©v‡jvPbvq (Cost-BenefitAnalysis) g~j mgm¨vwU nj Gi mgqMZ cÖK…wZ (Intertemporal Nature)| KviY A_©‰bwZK jvf* †jLKØq h_vµ‡g cÖvBg e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Gi g¨v‡bR‡g›U †UªBbx Ges evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm)-GiM‡elYv mn‡hvMx (wimvP© A¨v‡mvwm‡qU)| G M‡elYv msµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ges ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gš—‡e¨i Rb¨ †jLKØqweAvBwWGm-Gi wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv W: Avãyj nvB gÛ‡ji Kv‡Q we‡klfv‡e K…ZÁ| wewfbœ mg‡q g~j¨evb w`Kwb‡`©kbv w`‡qmvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb weAvBwWGm Gi wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv W: bvRbxb Avn&‡g` Ges wimvP© A¨v‡mvwm‡qU GwUGg mvBdzj−vn †g‡n`x|Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb mvMwiKv wkc‡eªwKs BÛvw÷ªi cvU©bvi Rbve kvgmyj Avjg, PÆMÖvg e›`i KZ©„c Ges evsjv‡`ke¨vs‡Ki †Rbv‡ij g¨v‡bRvi Rbve Bwjqvm wkK`vi| †gv: Iqv‡n`y¾vgvb Lvb, iv‡mj Avãyj gwR` Ges †gvnv¤§` Avwidnvmv‡bi mwµq mn‡hvwMZvq cÖe‡Üi A_©‰bwZK jvf-wZi ch©v‡jvPbvwU c~Y©Zv †c‡q‡Q| weAvBwWGm-Gi M‡elYv Kg©KZ©vg‡bvR Kzgvi, kvqjv cvifxb Ges c~iex gRyg`vi I gỳ ªvwiK Avwgbv †eMg I Rbve Beªvnxg Lwjj we‡klfv‡e ab¨ev`vn©|Z‡e cÖe‡Üi †h †Kv‡bv AbvKvw•Z fyjåvwš—i Rb¨ †jLKØq wb‡Riv `vqx|

130evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwZi welq¸‡jv hZUv ZvrwYK (Instantaneous), cwi‡ekMZ Ges cwi‡ekRwbZ ¯^v¯’¨MZjvf-wZi welq¸‡jv ZZUv ZvrwbK bq| ZvB Gi ZvrwYKfv‡e cÖZxqgvb ev `„k¨gvbjY¸‡jv (Instantaneously Evident) Qvov ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` cÖfv‡ei MfxiZv (Depth) evw`K¸‡jv (Dimensions) mswk−ó c¸‡jv (Concerned Stakeholders)Õi ARvbv| GB c¸‡jvig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK, gvwjK, Zv‡`i cwievi, G wk‡íi Drcv`be¨enviKvix Ab¨vb¨ wkí Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK, gvwjK I Zv‡`i cwievi, wkí-mswk−óGjvKvi Rb‡Mvôx, Rxe I cÖvYxRMr, mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx, evqy, cvwb BZ¨vw`| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB G wkíGes Zvi Abykxjb¸‡jv (Practices) w`‡q cÖZ¨ ev c‡ivfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| G cÖfv‡ei wKQzZvrwYK, wKQz ga¨‡gqvw`, wKQy Avevi †ek K‡qK eQi ci `„k¨gvb nq| cwi‡ekMZ w`K†_‡K Gi A_© g~j¨ (Monetary Value) wbY©q mnRmva¨ bq| Avi ZvB cwi‡ekMZ wZi Avw_©Kg~‡j¨i wfwˇZ Zzjbvg~jK wP‡Î AvcvZ wekvj As‡Ki A_©‰bwZK Qvo †`IqvI ¯^fveZ:Bevsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki c‡ gykwKj|RvnvRfv½v wkí g~jZ ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| D`vniYwn‡m‡e ZvBIqvb, K¨v‡¤^vwWqv, fviZ, cvwK¯—vb I evsjv‡`‡ki K_v D‡j−L Kiv hvq| e¨wZµgwn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q Zzi¯‹, †h †`k †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y GKwU Zzjbvg~jK myweav(Comparative Advantage) †c‡q _v‡K| ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k G wk‡íi weKvk jv‡fig~j KviY n‡jv myjf kªg (Cheap Labour) Ges cwi‡ek cÖ‡kœ G †`k¸‡jvi Qvo †`evig‡bvfve (Flexibility)| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z eR©¨ c`v_© ¯’vbvš—‡ii GKwU mnRgva¨g wn‡m‡e G wkí‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q, hv H †`k¸‡jvi A_©bxwZ‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Z wM‡qcwi‡e‡ki Ici weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q (McElroy 2006)| wb‡Ri †`‡ki cwi‡ek‡K welgy³ ivLviRb¨ Zviv cy‡iv‡bv welv³ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_© c~Y© RvnvR¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡`i †`‡k bv †i‡L ¯^‡ívbœZ†`k¸‡jvi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡”Q| ZvB cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfv‡ei gvb`‡Ê RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Av_©mvgvwRKjvf-‡jvKmvb wb‡q AviI M‡elYv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb (Nosal and Wilhelm 1990)|wØwea Kvi‡Y G wkí cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB SzuwKc~Y©| cÖK…Z A‡_©, GKwU RvnvR GKwU kn‡ii GKz`ª ms¯‹iY| ZvB cÖ_gZ GKw`‡K †hgb Rvnv‡Ri eR©¨ GKwU gnvbMix‡Z bvMwiK emev‡mid‡j m„ó mKj AveR©bvi GKwU wZKviK NbvwqZ iƒc (concentrated form), Ab¨w`‡K ZgwbwZKviK mxmvi Avei‡Y Ave„Z RvnvR¸‡jv gvbe‡`‡n `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa msµgY K‡i| wØZxqZ,evsjv‡`‡k GB wkí AZ¨š— †ewk gvÎvq kªgNb (Labour Intensive) e‡j (fvix hš¿cvwZ‡ZcÖ‡qvRbxq wewb‡qv‡Mi Afv‡e) G wk‡í AwbðqZv Ges SzuwKi cwigvY AZ¨waK| d‡j G wk‡íimv‡_ kªwgK wZc~i‡Yi e¨vcviwUI IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Kv‡RB kªwgK‡`i `xN© I wbiew”QbœAvw_©K wZc~i‡Yi e¨vL¨v AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© G wk‡íi †ckvMZ SzuwKi (Occupational Risks)gvivZ¥K gvÎvi Kvi‡YB| Avi G Kvi‡YB RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi mvgwMÖK cÖfve ch©v‡jvPbvqcwi‡ekMZ cÖfve, ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK Ges hveZxq jvf-wZ ch©v‡jvPbvi welqwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) ev ÔBcmvÕ bvgK GKwU †emiKvwi ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvßZ_¨g‡Z, MZ 20 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ 400 Gi †ewk kªwgK g„Zz¨eiYK‡i‡Q Ges 600 R‡bi g‡Zv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ mßv‡n GKR‡bi g„Zz¨

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 131nq Ges gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ nq GKRb| Z‡e G wnmve ïaygvÎ bw_fy³ qwZi (ReportedCasualty) wnmve †`q| eû kªwg‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨MZ, `yN©UbvRwbZ I cÖvYNvwZ qwZi Z_¨ bw_fy³nq bv| ZvB Butler and Worral (1991) kªwgK‡`i †ckvMZ SzuwK (Occupational Risk) GeskvixwiK wZi wbix‡L GKwU `xN© Ges wbiew”Qbœ Avw_©K wZc~i‡Yi e¨vL¨vi Dci AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi G wel‡q jvf †jvKmv‡bi GKwU we‡klch©v‡jvPbv Kiv DwPZ, †Kbbv wk‡íi mvgwMÖK jvf-wZi As‡K kªwgK‡`i f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi cwi‡ekMZ cÖfve (Environmental Impact) Ges†ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ wbivcËv (Occupational Health and Safety) m¤ú‡K© ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z jvf-wZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †Kej Avw_©K e¨vcviwUi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎD‡V Av‡m wKš‘ cwi‡e‡ki Ici cÖfve ev kªwgK wbivcËvi mvgvwRK iƒc I cÖK…Z Z_¨ cÖgvYD‡V Avmevi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K| ZvB eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU‡Z RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi mvgwMÖK Av_©mvgvwRKGes cwi‡ekMZ wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU c~Y©v½ aviYv †`Iqvi cÖqvm _vK‡e|eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi g~j j¨ `ywU: cÖ_gZ, kªwgK wbivcËv Ges cwi‡ek msiYRwbZ we`¨gvbAvBbmg~n Ges GB AvBbmg~‡ni cÖv‡qvwMK w`KwU m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv Ges wØZxqZ,cwi‡ek I kªg-AwaKvi wbwðZKiY AvBb¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †‡Î Av_©-mvgvwRK jvf-wZi GKwUmvgwMÖK ch©v‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv|2| RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:mwiZ cwi‡ek `~lYKvix eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n Ges GB eR©¨c`v_©mg~n n‡Z D¢~Z mgm¨v I wZi e¨vwß2.1| RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:mwiZ cwi‡ek `~lYKvix ivmvqwbK eR©¨ c`v_©mg~ncwi‡ek Ges gvbe¯^v‡¯’¨i Ici RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi c&ªfve ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ G wk‡íiAek¨¤¢vex eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n, hv cwi‡ek Z_v RxeˆewPΨ Ges kªwgK wbivcËv Df‡qi DciBcÖfve †d‡j, †m m¤ú‡K© wKQy Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mgỳ ªMvgx RvnvR fv½vi mgq KwVb,Zij I evqexq avZe Ges AavZe `~wlZ c`v_© ˆZwi nq| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:• `xN©¯’vqx ˆRweK c`v_© (wcIwc)• cwj‡K¬vwi‡b‡UW evBwdbvBj KgcvDÛm& (wcwmwe)• A¨vm‡e÷m• AM©v‡bvwUbm&• †Zj• UªvBweDUvBwjb (wUwewU)• fvix avZz, †hgb: cvi`, mxmv, Av‡m©wbK, †µvwgqvg, g¨v½vwbR, `¯—v BZ¨vw`|

132evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvDc‡iv³ me c`v_©B ivmvqwbK eR©¨, hv `xN© mgq ch©š— cwi‡e‡k †_‡K hvq Ges µgvš^‡qwe¯—„xY© GjvKv Ry‡o we¯—„Z nq| G¸‡jv cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨-k„•L‡j A_©vr wewfbœ Dw¢` I cÖvYx‡`‡nˆRweK fv‡e mwÂZ nq Ges Zv‡`i †g`Kjvq (Fat Tissue) Rgv n‡q RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ SuywK‡ZcwiYZ nq| gvbe †`‡n G¸‡jv ni‡gvbMZ mgm¨v †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Awbivgq‡hvM¨ K¨vÝv‡ii SuywKe„w× K‡i| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv Gme wb‡q LyeB bvRyK Ae¯’vq _v‡K, †Kbbv GB †`k¸‡jvcÖvqB Gme POP (Persistant Organic Pollutants)-Gi AveR©bv †djevi RvqMv (Disposal)wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek Awa`ßi (Department of Environment or DoE) †_‡K 484wUwZKviK ivmvqwbK I ˆRe ivmvwbK eR©¨ c`v_© wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv fv½vi Rb¨ Avbv cyivbRvnvR †_‡K AcmvwiZ nq| GB c`v_©M‡jvi cÖwZwU cwi‡ek, Rxe I gvby‡li Rb¨ AZ¨š—wZKi| GB c`v_©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ˆZj, hv Rvnv‡Ri fvimvg¨ ivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq (e¨vjv÷I‡qj (Ballast Oil), Gi ms¯ú‡k© kªwgK‡`i Ges cvwicvwk¦©K Rxe I Ro RMr‡K AeavwiZfv‡eAvm‡Z nq| Ab¨ me e‡R©¨i K_v ev` w`‡q ïaygvÎ GB `~wlZ †Z‡ji cÖfve hw` cwi‡e‡kiDci Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq, Z‡e G wkí n‡Z wbtmwiZ welv³ c`v‡_©i cÖfve m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYvcvIqv hv‡e|2.2| mvgyw`ªK Rx‡ei Dci RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wbtmwiZ cwi‡ek `~lYKvix eR©¨ c`v_©mg~‡nicÖfvecwiZ¨³ RvnvRfv½v †_‡K wb:mwiZ welv³ I `~wlZ †Zj †hme Rx‡ei Rb¨ gvivZ¥KwZi KviY n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv: (K) mvgyw`ªK cvwL, (L) mvgyw`ªK ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYx,(M) gvQ, K”Qc Ges (N) mvgyw`ªK Dw¢` I Ab¨vb¨ mvgyw`ªK Rxe|K) mvgyw`ªK cvwLmvgyw`ªK wewfbœ ai‡bi cvwL mgỳ ª ZxieZx© ¯’vbmg~‡n muvZvi †K‡U ev wewfbœ Dcv‡q Lv`¨msMÖn K‡i| Zv‡`i w`‡bi †ewkifvM mgq AwZevwnZ K‡i| Gmg‡q Zviv G RvZxq welv³†Z‡ji mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡m bvbv †iv‡Mi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK G RvZxq welv³ †Z‡ji welwµqvqZv‡`i g„Zÿ I n‡Z cv‡i| cvjKIqvjv Rx‡ei `~wlZ †Zj Gi mvwbœ‡a¨ Avmvi Ab¨vb¨ †hmgm¨v¸‡jv NU‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv wjfvi, dzmdzm, wKWbx, AMœvkq Ges Ab¨vb¨ Af¨š—ixY A‡½wewfbœ ai‡bi q, †jvwnZ i³ KwbKvi aŸsm, wWg cvo‡Z wewfbœ Amyweav I Kg msL¨K wWgcvov, wW‡gi De©iZv n«vm cvIqv, wW‡gi †Lvjm h‡_ó k³ bv nIqv, wW‡g Zv w`‡Z mgm¨v nIqvBZ¨vw` (Foster and Wittman 1981)|L) mvgyw`ªK ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYxFoster I Wittman `~wlZ †Z‡ji ms¯ú‡k© Avmv mvgyw`ªK wewfbœ ¯—b¨cvqx cªvYx‡`i g‡a¨ †hmg¯— mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv n‡jv: nvB‡cv_viwgqv Ges Avjmvimn wewfbœ gvivZ¥K

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 133†iv‡Mi D”P cÖeYZv, nR‡g mgm¨v nIqv, kix‡ii wewfbœ ¯’vb welv³ n‡q hvIqv, Af¨š—ixYi³iY BZ¨vw`|M) gvQ, K”Qc I Ab¨vb¨ mvgyw`ªK RxeRvnvRfv½v cÖwµqv †_‡K wb:mwiZ `~wlZ †Zj hLb AMfxi cvwb‡Z fvm‡Z _v‡K ZLbmvgyw`ªK gv‡Qi gvivZ¥K wZ mvwaZ nq| gv‡Qi wWg, jvf©v, †cvbv G RvZxq †Zj †_‡KmsNwUZ wZi mv‡_ AZ¨š— ms‡e`bkxj| mgy‡`ªi gvQ hLb GB `~wlZ †Zj MÖnY K‡i, ZLb†mB †Zj gv‡Qi Mje−vWvi, wKWbx, cvK¯’jx BZ¨vw`‡Z wM‡q Rgv nq| hw`I A‡bK mgq †Z‡ji`~lY Gi d‡j gv‡Qi g‡a¨ †h welwµqv msµwgZ nq Zv K‡qK mßvn AwZevwnZ nIqvi c‡iwVKI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i ZeyI GB wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ H gvQ MÖnY Kiv n‡j, Zv gvby‡li Rb¨wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i (Islam and Hossain 1986)| gv‡Qi g‡Zv mvgyw`ªK Ab¨vb¨ Rxe, wPswoBZ¨vw`i wewfbœ welv³Zv †_‡K wb‡R‡`i gy³ Kivi cÖvK…wZK gZv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB gZvKvh©Ki nq hLb welv³Zv AZ¨š— Kg cwigv‡Yi nq ev `~l‡Yi KviY ev Drm (G‡‡ÎRvnvRfv½v wkí) emev‡mi ¯’vb n‡Z AcmvwiZ nq| `~wlZ †Zj n‡Z D¢~Z wel wµqvi cÖfv‡emvgyw`ªK K”Q‡ciI bvbv mgm¨v nq| `~wlZ †Zj MÖnY Kivi d‡j K”Q‡ci nR‡g RwUjZv m„wónq Ges Pvgov‡Z mgm¨v nq| ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨ Af¨š—ixY A‡½ †hgb k¦vmZ‡š¿ wZ nq, dzmdzmGes †Pv‡L mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| K”Q‡ci wW‡g mgm¨v BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q we‡klÁiv AZ¨š—Zrci, †Kbbv wewfbœ cÖRvwZi mvgyw`&ªK K”Qc eZ©gv‡b cÖvq wejywßi c‡_|N) mvgyw`ªK Dw¢`RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wbtmwiZ welv³ †Zj mvgyw`ªK wewfbœ Dw¢` †hgb †Kí, mvgyw`ªK NvmI Ab¨vb¨ Dw¢‡`i (Vegetation) e¨vcK wZ mvab K‡i| GQvov G wk‡íi d‡j Av‡kcv‡kiGjvKvi gvwU, cvwb I evqy‡Z `~lY N‡U, hv mgy‡`ªi ZxieZx© ¯’v‡b wewfbœ Dw¢` Drcv`‡b mgm¨vim„wó K‡i Ges cy‡iv mvgyw`ªK cwi‡ek‡KI wZMÖ¯— K‡i|2.3| RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:mwiZ `~lYKvix ivmvqwbK eR¨© n‡Z gvwU I cvwb `~l‡Yi e¨vwßIslam and Hossain (1986) mgỳ ª ZxieZx© gvwUi wdwRI‡KwgK¨vj ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci, we‡klK‡i avZzi Dcw¯’wZi Dci GKwU M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i bgybv GjvKv wQj †dŠR`vinvU IKzwgiv GjvKv| avZzi Dcw¯’wZi Dci M‡elYv †Kv‡bv GjvKvi `~l‡Yi aviv Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i(Foster and Wittman 1981)| GB M‡elYvq cvIqv †M‡Q †h, mvgyw`ªK Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i Rb¨ †hcwigvY A¨v‡gvwbqv wZKi †mB cwigvY A¨v‡gvwbqv (AZ¨š— †ewk p H mn) cvIqv †M‡Q mgỳ ªˆmK‡Zi gvwU I cvwb‡Z| Siddiquee (2004) Zuvi GKwU M‡elYvq wKQy †UªBm Dcv`vb ev avZz†c‡q‡Qb hv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ mgy`ª ZxieZx© RvnvRfv½vi ¯’v‡b AZ¨š— †ewk| avZz¸‡jv n‡jvg¨v½vwbR, wRsK, cvi`, Kcvi BZ¨vw`| GB mg¯— M‡elYv‡Z Av`k© Abycv‡Zi †_‡K A‡bK†ewk cwigv‡Y Gme avZz cvIqv †M‡Q| GB Z_¨ cwi®‹vifv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Q RvnvRfv½v Kg©KvÊmgỳ ª ZxieZx© gvwU Ges cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i‡Q e¨vcKfv‡e hv AZ¨š— wec`¾bK cwiw¯’wZiRvbvb †`q|

134evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv2.4| gvbe¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:m„Z cwi‡ek `~lYKvix ivmvqwbK e‡R©¨i cÖfvegvbe‡`‡ni Dci RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:mwiZ eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n bvbviKg wZKviK cÖfvem„wó K‡i| GB wkí n‡Z wbtmwiZ cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi ¯^v¯’¨MZ cÖfve wb‡q ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmvweÁv‡b cÖPzi M‡elYv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü G wb‡q ms‡‡c wKQy Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖvmw½K|†Kbbv GB Av‡jvPbv n‡Z GB wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i †ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwKi e¨vwß m¤^‡ÜGKwU ¯úó aviYv cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e|RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z †hme `~wlZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© AeavwiZfv‡e wb:m„Z nq, Zvi g‡a¨Ab¨Zg cÖavb n‡jv A¨vm‡e÷m (Asbestos)| kªwgKiv A¨vm‡e÷m Zš‘‡K wb:k¦v‡mi mv‡_ MÖnYK‡i w`‡bi ci w`b hv ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡`i dzmdz‡mi wSwj−i Pviw`‡K wZMÖ¯— wUmÿ i (Tissue)AveiY ˆZwi K‡i| G‡K ejv nq wc−Divj c−vKm& (Pleural plaques)| GB wUmÿ ¯^vfvweK dzmdzmwUmÿ i (Lung Tissue) g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i bv| d‡j gvbe‡`‡ni k¦mbZš¿ (Respiratory System)evavMÖ¯— nq, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm KóKi n‡q c‡o, dzmdz‡m i³ cÖevn e¨vnZ nq Ges dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvimsNwUZ n‡q ürwcÛ e„n`vKvi aviY K‡i| GwU A¨vm‡e‡÷vwmm (Asbestosis) bvgK GKwUgvivZ¥K †ivM, hv µgvš^‡q gvbyl‡K weKjv½Zv ev g„Zz¨i w`‡K wb‡q hvq (Green Peace 2001)|A¨vm‡e÷‡mi `xN© ms¯ú‡k© G‡j `yÕai‡bi K¨vÝv‡ii m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| GKwU n‡jvdzmdz‡mi wUmÿ i K¨vÝvi Ges Ab¨wU n‡jv †g‡mv‡_wjIgv (Mesothelioma), hv n‡jv dzmdz‡miPviw`‡K wN‡i _vKv wSwj−i K¨vÝvi| wØZxq ai‡bi K¨vÝvi Af¨š—ixY Ab¨vb¨ A½‡KI wZMÖ¯—Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kg©‡‡Î A¨vm‡emU‡mi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv kªwgK‡`i Ici cwiPvwjZ GKwU M‡elYvq†`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, hviv A¨vm‡emUm‡K wb:k¦v‡mi mv‡_ MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i cvK¯’jx, AMœ¨vkq GeswKWwb‡Z K¨vÝvi nevi m¤¢vebvI †e‡o hvq|Rvnv‡Ri wewfbœ As‡k fvix avZz †hgb- cvi` (Mercury), mxmv (Lead), Av‡m©wbK(Arsenic), †µvwgqvg (Cromium), g¨v½vwbR (Manganese), `¯—v (Zinc) BZ¨vw`i Aw¯—Z¡we`¨gvb| G¸‡jvi ms¯ú‡k© `xN©gvÎvq G‡j GKw`‡K †hgb ¯^v¯’¨nvwbi KviY N‡U, Ab¨w`‡K†Zgwb G¸‡jv evqy, cvwb I gvwU‡Z AwaK gvÎvq mwÂZ n‡q cwi‡e‡ki ¯’vqx wZ K‡i| †hLv‡bgvwU‡Z cvi` _vKvi K_v ïaygvÎ 0.1 wgwjMÖvg/†KwR, †mLv‡b PÆMÖv‡gi RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi¯’vb¸‡jv‡Z Gi cwigvY 0.8 †_‡K 3.0 wgwjMÖvg/†KwR| hLb gvbyl wg_vBj cvi` (CH 4 Hg)Øviv `~wlZ wewfbœ ai‡bi gvQ Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zviv øvqyZ‡š¿i wek„•LjvRwbZwgwbgvUv †ivM (Minimata disease)-G Avµvš— nq| 1956 mv‡j cÖ_g G †ivM gnvgvix AvKv‡i†`Lv †`q| cvi` gvbwmK Ges kvixwiK weKjv½Zvi KviYI n‡Z cv‡i| wkï‡`i †‡Î fqUvAviI †ewk| GgbwK Kg cwigv‡Y n‡jI †ewk mgq a‡i cvi‡`i ms¯úk© ¯’vqx weKjv½Zvi Rb¥†`q (Rivera, Cortes-Maramba and Akagi 2003)|PÆMÖv‡gi RvnvRfv½v wkí GjvKvi gvwU cixv K‡i 4232 †_‡K 5733 wgwjMÖvg/†KwRmxmvi Dcw¯’wZ j Kiv wM‡q‡Q (DNV 2001)| wb:k¦v‡mi mv‡_ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e GB c`v_©MÖnY Kiv n‡j GB welv³ †jW i³ Ges we‡klZ nuv‡o cyÄxf~Z nq| `xN©w`b Gi ms¯ú‡k©_vK‡j gw¯—®‹ I wKWwb wZMÖ¯— nq, i³Pvc †e‡o hvq| wkï‡`i †‡Î mxmvi cÖfve AZ¨š—

