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Fruktany i ich wystêpowanie … 79[52] Shiomi N. 1992. Content of carbohydrate and activities of fructosylotransferase and invertase in asparagus rootsduring the frukctooligosaccharide- and fructopolysaccharide accumulating season. New Phytol. 122: 421–432.[53] Thakur M., Bhargava S., Dixit V.K. 2009. Effect of Asparagus racemosus on sexual dysfunction inhyperglycemic male rats. Pharmaceut. Biol. 47(5): 390–395.[54] Trafalska E., Grzybowska K. 2004. Probiotyki – alternatywa dla antybiotyków? Wiad. Lek. 57(9–10).[55] Trunova T.L. 1965. Light and temperature systems in the hardening of winter wheat and the significance ofoligosaccharides for frost resistance. Fiziol. Rast. 12: 70–77.[56] Van Loo J., Coussement P., de Leenheer L., Hoebregs H., Smits G. 1995. On the presence of inulin andoligofructose as natural ingredients in the western diet. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35: 525–552.[57] Van Loo J. 2007. How chicory fructans contribute to zootechnical performance and well-being in livestock andcompanion Animals. J. Nutr. 137: 2594–2597.[58] Venter C.S. 2007. Prebiotics: an update. JFECS 35: 17–25.[59] Visavadiya N.P., Narasimhacharya R.L. 2005. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of Asparagus racemosusin hypercholesteremic rats. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 37(6): 376–380.[60] Wagner W., Keller F., Wiemken A. 1983. Fructan metabolism in cereals: induction in leaves and compartmentationin protoplasts and vacuoles. Z Pflanz. 112: 359–372.[61] Waleckx E., Gschaedler A., Colonna-Ceccaldi B., Monsun P. 2008. Hydrolysis of fructans from Agave tequilanaWEBER var. azul during the cooking step in a traditional tequila elaboration process. Food Chem. 108: 40–48.[62] Wang C., Tillberg J.E. 1996. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on accumulation of fructan and fructan metabolizingenzyme activities in sink and source leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Physiol. Plant. 97: 339–345.[63] Wang C., Tillberg J.E. 1997. Effects of short-term phosphorus deficiency on carbohydrate storage in sink andsource leaves of (Hordeum vulgare). New Phytol. 136: 131–135.[64] Wang N., Nobel P.S. 1998. Phloem transport of fructans in the crassulacean acid metabolism species Agavedeserti. Plant Physiol. 116: 709–714.[65] Yang J., Zhang J., Wang Z., Zhu Q., Liu L. 2004. Activities of fructan- and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes inwheat stems subjected to water stress during grain filling. Planta 220: 331–343.[66] Zaj¹c A., Mirek Z., Piêkoœ-Mirkowa H., Zaj¹c M. 2002. Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland:a checklist. Krytyczna lista roœlin naczyniowych Polski. Instytut Botaniki PAN im. W³adys³awa Szaferaw Krakowie, ISBN 83-85444-83-1.[67] Zamudio D.M., Pinos-Rodríguez J.M., González S.S., Robinson P.H., García J.C. and Montañez O. 2009.Effects of Agave salmiana OTTO ex SALM-DYCK silage as forage on ruminal fermentation and growth in goats.Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 148: 1–11.Fructans and their occurrence in cultivated plantsKey words: fructans, chemical composition, characterization of their sourcesSummaryFructans, or polyfructosylsucroses, are water-soluble polymers of fructose buildupon a -D-fructofuranosyl units linked to each other by (2-1) and/or -(2,6) bonds,meanwhile a glucose moiety may be linked to the reducing end of the chain by an-(1->2) bond.Five different groups of fructans are found in the nature and can be distinguishedaccording to the type of linkage in structure and the position of glucose moiety. Thesegroups consist of inulins, neoseries inulins, levans (produced by bacteria)/phleins(produced by plants), neoseries levans, and the mixed fructans group (graminan).