evsjv‡`k Dbœq b mgx¶v - BIDS

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvevsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvbXvKv

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 1418Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb : ewÂZ gvby‡li Rb¨ Avw_©K†mevi my‡hvM m„wóAvwZDi ingvb *1| Aš—f©yw³g~jK (inclusive) Dbœqb fvebvmv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Aš—fy©w³g~jK (inclusive) Dbœqb fvebv we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ cv‡”Q| we‡kl K‡imv¤cÖwZK wek¦ A_©‰bwZK g›`v cÖPwjZ Dbœqb wPš—v KvVv‡gv‡Z cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| Dbœq‡bi mydjmgv‡Ri mKj gvby‡li gv‡S mylg eÈb, mevi R‡b¨ AwaKZi my‡hvM m„wó, Askx`vwiZ¡g~jKDbœqb BZ¨vw` bvbv Dbœqb †KŠkj GB Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb fvebvi AvIZvq c‡o| Z‡e GBDbœqb Z‡Ë¡i mve©Rbxb ev me©m¤§Z msÁvi †LuvR cvIqv hvqwb| A‡b‡K G‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb`vwi`ª¨-evÜe (pro-poor) A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b wn‡m‡e| Ab¨ K_vq, ewÂZ‡`i R‡b¨ AwaKZimy‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g Dbœqb cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki msÁvAbyhvqx, Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb †Kej Av‡qi mylg eÈbB bq, eis Drcv`bkxj Kg©ms¯’vb m…RbGes ‰elg¨ `~ixKiY‡KI †evSvq| GB Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’vwU Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Ggb ai‡bi cÖe„w×iK_v ej‡Q †hLv‡b e¨vcKfv‡e `vwi`«¨ wbimb m¤¢e n‡e (World Bank 2009)| cvš—‡i GkxqDbœqb e¨vsK (ADB)-Gi g‡Z, Ggb cÖwµqvB Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb cÖwµqv hv mevi R‡b¨ mgvbmy‡hvM ‰Zwi K‡i (Rauniyar and Kanbur 2009)| A_©vr hLb mgv‡Ri mK‡j Dbœqb cÖwµqviGes Zvi djvd‡ji mgvb Askx`vi nq| Z‡e h_vm¤¢e AMÖvwaKvi †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb mgv‡RiAe‡nwjZ I ewÂZ gvbyl‡`i| cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU‡K GK m‡½ †`L‡j †`Lv hv‡e GUv Ggb GKUvDbœqb †KŠkj hv Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Êi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †UKmB A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZK‡i|cÖnjv` (2010) Ges e¨vbvwR© (2011) Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨`~ixKi‡Yi bvbv m…Rbkxj D‡`¨v‡Mi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Mwi‡ei gv‡S A_© cÖevn Kiv †M‡jZvivI †h mdj D‡`¨v³v n‡Z cv‡ib Ges wb‡R‡`i `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi cvkvcvwk Kg©my‡hvM m…wóK‡i A‡b¨i `vwi`ª¨I †NvPv‡Z cv‡ib †m K_vwUI Zuviv bvbv D`vniY w`‡q Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`ig‡Z, Dbœq‡bi †Quvqv mevi R‡b¨ mgvb my‡hvM m„wó K‡i Ges gvbem¤c‡`i h_vh_ Dbœq‡bigva¨‡g RbM‡Yi mgZv e„w× K‡i| GwWweÕi M‡elYvwU‡Z Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb ej‡Z g~jZKg©ms¯’vb Ges mvgvwRK my‡hvM †hgb wkv I ¯^v¯’¨ †mevmn mvgwMÖK wbivcËv †eóbx‡Z mevimgvb cÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| m‡e©vcwi, `vwi`ª¨ I ‰elg¨ wbimb, Drcv`bkxjKg©ms¯’vb, gvbem¤c` Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †UKmB A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Ges mKj bvMwi‡KiR‡b¨ mgvbfv‡e mvgvwRK wbivcËv wbwðZKiY - GmeB Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb cªwµqvi j¨|* Mfb©i, evsjv‡`k e¨vsK| B-†gBj : governor@bb.org.bd|

2evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvGKwesk kZ‡Ki Dbœq‡bi g~j kw³ Z_¨cÖhyw³ (IT)| †Kbbv, AvaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³i my‡hvMMÖnY K‡i Dbœqbkxj wek¦ Zv‡`i Ae‡nwjZ Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q AZ¨š— Kg Li‡P Ges `ª“ZZgmg‡q `Zvi mv‡_ cª‡qvRbxq cY¨ I †mev †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z mg n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, fvi‡Zie¨v½v‡jv‡i Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨envi mykvmb cÖwZôvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨enviKivi d‡j Rb‡mevi mv‡_ mswk−ó‡`i `ybx©wZi my‡hvM K‡g‡Q; wbwðZ n‡q‡Q `Zv IRevew`wnZv; AwR©Z n‡q‡Q ÁvbwfwËK A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×; Ges m„wó n‡q‡Q m„Rbkxj AvaywbKcªhyw³ Ávb m¤cbœ ` Zi“Y D‡`¨v³v †kªwY| weMZ K‡qK `k‡K fvi‡Zi avivevwnK D”P nv‡ii(cªvq 9 kZvsk) cÖe„w× AR©‡bi †cQ‡b GB Zi“Y D‡`¨v³v †kªwYi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|Z_¨cÖhyw³i †h Acvi m¤¢vebv Zvi kZfvM my‡hvM e¨envi K‡i mgv‡Ri mK‡ji AskMÖn‡YAš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q (Nilekani 2008)| my‡hv‡Mi mبenvi, my‡hvM MÖn‡YmK‡ji AwaKvi wbwðZKiY, evRviwfwËK Dbœqb †KŠkj, wkv I ¯^v¯’¨mn mvgvwRK wbivcËv†eóbxi m¤cÖmviY, ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv cÖwZôv †mLvbKvi Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb cÖwµqv‡K†eMevb K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI nv‡j Z_¨cÖhyw³i cÖmvi Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœq‡bi avivq MwZgqZvG‡b‡Q, Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q A_© †cuŠQv‡bvi †KŠkj MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g MÖvgxYA_©bxwZ‡Z cybR©vMi‡Yi D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q| BDwbqb Z_¨‡K›`ª I †gvevBj e¨vswKs Gimgb¦‡q G‡Kev‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K D‡`¨v³v m…wói bvbv D‡`¨vM GLb j Kiv hv‡”Q |Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb avibvi g~j j¨B n‡jv, Dbœq‡bi mydj mgv‡Ri wcwQ‡q cov Mwie†gnbwZ gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bv hv‡`i Ae¯’vb mgv‡Ri G‡Kev‡i wbP Zjvq (Bottom of thePyramid)| C.K. Prahalad & Stuart Hart (2002) µqgZv ev Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)-Gi wfwˇZ eZ©gvb wek¦ mgvR A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡K GKwU wcivwgW Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i PviwUMÖ“‡c fvM K‡i‡Qb| we‡k¦i 75-100 wgwjqb RbmsL¨v hv‡`i PPP 20 nvRvi Wjv‡ii †ewk,Zviv wcivwg‡Wi kx‡l© Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Aciw`‡K wcivwg‡Wi wbPZjvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q we‡k¦i cÖvq4 wewjqb RbmsL¨v hv‡`i PPP 1,500 Wjv‡ii Kg| wbZ¨w`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I †mevqcÖ‡ekvwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Zuviv GB cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi|mgv‡Ri wbPz Zjvi GBme gvbyl‡`i AwgZ m¤¢vebvi K_v cÖnjv` wj‡L‡Qb Gfv‡e, ÒFourbillion poor can be the engine of the next round of global trade and prosperity. Servingthe Bottom of the Pyramid consumers will demand innovations in technology, productsand services, and business models. More important, it will require large firms to workcollaboratively with civil society organizations and local governments. Marketdevelopment at the Bottom of the Pyramid will also create millions of new enterpreneursat the grass root level - from women working as distributors and enterpreneurs to villagelevel micro enterprises (Prahalad 2010).A_©vr, GB mKj ewÂZ gvby‡li gv‡S cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM m„wó K‡i, Zv‡`i mvg_©¨ e„w×igva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ I eÂbv †_‡K `ª“Z gyw³ cvIqv m¤¢e| e¨emvqx cÖwZôvb¸‡jv m„Rbkxj cY¨ I†mev wb‡q GB wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi gv‡S Avm‡Z cv‡i| G cÖm‡½ evsjv‡`kmn Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvi

ingvb: Aš—f©yw³g~jK Dbœqb : ewÂZ gvby‡li Rb¨ Avw_©K †mevi my‡hvM m„wó 3wewfbœ †`‡ki wbPzZjvq Ae¯’vbKvix e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi gv‡S †mjyjvi †dvb e¨env‡ii †h we¯—„wZeûRvwZK †gvevBj †dvb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv NUv‡Z mg n‡q‡Q Zvi D‡j−L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AvR†gvevBj †dvb e¨envi e„w×i d‡j e¨emv-evwYR¨mn mKj A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡ÊMwZgqZv G‡m‡Q Ges m…wó n‡q‡Q Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM| Z_¨cÖhyw³i wec−e mgv‡Ri wbPyZjvie…nËi Rb‡Mvôx‡K m‡½ wb‡q e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i e„w× Ges m„Rbkxj D‡`¨vM m„wómn bvbv m¤¢vebvi`yqvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| Dbœq‡bi GB MwZgqZv MYZš¿ I mykvmb cÖwZôvi Ici ZvwM`I e„w×K‡i‡Q|e¨w³ AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ m‡PZbZv, A‡b¨i AwaKvi msiY, m„Rbkxj D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³vm„wó, cÖwZ‡ekMZ fvimvg¨, evRviwfwËK e¨e¯’vcbv GmeB Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb wPš—viKvVv‡gvMZ w`K| mgv‡Ri wbPzZjvi wekvj Rb‡Mvôx †hgb GKw`‡K †fv³v, †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡KD‡`¨v³v| A_©vr Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi `vi“Y GK fvimv‡g¨i gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ K‡i|wek¦vq‡bi GB mg‡q Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœqb wfwËK GB mvgvwRK iƒcvš—i ewÂZ gvby‡li Av_©mvgvwRKAe¯’vi ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|2| Avw_©K Aš—fy©w³e„nËi K¨vbfv‡m Aš—fy©w³g~jK Dbœq‡bi hvÎvc‡_ Avw_©K Aš—fy©w³ (financial inclusion)GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| e¯‘Z GwU mvgvwRKfv‡e gvbyl‡K evB‡i ivLvi wecixZaviYv| Avw_©K Aš—fy©w³ bv NUvi †cQ‡b †hme KviY KvR K‡i †mm‡ei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q `vwi`«¨m¤cwK©Z bvbv eÂbv| †hgb: ¯^v¯’¨, wkv I m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv †_‡K ewÂZ nIqv| GmeeÂbvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Kv‡Ri my‡hvM, Avq DcvR©b Kivi my‡hvM Ges FY cvevi my‡hvM †_‡KewÂZ n‡q _v‡Kb| kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜKZv, RvwZ, ag©, eY© ev wj½ ‰el‡g¨i Kvi‡YIG eÂbvi D¢e nq| ZvQvov `xN©¯’vqx hy× I msN‡l©i Kvi‡YI mvgvwRK msNe×Zv †f‡½ c‡oGes †mR‡b¨ Avw_©K I mvgvwRK ewnf~©ZKi‡Yi D`¢e nq| †mB A‡_©, DbœZ ev Dbœqbkxj mKj†`‡kB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Avw_©K I mvgvwRK ewnf©~ZKiY j Kiv hvq| Z‡e †`‡k †`‡kZvi gvÎv wfbœ n‡Z eva¨| †m Kvi‡YB GgbwK DbœZ †`‡kI Avw_©K Aš—fy©w³i welqwU DbœqbbxwZKvVv‡gv‡Z ¯’vb K‡i †bq| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Kg Av‡qi †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ m¤cwK©Z eÂbvI ewnf©~ZKiY AviI Zxeª| Avi †m Kvi‡YB Zv `~i Kivi R‡b¨ bxwZ D‡`¨v‡Mi LyeB cÖ‡qvRbGes Zv DbœZ †`‡ki †P‡q AviI †ewk nIqv evÃbxq|Avgv‡`i cÖwZw`‡bi Rxeb Pjvq Avgv‡`i †gŠwjK wKQy †jb‡`b †mev cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgbAvgvbZ MÖnY, PjwZ Li‡Pi R‡b¨ F‡Yi `iKvi †gUv‡bv A_ev wewb‡qv‡Mi R‡b¨ Kvh©Ki A‡_©i†`qv-†bqv, wn‡me wb®úwË BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avw_©K Aš—fy©w³ gv‡b Gme †gŠwjK Avw_©K†mev MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cÖvwß| bM‡ii A‡cvK„Z m¤c`kvjx e¨w³iv e¨vsK QvovI BÝÿ ‡i݆Kv¤cvwb Ges cuywRevRvi †_‡KI Avw_©K †mev †c‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K †mevcÖwZôvb¸‡jvi MÖvgxY kvLvi msL¨v LyeB Kg| we‡kl K‡i †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi e¨vsK¸‡jvi †‡ÎGK_vwU AviI †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨| †QvU AvKv‡ii †jb‡`b nq e‡j Mwie gvbyl‡K Gme †mev w`‡ZcÖwZôvb¸‡jv Drmvnx nq bv| Zv‡`i g‡Z, Gme †mev w`‡j Zv‡`i h‡_ó jvf nq bv| ZvQvov

ingvb: Aš—f©yw³g~jK Dbœqb : ewÂZ gvby‡li Rb¨ Avw_©K †mevi my‡hvM m„wó 5n‡”Q| A_©‰bwZK g›`v Avgv‡`i `xN©w`‡bi jvwjZ wPš—v KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ AvNvZ †n‡b‡Q| AvgivDcjwä Ki‡Z mg n‡qwQ †h, †K›`ªxq e¨vswKs Gi cÖ_vMZ msKxY© cwimi‡Kw›`ªK G‡cÖvPAvw_©K Lv‡Zi SuywK †gvKvwejvq mg bq| †K›`«xq e¨vs‡Ki gỳ ªvbxwZi Ici miKv‡iiivR‰bwZK cÖfve, ivR¯^ bxwZi mv‡_ mgb¦‡q RwUjZv, m‡e©vcwi Avgv‡`i g‡Zv Z„Zxq we‡k¦i†K›`«xq e¨vs‡Ki bxwZMZ ¯^vqËkvm‡bi my‡hvM bv _vKv BZ¨vw` mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ‡KAviI msKUvcbœ K‡i| ZvB mgq G‡m‡Q †K›`ªxq e¨vswKs Gi eZ©gvb †KŠkjMZ paradigm GcwieZ©b Avbvi (paradigm shift) Ges Avw_©K Lv‡Zi ewn¯’ (external) I Af¨š—ixY (domestic)welq¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbvq ivLvi|†`‡ki †K›`«xq e¨vsK wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki g~j `vwqZ¡ n‡jv gỳ ªvbxwZ cÖYqb Iev¯—evqb, A_©bxwZ‡Z FY cÖev‡ni MwZaviv mywbqš¿Y Ges RvZxq ¯^v‡_© Drcv`bkxj m¤c‡`ih_vh_ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv (evsjv‡`k e¨vsK AW©vi 1972,ms‡kvwaZ 2003)| mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`k e¨vsK gỳ ªvbxwZi cvkvcvwk GKwU Aš—fy©w³g~jKI cwi‡ek-evÜe †UKmB cÖe„w× AR©‡bi j¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L †`‡ki e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx‡K Avw_©K†mevi AvIZvq wb‡q Avmvi †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| ZviB Ask wn‡m‡e K„wl, ỳ ª IgvSvwi wkí (GmGgB) Ges bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvwb †hgb †mŠikw³, ev‡qvM¨vm BZ¨vw` Lv‡Zevsjv‡`k e¨vsK we‡kl FY ¯‹xg Pvjy K‡i‡Q| †`‡ki cÖZ¨š— Rbc‡` Avw_©K †mev †cuŠQv‡bviR‡b¨ AvaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨vsK, ỳ ªFY ms¯’v I †gvevBj †dvb †Kv¤cvwbig‡a¨ Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK bZyb bZyb e¨q-mvkªqx (cost-effective) m„Rbkxj †mev cÖeZ©‡bi D‡`¨vM†bIqv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov e¨vsK¸‡jvi gvbweK e¨vswKs Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvi‡Y wmGmAvi (corporatesocial responsibility (CSR)) Kg©m~wPi Ici ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q | wmGmAvi Kg©m~wPigva¨‡g g~jZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv e„w× K‡i myweavewÂZ †kªwYi mš—vb‡`i †jLvcovimy‡hvM m„wómn bvbvgvwÎK mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Êi w`‡K m¤ú` cÖevn e„w× Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Qevsjv‡`k e¨vsK| wek¦g›`v cieZx© wek¦A_©bxwZ‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vswKs G GB ai‡bi Dbœqb wPš—vims‡hvRb mviv we‡k¦ e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡”Q|4| evsjv‡`‡k Avw_©K Aš—f©yw³ we¯Z…wZi †‡Î AMÖMwZ¯^vaxbZv cieZx©Kv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Avw_©K Aš—fy©w³ we¯— „wZi †‡Î †h AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q Zvg~jZ e¨vs‡Ki kvLv MÖvg A‡j m¤cÖmviY, mKj ¯’vbxq e¨vsK‡K RvZxqKiY Ges mgevqwfwËKFY cÖwZôvb¸‡jv KZ„©K Zv‡`i m`m¨‡`i AvgvbZ I FY †mev cÖ`v‡bi †‡Î n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †`Lv†M‡Q, MÖv‡gi Ae¯’vm¤cbœ gZvevbivB G mKj my‡hvM †_‡K DcK„Z n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki Mwiegvbyl G mKj my‡hvM †_‡K DcK„Z n‡h‡Q mvgvb¨B| d‡j AMwYZ, AwkwZ Mwie gvby‡lifv‡M¨vbœqb nqwb| cieZx©‡Z †ek wKQy ỳ ªFY cÖwZôvb GB APjvqZb †f‡½ Avw_©K †mev `wi`ªgvby‡li †`vi‡Mvovq †cuŠQv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Q| Aek¨ Zv‡`i A‡b‡Ki Kg©m~wP gwnjv‡`i j K‡i†bIqv n‡q‡Q GB we‡ePbvq †h, cwiev‡i gwnjviv Avw_©Kfv‡e kw³gvb n‡j cÖPwjZ cyi“lkvwmZ cwiev‡i bvixi gZvqb n‡e Ges mš—vb‡`i †jLvcovmn hveZxq wel‡q gwnjv‡`igZvgZ AMÖvwaKvi cv‡e| ỳ ªF‡Yi cvkvcvwk Gme cÖwZôvb mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q LyeB mxwgZ

8evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv6| m„Rbkxj Avw_©K †mev`wi`ª-evÜe e¨vcKwfwËK A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z evsjv‡`k e¨vsK GKwU w¯’wZkxjAvw_©K LvZ M‡o Zyj‡Z m„Rbkxj Avw_©K †mev cÖeZ©‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q| e¨vswKs †mevqgvbweK aviYvi Aš—fy©w³Ki‡Y m‡e©v”P ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wmGmAvi (corporate socialresponsibility) Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq wkv cÖwZôvb I nvmcvZvj cÖwZôvi cvkvcvwk e¨vsK¸‡jv‡KcÖwZeÜx, knx` gyw³‡hv×v cwievi, `ȳ ’ I Amnvq gvby‡li R‡b¨ Avw_©K mvnvh¨/†mevm¤cÖmvi‡Yi ZvwM` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †ek K‡qKwU †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi e¨vsK G e¨vcv‡iKg©m~wP Pvjy K‡i‡Q|Dbœqb I cwi‡ek A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| fvex cÖR‡b¥i R‡b¨ GKwU my›`i c…w_ex †i‡L †h‡Zcwi‡ek msiY Acwinvh©| cwi‡ek-evÜe †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Kivi j‡¨ †`‡ki e¨vswKsLv‡Zi wewb‡qv‡M cwi‡ek msii‡Yi welqwU AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q evsjv‡`k e¨vsK ÔMÖxb e¨vswKsÕbxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv (GgwWwR) AR©‡b e¨vswKs Lv‡Z cwi‡ekmnbxq wewb‡qvM ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| MÖxb e¨vswKs bxwZgvjvq e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K MÖxbe¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡g A_©vq‡bi R‡b¨ c„_K Znwej MVb, †ccvi‡jm e¨vswKs (B-e¨vswKs) cÖeZ©b,MÖxb e¨vswKs cÖWv± D`¢veb, e¨vs‡Ki MÖxb kvLv ¯’vcb (†hgb- †mŠikw³ e¨envi K‡i we`ÿ rmieivn) Ges MÖxb FYbxwZgvjv cÖYq‡bi R‡b¨ ZvwM` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z cwi‡ek-evÜewewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ nq| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK ÔMÖxb e¨vswKsÕ Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq †mŠikw³i e¨enviI cwi‡ek evÜe weKí R¦vjvwb e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g we`ÿ r I M¨v‡mi NvUwZ †gvKvwejvq cÖ_gev‡iig‡Zv 200 †KvwU UvKvi Ô†mŠikw³, ev‡qvM¨vm I eR©¨ cwi‡kvab c−¨v›U Lv‡Z cyb:A_©vqb ¯‹xgÕbv‡g GKwU FY Kg©m~wP cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ 18wU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK GB Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡MiR‡b¨ evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ mg‡SvZv ¯§viK (MOU) ¯^vi K‡i‡Q| GgbwK evsjv‡`k e¨vsKwb‡RI 20 wK‡jvIqvU we`ÿ r Drcv`b gZv m¤cbœ †mvjvi c¨v‡bj ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| Aciw`‡K†mŠikw³ e¨envi K‡i †mP e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡b K‡qKwU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| Gi d‡jGKw`‡K †hgb RvZxq MÖx‡Wi Ici we`ÿ ‡Zi Pvwn`vi Pvc Kg‡e, Ab¨w`‡K †mŠikw³ wbf©i †mPKv‡R f~-Dcwiw¯’Z cvwb ev surface water e¨enƒZ nq weavq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq_vK‡e|cwi‡ek-evÜe bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvwb Lv‡Zi Ab¨Zg Ôev‡qvM¨vmÕ evsjv‡`‡ki g‡ZvK„wlwfwËK MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU m¤¢vebvgq LvZ| KviY, K„wli cÖavb DcLvZ km¨Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk K„lKiv eZ©gv‡b grm¨ I cïcvjb Ki‡Q | GKwU ev‡qvWvB‡R÷vi c−¨v›U¯’vcb K‡i 3/4wU Mvfx cvjb K‡i GKRb K„lK D‡`¨v³v ‰`wbK 12-15 wjUvi `ya, 100 †KwR‰Re mvi I 135 Nb dyU ev‡qvM¨vm Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖvß GB 3wU evB-†cÖvWv± A_©bxwZ‡Z3wU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, Drcvw`Z `ya RbM‡Yi †cÖvwU‡bi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Zcvi‡e; ivmvqwbK mv‡ii weKí wnmv‡e ‰Re mvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Rwgi De©iZv e„w× cv‡e; GesDrcvw`Z ev‡qvM¨vm e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cÖvK„wZK M¨v‡mi mvkªq Z_v we`ÿ r Drcv`‡b mnvqKf~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avkvi K_v, evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cyb:A_©vqb ¯‹x‡gi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i GKwU