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 135gvivZ¥K| †Kbbv GB c`v_© MÖn‡Y wkïi †‡Î †hme ai‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v ˆZwi nq Zvi g‡a¨i‡q‡Q kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKjv½Zv, Kv‡b Kg †kvbv, eyw×e„wËK weKv‡ki Afve BZ¨vw` hvGKwU wkïi cy‡iv fwel¨r Rxeb‡K c½y K‡i †`q|wnDg¨vb Kviwm‡bv‡Rb (Human Carcinogen) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Av‡m©wbK n‡jv RvnvRfv½vwkí †_‡K wb:m„Z Av‡iKwU gvivZ¥K welv³ fvix avZz| GwU dzmdzm, Z¡K, cvK¯’jx I wKWwbiK¨vÝvi NUvq, i³KYvi wZmvab K‡i, øvqy‡Kvl I Kjvi cÖ`vn NwU‡q c¨vivjvBwmm ˆZwiK‡i|gvÎ mvgvb¨ cwigvY †µvwgqvg (0.0003 wgwjMÖvg/†KwR †_‡K 0.0007 wgwjMÖvg/†KwR)gvbe‡`‡ni Pwe©, M−y‡KvR, †Kv‡j‡÷ij wecv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| A_P RvnvRfv½v wkí GjvKvigvwU‡Z 507 wgwjMÖvg/†KwR †_‡K 568 wgwjMÖvg/†KwR ch©š— †µvwgqvg cvIqv wM‡q‡Q (mviwY1)| GB cwigvY Av`k© cwigv‡Yi (144 wgwjMÖvg/†KwR) cÖvq Pvi¸Y| AwaK cwigv‡Y †µvwgqvghK…Z, wKWwb I Z¡‡Ki wewfbœ wZmvab K‡i Ges nuvcvbx m„wó K‡i (Carson, Ellis, andMcCann 1987)| mviwY 1 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, PÆMÖvg RvnvRfv½v wkí GjvKvq Ab¨vb¨ fvixavZzi Aw¯—Z¡I Av`k© cwigv‡Yi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk| d‡j Gme fvix avZz †_‡K wb:m„ZivmvqwbK e‡R¨©i gvivZ¥K cÖfve gvbe¯^v‡¯’¨i Ici c‡o| hw`I Gi cÖK…Z ¯^v¯’¨SuywK m¤ú‡K©we¯—vwiZ M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q, Zey G avZz¸‡jvi (ïaygvÎ cvi` ev‡`) Av`k©gv‡bi PvB‡ZK‡qK¸Y †ewk we`¨gvb _vKv RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z ¯^v¯’¨nvwbKi cÖfv‡ei e¨vcKZv m¤c‡K©GKwU aviYv †`q|mviwY 1PÆMÖvg RvnvRfv½v wkí GjvKvq fvix avZzi cwigvYavZzAv`k© gvb(wgwjMÖvg/†KwR)we`¨gvb(wgwjMÖvg/†KwR)Zvgv 51 573 †_‡K 1211cvi` 0.5 0.076-0.266g¨v½vwbR 1313 1792-2321`¯—v 144 2929-5858†µvwgqvg 144 507-568Drm: wewfbœ M‡elYv cÖeÜ †_‡K †jLK KZ…©K msKwjZ (cÖeÜ ZvwjKv MÖš’cwćZ mwbœweó n‡q‡Q)|Lye Aí mgq a‡i A‡bK †ewk cwigvY welv³ ˆRweK e‡R©¨i ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j †hme jY†`Lv †`q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gyLgÊj I Ab¨vb¨ A½ cÖZ‡½i bvRyK Ae¯’v m„wó I PzjKvwb,Aw¯’iZv, gv_v †Nviv‡bv, kix‡ii fvimvg¨nvwb, Kuvcywb, gvbwmK ¯’weiZv I wm×vš—nxbZvBZ¨vw`| †Kv‡bvfv‡e Zv Lv`¨ ev Z¡‡Ki gva¨‡g †`‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †`Lv †`q cvK¯’jx Iz`ªv‡š¿i cÖ`vnRwbZ ewg (egb) I Wvqwiqv| me‡P‡q gvivZ¥K welwµqvi d‡j †`Lv †`q †ckxiwLuPzbx (Generalized Convulsions)| †ewk gvÎvq G me e‡R©¨i cÖfve i³ mÂvj‡b evav †`q Iürwc‡Ûi cÖ`vn m„wó K‡i, hv KvwW©qvK A¨vwi_wgqv‡Z (Cardiac Arrythmia) cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|

136evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvd‡j gvby‡li k¦vmcÖk¦v‡m Amyweav nq Ges †kl ch©š— †Kvgvq P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i (Green Peace1999)|cÖvYNvwZ cÖfve QvovI †ek wKQy ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` cÖfve i‡q‡Q hvi jY cieZx©‡Z cÖKvkcvq| `xN©¯’vqx ˆRweK eR©¨ ev POPÕi cÖfve bvixi cÖRbb ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci †ewk c‡o| †`Lv †M‡Q,`xN©¯’vqx ˆRweK e‡R©¨i d‡j Mf©cvZ, wejw¤^Z Mf©aviY, ΓwUhy³ wkïi Rb¥ Ges wkïi g„Zz¨iSuywK †e‡o hvq| G¨vjwWªb Ges wW‡qjwWªb Gi Kvi‡Y cÖRbb gZv I Kg©kw³ n«vm cvq|gvB‡i· Ges U·v‡db Qvov evwK `xN©¯’vqx ˆRweK eR©¨ Rxe †Kv‡li iƒcvš—i NUvq| KxUcZ½g~jZ kw³kvjx nq Aviwm‡bv‡Rb‡mi Kvi‡Y| †K¬vi‡Wb, wWwWwU, †nÞv‡K¬vi, A¨vjwWªb IwW‡qjwWªb Gi Kvi‡Y wjfvi K¨vÝvi nq| wWwWwU Gi d‡j ¯—‡b Ges wW‡qjwWªb Gi Kvi‡YG¨v‡Wªbvj M−¨vÛ‡m K¨vÝvi nq| Gi gva¨‡g AmsL¨ øvqy cÖfvweZ nq, wZMÖ¯— nq wjfvi I†ibvj, GbRvB‡gi e„w× (WªvMm ev Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡Y `ª“Z e„w× cvq) N‡U wjfv‡i,KvwW©qvK A¨vwi_wgqv, we−dvwiwUm, †iwUbvj A¨vbwRIc¨vw_ Ges GjvwR©RwbZ †Pv‡Li mgm¨v †`Lv†`q| GQvov †nÞv‡K¬vi Gi cÖfv‡e Ag‡bv‡hvMx g‡bvfve †`Lv †`q Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i cwieZ©b N‡U(Carson, Ellis, and McCann 1987)|3| evsjv‡`‡k RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Rb¨ AvBbMZ KvVv‡gvRvnvRfv½v wkí‡K wkí ejv n‡jI GwU ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡íi ev wPwb wk‡íi g‡Zv GL‡bv†Kv‡bv ixwZwm× wkí bq| †h‡nZz RvnvRfv½v wkí Ab¨vb¨ ixwZwm× wkí †hgb iW ˆZwi, ÷xjwi-†ivwjs wgj BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ RwoZ †m‡nZz RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Rb¨ GKwU mywbw`©ó AvBbMZKvVv‡gv MVb Kiv AwZ Ri“wi n‡q c‡o‡Q| AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv ˆZwii †‡Î `y‡Uv welq AZ¨š—¸i“Z¡c~Y©| cÖ_g welqwU n‡jv gvbyl Ges wØZxq welqwU n‡jv cwi‡ek| D‡j−L¨ †h, wKQy RvZxqI Avš—R©vwZK wbqgKvbyb evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi †‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’v RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Q|cÖavb cÖavb Avš—R©vwZK AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv¸‡jv n‡”Q (Alam 2005):1. Avš—R©vwZK evwY‡R¨ wKQz wZKi ivmvqwbK c`v_© I †cmwUmvBW&m msµvš— Òc~‡e©AeMZ AbygwZÕÕ (Prior Informed Consent (PIC)) welqK †ivUviW¨vg Kb‡fbkb2. `~wlZ eR©¨ AcmviY I Zv‡`i ¯’vbvš—‡ii wbqš¿Y wb‡q e¨v‡mj Kb‡fbkb, 19893. RvnvR wimvBwK¬s Gi Dci B›Uvib¨vkbvj g¨vwiUvBg AiMvbvB‡Rkb ev AvBGgI(IMO) wb‡`©wkKv, 20034. Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’v (International Labor Organization, ILO) ev AvBGjIKb‡fbkb5. jÛb Kb‡fbkbGB AvBb¸‡jvi mvims‡c wb‡æ ewY©Z n‡jv|

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 1373.1| †ivUviW¨vg Kb‡fbkbwZKi ivmvqwbK I †cmwUmvBW Øviv msNwUZ m¤¢ve¨ wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ 1980mv‡j BDbvB‡UW †bkbm& Gbfvqib‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg (United Nations Environment Programmeor UNEP) Ges Avš—R©vwZK Lv`¨ ms¯’v (Food and Agricultural Organization or FAO)†hŠ_fv‡e ¯^Z:cÖe„Ë n‡q Gme c`v‡_©i Avg`vwb I e¨env‡ii wel‡q wKQy wewagvjv cÖYqb K‡i|GB wewagvjv I Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb msµvš— bxwZ¸‡jvB 1989 mv‡j c~‡e© AeMZ AbygwZ ev PriorInformed Consent (PIC) bv‡g AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| 1998 mv‡j evsjv‡`k G wewagvjvq ¯^viK‡i| PIC n‡jv 2004 mv‡ji †deª“qvwi Kvh©Kix nIqv †ivUviW¨vg Kb‡fbk‡bi g~j aviv|†ivUviW¨vg Kb‡fbkb Gi ÔÔc~‡e© AeMZ AbygwZ ÔÔev PIC †Z 30wU wZKi †cmwUmvBW&m Ges11wU wkjv msµvš— ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i K_v ejv Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ AjwWªb (aldrin), †K¬vi‡WBb(chlordane), wWGbIwm (DNOC) I Gi jeYmg~n Ab¨Zg †cmwUmvBW&m Ges A¨vb‡_vdvBjvBU(anthophyllte) A¨vm‡cUm BZ¨vw` ivmvqwbK c`v_© Ab¨Zg|GB AvBb Abymv‡i Rvnv‡Ri gvwjK‡`i Bqv‡W© RvnvR fv½vi Rb¨ Avbvi c~‡e© H Rvnv‡Rwe`¨gvb wZKi eR©¨ m¤ú‡K© †NvlYv w`‡Z n‡e| Aek¨ ÔÔc~‡e© AeMZ AbygwZÕÕ AvBb SuywKc~Y©RvnvRfv½vi †‡Î ch©vß myiv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| GwU GKwU Acwinvh© mZ©KZvg~jK e¨e¯’v gvÎ|ch©vß myiv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv cwiZ¨³ RvnvR Avg`vwbKviK †`k¸‡jv KZ©„KcÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|3.2| e¨v‡mj Kb‡fbkb (1989)e¨v‡mj Kb‡fbkb evsjv‡`k Ges fviZmn 166wU ‡`k Øviv mg^w_©Z n‡q‡Q| GBKb‡fbk‡bi j¨ n‡jv gvbe¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡ek‡K iv Kiv Ges welv³ e‡R©¨i e¨e¯’vcbv| †h`ywU wfwËi Dci e¨v‡mj Kb‡fbkb cÖwZwôZ †m¸‡jv n‡jv:• wZKviK e‡R©¨i Avš—:mxgv ¯’vbvš—‡ii Rb¨ GKwU wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v cÖYqb, hvi j¨n‡jv wZKviK e‡R©¨i Avš—:mxgv ¯’vbvš—i Kgv‡bv Ges e‡R©¨i cwi‡ekevÜee¨e¯’vcbv wbwðZ Kiv| ZvQvov e‡R©¨i cwigvY Kgv‡bvI GKwU j¨|• e¨v‡mj Kb‡fbk‡bi wewfbœ wm×vš— Abyhvqx Rvnv‡Ri gvwjKMY h_vh_ KZ…©c‡KRvnv‡Ri Avqy †k‡li ci KiYxq KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e Ges GiRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AbygwZi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡ZI Zviv eva¨ _vK‡e| GB Kb‡fbkbAbyhvqx †h e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g RvnvRfv½v n‡e †mwU cwi‡ekevÜefv‡e h_vh_ cÖwµqvqeR©¨ c`v_© e¨e¯’vcbvq mg wKbv Zv cixweY Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK| hw` cwi‡ekevÜefv‡e eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vk‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖKvi e¨e¯’v bv _v‡K Zvn‡j DbœZ †`k n‡ZDbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n eR©¨ c`v_© ¯’vbvš—i‡K AbygwZ †`Iqv n‡e bv|

138evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv3.3| jÛb Kb‡fbkbmvgyw`ªK `~lY msµvš— Ab¨Zg mwÜcÎ n‡jv jÛb Kb‡fbkb| jÛb Kb‡fbkb Abymv‡iRvnvRfv½vi wkí n‡Z wb:mwiZ eR©¨ wb®‹vk‡bi mgq KZ…©c†K mvgyw`ªK `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| jÛb Kb‡fbkb Abyhvqx GKwU cÖv_wgK Avek¨KZv n‡jv,RvnvR †_‡K mgy‡`ª B”QvK…Zfv‡e eR©¨ wb:miY Pj‡e bv| †h‡nZz jÛb Kb‡fbkb †Kej mgy‡`ªi`~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a e¨e¯’v wb‡q‡Q Ges G‡Z cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨vb¨ wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Kv‡bv D‡j−L †bB,†m‡nZz RvnvRfv½v wk‡í jÛb Kb‡fbk‡bi cÖ‡qvM wKQzUv weZwK©Z| Z‡e hLb GB Kb‡fbkbwVK Kiv n‡qwQj, ZLb RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi e¨vcviwU GZeo mgm¨v wQj bv |3.4| B›Uvib¨vkbvj g¨vwiUvBg AiM¨vbvB‡Rkb wb‡`©wkKv, 2003RvnvR cyb:cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Dci †`qv Avš—R©vwZK g¨vwiUvBg cÖwZôvb (IMO)-Gi wb‡`©wkKvM„nxZ n‡qwQj 2003 mv‡ji 5 wW‡m¤^i| Hw`b †_‡KB AvBGgI w`Kwb‡`©kbvmg~n AbymiY Kivn‡”Q| GB ms¯’v mviv we‡k¦i RvnvR m¤úwK©Z welqmg~n wb‡q KvR K‡i _v‡K| 166wU Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’vi mv‡_ AvBGgI RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Dci KvR K‡i Avm‡Q 1999 mvj †_‡K Ges†h mKj wel‡q KvR K‡i _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv RvnvR cyb:cÖwµqvKiY cwiKíbv, RvnvR wk‡íiSzuwK gy³ Kivi j‡¨ meyRvqb Kivi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y mn‡hvwMZv Kiv BZ¨vw` AviI A‡bKwelq|3.5| AvBGjI (ILO) Kb‡fbkbAvš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’v (International Labor Organization, ILO) ev AvBGjI 2003mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m Zzi¯‹ I K‡qKwU wbe©vwPZ Gkxq †`‡k RvnvRfv½v wk‡í Kg©iZ kªwgK‡`im¤¢ve¨ SuywK Ges Kg©¯’‡j KvR Kivi mgq wewfbœ ‡ivM I `yN©Ubv cÖeYZv †iv‡ai Rb¨ÔRvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Rb¨ wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨: GB wel‡q wb‡`©kbv ïaygvÎ Gwkqvb †`kmg~n GesZzi‡®‹i Rb¨Õ kxl©K GKwU Avš—:AvÂwjK mfvi Av‡qvRb K‡i| GB mfvq kªwgK AwaKviwbwðZKvix †ek K‡qKwU bxwZgvjv M„nxZ nq| 1G‡Zv †Mj Avš—R©vwZK AvBwb KvVv‡gv| evsjv‡`‡k †hme AvBb GB wk‡íi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨,†m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ weÁwß ev wb‡`©wkKv Ges wKQy AvBb I bxwZ| evsjv‡`k miKv‡iiwewfbœ wefvMmg~n KZ…©K Gme wbqš¿Yg~jK weÁwß/wb‡`©wkKv cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii1 AvBGjI (ILO) Kb‡fkb-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Kvh©mg~n wbæiƒc-• Kb‡fbkb 87, ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi ivq cÖvwZôvwbK Kb‡fbkb, 1948 (evsjv‡`k KZ…©K mgw_©Z)• Kb‡fbkb 1, Kg©w`em (wkí KviLvbvi †‡Î), 1919 (fviZ I evsjv‡`k KZ…©K mgw_©Z)• Kb‡fbkb 18, kªwgK wZc~iY (†ckvMZ Kvi‡Y msNwUZ AmyL/†ivM) Kb‡fbkbmg~n, 1925 Ges 1934 (fviZ Ges evsjv‡`kKZ…©K mgw_©Z)• Kb‡fbkb, 118 mgZv / mvg¨ AvPiY Kb‡fbkb (mvgvwRK wbivcËv-Gi †‡Î), 1962 (evsjv‡`k I fviZ KZ…©K mgw_©Z• Kb‡fbkb 148, Kg©‡‡Îi cwi‡ek m¤úwK©Z Kb‡fbkb (evqy, `~lY, kã Ges K¤úb), 1977• Kb‡fbkb 155, †ckvMZ wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨ m¤úwK©Z Kb‡fbkb, 1981• Kb‡fbkb 161, †ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ †mev Kb‡fbkb, 1985• Kb‡fbkb 170, ivmvqwbK Kb‡fbkb, 1990

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 139cwi‡ek wefvM †_‡K RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Rb¨ cwi‡ekevÜe wbqg bxwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖvßwb‡`©wkKvmg~n n‡jv:K. Rvnv‡Ri e‡R©¨i cPb cÖwµqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ c`‡c †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb,L. eR©¨ c`v‡_©i ZvwjKv cÖYqb cÖ‡qvRb,M. R¡vjvwb, †Zj RvZxq I Ab¨vb¨ Zij c`v_© cwi®‹viK ev Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ `ªe¨,N. wbivcËv wbwðZKiY,O. me©Î wbivc` wePiY, K¤úvU©‡g›Um, U¨vsK BZ¨vw` ¯’v‡b/RvqMvq k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi Rb¨ myôzcwi‡ek wbwðZKiY,P. Mig cwi‡e‡k Kv‡Ri †‡Î wbivc` cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv, †hgb- cwi®‹vi Kivi †‡Îevqy cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM Kiv, welv³ c`v_© AcmviY A_ev D”P `vn¨ e¨envi K‡i iOAcmviY Kiv Ges †h †Kv‡bv Mig cwi‡e‡k KvR Kivi c~‡e© †mB cwi‡ek ch©‡eYKiv,Q. A¨vm‡emUm, wcwmwe RvZxq c`v_© †h¸‡jv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci SzuwK evovq †m¸‡jv AcmviYKiv,R. RvnvR UzK‡iv Kivi ‡h KvR¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR wk‡íi gvwjKiv mgỳ ª DcK~jeZx©GjvKvq K‡i, †m KvR¸‡jv ch©‡eY Kiv, GesS. msiY, cyb:cÖwµqvKiY, cwiZ¨vMKiY BZ¨vw` wbweofv‡e ch©‡eY Kiv|RvnvRfv½vi c~‡e© we‡kl K‡i RvnvR Dò 2 Kivi c~‡e© cwi‡ekMZ QvocÎ cwi‡ekAwa`ßi (Department of Environment)-Gi KvQ †_‡K †bIqv DwPZ| G‡KKwU Rvnv‡Ri Rb¨cwi‡ek Awa`ßi QvocÎ wn‡m‡e Kgjv-K K¨vUvMwi (orange-ka-category) cÖ`vb K‡i GesRvnvRfv½v BqvW©-Gi †‡Î cÖ`vb Kiv nq jvj K¨vUvMwi (Red category)| jvj K¨vUvMwi‡ZQvocÎ cvevi Rb¨ †hme welq wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv:K. cÖ‡Z¨K RvnvRfv½v BqvW© A_ev wKQy Bqv‡W© †Zj aviY Kivi Rb¨ hš¿ Av‡Q wKbv GesSuywKc~Y© eR©¨ ivLvi I cwiZ¨vM Kivi myweav Av‡Q wKbv;L. †h‡Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv I `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Bqv‡W©i wbR¯^ A_ev mvaviY(ommon) AwMœwbe©vcK Ges wbivc` hš¿ Av‡Q wKbv; GesM. cÖ‡Z¨K Bqv‡W©i dv÷ GBW-Gi myweav Av‡Q wKbv|GQvov cwi‡ek Awa`ßi Øviv wbqwgZfv‡e RvnvRfv½v c×wZ ch©‡eY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|G¸‡jv QvovI †hme RvZxq AvBb I bxwZgvjv RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ Zv nj:2 RvnvRfv½vi c~‡e© Rvnv‡Ri Askwe‡kl KvUvi ev fv½vi myweavi Rb¨ G‡K we‡kl cÖwµqvq Dò K‡i †bIqv nq|

140evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv1. d¨v±ix A¨v±, 1965; evsjv‡`k kªwgK AvBb, 20062. †c‡Uªvwjqvg A¨v±, 19343. †c‡Uªvwjqvg bxwZ, 19374. evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek iv/cÖwZiv AvBb (1995)5. cwi‡ek iv bxwZ (1997)6. G¨vgc−q‡g›U ÷¨vwÛs AW©vi A¨v± (1923)7. kªwg‡Ki wZc~iY A¨v± (1923)8. Ab¨vb¨ gvbevwaKvi msiYg~jK `vwqZ¡ I bxwZDc‡iv³ AvBb I bxwZgvjv¸‡jv g~jZ kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi †hgb, b~¨bZg gRywi, Kg©‡‡ÎKv‡Ri wewfbœ myweav (wbivc` Lvevi cvwb, cq:wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’v, ch©vß Av‡jv-evZvm wbwðZ Kiv),wkïkªg wbwl× Kiv, ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kiv, cÖ‡ekb Kvj (Probation Period),QywU wbwðZ Kiv, wZc~i‡Yi AwaKvi BZ¨vw` AwaKvi msi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| GQvovgvbevwaKvi wewagvjvi (1948 mv‡j M„nxZ Ges wek¦Rbxbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z) aviv 7, 8, 11, 12 Gesaviv 20 †_‡K aviv 25, hv †h †Kv‡bv kªgRxexi evK ¯^vaxbZv, mfv mwgwZ Kivi ¯^vaxbZv,mvgvwRK wbivcËv, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvi msiY, gvbm¤§Z Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨I ch©vß cvwikªwgK cÖvwßi AwaKvi, cÖvc¨ gRywi I m¤§vbx fvZvi †‡Î wj½ ˆelg¨wenxbmgvbvwaKvi BZ¨vw` AwaKv‡ii m‡½ m¤úwK©Z-†mB gvbevwaKvi wewagvjvI RvnvRfv½v wk‡íwb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i †‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|Gme AvBb Ges AvBwb KvVv‡gv †_‡K GUv ¯úóZ cÖZxqgvb nq †h, G AvBb¸‡jvRvnvRfv½v wk‡íi e¨vcKZv Ges Zvi ¯^Zš¿ cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y m„ó cwi‡ekMZ cÖfve †gvKv‡ejvGes kªwgK wbivcËvi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| ZvQvov `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e GB we`¨gvb AvBb¸‡jvh_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvMI Kiv nq bv| d‡j G kªgNb wkíwU Abvek¨Kfv‡e mswk−ó mK‡ji Rb¨gvivZ¥K SuywKi KviY n‡q `uvovq| kªwgK‡`i A½nvwb, `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa Ges cÖvYbvkB bq, G wkíeb DRvo Ki‡Q, GgbwK miKvwi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx cyb:¯’vcbKvix ebvq‡bi wb‡`©kI cvjbKi‡Q bv|G cÖm‡½ Avgiv RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi GKRb cÖv³b wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi mvvrKvi MÖnY K‡iwQ,whwb G wk‡íi wKQy mvaviYZ AcÖKvk¨ Z_¨ w`‡q Avgv‡`i M‡elYvq mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb| ZuviAwfÁZvwU AviI GKwU Kvi‡Y AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †mwU n‡jv eZ©gv‡b wZwb G wk‡íi m‡½mivmwifv‡e hy³ bv _vK‡jI GKwU wewb‡qvMKvix e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK wn‡m‡eRvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Kg©KvʇK A_©vqb Kivi Rb¨ BqvW© gvwjK‡`i FY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|ZvQvov wZwb GKwU wbg©vY wk‡íi cÖavb e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK wn‡m‡eI Rv‡bb RvnvRfv½v wkíwbg©vY wk‡í KvuPvgvj mieivnKvix wn‡m‡e KZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| GB wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi m‡½ mvvrKv‡iigva¨‡g †h K‡qKwU welq ¯úó n‡q I‡V G‡m‡Q †m¸‡jv cÖvmw½Kfv‡e wb‡æ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 1411. evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv †jŠn AvKwiK bv _vKvq †jŠ‡ni Rb¨ RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Ici cÖvqGKKfv‡e wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| d‡j GB wkíwU GK‡PwUqv e¨emv Kivi my‡hvM cv‡”Q|2. RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi weKvk Ges Gi gybvdvi MwZ-cÖK…wZi m‡½ Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡iiGKwU Nwbó m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|3. evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi weKv‡ki mnvqK n‡jI kªgNb GLvZ Dchy³ cÖhyw³MZ wewb‡qv‡Mi Afv‡e h‡_ó SuywKc~Y©|4. †h‡nZz G wkí Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK wk‡íi cÖavb KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix wn‡m‡e ¸i“Z¡c~Y©f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, †m‡nZz Gi h_vh_ weKv‡ki weKí †bB| myZivs mswk−ó mKj‡K Gwk‡íi AvaywbKvqb, cÖmvi, `Zv e„w×, we‡kl K‡i cwi‡ek Ges kªwg‡Ki Rxe‡biDci GB wk‡íi †bwZevPK cÖfve `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ Awej‡¤^ mỳ ~i cÖmvix Ges mwµqbxwZMZ I e¨envwiK c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e |4| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Dci RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi cÖfveRvnvR fv½v wkí evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e GB wk‡íiBwZevPK cÖfve Ges †bwZevPK cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Gi BwZevPK cÖfve wn‡m‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jvKg©ms¯’vb m„wó, wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡`i D”P gybvdvi Dci D”P Avq K‡ii (Tax) gva¨‡g miKv‡iiivR¯^ Avq e„w×, mnR I myj‡f KvuPvgvj mieivn K‡i M„nvqb I wbg©vY wk‡íi `ª“Z Dbœqb,M„nmvgMÖxi Drcv`b e„w× BZ¨vw` hv A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vq‡b evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi †ek LvwbKUvRy‡o Av‡Q| GB wk‡íi †bwZevPK cÖfve¸‡jvi wel‡q B‡Zvg‡a¨B we¯—„Z Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘Gme †bwZevPK cÖfv‡ei A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqb KwVb †h‡nZz GB cÖfve¸‡jvi evRvi g~j¨ †bB|wKš‘ G¸‡jvi non-market value Acwimxg| G‡`i g~j¨vq‡bi (Valuation of non-marketgoods) Rb¨ wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK DcvqI (Economic techniques) i‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb cÖe‡ÜA_©bxwZi Dci RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi cÖfve wbY©‡qi Rb¨ BwZevPK cÖfv‡ei ‡hiKg A_©‰bwZKg~j¨vqb Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q †Zgwb wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Dcvq e¨envi K‡i †bwZevPK cÖfv‡eiIA_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqb Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Avq ev G wk‡íi BwZevPK w`KwU wbY©q Ki‡Z †hmePjK (Variable) we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk, kªwgK fvZv Ges †eZb,miKvi‡K cÖ`vbK…Z U¨v·, ÷x‡ji Avg`vwb g~‡j¨i Dci A_© mvkªq I Ab¨vb¨ cwiZ¨³ eR©¨cÖwµqvKiY n‡Z Avq| †bwZevPK w`KwU wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ †hme PjK (Variable) we‡ePbv Kivn‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv `yN©Ubv I ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK Ges cwi‡ekMZ `~lY| wb‡gœv³ mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡gRvnvRfv½v wk‡íi †bU jvf‡K (Net Profit) e¨vL¨v Kivi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q:mgxKiY (1)†Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk + kªwgK fvZv Ges †eZb + miKvi‡K cÖ`vbK…Z U¨v· + ÷x‡jiAvg`vwb g~‡j¨i Dci A_© mvkªq I Ab¨vb¨ cwiZ¨³ eR©¨ cÖwµqvKiY †_‡K Avq - `yN©Ubv I¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK - cwi‡ekMZ `~lY = GB wkí Øviv AwR©Z A_©|

142evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk, kªwgK fvZv Ges †eZb, miKvi‡K cÖ`vbK…Z U¨v‡·i cwigvYRvnvR fv½v kªwgK‡`i Dci Bcmv (YPSA) KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GKwU †emjvBb mv‡f©i(YPSA 2005) Z_¨ Ges AvBGjI (ILO 2003) cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ mgxKiY (1)-GiPjK¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv m¤¢e| GB Drm `ywUi Z_¨ Abyhvqx RvnvR fv½v wk‡í †Kv¤úvwbijf¨vsk eve` eQ‡i 20 wewjqb UvKv Av‡m| GB wk‡íi †gvU wb‡qvM cÖvß e¨w³ n‡”Qb 20,268Rb| cÖvq 2,470 Rb ` kªwgK M‡o ˆ`wbK 120 †_‡K 150 UvKv †c‡q _v‡Kb| GKRb `kªwg‡Ki cvwikªwgK M‡o ˆ`wbK 140 UvKv| evwK 17,798 Rb kªwgK, hviv A` Zv‡`icvwikªwgK memgq ‰`wbK 83 UvKv| wb‡æv³ mviwY‡Z w`bcÖwZ kªwg‡Ki cvwikªwgK D‡j−L Kivn‡q‡Q|mviwY 2RvnvRfv½v wk‡í kªwgK‡`i ‰`wbK gRywi (UvKvq)` A` †gvU†gvU kªwgK 2,470 17,798 20,268‰`wbK Mo gRywi 140.00 83.00 89.95‰`wbK †gvU gRywi 3,45,80,000 14,77,23,400 18,23,03,400Drm: ILO Report 2003|hw` a‡i †bIqv nq, eQ‡i cÖwZ kªwg‡Ki Mo Kg©w`em = 300 w`b (mvßvwnK QywU, DrmeQywU Ges Avc`Kvjxb QywU ev` w`‡q) Zvn‡j eQ‡i kªwgK KZ©„K AwR©Z †gvU gRywii cwigvY`uvovq = 18,23,03,400 UvKv x 300 w`b = 54,69,10,200 UvKv, hv cÖvq 550 wgwjqbUvKv|RvnvRfv½v wkí gvwjK‡`i `vwe Abyhvqx Zviv eQ‡i 9.35 wewjqb UvKv miKvi‡K AvqKiwn‡m‡e cÖ`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ cvwb m¤ú` gš¿Yvjq Gi wi‡cv‡U© (2005) cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h,GB msL¨v mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges miKv‡ii Ki I f¨vU msMÖ‡ni bxwZI†mB mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j GB wkí †_‡K cÖvq GK wewjqb UvKvi mgcwigvYAvqKi †_‡K miKvi ewÂZ n‡”Q| Bcmvi †emjvBb mv‡f© (2005) AbyhvqxI G wkí _‡KevrmwiK 7 wewjqb UvKv evsjv‡`k miKvi Ki wn‡m‡e Avq K‡i _v‡K|÷x‡ji Avg`vwb g~‡j¨i Dci A_© mvkª‡qi cwigvYRvnvRfv½v wkí cÖwZ eQi 1.8 wgwjqb Ub ÷xj Drcv`b K‡i| wi-‡ivwjs wg‡j e¨eüZcÖwZ Ub Avg`vwbK…Z ÷x‡ji g~j¨ cÖvq cÂvk nvRvi UvKv hv 2009 mv‡ji g~j¨ Abyhvqx cÖvq700 gvwK©b Wjv‡ii mgvb (eZ©gvb wewbgq nvi n‡jv: gvwK©b Wjvi = 71.14 evsjv‡`kx UvKv)|H GKB eQ‡i (2009) RvnvR fv½v wkí ‡_‡K cÖvß cÖwZ Ub ÷x‡ji `vg wQj Pwj−k nvRvi UvKv(40,000)| myZivs cÖwZ U‡b UvKv 10,000 (50,000-40,000) euvP‡bvi gva¨‡g 1.8 wgwjqbUb ÷x‡j G wkí Øviv AwR©Z jf¨vs‡ki cwigvY = 1.8x10,00,000x10,000 = UvKv18,00,00,00,000 = 18 wewjqb UvKvq `uvovq|

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 143†bwZevPK cÖfv‡ei A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqbmvaviYZ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi c~e© m‡PZbZv ev cÖwZ‡ivaK e¨e¯’v †bqv nq bv e‡j RvnvRfv½vwk‡í `yN©Ubv I ¯^v¯’¨SuywKi cÖeYZv Lye †ewk| nvRvi nvRvi kªwgK welv³ c`v‡_©i Kvi‡Y wewfbœai‡bi Amy‡L Avµvš— n‡”Q| miKvwi I †emiKvwi MYgva¨‡g cÖvqkB RvnvRfv½v wk‡íwb‡qvwRZ kªwgK AvnZ ev wbnZ nevi (casualty) NUbv cÖKvwkZ nq| hvi A‡bK¸‡jvBmwVKfv‡e bw_fy³ (Reported) nq bv| cÖKvwkZ Z_¨vbyhvqx MZ 20 eQ‡i 400 Rb kªwgK cÖvYnvwi‡q‡Q Ges 6,000 Rb gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ n‡q‡Q (YPSA 2005)| Z‡e cÖK…Z msL¨v Gi†P‡q A‡bK †ewk| †Kbbv GK GKwU `yN©Ubv‡ZB 10 †_‡K 50 Rb kªwg‡Ki g„Zÿ n‡Z cv‡i|†hgb, 31 †g 2000 mv‡j Bivwbqvb U¨v¼vi wU wU †Wbv we‡ùvwiZ n‡q 50 Rb kªwg‡Ki g„Zz¨nq|YPSAÕi Z_¨ Abyhvqx RvnvRfv½v Bqv‡W© cÖwZ mßv‡n M‡o GKRb kªwg‡Ki g„Zz¨ nq GescÖwZw`b GKRb kªwgK AvnZ nq (YPSA 2005)| Z‡e GB wk‡íi gvwjK‡`i Øviv GB Z_¨¯^xK…Z bq, GgbwK GB m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv Z_¨I Zv‡`i †iK‡W© †bB| YPSA Ges wewfbœ wgwWqvZ‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i wb‡gœv³ WvUv MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:cÖwZ eQi `yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y g„Zz¨ (AvbygvwbK) = 50gvivZ¥K `yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ nq cÖwZ eQi (AvbygvwbK) = 300A_©bxwZi gvb`Ê Øviv g„Zz¨ I `yN©Ubvi g~j¨ cwigvc Kiv KwVb| wKš‘ hw` †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubvid‡j †KD gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ nq, Zvn‡j †m wZi cwigvY aiv n‡e 500 nvRvi UvKv Gesg„Zz¨i †‡ÎI GKB cwigvY aiv n‡e| GB cwigvY A_© wZ w`‡q `yN©Ubvi g~j¨ cwigvc Ki‡jcÖwZ eQi `yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y †gvU e¨q `uvovq 175 wgwjqb UvKv|YPSAÕi Z_¨ g‡Z, RvnvRfv½v Bqv‡W© kªwgKiv cvuP eQi KvR Kivi ci fvix KvR KivigZv nvwi‡q †d‡j| GB mg‡qi ci GKRb kªwgK Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg cwikª‡gi KvR K‡iGes eQ‡i Kg w`b KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| YPSA-Gi Rwi‡ci Z_¨ Abyhvqx Kg kª‡gi Kv‡RGKRb kªwgK ˆ`wbK M‡o 10 UvKv K‡i gRywi nvivq| Avevi G me kªwg‡Ki evrmwiK Kg©w`emM‡o 300 w`b †_‡K 50 w`b K‡g 250 w`b n‡q hvq| myZivs cÖwZ eQi Mo n«vmK…Z gRywiicwigvY `uvovq 10UvKv x 250 = 2,500 UvKv|Bqv‡W©i kªwgK‡`i Mo eqm n‡”Q 18-22 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| A_P evsjv‡`‡ki kªwgK‡`i Moeqm 45 eQi| d‡j RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi kªwg‡Kiv fvix Kv‡R Amg_© wn‡m‡e evwK 23 eQiAwZµvš— Ki‡e Kg gRywi‡Z| GLv‡b Zvi cy‡iv kªwgK Rxe‡b gRywi wZi cwigvY `uvovq †gvU23x2500=57,500 UvKv| MYgva¨g †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx G ai‡bi wZ cÖwZ 5 eQ‡i Aš—Z GKevi nq| d‡j kªwg‡Ki evrmwiK ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK n‡”Q cÖwZ eQi 11,500 UvKv| GB wnmv‡e20,000 kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ †gvU ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwKi cwigvY `uvovq cÖwZ eQi 230 wgwjqb UvKv| myZivscÖwZ eQi kªwg‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨SuywK I `yN©Ubvi †gvU g~j¨ n‡”Q 405 wgwjqb UvKv|

144evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvRvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z wb:m„Z welv³ eR©¨ c`v_©mg~‡ni Kvi‡Y cwi‡e‡ki †h `~lY nq ZvicÖfve e¨vcK| †hgb mvgyw`ªK `~l‡Yi d‡j gvQ I Ab¨vb¨ mvgyw`ªK Rx‡ei Ici AZ¨š—wZKviK cÖfve c‡o| evsjv‡`k evwl©K cwimsL¨vb MÖ‡š’i Z_¨ Abyhvqx RvnvRfv½v wkíGjvKv PÆMÖv‡g grm¨ Avni‡Yi cwigvY MZ K‡qK eQ‡i µgvš^‡q n«vm cv‡”Q| aviYv Kiv n‡”QGB n«v‡mi Rb¨ mvgyw`ªK `~lY GKwU cÖavb KviY| grm¨ Avni‡Yi Dci mvgyw`ªK `~lY KZUv†bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †Kej Bwjk gvQ AvniY we‡ePbvq MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|Bwjk gvQ Avni‡Yi †gvU cwigv‡Yi Dci RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi cÖfve ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ wbqwš¿ZGjvKv (control area) Lyjbvq weMZ K‡qK eQ‡i AvnwiZ Bwjk gv‡Qi cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ H GKBmg‡q PÆMÖvg GjvKvq KZ cwigvY Bwjk gvQ AvnwiZ n‡q‡Q Zvi Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB `yBGjvKvq †gvU AvnwiZ mvgyw`ªK gr‡m¨i cwimsL¨vbI †bIqv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 3-G Lyjbv I PÆMÖvgA‡ji evwl©K gvQ aivi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, PÆMv‡g†gvU gvQ Avni‡Yi cwigvY 1998-99 †_‡K 2003-04 mvj ch©š— †gvUvgywU evo‡jI2004-05 mv‡j Zv cÖ_g eQ‡ii †P‡qI n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Bwj‡ki AvniY AviI Avk¼RbK nv‡in«vm †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Lyjbvi wPÎ m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| mviwY 3 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q gvÎ GKwU eQi(2002-2003) Qvov cÖwZ eQiB gv‡Qi AvniY µgvMZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Bwjk gv‡Qi †‡Î GBe„w×i nvi PgKcÖ`| mviwYwU n‡Z AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, 1998-1999 mv‡j Lyjbvq Bwj‡ki AvniY0 †gwUªK Ub w`‡q Avi¤¢ K‡i 2004-2005 mv‡j G‡m 350 †gwUªK U‡b †cuŠ‡Q| Aciw`‡KPÆMÖv‡g 1998-1999 mv‡j Bwj‡ki AvniY †hLv‡b 113 †gwUªK Ub wQj 2004-2005 mv‡j Zvn«vm †c‡q `uvovq gvÎ 20 †gwUªK U‡b|mviwY 3Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg A‡ji evwl©K gvQ aivi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎeQi PÆMÖvg LyjbvBwjk (†gwUªK Ub) †gvU (†gwUªK Ub) Bwjk (†gwUªK Ub) †gvU (†gwUªK Ub)1998-1999 113 1451 0 3441999-2000 143 1592 86 3082002-2003 0 1504 120 2682003-2004 15 1688 310 4972004-2005 20 1106 350 569Drm: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb el©Mªš’ 2004 I 2006|GB Z_¨ †_‡K aviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, Lyjbv GjvKvq RvnvRfv½v wkí bv _vKvq BwjkGes Ab¨vb¨ mvgyw`ªK grm¨ Avni‡Y PÆMv‡gi g‡Zv †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡owb| MZ 4 eQ‡iPÆMÖv‡g Bwjk gvQ †h cwigvY AvniY K‡g †M‡Q Zvi evRvi g~j¨ `uvovq cÖvq 24 wgwjqb UvKvhv RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi A_©‰bwZK AR©b †_‡K ev` w`‡Z n‡e| GB Z_¨ †_‡K hw`I mywbw`©ófv‡eKvh©Ki Kiv hv‡e bv †h RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Kvi‡YB PÆMÖv‡g gvQ aivi cwigvY Kg, Z‡e welqwUm‡›`‡ni D‡aŸ© bq| G e¨vcv‡i AviI M‡elYv `iKvi|

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 145cwi‡ekMZ `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y wZi cwigvY wbY©q Kiv KwVb †Kbbv G m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ mn‡RcvIqv hvq bv, GgbwK Kbfvk©‡bi AbycvZ wbY©‡qiI †Kv‡bv mwVK gvb`Ê †bB| wKš‘ evsjv‡`kGbfvqib‡g›Uvj jBqvm© G‡mvwm‡qkb (BELA) 3 Gi Z_¨ g‡Z cÖwZ eQi cwi‡ekMZ `~l‡Yi†gvU g~j¨ cÖvq 1 wewjqb UvKv| RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi †gvU ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ GBZ_¨wUB MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|mgxKiYÑ (2)RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi †gvU ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ = 20 wewjqb + 0.550 wewjqb + 7 wewjqb +18 wewjqb - 0.405 wewjqb - 1 wewjqb = 44.145 wewjqb UvKv|g~j¨ eÈbGB wk‡íi Askx`vi‡`i‡K 5wU MÖ“‡c fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †hgb, (1) RvnvRfv½v Bqv‡W©igvwjK MÖ“c, (2) Bqv‡W©i kªwgK MÖ“c, (3) miKvi, (4) cwi‡ek, Ges (5) ÷xj wi-‡ivwjsBÛvw÷ª| GB Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ †gvU 44.145 wewjqb UvKvi eÈb mviwY 4-G Zz‡j aivn‡q‡Q|mviwY 4RvnvRfv½v wkí n‡Z Askx`vi‡`i jvf wZi cwigvYAskx`viMY BwZevPK ‡bwZevPK †gvU (UvKv)gš—e¨(UvKv) (UvKv)gvwjK 20 wewjqb 20 wewjqb jvfKg©Pvix 550 wgwjqb 405 wgwjqb 145 wgwjqb kªwg‡Ki gRywi jvf Ges kªwg‡Ki`yN©Ubv Ges ¯^í I `xN© †gqvw` ¯^v¯’¨SzuwKmiKvi 7 wewjqb 7 wewjqb Ki I f¨vU÷xj wi-‡ivwjs 18 wewjqb 18 wewjqb KvuPvgv‡ji g~j¨n«vmwkícwi‡ek 1 wewjqb (1 wewjqb) cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi e¨q†gvU g~j¨ we‡ePbv K‡i ejv hvq †h, GB RvnvRfv½v wkí wU‡K _vKvi †hvM¨| Dc‡iiwnmve g‡Z RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z GB wk‡íi Ae`vb cÖvq 45 wewjqb UvKv| wKš‘ GB g~j¨ eȇbgvwjKc ccvwZZ¡ Ki‡Q| gvwjK c cÖwZeQi cÖvq 20 wewjqb UvKv †c‡q _v‡K| wKš‘cwi‡ekMZ `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y cÖwZeQi cÖvq 1 wewjqb UvKv wZ nq RvZxqfv‡e| `yN©Ubv I¯^v¯’¨SzuwKi e¨qmn kªwgKiv †c‡q _v‡K cÖvq 145 wgwjqb UvKv| Avi G LvZ n‡Z miKvi 7wewjqb UvKv ivR¯^ Avq Ki‡Q| myZivs GB we‡k−lY †_‡K ¯úó nq †h, cwi‡ekMZ `~lY Ges3 evsjv‡`k Gbfvqib‡g›Uvj jÕBqvm© A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb ev †ejv 1992 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ GKwU cwi‡ekev`x msMVb hv cwi‡ekmsµvš— b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôvi j‡¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| msMVbwU cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K wbijmfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ekMZ AvBwbKg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv Ges G msµvš— Rb¯^v_© msi‡Yi j‡¨ KvR Ki‡Q|

146evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvkªwgK‡`i wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z welqmg~n A_©bxwZ‡Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j bv, KviYRvnvRfv½v wk‡í jf¨vs‡ki gvÎv A‡bK †ewk|5| RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ e¨q I gybvdvDc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi gvwjKMY cÖwZeQi cÖvq 20wewjqb UvKv jvf Ki‡jI cÖvqkB kªwgK wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv †_‡K e¨q Ki‡Z AvMÖnxnb bv| A_P GB wk‡íi SuywK Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨q Avm‡j mswk−ó mK‡jiB DcKvi K‡i| wKQy†‡Î GB jv‡fi cwigvY e¨‡qi cwigv‡Yi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk nq| cÖe‡Üi G As‡kRvnvRfv½v wk‡í wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨q Ges mswk−ó jv‡fi Avw_©K g~j¨ cwigvYKivi cÖqvm cvIqv wM‡q‡Q|5.1| RvnvRfv½v wk‡í †ckvMZwbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ e¨q I jvf†ckvMZ wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ LiP Ges Zv †_‡K jv‡fi cwigvY wbiƒcY Kivi Rb¨†ckvMZ wbivcËv welqK ILOÕi wb‡`©wkKvmg~‡ni mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ckvMZ wbivcËvwelqK ILOÕi wb‡`©wkKv cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj 2003 mv‡ji †g gv‡m| GB wb‡`©wkKveva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv K_v †bB| Z‡e GwU †g‡b Pj‡j A‡bK †‡Î`yN©Ubv Gov‡bv m¤¢e| ILOÕi wb‡`©wkKvq ewY©Z cÖwZ‡iva Ges cÖwZ‡laKg~jK c`‡cmg~nwbæiƒc:K) SzuwK eR©b|L) SzuwKi Drm wbqš¿Y, †gwkbvix e¨env‡i wbqš¿Y Ges cÖvwZôvwbK wbqš¿Y|M) wbivc` Kg©c×wZ Øviv SzuwK n«vm Kiv, hv cÖkvmwbK wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q|N) †hLv‡b mgwš^Zfv‡e †Kv‡bv SzuwK wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e bv, †mLv‡b e¨w³MZfv‡e wewfbœhš¿vw`i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K iv Kiv DwPZ|cÖ_g wZbwU c`‡c Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ mgq,A_© Ges m‡e©vcwi wbivc` AvaywbK cÖhyw³e¨env‡ii Rb¨ kªwg‡Ki `Zvi cÖ‡qvRb wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b G¸‡jvi cÖPÊ Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvQvovcÖvwZôvwbK cÖwZeÜKZv, †hgb †ckvMZ wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z h_vh_ KZ…©c‡i Abxnv, mwVKZ‡_¨i Afve BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI G c`‡c¸‡jv Kvh©Ki Kiv mgqmv‡c| wKš‘ mwVK e¨w³MZmyiv miÄvg mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g †ckvMZ wbivcËv `ªyZ ev¯—evqb m¤¢e| Kg©Pvix‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡biw`‡K gvwjKc‡i mỳ „wó _vK‡jB Zv m¤¢e| kªwg‡Ki e¨w³MZ myiv miÄvg mieivn Kivic`‡cwU AviI `ª“Z ev¯—evqb m¤¢e hw` gvwjKc myiv miÄvg mieivn n‡Z D¢~Z jv‡fiA¼wU m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb nb| ZvB GLv‡b kªwgK‡K e¨w³MZ myiv miÄvg mieivn Kivi d‡jD¢~Z jv‡fi cwigvY wbiƒcY Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB j‡¨ miÄv‡gi g~j¨ Avš—R©vwZK g~‡j¨wbiƒcY Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨q Ges jvf m¤¢ve¨ Avw_©K g~‡j¨ wba©viY Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q | mviwY5-G RvnvRfv½v Bqv‡W© cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨w³MZ wbivcËv miÄvgmg~n Ges G¸‡jvi g~j¨ Ie¨env‡ii †gvU evwl©K LiP Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|

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148evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†_‡K 500 Wjvi wnmv‡e| ZzKx© I Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivwcqvb †µZviv †mme RvnvR †K‡b †h¸‡jv`~wlZ c`v_©gy³| hw` Zviv `~wlZ c`v_©hy³ †Kv‡bv RvnvR †K‡b Z‡e Rvnv‡Ri gvwjK‡`iRvnvR cwi®‹vi Kivi fvi wb‡Z nq ev LiP enb Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`k `~lYgy³ I `~lYhy³ `yBai‡bi RvnvRB wK‡b _v‡K| `~wlZ RvnvR †Kbvi d‡j †h A_©‰bwZK cÖvwß Zv n‡jv G‡KKR‡bi Dci 100 Wjvi hv RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi gvwjKiv cvb Kg LiP wn‡m‡e| RvnvRfv½v wkín‡Z eQ‡i †h ÷xj ev B¯úvZ cvIqv hvq Zvi cwigvY 1.8 wgwjqb Ub| Kv‡RB Kg `v‡gi Rb¨me©‡gvU cÖvwß `uvovq 100x70x1.8 wgwjqb Ub = 12.6 wewjqb UvKv (D‡j−L¨ 1 Wjvi =70.00 UvKv)cwi‡ek iv AvBb cÖ‡qvM bv Kivi d‡j e¨emv nviv‡bvi SuywKBD‡ivwcqvb †`k¸‡jv cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi wel‡q AZ¨š— mZK©| †m‡`‡ki miKvimg~n GB g‡g©wewfbœ AvBb cvk K‡i‡Q hv‡Z †mme Bqv‡W© cy‡iv‡bv RvnvR Avg`vwb bv Kiv nq †hLv‡bcwi‡ek msµvš— wbqgKvbyb gvbv nq bv| meyR RvnvRfv½v BqvW© ev wbivc` RvnvRfv½v wkí‡KBD‡iv‡ci †`k¸‡jv‡Z fZ©ywK †`Iqv n‡”Q|g¨vwib wn‡÷vix Bbdi‡gkb G·‡PÄ MÖ“c (Marine History Information ExchangeGroup) GKwU Le‡i D‡j−L K‡i‡Q †h, WvP& (Dutch) meyR ¯Œ¨vcBqvW© 78 wgwjqb BDGm WjviAvw_©K mnvqZv cv‡”Q hvi gva¨‡g Zviv k~b¨ `~lY (Zero Pollution) wewkó BqvW© ¯’vcb Ki‡Zhv‡”Q †b`vij¨vÛ Gi Dˇi Ggm¨v‡fb (Emshaven)-G| GwU AviI D‡j−L K‡i‡Q †h, GicÖfve evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi DciI †hgb co‡e †Zgwb evsjv‡`k I fvi‡ZiRvnvRfv½v wk‡íI Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡e| Kv‡RB AvcvZ`„wó‡Z g‡b nq †h, cwi‡ek iv AvBbbv cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j †h cÖvwß Zv LyeB Y¯’vqx|6| DcmsnviRvnvRfv½v wk‡íi ïi“ evsjv‡`‡k †hfv‡eB †nvK bv †Kb GLb ch©š— GwU †gvUvgywUfv‡eGKwU wk‡í cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| †gvUvgywU ejvi KviY n‡jv GKwU myMwVZ wkí n‡Z †M‡j †hmymse× cwiKíbv, wbqgKvbyb I Zvi ev¯—evqb `iKvi Zvi †Kv‡bvwUB G wk‡í †bB| Zvi†_‡KI eo K_v n‡jv †hLv‡b GKwU wkí GKwU †`k‡K mg„×kvjx Kivi Rb¨ M‡o D‡V †mLv‡bRvnvRfv½v wkí evsjv‡`‡k‡K ZvrwYK jv‡fi gyL †`Lv‡jI †d‡j w`‡”Q fwel¨‡Zi fqvenAÜKvi K~‡c| KviY GKwU †`‡ki Rb¨ Zvi cwi‡ek I RbMY Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| hv‡`i Dbœq‡biRb¨ wk‡íi Avwef©ve N‡U, RvnvRfv½v wkí Zv‡`i Aw¯—Z¡‡KB cÖ‡kœi gy‡L †V‡j w`‡”Q| m„wón‡q‡Q wkígvwjK I cwi‡ekev`x‡`i g‡a¨ gZv‰bK¨| RvnvRfv½v wkígvwjK‡`i g‡Z ZvivKg©ms¯’vb m„wó, Ki cÖ`vb, A‡bK wk‡í e¨eüZ KuvPvgvj Drcv`bKvix ms¯’v¸‡jv‡K †jŠn,B¯úvZ BZ¨vw` mieivn K‡i †`‡ki Dbœq‡b D”P BwZevPK Ae`vb ivL‡Qb, Avi cwiekev`x‡`ig‡Z GB Ae`vb n‡jv †`‡ki cwi‡ek I gvby‡li Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q|eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx RvnvRfv½v wkí KZ…©K ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ cÖvq 45 wewjqbUvKv (cÖwZ eQ‡i)| GB Z_¨ †_‡K ¯úófv‡e ejv hvq, RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi A_©‰bwZK Ae`vb

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 149Ab¯^xKvh©| wKš‘ GB Ae`v‡bi wecix‡Z ‡h cwi‡ek Ges Rb¯^v‡¯^¨i wZ n‡”Q Zvi cÖfve†Kej ZvrwYKB bq mỳ ~icÖmvixI| A_P gvwjK‡Mvôx hw` cwi‡ekMZ wZ Ges ¯^v¯’¨MZwZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ GB wkí n‡Z AwR©Z Zv‡`i gybvdvi GK mnmªvsk LiP K‡i Zvn‡j GBwk‡íi Ae`vb e„nr †_‡K e„nËi n‡Zv| KviY eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi Z_¨ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, hw`AvBGjI Ges Ab¨vb¨ kªwgK wbivcËv c`‡cmg~n Kvh©Ki Kiv nq Z‡e evrmwiK Li‡PicwigvY `uvovq gvÎ 32.30 wgwjqb UvKv Avi wbivcËvi welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j`yN©UbvRwbZ wZi cwigvY Kg‡e 100 wgwjqb UvKviI †ewk|ZvB RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv Ri“wi| Z‡e eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Dc¯’vwcZ wewfbœZ‡_¨i wfwˇZ ejv hvq †h, RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ ïay †Kej GBwk†íi gvwjK‡`i DciB eZ©vq bv, G wk‡íi Dci wbf©ikxj wkí¸‡jviI A‡bK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q|miKv‡iiI †ek wKQz `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q GB wk‡íi cÖwZ| †hgb, RvnvRfv½v wk‡í wbivcËv wbwðZbv Kivi †cQ‡b GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡jv gvbe¯^v¯’¨, mvgyw`ªK ˆewPΨ BZ¨vw` m¤^‡Ü h_vh_Z‡_¨i Afve| GLv‡b miKv‡ii DwPZ G welq¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü h_vh_ Z_¨ mieivn Kiv|RvnvRfv½v wk‡í Kg©iZ I fwel¨‡Z KvR Ki‡e Ggb kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ Dchy³ cÖwk‡Yie¨e¯’vI miKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| kªwg‡Ki Kg© wbivcËv I ¯^v¯’¨ myiv wbwðZ Kiv miKvi IRvnvRwkí gvwjK‡`i †hŠ_ cÖqv‡m m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i|AvB‡bi welqwU‡Z miKvi wKQyUv Zrci n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k Gbfvqib‡g›Uvj jBqvm©G‡mvwm‡qkb (BELA) I wewfbœ ms¯’vi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M evsjv‡`k miKvi RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Rb¨cÖ‡hvR¨ AvBb cÖYq‡b A‡bKLvwb D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q I wb‡”Q| GiB d‡j RvZxq msm‡` 27†m‡Þ¤^i 2010 mv‡j GKwU wej cvk nq| GB wejwU we`¨gvb evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek iv AvBb1995-G GKwU bZzb avivi m~Pbv K‡i| G wej Abyhvqx, RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ †Kv‡bve¨w³ hw` cwi‡ek `~lY ev kªwgK ¯^v¯’¨SuzwKRwbZ †Kv‡bv Kvh©Kjv‡c wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡Kkvw¯— wnmv‡e 10 eQ‡ii †Rj I Kgc‡ 10 jvL UvKv Rwigvbv Kiv n‡e| cwi‡ek ivAvB‡bi GB aviv hw` †KD cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv j•Nb K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K 2 eQ‡ii †Rj I Kgc‡2 jvL UvKv Avjv`vfv‡e ev GKmv‡_ Rwigvbv Kiv n‡e| GKvwaKevi AvBb j•N‡bi †‡Îm‡e©v”P kvw¯— 10 jvL UvKv Rwigvbv I 10 eQ‡ii †Rj (The Daily Star, September 28,2010)|GB AvBwb c`‡c¸‡jv Kvh©Ki Kivi c`‡c MÖnY K‡i‡Q miKvi| msev` gva¨g †_‡KRvbv hvq, nvB‡KvU© miKv‡ii h_vh_ KZ…©c‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q †h cwi‡ekRwbZ eR©¨c`v_©gy³KiY `wjj (Certificate) Qvov †Kv‡bv RvnvRfv½v wkí‡K †hb GbIwm (No ObjectionCertificate or NOC) cÖ`vb Kiv bv nq, we‡kl K‡i hLb Zviv cwiZ¨³ RvnvR Avg`vwb Ki‡e(The Daily Star, A‡±vei 12, 2010)| Avi GKwU msev` gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq, RvnvRfv½v wk‡íh_vh_ AvBb bv nIqv ch©š— evsjv‡`k nvB‡KvU© fv½vi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv RvnvR Avg`vwb wbwl× K‡iw`‡q‡Q (Dhaka Mirror, 16 wW‡m¤^i, 2010)| Gw`‡K †ejvi (BELA) `v‡qi Kiv wcwUk‡bi

150evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwbqwgZ ïbvwb nvB‡Kv‡U© Pj‡Q| ZvQvov Dchy³ AvBb m„wó I m‡PZbZv e„w×i j‡¨evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ms¯’v miKvi‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i hv‡”Q|Gme Z_¨ †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q, evsjv‡`k miKvi RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi †bwZevPK w`KwU m¤^‡Üh‡_ó m‡PZb n‡q‡Q| Z‡e wewfbœ AvBwb c`‡c cÖ‡qv‡Mi †‡Î miKvi‡K K‡Vvi n‡Z n‡e|AvBwb c`‡c¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j RvnvRfv½v wkí Øviv ms‡hvwRZ Avw_©K g~j¨ wKQzUv Kg‡ewVKB wKš‘ `xN©¯’vqx cwi‡ek I gvbe wZi m¤¢vebv K‡g Avm‡e A‡bKLvwb hv RvnvRfv½vwkí‡K Acvi m¤¢vebvgq wk‡í cwiYZ Ki‡e|RvnvRfv½v wkí GKwU m¤¢vebvi bvg| GB m¤¢vebv‡K iv Kivi Rb¨ Ges GB m¤¢vebv‡KAviI m¤¢vebvgq Kivi Rb¨ miKvi, gvwjK, GbwRI, cwi‡ekev`x, GgbwK GB wk‡í wb‡qvwRZkªwgK mK‡jiB DwPZ mw¤§wjZfv‡e KvR Kiv| AvR h_vh_ AvBb cÖYqb I ev¯—evq‡b AbxnvGes kªwg‡Ki Kg© Ae‡njvi AvZ¥weaŸsmx cÖfve †hfv‡e RvnvRfv½v wk‡íi Dci c‡o‡Q Zv‡ZK‡i GKw`b RvnvRfv½v wkíB ïay bq Gi mv‡_ cÖ‡Z¨ I c‡ivfv‡e RwoZ A‡bK wk‡íifwel¨ZB SuywKMÖ¯— n‡q co‡e| ZvQvov GB AvZ¥weaŸsmx cÖfve we‡`kx wewb‡qvM Ges ch©Ubwk‡íi Dc‡iI co‡e| †Kbbv eZ©gv‡b RvnvRfv½v wkí Øviv msNwUZ cwi‡ek `~lY I G wk‡íkªwgK g„Zz¨ G‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h©, gvbem¤ú` I G‡`‡ki cÖwZ c„w_exi gvby‡li `„wófw½ax‡i ax‡i bó K‡i w`‡”Q| G Ae¯’v †iva Ki‡Z mswk−ó mKj‡K mw¤§wjZfv‡e GwM‡q G‡mRvnvRfv½v wkí‡K GKwU `~lYgy³ I †UKmB wk‡í (Pollution free and sustainable Industry)cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB ïaygvÎ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I mvgwMÖK fv‡M¨vbœq‡b G wk‡íi Acvim¤¢vebv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡e|

†b‡nixb I Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvRfv½v wkí 151MÖš’cwÄAlam, K. (2005): Institutional Aspects of Ship Breaking Industry Bangladesh., WorkingPaper WP044. Program Development Office for Integrated Coastal ZoneManagement Plan (PDO-ICZMP).Butler, Richard J., and John D. Worrall (1991): “Claims Reporting and Risk BearingMoral Hazard in Workers' Compensation.” Journal of Risk and Insuranc,. 58(2):191-204.Carson, B.L., Ellis, H.V. and McCann, J.L. (1987): Toxicology and BiologicalMonitoring of Metals in Humans. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.Dhaka Mirror (2010): HC Bans Scrap Ship Import Till Rules Framed, December 16.DNV (2001): Decommissioning of Ships– Environmental Standards Ship-BreakingPracticies/ On-Site Assessment Bangladesh – Chittagong. pp 74.Foster, U. and Wittman, G. (1981): Metal Pollution in Aquatic Environment. Springer,Berlin, Germany.Green Peace (1999): Ships for Scrap II, Steel and Toxic Wastes for Asia, - WorkerHealth & Safety and Environmental Problems at the Chang Jiang ShipbreakingYard Operated by the China National Ship Breaking Corporation in XiagangNear Jiangyin, November.Green Peace (2001): Ships for Scrap III, Steel and Toxic Wastes for Asia, - Findings of aGreenpeace Study on Workplace and Environmental Contamination in Alang-Sosya.ILO (2003): “Draft Guidelines on Safety and Health in Ship Breaking.” InterregionalTripartite Meeting of Experts on Safety and Health in Ship Breaking forSelected Asian Countries and Turkey Bangkok, 20-27 May 2003. pp101.ILO (2003): Draft Guidelines on Safety and Health in Shipping. Bangkok. 93pp.Islam, K.L. and Hossain, M.M. (1986): “Effect of Ship Scrapping on the Soil and SeaEnvironment in the Coastal Area of Chittagong,” Bangladesh. Mar. Poll. Bull,Vol.17. No.10, pp.462-463.London Convention (1972): ”Specific Guidelines for Assessment of Vessels” ScientificGroup, Report LC/SG 24/11, Annex 6, the Twenty-second Consultative Meetingof Contracting Parties to the London Convention 1972. Available athttp://www.londonconvention.org.McElroy, J. Brown (2006): Ship Breaking at Alang, India “What is the Right Thing forthis Place?” TIAS 498 Independent Study, University of Washington, Tacoma.Nosal, R.M. and Wilhelm, W. J. (1990): “Lead Toxicity in the Ship Breaking Industry:the Ontario Experience.” Can-J-Public-Health Jul-Aug, 81(4): 259-62.Rivera, A.T.F., Cortes-Maramba, N.P. and Akagi, H. (2003): Health and EnvironmentalImpact of Mercury: Past and Present Experience J. Phys. IV France 107: 1139.Rahman, A. M. amd Shahin, A.M. (2007): “Shipbreaking Industry in Bangladesh NeedsModernization and Policy Planning,” Report of The Bangladesh Observer,Dhaka, Friday, November 9.Siddiquee, N.A. (2004): Impact of Ship Breaking on Marine Fish Diversity of the Bay ofBengal. DFIDSUFER Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp 46.

152evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvThe Daily Star (2010): “Environment Protection Law: Ship-Breakers to Face 10 YearsJail for Pollution,” September 28.The Daily Star (2010): Stop Issuing NOC to Import Toxic Scrap Ships, October 12.The Dhaka Mirror (2010): “High Court (HC) Bans Scrap Ship Import till Rules Framed”,December 16.YPSA (2005): “Workers in Ship Breaking Industries: A Base Line Survey of Chittagong,Bangladesh.” Young Power in Social Action (YPSA), Chittagong. p.79.

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Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx 155Ò†níG¨vR B›Uvib¨vkbvjÓ-Gi Ab¨ GK cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K we‡k¦i wewfbœ A‡ji cÖexYRbmsL¨vi KwZcq wPÎ wb‡æ Zz‡j aiv n‡”Q hvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i RbwgwZK A‡bK Z_¨ m¤ú‡K©AeMZ nIqv m¤¢e| ewY©Z wPÎmg~n n‡”Q:(1) AbybœZ †`kmg~‡n 497 wgwjqb cÖexY cyi“l I gwnjv evm K‡ib hvi cwigvY we‡k¦icÖvq `yB-Z…Zxqvsk cÖexY RbmsL¨vi mgvb;(2) cÖexY‡`i g‡a¨ 180 wgwjq‡bi AwaK msL¨K cÖexY `vwi`ª¨mxgvi g‡a¨ evm K‡ib;3) 2045 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 60 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki msL¨v we‡k¦i 0-14 eQi eqm-†kªwYi †gvU RbmsL¨v‡K AwZµg Ki‡e| B‡Zvg‡a¨B Gwkqv, j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv IK¨vwiexqv AÂj, BD‡ivc I DËi Av‡gwiKv cÖf„wZ A‡ji 0-14 eQi eqm-‡kªwYicÖe„w× Pi‡g †cuŠ‡Q wM‡q wbgœgyLx MwZ aviY K‡i‡Q;(4) wbgœ I ga¨ Av‡qi †`kmg~‡n 50 kZvs‡kiI †ewk 60 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ cyi“l Igwnjv Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb, hv‡`i AwaKvsk AbvbyôvwbK †‡Î (informalsector) KvR K‡ib;(5) we‡k¦i GK-Z…Zxqvsk eq¯‹ †jvKB cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM-cxwoZ— I msNvZc~Y© A‡j emevmK‡ib; Ges(6) Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †`‡kB †gvU GBPAvBwf I GBWm (HIV and AIDS)Avµvš—‡`i g‡a¨ cÖexY‡`i msL¨v 40 kZvs‡kiI †ewk (HelpAge International,undated)|mviwY 1-Gi cÖwZ `„wó wb‡c Ki‡j 2009 mv‡j we‡k¦i wewfbœ A‡ji cÖexY RbwgwZKGKwU wPÎ AwZ mn‡RB cwi`„ó nq| GLv‡b cÖexY‡`‡i eqm-‡kªwY Abyhvqx wZb fv‡M mvRv‡bvn‡q‡Q, ‡hgb 60 eQi ev Z`~aŸ©, 65 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© Ges 80 eQi ev Z`~aŸ©| D³ wZbwU†kªYx‡K `yBwU Dcv‡q hvPvB Kiv hvq: †hgb (1) A_©‰bwZK †kªwY, h_v ÔAwaK DbœZÕ IÔ¯^‡ívbœZÕ AÂj wn‡m‡e Ges (2) †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb ev Ôgnv‡`kÕ wn‡m‡e, †hgb Gwkqvgnv‡`k, Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k BZ¨vw`| A_©‰bwZK †kªwY, †hgb ÔAwaK DbœZ AÂjÕ I Ô¯^‡ívbœZAÂjÕ G `yBwU A‡ji cÖexY†`i RbwgwZK Ae¯’vi cÖwZ `„wó wb‡c Ki‡j †`Lv hvq,Õ¯^‡ívbœZ AÂjÕ-G 80 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© eqm-‡kªwY e¨ZxZ Aci `yBwU †kªwY‡ZB cÖexY‡`i msL¨vev AvbycvwZK nvi ÔAwaK DbœZ AÂjÕ-Gi †P‡q †ewk| D`vniY ¯^iƒc, ÔAwaK DbœZ AÂjÕ IÔ¯^‡ívbœZ AÂjÕ-Gi 60 eQi ev Z`~aŸ©, 65 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© Ges 80 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© GB wZbwUeqm-‡kªwYi cÖexY‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi h_vµ‡g 35.79 I 64.20 kZvsk; 37.99 I 62.00kZvsk Ges 50.87 I 49.12 kZvsk| Aciw`‡K hLb †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb ev Õgnv‡`kÕ wfwËKcÖexY RbwgwZK wP‡Îi cÖwZ `„wó wb‡c Kiv hvq ZLb †`Lv hvq, Dc‡iv³ wZbwU †kªwY‡ZBwe‡k¦i g‡a¨ Gwkqvi ¯’vb cÖ_g| Zvic‡i h_vµ‡g BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKv, j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvI K¨vwiexqvb, Avwd«Kv Ges I‡mwbqvi ¯’vb|

156evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcÖavbcÖavbAÂjwek¦AwaKDbœZAÂj¯^‡ívbœZAÂjmviwY 12009 mv‡j we‡k¦i cÖavb AÂjmg~‡ni †gvU RbmsL¨vq wj½ †f‡` cÖexY Rb‡Mvôxi(60 eQi ev Z`~aŸ©, 65 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© Ges 80 eQi ev Z`~aŸ©) Ask(kZvs‡k)60 eQi ev 60 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© (%) 65 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© (%) 80 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© (%)Z`~aŸ©eq¯‹ †gvURbmsL¨v(wgwjqb)†gvU cyi“l gwnjv †gvU cyi“l gwnjv †gvU cyi“l gwnjv737275 737275 335464 401811 511999 225963 286036 101873 37768 64105(%) (100.00) (45.50) (54.49) (69.44) (30.64) (38.79) (13.81) (5.12) (8.69)ÕAwaK DbœZÕ I Õ¯^‡ívbœZÕ AÂj‡f‡` cÖexY RbmsL¨vi kZKiv web¨vm263905 35.79 33.44 37.75 37.99 35.12 40.26 50.87 45.30 54.15473370 64.20 66.55 62.24 62.00 64.87 59.73 49.12 54.69 45.84gnv‡`k wfwËK cÖexY RbmsL¨vi kZKiv web¨vmAvwd«Kv 53770 7.29 7.34 0.07 6.73 6.85 6.63 4.05 4.44 3.83Gwkqv 399881 54.23 56.42 52.40 52.95 55.49 50.94 44.40 48.32 42.09BD‡ivc 158503 21.49 19.48 23.17 23.10 20.65 25.04 29.44 24.93 32.09j¨vwUb 57039 7.73 7.67 7.78 7.70 7.69 7.72 8.17 8.67 7.88Av‡gwiKv IK¨vwiexqvbDËi 62744 8.51 8.32 8.66 8.76 8.54 8.93 12.93 12.59 13.13Av‡gwiKvI‡mwbqv 5338 0.72 0.74 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.71 0.97 1.01 0.96gš—e¨: Kjv‡gi †gvU msL¨v‡K wfwË K‡i kZKiv msL¨v¸‡jv wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q|Drm: “World Population Ageing, 2009”, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division, New York, 2009.mviwY 1- †_‡K AviI j Kiv hvq †h, AwaKvsk †‡ÎB cyi“l cÖexY‡`i Zzjbvq gwnjvcÖexY‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi A‡bK †ewk| we‡kl K‡i we‡k¦ †gvU cÖexY‡`i wj½‡f‡` Dc‡iv³wZbwU eqm-‡kªwYi cÖwZ `„wó wb‡c Ki‡j cyi“l I gwnjv‡`i AvbycvwZK nv‡ii †h wPÎwUcwijwZ nq Zv n‡”Q h_vµ‡g 45.50 I 54.49 kZvsk, 30.64 I 38.79 kZvsk Ges5.12 I 8.69 kZvsk| ÔAwaK DbœZ AÂjÕ-Gi wPÎ wek¦ wP‡Îi m‡½ ûeû mvgÄm¨c~Y©| wKš‘Ô¯^‡ívbœZ AÂjÕ-Gi wPÎ Gi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| A_©vr, GB A‡ji me©ÎB cyi“l‡`i Zzjbvqgwnjv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi Kg| Avevi Ôgnv‡`kÕ wfwËK wP‡Îi cÖwZ `„wó wb‡c Ki‡j wKQze¨wZµgx wPÎ cwijwZ nq| †hgb, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gnv‡`‡k wKQy wKQy eqm-‡kªwY‡Z cyi“lcÖexY‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi gwnjv‡`i †P‡q †ewk, Avevi †Kv_vI gwnjv‡`i †P‡q cyi“‡liAvbycvwZK nvi Kg|Dc‡iv³ Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i wewfbœ A‡ji cÖexY Rb‡Mvôxi †h wPÎwU dz‡U D‡V‡QZv †_‡K AwZ mn‡RB Zv‡`i e„w×-nv‡ii MwZi `ª“ZZv, AvÂwjK Ae¯’vb Ges wj½‡f‡`AvbycvwZK ˆewPΨ BZ¨vw` cwimsL¨vb m¤ú‡K© †gvUvgywU GKwU aviYv cvIqv hvq| Dciš‘ Zv‡`i

Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx 157mvwe©K Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AviI wek`fv‡e Rvbvi Rb¨ e¨vcK M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q e‡j DcjwäKiv hvq|3| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki KwZcq †`‡ki cÖexY RbwgwZK wPÎGKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q †h, mviv we‡k¦i g‡a¨ GwkqvB n‡”Q cÖexY‡`i Rb¨`ª“ZZg ea©bkxj AÂj| Aa© kZvwã c~‡e©I Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl 50 eQi eq‡mg„Zz¨ eiY KiZ| wKš‘ AvR AwaK msL¨K †jvKB Gi †P‡q ‡ewk w`b †eu‡P _v‡K|(International Federation on Ageing and HelpAge International, January 2009)| H GKBcÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K AviI cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q †h, MZ 40 eQ‡i Px‡b gvby‡li Mo Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv (lifeexpectancy) e„w× †c‡q‡Q 31 eQi, wdwjcvB‡b 21 eQi Ges evsjv‡`‡k 20 eQi| cÖexYRbmsL¨vi Giƒc `ª“Z cwieZ©bkxj Ae¯’v †`‡ki miKvi, †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb (NGO), mswk−ócwievi GgbwK ¯^qs cÖexY †jvK‡`i Rb¨I GKwU A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZi Bw½Z enb K‡i|GKwesk kZvwã‡Z c`vc©‡Yi cÖvi‡¤¢B Gwkqv gnv‡`k we‡k¦i cÖexY RbmsL¨v e„w×i `ª“ZewaÂy Avevm-¯’j wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| kZvwãi cÖ_g `kK¸‡jv‡Z we‡k¦ †gvU RbmsL¨viZzjbvq cÖexY †jv‡Ki msL¨v `ª“Z MwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡e| we‡k¦i 60 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ AwaKvsk†jv‡KiB evm n‡e Gwkqv‡Z Ges Zv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi BwZnv‡mi †h †Kv‡bv mg‡qi †P‡q`ª“ZZg MwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡e| 2024 mv‡ji w`‡K we‡k¦i cÖexY RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 58 kZvskB Gwkqvgnv‡`‡k evm Ki‡eb| cieZ©x 25 eQ‡i Gwkqvi cÖexY RbmsL¨v wظY n‡q hv‡e GesZrcieZ©x AviI `yB `k‡Ki g‡a¨ G msL¨vI Avevi Zrc~e©eZ©x msL¨vi wظY n‡e| 2050mv‡ji w`‡K Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki cÖexY RbmsL¨v 1995 mv‡ji msL¨vi †P‡q 5 ¸Y n‡q hv‡e| Gidj¯^iƒc Gwkqvi Rbeûj AwaKvsk †`‡k AwaKmsL¨K cÖexY †jvK cj−x A‡j emevm Ki‡eb(Wesumperuma 2001)|eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi cwiwk‡ó GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ cÖvq mvgÄm¨c~Y© Gwkqvgnv‡`‡ki KwZcq †`‡ki cÖexY RbwgwZK ¯^iƒc wb‡q GKwU Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kivi cÖqvm†bIqv n‡q‡Q| GB Q‡K cÖwZwU †`‡ki Rb¥-nvi, g„Zÿ -nvi I Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv, weMZ K‡qK `kK†_‡K eZ©gvb Kvj ch©š— cÖexY RbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZK nvi, fwel¨‡Z †gvU RbmsL¨vq Zv‡`iAvbycvwZK nvi e„w×i m¤¢vebv Ges AvÂwjK Ae¯’vb‡f‡`, A_©vr cj−x AÂj I kniv‡jemev‡mi AvbycvwZK nvi BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© †gvUvgywU eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|4| evsjv‡`‡k cÖexY RbmsL¨vi ¯^iƒc I MwZaviv4.1| RbwgwZK DËiY (demographic transition)cwiwk‡ói QKwU‡Z Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki †`kmg~‡ni †h wPÎ cwijwZ n‡q‡Q Zv †_‡K GUv¯úó †h, evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v GB gnv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ †`kmg~n †_‡K †Zgb wew”Qbœ wKQz bq|

158evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvGwkqv Z_v we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k cÖexY RbmsL¨v e„w×i †mªvZavivi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q evsjv‡`kIGwM‡q hv‡”Q| mviv we†k¦i g‡Zv GKB avivq evsjv‡`‡kI gvby‡li Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv `xN©vwqZ n‡”QGes †gvU cÖRbb-nvi n«v‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ Rb¥-nviI n«vm cv‡”Q (mviwY 2)| d‡j †`‡ki †gvURbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq cÖexY RbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZK nvi µgvš^‡q EaŸ© MwZ jvf Ki‡Q|eQiMo Rb¥-nvi(CBR)(cÖwZ nvRv‡i)mviwY 2evsjv‡`‡k RbwgwZK DËiY (demographic transition)Mo g„Zz¨-nvi(CDR)(cÖwZ nvRv‡i)wkïg„Zz¨-nvi(cÖwZ nvRv‡i)†gvU cÖRbbnvi(TFR)(cÖwZ nvRvicÖm~wZ‡Z Rxeš—cÖme `vb)Rb¥-wbqš¿Yc×wZe¨env‡imdjZvinviRb¥j‡Mœ Mo AvqyicÖZ¨vkv1980 33.4 10.2 Gb.G 4.99 Gb.G 56.5 54.91985 34.6 12.1 112 4.71 25.3 54.3 54.11990 32.8 11.4 94 4.33 39.2 56.4 55.41995 26.5 8.4 71 3.45 48.7 58.4 58.12000 19.0 4.9 58 2.59 53.8 61.7 62.72001 18.9 4.8 56 2.56 Gb.G 62.5 64.12002 20.1 5.1 53 2.56 Gb.G 64.5 65.42003 20.9 5.9 53 2.57 Gb.G 64.3 65.42004 20.8 5.8 52 2.51 58.1 64.4 65.72005 20.7 5.8 50 2.46 Gb.G 64.4 65.82006 20.6 5.6 45 2.41 Gb.G 64.5 66.62007 20.9 6.2 43 2.39 55.8 65.4 67.92008 20.5 6.0 40 2.30 Gb.G 65.6 68.0gš—e¨: Gb.G cÖKvk Ki‡Q Z_¨ cvIqv hvqwb|Durm: BBS, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, different issues; For Contraceptive Prevalence Rate:1.Bangladesh demographic and Health Survey, different issues;2. NIPORT, Bangladesh Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, different issues.cyi“lgwnjv4.2| cÖexY RbmsL¨vi wPÎevsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ Av`gïgvixi cwimsL¨vb †_‡K cwijwZ nq †h, we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ ‡`‡kig‡Zv GLv‡bI †gvU RbmsL¨v e„w×i nv‡ii Zzjbvq cÖexY RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi A‡bK †ewk I`ª“Z| 1961 I 1991 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU cÖexY RbmsL¨v wQj h_vµ‡g 2.7 wgwjqb I 5.7wgwjqb, A_©vr †gvU RbmsL¨vi m‡½ Zuv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi wQj h_vµ‡g 5.2 I 5.4 kZvsk|A_P 2001 mv‡j †gvU RbmsL¨vi m‡½ Zuv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi wQj 6.1 kZvsk (BBS,Bangladesh Population Census, different years)| RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx 2011 I2021 mv‡j cÖexY‡`i msL¨v `uvov‡e h_vµ‡g 10.1 wgwjqb I 13.5 wgwjqb| Avi 2050 mv‡j†`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨v `uvov‡e 217.8 wgwjqb Ges cÖexY‡`i msL¨v 40 wgwjq‡biI Dc‡i| H

Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx 159mg‡q cÖexY RbmsL¨v n‡e †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 19 kZvsk| cÖexY‡`i Giƒc e„w×i nvi gwnjv Icyi“l Df‡qi †‡ÎB cÖvq mgvb e‡j cwijwZ n‡”Q (mviwY 3)|eQimviwY 3evsjv‡`‡ki cÖexY RbmsL¨v (60 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ RbmsL¨v)†gvU RmmsL¨v('000)60 eQi IZ`~aŸ© eq¯‹RbmsL¨v('000)`yB Av`gïgvixi ga¨eZ©x mg‡qRbmsL¨vi cÖe„w×i nvi†gvU RbmsL¨v 60 eQi I Z`~aŸ©eq¯‹ RbmsL¨vcÖexY RbmsL¨v†gvU RbmsL¨vikZKiv nviwnmv‡e1951 41,932 1,858 - - 4.431961 50,840 2,654 2.12 4.28 5.221974 71,479 4,060 3.12 4.08 5.681981 87,120 4,905 3.13 2.97 5.631991 106,315 5,699 2.20 1.62 5.362001 123,841 7,590 1.54 2.18 6.132010 (A) 153,437 8,869 1.59 3.01 5.782020(A) 172,900 12,967 1.27 4.63 7.502030(A) 191,097 19,855 1.05 5,31 10.392040(A) 204,458 30,178 0.70 5.20 14.762050(A) 217,819 40,514 0.65 3.43 18.60gš—e¨: ÔAÕ Awf‡c wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|Durm: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census of Bangladesh, different years; UN, World PopulationProjections, 2001.4.3| wj½†f‡` cÖexY RbmsL¨vi ZviZg¨1951 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k 60 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ cyi“l I gwnjv‡`i msL¨v wQj h_vµ‡g 1wgwjqb I 0.8 wgwjqb Ges Zv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi wQj h_vµ‡g 55.01 kZvsk I 44.99kZvsk| 2001 mv‡ji Av`gïgvix‡ZI Zv‡`i AvbycvwZK nv‡i †Zgb cv_©K¨ cwijwZ nqwb|Z‡e RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx cwi`„ó nq †h, 2050 mv‡j Zv‡`i AvbycvwZK nv‡iD‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b Avm‡e| A_©vr Zv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi `uvov‡e h_vµ‡g 47.43 kZvsk I52.56 kZvsk| 1951 mv‡j †gvU RbmsL¨vi m‡½ cÖexY cyi“l I gwnjv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi wQjh_vµ‡g 4.66 kZvsk I 4.17 kZvsk hv 2001 mv‡j wQj 6.59 kZvsk I 5.64 kZvsk|A_©vr Dfq mgqKv‡jB cyi“l‡`i Zzjbvq gwnjv cÖexY‡`i msL¨v ev AvbycvwZK nvi wQj Kg|wKš‘ RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx 2050 mv‡j cyi“l‡`i Zzjbvq gwnjv‡`i msL¨v ev AvbycvwZKnvi wecixZ MwZgyLx n‡q hv‡e| A_©vr Zv‡`i AvbycvwZK nvi `uvov‡e h_vµ‡g 17.61 kZvsk I19.59 kZvsk (mviwY 4)|

160evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxveQimviwY-4wj½ I cÖe„w× Abymv‡i cÖexY RbmsL¨vi kZKiv web¨vmcÖexY RbmsL¨v(000)cÖexY RbmsL¨vikZKiv web¨vm`yB Av`gïgvixiga¨eZ©x mg‡qRbmsL¨vi cÖe„w×i nvicÖexY RbmsL¨v †gvURbmsL¨vi kZKivnvi wnmv‡ecyi“l gwnjv cyi“l gwnjv cyi“l gwnjv cyi“l gwnjv1951 1,022 836 55.01 44.99 4.66 4.171961 1,462 1192 55.09 44.91 4.31 4.27 5.55 4.861974 2,291 1,769 56.43 43.57 4.36 3.72 6.18 5.131981 2,749 2,156 56.04 43.96 2.86 3.13 6.12 5.101991 3,207 2,492 56.27 43.73 1.67 1.60 5.86 4.842001 4,208 3,382 55.44 44.56 1.02 3.66 6.59 5.642010 (A) 4,368 4,501 49.25 50.75 2.48 3.57 5.59 5.982020(A) 6,318 6,649 48.72 51.25 4.46 4.77 7.20 7.812030(A) 9,616 10,239 48.43 51.57 5.22 5.38 9.95 10.832040(A) 14,414 15,764 47.76 52.24 4.99 5.41 14.01 15.522050(A) 19,216 21,298 47.43 52.56 3.33 3.51 17.61 19.59gš—e¨: ÕAÕ Awf‡c wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|Durm: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census of Bangladesh, different issues; UN, WorldPopulation Projections, 2001.4.4| cÖexY RbmsL¨vi AvÂwjK Ae¯’vbevsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 80 kZvs‡kiI ‡ewk cÖexY cj−x A‡j evm K‡ib| 1961 mv‡j cj−xI kniv‡j cÖexY‡`i emev‡mi nvi wQj h_vµ‡g 96.08 kZvsk I 3.92 kZvsk, hv µgvš^‡qe„w× ‡c‡q 1981 mv‡j G‡m `uvovq h_vµ‡g 86.77 kZvsk I 13.23 Ges 2001 mv‡j AviIe„w× †c‡q `uvovq 82.06 kZvsk I 17.94 kZvs‡k| Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i MZ 40 eQ‡i cÖexY‡`iknigyLx emev‡mi nvi 3.92 kZvsk †_‡K e„w× †c‡q 17.94 kZvsk n‡q‡Q Ges cj−x A‡jemev‡mi nvi wbgœgyLxiƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| Giƒc MwZaviv Pj‡Z _vK‡j fwel¨‡Z AviI cwieZ©bn‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| cyi“l I gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ Zyjbv Ki‡j †Zgb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨cwijwZ nq bv (mviwY 5)|mviwY 5AvÂwjK Ae¯’vb (kni AÂj I cj−x AÂj) I wj½‡f‡` cÖexY RbmsL¨vi kZKiv web¨vmeQi †gvU cÖexY cÖexY RbM‡Yi AvÂwjK cyi“l cÖexY (%) gwnjv cÖexY (%)RbmsL¨v (000) Ae¯’vb (%)cj−x AÂj knivÂj cj−x AÂj knivÂj cj−x AÂj knivÂj1961 2,654 96.08 3.92 96.17 3.83 96.22 3.781974 4,060 93.47 6.53 93.37 6.63 93.61 6.391981 4,905 86.77 13.23 86.32 13.68 87.48 12.521991 5,699 84.24 15.76 83.82 16.18 86.32 13.682001 7,950 82.06 17.94 81.55 18.44 82.67 17.33Durm: BBS, Population Census of Bangladesh, different years.

Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx 1615| cÖexY Rb‡Mvôxi mgm¨vejxwewfbœ M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖexY Rb†Mvôxi ‡ewkifvMB bvbvAv_©-mvgvwRK mgm¨vq †fv‡Mb| mvaviYfv‡e Zviv PviwU mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q _v‡Kb| G¸‡jvn‡”Q: (1) A_©‡bwZK mgm¨v; (2) AvevwmK mgm¨v; (3) ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv mgm¨v; Ges (4)g‡bv-mvgvwRK mgm¨v|1) A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vmvgvwRK wbivcËv e¨e¯’v (Social security System)-i AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡kiAwaKvsk cÖexY A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vq †fv‡Mb| we‡k¦i AwaKvsk DbœZ †`‡kB cÖexY‡`i Rb¨miKvwifv‡e AvevwmK my‡hvM-myweavmn cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ mKj A_©‰bwZK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’vwe`¨gvb Av‡Q| wKš‘ `y-GKwU weij `„óvš— e¨ZxZ Dbœqbkxj Z_v AbybœZ †`kmg~‡n cÖexYRb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v †bB| Gme †`‡k cÖexY‡`i Kg©gqRxe‡bi Aemvb nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B A_©‡bwZK AwbðqZv cÖKU n‡q †`Lv †`q| hv‡`i m¤ú`Ges Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Av‡qi Drm Av‡Q A_ev hviv Avcb mš—vb-mš—wZi ZË¡veav‡b Av‡Qb Zv‡`inq‡Zv †fvMvwš— GKUz Kg nq, wKš‘ hv‡`i G-wZbwUi †Kv‡bvwUB †bB Zv‡`i Rxebhvc‡bi cÖwZwU†‡ÎB K‡Vvi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| bvbv †ivM-e¨vwa _vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK mgq K‡VviKvwqK kª‡gi wewbg‡q Zv‡`i RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Z nq A_ev wfve„wËi c_ †e‡Q wb‡Z nq|2) AvevwmK mgm¨vevsjv‡`‡ki cÖexY‡`i AvevwmK mgm¨v AwZ cÖKU| GB Ae¯’v cÖexY‡`i Avw_©K ˆ`b¨ve¯’vi†P‡qI Ki“Y| cwievi-cwiRb, cyÎ, Kb¨v Ges m¤ú` _vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK †‡ÎB evwo‡Z e„×e„×viVuvB nq bv| †Kbbv cyÎ, Kb¨viv A‡bK †‡ÎB e„× wcZv-gvZv‡K evox‡Z ivL‡Z AvMÖnx_v‡K bv| A‡bK †‡Î wcZv-gvZvi mwÂZ m¤ú` n¯—MZ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K evox †_‡K ‡ei K‡i†`q| evox‡Z ivL‡jI bvbvfv‡e Zv‡`i‡K Kó †`q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î e„× wcZv-gvZvi Abœ,e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv I ïkÖ“lv BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _vK‡jI mš—v‡biv Zv‡`i †evSv ¯^iƒcg‡b K‡i| AwaKvsk mš—vbB Zv‡`i‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e wb‡Ri Kv‡Q ivL‡Z Pvq bv| ZvB AvR GK mš—v‡bi Kv‡Q †Zv Kvj Ab¨ mš—v‡bi Kv‡Q, G iKg K‡i K‡i †Kv‡bv GK mgq nq‡Zv †g‡q-RvgvB‡`i Øvi¯’ ch©š— n‡Z nq| we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡k e„× wcZv-gvZvi mvwe©K jvjbcvj‡beva¨ Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii c †_‡K AvBb cÖYqb Kivi K_vI †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ Zv‡ZI†Kv‡bv mydj n‡”Q bv| d‡j e„×-e„×v‡`i Avevmb mgm¨v †_‡KB hv‡”Q|3) ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv mgm¨veqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li †ivM cÖwZ‡iva gZvI n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| d‡j gvbyl bvbvcÖKvi †ivM-e¨vwai wkKvi nq| wbw`©ó wKQz ¯^v¯’¨MZ mgm¨v hv mvaviYZ cÖexY †jvK‡`i n‡q_v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv `„wókw³, kªeYkw³, ¯§„wZkw³ Ges nRgkw³ BZ¨vw` n«vm cvIqv, nvU© `ye©jn‡q cov, wKWwb `ye©j n‡q cov BZ¨vw`| GB mgm¨v¸‡jv QvovI cÖvqkB Zviv †Kvgi e¨v_v,†gi“`Ê e¨v_v, gw¯—‡®‹ i³iY, †cÖv‡óU eo n‡q hvIqv, G¨vwbwgqv, nuvcvbx, c¨vivjvBwmm,

162evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv¯‹vwf©, hv, wbD‡gvwbqv BZ¨vw` †iv‡Mi wkKvi nb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î wm‡Rv‡d«wbqv bvgKGKwU gvivZ¥K gvbwKmK †iv‡MiI wkKvi nb e„× e„×viv (Bmjvg 2000, ingvb 1996)| †`‡kwkï‡`i Rb¨ wkï-nvmcvZvj, gvZ…-m`b Ges †`‡ki cÖvq nvmcvZv‡jB wkï IqvW©, cÖm~wZ IqvW©BZ¨vw` wKQz wKQy wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v eZ©gvb Av‡Q, wKš‘ cÖexY Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ wPwKrmve¨e¯’v †`‡k †bB| Gw`‡K mš—vb-mš—wZivI cÖexY wcZvgvZvi †Kv‡bv wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v K‡i bv|d‡j AwaKvsk cÖexY bvix cyi“l bvbv ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v wb‡q webv wPwKrmvq KvjvwZcvZ K‡ib|4) g‡bv-mvgvwRK mgm¨vAvw_©K ˆ`b¨ve¯’v, AvevwmK mgm¨v, †ivM-e¨vwai hš¿Yv, wcÖqRb †_‡K wew”QbœZv, mvgvwRKms‡hvMPz¨wZ, wbtm½Zv BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv cxov`vqK ˆbivk¨ cÖexY †jvK‡`i mvgvwRK Ges gvbwmKmgm¨vi w`‡K †V‡j †`q| Rxe‡bi Rb¨ mKj †Î †_‡K A‡hvM¨ n‡q hvIqvi †e`bv, A‡b¨iDci †evSv-¯^iƒc n‡q hvIqvi gg©cxov eva©‡K¨i ˆbivk¨‡K Av‡iK avc AebwgZ K‡i| G mg¯—Kvi‡Y cÖexY‡`i ˆbiv‡m¨i mxgv hLb P~ovš— ch©v‡q DcbxZ nq, ZLb me mgm¨v †_‡K gyw³†c‡Z A‡bK mgq cvðvZ¨, GgbwK cÖv‡P¨i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki cÖexYiv AvZ¥nb‡bi c_ ch©š—†e‡Q †bq| cvðv‡Z¨ G-nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK †ewk (Julie Steenhuysen, Reuters, 2010)|cvwievwiK Ges mvgvwRK ch©v‡q HwZn¨MZ g~j¨‡eva I cÖ_vi AebwZ cÖexY‡`i g‡bv-mvgvwRKmgm¨v m„wói GKwU cÖavb KviY|6| evsjv‡`‡k cÖexY‡`i Rb¨ we`¨gvb cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM-myweavi wPÎevsjv‡`‡k cÖexY‡`i Kj¨vYv‡_© D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv Kg©m~wP †bB| Zv‡`i eva©K¨RwbZ`~ive¯’v wbim‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi ev †emiKvwi ch©v‡q †h cÖ‡Póv Av‡Q Zv wbZvš—B AcÖZzj| †`‡kmiKvwi, Avav-miKvwi Ges wKQz msL¨K ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôv‡b hviv PvKzwi K‡ib, Aemi Rxe‡bZv‡`i Rb¨ Aemi-fvZv Ges fwel¨r Znwej BZ¨vw` wKQz Avw_©K mnvqZv `v‡bi my‡hvM Av‡Q,hv Zv‡`i Aemi Rxe‡bi wbivcËv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wKš‘ Giƒc †cbmb‡fvMx PvKywiRxeximsL¨v †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi bMY¨ GKwU Ask gvÎ| ZvQvov MZ Kq eQi hver miKvi †`‡kicÖexY‡`i Rb¨ †h Òeq¯‹-fvZv Kg©m~wPÓ Pvjy †i‡L‡Q Zv Aek¨B cÖksmbxq| GB Kg©m~wPiAvIZvq `wi`ª cÖexY e„× e„×v‡`i gvwmK 300.00 UvKv fvZv †`Iqv nq| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b GBKg©m~wPi myweav‡fvMxi msL¨v †`‡ki †gvU cÖexY RbmsL¨vi gvÎ 30 kZvsk| GB Kg©m~wPiAvIZvq AfveMÖ¯— cÖexY‡`i kZfvM Aš—f©y³ Kivi `vex iv‡L| Acic‡ eZ©gvb AwMœ-g~‡j¨ievRv‡i GKRb cÖexY †jv‡Ki RxweKv wbe©v‡ni †‡Î gv‡m 300.00 UvKv fvZv cÖvwß †ZgbD‡j−L‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv|†`‡ki wbivkªq cÖexY †jv‡Ki AvevwmK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii c †_‡K †Zgb†Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v cwijwZ nq bv| cÖvq GK hyM c~‡e© miKv‡ii c †_‡K cÖwZ wefv‡M GKwU K‡ie„×vkªg ˆZwi Kivi cwiKíbv wQj| Zvi g‡a¨ ‡Kej XvKv wefv‡Mi Rb¨ GKwU e„×vkªg ˆZwi Kivn‡qwQj| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨ekZ Ab¨ wefvM¸‡jv‡Z e„×vkªg ˆZwii cwiKíbv †mB wZwg‡iB i‡q †Mj|AvR ch©š—I Zv ev¯—evq‡b †Kv‡bv cÖKvi c`‡c cwijwZ nqwb| D³ cÖKí¸‡jv ev¯—evwqZ

Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx 163Kiv n‡j †`‡ki A‡bK wbivkªq cÖexY †jv‡Ki Avevmb mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡e| e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡M†`‡k wKQz e„×vkªg cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, G¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK Avkªqnxb cÖexY †jv‡Ki wKQzUv n‡jI VuvBn‡q‡Q|cÖexY‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v mgvav‡b miKvwi ev †emiKvwi ch©v‡q ¯^Zš¿ †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v ‡bB|XvKv kn‡i GKgvÎ ÕcÖexY wn‰Zlx msNÕ-Gi gva¨‡g ¯^í Li‡P cÖexY‡`i Rb¨ wPwKrmvi wKQze¨e¯’v Av‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g †Kej XvKvq emevmKvix `ȳ ’ cÖexYivB G my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡Kb| XvKvkn‡ii evwn‡i hviv Ae¯’vb K‡ib Zv‡`i c‡ G my‡hvM jvf Kiv m¤¢e bq| ÔcÖexY wn‰ZlxmsNÕ-Gi g‡Zv †`‡ki cÖwZ †Rjv kn‡i GKwU K‡i cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv cÖKvkcv‡”Q| miKv‡ii c †_‡K Ggb e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z K‡i cÖwZwU miKvwinvmcvZv‡j cÖexY‡`i wPwKrmvi Rb¨ we‡kl e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|evsjv‡`‡k cÖexY‡`i g‡bv-mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vB ‡bB| A_Pevsjv‡`‡ki cÖexYiv bvbv cÖKvi g‡bv-mvgvwRK mgm¨vq fyM‡Qb cÖwZwbqZ| Zv‡`i g‡bvmvgvwRKmgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¨ c`‡c MÖnY AwZ Ri“wi| †h‡nZz cj−x A‡ji cÖexY†jvK‡`i c‡ `~‡i hvZvqvZ Kiv m¤¢e bq ZvB cÖwZwU Iqv‡W© ev BDwbq‡b GKwU K‡i ÔcÖexY-K¬veÕ MV‡bi Ri“wi cÖ‡qvRb Dcjwä niv n‡”Q|7| Dcmsnvi I wKQy mycvwikwek¦ RbmsL¨vi e‡qve„w× MZ kZvwãi Dbœq‡bi m~PKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU eo cÖvwß| bZzbmnmªv‡ãi m~Pbv‡ZB GB m~PKwU GKw`‡K ‡hgbfv‡e SuzwKi Bw½Z enb K‡i, Aciw`‡KAvb‡›`iI| mviv we‡k¦ eZ©gv‡b 60 eQi ev Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq 750 wgwjqb| Gig‡a¨ `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki evm wbgœ I ga¨-Av‡qi †`kmg~‡n|we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q evsjv‡`‡kI cÖexY‡`i msL¨v EaŸ©MwZi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡”Q|eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq 9 wgwjqb cÖexY †jvK Av‡Qb, hv wek¦ cÖexY RbmsL¨vi 1.2 kZvsk|evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i GKwU ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k| ZvB †`‡ki miKv‡ii c‡ cÖexY †jvK‡`i Kj¨vYv‡_©A_©‰bwZK, AvevwmK, ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv Ges g‡bv-mvgvwRK BZ¨vw` mvwe©K mgm¨vi mgvavb ejvgvÎB Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e Zv‡`i D‡cv Kiv Pj‡e bv, KviY Zviv G‡`‡kiB bvMwiK| Kg©-Rxe‡b mgvR Z_v †`‡ki Dbœq‡b ZvivI A‡bK Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb, hvi mydj cieZ©x cÖRb¥ †fvMKi‡Q Ges Ki‡eb|†`‡ki cÖexY Rb‡Mvôxi †mevq miKvi I mgvR Dfq‡KB GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| miKvi‡KhZ kxNÖ m¤¢e †`‡ki cÖexY‡`i mvwe©K Kj¨vYv‡_© GKwU mỳ ~icÖmvix cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡eGes Zv ev¯—evq‡bi w`‡K ax‡i ax‡i GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e| m‡½ m‡½ cÖexY‡`i mvwe©K ‡mev `v‡bGwM‡q Avmvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv m„wó Kivi Rb¨ c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖexY RbMYmvaviYZ Av_©-mvgvwRK Ges gvbwmK †h mg¯— mgm¨vq fy‡M _v‡Kb, †m¸‡jv wbim‡b mgv‡Riwewfbœ ¯—‡ii gvbyl‡K wK iKg f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e †m e¨vcv‡i ‡`‡k we`¨gvb mvgvwRK

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Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx 165MÖš’cwÄBmjvg, GweGg kvgmyj (2000): Óevsjv‡`‡k cÖexY Rb‡Mvôxi Av_©-mvgvwRK I RbwgwZK †cÖvcU:Dbœqbg~jK wKQz cÖ¯—vebv,Ó evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv, mß`k LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, XvKv,†deª“qvwi|Bmjvg, GweGg kvgmyj (2007): Óevsjv‡`‡k cÖexY RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê mwµq AskMÖnY:GKwU †RÊviwfwËK we‡k−lY,Ó †RÊvi I Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb (†mwjbv †nv‡mb, FZv AvdmviI gvmỳ y¾vgvb KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z, gvIjv eªv`vm©, XvKv, †deª“qvwi|ingvb, Wv: †kL jyrdi (1996): Óeq¯‹‡`i K‡qKwU ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v,Ó Bangladesh Journal ofGeriatrics, July-December|wi‡mvm© Bw›U‡MÖkb †m›Uvi (2002): ÓAwbðqZvB Avgv‡`i Rxeb: evsjv‡`‡k cÖexY‡`i Ae¯’v,Ó XvKv,†deª“qvwi|Asian Productivity Organization (2001) Improvement Program for the Rural Elderly inAsia and the Pacific, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, (Country Reportby Different Authors).BBS Bangladesh Population Census, (different years).HelpAge International, 2003/2004.HelpAge International (2009): The Rights of Older Persons in Asia. InternationalFederation on Ageing and HelpAge International, January.HelpAge International (undated) “Strategy to 2015.”Julie Steenhuysen, Reuters (2010): “Suicide a Risk in Retirement, NursingCommunities.” Global Action on Aging, May 19.UN (2001): World Population Projections. Population Division, DESA, New York.UN (2002): “World Population Ageing 1950-2050.” Population Division, Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs, New York.Wesumperuma, Dharmapriya (2001): “Demographic Analysis and Issues in theImprovement Program for the Rural Elderly.” In Improvement Program for theRural Elderly in Asia and the Pacific, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo.cwiwkó

166evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†`‡ki bvgRb¥-nvi, g„Zz¨-nvi I Mo RxebcÖZ¨vkvi MwZaviv1| Pxb 1951 †_‡K 1998 mv‡jig‡a¨ Px‡b cyi“l I gwnjv‡`iMo Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv e„w× †c‡q`uvovq h_vµ‡g 53.38 †_‡K71.9 eQ‡i Ges 56.3 †_‡K77.9 eQ‡i| H GKB mg‡qig‡a¨ Rb¥ I g„Zz¨-nviI n«vm†c‡q cÖwZ nvRv‡i `uvovqh_vµ‡g 49.97 †_‡K 15.07Ges 11.57 †_‡K 5.59|A_©vr H mg‡qi g‡a¨ ¯^vfvweKcÖe„w×i nvi n«vm †c‡q `uvovq38.4 †_‡K 9.48 †Z|2| fviZ fvi‡Z Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ nv‡iiA‡avMwZ Ges Rxeb cÖZ¨vkviEaŸ©MwZi Kvi‡Y cÖexYRbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZK nviµgvš^‡q e„w× cv‡”Q|3| B‡›`v‡bwkqv Rb¥ I g„Zz¨-nv‡ii wbgœMwZGes Mo Rxeb cÖZ¨vkviEaŸ©MwZi Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i wewfbœ†`‡ki g‡Zv B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡ZI`ª“Z MwZ‡Z RbmsL¨vi KvVv‡gvcwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| hvi d‡jhye-msL¨vi KvVv‡gviEaŸ©MwZ‡K wWw½‡q cÖexYRbmsL¨vi KvVv‡gv EaŸ©MwZjvf K‡i|4| †bcvj †bcv‡ji RbmsL¨v‡Z GKwUe¨wZµgx wPÎ cwi`„ó nq, hvwe‡k¦i Lye AímsL¨K †`‡kBwe`¨gvb _vK‡Z cv‡i, Avi Zvn‡”Q cyi“l‡`i Zzjbvqgwnjv‡`i Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv Kg|Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki KwZcq †`‡ki RbwgwZK ¯^iƒcweMZ wewfbœ mg‡q †gvURbmsL¨v Ges Gi m‡½cÖexY RbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZKnviPx‡b cÖexY †jv‡Ki msL¨v`ª“Z MwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡”Q|1993 mv‡j 65 eQi evZ`~aŸ© eq¯‹ †jv‡KiAvbycvwZK nvi wQj †gvURbmsL¨vi 7.09 kZvsk, hve„w× †c‡q 1997 mv‡j `uvovq8.06 kZvs‡k|2001 mv‡j fvi‡Z 60 eQiI Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ RbmsL¨v wQj75.9 wgwjqb, hv †gvURbmsL¨vi cÖvq 7 kZvsk|1995 mv‡j B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z†gvU RbmsL¨v wQj 194.75wgwjqb| Gi g‡a¨ 60 eQiI Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki msL¨vwQj 13.3 wgwjqb, hv †gvURbmsL¨vi 6.83 kZvsk|2010 mv‡j cÖexY‡`i †mBmsL¨v 24 wgwjq‡b †cuŠQz‡ee‡j aviYv Kiv nq|cÖv°wjZ wnmve Abyhvqx2000 mv‡j mgMÖ †`‡k †gvUcÖexY RbmsL¨v 17.8wgwjqb Ges 2005 mv‡j19.9 wgwjb n‡e e‡j aviYvKiv nq|1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvixAbyhvqx †bcv‡ji †gvURbmsL¨v 18.49 wgwjqbGes 1998 mv‡j Zv `uvovq21.84 wgwjq‡b| H mg‡q†bcv‡j 60 eQi I Z`~aŸ©eq¯‹ cÖexY †jv‡KiAvbycvwZK nvi †gvURbmsL¨vi 5.49 kZvsk|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c AbyhvqxAvMvgx wewfbœ mg‡q †gvURbmsL¨v Ges Gi m‡½ cÖexYRbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZK nviRbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx2018 I 2027 mv‡ji w`‡K 65eQi ev Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ †jv‡KiAvbycvwZK nvi `uvov‡e h_vµ‡g14 kZvsk I 20.1 kZvsk, A_©vrcÖexY RbmsL¨v n‡e †gvURbmsL¨vi GK-cÂgvsk|2020 mv‡j cÖexY RbmsL¨v †gvURbmsL¨vi 10 kZvs‡k †cuŠQvim¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i eZ©gvbmsL¨vB g‡b PgK m„wó K‡i| A_PeZ©gv‡bi 70 wgwjqb cÖexY gvÎGK cÖR†b¥i g‡a¨B wظY n‡qhv‡e| 70 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq®‹cÖexY†`i AvbycvwZK nvi `ª“Z e„w×cv‡e e‡j Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q| Hmg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖexY RbmsL¨viEaŸ©gyLx cÖe„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_mvaviY RbmsL¨vi cÖe„w×i nviIµgvš^‡q wbgœgyLx n‡e|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx2020 mv‡j cÖexY‡`i AvbycvwZKnvi †gvU RbmsL¨vi 11.34kZvsk nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| †mwn‡m‡e H mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖwZ 10R‡bi g‡a¨ 1 Rb n‡eb cÖexYe¨w³| Aek¨ B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡ZGKwU e¨wZµgag©x wPÎ cwi`„ónq, Zv n‡”Q wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡k cÖexYRbmsL¨vi cÖe„w×i nvi wfbœ|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx†bcv‡jI cÖexY †jv‡Ki msL¨v `ª“ZMwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡e| 2025 I2050 mv‡j †bcv‡j ‡gvURbmsL¨vi mv‡_ cÖexY †jv‡KiAvbycvwZK nvi `uvov‡e h_vµ‡g7.08 kZvsk I 13.52 kZvsk|cj−x AÂj Ikniv‡jcÖexYRb‡Mvôxiemev‡miAvbycvwZK nvicÖvq 85kZvsk cÖexYcj−x A‡jGes 15kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|cÖvq 82 kZvskcÖexY cj−xA‡j Ges18 kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z63 kZvskcÖexY cj−xA‡j Ges37 kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|†bcv‡j 85kZvsk cÖexYcj−x A‡jGes 15kZvskkniv‡jemevmK‡ib|

Bmjvg: wek¦ RbmsL¨vq `ª“Z ea©bkxj cÖexY Rb‡Mvôx 1675| cvwK¯—vb cvwK¯—v‡b hye-‡kªwYi ZzjbvqcÖexY RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi†ewk| Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv e„w×cvIqvi Kvi‡Y mvaviYRbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq cÖexY†jv‡Ki msL¨v `ª“Z MwZ‡Z e„w×cv‡”Q|6| wdwjcvBb Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨†`‡ki g‡Zv wdwjcvB‡bI Rb¥I g„Zz¨-nvi n«vm Ges cÖexYRbmsL¨vi EaŸ©MwZ cwijwZnq|7| kªxj¼v Rb¥ I g„Zy¨-nvi n«vm, MoRxeb cÖZ¨vkvi EaŸ©MwZ GesKg©ms¯’v‡bi j‡¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨msL¨K †jv‡Ki ewnM©gbBZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y kªxj¼vq cÖexY†jv‡Ki msL¨v KíbvZxZfv‡ee„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|8| _vBj¨vÊ Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb cwiKíbvcÖYqb I Rb¥-wbqš¿Y c×wZcÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j RbmsL¨v e„w×iwbgœMwZ Ges GKB mv‡_¯^v¯’¨‡mevi Dbœqb BZ¨vw`Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv†e‡o hvIqv‡Z cÖexYRbmsL¨vi nvi e„w× cvq|9| wf‡qZbvg MZ 50 eQ‡i wf‡qZbv‡gRb¥-nvi A‡a©‡Ki †KvVvq †b‡ghvq Ges Mo Rxeb cÖZ¨vkvcÖvq wظY n‡q hvq, hvi d‡jhye- mgv‡Ri e„w×i MwZ‡KwWw½‡q cÖexY‡`i e„w×-nviDשMwZ jvf K‡i|10| evsjv‡`k evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥ I g„Zz¨-nv‡iiA‡avMwZ Ges Rxeb cÖZ¨vkviEaŸ©MwZi Kvi‡Y cÖexYRbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZK nviµgvš^‡q e„w× cv‡”Q| 1993mv‡j gvby‡li Mo RxebcÖZ¨vkv wQj 57.9 eQi, Zvµgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡q 2006mv‡j `uvovq 66.6 eQi|Drm: Asian Productivity Organization (2001).1951 mv‡j 60 eQi IZ`~aŸ© eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki msL¨vimv‡_ AviI cÖvq 2 wgwjqbe„w× †c‡q 1998 mv‡jZv‡`i msL¨v 9.48 wgwjq‡b`uvovq, hv †gvU RbmsL¨v(127.43 wgwjqb) 7.0kZvsk|wdwjcvB‡b 1995 mv‡j †gvURbmsL¨v wQj 68.6 wgwjqb,Zvi g‡a¨ cÖexY †jv‡KimsL¨v wQj 3.7 wgwjqb, hv†gvU RbmsL¨vi 5.4kZvsk|1991 mv‡j kªxj¼vi †gvURbmsL¨v wQj cÖvq 17.3wgwjqb, Zvi g‡a¨ 60 eQiev Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki msL¨vwQj 1.4 wgwjqb hv †gvURbmsL¨vi 8 kZvsk|cÖv°wjZ wnmve Abyhvqx2001 mv‡j †gvU RbmsL¨v19.3 wgwjqb Ges cÖexY‡`imsL¨v 1.9 wgwjqb ev †gvURbmsL¨vi 9 kZvsk n†ee‡j aviYv Kiv nq|1991 mv‡j †gvU RbmsL¨vwQj 57.2 wgwjqb, hvi g‡a¨cÖexY †jv‡Ki AvbycvwZK nviwQj 3.5 kZvsk|wf‡qZbv‡gI cÖexY RbmsL¨ve„w× cv‡”Q| 1989 mv‡j 60eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ RbmsL¨vwQj 4.6 wgwjqb, hv †gvURbmsL¨vi 7.2 kZvsk|wKš1995 mv‡j I 1997mv‡j Zv‡`i msL¨v e„w× †c‡q`uvovq †gvU RbmsL¨vih_vµ‡g 5.5 wgwjqb ev 11kZvsk Ges 6.8 wgwjqb|evsjv‡`‡k 1991 mv‡j 60eQi I Z`~aŸ© eq¯‹ cÖexY†jv‡Ki msL¨v wQj 5.7wgwjqb, hv †gvU RbmsL¨vi5.36 kZvsk| A_P 2010mv‡j cÖexY †jv‡Ki msL¨v`uvovq 8.9 wgwjqb, hv †gvURbmsL¨vi 5.78 kZvsk|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c AbyhvqxcvwK¯—v‡b G msL¨v 2031 mv‡j26 wgwjq‡b †cuŠQz‡e e‡j aviYvKiv n‡”Q|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx2020 Ges 2030 mv‡j cÖexY†jv‡Ki msL¨v I AvbycvwZK nvi`uvov‡e h_vµ‡g 10.75 wgwjqbev 10 kZvsk Ges 15.79 wgwjqbev 14 kZvsk|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqxcwi`„ó nq †h, 2021 mv‡ji w`‡KcªexY‡`i msL¨v 1991 mv‡ji †gvUmsL¨vi †P‡q wظY n‡e|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx2000 I 2020 mv‡j †gvURbmsL¨vi mv‡_ cyi“l‡`iAvbycvwZK nvi `uvov‡e h_vµ‡g7.7 kZvsk I 13.1 kZvsk|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx2000 mv‡j I 2010 mv‡jcyi“l‡`i msL¨v e„w× †c‡q `uvov‡eh_vµ‡g 8 wgwjqb I 12.3wgwjqb|RbmsL¨vi Awf‡c Abyhvqx2020 mv‡j cÖexY‡`i msL¨v`uvov‡e cÖvq 13 wgwjqb Ges2050 mv‡j `uvov‡e 40 wgwjq‡biDc‡i, hv n‡e †gvU RbmsL¨vicÖvq 19 kZvsk| H mg‡q cyi“l Igwnjv cÖex‡Yi AvbycvwZK nvi n‡eh_vµ‡g 47.43 kZvsk I 52.56kZvsk|cÖvq 64 kZvskcÖexY cj−xA‡j Ges36 kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|cÖvq 44 kZvskcÖexY cj−xA‡j Ges56 kZvskkniv‡jemevmK‡ib|cÖvq 77kZvsk cÖexYcj−x A‡jGes 23kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|cÖvq 68kZvsk cÖexYcj−x A‡jGes 32kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|cÖvq 79 kZvskcÖexY cj−xA‡j Ges 21kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|cÖvq 82 kZvskcÖexY cj−xA‡j Ges 21kZvskkniv‡jemevm K‡ib|