ingvb: Aš—f©yw³g~jK Dbœqb : ewÂZ gvby‡li Rb¨ Avw_©K †mevi my‡hvM m„wó 9†emiKvwi Lv‡Zi e¨vsK GiB g‡a¨ gvwbKM‡Ä ev‡qvM¨vm c−¨v›U ¯’vc‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q|B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ RvqMv †_‡KI ev‡qvM¨vm c−¨v›U ¯’vc‡b AvMÖnx D‡`¨v³viv †hvMv‡hvMKi‡Q|7| Dcmsnvig›`v-cieZx© wek¦ A_©‰bwZK †cÖvc‡U †K›`«xq e¨vswKs Gi GKwU eûgyLx f~wgKvi †ivWg¨vccÖYqb Ges Zvi ev¯—evqb GLb mg‡qi `vex| †K›`«xq e¨vsK‡K gỳ ªvbxwZ cÖYqb Iev¯—evq‡bi cÖ_vMZ `vwq‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv †K›`ªxqe¨vs‡Ki bxwZ †KŠk‡ji ÔPyB‡q covÕ cÖfve (spillover effect) †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZKKvVv‡gvi Ici cÖfve †d‡j| ZvQvov ÔPyB‡q covÕ cÖfve Aš—f©yw³g~jK Dbœqb †eMevb Ki‡e|wb:m‡›`‡n, Avw_©K Aš—f©yw³Ki‡Y G hveZ Kv‡ji AMÖMwZ Avkve¨ÄK| cÖPwjZ Avw_©KcÖwZôv‡bi AvgvbZ †mevi AvIZvq cÖvq wZb-PZy_©vsk cÖvßeq¯‹ RbmsL¨v G‡m‡Q| Z‡e FY†mevmn Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K †mevq cÖ‡ekvwaKvi GLbI mxwgZ i‡q‡Q| †QvU AvKv‡ii FYe¨e¯’vcbvq e¨q †ewk weavq my‡`i nvi/mvwf©m PvR© D”P gvÎvq i‡q‡Q| G †‡Î AvaywbK cÖhyw³ie¨envi e¨vs‡Ki †bZ„‡Z¦ ¯§vU© KvW©/†gvevBj †dvbwfwËK †jb‡`b †QvU AvKv‡ii FY e¨e¯’vcbviLiP Kwg‡q Avb‡Z mnvqK n‡e| †h‡nZy †`‡k †gvevBj †dvb e¨enviKvixi msL¨v w`b w`bevo‡Q, hv †gvU cÖvßeq¯‹ RbmsL¨vi cÖvq A‡a©K, †m‡nZz F‡Yi QvoKiY I Av`v‡qZ_¨cÖhyw³wfwËK e¨e¯’vcbv LiP Kwg‡q Avb‡e Ges eZ©gv‡b ev` cov e¨w³eM© I e¨emv‡qimgZv evov‡e Drcv`b Kg©Kv‡Êi Rb¨ FY MÖnY Ki‡Z| ZvQvov AvgvbZwenxb FY cÖ`v‡b †hSuywK i‡q‡Q ZvI Kg‡e|hy‡Mvc‡hvMx DbœZ my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g myweavewÂZ `wi`ª gvbyl‡`i mvgwMÖK Aš—f©yw³g~jKDbœqb cÖwµqvq Aš—f©yw³ `vwi`ª¨ †gvKvwejvq f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK, mgevq I ỳ ªFYcÖwZôvb m¤cÖmvi‡Yi cieZx© c`‡c n‡e Avw_©K †mevq AvaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³ mg„× cost-saving†KŠkj D`¢veb I Zvi cÖ‡qvM, hv‡Z Avw_©K Aš—f©yw³i †‡Î weivRgvb e¨eavbUv AviI K‡gAv‡m|G K_v wVK †h, Avw_©K Aš—f©yw³i gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb mevi R‡b¨ GKev‡iB wbwðZ n‡qhv‡e Ggb bq| cÖvK„wZK wKsev gvbem„ó bvbvwea wech©‡q wZMÖ¯— Rb‡Mvôx cÖvqk:B `y‡f©v‡MiwkKvi nq| GgbwK `vwi‡`ª¨i msÁvI GKwU Zyjbvg~jK welq| GKwU m”Qj mgv‡RI weivRgvbAwZgvÎvi Amvg¨ myweavewÂZ gvbyl‡`i mvgvwRK I Avw_©K Aš—f©yw³i †‡Î Aš—ivq n‡q`uvovq| GB Kvi‡YB GgbwK DbœZ A_©bxwZ‡ZI mvgvwRK bxwZ KvVv‡gv‡Z Aš—f©yw³g~jKDbœq‡bi aviYvwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V‡Q|Z‡e, evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl AvR Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q †h, Avw_©K ‡mev GLb AviZv‡`i aiv‡Quvqvi evB‡i bq| Z‡e AviI A‡bKUv c_ Avgv‡`i cvwo w`‡Z n‡e| mvwe©Kfv‡eAv_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv `wi`ª-mnvqK bv Kiv †M‡j `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b cy‡ivcywi mvdj¨AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZeyI Avgv‡`i †Póv K‡i †h‡Z n‡e A‡cvK„Z ewÂZ‡`i R‡b¨ wK K‡i

10evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvfimvi cwi‡ek ‰Zwi Kiv hvq; wK K‡i Zv‡`i Avq †ivRMvi evov‡bvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv hvq|Kwe ¸i“i fvlvq,ÒmKj †`‡kB Mwie †ewk, abx Kg| ZvB hw` nq Z‡e †Kvb †`k‡K we‡kl Kwiqv Mwieewj | G K_vi Reve GB, †h †`‡k Mwi‡ei c‡ †ivRMvi Kwievi Dcvq Aí, iv¯—v eÜ| †h†`‡k Mwie abx nBevi fimv iv‡L †m †`‡k †mB fimvB GKUv g¯— ab| Avgv‡`i †`‡k UvKviAfve Av‡Q, G K_v ewj‡j meUv ejv nq bv| Avmj K_v, Avgv‡`i †`‡k fimvi Afve| ....G Rb¨B Avgv‡`i †`‡k mK‡ji †P‡q `iKvi, nv‡Z wfv Zywjqv †`Iqv bq, g‡b fimv†`Iqv|ÓMÖš’cwÄiex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, (1410): iex›`ª iPbvejx, PZz`©k LÊ, KjKvZv : wek¦fviZx|Banerjee, A.V. and Duflo, E. (2011): Poor Economics: a Radical Rethinking of the Wayto Fight Global Poverty, Noida: Random House Publishers.Prahalad, C.K. (2010): The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating PovertyThrough Profits, NewJersey: Wharton School Publishing.Prahalad, C. K. and Hart, S. (2002): “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid,”Strategy+Business, Issue 26. www.strategy-business.com.Rauniyar, Ganesh and Ravi Kanbur (2009): “Inclusive Growth and InclusiveDevelopment: A Review and Synthesis of Asian Development Bank Literature,”Occasional Paper No.8, Independent Evaluation Department, AsianDevelopment Bank, Manila.Nilekani, N. (2008): Imagining India Ideas for the New Century, New Delhi: PenguinBooks India.World Bank (2009): What is Inclusive Growth? http://siteresources.worldbank.orgwww.microfinancegateway.org.

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 1419wdª‡KvbwgK&m: A_©kv‡¯¿i Av‡jv‡K mvgvwRKmgm¨vmg~‡ni we‡k−lYgbmyi Avn&‡g`*“Practical Men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectualinfluences are usually the slaves of some defunct economists” Keynes, J.M.A_©bxwZi QvÎ bq ev KL‡bv wQ‡jb bv, Ggb KvD‡K hw` A_©bxwZ welqwUi e¨vcv‡i ZviAwfgZ wR‡Ám Kiv nq, Zvn‡j wmsnfv‡Mi Dˇi †h welqwU dz‡U DV‡e Zv n‡jv A_©bxwZ n‡”Qgvayh©¨nxb A_©-m¤úwK©Z bxwZ PP©vi welq, hv †Kej wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK PjKmg~‡ni MwZ-cÖK„wZm¤ú‡K© ZË¡ KcPvq| A‡b‡KB GKavc GwM‡q ej‡eb A_©‰bwZK ZË¡¸‡jv Z‡Ë¡B mZ¨, ev¯—eZvq bq| G‡Zv †M‡jv hviv A_©bxwZi QvÎ bq Zv‡`i g‡bvfve| hviv A_©bxwZi PP©v K‡ib evA_©bxwZ wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡ib, Zv‡`i wmsnfv‡Mi `„wóB _v‡K PvKzwii evRv‡i A_©bxwZ welqwUiPvwn`vi w`KwU| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ wK Avm‡jB GKwU gvayh©¨nxb, AbDc‡fvM¨ Ges ev¯—eZv ewR©ZGKwU ZË¡wbf©i welq, bvwK Gi wel‡qi e¨vwß, K‡jei Ges ev¯—e Rxe‡b Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K©mvavi‡Yi aviYvi AfveB welqwUi cÖwZ weiƒc g‡bvfv‡ei wfwË| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ †h †Kej A_©m¤úwK©ZbxwZ PP©v bq, eis Gi we‡k−lYx kw³ †h mgv‡Ri wewPÎ †‡Îi MwZ-cÖK…wZch©v‡jvPbvq Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m welqwU ¯úó Ki‡Z A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ whwb AMÖYxf~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb wZwb n‡jb wkKv‡Mv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †bv‡ejRqx A_©bxwZwe` Aa¨vcK M¨vwi†eKvi| weevn evRvi †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eY©‰elg¨ meB †h A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK wbqg Z_v jvf-wZiØviv wbqwš¿Z nq, Zv †`wL‡q‡Qb M¨vwi †eKvi Zvi wewfbœ M‡elYvq| M¨vwi †eKv‡ii GB cÖqvmm¤ú‡K© A_©bxwZwe`iv †gvUvgywU IqvwKenvj n‡jI, mvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q Zv wQj G‡Kev‡iBAcwiwPZ|mgv‡Ri me‡‡Îi Av‡jvPbvq A_©bxwZi we‡k−lYx kw³ †h Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mwel‡q M¨vwi †eKv‡ii cÖqvm‡K m¤cÖwZ AviI A‡bK `~i wb‡q †M‡Qb wkKv‡Mv wek¦we`¨vj‡qiBZi“Y A_©bxwZwe` wó‡fb †jwfU| G‡‡Î †jwfU m½x K‡i‡Qb wbDBqK© UvBgm-G Kg©iZL¨vZbvgv mvsevw`K w÷‡db Wvebvi‡K| Avgv‡`i e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv Kg©B †hA_©bxwZi MwÊi evB‡i bq, †mUvB †`wL‡q‡Qb †jwfU I Wvebvi Zv‡`i wecyjfv‡e cvVK mgv`„ZÒwdª‡KvbwgK&mÓ eB‡q| eBwUi RbwcÖqZv hviv A_©bxwZi QvÎ ev PP©v K‡ib Zv‡`i mxgvbvQvwo‡q mvavi‡Y †ek we¯— „wZ †c‡q‡Q|* M‡elYv mn‡hvMx, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm), XvKv|

156evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxveBwUi AvKvkPz¤^x RbwcÖqZvB cÖgvY K‡i A_©kv‡¯¿i Av‡jv‡K mvgvwRK mgm¨vmg~‡ni mijwe‡k−lY mvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z| Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU welqB †hA_©kv‡¯¿i Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨vi †hvM¨, †mUvB Ôwd«‡KvbwgKmÕ Gi g~j welqe¯‘|ev¯—e Rxe‡bi KZ¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi Lu yR‡Z wM‡q †jwfU I Wvebvi Zv‡`i wd«‡KvbwgKmeB‡q mvavi‡Yi cÖPwjZ gZev‡`i cÖwZ P¨v‡jÄ Qz‡o w`‡q‡Qb| †KvbwU †ewk wec¾bK: e›`yK bvmyBwgs cyj? A‰ea gv`K e¨emv hw` AwZjvfRbK nq, Zvn‡j gv`K e¨emvqxiv †Kb cÖvqBgv‡qi mv‡_ emevm K‡i? my‡gv †imjvi Ges wkK‡`i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ †Kv_vq? beŸB‡qi `k‡Khy³iv‡óª Aciva cÖeYZv K‡g hvIqvi KviY wK? Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi Lu yR‡Z wM‡q †jLKØq KL‡bvKL‡bv Avgv‡`i cÖPwjZ aviYv‡K bvov w`‡q‡Qb, KLbI ev Avgv‡`i cÖPwjZ aviYv‡K cÖwZwôZK‡i‡Qb cÖvZ¨vwnK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ| †jwfU I Wve&bvi cwimsL¨vb w`‡q†`wL‡q‡Qb myBwgs cyj-G gviv hvIqvi Zzjbvq e›`yKRwbZ `yN©Ubvq wkï g„Zz¨i nvi LyeB KgA_P wcZvgvZv Zv‡`i mš—vb‡K e›`yK Av‡Q Ggb cÖwZ‡ekxi evwo‡Z cvVv‡Z A‡bK wPš—v K‡ib,wKš‘ myBwgscyj Av‡Q Ggb cÖwZ‡ekxi evwo‡Z cvVv‡Z Lye GKUv fv‡eb bv| †jwfU †`wL‡q‡Qbe›`yK wb‡q †Lj‡Z wM‡q `yN©Ubvi Zzjbvq myBwgscy‡j Wy‡e givi m¤¢vebv 100 ¸Y †ewk|mvavi‡Yi aviYv A‰ea gv`K e¨emv GKUv AwZ jvfRbK e¨emv Ges hviv Gi mv‡_ RwoZZvivB KvwoKvwo UvKvi gvwjK| †jwf‡Ui we‡k−lY cÖPwjZ G aviYvi cÖwZ P¨v‡jÄ Qz‡o w`‡q‡Q|†jwf‡Ui GK eÜz ¯’vbxq mgvRweÁvbx wkKv‡Mv kn‡ii gvwdqv P‡µ mvwgj n‡qwQ‡jb AcivawPÎm¤úwK©Z Ávb Avni‡Yi Rb¨| †jwfU Zvi eÜzi Wv‡qwi Ges A_©bxwZ †_‡K PwP©Z Ávbe¨envi K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb, GmeI A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK wbq‡gi evB‡i bq| Lvev‡ii †PBb †÷vig¨vK‡Wvbvì Gi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i †jwfU †`wL‡q‡Qb gv`K e¨emvq hviv†bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb †Kej ZvivB eo AvKv‡ii gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Qb; †hgbUv K‡i‡Qbg¨vK‡Wvbv‡ìi D”P mvwii Kg©KZ©viv wbgœ‡eZ‡bi kªwgK‡`i cwikª‡gi Ici `uvwo‡q| †jwfU†`wL‡q‡Qb wb‡Pi mvwii gv`K e¨emvqxiv me©wbgœ gRywii †_‡KI Kg Avq K‡ib, hw`I Zv‡`icÖwZ PviR‡bi g‡a¨ GKR‡bi g„Zz¨ Su zwK i‡q‡Q|wd«‡KvbwgKm Gi Av‡jvPbvq Avi GKwU welq cwi®‹vi D‡V G‡m‡Q, †mUv n‡jv gvby‡liRxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kg© cÖfvweZ nq ÔcÖ‡Yv`bviÕ Øviv| cÖ‡Yv`bv GKwU kw³kvjx Dcvq hvgvbyl‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| cÖ‡Yv`bv _vK‡j gvbyl A‡bK mgq A‰bwZKKv‡R Rov‡ZI wcQ cv nb bv| †jwfU †`wL‡q‡Qb cÖ‡Yv`bvi Rb¨B wkKv‡Mv cvewjK ¯‹z‡jiwk‡Kiv Zv‡`i Qv·`i wewfbœ iKg cvewjK cixvq cÖZviYvq mnvqZv Ki‡Z wcQcv nb bv|Rvcvwb my‡gv-†imjvi‡`i cvidi‡gÝ we‡k−lY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb, †LjvayjvqI cÖZviYv bZzb wKQzbq| †jwf‡Ui g~j K_v n‡jv hw` cÖZviYv ev A‰bwZK e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv iKg cÖ‡Yv`bvimy‡hvM _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mUv Anin NU‡eB|Z‡_¨i AmgZv n‡”Q A_©bxwZi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K Ges A‡bK A_©‰bwZK wm×vš— MÖnYwbf©i K‡i wK ai‡bi Z_¨ nv‡Z i‡q‡Q| GKRb wi‡qj G‡÷U G‡R›U m¤ú~Y© wfbœ e¨envi K‡i

Avn&‡g`: wd«‡KvbwgK&m : A_©kv‡¯¿i Av‡jv‡K mvgvwRK mgm¨vmg~‡ni we‡k−lY 157hLb †m Zvi wb‡Ri evwo wewµ‡Z wjß nq| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Z‡_¨i Aeva cÖevn wKfv‡ewewfbœ wk‡í ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cwieZ©b wb‡q G‡m‡Q †mUvI G‡m‡Q †jLK؇qi Av‡jvPbvq|mš—v‡bi fwel¨r wba©vi‡Y †Kvb welq¸‡jv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i? GB cÖkœwUIwd«‡KvbwgK‡mi Av‡jvPbvi evB‡i bq| †jwfU †`wL‡q‡Qb gv-evev mš—v‡bi mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ wKKi‡Qb †mUvi Zzjbvq gv-evevi Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Ges wkvMZ †hvM¨Zv mš—v‡bi mvd‡j¨i†cQ‡b eûjvs‡k f~wgKv iv‡L| †jwfU wkKv‡Mv ¯‹zj P‡qm †cÖvMv‡gi Aaxb 60wU ¯‹z‡ji 1980mvj n‡Z G hver cÖvß DcvË we‡k−lY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †Kvb †Kvb welq¸‡jv mš—v‡bi wkvmvd‡j¨ f~wgKv iv‡L Avi †Kvb¸‡jv iv‡L bv| ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivLv welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QD”P wkwZ gv-evev, D”P mvgvwRK gh©v`v, evmvq K‡_vcK_‡b Bs‡iwRi e¨envi Ges evmvqcÖPzi eB‡qi mgvnvi BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`K †jwfU DcvË wek−lY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb wcZvgvZv mš—vb‡Kwbqg K‡i cÖwZw`b cov‡bv, Rv`yN‡i wb‡q hvIqv wKsev wbqwgZ †Uwjwfkb †`L‡Z †`Iqv Gi†Kv‡bvUvB mš—v‡bi cixvi mvd‡j¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L bv| mvaviY K_vq†jwfU †hUv ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †mUv n‡jv Avcbvi mš—v‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i Avcwb †K? ZviDci, Avcwb mš—v‡bi Rb¨ wK K‡ib? Zvi Dci bq|wd«‡KvbwgKm eBwUi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, AvKl©Yxq, A_P weZwK©Z Aa¨vq n‡”Q beŸB-Gi`k‡K hy³iv‡óªi Aciva cÖeYZvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y K‡g hvIqv msµvš— we‡k−l‡Y| beŸB`k‡Ki Aciva cÖeYZvi n«v‡mi KviY wb‡q Aciva we‡klÁ‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q D‡j−L‡hvM¨gZ‡f`| Kv‡iv g‡Z Aciv‡a Rwo‡q covq SuzwK‡Z i‡q‡Q Ggb hyeK‡`i Rb¨ miKv‡ii wewfbœKg©m~wP Aciva cÖeYZv n«v‡m ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z, Av‡Mœqv¯¿wbqš¿Y AvB‡biI eo f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| K‡Vvi AvBb, cywj‡ki AwZwi³ Unj Ges `kKRy‡oA_©‰bwZK mg„w× GmeB beŸB‡qi `k‡K Aciv‡ai cwigvY K‡g hvIqvi †cQ‡b hyw³ wn‡m‡eG‡m‡Q| †mLv‡b †jwfU Ges Wve&bvi wPš—v K‡i‡Qb Avi GKUz Mfx‡i| Zuviv Dc‡iigZvgZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i `uvo Kwi‡q‡Qb m¤ú~Y© bZzb GK e¨vL¨v| Zuv‡`i g‡Z,mˇii `k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K (1973 mv‡j) Mf©cv‡Zi ˆeaZv cÖ`vbB beŸB‡qi `k‡KiAciv‡ai cwigvY Kwg‡q w`‡q‡Q D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e| wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ iv‡R¨i Aciv‡ai NUbvK‡g hvIqvi mv‡_ Zviv Aciva msµvš— DcvË we‡k−lY K‡i †`‡L‡Qb Hme iv‡R¨i Mf©cvZˆeaKiY AvBb cvk nIqvi mg‡qi GKUv Avðh© †hvMv‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i e¨vL¨v n‡jvAcivax‡`i GKUv eo AskB Av‡m AbMÖmi †kªwY †_‡K, hv‡`i AwaKvs‡ki Rb¥ nqAbvKvw•Z Mf©avi‡Yi d‡j| ZvB 1973 mv‡j Mf©cv‡Zi ˆeaZv cÖ`vb msµvš— AvBb m¤¢ve¨Acivax‡`i Rb¥ nvi Kwg‡q w`‡q‡Q| hvi mydj cvIqv †M‡Q beŸB‡qi `k‡K G‡m| †jwfU IWve&bvi DcvË w`‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb Mf©cv‡Zi ˆeaZv cÖ`vb bv Ki‡j eQ‡i cÖvq 16 jvL mš—v‡biRb¥ n‡Zv, hv‡`i GKUv eo Ask mwnsm Aciv‡a Rwo‡q covi mg~n m¤¢vebv wQj| hw`I†jLKØq Mf©cvZ Bmÿ ‡Z Zv‡`i Av`k©MZ Ae¯’vbwU Gwo‡q †M‡Qb| Zv‡`i hyw³i AKvU¨ cÖgvY¯^iƒc †jwfU I Wvebvi †`wL‡q‡Qb †h cuvPwU iv‡R¨ Mf©cv‡Zi ˆeaZv cÖ`vb msµvš— AvBb cvkn‡q‡Q 1970 mv‡j, †mme iv‡R¨ mwnsm Aciv‡ai gvÎv K‡g †M‡Q †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ iv‡R¨iZzjbvq wZb eQi Av‡M|

158evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxveB‡qi ïi“‡ZB †jLKØq e‡j wb‡q‡Qb wd«‡KvbwgKm Gi Av‡jvPbvi GKK †Kv‡bv w_g(g~j welq) †bB| wKš‘ cy‡iv eBwU co‡j, GKRb cvVK mn‡RB Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡ebK‡qKwU g~j welq †hgb- cÖ‡Yv`bvB n‡”Q Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨vwnK †h †Kv‡bv wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi g~j†cÖiYv, cÖPwjZ aviYv me mgq Aåvš— bq Ges mdj e¨w³iv Zv‡`i Z_¨MZ myweav Kv‡RjvwM‡q _v‡K| cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ D`vniY †U‡b cwimsL¨vb I we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g †jLKØq†Póv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i G hyw³¸‡jv‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z| wd«‡KvbwgKm GKwU myLcvV¨ Ges wPš—viD‡`ªKKvix eB, hv Avcbv‡K A_©kv‡¯¿i Av‡jv‡K Avgv‡`i ev¯—e mvgvwRK mgm¨vmg~‡ni we‡k−lY†h Kiv hvq, Zvi GKUv wb‡`©kbv w`‡e| †jwfU I Wvebvi Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Êiw`‡K GKwU bZzb `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Av‡jvKcvZ Kievi Aby‡cÖiYv w`‡q‡Qb| †jwfU GesWvebvi‡K AbymiY K‡i Avgv‡`i †`‡ki A_©bxwZwe`ivI hw` evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ mvgvwRKmgm¨vmg~‡ni w`‡K A_©kv‡¯¿i Av‡jv‡K Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Gme mgm¨vi †Kv‡bvbZzb w`K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i|MÖš’cwÄSteven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner (2005): Freakonomics: A Rogue EconomistExplores the Hidden Side of Everything, Publisher: William Morrow, USA..

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†jLv cvVv‡bvi wbqgvewjÔevsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvÕ evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ GKgvÎ evsjv RvY©vj|GwU eQ‡i GKevi cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq we‡kl msL¨v wn‡m‡eI cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K|cÖe‡Üi welqe¯‘ Abyhvqx cÖwZwU cÖeÜ `yÕRb wiwfDqvi KZ…©K wiwfD Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wiwfDqvi KZ…©KQvoK…Z cÖeÜB cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K| Ag‡bvbxZ †jLv †diZ †`Iqv nq bv|1| cÖe‡Üi cÖwZwU jvB‡bi gv‡S Wvej †¯úm ‡i‡L A4 mvB‡Ri KvM‡Ri GK c„ôvq (Dfqw`‡K 1 BwÂgvwR©b †i‡L) Sutonny MJ Font-G UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖe‡Üi 2wU Kwc soft copy mn Rgvw`‡Z n‡e|2| cÖwZwU cÖeÜ m‡e©v”P 30 c„ôv Ges m‡e©v”P 30wU UxKvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡Z n‡e|3| †jL‡Ki cÖvwZôvwbK cwiwPwZ ZviKvwPýmn cÖ_g c„ôvq cv`UxKvq _vK‡Z n‡e|4| cÖe‡Üi Kfvi c„ôvq wb‡æv³ Z_¨ _vK‡Z n‡e:- cÖeÜKv‡ii bvg I cÖvwZôvwbK cwiwPwZ- cv`‡`‡k K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi (hw` _v‡K)|5| cÖe‡Üi g~jcv‡V (Text) †idv‡i‡Ýi D‡j−L n‡e GiKg: (Lvb, 1976)| g~j †idv‡iÝ DrmBs‡iwR‡Z _vK‡j Zv Bs‡iwR‡Z D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb, (Khan, 1976)| we‡`kx †jL‡Ki bvgBs‡iwR‡Z _vK‡j Zv Bs‡iwR‡Z D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e| g~j cv‡V wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK cÖwZôvb, msMVb,Pzw³, †NvlYv BZ¨vw` Bs‡iwR‡Z _vK‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z D‡j−L Kiv hv‡e| †Kv‡bv Bs‡iwR kã‡K †jLKbZzbfv‡e evsjv Ki‡j Bs‡iwR kãwU eÜbxi g‡a¨ w`‡Z n‡e| Abbreviation e¨envi Ki‡jeÜbxi g‡a¨ ms‡wcZ kãwUi cy‡iv bvgwU w`‡Z n‡e cÖ_g e¨env‡ii mgqB|6| cv`UxKv (Footnote) cÖwZ c„ôvi cv`‡`‡k mwbœ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cv`UxKvi m~PK msL¨v GKBavivevwnKZvq wb‡`©k Ki‡Z n‡e|7| DׄwZ (Quotation) bvwZ`xN© nIqv evÃbxq| g~j cv‡V Bs‡iwR DׄwZi g~j fvl¨ e¨envi Ki‡Zn‡e| Z‡e g~j fvl¨ †_‡K M„nxZ DׄwZi evsjv Abyev` ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡‡Î h_vh_ Drmwb‡`©k Avek¨K|8| cÖe‡Üi †k‡l c„_K c„ôvq MÖš’cwÄ ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|eB/g‡bvMÖv‡di †‡Î cÖ_‡g Avm‡e iPwqZvi bvg Ges eÜbxi g‡a¨ cÖKvkbvi eQi, Zvic‡i n‡eh_vµ‡g MÖ‡š’i wk‡ivbvg, cÖKvkK Ges cÖKvkbvi ¯’vb (kn‡ii bvg) |msKjb †_‡K M„nxZ cÖe‡Üi wk‡ivbv‡gi ci m¤úv`K ev msKj‡Ki bvg Ges g~j MÖ‡š’i wk‡ivbvgn‡e|MÖ‡š’i GKvwaK ms¯‹iY _vK‡j ms¯‹iY D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e|mvgwqK cÎ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Üi D‡j−‡L cÖ_‡g cÖeÜKv‡ii bvg, Zvic‡i n‡e h_vµ‡gcwÎKv/mvgwqKxi bvg, el©/LÊ msL¨v, cÖKvk ZvwiL (w`b, gvm, mb) Ges mvgwMÖK c„ôvsK D‡j−LAvek¨K|

160evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcÖe‡Ü GKvwaK fvlvi MÖš’/cÖeÜvw` e¨env‡ii †‡Î MÖš’cwÄ fvlvwfwËK web¨vm AbymiY Ki‡Zn‡e| A_©vr cÖeÜwU‡Z evsjv fvlvi MÖš’cwÄ me©cÖ_g ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e, Zvic‡i n‡e Bs‡iwRfvlvi MÖš’cwÄ| MÖš’cwÄ MÖš’vKv‡ii bv‡gi eY©vbyµ‡g n‡Z n‡e|GKB MÖš’vKv‡ii GKvwaK iPbv ms‡L‡c MÖš’vKv‡ii bvg cybi“‡j−L bv K‡i bv‡gi cwie‡Z© GKwU†QvU mgvš—ivj jvBb †hvM K‡i iPbv¸‡jv cÖKvkKvj Abyµ‡g ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|mvgwqKxi bvg ms‡wcZ A_©vr abbreviated Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgb, Eco.Sc. Rev.bgybv MÖš’cwĆmb, AgZ©¨ (1990): Rxeb hvÎv I A_©bxwZ, KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©|Lvb, Avãyj AvDqvj I Av‡bvqviyj AvwRg Avwid (1990): evsjv‡`‡k e¨e¯’vcbv, XvKv: Avexicvewj‡Kkb|Avjg, Gg †Lvi‡k` (1403 e½uvã): ÒevRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z Dbœqb cwiKíbvi f~wgKvÓ, evsjv‡`kDbœqb mgxv, 14k LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, XvKv: weAvBwWGm, c„ 15-34|—— (1402): ÒAskx`vwiZ¡g~jK †cÖwZ cwiKíbv: KwZcq cÖvmw½K Bmÿ Ó, evsjv‡`k Dbœqbmgxv, 13k LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, XvKv: weAvBwWGm, c„ 15-34|Imgvbx, wmwÏKzi ingvb ( 1997): ÒA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I `vwi`ª¨ †gvPb: G‡`i m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc wb‡qwKQy fvebv,Ó i“wk`vb Bmjvg ingvb (m¤úvw`Z) `vwi`ª¨ I Dbœqb: ‡cÖvcU evsjv‡`k,XvKv:weAvBwWGm|9| cÖeÜKvi 10wU AdwcÖ›Umn Rvb©v‡ji 2wU Kwc webvg~‡j¨ cv‡eb|10| cwiwkó (Appendix) Avjv`v c„ôvq MÖš’cwÄi c‡i ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|11| cÖeÜ wb‡æv³ wVKvbvq cvVv‡Z n‡e|m¤úv`Kevsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvevsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvbB-17 AvMviMuvI, †ki-B-evsjv bMiwRwcI e· bs 3854XvKv -1207E-mail: pratima@bids.org.bd

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖvnK nIqvi wbqgvejx1| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi MÖvnK Puv`v wcÖ-†c‡g›UwfwËK| A_©vr †cÖwiZ Bbf‡q‡mi wecix‡Z e¨vsKWªvdU/†PK cvIqvi ci MÖvnK‡K Kwc †cÖiY Kiv n‡e| †`kx-we‡`kx Dfq ai‡bi AW©v‡ii †‡ÎG wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|2| e¨vsK WªvdU ev †PK Aek¨B evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡bi AbyK~‡j †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e|3| MÖvnK nIqvi mgq wb‡æv³ Z_¨vw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e:(K) c~Y© mieivn wVKvbv|(L) †h msL¨vi Rb¨ MÖvnK n‡Z B”QyK †m msL¨vi bv¤^vi I mvj|(M) bevq‡bi †‡Î MÖvnK bv¤^vi|(N) G‡R›U KZ…©K Zvi K¬v‡q‡›Ui c~Y© mieivn wVKvbv|4| e¨vK ev cyi‡bv Bmÿ i Rb¨ mvewµckb AW©v‡ii †‡Î 25% Kwgkb cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| G‡‡Îwgwms/wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwc `vex Kiv hv‡e bv|5| MÖvnK Kwc †cÖi‡Yi mgq nviv‡bv ev †cÖiYKv‡j †cÖwiZ Kwc bó n‡q †M‡j RvY©vj cÖKvwkZnIqvi 3 gv‡mi g‡a¨ wgwms ev wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwci `vex Rvbv‡j wgwms ev wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwc (PvR©wd«) mieivn Kiv n‡e|6| MÖvnK Puv`v cwi‡kv‡ai mgq †P‡Ki mv‡_ bevqb/Bbf‡qm bv¤^vi I MÖvnK bv¤^vi (Rvbv _vK‡j)D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e|7| MÖvn‡Ki wVKvbv cwieZ©b n‡j cyi‡bv I eZ©gvb wVKvbv, MÖvnK bv¤^vi BZ¨vw` D‡j−Lc~e©KAbwZwej‡¤^ cÖKvkbv kvLv‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|8| MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q †iwRóvW© WvK‡hv‡M MÖvnK Kwc †cÖiY Kiv n‡e| WvK gvïj cÖKvkbv g~‡j¨i g‡a¨Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e|9| G‡R›U Kwgkb : 20%|10| cwi‡kvwaZ MÖvnK Puv`v widv‡Ûi Rb¨ Av‡e`b MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|11| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi MÖvnK n‡Z n‡j MÖvnK Puv`v (mvemwµckb) dig c~iY K‡i (c~Y©mieivn wVKvbvmn) WvK‡hv‡M ev d¨v·‡hv‡M AW©vi †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e| B-‡gBj †hv‡MI digc~iY K‡i (c~Y© mieivn wVKvbvmn) AW©vi †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e|12| bgybv ev m¨v¤új Kwc weAvBwWGm-Gi I‡qemvBU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW Kiv hv‡e|

162evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv13| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi mvemwµckb AW©vi, e¨vsK WªvdU BZ¨vw` wb‡æi wVKvbvq cvVv‡Z n‡e :cÖavb cÖKvkbv Kg©KZ©vevsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvbB-17 AvMviMuvI, †ki-B-evsjv bMiXvKv -1207†dvb:9143441-8 G·:237;8181505 (mivmwi)d¨v·: 88-02-8113023B‡gBj:publication@ bids.org.bdI‡qemvBU: www.bids.org.bdMÖvnK Puv`vi nvie¨w³ MÖvnK :cÖwZôvb :e¨w³ MÖvnK :cÖwZôvb :†`‡k180 UvKv250 UvKvwe‡`‡k15 Wjvi20 Wjvi

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 1418MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKvAve`yj ev‡qm* 1gvneye †nv‡mb**Ò†h w`b †_‡K gvbeRvwZ Rxe-Rš‘ †cvl gvbv‡bv wkL‡jv Ges Dw¢‡`i cÖwZ hZœevb n‡Z ïi“Ki‡jv, †mw`b †_‡KB Rwg, cvwb, eb Ges cï-PviYf~wgi mv‡_ cyi“l I gwnjv‡`i m¤úK©Zv‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi wbqvgK wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z n‡Z jvM‡jv| Avevi, G m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b ga¨¯’ZvKvwin‡”Q †m mgvR, hv gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡Q Ges ¯^Ëvaxb n‡q‡Q Ges IB we‡kl mgv‡Ri weivRgvbgvby‡li cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©|ÓAwgq †K, evMwP (2002)1.1| f~wgKvRwg ev f~wg n‡”Q MÖvg evsjvq Ae¨vnZ Aw¯—‡Z¡i cÖavb Drm| evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb ev¯—eAe¯’vwU AZ¨š— Ki“Y| RxweKvi R‡b¨ hy‡× wjß wekvj GK Rb‡Mvôx cÖwZwbqZ Zvov Ki‡QAby‡j−L¨ cwigvY Rwgi †cQ‡b| Gi cÖavb KviYB n‡”Q G‡`‡ki D”P RbNbZ| evsjv‡`‡kRbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ c„w_exi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg m‡e©v”P| GLv‡b cÖwZ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi RvqMv Ry‡o Av‡QcÖvq 1000 gvbyl| cvwK¯—v‡bi wek¦weL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe` (cÖqvZ) W. gvnveyeyj nK GKeviRbmsL¨vi GB NbZ¡‡K †evSvevi Rb¨ GKUv Dcgv e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb| DcgvwU n‡jv, hw`c„w_exi me gvbyl‡K gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª RvqMv †`qv hvq Z‡e †mB †`‡k RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ ZZUvn‡e bv, hZUv weivRgvb evsjv‡`‡k| myZivs, Kíbvi †h‡Kv‡bv cÖmvi‡YB Avev`‡hvM¨ RwgiwfwË− hv wKbv Rb cÖwZ 0.061 †n±i− AZ¨š— Kg| cÖwZ eQi G‡`‡k 20 jvL AwZwi³ gvbyl†hvM †`q cÖvq 15 †KvwU gvby‡li gnvmgy‡`ª| GBRb¨ G‡`‡k Drcv`‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡e RwgmePvB‡Z `yj©f DcKiY|weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡k f~wgnxbZvi cÖ‡Kvc µgewa©òzfv‡e evo‡Q, Ges GKB mv‡_,Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY Kg‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, †ewk Rwgi gvwjK Lvbvi AbycvZI †ZgbD‡j−L‡hvM¨ bq| †gvU Lvbvi gvÎ 0.1 fv‡Mi Kv‡Q 2.5 GKi wKsev Zvi †ewk Rwg Av‡Q GesgvÎ `yB fv‡Mi Aax‡b 7.5 GK‡ii †ewk Rwg Av‡Q| Z‡e G‡`‡k Rwg †K›`ªxf~Z i‡q‡Q wKQzcwiev‡ii nv‡Z hv 1978 mv‡ji j¨vÛ I‡Kv‡cwÝ mgxvq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q : MÖvgxY GjvKvq gvÎ9 kZvsk cwiev‡ii wbqš¿‡Y i‡q‡Q 48 kZvsk Rwg (RvbyRx I wcP 1980)|mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji AwZ `ª“Z AMÖmigvb A-K…wlRvZ Kg©Kv‡Êi Kvi‡Y µgvMZfv‡e K…wlnviv‡”Q Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwg| evsjv‡`k cÖwZw`b cÖvq 225 †n. K…wl Rwg nviv‡”Q K…wl-ewnf©~Z* Ave`yj ev‡qm, Aa¨vcK, A_©bxwZ wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq|** gvneye †nv‡mb, cÖavb wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, eª¨vK|

12evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvKg©Kv‡Êi Kvi‡Y| 112 myZivs GKw`‡K RbwgwZK Pvc Ges Ab¨w`‡K A-K…wlRvZ Kg©Kv‡Êiewa©òz Pvwn`v µgvMZfv‡e Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY m¼zwPZ K‡i P‡j‡Q| ZvB GUv †eva nq†Kv‡bv AevK nevi g‡Zv NUbv bq †h, Lvbv cÖwZ Lvgv‡ii AvqZb 1960 mv‡ji 1.70 †n±i†_‡K 1983-84 mv‡j `uvovq 0.91 †n±i Ges 1996 mv‡j †cŠu‡Q 0.68 †n±‡i (†nv‡mb2001)| mˇii `k‡K wKQy wKQy MÖvgxY M‡elYv ev i“ivj ÷vwWR K…wl KvVv‡gv evsjv‡`‡kiK…wl‡Z Dbœqb kw³i AMÖhvÎv‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j gZ †`q (f¨vb k¨v‡Ûj 1981, RvbyRxI wcP 1980, e‡qm 1987)| mv¤cÖwZK Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Dc¯’vwcZ DccÖ‡gq evnvB‡cv‡_wmmwU cixv Kivi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU‡Z| cÖv_wgK Drm †_‡KmsM„nxZ h‡_ó cwigvY Z_¨ GLb i‡q‡Q mˇii `k‡Ki GB DccÖ‡gqwU cixv bxwiv KiviRb¨|1.2| Z‡_¨i DrmGB cÖe‡Ü e¨eüZ AwaKvsk Z_¨ cÖv_wgK Drm †_‡K msM„nxZ| 1987/88 †_‡K2003/04 mg‡q †gvU wZbevi evsjv‡`‡ki 57wU †Rjvi 62wU MÖvg †_‡K MÖvgxY Lvbvi Dci eû¯—i wewkó ˆ`e bgybv wfwˇZ Ges KvVv‡gve× cÖkœgvjvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gch©v‡q 64wU †Rjv †_‡K i¨vbWg bv¤^vi †Uwej e¨envi K‡i 64wU BDwbqb wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq|wØZxq ch©v‡q 1981 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K Rwg, RbmsL¨v Ges mviZv m¤úwK©ZZ_¨ BDwbq‡b Aš—fy©³ mKj MÖv‡gi Rb¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e cÖwZBDwbqb †_‡K `ywU MÖvg wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq − hv‡`i RbmsL¨vi Pvc Ges ¯^viZvi nvi RvZxqMocoZvi KvQvKvwQ wQj| cÖv_wgKfv‡e evQvBK…Z MÖvgmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mKj Lvbv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ Rwgi gvwjKvbv I Rwg Pvlvev‡`i mgqKvj, AvaywbK av‡bi wewfbœcÖRvwZi cÖ‡qvM, Ges Lvbvi cÖav‡bi Av‡qi Drm m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †bqv n‡qwQj| G ïgvwi‡Z wbw`©óMÖvgmg~‡ni 9,474wU Lvbv ev cÖwZ MÖv‡g 159wU Lvbvi bvg msMÖn Kiv nq| Lvbvi A_©‰bwZKAe¯’v ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cwigvYMZ Z_¨mg~n GKwÎZ Kiv nq †hLv‡b bgybv KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡eïgvwi‡K me©‡kl bgybv msMÖn c×wZ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| Rwgi gvwjKvbvi Dci wfwË K‡iLvbvmg~n‡K wb‡æv³ PviwU `‡j wef³ Kiv nq :1. Kvh©Z f~wgnxb (0.2 †n±i ch©š— Rwg)2. z`ª Lvgv‡ii gvwjK (0.2 − 1.0 †n±i)3. gvSvwi Lvgv‡ii gvwjK (1.0 − 2.0 †n±i)4. eo Lvgv‡ii gvwjK (2.0 †n±i Ges AwaK)1 GK †n±i mgvb 2.47 GKi ev cÖvq 7.5 weNv Rwg| hw` a‡i †bqv hvq 6 m`m¨ wewkó GKUv Lvbvi Lv`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZKi‡Z b~¨bZg 0.40 †n. Rwg _vKv cÖ‡qvRb, †mB †‡Î Rwg nviv‡bvi d‡j cÖwZ eQi 10-15 jvL †jv‡Ki Lv`¨ wbivcËvwbwðý n‡Z P‡j‡Q|

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 13cÖwZwU `j‡K Avevi eM©v Pvlvev‡`i mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i `ywU Dc`‡j wef³Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1987 mv‡ji Rwic Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mwVK †gvU bgybv Lvbv wQj 1,239wU| 1988mv‡j G‡m wbw`©ó Lvbvmg~n‡K GKwU cÖkœ KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g G‡b Z_¨ msKwjZ Kiv nq hvi wfwËwQj mKj Lvbvi Aš—fy©³ m`m¨‡`i RbwgwZK ˆewkó¨, Lvbv KZ©„K Rwgi mKj As‡ki e¨envi,1987-88 K…wl eQ‡ii Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ LiP I Av‡qi Z_¨, DcKi‡Y µq I Drcv`b weµq,Rwg-ewnf©yZ Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv, Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †jvK‡`i A-K…wl LvZ n‡Z Avq GesLvbvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi †ev‡av`q| GB Rwic n‡Z cÖvß Z‡_¨i ch©v‡jvPbvmg~n1994 mv‡j cÖKvk Kiv nq (†nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨ 1994)|1988 mv‡j mgxvK…Z MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z cybivq hvIqv nq 1999-2000 K…wl †gŠmy‡gi Z_¨msMÖ‡ni Rb¨| GB bgybv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Lvbv KZ©„K AwaK…Z m¤ú‡`i cwigvY-Gi gva¨‡g†kªwYwefvM Kiv nq †hLv‡b AskMÖnYg~jK MÖvg g~j¨vqb (wcAviG) c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|MÖv‡gi Lvbvmg~n‡K 4wU `‡j wef³ Kiv nq: h_v- 1. abx, 2. ¯^”Qj, 3. `wi`ª, Ges 4.nZ`wi`ª| GB Rwi‡c 1988 mv‡j bgybv wn‡m‡e msM„nxZ Lvbvmg~‡ni Ges Zv‡`i kvLvcÖkvLviAš—fy©w³ wbwðZ Kivi j‡¨ 4wU `j n‡Z 30wU Lvbv‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e msMÖn Kiv nq, †hLv‡b¸”Qe× i¨vbWg m¨v¤úwjs ev ˆ`e Pqb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i c~‡e©i mKj Lvbv Ges Zv‡`i kvLvcÖkvLvmg~nAš—fy©³ Kiv nq| †hme Lvbv Ab¨Î ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q Zviv GB Rwi‡c ev` c‡o|bZzb bgybv msMÖn Kiv nq †hLv‡b c~‡e©i Abyiƒc c×wZ cwijwZ| 2000 mv‡j †gvU bgybvimsL¨v wQj 1,888wU Lvbv| 2004 mv‡j c~‡e©i Lvbvmg~n Avevi cwi`k©b Kiv nq hvi j¨ wQj2003-2004 K…wl eQ‡ii Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv| Rwic Kv‡R 2000 mv‡j Aš—fy©³ mKj LvbvGes Zv †f‡½ †h mKj bZzb Lvbv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i mKj‡KB Aš—fy©³ Kiv nq| 2003-2004mv‡j AímsL¨K Lvbv MÖvg n‡Z kn‡i ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡`i ¯’v‡b GKB Rwgi gvwjKvbvm¤úbœ Lvbv‡K bgybv Rwi‡c Aš—fy©³ Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †gvU Lvbvi msL¨v †e‡o `uvovq 1,927-†Z| GB Rwic¸‡jvi Z_¨ †ek wKQ~ mviwY‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q GB cÖe‡Üi cwiwk‡ó|2| Rwgi gvwjKvbv Ges eM©v e¨e¯’v2.1| Lvbvi wbR RwgDc‡iv³ Rwic¸‡jvi Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Awewgkª ev m¤ú~Y© f~wgnxb (hv‡`i †KejgvÎemZ wfUv Av‡Q) Lvbvi Ask Zzjbxq eQi¸‡jv‡Z n«vm †c‡q‡Q GK-Z…Zxqvsk †_‡K cÖvq GK-PZz_©vs‡k| myZivs cwimsL¨vbMZfv‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, mg‡qi weeZ©‡b evsjv‡`‡k P~ovš—f~wgnxb Lvbvi AbycvZ e„w× cvqwb, eis K‡g‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, Kvh©Z f~wgnxb (gvwjKvbvaxb Rwg0.2 †n±i ev 1.5 weNvi wb‡P) Lvbvi Ask wظ‡YiI †ewk e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gi KviY n‡Z cv‡i,B‡Zvg‡a¨ m¤ú~Y© f~wgnxb‡`i †KD †KD wKQy bv wKQy Rwgi gvwjK n‡q‡Q| †Zgwbfv‡e GKBmgqKv‡j cÖvwš—K Lvbv¸‡jvi wnm¨v wKQyUv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Pig f~wgnxbZvi AvswkK cÖkg‡biKviY wn‡m‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, MÖvgv‡j `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jvi R‡b¨ wb‡ew`Z GbwRI Kvh©µgGes Gi mydj nq‡Zvev G‡‡Î wKQyUv Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| wQbœg~j Rb‡Mvôxi MÖvg †_‡K kn‡i

14evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAvMgb Avi GKwU KviY| hvB †nvK, z`ª Lvgvi Lvbvi AbycvZ †gvUvgywU GKB Av‡Q hw`IZv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Rwgi wnm¨v mg‡qi weeZ©‡b wKQyUv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|Rwic¸‡jvi Z_¨ †_‡K AviI cÖZxqgvb nq †h, gvSvwi I e„nr Pvlx‡`i AbycvZ 1988mv‡ji Zzjbvq `ª“Z n«vm †c‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ Rwgi gvwjKvbvq weivRgvb ˆel‡g¨i w`‡K bRi†`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, me©‡kl mgxvi eQ‡ii Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 3 weNv ch©š— Rwgi gvwjK Ggb`yB-Z…Zxqvsk Lvbvi wbqš¿‡Y i‡q‡Q †gvU Rwgi gvÎ 13 fvM| A_P 15 weNvi Dci RwgigvwjK Ggb gvÎ 5 kZvsk Lvbvi wbqš¿‡Y i‡q‡Q †gvU Rwgi cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk (cwiwkó mviwY1)|ZvB eo AvKv‡ii Lvgv‡ii Abycw¯’wZ Ges f~wgnxb I cÖvq f~wgnxb‡`i msL¨vwa‡K¨i Kvi‡YRwgi gvwjKvbvi EaŸ©mxgv wba©viY Ges mxgv DØ„Ë Rwg f~wgnxb‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb Ñ G RvZxq f~wgms¯‹vi Rwgi gvwjKvbvi eÈb e¨e¯’v I K…wl Av‡qi eȇbi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Y D‡j−L‡hvM¨Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡e e‡j g‡b nq bv| Avi †m Kvi‡YB cybe©wÈZ f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii Bmÿ wUevsjv‡`‡k cÖkœwe× †_‡KB hv‡”Q|wKš‘, mePvB‡Z eo cwieZ©b cÖZ¨ Kiv hvq wbR¯^ Rwgi wfwˇZ Lvgv‡ii MocoZvAvqZb we‡k−l‡Y| †hLv‡b wfwË eQ‡i MocoZv GKUv Lvgv‡ii AvqZb wQj 0.87 †n±i, cÖvq47 kZvsk n«vm †c‡q Zv `uvwo‡q‡Q 0.59 †n±‡i (mviwY 2)| ejvi A‡cv iv‡L bv †h,RbmsL¨v e„w× Ges Lvbv wefw³B Lvgv‡ii AvqZb K‡g hvevi g~j KviY| µgn«vmgvb Lvgv‡iiAvqZb Ggb ¯—‡i †cŠu‡Q‡Q †h, GUv‡K A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Dchy³ ejv †ek `yiƒn e¨vcvi| KviY,A_©bxwZwe`‡`i AwfgZ, GKUv 6 m`‡m¨i cwiev‡ii fiY †cvl‡Yi Rb¨ b~¨bZg GK GKi Rwg_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| hvB †nvK, †gvUvgywUfv‡e, K…wl Lvgv‡ii †‡Î j Kiv hv‡”Q, z`ª I cÖvwš—KPvlx‡`i AvMgb Ges gvSvwi I eo Pvlx‡`i wbM©gb| cv_©K¨KiY ev wWdv‡ibwm‡qkb bq eisevsjv‡`‡ki K…wl KvVv‡gv‡Z wb:¯^Ki‡Yi wbkvbv weivRgvb|2.2| PvlK…Z Rwgi web¨vmRwg weZiY e¨e¯’vi GKUv Ab¨Zg w`K n‡”Q PvlK…Z Rwgi weZiY| †Kv‡bv LvbviPvlvev` Kivi g‡Zv wbR¯^ Rwg bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ IB GKB Lvbv A‡b¨i Rwg Pvl K‡iRxweKv wbe©vn Kivi gZv iv‡L| Ges †mB gZv e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e eM©vevRv‡ii gva¨‡g|Avengvb evsjvq Pvlxiv †hgb wbR¯^ Rwg Pvl K‡i Avm‡Q, †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a A‡b¨i RwgLvRbvi wewbg‡q Pvl K‡i msmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡q‡Q|†`Lv hv‡”Q, Zzjbxq cy‡iv mg‡q, `wi`ª Pvlx‡`i (wbR¯^ Rwg 0.40 †n±i ch©š—) AbycvZcÖvq 36 kZvsk †_‡K 50 kZvs‡k e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges GKB mg‡q Zv‡`i AvIZvaxb PvlK…ZRwgi cwigvY wظ‡Yi †ewk e„w× †c‡q‡Q (cwiwkó mviwY 2)| Zvi A_©, wbR¯^ Rwg Kg _vKvm‡Ë¡I G mg¯— Pvlx A‡b¨i Rwg Pvl K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i Avm‡Q| Avevi hv‡`i‡K AvgivwPwýZ K‡i _vwK cÖvwš—K Pvlx wn‡m‡e Ges †gvU Pvlx‡`i g‡a¨ hviv 33-35 fvM, Zv‡`i Aax‡bev wbqš¿‡Y PvlK…Z Rwgi e„w× N‡U eûjvs‡k| †gvUvgywUfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, MÖvg evsjvq GLb

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 15f~wgnxb Ges cÖvwš—K Pvlxiv Pvi-cÂgvs‡ki Dci Rwg Pvl K‡i| K…wl msµvš— bxwZgvjv cÖYqbwKsev bxwZ wba©vi‡Y G K_vwU g‡b ivLv AZ¨š— Ri“wi| Ab¨w`‡K wfwË eQ‡i gvSvwi I eoLvgvi Lvbvi Ask wQj gvÎ `k kZvsk| Zzjbxq mg‡q wZb¸Y n«vm †c‡q Zv‡`i Ask `uvwo‡q‡QgvÎ wZb kZvs‡k| j Kiv †M‡Q, weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z gvSvwi I eo Pvlxiv †hb K…wlKvRGKiKg †Q‡oB w`‡q‡Q| 1988 mv‡j Giv †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi 36 fvM Pvl Ki‡Zv; A_PB`vwbs gvÎ 16 fvM Rwg Zv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Pvl nq (mviwY 2)| Gi KviY †eva nq GB †h, RwgPvl AvRKvj AZ¨š— e¨q mv‡c e¨vcvi Zv‡`i Rb¨ hv‡`i wbR¯^ kªgkw³ wKsev Z`viwK gZv†bB| ZvQvov AwaKZi gybvdvgyLx A-K…wlR Kg©KvÊ MÖv‡gi gvSvwi I eo Pvlx‡`i (hv‡`icÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K I gvbe cyuwR i‡q‡Q) µgvMZfv‡e AvK…ó K‡i P‡j‡Q| Ges me‡k‡l jYxq†h, hviv Lvgv‡i KvR K‡i bv Ggb MÖvgxY Lvbvi AbycvZ mg‡qi e¨eav‡b e„w× †c‡q‡Q cÖvq 34kZvsk †_‡K cÖvq 39 kZvs‡k|2.3| eM©v †`qvi cÖ‡KvceZ©gv‡b f~wgnxb GKUv cwieviI Lvbv Rwg †_‡K DrmvwiZ dm‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i RxweKvwbe©vn Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi KviY, wb‡Ri Rwg bv _vK‡jI A‡b¨i Rwg fvov K‡i ev eM©vq wb‡q PvlKiv hvq| wewbg‡q Aek¨ Rwgi gvwjK‡K A_© wKsev dmj wn‡m‡e ÔLvRbvÕ w`‡Z nq| cÖvß Z_¨†_‡K †`Lv hvq 2004 mv‡j eo Pvlx‡`i Pvi-cÂvgvskB Zv‡`i Rwg AvswkK A_ev cy‡iv eM©vw`‡qwQj hv 1988 mv‡ji Zzjbvq cÖvq wظ‡YiI AwaK| Zvi gv‡b, gvÎ GK-cÂgvsk eo PvlxAvRKvj wb‡Ri Rwg wb‡RivB Pvl K‡i _v‡K (mviwY 3)| Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq, gvSvwi PvlxivI†hb gyL wdwi‡q wb‡”Q Pvl †_‡K| Zv‡`i gvÎ GK-Z…Zxqvsk wb‡Ri Rwg wb‡Riv Pvl K‡i_v‡K| 1988-2004 mgqKv‡j G ai‡bi Lvbv †_‡K Ab¨‡K †`qv Rwgi cwigvb wZb¸Y e„w׆c‡q‡Q| GB Z_¨ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, MÖvgxY GjvKvq Pv‡li Kv‡R eo Ges gvSvwi Pvlxiv†hb Ônvwi‡qÕ hv‡”Q| wK wK Kvi‡Y Zviv gvV †Q‡o‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, †m wel‡q GKUz Av‡MBAv‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡h‡Q|ïay †h eo Ges gvSvwi PvlxivB Ab¨‡`i Rwg w`‡q w`‡”Q Zv wKš‘ bq| j Kiv †M‡Q,`wi`ª Pvlx‡`iI GKUv weivU Ask (cÖvq A‡a©K) wb‡R‡`i Rwg eM©v w`‡”Q Ab¨‡`i‡K| A_P1988 mv‡j `wi`ª Pvlx‡`i gvÎ 15 kZvsk wb‡Ri Rwg Ab¨‡K fvov w`‡Zv| 2004 mv‡jZv‡`i †gvU Rwgi cÖvq 40 kZvsk hvq Ab¨‡`i Kv‡Q, 1988 mv‡j †h nvi wQj gvÎ 13 fvM|G cÖeYZvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY †eva nq GB †h, e¨vcKfv‡e we¯—„Z wiK&mv/f¨vb Pvjbv BZ¨vw`A-K…wlRvZ Kg©Kv‡Ê `wi`ª Pvlx‡`i m¤ú„³Zv Ges Gi d‡j wb‡Ri Rwg wb‡R Pvl Kivi KvRwUA‡cvK…Z A-jvfRbK n‡q IVv| ZvQvov z‡` Rwgi gvwjK Ggb †h me cwievi kn‡iAvm‡Q, ZvivI Rwg wewµ bv K‡i eM©v e¨e¯’vq Zv Pvl Kiv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| Ges hw` wewfbœcÖKvi Pvlx‡`i K_v GK‡Î we‡ePbvq Avwb Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cvB †h, hviv Rwg A‡b¨i Kv‡Q eM©vw`‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i Ask 12 †_‡K 29 kZvs‡k DbœxZ n‡q‡Q Ges eM©v †`qv Rwgi wnm¨v 12kZvsk †_‡K e„w× †c‡q cÖvq 32 kZvs‡k †cŠu‡Q‡Q| A_©vr MÖvgxY GjvKvq eM©v evRvi e¨vcK Iwe¯— „Z n‡q D‡V‡Q|

16evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv2.4| eM©v †bqvi cÖ‡Kvchw` mKj Lvgvi AvqZb GK‡Î we‡ePbv Kiv nq Zv n‡j †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq †h, MZ cÖvq`yB `k‡K eM©v Pvlxi AbycvZ cÖvq 44 kZvsk †_‡K 58 kZvs‡k †cŠu‡Q‡Q| Ges GKB mg‡qeM©v †bqv Rwgi wnm¨v †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi 23 kZvsk †_‡K cÖvq 40 kZvs‡k DbœxZ n‡q‡Q(cwiwkó mviwY 4)| GKUz Av‡M D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q, eM©v Rwg mvaviYZ f~wgnxb‡`i Avq‡Z¡ hvqGes A‡b¨i Rwg Pvl K‡i c~‡e©i f~wgnxb K…wlkªwgK †kªwYi GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask eZ©gv‡bRxweKv wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K|Lvgv‡ii AvqZb Abymv‡i ch©v‡jvPbvq weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z †ek wKQy jYxq cwieZ©b cÖZ¨Kiv hvq (cwiwkó mviwY 4)| cÖZxqgvb nq †h, mKj cÖKvi PvlxB Rwg eM©v wb‡q _v‡K| hLb†`Lv hvq, `wi`ª Pvlx‡`i cÖvq `yB-Z…Zxqvsk Rwg eM©v †bqvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q ZLbc~‡e©Kvi e³e¨B mZ¨ n‡q D‡V| hw` wfwË eQ‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv Kwi, Z‡e G AbycvZ `uvovq cÖvq†`o¸Y †ewk| Ab¨w`‡K f~wgnxb Pvlx‡`i cÖvq A‡a©‡Ki †ewk Rwg eM©v wb‡q _v‡K Ges wfwËeQ‡ii Zzjbvq G‡`i As‡ki D‡j−L‡hvM¨ e„w× N‡U‡Q|c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q, MÖvgxY GjvKvq †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi cÖvq 40 kZvsk Rwg eM©v†bIqv nq| 1988 mv‡j G AbycvZ wQj gvÎ 23 kZvsk| `wi`ª Pvlx Ges f~wgnxb‡`i †ejvqeM©v †bqv Rwgi cwigvY cÖvq A‡a©K (cwiwkó mviwY 4)| A_©vr, MÖv‡gi `wi`ª Ges f~wgnxbcwievi¸‡jvi †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi A‡a©K Av‡m A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K ÒLvRbviÓ wewbg‡q| hw` eM©vevRvi Nb ev wbweo bv n‡Zv, Ges G mg¯— `wi`ª cwievi hw` PvlK…Z Rwg bv †c‡Zv, nq‡ZvevZv‡`i RxweKv wbe©vn n‡q DV‡Zv Av‡iv KwVbÑ Ggb wK wbeviYg~jK| GUv ZvB cÖgvY K‡i †h,MÖvgv‡j `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jvi RxweKv †KŠk‡ji Ab¨Zg ¯—¤¢ n‡”Q eM©v evRvi| Avgiv aviYvKiwQ, GgbwU N‡U‡Q m¤¢eZ eo Ges gvSvwi Pvlx‡`i GKUv eo As‡ki K…wlKvR †_‡K m‡ihvevi cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e|2.4| PvlK…Z Rwg Ges eM©vPvlxevsjv‡`‡ki km¨ Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ K…lK‡`i Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: (K) gyL¨Z eM©vPvlx Ñhv‡`i wb‡R‡`i †Kv‡bv Rwg †bB wKš‘ meUzKz A‡b¨i Rwg eM©v wb‡q Pvl Kiv nq; (L) †hŠ_ eM©vGes gvwjK Pvlx Ñ hviv †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi A‡a©‡KiI †ewk A‡b¨i Rwg Pvl K‡i _v‡K;(M) †hŠ_ gvwjK I eMv©Pvlx Ñ hviv A‡a©‡KiI †ewk wb‡Ri Rwg Pvl K‡i; Ges (N) gvwjK-PvlxÑ hviv ïaygvÎ wb‡R‡`i Rwg Pvl K‡i _v‡K|†`Lv †M‡Q †h, mg‡qi weeZ©‡b MÖvg evsjvq gvwjK-Pvlxi AbycvZ n«vm cv‡”Q Ges GBcÖeYZv gvwjK-eM©vPvlxi †‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ (cwiwkó mviwY 5)| wKš‘ gyL¨Z eM©vPvlxi AbycvZweMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z wظY e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges eM©v-gvwjK Pvlxi AbycvZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w׆c‡q‡Q| Ab¨ K_vq, gyL¨Z eM©vPvlx Lvbvi AbycvZ 28 †_‡K 46 kZvs‡k DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| GKBmg‡q Zv‡`i AvIZvaxb †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi cwigvY wظY e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ejvi A‡cv iv‡L bv†h, gyL¨Z eM©vPvlxiv n‡”Q MÖvg evsjvi mePvB‡Z `wi`ª K…lK cwievi| Zv‡`i AvIZvq †h

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 17AwZwi³ Rwg G‡m‡Q Zvi Drm gvwjK-Pvlx Ges gvwjK-eM©vPvlx‡`i †Q‡o †`Iqv Rwg|cÖwZcv`¨wU‡K AviI wek¦vm‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ G Z_¨B h‡_ó †h, 1988 mv‡j †gvU PvlK…ZRwgi 58 fvM wQj gvwjK-Pvlx Ges gvwjK-eM©v Pvlx‡`i wbqš¿‡Y, wKš‘ AwZ m¤cÖwZ †m fvM`uvovq 44 kZvs‡k|eM©vevRv‡i f~wgnxb I z`ª Rwgi gvwjK‡`i cÖvavb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Lye mxwgZ Rwgi gvwjKvbvm‡Ë¡I RxweKv AR©b K‡i †eu‡P _vKvi kw³ †hvMvq| GRb¨ ejv hvq, eM©v evRvi wKQyUv n‡jI`vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b aŸYvZ¥K f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| bxwZ wba©viYx †cÖvc‡U Gi Zvrch© ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| †h†`‡k ˆec−weK f~wg ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP ivR‰bwZK wKsev A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y mỳ ~i civnZ e‡jAvcvZ`„‡ó cÖZxqgvb nq, †m †`‡k eM©vevRvi m¤úwK©Z hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Ê ms¯‹vi mvab Kiv hvqwKbv Zv †f‡e †`Levi h‡_ó AeKvk Av‡Q| ms¯‹v‡ii g~j j¨ n‡e, `wi`ª Pvlx Ges Rwggvwj‡Ki Rwg n¯—vš—i cÖwµqvi kZ© hv‡Z Drcv`bkxj nq Ges `wi‡`ªi c‡ _v‡K †m w`‡K jivLv|3| Rwgi ¸YMZ gvb3.1| †mP myweavhy³ Rwghw`I hyw³ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, Rwg n‡”Q MÖvg evsjvq RxweKv wbe©v‡ni cÖavb Drm, wKš‘ †mPe¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Rwg-wfwËK RxweKv †KŠk‡j GK ˆec−weK cwieZ©b NwU‡q‡Q| †Kbbv †`Lv †M‡Q,f~-Mf©¯’ cvwb †mP e¨e¯’vi wbqš¿‡Y GLb MÖvg evsjvi cÖvq `yB-Z…Zxqvsk Lvbv, 1988 mv‡j Gnvi wQj cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk| ZvQvov GB c×wZ‡Z †m‡Pi AvIZvaxb Rwg e„w× †c‡q‡Q wZb¸Y|A_©vr 19 kZvsk †_‡K e„w× †c‡q 55 kZvsk n‡q‡Q (cwiwkó mviwY 6)| Ab¨w`‡K f~-c„‡ôicvwb e¨envi K‡i AwaKnv‡i PvlK…Z Rwg‡Z †mP †`evi cÖeYZvI j Kiv hvq| †gvUvgywUfv‡e,hw` mKj †mP gva¨g we‡ePbv Kwi, Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cvB MÖvgxY Lvbvi cÖvq Pvi-cÂgvs‡ki †mPKv‡R cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv i‡q‡Q Ges †gvU Rwgi cÖvq 72 kZvsk GLb †mPvaxb| Ggwbfv‡e hvwš¿K†mP Kv‡Ri Avwef©ve MÖvgxY evsjvi RxweKv wbe©v‡ni MwZ IcÖK…wZ wba©vi‡Y ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKvcvjb Ki‡Q|Z‡e mePvB‡Z cÖvmw½K cÖkœ n‡”Q, AvaywbK GB cÖhyw³‡Z cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wK `wi`ª Pvlx‡`i†‡Î N‡U‡Q? meyR wec−‡ei mgv‡jvPKiv GKmgq ej‡Zb †h, GB ai‡bi e¨qeûj Ges bM`A‡_©i `vex`vi cÖhyw³-ZvwoZ K…wlKvR GKgvÎ eo I gvSvwi Pvlx‡`i c‡B m¤¢e| Zviv GIej‡Zb, gybvdv‡jvfx eo Ges gvSvwi Pvlxiv †mP w`‡q Rwgi Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× K‡i Av‡ivgybvdvi Avkvq `wi‡`ªi KvQ †_‡K eM©v †`qv Rwg wQwb‡q †b‡e| cwiYwZ‡Z eM©v Pvlxiv n‡eme©kvš—| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvwš—KxKiY n‡e z`ª Pvlx‡`i GB Kvi‡Y †h, AvaywbK †mP e¨envi Kivig‡Zv bM` A_© Ges cÖwkY Zv‡`i †bB| cieZx© Aby‡”Q‡` mˇii `k‡Ki G aviYv¸‡jv‡KgvV ch©v‡qi msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g cixv Kivi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡e|

18evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv3.2| †mP myweav Ges z`ª I cÖvwš—K PvlxRwgi gvwjKvbv Abyhvqx Mfxifv‡e ch©‡eY Ki‡j meyR wec−‡ei Avw` mgv‡jvPK‡`iaviYvwU Ag~jK e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq (cwiwkó mviwY 7)| †Kbbv †`Lv †M‡Q †h, GgbwK Lye MwiePvlxivI (wbR¯^ Rwgi cwigvY 0.2 †n±i ch©š—) †m‡Pi evRv‡i Zv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡ee„w× K‡i‡Q| †hgb, 1988 mv‡j GB †Mv‡Îi K…lK cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk Rwg‡Z †mP w`Z|m¤cÖwZ Zviv cÖvq wZb-PZy_©vsk Rwg‡Z †mP †`q| Aek¨ hw` ïi“i w`‡K j Kiv hvq Zvn‡jmgv‡jvPK‡`i aviYv‡K mZ¨ e‡j a‡i wb‡Z nq| KviY 1988 mv‡j Ges GgbwK Pvi-cvuP eQiAv‡MI †mP Kv‡R eo Ges z`ª Pvlx‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi e¨eavb wQj e¨vcK| †mB e¨eavb Av‡¯—Av‡¯— Kg‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr, GK mg‡q AvaywbK GB cÖhyw³wU e¨env‡i z`ª Pvlxiv A‡bK wcwQ‡qwQj| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Zviv GLb eo‡`i cÖvq KvQvKvwQ| e¯‘Z cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †h‡Kv‡bvcÖhyw³ MÖn‡YB eo‡`i AvMÖn †ewk _v‡K| KviY †QvU Pvlx‡`i SzuwK †bevi gZv Lye Kg Ges†`‡L ï‡b Av‡¯— Av‡¯— Zviv cÖhyw³ MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V| Z‡e †Ljvi gvV hw` mgvb nq, A_©vrmevi hLb cÖhyw³‡Z cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wbwðZ nq, ZLb Zviv †h AwaKZi ` Ges Drcv`bkxjn‡Z cv‡i, GUv †bv‡ej weRqx A_©bxwZwe` w_DWi ïëR A‡bK Av‡MB cÖZ¨ K‡i‡Qb|Dc‡i ewY©Z †mPRwbZ Z_¨wU †`Lv n‡q‡Q Rwgi gvwjKvbvi Av‡jv‡K| hw` †gvU PvlK…ZRwgi ev Lvgv‡ii AvqZ‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K welqwU we‡ePbv Kiv nq, Zv n‡jI Dcmsnv‡i†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Avm‡e e‡j g‡b nq bv| †hgb, PvlK…Z Rwgi we‡ePbvq, MÖvg evsjvi PvicÂgvsk`wi`ª Pvlx GLb †m‡Pi cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Q| 1988 mv‡j GB †Mvôxi gvÎ 36 fvM†m‡Pi gva¨‡g Rwg Pvl Ki‡Zv (cwiwkó mviwY 8)| mePvB‡Z †ewk jYxq welq n‡”Q, GKmgq eo I gvSvwi Pvlx‡`i †mP my‡hv‡M cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wQj †ewk Avi GLb, mg‡qi weeZ©‡b,`wi`ª Lvbv¸‡jv eo I gvSvwi Pvlx‡`i †cQ‡b †d‡j w`‡q‡Q| G †‡Î Avev‡iv A_©bxwZwe`ïë‡Ri †mB weL¨vZ Dw³wU g‡b c‡o : z`ª Pvlxiv `| †`q cÖhyw³‡Z cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv e„w×Zv‡`i‡K AwaKZi ` K‡i †Zv‡j|3.3| gvwjKvbvaxb wewfbœ Rwgi cwieZ©bGB ch©v‡q `„wó wbe× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi Rwgi gvwjKvbv I ZvicwieZ©bkxjZvi Dci (cwiwkó mviwY 9)| mviwYwU n‡Z j Kiv hvq, emZwfUvi MocoZvAvqZb K‡g †M‡Q| GB K‡g hvIqvi †cQ‡b m¤¢eZ `y‡Uv KviY cÖfvekvjx| GK, Lvbv fvM n‡qhvIqv Ges `yB, emZwfUvi wKQy As‡k K…wl KvR m¤úv`b| mviwYwU n‡Z AviI j Kiv hv‡”Q,cy‡iv mg‡q Pvlvev`‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY n«vm †c‡q‡Q evwl©K 1.1 kZvsk nv‡i| GB ch©‡eYwUimv‡_ K…wl ïgvwii ch©‡e‡Yi, hv eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q, †ek wgji‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 1 kZvsk nv‡i Pvlvev`‡hvM¨ Rwgnvwi‡q hv‡”Q| nvwi‡q hvevi KviY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖKvi A-K…wlR Kg©Kv‡Ê wKsevAeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y Rwgi Pvwn`v e„w×| cwiwkó mviwY 9 cÖ`Ë GKwU Z_¨ Lye Drmvne¨vÄK|mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z cyKzi, Rjvkq BZ¨vw`‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Rwgi cwigvYe„w× †c‡q‡Q| AvRKvj Lvbv wfwËK gv‡Qi Pvl G e„w×i KviY n‡Z cv‡i| mviwYwU n‡Z AviI