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAóweskwZZg LÊ evwl©K msL¨v 14171| f~wgKvevsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jviDci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbve`i“b †bQv Avn&‡g`*MZ wZb `kK ev ZviI †ewk mgq a‡i `wi`ª gvby‡li Rxeb RxweKvi gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨z`ªFY Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| eZ©gv‡b miKvi Ges `vZv‡Mvôx DfqB Zv‡`i DbœqbKg©m~wPi g‡a¨ z`ªFY‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖvavb¨ w`‡”Q| e¯—yZ G aviYv mycÖwZwôZ †h, z`ªF‡Yigva¨‡g `wi`ª gvby‡li Kv‡Q Avw_©K myweavmg~n Lye mn‡R †cŠu‡Q †`qv hvq| Avi ZvB GB myweavMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q Ggb DcKvi‡fvMxi msL¨vA‡bK|ïi“‡Z z`ªFY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv GbwRI, wbw`©ó Kg©m~wP Ges cÖKí A_ev we‡klvwqZe¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Gme cÖwZôvb †KejgvÎ j j gvby‡li Kv‡QB †cŠuQv‡Z†c‡i‡Q, wKš‘ `wi`ª gvby‡li Kv‡Q z`ªFY‡K Lye mn‡R †cŠu‡Q w`‡Z cv‡iwb| Avi ZvB z`ªF‡Yi µgvMZ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb(GgGdAvB) cÖwZwôZ nq| †h‡nZz z`ªFY ev gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv j j `wi`ªgvbyl‡K wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q †m‡nZz GB cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv (Sustainability) Ges `Zviwelq¸‡jv eZ©gvb mg‡q Av‡jvwPZ n‡”Q| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j †emiKvwi A‡bK D‡`¨v³v (e¨vsKmn)z`ªFY Lv‡Z mswk−ó nIqvi Kvi‡Y GB weZK© AviI †Rviv‡jv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖe‡ÜgvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi welqwU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_ welqwUwe‡k−lY K‡i ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi wba©viK Ges cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wPwýZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|2| evsjv‡`‡k gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi cÖmviZvMicrocredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) cÖ`Ë cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx, A‡±vei 2009ch©š— evsjv‡`‡k †gvU 4,240wU GgGdAvB z`ªFY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i hv‡”Q (mviwY 1)|Zv‡`i g‡a¨ KZ…©c 453wU cÖwZôvb‡K jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q Ges 4,240wU cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨†KejgvÎ ¸wU K‡qK cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µgB j Kivi g‡Zv| e¯‘Z GB LvZwU ¸wU K‡qKcÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi DciB wbf©ikxj| cwimsL¨vb †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, †KejgvÎ 8 kZvskcÖwZôvb GB Lv‡Zi 80 kZvs‡kiI †ewk gv‡K©U cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q (MRA 2009)|* M‡elYv mn‡hvMx, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm), XvKv|

170evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 1wewfbœ Ae¯’vi gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v (A‡±vei, 2009 ch©š—)Ae¯’vmsL¨vjvB‡mÝ cªvß GbwRI-GgGdAvB 453`iLv¯—K…Z cÖwZôvb 693`iLv¯— evwZjK…Z cÖwZôvb 1,722†QvU cÖwZôvb hv‡`i‡K wW‡m¤^i 2009 ch©š— mgq †`qv n‡q‡Q 1,372†gvU 4,240Drm: NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh, MRA-2009|3| ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvz`ªF‡Yi †‡Î ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv‡K wewfbœ ¯—‡i we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb cÖvwZôvwbK,mgwóK I e¨w³MZ| GB wefvRb‡K mvsMVwbK, e¨e¯’vcbv (Management) Ges Avw_©K wewfbœw`‡Ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (Sa-Dhan 2003)| e¯— yZ FYx m`m¨ ev FYMÖnxZvi Avw_©K¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi Rb¨B z`ªFY`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi welqwU we‡kl cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|3.1| Avw_©K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv Ges ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv`vZv ms¯’vi gZvg‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i `yÕai‡bi ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv‡K (Self-sufficiency)msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Q “Guiding Principles for Selecting and Supporting Intermediaries|” GKBmv‡_ GB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv KZUzKz mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i ZvIwba©viY K‡i‡Q| hv cieZx© mg‡q Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) KZ…©Kcyb:wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB `yÕai‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv n‡”Q Avw_©K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv (financial selfsufficiency)Ges cwiPvjb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv (operating self-sufficiency)| cwiPvjb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©ZvAR©‡bi Rb¨ gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Aek¨B cwiPvjbv Avq †_‡K cÖkvmwbK LiP enbKivi Ges F‡Yi wZc~iY (loan loss) Kivi mvg_©¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i g‡Z, mdjFY`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n 3 †_‡K 7 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡KgvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Avw_©K ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv ZLb AR©b Ki‡e, hLb g~j¨ùxwZ, fZ©ywKGes Ab¨vb¨ e¨q mvgÄm¨ Kivi ci Zviv cwiPvjbv Avq †_‡K cÖkvmwbK LiP enb Ges F‡YiwZc~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| mvaviYZ GKwU mdj gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb 5 †_‡K 10 eQ‡iig‡a¨ GB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡e|gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avw_©K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h ai‡bi DcvË`iKvi Zv AcÖZzj| Z‡e Microfinance Information Exchange 1 (MIX) †_‡K Gwkqvi AvUwU†`‡ki †gvU 117wU gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi `Zv, mxgve×Zv Ges myweavw` cwigv‡ci Rb¨2005 †_‡K 2007 GB wZb eQ‡ii Avw_©K wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi Z_¨vw` cvIqv hv‡”Q| Gi DciwfwË K‡iB evsjv‡`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Avw_©K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv welqwU ch©v‡jvPbvKiv n‡q‡Q|1 MIX market- financial data and social performance indicators for microfinance institutions. www.mixmarket.org.

Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 171MIX †_‡K cÖvß DcvË evsjv‡`‡k GKwU jvfRbK z`ªFY LvZ Av‡Q e‡j mg_©b K‡i,†h‡nZz m¤ú` †_‡K Avq (Return from assets) Ges cyuwR †_‡K Avq (return from equity)abvZ¥K (positive)| Avi ZvB G K_v ejv hvq †h, bgybv‡Z (sample) †hme gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôvb Aš—f©y³ Av‡Q Zviv Zv‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g h‡_ó Avq K‡i hv w`‡q ZvivZv‡`i mg¯— e¨q c~iY Ki‡Z mg_© (mviwY 2)|mviwY 2Avw_©K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zvi wewfbœ m~PKmg~nm~PKmg~n 2005 2006 2007m¤ú` †_‡K Avq (%) 4.5 4.0 3.0cyuwR †_‡K Avq (%) 13.1 11.7 16.0cwiPvjb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv (%) 151.7 145.3 117.3Avw_©K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv (%) 128.6 124.0 98.6Drm: Mix market data of 2005-07 trend lines MFI benchmarks|GKB mv‡_ †`Lv hvq †h, cwiPvjb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv 117 kZvsk †_‡K 151 kZvs‡ki g‡a¨i‡q‡Q| GB AbyK~j Ae¯’vB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q MFI NetworkAssociation A_ev Credit and Development Forum (CDF)-Gi gva¨‡g GB Lv‡Z mivmwiwewb‡qvM Kivi Rb¨| Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q, evwYwR¨K †hvMm~Î evovi Kvi‡Y gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avw_©K Znwe‡ji ch©vßZv Ges cÖe„w× AviI e„w× cv‡e hv GB Lv‡Zi fwel¨rjvfRbKZv‡K (profitability) Av‡iv Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡e|e¯— yZ gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv gybvdv AR©b K‡i ZLbB hLb Zv‡`i Avq e¨q‡KQvwo‡q hvq| cÖ_gZ, GgGdAvBÕiv Zv‡`i Avq e„w× Ki‡Z cvi‡e hLb Zviv Zv‡`i m¤ú‡`i†ewkifvM Ask F‡Yi jwMœ c‡Î (loan portfolio) wewb‡qvM Ki‡e, hv Zv‡`i Rb¨ m‡e©v”PDrcv`bg m¤ú` (highest yielding asset)| cÖwZôv‡bi AvKvi Ges eqm we‡ePbv K‡iB ejvhvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki GgGdAvBÕiv Zv‡`i m¤ú‡`i GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask (cÖvq 78 kZvsk)FY Kvh©µ‡g wewb‡qvM K‡i, hv Gwkqvi AvÂwjK Mo‡K (71 kZvsk) Qvwo‡q †M‡Q (MIXmarket data of 2005-07)| wØZxqZ, gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡`i e¨q Kgv‡bvi gva¨‡ggybvdv evov‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cwiPvjbv e¨‡qi (operatingexpenses) w`K w`‡q we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸wji g‡ZvB| †Kbbv Zv‡`icwiPvjbv e¨q †gvU e¨‡qi cÖvq `yB-Z„Zxqvsk (mviwY 3)|mviwY 3gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi e¨‡qi aibe¨‡qi aiY 2005 2006 2007†gvU e¨q/m¤ú` (%) 17.4 18.3 22.2Avw_©K e¨q / m¤ú` (%) 6.2 6.8 7.5cwiPvjbv e¨q / m¤ú` (%) 10.7 10.7 11.8Drm: Mix market data of 2005-07 trend lines MFI benchmarks|

172evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMIX DcvË we‡k−lY †_‡K AviI †`Lv hvq †h, cwiPvjbv e¨q M‡o LyeB Kg; †gvUm¤ú‡`i cÖvq 11 †_‡K 12 kZvsk| cwiPvjbv e¨q Kg nevi KviY n‡”Q gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv †ewk Ges e¨w³MZ LiP LyeB Kg| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡kigvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv eva¨Zvg~jK m`m¨ mÂq (Compulsory saving) Ges cj−xKg©mnvqK dvD‡Ûk‡bi (wc‡KGmGd) g‡Zv mnR Drm †_‡K F‡Yi A_© ms¯’v‡bi Kvi‡YmgmvgwqK Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Zzjbvq A‡bK GwM‡q Av‡Q| GB `yBm¯—v Drm (cheaper sources ) †_‡K A_© ms¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avw_©KLiP †gvU m¤ú‡`i 6 kZvsk †_‡K 7.5 kZvs‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× i‡q‡Q Ges GB Lv‡Zi gybvdvAR©b A‡bK †e‡o‡Q (mviwY 3)|wPÎ 1 †_‡K gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi gybvdv AR©‡bi welqwU ¯úófv‡e †evSv hv‡”Q|†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, bgybvi g‡a¨ †hme gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb Aš—f©y³ Av‡Q Zv‡`i A‡_©i g~j†hvMvb`vZv †h‡nZz wc‡KGmGd †m‡nZz Zv‡`i Avq I e¨‡qi ai‡bI Kg wfbœZv j Kiv hvq|G‡‡Î wc‡KGmGd-Gi wewfbœ ai‡bi FY cÖ`v‡bi †‡Î bZzb I Kvh©Kwi c`‡‡ci K_vD‡j−L Kiv hvq, hv wKbv gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q my‡`i nvi 15 kZvsk†_‡K Kwg‡q 12.5 kZvs‡k bvwg‡q Avb‡Z Ges eva¨ K‡i‡Q cÖvwZôvwbK mgRvZxqZv eRvqivL‡Z| 2wPÎ-1: gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avq-e¨‡qi ZviZg¨Drm: Mix market data of 2005-07 trend lines MFI benchmarks|hw`I wZb eQ‡ii DcvË LyeB mxgve× aviv we‡k−lY‡K (trend analysis) mg_©b K‡i, ZeyIejv hvq †h, wewfbœ mg‡q gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi gybvdv K‡g‡Q †h‡nZz cwiPvjb¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv (operating self-sufficiency) 151 kZvsk †_‡K 117 kZvs‡k K‡g G‡m‡Q (wPÎ2)| gybvdv Kgvi †cQ‡b Avw_©K Avq K‡g hvIqv Ges †gvU e¨q †e‡o hvIqv‡K hyM¥fv‡e `vqxKiv hvq| †`Lv †M‡Q, 2005 †_‡K 2007 GB wZb eQ‡i Avw_©K Avq (†gvU m¤ú‡`i Ask2 PKSF, Annual Report 2004, http://www.pksf-bd.org/annual_report2004/annual_report_cont.html.

Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 173wn‡m‡e) 21.9 kZvsk †_‡K wKQyUv K‡g 21.5 kZvsk n‡q‡Q Ges †gvU LiP 17.4 kZvsk†_‡K e„w× †c‡q 22.2 kZvs‡k G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q|wPÎ 2: gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi jvfRbKZvi cwigvcDrm: Mix market data of 2005-07 trend lines MFI benchmarks|ZvQvov Kg©Pvix cÖwZ FYMÖnxZvi (168 Rb) w`K †_‡K ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡kigvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mvaviYZ ` I Drcv`bg Ges Zv‡`i cwiPvjbv `Zvi(operating efficiencies) AbycvZ (ratio) 14.9 kZvsk| mviwY 4 †_‡K ¯úó †`Lv hvq †h,Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvA‡bK †ewk ` †h‡nZz M‡o Zviv Kg©Pvix cÖwZ Kg FYMÖnx‡K †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| Ab¨w`K w`‡qF‡Yi e‡Kqvi (loan outstanding) LiP FYMÖnxZv cÖwZ 15 Wjv‡ii Kg, hv †ewk Drcv`bkxZvGes Kg gRywi e¨q‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GB myweavi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôvb¸‡jvi M‡o cwiPvjbv e¨q 15 kZvs‡kiI Kg avh© Ki‡Z cv‡i|mviwY 4gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi `Zv I Drcv`bkxjZvi m~PKmg~nm~PKmg~n evsjv‡`k Gwkqv2005 2006 2007 2007cwiPvjbv e¨q/F‡Yi jwMœcÎ (%) 13.4 13.13 14.9 21.6cÖwZ FYMÖnxZv eve` e¨q (Wjvi) 9 10 12 60Kg©Pvix cÖwZ FYMÖnxZv (msL¨v) 206 181 168 173Drm: Mix market data of 2005-07 trend lines MFI benchmarks|F‡Yi jwMœc‡Îi gv‡bi (Portfolio quality) w`K †_‡K ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡kigvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi jwMœc‡Îi gvb ZZUv fv‡jv bq| Z‡e Zv `wY Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨†`‡ki Zzjbvq Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e fv‡jv| wÎk w`‡bi †ewk †hme jwMœcÎ Av‡Q Zv‡`i SzuwK

174evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv(Portfolio at risk over 30 days) M‡o 4.5 kZvsk, hv wKbv c~e© I ga¨ Gwkqvi AvÂwjK M‡oi(1.9 kZvsk) cÖvq AvovB ¸Y A_ev ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges DËi Avwd«Kvi (2.1 kZvsk) wظ‡YiI†ewk| 3 mviwY 5 †_‡K ejv hvq, 2005 †_‡K 2007 GB wZb eQ‡i gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôvb¸‡jvi jwMœc‡Îi ¸YMZgvb K‡g‡Q, hv write off ratio Ges loan loss rate evovigva¨‡g cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|mviwY 5gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi jwMœc‡Îi ¸YMZgvbjwMœc‡Îi gvb 2005 2006 2007jwMœc‡Îi SzuwK - 30 w`‡bi †ewk (%) 2.2 2.1 4.5jwMœc‡Îi SzuwK - 90 w`‡bi †ewk (%) 1.8 1.7 3.4Write off ratio (%) 1.7 1.3 2.1Loan loss rate (%) 0.9 1.0 2.0Risk coverage ratio (%) 794.4 440.5 100.6Drm: Mix market data of 2005-07 trend lines MFI benchmarks|3.2| gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi e¨vwß, Avw_©K Dr‡mi aib Ges ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvgvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j `yÕai‡bigZv`‡k©i g‡a¨ (two school of thoughts) wfbœZv j Kiv hvq| cÖ_g gZ n‡”Q,DcKvi‡fvMx‡`i c‡ (instended beneficiary)― hv DcKvi‡fvMx cwiev‡ii Dci z`ªF‡YicÖfv‡ei Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| wØZxq gZ n‡”Q, ga¨¯’vZvKvix‡`i (Intermediary) c‡ hvFY`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwß Ges ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i (Hulme and Mosley1996)|evsjv‡`‡ki †‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cwiYZ (Maturity) nevimv‡_ mv‡_ GB Lv‡Zi cÖe„w× µgvMZ evo‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| GKB mv‡_ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi m`m¨msL¨v Ges FYMÖnxZvi msL¨v AcÖZ¨vwkZ nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges GB Kvi‡Y gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôvb¸‡jvi bZzb bZzb Lv‡Z FY Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q Ges F‡Yi aib I †mevi gvbcwieZ©b Ki‡Q|3.2.1| gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwß (Outreach)†KejgvÎ eûmsL¨K gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi z`ªFY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv `Zv QvovIGme cÖwZôv‡bi kvLvi evrmwiK e„w× †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv| 2007 mvj ch©š— bZzb kvLv D‡ØvabKivi †‡Î Zviv evrmwiK 27.42 kZvsk cÖe„w× AR©b K‡i‡Q (mviwY 6)|3 Mix market data of 2005-07 trend lines MFI benchmarks. www.mixmarket.org.

Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 175mviwY 6GgGdAvBÕ‡`i kvLvi cÖe„w×i nvi†gvU kvLvevrmwiK cÖe„w×i nvims¯’vwW‡m¤^i 2007(msL¨v=535)wW‡m¤^i 2006(msL¨v=611)cwieZ©bGbwRI-GgGdAvB 12,096 9,049 3,047 33.67MÖvgxY e¨vsK 2,481 2,319 162 6.99wcwWweGd 231 237 -6 -2.53AviwWGm 129 118 11 9.32me©‡gvU 14,937 11,723 3,214 27.42Drm: Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics, CDF-InM, 2007|2007 mvj ch©š— 33.1 wgwjqb mwµq m`m¨ Ges 49.2 wgwjqb µgewa©òz FYMÖnxZv‡Kwb‡q GB Lv‡Zi FYMÖnxZvi cÖe„w× nvi (18.82 kZvsk) mwµq m`‡m¨i cÖe„w×i nvi‡K(14.23) Qvwo‡q †M‡Q (mviwY 7)| mwµq m`m¨ ZvivB hviv wbqwgZfv‡e MÖ“c wgwUsG Ask†bb, mÂq Rgv †`q Ges F‡Yi e‡Kqv cwi‡kva K‡i| we‡k−l‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, GB Lv‡ZicÖe„w×i †cQ‡b gyL¨ f~wgKv ivL‡Q GbwRI-gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv| GB cÖwZôvb¸‡jvicÖe„w×i nvi †ewk Ges †mB mv‡_ MÖvn‡Ki wfwË (client base) †ewk nevi Kvi‡Y cÖwZ eQiB Zvivh‡_ó msL¨K AwZwi³ FYMÖnxZv AvK…ó Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| DcvË †_‡K AviI †`Lv hvq †h, 2007mv‡j e„w×cÖvß 9.2 wgwjqb FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ GbwRI-gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Ae`vb 8.3wgwjqb, hv e„w×cÖvß FYMÖnxZv‡`i 90 kZvsk|mviwY 7gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi m`m¨ I FYMÖnxZvi eÈbmwµq m`m¨ µgewa©òz m`m¨ m`‡m¨i FYMÖnxZvi m`‡m¨i FYFYcÖ`vbKvix ms¯’v (wgwjqb)(wgwjqb) evrmwiK evrmwiK cÖe„w× MÖnxZviwW‡m¤^i wW‡m¤^i wW‡m¤^i wW‡m¤^icwieZ©b cwieZ©b nvi cÖe„w×2007 2006 2007 2006nviGbwRI-GgGdAvB 23.96 20.51 39.12 30.76 3.45 8.36 16.79 27.20MÖvgxY e¨vsK 7.41 6.91 7.41 6.91 0.5 0.5 7.27 7.28wcwWweGd 1.25 1.18 2.35 2.01 0.07 0.34 6.41 17.20AviwWGm 0.52 0.41 0.35 0.3 0.11 0.05 26.16 18.73me©‡gvU 33.14 29.01 49.23 39.98 4.13 9.25 14.23 18.82Drm: Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics, CDF-InM, 2007|cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwß e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ M‡o gv_vwcQy FYMÖnxZvi F‡Yi cwigv‡YI (Averageloan size per borrower) BwZevPK cwieZ©b j Kiv hvq| 2005 †_‡K 2007 mv‡ji g‡a¨GB F‡Yi cwigvY 262 Wjvi (cÖvq 18309 UvKv) †_‡K †e‡o 303 Wjvi 4 (cÖvq UvKv21229) nq, hv Avgv‡`i gv_vwcQy Av‡qi gvÎ 49 kZvsk| 5 Mo F‡Yi cwigvY m`m¨‡`i Av_©-4 we‡`kx gỳ ªvi wewbgq nvi Wjvi cÖwZ 70 UvKv (3 A‡±vei 2010) wn‡m‡e|5 2008-09 A_©eQ‡i gv_vwcQy Avq 676 Wjvi| m~Î: evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxv-2010|

176evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmvgvwRK Ae¯’vi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix m~PK (Proxy indicator) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avi ZvB GUvBcÖgvwYZ nq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki GgGdAvBÕiv Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwß e„w× cvevi mv‡_ mv‡_mgv‡Ri wbæ Av‡qi †jvK‡`i z`ªFY †mev e„w× Kivi cÖ†PóvI Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q (mviwY 8)|AbycvZ 2007 2006 2005Mo F‡YicwigvY(UvKv)mviwY 8gv_vwcQy FYMÖnxZvi Mo F‡Yi cwigvYcÖe„w×i nvi2006 - 2007 2005- 20062005 mvj †_‡K2007mvj ch©š— 3eQ‡ii cÖe„w×i nvi21,229 19,806 18,309 7.18 8.18 15.95gwnjv 21,192 20,188 18,465 4.97 9.33 14.77cyi“l 21,519 17,294 17,184 24.43 0.64 25.23Drm: Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics, CDF-InM, 2007|Mo F‡Yi cwigvY QvovI kZKiv gwnjv m`‡m¨i msL¨vI cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwßi MfxiZv wbY©‡qmnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mËi `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq †_‡K GB K_v cÖPwjZ wQj †h,gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi mydj‡fvMx‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvMB gwnjv| wKš‘ 2007 mv‡j G‡m†`Lv hvq †h, gwnjv m`‡m¨i msL¨v †gvU m`‡m¨i 83 kZvs‡k G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| hw`I GB msL¨vA‡bK †ewk ZeyI cyi“l m`m¨iv gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q ax‡i ax‡i ¸i“Z¡ cv‡”Q|†h‡nZz GgGdAvBÕiv Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwß e„w×i cvkvcvwk F‡Yi ai‡bI ˆewPΨ Avbvi †PóvKi‡Q| Z‡e GB cwieZ©b kn‡ii †‡Î cÖKU (mviwY 9)|mviwY 9gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi cyi“l I gwnjv m`‡m¨i eȇbi nviaib AbycvZ 2007 2006 2005MÖvg gwnjv : cyi“l 84:16 81:19 80:20kni gwnjv : cyi“l 71:21 75:25 88:12me©‡gvU gwnjv : cyi“l 83:17 80:20 79:21Drm: Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics, CDF-InM, 2007|3.2.2| gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K Dr‡mi aibevsjv‡`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Af¨š—ixY Ges evwn¨K wewfbœ Drm †_‡K FYcÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi DØ„Ë c‡Îi (BalanceSheet) KvVv‡gv GUvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, Zv‡`i †gvU FY I †gvU cwim¤ú‡`i AbycvZ (leveraged)cÖvq w¯’wZkxj| Af¨š—ixY Drm †_‡K Zviv †h cwigvY A_© ms¯’vb K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ wbR¯^Znwe‡ji Ae`vb gvÎ 12 kZvsk| Ab¨w`‡K me‡P‡q †ewk A_© ms¯’vb nq h_vµ‡g m`m¨‡`imÂq Ges wc‡KGmGd I ¯’vbxq GbwRI †_‡K| Z‡e wPÎ 3 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, 2006 Ges

Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 1772007 GB GK eQ‡i †gvU A_© ms¯’v‡b GB Drm¸‡jvi As‡ki wKQyUv cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| wPÎwUn‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q 2006 mv‡j gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi †gvU A_© ms¯’v‡b m`m¨‡`i m‡qiAsk †hLv‡b 55.88 kZvsk wQj Zv 2007 mv‡j n«vm †c‡q `uvovq 45.44 kZvs‡k| Aciw`‡K2006 mv‡j wbR¯^ Znwe‡ji Ask †hLv‡b 8.64 kZvsk wQj 2007 mv‡j Zv e„w× †c‡q `uvovq12.3 kZvs‡k| GB Ae¯’v cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’vwqËkxjZv wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|wPÎ 3: gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K Drm¸‡jvi Ae`vbDrm: Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics, CDF-InM, 2007 †_‡K msM„nxZ DcvË †_‡K wbYx©Z|wc‡KGmGd Zvi mn‡hvMx ms¯’vmg~‡ni z`ªFY Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bZvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L Avm‡Q| mviwY 10 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, 2005 n‡Z 2007 mvj ch©š—mg‡q gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K µgvMZ ewa©Z cwigv‡Y A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡q hv‡”Q|2008-09 A_©eQ‡i wc‡KGmGd Zvi mn‡hvMx ms¯’vi AbyK~‡j 2,037.51 wgwjqb UvKv FYcÖ`vb K‡i‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ 1,749.27 wgwjqb UvKv eÈb Kiv n‡q‡Q g~j‡mªvZ z`ªFY Kvh©µ‡giAvIZvq (mainstream program) Ges 288.24 wgwjqb UvKv eÈb Kiv n‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖK‡íiAvIZvq| 6 Ab¨w`‡K ¯’vbxq GbwRI-gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI †QvU GbwRI-gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K FY cÖ`vb Kvh©µ‡g h‡_ó mvnvh¨ K‡i Avm‡Q Ges Gi cwigvY ax‡i ax‡i †e‡oP‡j‡Q (mviwY 10)| mviwY 10 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, A‡_©i †hvMv‡bi †‡Î gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝcÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Af¨š—ixY ZnwejI µgvMZ ewa©Z cwigv‡Y Ae`vb ivL‡Q| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q†h, gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ˆe‡`wkK wewfbœ Dr‡mi Dci wbf©ikxjZv ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Q,hv F‡Yi Znwej e¨env‡ii e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i‡K AviI m‡PZb Kivi cvkvcvwk cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|6 PKSF, Annual Report 2008; http://www.pksf-bd.org/Annual_report2008/Loan Disbursement Status of the LastFive Years.html.

178evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 10z`ªFY Dr‡mi weeiYDrm 2007(wgwjqb UvKv)2006(wgwjqb UvKv)2005(wgwjqb UvKv)K. evwn¨K Drm 5340.14 5167.14 5053.831. ˆe‡`wkK `vZv‡Mvôx 5071.28 5018.37 4887.792. ˆe‡`wkK GbwRI 268.86 148.76 166.04L. Af¨š—ixY Drm 49,752.71 40,923.24 31940.701. wbR¯^ Drm 28,729.57 28,041.62 22,009.462. avi 21,023.14 12,881.62 9,931.241) wc‡KGmGd 13628.12 10853.26 8501.752) wmwWGd 28.83 26.75 23.973) ¯’vbxq GbwRI* 1259.28 244.95 193.224) Ab¨vb¨ 6106.91 1756.67 1212.31†gvU 55,092.85 46,090.38 36,994.53*†bvU: ¯’vbxq GbwRIÕ‡`i g‡a¨ eª¨vK, Avkv Ges cÖwkKv Aš—f©y³|Drm: Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics, CDF-InM, 2007|3.3| gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi wba©viKmg~nDc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z G K_v ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvAvw_©Kfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Ges Zviv Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwß e„w× Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ evwn¨K Drm†_‡K F‡Yi A_© ms¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©kxjZv A‡bK Kwg‡q w`‡q‡Q| GB mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b †hmewba©viKmg~n KvR Ki‡Q Zv wPwýZ Kivi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi GB As‡k| wb‡æ K‡qKwUwba©viK m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|K) cÖvwZôvwbK cwieZ©b (Institutional Innovation)gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vwße„w×i †‡Î z`ªFY Kvh©µ‡gi cÖvwZôvwbK cwieZ©b GKwU kw³kvjx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|cÖvwZôvwbK cwieZ©b ej‡Z miKvwi-†emiKvwi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M ¯^Zš¿ †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb cÖwZwôZKiv‡K †evSvq, hvi KvRB n‡e gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi z`ªFY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨A‡_©i †hvMvb †`Iqv| cj−x Kg©mnvqK dvD‡Ûkb (wc‡KGmGd) n‡”Q Ggb GKwU ¯^Zš¿cÖwZôvb hv z`ªFY Lv‡Zi †ckv`vwiZ¡ e„w× Ges Zv‡Z cwieZ©b mvab Kivi Rb¨ gyL¨ f~wgKvcvjb Ki‡Q (CGAP 2008)| GKB mv‡_ cÖwZôvbwU gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avw_©K¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv e„w× Ges wbqš¿YKvix KvVv‡gv (regulatory structure) kw³kvjx Ki‡Z mvnvh¨Ki‡Q|L) mw`”Qv Ges K‡Vvi `vqe×Zvz`ªFY Lv‡Zi mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q MÖvgxY e¨vsK g‡Wj hvi m„wó n‡qwQj Mfximw`”Qv, `wi`ª‡`i cÖwZ K‡Vvi `vqe×Zv Ges †bZ…‡Z¡i `Zv †_‡K| MÖvgxY e¨vsK g‡W‡ji GB‰ewk󨸇jv cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq y`ªFY †mev‡K `wi`ª‡`i Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q|

Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 179GB ‰ewkó¸‡jv z`ªFY Kvh©µg cÖmv‡ii mgq Kgx© wb‡qvM I Zv‡`i DØy×KiY, cÖkvmwbKwe‡K›`ªxKiY, e¨e¯’vcbv Z_¨ cÖev‡ni e¨e¯’v Ges wkY ms¯‹…wZ (learning culture) cÖwZwôZKi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Avi GB Kvi‡YB z`ªFY Lv‡Zi ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q A‡bKvs‡k|M) wkY Ges cixYz`ªFY †mevi `ª“Z m¤cÖmviY Ges ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv AR©‡bi †‡Î c~e© AwfÁZv †_‡K †kLvGes †m Abyhvqx e¨e¯’v †bIqv Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| gvVKgx©‡`i wewfbœAwfÁZv I mgm¨v e¨e¯’vcK‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kivi gva¨‡g D‡V G‡m‡Q z`ªFY †mevi cÖK…Zmyweav Ges Amyweav¸‡jv wK| GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q cÖvwZôvwbK Z`viwK I Kgx©‡`i Kvh©µg hvPvBcÖwµqvi gva¨‡g| mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi Zzjbvg~jK wkw_j Avw_©K †mev`v‡bi avivwU g~jZ MÖvnK‡`icÖwZwµqv ev wdWe¨vK Ges ÷¨vÛvW© z`ªFY Kvh©µ‡gi mxgve×Zv ch©v‡jvPbvi dmj|N) `wi`ª-Dc‡hvMx bZzb Kvh©µgMÖvgxY e¨vsK g‡W‡ji mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b Ab¨Zg cÖavb PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡QmvßvwnK †QvU †QvU wKw¯—‡Z FY cwi‡kv‡ai myweav| GB myweav `wi`ª Lvbv¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i ¯^í IwbqwgZ Avq †_‡K wKw¯— cwi‡kv‡ai myweav K‡i w`‡q‡Q| wbqwgZ wKw¯— cÖ`v‡bi Av‡iKwU myweavn‡jv †h, Gi gva¨‡g AwbqwgZ FYMÖnxZv‡`i wPwýZ K‡i ZË¡veavqK Awdmvi Ges Peer GroupMemberÕ†`i Av‡Mfv‡MB m¤¢ve¨ I we`¨gvb mgm¨v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv hvq (Morduch1999)| GB me¸‡jv welq gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avw_©K ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi AbyNUK wn‡m‡eKvR K‡i‡Q|O) mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv wbwðZKiYz`ªFY Lv‡Zi cÖe„w×i c~e©kZ© n‡”Q GKwU w¯’wZkxj mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v (my‡`i nviGes g~j¨ùxwZi mv‡c‡)| miKv‡i wbqš¿Y Ges bxwZ G Lv‡Zi mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v Dbœq‡bi Rb¨AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Gme bxwZi g‡a¨ Avw_©K D`vixKiY (financial liberalization) Ges my‡`inv‡ii wkw_jZv ev w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Ab¨Zg |4| ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZvi c‡_ evav I fwel¨‡Zi w`Kwb‡`©kbvDc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv cwi®‹vi †h, evsjv‡`‡ki gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv`Zvi mwnZ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Ges cwiPvjbv e¨q‡K Zzjbvg~jK Kg ivLvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`iAw¯—Z¡ eRvq ivL‡Z mg| e¯‘Z Zviv Avw_©K ¯’vqxZ¡kxjZv AR©b K‡i‡Q cÖ_gZ †gvU m¤ú‡`iD‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask FY Kvh©µ‡g e¨q Kivi gva¨‡g Ges wØZxqZ D”Pnv‡i fZ©ywK †`Iqv Drm†_‡K A‡_©i ms¯’vb Kivi gva¨‡g|wKš‘ †h‡nZz GB LvZwU µgk m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q, †m‡nZz D”Pnv‡i fZ©ywK †`Iqv Drm †_‡KA_© ms¯’v‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv w`bw`b evo‡e Ges GKB Dr‡mi Dci †ewk gvÎvq wbf©ikxj neviKvi‡Y GB Lv‡Zi Avw_©K e¨q ax‡i ax‡i evo‡e Ges gybvdv AR©b Kg‡e| GB Ae¯’v †gvKvwejvKivi Rb¨ wb‡æi c`‡c¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv Avï Ri“wi|

180evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv(1) gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖWv± (microfinance product) Gi bZzbK‡i `vg wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e;(2) bZzb Drm †_‡K A_©ms¯’v‡bi mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: evwYwR¨K FY ev †¯^”QvmÂq| Z‡e evwYwR¨K Drm †_‡K FY cvevi Rb¨ gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jviAvw_©K `Zv Ges ¯’vwqZ¡kxjZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡igybvdv AR©b Kivi mvg_©¨ _vK‡Z n‡e;(3) jMœxc‡Îi gvb (Portfolio quality) Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e;(4) F‡Yi SzuwK (loan risk) Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e; Ges(5) mnR‡eva¨ write off policy wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|MÖš’cwÄA_© gš¿Yvjq (2010): evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxv|Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and the World Bank. (2004): “ScalingUp Poverty Reduction: Case Studies in Microfinance.” Paper presented at theConference on “Global Learning Process for Scaling up Poverty Reduction,”held in Shanghai, 25–27May, 2004.Credit and Development Forum and Institute of Microfinance (2007): BangladeshMicrofinance Statistics.Hulme, D. and P. Mosley (eds.) (1996): Finance Against Poverty. London: Routledge.Microcredit Regulatory Authority (2009): NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh.Morduch, J. (2000): “The Microfinance Schism.” World Development, 28 (4): 617.Morduch, J. (1999): “The Microfinance Promise.” Journal of Economic Literature, 37(December): 1569-1614.Palli Karma-Sohayak Foundation- PKSF (2008): Annual Report. http://www.pksfbd.org/Annual_report2008/LoanDisbursement Status of the Last FiveYears.html, Accessed on 3 rd October, 2010.PKSF ( ): Annual Report 2004. http://www.pksf-bd.org/annual_report2004/annual_report_cont.html,Accessed on 3 rd October, 2010.Sa-Dhan (2003): “Sustainability of Microfinance Interventions.” Perspective Paper No. 4.New Delhi: Sa-Dhan, August.Asia Microfinance analysis and benchmarking report (2008):http://www.themix.org/sites/default/files/2008AsiaMicrofinance Analysis andBenchmarking Report.pdf. Accessed on 3 rd October, 2010.Eastern Europe and Central Asia Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report(2008):http://www.cgap.org/gm/document1.9.36440/2008Eastern EuropeCentral Asia Microfinance Analysis and Benchmarking Report-English.pdf,Accessed on 3 rd October, 2010.

Avn&‡g`: evsjv‡`‡ki z`ªFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 181MIX market- Financial Data and Social Performance Indicators for MicrofinanceInstitutions. www.mixmarket.org, Accessed on 3 rd October, (2010):Bangladesh Bank (2010): http://www.bangladesh-bank.org/econdata/exchangerate.php,Accessed on 3 rd October, 2010.

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†mb: F‡Y wbgMœ evsjvi MÖvg : gyw³i Dcvq wK? 189cvwb e„wó I b`xcÖev‡ni AvKv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq; GiI †Kv‡bv mydj AvgivGL‡bv ai‡Z cvwiwb| Gi cÖavb KviYB n‡jv evsjv‡`‡k eo K…lK hviv GB myweav¸‡jvi my‡hvMMÖnY Kivi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z mg Zv‡`i Afve i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk K…lKB njcÖvwš—K K…lK I ỳ ª K…lK| mv‡o mvZ GK‡ii Dci Rwg Av‡Q GiKg K…l‡Ki msL¨v LyeB Kg|myZivs gvSvwi, z`ª I cÖvwš—K K…lK‡K cyuwR hywM‡qB evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨-wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Zn‡e Ges †mUv †gv‡UB Amva¨ †Kv‡bv KvR bq|Z‡e †Kej K…wlLv‡ZB bq, MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡ZI cyuwR cÖevn Ri“wi| evsjv‡`‡kiMÖv‡g AvR †hfv‡e RbmsL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q, eûw`b Av‡M †_‡KB K…wli c‡ Zv enb Kiv m¤¢enw”Qj bv| K…wli ewa©Z RbMY‡K µgea©gvb wkí I †mevLv‡Z wb‡q G‡m Zv‡`i Rxebgvb e„w×Ki‡Z n‡e| GB j‡¨ MÖvgxY KvwiMwi LvZ, MÖvgxY wkíLvZ, MÖvgxY †mevLvZ BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z ivóªKZ©„K cyuwR mieivn K‡i K…wli ewa©Z RbMY‡K AvZ¥Kg© MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| e¯‘ZAvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói Rb¨ ivóª‡KB mwµq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, GbwRIÕ†K bq|gvB‡µv-†µwWU ev z`ªF‡Yi mnvqZv MÖnY K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡Mvôx z`ª e¨emv‡qi †hRMZ m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zv †_‡K cÖKvk cv‡”Q MÖvgxY bvixi g‡a¨ e¨emv‡qi SuzwK MÖnY Kivi wekvjm¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| GB m¤¢vebv‡K e¨vcK AvKv‡i ùzwiZ Kivi Rb¨ bvix‡K mnR Ges ¯^í my‡`FY cÖ`vb Kiv Ri“wi| ivóª‡KB GB `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv m¤úwˇZ AwaKvi bv _vKviKvi‡Y bvix D‡`¨v³viv FY cÖvwßi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Collateral w`‡Z cv‡ib bv| `vwi`ª¨we‡gvP‡bi Dci bvix-m„ó A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi eûgvwÎK BwZevPK cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ZvQvovmnRvZfv‡e bvixi mÂq cÖeYZv (propensity to save) D”P nIqvq AwaKZi jvfRbK e¨emv(hv m¤¢e n‡e mnR I ¯^í my‡` FY cÖvwßi Kvi‡Y) n‡Z AwaKZi mÂq n‡e hv cybwe©wb‡qvM K‡ibvix‡Mvôx Zv‡`i e¨emv‡K DˇivËi AviI jvfRbK Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges †mBm‡½ `vwi`ª¨we‡gvP‡bI Zviv AwaK †_‡K AwaKZi Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡eb| ZvB bvix‡K FY cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ivóª‡KB mwµq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, GbwRIÕ†K bq|Qqiv‡óªi GB cÖ‡Póv Aek¨ mdj n‡e bv hw` MÖvgxY evsjvi RbMY‡K cÖwZeQi cÖvq cuwPknvRvi †KvwU UvKvi FY-cwi‡kv‡ai `vqfvi †_‡K gy³ Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv bv nq| g‡b ivLvcÖ‡qvRb, GB cuwPk nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cÖvq QÕnvRvi †KvwU UvKv mỳ (25 kZvsknv‡i); cvuP †KvwU †jv‡Ki gv_vwcQy evwl©K cÖvq evik UvKv mỳ | MÖvgxY gvb‡li m„ó GB wekvjDØ„Ë hw` cybi“rcv`‡b †m wb‡RB cÖ‡qvM ev e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv, Zvn‡j evsjvi MÖv‡gi †PnvivPx‡bi ev fvi‡Zi †Kivjv ev nwiqvbv †_‡K Lye †ewk †cQ‡b _vK‡Zv bv| MÖvg-evsjv †Kej †hwb‡R‡KB mg„w×i c‡_ wb‡q †h‡Z mg n‡Zv Zv-B bq, †`‡ki wkívq‡bi Rb¨ wKQyUv n‡jIDØ„Ë ev cyuwRi †hvMvb evov‡Z cvi‡Zv, †`‡ki mvwe©K cyuwR mÂq‡b ev Capital Accumulation-G f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡Zv| MÖvg-evsjvi cÖvYkw³‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ ZvB AvR ivóª‡KBD‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e; MÖv‡g mnR I ¯^í my‡` cyuwR-cÖevn e„w× K‡i MÖv‡gi mvwe©K Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡KmÄxweZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

190evsjv‡k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwĆmb, Abycg (1999): Òevsjv‡`k : ivóª I mgvR,Ó c„ôv 103, wØZxq ms¯‹iY, Aemi cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, Rvbyqvwi|A_© gš¿Yvjq (2009): Òevsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxv 2009,Ó A_©‰bwZK Dc‡`óv AbywefvM, A_© wefvM, gš¿Yvjq,MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi|World Bank: Annual Report 1996.

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200evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcÖe‡Ü GKvwaK fvlvi MÖš’/cÖeÜvw` e¨env‡ii †‡Î MÖš’cwÄ fvlvwfwËK web¨vm AbymiY Ki‡Zn‡e| A_©vr cÖeÜwU‡Z evsjv fvlvi MÖš’cwÄ me©cÖ_g ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e, Zvic‡i n‡e Bs‡iwRfvlvi MÖš’cwÄ| MÖš’cwÄ MÖš’vKv‡ii bv‡gi eY©vbyµ‡g n‡Z n‡e|GKB MÖš’vKv‡ii GKvwaK iPbv ms‡L‡c MÖš’vKv‡ii bvg cybi“‡j−L bv K‡i bv‡gi cwie‡Z© GKwU†QvU mgvš—ivj jvBb †hvM K‡i iPbv¸‡jv cÖKvkKvj Abyµ‡g ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|mvgwqKxi bvg ms‡wcZ A_©vr abbreviated Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgb, Eco.Sc. Rev.bgybv MÖš’cwĆmb, AgZ©¨ (1990): Rxeb hvÎv I A_©bxwZ, KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©|Lvb, Avãyj AvDqvj I Av‡bvqviyj AvwRg Avwid (1990): evsjv‡`‡k e¨e¯’vcbv, XvKv: Avexicvewj‡Kkb|Avjg, Gg †Lvi‡k` (1403 e½uvã): ÒevRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z Dbœqb cwiKíbvi f~wgKvÓ, evsjv‡`kDbœqb mgxv, 14k LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, XvKv: weAvBwWGm, c„ 15-34|—— (1402): ÒAskx`vwiZ¡g~jK †cÖwZ cwiKíbv: KwZcq cÖvmw½K Bmÿ Ó, evsjv‡`k Dbœqbmgxv, 13k LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, XvKv: weAvBwWGm, c„ 15-34|Imgvbx, wmwÏKzi ingvb ( 1997): ÒA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I `vwi`ª¨ †gvPb: G‡`i m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc wb‡qwKQy fvebv,Ó i“wk`vb Bmjvg ingvb (m¤úvw`Z) `vwi`ª¨ I Dbœqb: ‡cÖvcU evsjv‡`k,XvKv:weAvBwWGm|9| cÖeÜKvi 10wU AdwcÖ›Umn Rvb©v‡ji 2wU Kwc webvg~‡j¨ cv‡eb|10| cwiwkó (Appendix) Avjv`v c„ôvq MÖš’cwÄi c‡i ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|11| cÖeÜ wb‡æv³ wVKvbvq cvVv‡Z n‡e|m¤úv`Kevsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvevsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvbB-17 AvMviMuvI, †ki-B-evsjv bMiwRwcI e· bs 3854XvKv -1207E-mail: pratima@bids.org.bd

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖvnK nIqvi wbqgvejx1| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi MÖvnK Puv`v wcÖ-†c‡g›UwfwËK| A_©vr †cÖwiZ Bbf‡q‡mi wecix‡Z e¨vsKWªvdU/†PK cvIqvi ci MÖvnK‡K Kwc †cÖiY Kiv n‡e| †`kx-we‡`kx Dfq ai‡bi AW©v‡ii †‡ÎG wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|2| e¨vsK WªvdU ev †PK Aek¨B evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡bi AbyK~‡j †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e|3| MÖvnK nIqvi mgq wb‡æv³ Z_¨vw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e:(K) c~Y© mieivn wVKvbv|(L) †h msL¨vi Rb¨ MÖvnK n‡Z B”QyK †m msL¨vi bv¤^vi I mvj|(M) bevq‡bi †‡Î MÖvnK bv¤^vi|(N) G‡R›U KZ…©K Zvi K¬v‡q‡›Ui c~Y© mieivn wVKvbv|4| e¨vK ev cyi‡bv Bmÿ i Rb¨ mvewµckb AW©v‡ii †‡Î 25% Kwgkb cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| G‡‡Îwgwms/wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwc `vex Kiv hv‡e bv|5| MÖvnK Kwc †cÖi‡Yi mgq nviv‡bv ev †cÖiYKv‡j †cÖwiZ Kwc bó n‡q †M‡j RvY©vj cÖKvwkZnIqvi 3 gv‡mi g‡a¨ wgwms ev wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwci `vex Rvbv‡j wgwms ev wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwc (PvR©wd«) mieivn Kiv n‡e|6| MÖvnK Puv`v cwi‡kv‡ai mgq †P‡Ki mv‡_ bevqb/Bbf‡qm bv¤^vi I MÖvnK bv¤^vi (Rvbv _vK‡j)D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e|7| MÖvn‡Ki wVKvbv cwieZ©b n‡j cyi‡bv I eZ©gvb wVKvbv, MÖvnK bv¤^vi BZ¨vw` D‡j−Lc~e©KAbwZwej‡¤^ cÖKvkbv kvLv‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|8| MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q †iwRóvW© WvK‡hv‡M MÖvnK Kwc †cÖiY Kiv n‡e| WvK gvïj cÖKvkbv g~‡j¨i g‡a¨Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e|9| G‡R›U Kwgkb : 20%|10| cwi‡kvwaZ MÖvnK Puv`v widv‡Ûi Rb¨ Av‡e`b MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|11| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi MÖvnK n‡Z n‡j MÖvnK Puv`v (mvemwµckb) dig c~iY K‡i (c~Y©mieivn wVKvbvmn) WvK‡hv‡M ev d¨v·‡hv‡M AW©vi †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e| B-‡gBj †hv‡MI digc~iY K‡i (c~Y© mieivn wVKvbvmn) AW©vi †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e|

202evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv12| bgybv ev m¨v¤új Kwc weAvBwWGm-Gi I‡qemvBU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW Kiv hv‡e|13| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi mvemwµckb AW©vi, e¨vsK WªvdU BZ¨vw` wb‡æi wVKvbvq cvVv‡Z n‡e :cÖavb cÖKvkbv Kg©KZ©vevsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvbB-17 AvMviMuvI, †ki-B-evsjv bMiXvKv -1207†dvb:9143441-8 G·:237;8112397 (mivmwi)d¨v·: 88-02-8113023B‡gBj:publication@ bids.org.bdI‡qemvBU: www.bids.org.bdMÖvnK Puv`vi nvie¨w³ MÖvnK :cÖwZôvb :e¨w³ MÖvnK :cÖwZôvb :†`‡k180 UvKv250 UvKvwe‡`‡k15 Wjvi20 Wjvi202