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 19GKwU Z_¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨| weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z djevMv‡bi R‡b¨ RwgI e„w× †c‡q‡Q| m¤¢eZewa©Z nv‡i djg~j Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ evMvb wKsev †ewóZ djevMv‡bi R‡b¨ Rwg eivÏ e„w׆c‡q‡Q| Zv n‡j †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q, mxwgZ Rwg m¤ú‡`i gy‡LvgywL MÖv‡gi Lvbv¸‡jv Rwgi(K…wl Rwg e¨wZZ) m‡e©v”P e¨envi mva‡b wjß Av‡Q Ges µgewa©òzfv‡e G mg¯— Rwg RxweKvAR©‡b e¨eüZ n‡”Q|4| Mevw`cï m¤ú`Rwg Qvov Mevw`cï Ab¨ Avi GK m¤ú`, hvi Dci fi K‡i MÖv‡gi cwievi¸‡jv RxweKv†KŠkj wba©viY K‡i| GK mg‡q †Mvqvj N‡ii AvK…wZ Ges cï msL¨v w`‡q MÖvgxY cwiev‡iiAvwfRvZ¨ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| A_©vr, a‡i †bqv n‡Zv †h, AwaK cïm¤ú‡`i gvwjK Lvbv¸‡jv¯^”Qj Lvbv ev cwievi| Ab¨w`‡K cïm¤ú` ev †MvqvjN‡ii Abycw¯’wZ‡Z `wi‡`ªi ˆ`b¨Zv cÖKvk†c‡Zv| wKš‘ cÖvß Z_¨ GKUz Ab¨iKg aviYv cÖKvk Ki‡Q (cwiwkó mviwY 10)| mg‡qiweeZ©‡b me cÖKvi LvbvB Mevw`cï cvjb †_‡K m‡i G‡m‡Q| †hgb, 1988 mv‡j †gvU Lvbvi53 kZvs‡ki Aax‡b GKwU n‡jI Mevw`cï wQj, wKš‘ 2004 mv‡j Mevw`cïi gvwjK LvbviAbycvZ †b‡g Av‡m cÖvq 50 kZvs‡k| mePvB‡Z †ewk n«vm †c‡q‡Q eo Ges gvSvwi †Rv‡ZigvwjK Lvbv¸‡jv‡Z| A_P GKB mg‡q Mevw`cï Av‡Q Ggb †QvU †Rv‡Zi cwiev‡ii Ask 28kZvsk †_‡K 38 kZvsk ch©š— e„w× cvq| Gi A_©, AvRKvj abx Lvbv¸‡jv †Zgb GKUvMevw`cï cvjb K‡i bv| Z‡e, `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv‡Z Mevw`cï cvjb RxweKv wbe©v‡ni GKwUDrm| n‡Z cv‡i, GB cwievi¸‡jv GbwRI †_‡K FY wb‡q cï cvjb ïi“ K‡i‡Q| †Kbbvm¤cÖwZKv‡j GbwRI¸‡jv FY w`‡q cïcvjb DrmvwnZ Ki‡Q|eo I gvSvwi Lvbv¸‡jv‡Z Mevw`cï cvjb K‡g hvevi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡Z cv‡i K…wlKvR†_‡K `~‡i _vKv, cï cvj‡bi LiP e„w× wKsev G¸‡jv †`Lvïbv Kivi †jv‡Ki Afve| Avi `wi`ªcwievi¸‡jv †h‡nZz eM©vi gva¨‡g AwaK nv‡i Rwg Pvl Ki‡Q, ZvB Mevw`cï Zv‡`i Rb¨cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wn‡m‡e `uvwo‡q‡Q| Z‡e, mevi †ejv‡ZB Lvbv cÖwZ Mevw`cïi msL¨v e„w׆c‡q‡Q| cïi `vg hw` ¸‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i _v‡K, Z‡e ej‡ZB nq, A‡cvK…Z †ewk `v‡giMevw`cï AvRKvj Mwi‡ei N‡i _vK‡Q|QvMj cvjbI GK ai‡bi cïm¤ú`| Avc`Kvjxb mg‡q QvMj wewµ K‡i `wi`ª cwieviwec` †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b me ai‡bi Lvbv‡ZB QvMj cvjb e„w× †c‡q‡Q|D`vniY¯^iƒc, MÖvgv‡j GLb 23 kZvsk Lvbvi Aax‡b QvMj i‡q‡Q Ges c~‡e©Kvi mg‡q hvwQj 20 kZvsk (cwiwkó mviwY 10)| hw` Mevw`cï I QvMj m¤ú‡`i †gvU g~j¨ we‡ePbvq MÖnYKiv nq Zv n‡jI †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq †h, GB `yB Lv‡Z `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jvi m¤ú` e„w× †c‡q‡QcÖvq 85 Wjvi †_‡K 113 Wjv‡i, hv Ab¨ ai‡bi Lvbvi PvB‡Z AwaK nv‡i e„w×| GK mgq MÖvgevsjvi `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv cï m¤ú` mÂq‡b wcwQ‡q wQj| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡b MÖv‡g GLbZviv G‡‡Î AMÖMvgx wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|

20evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv5| Ab¨vb¨ Rwg ewnf~©Z ¯’vqx m¤ú`Rwg Ges Mevw` cï m¤ú` QvovI Ab¨vb¨ Rwg ewnf©~Z m¤ú‡`i gva¨‡g MÖv‡gi Lvbv RxweKvAR©b K‡i| G mg¯— m¤ú` Zv‡`i Kv‡Q AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cyuwR fvÛvi, hvi gva¨‡g ZviveZ©gvbKv‡j Avq DcvR©b K‡i _v‡K| Ggb wKQy m¤ú‡`i D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avm‡Z cv‡i cvIqviwUjvi, k¨v‡jv cv¤ú, Pv‡ji Kj, avb gvov‡bvi Kj, wiKkv-f¨vb BZ¨vw`| Rwg-ewnf©~Z G mg¯—m¤ú` MÖv‡gi Lvbv¸‡jvi Avq wba©vi‡Y cwimsL¨vbMZfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| 23jYxq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg GjvKvq cÖwZ 100wU Lvbvi g‡a¨ 8wU Lvbvi wbR¯^ k¨v‡jvcv¤ú Av‡Q (cwiwkó mviwY 11)| 1988 mv‡j cÖwZ 100 Lvbvi cÖvq 3wU Lvbvq k¨v‡jv cv¤úwQj| evsjv‡`‡k †gvU K…wl Lvgv‡ii msL¨v 1 †KvwU 50 jvL ai‡j cÖvq 12 jvL MÖvgxY cwievi†mP h‡š¿i gvwjK| GLv‡b we‡klfv‡e jYxq †h, 1988 mv‡j GKUv k¨v‡jv †gwk‡biMocoZv `vg wQj 729 Wjvi, hv m¤cÖwZ `uvwo‡q‡Q 164 Wjv‡i| g‡b Kiv n‡”Q, Avwki`k‡Ki †kl w`‡K cÖYxZ D`vi Avg`vwb bxwZ †mP h‡š¿i gvwjKvbv m¤cÖmvi‡Y ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv†i‡L‡Q| Avevi cÖwZ 100 Lvbvi g‡a¨ cÖvq 6wU Lvbvq nq wiKkv bq‡Zv f¨vbMvox we`¨gvb|cvIqvi wUjvi ev Pv‡ji K‡ji gvwjK Ggb Lvbvi AbycvZ A‡cvK…Z Kg Z‡e G mg¯—m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv µgvš^‡q evo‡Q| Avi ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †h mg¯— Lvbvq Mi“i Mvwo wQj,AvaywbK evn‡bi `vc‡U †mB mg¯— Lvbvi AbycvZ n«vm †c‡q‡Q| hvB †nvK, cÖvq 1 kZvsk `wi`ªLvbvi wbqš¿‡Y 1wU k¨v‡jv †gwkb i‡q‡Q Ges cÖvq 9 kZvsk Lvbvi wbqš¿‡Y GKwU ev GKvwaKwiK&kvhvb i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq (cwiwkó mviwY 12)|6| cÖwZôv‡b cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv I mvgvwRK m¤ú`Rwg, Mevw`cï ev A-K…wl RvZxq wbw`©ó m¤ú`mg~‡ni g‡Zv cÖwZôvbmg~‡n cÖ‡ekMg¨ZvIGKwU m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K| Abvw`Kvj †_‡K mf¨Zvi wewfbœ ¯—‡i gvby‡li RxweKvcÖfvweZ K‡i †h mg¯— cÖwZôvb, Zvi cwieZ©b ch©‡eY Kiv ZvB AZ¨š— Ri“wi| D`vniY¯^iƒc,Avw_©K cÖwZôvb n‡Z myweav MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨emvqx PjwZ ev w¯’i cyuwRi Afve `~iKi‡Z cv‡i; ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~‡n cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ myweav Av`vq Kiv †h‡Zcv‡i| G ai‡bi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv‡K GLv‡b cyuwR wn‡m‡e aiv n‡e, †h‡nZz G¸‡jv Drcv`b e„wׇZmnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|2004 mv‡ji Rwi‡c cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq, MÖvg evsjvq cÖvq 29 kZvs‡ki g‡Zv LvbvGbwRIi m`m¨, hv 2000 mv‡j wQj cÖvq 24 kZvsk (cwiwkó mviwY 13)| mePvB‡Z `wi`ª(wbR¯^ Rwg 0.4 †n±i ch©š—) Lvbv¸‡jvi GbwRI cÖwZôv‡b cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wظY e„w× †c‡q‡Q|A_©vr, eZ©gv‡b cÖvq wZb-PZz_©vsk `wi`ª Lvbvi GbwRI‡Z cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv i‡q‡Q, hv 1988 mv‡jwQj gvÎ GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki GKUz Dc‡i| Zvi A_©, MÖv‡gi mePvB‡Z `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi GbwRI‡ZcÖ‡ekMg¨Zv e„w× †c‡q‡Q D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i Ges G cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv nq‡Zvev Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú`, †hgb2 †jLKØq Aek¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡”Q †h, Rwgi gvwjKvbv G ai‡bi m¤ú‡` cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv ev m¤ú` mÂq‡b wba©viK n‡Z cv‡i|

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 21wiKkv, f¨vb, Mevw`cï wKsev cv¤ú BZ¨vw` mÂq‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bcÖ‡ekMg¨Zv ZvB Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` m„wó‡Z Ae`vb †i‡L `wi‡`ªi RxweKv wbe©vn †KŠkj‡K cÖfvweZK‡i|Z‡e, wKQyUv A¯^vfvweKfv‡e GbwRIi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q Ggb Lvbv¸‡jvi cÖvq GK Z…ZxqvskA‡cvK…Z ¯^”Qj †kªwY (Rwg 1 †n±i-Gi Dci) †_‡K Avmv, hv‡`i Rb¨ GbwRI Kvh©µge¨eüZ nevi K_v bq (cwiwkó mviwY 13)| wfwË eQ‡i Aek¨ abxivI G my‡hvM wb‡q‡Q (cÖvqGK-cÂgvsk) Ges GUv †eva nq cÖgvwYZ †h eQi cwiµgvq ¯^”Qj cwievi¸‡jv GbwRIiKvh©µ‡g AwaKZi m¤ú„³ n‡”Q| A_©vr, KvM‡R-Kj‡g f~wgnxb ev Kvh©Ki f~wgnxb‡`i K_v ejvn‡jI ev¯—‡e Ôf~-¯^vgx‡`iÕ Kv‡QI µgvš^‡q GbwRIi †mev m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| bxwZMZch©v‡jvPbvq Gai‡bi ch©‡eY MÖvgxY mgv‡R m¤ú‡` mgZv m~PK cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi cÖkœwU RvwM‡q†Zv‡j|Gevi Avmv hvK ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zvi welqwU (cwiwkó mviwY 13)| MÖvgevsjvi †gvU Lvbvi gvÎ `yB †_‡K wZb kZvs‡ki †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv m`m¨ ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bimv‡_ RwoZ| GLv‡bI MocoZv wnmvewU LwÊZ Ae¯’vb‡K †X‡K ivL‡Q| A_©vr, j Kiv hv‡”Q†h ¯^”Qj cwievi¸‡jvi cÖvq 26 †_‡K 30 kZvsk †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bimv‡_ m¤ú„³| Gi wecix‡Z 100wU †QvU †Rv‡Zi gvwjK Lvbvi g‡a¨ gvÎ 5 †_‡K 7wU LvbvivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| hw` a‡i †bB †h, ivR‰bwZK †hvMv‡hvM ev ivR‰bwZKmsMV‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zv m¤ú` m„wó‡Z †Kv‡bv f~wgKv iv‡L Zvn‡j Z_¨wfwËK we‡k−lY e‡j †`q†h, G‡‡Î MÖv‡gi ¯^”Qj †kªwY A‡bK GwM‡q Ges Mwieiv A‡bK wcwQ‡q| G ai‡bi ˆelg¨¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Rxeb-RxweKv †KŠk‡ji Ab¨vb¨ kvLv-cÖkvLvqI ˆelg¨ m„wó Ki‡Q e‡j cÖZxqgvbnq|Avevi GUvI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, ïaygvÎ GbwRIi m`m¨ nIqvi gva¨‡g m¤ú` m„wó m¤¢ebq| G‡‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê F‡Yi e¨envi AZ¨š— PgKcÖ` DbœwZ N‡U‡Q`wi`ª Lvbvi †ejvq| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk Lvbv cÖvwZôvwbK Drm n‡Z FY MÖnY Ki‡Q, hv1988 mv‡ji Zzjbvq cÖvq wZb¸Y (cwiwkó mviwY 14)| GUv mn‡RB Aby‡gq †h, Lvbv KZ©„KcÖvwZôvwbK Drm (g~jZ GbwRI) n‡Z FY MÖn‡Yi cwigvY D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q, c~‡e©†hLv‡b gnvRb‡`i †`ŠivZ¥ K…lK‡K me©kvš— K‡i †dj‡Zv| eZ©gv‡b GbwRI cÖ`Ë F‡YimnRjf¨Zv Zv‡`i‡K Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡` cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv mnR K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| e„nr Rwgi gvwj‡Kiv GBcÖvwZôvwbK F‡Yi evRv‡ii myweav †Zgb MÖnY K‡iwb| Z‡e Av‡jvP¨ mgqKv‡j gvSvwi RwgigvwjK‡`i KZ…©K FY MÖn‡Yi cwigvY 6 ¸Y e„w× †c‡h‡Q, hvi †ek wKQy Ask GB cÖvwZôvwbKF‡Yi evRv‡i cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi dj |A-cÖvwZôvwbK Drm n‡Z F‡Yi †‡Î Avgiv m¤ú~Y© wecixZagx© wPÎ cvB (cwiwkó mviwY14)| eZ©gvb mg‡q MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~‡ni gvÎ GK-`kgvsk A-cÖvwZôvwbK Drm n‡Z MÖnY K‡i_v‡K, c~‡e©Kvi mg‡q hv wQj cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki g‡Zv| A_©vr, eZ©gvb mg‡q A‡cvK…Z Kgmy‡` FY MÖn‡Yi cwigvY A‡bKvs‡k e„w× †c‡q‡Q, c~‡e© hv gnvRb‡`i wbKU n‡Z D”P my‡` msMÖn

22evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvKiv n‡Zv| Gi d‡j mKj †Mvôxi Rb¨B GKUv BwZevPK cÖfve j Kiv hvq, we‡klZMwie‡`i †‡Î| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, Mwie FYMÖ¯—‡`i g‡a¨ AvRKvj gvÎ GK-cÂgvsk A-cÖvwZôvwbK Drmmg~n, †hgb, gnvRb, e¨emvqx BZ¨vw` n‡Z FY MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ c~‡e©GK-Z…Zxqvs‡kiI †ewk Lvbv GmKj Dr‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj|7| m¤ú‡`i ¯^Z¡vwaKv‡i cwieZ©bDc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw‡Z †h cÖkœwU g‡b DuwK w`‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡jv : MÖvgxY RbMY wKAv‡jvP¨ mg‡q m¤ú` m„wó Ki‡Z mg n‡q‡Q? Ges mZ¨B hw` Zv m¤¢e n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j wKai‡bi m¤ú‡`i m„wó Zuviv K‡i‡Q? Ges GmKj m¤ú` Kv‡`i wbKUBev ¸i“Z¡c~Y©? GBcÖkœ¸‡jvi wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi j‡¨ wewfbœ †kªwYi f~wg gvwjK KZ©„K m¤ú` m„wói Z_¨GLv‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q (cwiwkó mviwY 15)|cwiwkó mviwY 15 n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, mg‡qi weeZ©‡b mKj Lvbvi Rb¨B f~wgi cwigvY n«vm†c‡q‡Q| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e D‡j−L Kiv hvq, gvSvwi I e„nr Rwgmg~n AviI †kªwYKiY IwefvwRZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Av‡jvP¨ mg‡q cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni− †hgb,†mP Rwg, eM©v Rwg, PvlK…Z Rwg BZ¨vw`i gvwjKvbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| A_©vr, weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡ZLvbvi AvIZvaxb gvwjKvbvq Rwgi cwigvY n«vm †c‡jI †mP m¤cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Rwgi ¸YMZgvb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K we`¨vj‡q Ae¯’vb Ges cov‡kvbv (Mo wkv), Lvbvi AvK…wZ n«vm,Ges A-K…wlRvZ kªwg‡Ki jf¨Zv Lvbv¸‡jvi gvbem¤ú` e„w× Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| cwiwkómviwY 15 n‡Z AviI †`Lv hvq, mg‡qi weeZ©‡b †fŠZ cyuwR e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges Avw_©K cyuwR m„wóiRb¨ my‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q| †hgb, 1988 mv‡j GKUv f~wgnxb Lvbvi K…wl I A-K…wl Lv‡Zi cyuwRicwigvY wQj 161 Wjvi, hv AwZ m¤cÖwZ e„w× †c‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q 246 Wjv‡i| A_©vr, MÖv‡gimePvB‡Z `wi`ª †kªwYI cyuwR m„wó Ki‡Z mg n‡q‡Q|Kvh©Z f~wgnxb Lvbvmg~nI cÖvwš—Kfv‡e m¤ú` e„w× K‡i‡Q| GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q nq‡Zv bZzbcÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii d‡j, bq‡Zv eM©vevRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j| gvbe cyuwRi †‡ÎI GB Lvbv¸‡jve¨vcKfv‡e DbœwZ K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, AZx‡Z †hLv‡b Zv‡`i MocoZv ¯‹zj Rxeb wQj1.74 eQi, eZ©gv‡b Zv `uvwo‡q‡Q 3.19 eQ‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Lvbvi AvK…wZ n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges A-K…wl Kg©KvÊ RwoZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v e„w× m¤ú` wn‡m‡e Avwefy©Z n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ mg‡q GmKjLvbvmg~n Zv‡`i †fŠZ cyuwR 53 kZvsk e„w× Ki‡Z mg n‡q‡Q| cyuwRi mÂqb K…wli Rb¨ 106kZvsk, hv A-K…wli Rb¨ 29 kZvsk| me©‡kl, Kvh©Z f~wgnxb Lvbvmg~n Av‡jvP¨ mg‡q FYMÖn‡Yi cwigvY wظY Ki‡Z mg n‡q‡Q| Kvh©Z f~wgnxb Lvbv¸‡jv RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨vb¨m¤ú‡`i mÂq‡b mg n‡q‡Q|GLv‡b GKUv welq bv D‡j−L Ki‡jB bq| gvbe cyuwR m„wói †‡Î Rwgi gvwjKvbv †h GKUvkw³kvjx wbqvgK Zvi cÖgvY, gvSvwi I eo Pvlx‡`i ¯‹zj cV‡bi MocoZv mgq 5.59 eQi†_‡K 7.73-G DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| gvbe m¤ú‡`i w`K †_‡K Ab¨vb¨‡`i Zzjbvq D”PZi Ae¯’vbZv‡`i‡K wb:m‡›`‡n Ab¨vb¨ cyuwR mÂq‡b Drmvn hywM‡q‡Q| m¤¢eZ wkv ˆelg¨B MÖvgxY mgv‡R

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 23Avq ˆel‡g¨i Ab¨Zg KviY| hw` †fŠZ cyuwRi K_v we‡ePbvq MÖnY Kiv nq, Zvn‡j ˆel‡g¨iweKU †PnvivUv AwZ cwi®‹vifv‡e aiv c‡o| †hgb, 1988 mv‡j Kvh©Z f~wgnxb Lvbvi †fŠZcyuwRi cwigvY wQj 161 Wjvi hv gvSvwi I eo Lvbvi gvÎ GK-PZz_©vsk| Avevi, 2004 mv‡jG cwigvY `uvovq 246 Wjvi wKš‘ eo Pvlx‡`i cyuwR Zuv‡`i Zzjbvq 4 ¸Y †ewk| †ZgbwU j¨Kiv hvq F‡Yi †‡ÎI| GKw`‡K wbR¯^ gvwjKvbvq †ewk Rwg, Ab¨w`‡K †fŠZ I Avw_©KcyuwR‡Z Av‡cwK cÖvavb¨ MÖvgv‡j abx-`wi`ª e¨eavb‡K Av‡iI evwo‡q w`‡”Q e‡j cÖZxqgvbnq|8| DcmsnviDcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, MZ `yB `k‡K MÖvg evsjvh K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cÖfyZ BwZevPKcwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| GB cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q f~wgnxb, z`ª I gvSvwi K…lK Ges MÖvgxY`wi`ª‡`i cÖwZôv‡b Ges m¤ú‡` AwfMg¨Zv mnR nIhvi d‡j| g~jZ GbwRI cÖ`Ë F‡Yim¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ FY myweav MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g f~wgnxb Lvbv mePvB‡Z myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b G‡m‡QGes GKB mv‡_ Zviv RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤ú` m„wó Ki‡Z mg n‡q‡Q| G †‡Î bxwZgvjvmsµvš— Dcmsnvi GKUvB, Zv n‡jv cÖvwZôvwbK Dr‡m Ges Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM myweavq `wi‡`ªicÖ‡ekMg¨Zv e„w×K‡í GbwRI Ges miKvi‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e Ges G KvRwU ïaygvÎ iv‡óªiAwffveK‡Z¡ Ges mnvqZvq m¤úv`b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖe‡Üi Av‡jvPbv n‡Z AviI GKwU†h mZ¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv, wkv ˆelg¨ MÖvgv‡j abx-`wi`ª e¨eav‡bi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewkcÖfvekvjx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G †‡Î ˆelg¨ `~i Ki‡Z n‡j wkvq `wi`ª‡`i mnRcÖ‡ekMg¨Zv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ GbwRI Ges miKvi‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|GB cÖe‡Üi Av‡jvPbvi Dci wewË K‡i Avi GKwU †h bxwZ msµvš— mycvwik †ck Kiv †h‡Zcv‡i Zv n‡jv, †h‡nZz MÖvgevsjvq cPbkxj `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b fywgi e¨envi evo‡Q, †m‡nZz G mg¯—`ªe¨ evRviRvZKi‡Y AeKvVv‡gv, msiYvMvi I Z_¨MZ myweav mieivn Kivi Rb¨ miKvi‡KGwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov K…wl m¤cÖmviY wefvM †_‡K A_ev GbwRIi gva¨‡g G meKg©Kv‡Ê wjß Lvbv¸‡jvi m`m¨‡`i we‡klZ gwnjv m`m¨‡`i‡K cÖwkY cÖ`vb Ges z`ªF‡Yie¨e¯’v Kivi Rb¨I miKvi‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

24evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwÄBBS (1999): Census of Agriculture - 1996. National Series, Volume 1,Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning.Dhaka,Boyce, J. K. (1987): Agrarian Impasse in Bengal: Institutional Constraints toTechnological Change? Oxford University Press.Hossain M., M.L. Bose, A. Chowdhury and R. Meinzen-Dick (2002): “Changes inAgrarian Relations and Livelihoods in Rural Bangladesh: Insights from RepeatVillage Studies,” In : V.K. Ramachandran and M. Swaminathan (eds). AgrarianStudies: Essays on Agrarian Relations in Less Developed Countries, NewDelhi, Tulika Books.Hossain, M. (2001): “Recent Development and Structural Changes in BangladeshAgriculture: Issues for Reviewing Strategies and Policies,” In Centre for PolicyDialogue (ed.), A Review of Bangladesh’s Development 2000, Dhaka: UniversityPress Ltd.Jannuzi, F.T. and J.T. Peach (1980): Agrarian Structure in Bangladesh: An Impedimentto Development, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Van Schundel, W. (1981): Peasant Mobility: The Odds of Peasant Life in Bangladesh,Asser, The Netherlands, Van Gorcum.

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 25cwiwkómviwY 1Rwgi gvwjKvbv Ges Lvbvi web¨vmwbR¯^ Rwg (†n:) Lvbvi AbycvZ (%) wbR¯^ †gvU Rwgi Ask (%)1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/04ïay emZwfUv 35.1 34.4 25.7 1.6 1.6 1.10.20 †n: ch©š— 12.3 15.8 27.8 2.4 3.2 5.50.21-0.40 11.6 15.1 12.8 5.5 8.2 7.80.41-1.0 21.7 19.3 20.2 22.7 23.2 27.21.0-2.0 11.2 10.2 8.9 25.8 26.8 25.22.0-3.0 5.3 2.4 2.7 20.8 10.8 13.13.01 †n: Ges Dc‡i 2.9 2.9 2.0 21.2 26.3 20.1†gvU 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0wbR¯^ Rwgi MoAvqZb (†n:)- - - 0.61 0.53 0.48Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 2PvlK…Z Rwg weZi‡Y cwieZ©bPvlK…Z Rwg (†n:) Lvgv‡ii AbycvZ (%) †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi Ask (%)1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/040.20 †n: ch©š— 20.7 22.2 25.3 2.6 4.0 5.30.21-0.40 14.9 24.5 25.2 4.9 10.9 12.30.41-1.0 35.0 34.3 33.6 26.6 32.7 36.01.0-2.0 18.8 15.1 12.9 30.0 31.8 30.12.0-3.0 7.4 2.1 2.3 19.8 7.3 9.13.01 †n: Ges Dc‡i 3.3 1.9 0.8 16.0 13.2 7.3†gvU 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0A-K…wl Lvbv 33.9 42.3 38.5PvlK…Z Rwgi MoAvqZb- - - 0.87 0.65 0.59Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 3PvlK…Z Rwg Ges eM©v †`qvi cÖ‡KvcPvlK…Z Rwg (†n:) eM©v`vi Lvbvi AbycvZ (%) wbR¯^ Rwgi KZUyKy eM©vq (%)1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/040.20 †n: ch©š— 3.8 7.2 8.4 6.1 12.8 15.00.21-0.40 11.1 35.3 40.7 7.3 21.1 22.80.41-1.0 17.9 45.9 52.6 9.9 26.7 28.31.0-2.0 21.6 60.9 61.4 11.1 31.1 30.72.0-3.0 29.2 75.6 70.6 13.2 38.2 34.63.01 †n: Ges Dc‡i 44.4 79.6 89.5 17.2 33.6 45.0†gvU 12.7 28.1 29.4 12.1 29.8 31.7Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|

26evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 4PvlK…Z Rwg Ges eM©v †bqvi cÖ‡KvcPvlK…Z Rwg (†n:)eM©vPvlx Lvbvi AbycvZ (%) eM©v †bqv Rwgi (Ask) (%)1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/040.20 †n: ch©š— 34.2 45.4 53.7 31.1 43.8 50.30.21-0.40 41.8 57.4 65.4 27.1 43.8 52.90.41-1.0 50.0 59.8 57.0 31.0 40.2 39.01.0-2.0 50.0 52.4 60.8 28.4 30.1 39.82.0-3.0 35.0 47.8 40.7 13.1 26.8 34.73.01 †n: Ges Dc‡i 25.9 40.0 44.4 11.8 12.5 20.1†gvU 43.6 54.2 58.3 23.4 32.9 39.8Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 5wewfbœ Rwg e¨e¯’vcbv I PvlK…Z RwgRwg Pvl e¨e¯’vLvgv‡ii AbycvZ (%) †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi Ask (%)1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/04ïay eM©vPvlx 13.6 20.5 27.6 6.7 12.4 19.3eM©vPvlx-gvwjK 14.4 19.0 18.0 15.3 20.0 21.1gvwjK-eM©vPvlx 15.7 14.8 12.7 19.8 21.0 16.1gvwjK-Pvlx 56.3 45.7 41.7 58.2 46.6 43.5†gvU 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mgxvi eQimviwY 6†m‡Pi we¯—vi Ges †m‡Pi gva¨gf~-Mf©¯’ cvwb e¨e¯’v K‡i†mPKZ fvM †mPK…ZLvbv †mP Rwg†`q (%) (%)f~-c„ôfvM cvwb e¨envi K‡i†mPKZ fvM Lvbv †mPK…Z†mP †`q Rwg(%) (%)me ai‡bi †mPKZfvMLvbv †mP†`q (%)†mPK…ZRwg(%)1987/88 32.6 19.0 10.9 5.1 42.2 24.01999/00 57.2 48.9 17.1 14.8 72.2 63.62003/04 60.8 55.2 21.1 17.0 78.8 72.2Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 7†m‡Pi we¯—vi Ges †m‡Pi gva¨gwbR¯^ Rwg (†n:) cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv nvi (%) †mPK…Z Rwg (†gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi %)1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/040.20 †n:ch©š— 31.8 62.6 74.0 29.4 61.1 73.90.21-0.40 35.3 72.7 79.8 26.3 64.9 77.40.41-1.0 43.6 74.9 77.3 24.9 61.1 70.21.0-2.0 48.9 72.8 85.1 22.5 61.2 74.62.0 †n: Ges Dc‡i 52.5 79.4 83.1 24.0 66.9 70.7†gvU 42.3 72.2 78.8 24.0 63.6 72.2Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 27mviwY 8PvlK…Z Rwg I †m‡P cÖ‡ekMg¨ZvPvlK…Z Rwgi AvqZb cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv nvi (%) †mPK…Z Rwg (†gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi %)(†n±i) 1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/040.20 †n: ch©š— 35.5 73.8 85.0 35.2 73.8 82.40.21-0.40 47.5 83.4 83.9 30.3 75.2 79.30.41-1.0: 45.5 75.7 81.4 24.7 62.6 74.41.0-2.0 48.1 78.1 81.7 22.6 60.9 70.92.0 ‡n: Ges Dc‡i 50.5 72.1 80.6 21.8 54.8 72.8†gvU 44.7 77.4 83.0 23.6 62.3 74.1Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 9wewfbœ cÖKvi Rwgi ¯^ËvwaKvi I cwieZ©bRwgi aibgvwjK Lvbvi nvi(%)†gvU Rwgi Ask(%)Rwgi MocoZv AvqZb(GKi)1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04emZwfUv 89.2 96.4 10.4 7.5 0.18 0.09evMvb/AiPvW© 12.7 42.3 2.9 7.5 0.15 0.21cyKyi/Rjvkq 11.4 37.6 1.5 3.9 0.20 0.12Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwg 62.2 58.0 84.4 77.4 2.04 1.58Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|weeiYMevw`cïgvwjK LvbviAsk (%)Lvbv cÖwZ Mevw`cï (msL¨v)MocoZv `vg(Wjvi)QvMjgvwjK LvbviAsk (%)Lvbv cÖwZ Mevw`cï (msL¨v)MocoZv `vg(Wjvi)mviwY 10Mevw`cïi gvwjKvbv (wbR¯^ Rwg Abyhvqx)0.2 †n: ch©š— 0.21-1.0 †n: 1.0 †n:Ges Dc‡i me Lvbv1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|28.3 38.2 66.8 58.7 91.3 71.9 53.3 49.61.72 2.22 2.23 2.64 3.30 3.83 2.46 2.7072.20 99.84 83.73 93.25 88.81 91.26 83.96 94.9317.2 21.2 19.7 24.1 25.0 28.9 19.6 23.21.67 2.36 1.78 2.51 2.03 3.48 1.80 2.6012.35 13.58 12.76 14.58 19.24 15.67 14.42 14.38

28evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 11Ab¨vb¨ Rwg-ewnf©yZ m¤ú`¯’vqx m¤ú` gvwjK Lvbvi AbycvZ (%) m¤ú‡`i MocZv `vg (Wjvi)1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04k¨v‡jv cv¤ú/wUDeI‡qj 2.83 8.28 729 164cvIqvi wUjvi - 1.06 - 371ivBm wgjvi 0.40 1.01 249 384†_ªwks †gwkb - 2.50 - 21Mi“i Mvwo 4.28 1.49 88 37wi·v/f¨vb 0.16 5.68 38 40†gvUi mvB‡Kj - 1.22 - 956Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 12Rwgi gvwjKvbv wfwËK k¨v‡jv cv¤ú Ges wi·v-f¨v‡bi gvwjKvbv, 2003/04Rwgi gvwjKvbvk¨v‡jv wUDeI‡qj Ges cv¤úwi·v-f¨vbLvbvi AbycvZ (%) Mo `vg (Wjvi) Lvbvi AbycvZ (%) Mo `vg (Wjvi)0.20 †n. ch©š— 0.84 78.61 9.28 41.830.21-1.0 †n. 7.40 157.39 2.47 33.451.01 Ges Z`~aŸ© 34.1 145.55 1.03 35.70mKj Lvbv 8.1 146.15 5.7 39.77Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 13Rwgi gvwjKvbv I wewfbœ ms¯’vq cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv (†gvU Lvbvi %)Rwgi gvwjKvbv (†n.) GbwRI ivR‰bwZK `j1999/00 2003/04 1999/00 2003/04ïaygvÎ emZwfUv 30.6 36.7 0.3 -0.20 †n: ch©š— 26.9 35.3 0.7 1.10.21-0.40 23.6 23.6 2.8 1.60.41-1.0 17.8 21.9 4.4 2.61.01-2.0 14.6 16.4 4.2 5.32.01-3.0 4.4 11.8 17.8 9.83.01 †n. Ges Z`~aŸ© 3.7 2.6 13.0 15.8mKj 23.5 28.5 2.7 2.1Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|

ev‡qm I †nv‡mb: MÖvg evsjvq K…wl I AK…wl m¤ú‡`i cwieZ©b I MÖvgxY RxweKv 29mviwY 14Rwgi gvwjKvbv I F‡Y cÖ‡ekMg¨ZvPvlK…Z Rwg (†n:)cÖvwZôvwbK FY MÖnxZv LvbviAbycvZ (%)A-cÖvwZôvwbK FY MÖnxZv LvbviAbycvZ (%)1987/88 1999/00 2003/04 1987/88 1999/00 2003/04ïaygvÎ emZwfUv 16.7 30.7 32.9 31.0 14.9 11.90.2 †n: ch©š— 4.8 27.6 35.7 33.6 13.2 10.30.21-0.40 10.4 22.9 26.0 27.1 12.3 8.90.41-1.0 30.5 23.0 27.4 30.6 6.3 8.71.0-2.0 13.1 23.4 24.6 19.4 9.4 6.42.01 - 3.0 5.8 20.0 33.3 21.5 11.1 13.73.01 Ges Z`ya© 18.8 24.1 18.4 16.7 16.7 10.5mKj 11.9 26.4 30.7 28.6 12.0 10.0Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|mviwY 15Rwgi gvwjKvbv I m¤ú` mË¡vwaKv‡i cwieZ©b, 1987/88 Ges 2003/04Dcv`vb f~wgnxb Lvbv ga¨g Ges eo Rwg gvwjKvbv mKj Lvbv1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04 1987/88 2003/04cÖvK…wZK gyjab (†n:):Lvbvi wbR¯^ Rwg 0.05 0.06 2.13 2.07 0.61 0.48†mP Rwg 0.01 0.02 0.44 1.23 0.12 0.27PvlK…Z Rwg 0.12 0.17 1.71 1.01 0.57 0.36eM©v Rwg 0.10 0.16 2.11 0.07 0.13 0.14gvbe cyuwR (msL¨v):Lvbvi AvK…wZ 5.09 4.94 8.02 6.39 5.91 5.29K…wl kªwgK 1.02 0.84 1.87 1.38 1.31 1.00A-K…wl kªwgK 0.85 1.02 0.65 0.91 0.73 0.91†gvU kªwgK 1.87 1.85 2.53 2.29 2.03 1.98Mo wkv 1.74 3.19 5.59 7.73 3.14 4.60†fŠZ cyuwR (Wjvi):K…wl cyuwR 50 103 370 383 152 167A-K…wl cyuwR 111 143 384 762 169 268†gvU cyuwR 161 246 755 1145 321 435Avw_©K cyuwR (Wjvi) :cÖvwZôvwbK FY 7 45 30 116 30 58A-cÖvwZôvwbK FY 26 29 80 54 80 32†gvU FY 33 74 110 170 111 90Drm: gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ wewfbœ eQ‡ii DcvË|

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 14181| f~wgKv¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZKcÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©bbvRbxb Avn‡g`*†gvnv¤§` BKevj †nv‡mbevsjv‡`k Zvi ¯^vaxZvi Pwj−k eQi c~Y© Kij 2011 mv‡j| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q A‡b‡KBevsjv‡`k‡K Zjvwenxb Szwo wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡q AvksKv cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb †h, cvwK¯—vb †_‡KAvjv`v nIqvi d‡j G †`‡ki Ae¯’v AviI Lvivc n‡e, D”P A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b m¤¢e n‡ebv BZ¨vw` (Lvb 2011)| weMZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AR©‡bi †cÖvc‡U Abyiƒcfwel¨revYx KZUv mZ¨ n‡q‡Q- Zv g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡Póv †_‡KB iwPZ n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb cÖeÜ|divmx weí‡ei `yBkZ eQi D`hvc‡bi cÖv°v‡j Px‡bi wec−ex †bZv Chou en Lai ‡KHwZnvwmK w`K †_‡K divmx weí‡ei g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z ejv n‡qwQj| wZwb e‡jwQ‡bÓ GwUg~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ `yBkZ eQi LyeB Kg mgqÓ (Schama 1989, XIII Ges Lvb, 2011)| †mwe‡ePbvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Pvi `kK LyeB Kg mgq| ZviciI GPvi `k‡Ki A_©‰bwZK MwZ-cÖK…wZ, we‡klZ G mgqKv‡j A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¯^iƒc Ges ZvKZUv `wi`ªevÜe- †m chv©‡jvPbv fwel¨r evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖhvÎvq h_vh_ bxwZ wba©vi‡Y mnvqKn‡e| KviY ¯^vaxZvi cÂvk eQi c~wZ©i Av‡MB `wi`ª †`k †_‡K ga¨-Av‡qi †`‡k DËi‡YicwiKíbv I cÖ‡Póvq Av‡Q evsjv‡`k| ga¨-Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k iƒcKí2021 cÖYqb K‡i‡Q Ges †m j¨ AR©b‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv(2011-2015)| G cwi‡cÖw‡Z Avgiv hw` Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× ev Dbœq‡bi ¸YMZAe¯’vi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvwi, Zvn‡j ga¨-Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ nIqvi c‡_ we`¨gvb `ye©jZvKvwU‡q D‡V j¨ AR©‡b †m ch©v‡jvPbv mnvqK n‡e|Avgv‡`i gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg we‡ePbv Ki‡j j Kie †h, ivR‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i mv‡_A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨I Z`vbxš—b c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b MYAm‡š—v‡li ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KviY wQj| ZLb c~e©cvwK¯—v‡bi A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ †_‡K AwR©Z Avq cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi Dbœq‡b e¨q Kiv n‡Zv|hw`I c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b †gvU RbmsL¨vi 60 kZvsk †jvK evm KiZ; Z_vwc †gvU Dbœqb ev‡R‡UigvÎ 20 †_‡K 36 kZvsk GLv‡b e¨wqZ nZ (Avmv`yj−vn 2006)| A_©vr A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bimydj evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl †cZ bv| Giƒc A_©‰bwZK eÂbv †_‡K gyw³i cÖZ¨vkv Avgv‡`i gyw³hy‡×i Ab¨Zg j¨ wQj| ZvB ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Pvi `kK cvi K‡i LwZ‡q †`Lv `iKvievsjv‡`k †h A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv ¸YMZfv‡e KZUv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, gv_vwcQy* †jLKØq h_vµ‡g evsjv‡`k Dbœ&qb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm)-Gi wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv Ges wimvP© G‡mvwm‡qU|

32evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAvq e„w× Ges gvbe Dbœq‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| g~jZ G m~PK¸‡jv g~j¨vq‡bi wfwˇZB eZ©gvbcÖe‡Ü cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ gvb‡K we‡k−lY Kiv n‡q‡Q|mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© evsjv‡`‡ki AwR©Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b mnvqK n‡q‡Q wKbv,A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mydj mgv‡Ri mKj ¯—‡ii gvbyl we‡kl K‡i wcwQ‡q cov I cÖvwš—K Rb‡Mvwô†c‡q‡Q wKbv Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× gvbe Dbœq‡b KZUv f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q GB cÖe‡Ü †mmewel‡qi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|cÖ_g As‡k f~wgKv cÖ`v‡bi ci wØZxq As‡k Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i avivAv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I Avq ˆelg¨ n«v‡m A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i f~wgKv Ges gvbeDbœq‡bi wewfbœ m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki AMªMwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi Z…Zxq I PZz_© As‡k|MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× KZUv Kg©ms¯’vb evÜe Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡QcÖeÜwUi cÂg As‡k| cÖeÜwUi lô As‡k fwel¨r P¨v‡jÄmg~n D‡j−L c~e©K Dcmsnvi Uvbvn‡q‡Q |2| Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i avivDbœq‡bi GKK m~PK wn‡m‡e gv_vwcQy RvZxq Av‡qi eû mgv‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q Ges Gimxgve×ZvI ARvbv bq| Avš—R©vwZK I Avš—:Kvjxb Zzjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZKm~P‡Ki e¨envi n‡jI G‡‡Î gv_vwcQy RvZxq Av‡qi mnRjf¨ weKí GL‡bv †bB| hw` wbw`©ómgqKv‡j Mo RvZxq Av‡qi mv‡_ †`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ cwiw¯’wZ Ges gvbe Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ m~PKwe‡ePbvq Avbv hvq, Zvn‡j GB m~PK¸‡jv wgwj‡q ‡m mgqKv‡j mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v I Zvi¸YMZ gv‡bi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© A_©en wm×v‡š— Avmv m¤¢e|¯^vaxbZvi m~Pbvj‡Mœ NbemwZc~Y© I mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i Rb¨ aviYv Kiv n‡qwQj †h, evsjv‡`kZvrch©c~Y© A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges cwðg cvwK¯—vb †_‡K Avjv`v nIqviKvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Av‡iv Lvivc n‡e ev wZMÖ¯— n‡e| Maddison (2001)Gi M‡elYv g‡Z, 1950 †_‡K 1973 GB `yB `k‡K fvi‡Zi gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× †c‡qwQj 22kZvsk, †hLv‡b H GKB mg‡q cvwK¯—v‡bi gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× n‡qwQj 25 kZvsk (Lvb 2011-G `„ó)| Aciw`‡K evsjv‡`k ev c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b H mgqKv‡j 8 kZvsk gv_vwcQy Avq n«vm†c‡qwQj| GKB M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 1973 †_‡K 1998 mgqKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK„Z gv_vwcQyAvq cÖvq 65 kZvsk e„w× cvq| G `yB mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡eK‡g hvIqv Ges †`kR Drcv`‡bi cÖe„w×i nvi †e‡o hvIqvq cÖK…Z gv_vwcQy Av‡qi e„w× N‡Ue‡j 1950-70 mgqKv‡j †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (wRwWwc) Ges Mo evwl©K cÖe„w×i nvi wQj gvÎ0.66 kZvsk (Ave`yj−vn I †mb 1997), mˇii `k‡K e„w×i G nvi `uvovq 3.7 kZvsk, Avwki`k‡Ki †klfvM †_‡K beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †Mvov ch©š— e„w×i nvi wQj 3.8 kZvsk Ges beŸB‡qi`kK †k‡l (wRwWwc)-Gi e„w×i nvi `uvovq 4.8 kZvs‡k|jYxh †h, 1973 mvj †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Avwki `k‡Ki †kl fvM ch©š— evsjv‡`‡kA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× NU‡jI Zvi aviv †ek k−_ wQj Ges beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ci †_‡K GB e„w×i

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 33nv‡i MwZ mÂvi n‡q GKwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g `k‡K M‡o evwl©K cÖvq 6 kZvsk nv‡i cÖe„w× nq|D‡j−L¨ †h, cÖe„w×i GB EaŸ©MwZ g~jZ wkíLv‡Zi cÖe„w×i Kvi‡Y N‡U‡Q|mviwY 1†gvU wRwWwc Ges c&ªavb A_©‰bwZK LvZ¸‡jvi cÖe„w×i aviv (%)eQi†gvU wRwWwc †gvU wRwWwc(wek¦e¨vsK) (evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv)K…wl wkí †mev1972-73 †_‡K 1979-80 4.2 3.68 1.86 5.26 5.171980-81 †_‡K 1989-90 4.3 3.90 1.84 3.16 5.431990-91 †_‡K 1999-00 4.8 4.90 3.03 7.37 4.562000-01 †_‡K 2009-10 5.9 5.90 3.40 7.70 6.10Drm: 1) Twenty Years of National Accounting of Bangladesh, 1993, Bangladesh Statistical Year Book 2009Ges (evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxv, 2011) evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi wewfbœ cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ m~‡Î 1972-73 †_‡K1989-1990 mgq ch©š— wfwË eQi 1984-85, Ab¨vb¨ Z‡_¨i †‡Î 1995-96 mvj‡K wfwË eQi aiv n‡q‡Q|2) World Development Indicator 2010|MZ `k‡Ki †klfv‡M G‡m wek¦ A_©‰bwZK g›`vi cÖfve Ges `yB `yB evi fqven cÖvK…wZK`y‡h©vM (2009 mv‡j AvBjv Ges 2007 mv‡j wmWi) m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k 6 kZvsk cÖe„w×i nvieRvq ivL‡Z mg n‡q‡Q| Z‡e jYxq †h, wewfbœ cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv ev Ab¨vb¨ cwiKíbvqwRwWwc cÖe„w×i †h j¨gvÎv wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q, †m Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k KLbB cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Zcv‡iwb (mviwY 2)|mviwY 2evsjv†`‡ki cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi j¨gvÎv Ges AR©bevwl©K cÖe„w×i nvi (%)cwiKíbvi mgq †gqv`cwiKíbv †gqv‡`evrmwiK Mo j¨gvÎv c&ªK…Z cÖe„w×c&ª_g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 73- A_©eQi 78) 5.5 4wØevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1978- A_©eQi 1980) 5.6 3.5Z„Zxq cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi1980- A_©eQi 1985) 5.4 3.8Z„Zxq cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1985- A_©eQi 1990) 5.4 3.8PZy©_ cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1990- A_©eQi 1995) 5.0 4.2cÂg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1997- A_©eQi 2002) 7.0 5.1`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb †KŠkj cÎ (A_©eQi 2002- A_©eQi 2006) 7.2 5.5`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb †KŠkj cÎ (A_©eQi 2006- A_©eQi 2010) 7.2 6.3Drm: wewfbœ cwiKíbv `wjj Ges weweGm-Gi cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb|evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gv_vwcQy Avq h‡_ó e„w× †c‡jI cÖwZ‡ekx†`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, gv_vwcQy Av‡qi †‡Î Zv‡`i mv‡_evsjv‡`‡ki cv_©K¨ e„w× cv‡”Q| AvwRRyi ingvb Lvb 1970-1992 mgqKv‡ji Z_¨ e¨enviK‡i †`Lvb †h, gv_vwcQy RvZxq Av‡qi †‡Î fviZ I kªxjsKvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki cv_©K¨evo‡Q (Islam 2011-G `„ó)| 1990 †_‡K 2008 mgqKv‡ji gv_vwcQy Av‡qi Z_¨ j Ki‡jGB cv_©‡K¨i gvÎv †ewk mȳ úó nq| 2008 mv‡j fvi‡Zi gv_vwcQy Avq evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy

34evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAv‡qi wظY nq, hv 2005 mv‡j gvÎ 53 kZvsk †ewk wQj| evsjv‡`k I cvwK¯—v‡bi gv_vwcQyAv‡qi e¨eavb 1992 I 2005 mgqKv‡j K‡g Av‡m, Z‡e 2008 mv‡j G e¨eavb 1992 GiZzjbvqI e„w× cvq| kªxjsKvi mv‡_I evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQy Av‡qi e¨eavb mgq‡f‡` e„w׆c‡q‡Q| Gfv‡eB gv_vwcQy Avq evwo‡q GKwU `wY Gwkqvi †`k `wi`ª †`‡ki(underdeveloped country) ZvwjKv †_‡K gy‡Q Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki (developing country)ZvwjKvq bvg Aš—f©y³ K‡i‡Q| wKš‘y evsjv‡`k GLbI †m ch©v‡q DbœxZ n‡Z cv‡iwb|‡`kmviwY 3`wY Gwkqvi K‡qKwU †`‡ki gv_vwcQy Av‡qi Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯’vbgv_vwcQyAvq(Wjvi)1992evsjv‡`‡kimv‡_ cv_©‡K¨invi (%)1992gv_vwcQyAvq(Wjvi)2005evsjv‡`‡kimv‡_ cv_©‡K¨invi (%)2005gv_vwcQyAvq(Wjvi)2008evsjv‡`‡kimv‡_ cv_©‡K¨invi (%)2008evsjv‡`k 220 - 470 - 520 -fviZ 310 40.90 720 53.19 1,070 107.69cvwK¯—vb 410 86.36 690 46.81 980 88.46kªxjsKv 540 145.45 1,160 146.81 1,790 244.23Drm: Asian Development Bank: Key Indicators of Asia 2010, Ges World Bank: World Development Report2010|`wY Gwkqvi AMÖeZx© K‡qKwU †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q _vK‡jI mvgwóKA_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbvi wbwi‡L evsjv‡`ki AMÖMwZ †gvUvgywU jYxq| †hgb: ev‡RU NvUwZ,ˆe‡`wkK †`bv I wRwWwc AbycvZ, ˆe‡`wkK gỳ ªvi wiRv‡f©i cwigvY cÖf„wZ m~P‡K evsjv‡`kfvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z mg n‡q‡Q|mviwY 4mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU m~PKm~PKmg~nA_©eQi1980A_©eQi1990A_©eQi2000A_©eQi2010miKvwi e¨q (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) 11.9 13.4 14.5 14.6miKvwi ivR¯^ (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) 6.04 6.69 8.47 10.91ˆe‡`wkK †`bv (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) 26.6 36.9 34.9 24.45evwYwR¨K fvimvg¨ (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) -9.1 -7.3 -5.6 -5.1†fv³v g~j¨ m~PK (CPI) 28.13 71.6 124.3 221.5ˆe‡`wkK gỳ ªvi wiRvf© (wgwjqb Wjvi) 121 520 1602 10750†iwgU¨vÝ (wgwjqb Wjvi) 237 761 1949 10987Drm: A_©wefvM Ges evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv|ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbif©ikxjZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †`bvi †evSv ev wbf©ikxjZvi nviµgvMZfv‡e n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Aek¨ Gi wcQ‡b `xN©w`b a‡i ewa©Z Abỳ vb ev ¯^í my‡` FY cÖvwßimy‡hvM wQj eo KviY|

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 35mviwY 5†gvU Avg`vwb I ˆe‡`wkK Abỳ v‡bi AbycvZ 1972-73 †_‡K 2009eQiAvg`vwb(wgwjqb Wjv‡i)‰e‡`wkK mvnvh¨(wgwjqb Wjv‡iAvg`vwb kZKiv wnmv‡eˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨1972-73 780 551 711973-74 925 461 501974-75 1403 901 651975-76 1275 800 631976-77 874 534 611984 2042 1202 591990 3618 1809 502003 9476 1393 152009 21833 1227 6Drm: Lvb (2011)|Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqkxj †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡k ‰e‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kg| wbgœAv‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡Z gv_vwcQy Mo ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ nvi 47 gvwK©b Wjvi, mve-mvnviv Avwd«Kvi†`k¸‡jv‡Z G nvi 53 gvwK©b Wjvi; †m Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡k Zv gvÎ 8 gvwK©b Wjvi (WDI2010)|3| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I Avq ˆelg¨ n«vmevsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv ¯^‡ívbœZ I `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ †`‡k A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Ges miKvwi e¨‡qicÖavb j nIqvi DwPZ `vwi`ª¨ n«vm, mvaviY RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb Ges AwR©ZDbœqb †`‡ki mKj AÂj I †kªwYi gvby‡li mv‡_ mgZvi wfwˇZ fvM K‡i †bIqv| GB†cÖw‡Z MZ 4 `k‡K miKvwi e¨q ev wRwWwci cÖe„w× AR©‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki `wi`ªZv I Avq‰elg¨ KZzUzKz n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges Zv mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¨gvÎv KZUv c~iY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q⎯Gm‡ei g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb|Av‡MB D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, 1975-77 †_‡K 1990-92 Kvjc‡e© gv_vwcQy Avq e„w׆c‡q‡Q kZKiv 73 fvM (Avãyj−vn I †mb) Ges 1993-94 †_‡K 2009-10 Kvjc‡e© ZvkZKiv 90 fvM e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ewa©Z Av‡qi eÈb hw` mylg nq Z‡e `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡PemevmKvwi RbM‡Yi msL¨v A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cvIqvi K_v|3.1| A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Ges `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPbcwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ LvbvIqvix Avq-e¨q Rwic Abyhvqx kZKiv wn‡m‡e`vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix gvby‡li msL¨v ga¨mËi `kK mg‡qi Zzjbvq MZ `k‡K (2000-2010) K‡g G‡m‡Q| ZviciI †`‡ki cÖvq 5 †KvwU gvbyl `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i| 1973-74 mv‡ji Lvbv Rwic Abymv‡i kZvs‡ki †ewk MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvwô `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evm Ki‡Q|2000 mv‡j †m msL¨v †b‡g `uvovq 52.3 kZvs‡k Ges 2010 mv‡j Zv AviI n«vm †c‡q 35.2kZvsk n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡j−L¨ †h, 1996 †_‡K 2000 mgqKv‡j kni A‡j `wi`ªZvi nvi

36evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvn«v‡mi cwie‡Z© e„w× †c‡qwQj; d‡j H mgqUvq kniv‡j `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi nvi FYvZ¡K nq| Z‡eMÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ n«vm cvIqvq RvZxq ch©v‡q `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi BwZevPK nvi Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|mviwY 6gv_v Mbbv c×wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi nvi 1974-2000 (%)MÖvg kni RvZxqA_©eQi `vwi‡`ª¨i Mo evrmwiK `vwi‡`ª¨i Mo evrmwiK `vwi‡`ª¨i Mo evrmwiKnvi cwieZ©b (%) nvi cwieZ©b (%) nvi cwieZ©b (%)1974 82.9 - 81.4 - - -1982 73.8 1.14 66.0 1.93 - -1992 61.2 1.05 44.9 1.76 58.8 -1996 55.2 1.50 29.4 3.88 51.0 1.952000 52.3 0.73 35.2 -1.45 48.9 0.532005 43.8 1.70 28.4 1.36 40.0 1.782010 35.2 1.72 21.3 1.42 31.5 1.70Drm: BBS: HIES Gi wewfbœ Bmÿ Ges HIES 2010Gi cÖv_wgK wi‡cvU©|¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Kj¨vY Z_v social welfare Lv‡Z ev‡RU eivÏmxwgZ wQj| 1965-70 mgqKv‡j G Lv‡Zi wewfbœ cÖK‡í eivÏ wQj 6 †KvwU UvKv hvi g‡a¨cÖK…Z c‡ e¨eüZ nq 1.5 †KvwU UvKv (cÖ_g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv `wjj)| ¯^vaxbZvi ci†_‡KB miKvi cÖYxZ bvbv cwiKíbvi g~j j¨ wQj `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Avi avivevwnKZvq cÖwZeQi ev‡R‡U miKvwi Avq-e¨‡qi †K›`ªxq j¨ _v‡K `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb| miKvi `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡biRb¨ wewfbœ mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wP MÖnY I ev¯—evqb K‡i Avm‡Q Ges RvZxq ev‡R‡UiGKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask GB Kg©m~wP¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv n‡”Q| cÖ_g cÂevwl©KxcwiKíbv (1973-1978) mgqKv‡j mvgvwRK Kj¨vY Lv‡Z 13.2 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ Kiv nq hvicÖvq 93 kZvskB H mgqKv‡j e¨wqZ nq| mvgvwRK wbivcËv Lv‡Z cieZ©x mg‡qi e¨q mviwY 7†_‡K †`Lv hvq|mviwY 7mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wP‡Z ev‡RU eivÏA_©eQi ev‡R‡Ui kZKiv nvi wRwWwcÕi kZKiv nvi1985-86 5.09 -1990-91 6.69 -1994-95 6.60 -2004-05 8.41 1.462005-06 9.33 1.622006-07 12.13 2.032007-08 13.32 2.142008-09 16.94 2.762009-10 15.12 2.422010-11 14.75 2.50Drm: A_©wefvM, 2011|

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 37evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi mnmªv‡ãi j¨gvÎv n‡”Q 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `wi`ªZvi nvi29.5 kZvs‡k bvwg‡q Avbv| 2010 mv‡ji wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ªZvi nvi 31.5kZvsk A_©vr 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki AviI 4 kZvsk c‡q›U `wi`ªZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|hw` evsjv‡`k Zvi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i nvi evwl©K 6 kZvsk ev Zvi Dc‡i µgvMZfv‡e a‡iivL‡Z cv‡i Z‡e `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b mnmªv‡ãi j¨gvÎv c~iY Ki‡Z mg n‡e e‡j Avkv Kivhvq|3.2| A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Avq ˆelg¨ n«vmA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gv_vwcQy Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm cv‡”Q wKbv Zv wba©viY K‡i cÖe„w×i¸YMZgvb| KviY Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× †c‡j `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mgZv n«vm cvq(Bmjvg 2010)| evsjv‡`‡k Avwki `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq †_‡K Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv e„w× †c‡Zïi“ K‡i| GB e„w×i nvi beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ïi“ ch©š— axi MwZ‡Z n‡jI Zvici †_‡K G ˆelg¨`ª“Z MwZ‡Z e„w× cvq (mviwY 8)| `wY Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`k we‡kl K‡i fviZ I kªxjsKv‡ZIGKB Ae¯’v j Kiv hvq| Z‡e c~e© I `wY c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi †‡Î we‡kl K‡i †Kvwiqv1960 †_‡K 1970 mgqKv‡j Ges B‡›`v‡bwkqv 1970 †_‡K 1990 mgqKv‡j D”P cÖe„w× AR©bK‡i‡Q, wKš‘ Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× cvqwb|mviwY 8evsjv‡`‡ki Avq eȇb wRwb mn‡Mi (Gini Coeficient) gvb, 1973-74 †_‡K 2010eQi RvZxq MÖvg kni1973-74 0.36 0.35 0.371983-84 0.36 0.35 0.371985-86 0.37 0.36 0.371988-89 0.38 0.36 0.381991-92 0.39 0.36 0.401995-96 0.43 0.38 0.442000 0.45 0.39 0.502005 0.46 0.43 0.502010 0.46 0.43 0.45Drm: BBS: HIES various issues and HIES 2010 preliminary report|†bvU: D‡j−L¨ †h, wRwb mn‡Mi gvb hZ †ewk, Zv ZZ †ewk Avq-‰elg¨ wb‡`©k K‡i|hw`I cwimsL¨v‡b eÿ ‡ivi wnmve †_‡K †`Lv hvq 2005-2010 mgqKv‡j Avq ˆel‡g¨igvÎv w¯’i i‡q‡Q| ZeyI mviwY 9 †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Avq ˆel‡g¨i wKQy we‡kl w`K jYxq,†hgb Avwki `kK †_‡K beŸB `k‡Ki †kl ch©š— †gvU Av‡q Dc‡ii 10 kZvsk Lvbvi AskµgvMZ evo‡Z _v‡K| MZ `k‡K Zv wKQyUv n«vm †c‡jI †gvU Av‡qi cÖvq 36 fvM GLbI GBabx As‡ki nv‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K Avwki `kK †_‡K †gvU Avq wbæ 20 kZvsk Lvbvi Askx`vixZ¡µgvMZ K‡g 2010 mv‡j 5.2 fv‡M G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| GgbwK wbæ 40 kZvsk LvbviAskx`vixZ¡B µgvMZ K‡g‡Q|

38evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 9†gvU Av‡q wewfbœ Lvbvi Ask (%)Av‡qi wfwˇZ wewfbœ 1983-84 1991-92 2000 2005 2010iƒc Lvbvwbgœ 20% 7.20 6.52 6.17 5.26 5.22wbgœ 40% 18.95 17.41 15.96 14.35 14.32beg wWmvBj 15.08 15.64 14.00 15.07 15.94m‡e©v”P 10% 28.30 29.23 38.01 37.64 35.84Drm: BBS: HIES Gi wewfbœ Bmÿ Ges (HIES 2010Gi cÖv_wgK wi‡cvU©)|GQvov D”P Av‡qi Lvbv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ hviv †ewk abx, Zviv Zv‡`i Avq AviI e„wׇZ †ewkmdj n‡q‡Q, d‡j abx‡`i g‡a¨I Avq ˆegl¨ e„w× †c‡q‡Q|Lvb (2001) Ges †mb (2006) Zuv‡`i M‡elYvq 1991-92, 1995-96 Ges 2000 mv‡jiLvbv Rwic Z_¨ we‡k−lY K‡i †`Lvb †h, AK…wl Lv‡Z gRywi Ges AK…wl D‡`¨vM e„w×i Kvi‡YBMÖvgv‡j K…wl I AK…wl Kg©wbf©i Lvbvi ga¨Kvi Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Imgvwb Ges Ab¨vb¨(2003) Zv‡`i M‡elYvq 1991-92 Ges 1999-2000 mv‡ji Lvbv Rwic Z_¨ e¨envi K‡iGKB djvdj cvb| AK…wl Lv‡Z AwaK Avq Kivi my‡hvM _vKvq G Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ LvbvikZKiv nvi evo‡Q (mviwY 10)|mviwY 10Av‡qi Drm Abyhvqx Lvbvi eÈbAv‡qi Drm 1999 2004gRywi I †eZb 11.4 23.0¯^wb‡qvwRZ K…wl 29.2 19.1¯^wb‡qvwRZ AK…wl 24.2 31.3K…wl w`b gRyi 19.6 7.2AK…wl w`b gRyi 11.9 11.3‡cbkb 0.6 0.9fvov 0.6 3.9Abỳ vb 2.2 3.2Drm: BBS: Report of the Poverty Monitoring Survey 2004|MÖvgv‡j c~‡e© K…wlLv‡Z ¯^‡b‡qvwRZ Ges K…wl w`bgRy‡ii cÖvavb¨ wQj, eZ©gv‡b AK…wlD‡`¨vM e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges †jvKRb AK…wl K‡g© †ewk Ask wb‡”Q| mvaviYfv‡e AK…wl Lv‡ZgRywi I †eZbfy³ Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×, miKvwi I †emiKvwi bxwZgvjv Ges GbwRI‡`i Drmvn ImnqZv AK…wl D‡`¨vM e„w×i †cQ‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| G‡‡Î z`ª FY Kvh©µgI GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y©f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Avq ˆelg¨ m¤úwK©Z Kuznet Hypothesis (1955) Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv †`khLb A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z _v‡K, ZLb cÖv_wgKfv‡e Zvi Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× cvq, ZvicicÖe„w×i GKwU wbw`©ó ch©vq AwZµvš— n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm †c‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wKš‘

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 39cÖv‡qvwMK M‡elYvq cÖvqkB GB gZvgZ mZ¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq bv (Islam 2011)| A_©‰bwZKcÖe„w× hw` Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b f~wgKv iv‡L, Z‡e cÖe„w×i ïi“ †_‡KB Avq ˆelg¨n«vm †c‡Z cv‡i (Khasru and Jalil 2004)|Dc‡i D‡j−wLZ †Kvwiqv I B‡›`v‡bwkqv QvovI †hgb gvj‡qwkqv Giƒc mgZvwbf©i cÖe„w×AR©b K‡i‡Q| gvj‡qwkqvi Dbœqb c‡_ wkí †‡Î D”P cÖe„w× I `ª“Z Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Ges K…wl†_‡K wk‡í kªgkw³i ¯’vbvš—‡ii d‡j K…wli wbgœ-Drcv`bkxj kªgkw³ `ª“Z D”P-Drcv`bkxjkªgkw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q D”P nv‡i gRywi †c‡q `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi GKwU eo Ask `vwi`ª¨Zv†_‡K †ewi‡q G‡mwQj (Islam 2011)|Kv‡RB eZ©gv‡b Avq ˆelg¨ e„wׇK mn¨ K‡i Dbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv GK ch©v‡q G ˆelg¨Abvqv‡m K‡g Avm‡e⎯ Ggb Avkvq bv †_‡K eis K…wl, wkí, †mev cÖf„wZ Lv‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ‡Yv`bvcwiKíbv Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb Zv `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|4| gvbe Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki AMªMwZïay `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vKvix RbmsL¨vi AbycvZ n«vm Kivi †‡Î bq gvbe Dbœq‡biwewfbœ m~P‡KI MZ Pwj−k eQ‡i evsjv‡`k †ek wKQyUv GwM‡q †h‡Z †c‡i‡Q| G mgqKv‡j wkïg„Zz¨i nvi K‡g‡Q, eq¯‹ mviZvi nvi †e‡o‡Q, †e‡o‡Q ¯¿x wkvi nvi, we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK Igva¨wgK wkv ch©v‡q ¯‹yjMvgx QvÎx‡`i nvi| Mo Avqȳ ‹vj e„w× †c‡q‡Q, Rb¥ wb‡iva MÖnY nviID‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y †e‡o‡Q, d‡j K‡g‡Q cÖRbb nvi| `wY Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡ki Zzjbvqevsjv‡`‡ki G AMÖMwZ mviwY 11 †_‡K jYxq|‡`kmviwY 11evsjv‡`kmn `wY Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡ni K‡qwU Av_©mvgvwRK m~P‡Ki MwZaviv-1cÖZ¨vwkZAvqȳ ‹vj(eQimvwe©K cÖRbbnvi (%)Rb¥wb‡iva MÖn‡Yinvi (%)cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡Pwkï g„Zÿ nvi(cÖwZ nvRv‡i)gvZ… g„Zz¨i nvi(cÖwZ 1 jv‡L)1975 2011 1988 2010 1985 2009 1980 2009 1980-87 2008evsjv‡`k 46 68.9 5.5 2.2 25 53 204 52 600 340fviZ 52 65.4 4.3 2.5 35 54 149 66 340 230†bcvj 45 68.8 5.9 2.6 15 48 192 48 830 380cvwK¯—vb 50 65.4 6.4 3.2 11 30 154 87 500 260kªxjsKv 66 74.9 2.6 2.2 62 68 46 15 60 39wbgœAv‡qi†`kga¨gvbeDbœqbm~PK†`k45 59.1 6 4.1 10 28.7 205 120 520 53761 69.7 3.2 2.1 63 67.7 107 44 130 135Drm: Human Development Report, wewfbœ Bmÿ , UNDP|mvgvwRK wewfbœ m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo mvdj¨ RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y AMÖMwZ|G‡‡Î evsjv‡`k wbgœ Av‡qi †`kmg~‡ni Zzjbvq GwM‡q, GgbwK A‡bK ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡ki

40evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†P‡qI fv‡jv Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †hLv‡b cÖRbb nvi wQj 7 GiDc‡i, Avwki `k‡K †k‡l Zv `uvovq 4.8; beŸB `k‡K 3.7 Ges Pvi `kK ci 2010 mv‡j Zv`uvovq 2.2|cÖRbb nvi Kgvi †cQ‡b eo cÖfve †i‡L‡Q AvaywbK Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi e¨vcK we¯—vi| AvaywbK Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi nvi 1985 mv‡jI wQj gvÎ 25 kZvsk hv 2009 mv‡j†e‡o `uvwo‡q‡Q 53 kZvsk| Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖRbb nvi Kgv‡bvi wcQ‡b gvVch©v‡q wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi Kg©x‡`i D‡`¨vM, †emiKvwi GbwRI†`i ZrciZv Ges m‡e©vcwiRbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`k wkï g„Zÿ i nvi n«v‡mi †‡Î we‡kl mvdj¨ jvf K‡i‡Q| Avwki`k‡K †hLv‡b cÖwZ nvRv‡i cÖvq 204 Rb (cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx) wkï gviv †hZ 2009 Giwnmve Abyhvqx Zv `uvovq cÖwZ nvRv‡i 52 Rb| mvaviYfv‡e cÖZ¨vwkZ Mo Avqȳ ‹vj e„w׆c‡q‡Q| 1975 mv‡j G‡`‡k Mo Avqȳ ‹vj wQj gvÎ 46 eQi, hv 2011 †Z `uvwo‡q‡Q 68.9eQi| GUv ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki Mo Avqȳ ‹v‡ji †P‡q A‡bK †ewk Ges ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡kiKvQvKvwQ|mviwY 12evsjv‡`kmn `wY Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡ni K‡qKwU Av_©-mvgvwRK m~P‡Ki MwZaviv-2eq¯‹ mviZvi nvi(15 eQi ev ZviDc‡i)eq¯‹ gwnjvmviZv nvi(15 ePi ev Zvi Dc‡i)Well being index 1(fv‡jv _vKvi m~PK)†`kgvbe Dbœqbm~P‡Ki gvb1980 2011 1970 2005-10 1970 2005-10 2006-10evsjv‡`k 0.303 0.5 24 55.9 12 55.9 4.9fviZ 0.344 0.547 34 62.8 20 62.8 5.0†bcvj 0.242 0.458 13 59.1 3 59.1 4.3cvwK¯—vb 0.359 0.504 21 55.5 11 55.5 5.8kªxjsKv 0.539 0.691 77 90.6 69 90.6 4wbgœ Av‡qi†`kga¨gvbeDbœqbm~PK †`k0.288 0.439 25 59.2 16 59.2 4.40.42 0.63 57 81.9 48 81.9 4.9Drm: Human Development Report, various issues, UNDP|1970 mv‡j 15 eQ‡ii Dc‡i eq¯‹‡`i wkvi nvi wQj gvÎ 24 kZvsk, hv 2005-10mgqKv‡j 55.9 kZvs‡k `uvwo‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK Gme m~P‡Ki cÖwZ †‡ÎB AviI gv‡bvbœq‡bimy‡hvM i‡q‡Q, Zv m‡Ë¡I hZUzKz AR©b Zv‡K †QvU K‡i †`Lv wVK n‡e bv|1 BDGbwWwc (UNDP) mvZwU wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i mvgwMÖK fv‡jv _vKvi m~PK (well being index) wnmve K‡i: ˆewòKDòZv e„wׇZ gvbe m„ó Kvh©µ‡gi f~wgKv, †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e ˆewk¦K DòZvq SuywK, cwi‡ek `~l‡Y Kvh©iZ msMVb, cwi‡ek `~lYwbqš¿‡Y miKv‡ii mš‘wói gvÎv, RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a M„nxZ c`‡‡ci mš‘wói gvÎv, evqy I cvwbi ¸YMZ gvbwb‡q mš‘wói gvÎv|

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 415| MZ 4 `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× KZUv Kg©ms¯’vb evÜe?Dbœqb A_©bxwZi wewfbœ ZË¡ Ges ˆØZ A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv (jyBm ZË¡) Abyhvqx A_©‰bwZKDbœq‡bi ¯^vfvweK MwZavivq kªgkw³ mbvZbx A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ †_‡K Drcv`bkxj AvaywbKLv‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡e| A_©vr A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ kªgkw³ K…wlLv‡Zi g‡ZvZzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg Drcv`bkxj LvZ †_‡K AvaywbK LvZ †hgb wkí ev †mev Lv‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZnIqvi K_v| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× KZUv Kg©ms¯’vb evÜe Zv †evSv hv‡e AwaKDrcv`bkxj LvZmg~n KZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ges mwVKfv‡e Kg©ms¯’vb ˆZwi ev ¯’vbvš—i Ki‡Z†c‡i‡Q Zvi Dci|Avgiv hw` mvgwMÖKfv‡e A_©bxwZi Kg©ms¯’vb ˆZwii mgZv †`wL Z‡e j Kie, MZ `yB`k‡K Zv kªgkw³ e„w×i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q G¸‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q|1995-96 mv‡j †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi wQj 3.5 kZvsk, hv 1999-2000 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q `uvovq 4.3kZvs‡k Ges 2005-06 mg‡q Zv 4.3 kZvs‡k w¯’i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k gy³ †eKvi‡Z¡i nviZzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg g‡b n‡jI underemployment ev QÙ †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi A‡bK Ges ZvGeQ‡ii `k‡Ki Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖe„w× Kg©evÜe bq - Ggb mivmwiDw³ Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e G K_v ejv hvq †h, cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY Kg©ms¯’vb nqwb| ZvB `Zve„w×i gva¨‡g kªgkw³i underemployment nvi Kgv‡bvi D‡`¨vM `iKvi|A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê mg Rb‡Mvôxev †jevi †dvm© (wgwjqb)kªgkw³‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi nvi (%)‡eKvi‡Z¡i nvi (%)QÙ‡eKvi‡Z¡i nvi (%)Avqnxb M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ Rb‡Mvôx(wgwjqb)mviwY 13evsjv‡`k Kg©ms¯’v‡bi MwZaviv1995-96 1999-00 2002-03 2005-06†gvU 36.1 40.7 46.3 49.5cyi“l 30.7 32.2 36 37.3bvix 5.4 8.6 10.3 12.1‡gvU 52 54.9 57.3 58.5cyi“l 87 84 87.4 86.8bvix 15.8 23.9 26.1 29.2‡gvU 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.3cyi“l 2.8 3.4 4.2 3.4bvix 7.8 7.8 4.9 7‡gvU na 16.6 34.2 24.5cyi“l na 7.4 23.1 10.9bvix na 52.8 72.3 68.3‡gvU 4.2 4.7 8.1 10.3cyi“l 3.3 2 3.4 3.5bvix 0.4 2.7 4.7 6.8Drm: kªgkw³ Rwic, wewfbœ Bmÿ |†bvU: mKj eQ‡ii Rb¨B kªgkw³i cÖPwjZ msÁv A_©vr 15 eQi ev Zvi D‡×©iw Ges hviv mswk−ó mgqKv‡j K‡g© wb‡qvwRZA_ev †eKvi wQj| G‡`i g‡a¨ c½y, AemiMÖnYKvix e¨w³, `vb-wbf©i e¨w³, M„wnbx, QvÎ, wfzK Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³ hviv Z_¨MÖn‡Y Av‡Mi mßv‡n Avqg~jK Kv‡R 1 NÈvI wb‡qvwRZ wQj bv, Zv‡`i Aš—f©y³ Kiv nqwb| kªgkw³‡Z AskMÖnY nvi ej‡Z 15eQ‡ii †ewk eqmx †gvU RbmsL¨vi †h Ask kªgkw³‡Z Aš—f©y³ n‡q‡Q Zv †evSvq|

42evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv¯^vaxbZvi ci MZ Pvi `k‡K LvZIqvix Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|Giƒc cwieZ©‡bi BwZevPK w`K bvix kªwg‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×| †hgb †`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡ícÖvq 3 wgwjqb kªgkw³ wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q, hvi cÖvq 80 fvMB bvix kªwgK| GQvov Pvgovwkí,AvmevcÎ ˆZwi, wmivwgK mvgMÖx, RvnvR wbg©vY wkí BZ¨vw`‡Z K…wl †_‡K kªgkw³ ¯’vbvš—in‡”Q| Z‡e cÖwZ eQi †h 20 jvL †jvK †`‡ki kªgevRv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ 2 jvL 50nvRvi bZzb kªwgK‡K wkí LvZ Kg©ms¯’vb w`‡Z cv‡i (wiRIqvbyj 2011)| A_©vr †ewki fvMkªgkw³ mbvZb Lv‡Z ev A‡bK mg‡q AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ nq|mviwY 14Kg©ms¯’vb cÖvß kªgkw³i LvZIqvix eÈbLvZ 1983-84 1990-91 1999-00 2002-03 2005-06 2009K…wl 58.7 51.7 50.7 51.7 48.1 40.5g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis 8.8 17 9.5 9.8 11 12.6wbg©vY 1.7 1.5 2.8 3.5 3.2 4.2e¨emv, †nv‡Uj Ges †i÷z‡i›U 11.6 12.3 15.7 15.1 16.5 18.5hvbevnb 3.9 4.6 6.4 6.8 8.4 10.7Ab¨vb¨ †mev 8.7 6.3 14.1 12.7 12.6 14.1Ab¨vb¨ 6.3 6.6 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4Drm: Islam (2011)|MZ Pvi`k‡K K…wl‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³i nvi Kg‡Q Ab¨w`‡K wkí Lv‡Z kªgkw³i nvievo‡Q Z‡e Avkvbyiƒc nv‡i ev‡owb| Z_¨ g‡Z, wkí Lv‡Z †gvU kªgkw³ AbycvZ 1990-91mg‡qi Zzjbvq 1999-00 mgqKv‡j G‡m nªvm †c‡q‡Q Ges Gi cieZ©x‡Z Zv evo‡jIKg©ms¯’v‡b wkíLv‡Zi Ae¯’vb GLbI k³ bq| wkí Lv‡Zi Zzjbvq e¨emv, †hvMv‡hvM I Ab¨vb¨†mev Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯’vb †ewk nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q| Z‡e Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wói mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqbj¨gvÎv 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AR©b m¤¢e bq| KviY 2008 mv‡ji BDGbwWwci cÖv°jb Abyhvqx2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 65% Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó n‡e †hLv‡b j¨ wQj mKj gvby‡liKg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv (Islam 2011)|6| fwel¨r P¨v‡jÄmg~n2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU ga¨ Av‡qi †`k wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ M„nxZ bvbvcwiKíbvi Ask wn‡m‡e 2014-15 A_©eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 8 kZvsk cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z miKvie×cwiKi Ges GB cÖe„w× 2021 mv‡j 10 kZvs‡k wb‡q hvIqvi cÖZ¨vkv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GiƒccÖe„w×i nvi AR©‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY wRwWwci 24 kZvsk †_‡K 2014-15 mv‡ji g‡a¨32.5 kZvsk Ges 2021 mv‡j 37.5 kZvs‡k DbœxZ n‡Z n‡e|

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 43mviwY 15†cÖwZ cwiKíbv Ges lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mvgvwRK A_©‰bwZK m~P‡Ki j¨gvÎvm~PK 2008-09 2010-112014-15 2021 mv‡jiA_©eQ‡ii j¨gvÎv j¨gvÎvwRwWwc cÖe„w× (%) 5.9 6.7 8.0 10.0wRwWwci kZKiv wn‡m‡e†gvU wewb‡qvM 24.2 24.7 32.5 37.5†gvU Af¨š—ixY mÂq 24.0 28.4 30.0 30.0†gvU miKvwi ivR¯^ 10.4 12.1 14.6 17.1†gvU miKvwi e¨q 13.8 16.5 19.6 21.8ißvwb (wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi) 15.6 22.9 34.2 91.1Avg`vwb (wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi) 20.3 33.7 45.1 131.3†iwgU¨v›m (wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi) 9.7 11.7 15.1 48.5g~j¨ùxwZ (%) 6.7 8.2 5.5 7.9`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi (MYbv c×wZ‡Z %) 36.0 31.5(2010) 22.0 14.4Drm: Ministry of Finance, 2011 and Outline Perspective Plan (OPP) of Bangladesh 2010-2021: Making Vision2021 A Reality|AwaK wewb‡qvM AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ †fŠZ AeKvVvg Dbœqb Ges we`ÿ r Lv‡Z AMÖMwZ we‡klcÖ‡qvRb, Af¨š—ixY m‡qi avivI eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e, Z‡e mÂq e„w×i †‡Î GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄg~j¨ùxwZ| miKvi †hLv‡b g~j¨ùxwZ 5.5 kZvs‡k †eu‡a ivL‡Z Pv‡”Q †mLv‡b 2011 mv‡j Zv`yB-AsK AwZµg K‡i‡Q (evsjv‡`k e¨vsK)| miKv‡ii ivR¯^ Avq I e¨‡qi cÖv°jb j Ki‡j†`Lv hvq, Avq-e¨‡qi e¨eavb e„w× cv‡e| ißvwb eûgyLxKiY, c‡Y¨i gvb wbqš¿Y Ges bZzbevRvi mÜvb ißvwb cÖe„w× AR©‡bi †‡Î miKv‡ii Rb¨ P¨v‡jÄ| MZ GK `k‡K cÖevmx‡`icvVv‡bv A‡_©i cwigvY D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i evo‡jI eZ©gv‡b Zvi MwZ k−_ n‡q G‡m‡Q, hv ˆew`wkK†jb‡`‡bi fvimv‡g¨i †‡Î eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡q †`Lv w`‡”Q| GB †‡Î eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q A`bq eis ` Rbkw³ ißvwbi cwigvY evov‡bv, Rbkw³ ißvwbi †‡Î bZzb evRv‡ii mÜvb KivGes m‡e©vcwi †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i cwiPq †`Iqv|ZvB ejv hvq MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki AR©b¸‡jv Drmvne¨ÄK, wKšy ‘ h‡_ó bq| 2003mv‡j evsjv‡`k gvbe Dbœqb m~P‡Ki we‡ePbvq wbgœ †_‡K ga¨¯—‡ii †`‡k DbœxZ n‡qwQj| wKš‘2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cybivq gvbe Dbœqb m~P‡Ki we‡ePbvq wbgœ ¯—‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q, hv Kvg¨bq| `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b †`kxq `vwi`ª¨ †iLv Abyhvqx MZ Pvi `k‡K D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y `vwi`ª¨nvi n«vm Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k| wKš‘ Avš—R©vwZK `vwi`ª †iLv (gv_vwcQy cÖwZ w`b $ 2Wjvi) Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 81 kZvsk †jvK `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i, ïay ZvBbq GB wnmv‡e we‡k¦i ïaygvÎ 10wU †`k evsjv‡`‡ki wb‡P i‡q‡Q A_©vr evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i 11Zg`wi`ª ivóª (WDI 2011)| evsjv‡`‡k Acywói nvi we‡kl K‡i gwnjv I wkï‡`i †‡Î Lye †ewk|

44evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvZvQvov MZ Pvi `k‡K Avq eÈb ˆel‡g¨i †h e„w× N‡U‡Q Zv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb‡K evowZP¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL K‡i‡Q|Avš—R©vwZK ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO) Gi Aax‡b e¨w³ ch©v‡q cÖZ¨ Kj¨vY cwigvc‡K e¨enviK‡i International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j wek¦ eyf~ m~PK(Globul Hunger Index) cwigvc K‡i‡Q hv Acyó Rb‡Mvwôi kZKiv nvi, cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡Piwkï‡`i ¯^í IRb, Ges cuvP eQ‡ii c~‡e© wkï g„Zÿ i nv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i Kiv nq| GHI2011 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k eyf~ Rb‡Mvwôi nvi Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi †P‡q A‡bK†ewk| gvÎ 11wU †`k evsjv‡`‡ki wb‡Pi m~P‡K Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|mviwY 16we‡k¦i eyf~ m~PK Ges `wY Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi Ae¯’v, 2011†`kAcywói wkKvi cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡Pi cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡PiRb‡Mvwô (%) ¯^íIR‡bi wkïi nvi (%) wkïg„Zÿ i nviGHIevsjv‡`k 27.0 41.3 5.2 24.2fviZ 21.0 43.5 6.6 23.7‡bcvj 26.0 27.5 8.7 20.7cvwK¯—vb 16.0 38.8 4.8 19.8kªxjsKv 19.0 21.6 1.5 14.0Drm: Global Hunger Index 2011|Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk wkï AcywóRvwbZ mgm¨vq fyM‡Q Ges cuvPeQ‡ii wb‡P ¯^í IRb mgm¨vi AwaK msL¨K wkï i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki GHI m~P‡Ki gvb mvemvnvivAvwd«Kvq 8wU †`k ev‡` mK‡ji †P‡q wb‡P|mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¨gvÎv Abyhvqx Pig `vwi`ª¨ n«vm, cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkvq bxU fwZ©invi, cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”P wkvi †‡Î †Q‡j I †g‡q wkv_©xi AbycvZ, wkï g„Zz¨i nvin«vm BZ¨vw` †‡Î evsjv‡`k AMÖMwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mswk−ó †‡Î j¨AR©‡bi mg n‡e e‡j cÖZxqgvb (cwiwkó 1)| Z‡e GKB mv‡_ Acyó wkïi msL¨v, cÖv_wgKwkvq wkw‡Zi nvi, eq¯‹ wkvi nvi e„w×, gwnjv‡`i AK…wl Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×, gvZ… ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœqbmsµvš— j¨ AR©‡b evsjv‡`k‡K AviI g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e, hv mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¨ AR©‡bP¨v‡jÄ|7| DcmsnviDc‡ii Z_¨-DcvË ch©v‡jvPbvq ejv hvq, MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`k avivevwnKfv‡e cÖe„w×AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges mvgvwRK bvbv m~P‡K we‡kl AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ wcwQ‡q cov GescÖvwš—K Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ h_vh_fv‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mydj eÈb nqwb|

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 45evsjv‡`k MZ Pvi `k‡K Ges we‡kl K‡i beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ci †_‡K D”P nv‡i cÖe„w×AR©‡bi d‡j `vwi`ª¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i n«vm †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv µgea©gvb nIqvq`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b G AR©b ch©vß bq e‡j cÖZxqgvb| Z‡e mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK bvbv m~P‡Kevsjv‡`k †h AMÖMwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z ejv hvq, eo iK‡gi †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK ev mvgvwRKwech©q bv NU‡j evsjv‡`k 2021 mv‡ji c~‡e©B ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ n‡Z mg n‡e|G‡‡Î mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i Ki‡e †`kxq I ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM e„w× Kiv, wRwWwc-ivR¯^Avni‡Yi AbycvZ e„w×i Rb¨ †`kxq m¤ú` AvniY e„w× Kiv Ges g~j¨ùxwZ wbqš¿‡Y ivLviDci|D”P A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cÖe„w× †hb ¸YMZgvbm¤úbœ nq| A_©vr cÖe„w×i mydj †hb mKj ¯—‡ii RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq| †mRb¨Drcv`bkxjLv‡Z Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Kivi gva¨‡g ‡m Lv‡Z Kg Drcv`bkxj LvZ †_‡K kªgkw³`ª“Z ¯’vbvš—i wbwðZ Kiv `iKvi| G‡‡Î Rbkw³i `Zv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ mvgvwRKDbœqbg~jK bxwZgvjv MÖnY Ri“wi| cÖe„w× mK‡ji Kvg¨, Avi Zvi mydj †fvMI me gvby‡liAwaKvi| ¯^vaxbZvi myeY© Rqš—xi c~‡e©B Kg©evÜe I `vwi`ª-‡ivaK `ª“Z avivevwnK cÖe„w×igva¨‡g ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ nevi j‡¨B cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK IivR‰bwZK Kg©hÁ|

46evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwÄAve`yj−vn I †mb (1997): Òevsjv‡`‡ki cwPk eQi: GKwU BwZevPK †cÖwZ,Ó evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqbmgxv, PZz©`k LÛ, 1403|†nv‡mb, gbRyi I †nv‡mb, †gvnv¤§` BKevj (2011): Òga¨-Av‡qi DIi‡Yi cÖZ¨vkvq evsjv‡`k :mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv,Ó evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb mgxv, AóweskwZZg LÛ, 1417|Islam, Rizwanul (2011): “How Inclusive Has Economic Growth Been Bangladesh?”Paper was Presented on the Seminar on “Bangladesh at 40: Changes andChallenges,” being Organized by the Faculty of Business Studies, JahangirnagarUniversity, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Khan, Akbar Ali (2011): “Bangladesh Conundrum: A Tapestry of Light and Shadow,”Paper was Presented on the Seminar on “Bangladesh at 40: Changes andChallenges” being Organized by the Faculty of Business Studies, JahangirnagarUniversity, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz (2006): “Educational Disparity East and West Pakistan,1947-71; Was East Pakistan Discriminated Against?” Discussion Papers inEconomic and Social History, Number 63, July 2006, University of Oxford.Khasru, Syed Munir and Jalil, Mohammad (2004): “Revisiting Kuxnets Hypothesis: AnAnalysis with Time Series and Panel Data,” The Bangladesh DevelopmentStudies, vol. xxx, September-December, 2004, Nos, 3 & 4.Todaro, Michel and Smith, Stephen: Economic Development (4 th edition).IFPRI, (2011): Global Hunger Index, Washington DC.UNDP Publications: Human Development Report various issues.Ministry of Finance (2011): Bangladesh Economic Review.BBS (2005): Household Income and Expenditure Survey.BBS (2010): Preliminary Report on Household Income and Expenditure Survey.BBS: Report on Labour Force Survey, various issues.

Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 47cwiwkómviwY 1mnm«v‡ãi Dbœqb j¨gvÎv AR©‡b AMÖMwZwfwËeQieZ©gvbAe¯’vj¨gvÎv2015weeiYj¨gvÎv- 1: Pig `vwi`ª¨ I zav wbg~Ñj`ªvwi`ª †iLvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix RbmsL¨vi kZKivAsk (2122 wK‡jv K¨vjix) 56.6%(1991) 31.5(2010) 29.00%`vwi`ª¨ e¨eav‡bi AbycvZ 17.0(1990) 6.5(2010) 8.00%cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡P Kg IR‡bi wkïi nvi (kZvsk) 66.0%(1990) 45.0(2009) 33.00%j¨gvÎv- 2: mve©Rbxb cªv_wgK wkv AR©bcÖv_wgK wkvq bxU fwZ©i nvi (kZvsk) 60.5%(1990) 95.6%(2010) 100%cÖv_wgK wkv mgvwßi nvi (kZvsk) 40.0%(1990) 60.2%(2010) 100%eq¯‹ wkvi nvi (15 eQ‡ii E‡aŸ©) 36.9(1991) 59.1%(2008) 100%j¨gvÎv- 3: †RÊvi mgZv I bvixi gZvqb DØy×KiYcÖv_wgK wkvq †g‡q‡`i bxU fwZ© nvi (kZvsk) 50.8%(1990) 99.2(2010) 100%†Q‡j I †g‡q wkv_©xi AbycvZ: cÖv_wgK wkv 100:83(1990) 100:103(2010) 100:100gva¨wgK wkv 100:52(1990) 100:117(2009) 100:100D”P wkv 100:37(1990) 100:61 100:100A-K…wl Lv‡Z Kg©Rxex gwnjv‡`i †gvU Ask(kZvsk ) 19.1%(1990) 24.6(2008) 50%j¨gvÎv- 4cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï g„Zz¨i nvi (cÖwZ nvRviRxweZ R‡š§) 146(1990) 67(2009) 48wkï (0-1 eQi) g„Zz¨i nvi (cÖwZ nvRvi RxweZR‡š§) 92(1990) 45(2009) 31ªj¨gvÎv- 5: gvZ… m^v¯’¨ DbœqbgvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi (cÖwZ GK j RxweZ R‡š§) 574(1990) 348(2008) 144` m^v¯’¨Kg©xi ZË¡veav‡b Rš§ †bqv wkïi AbycvZ 5.0(1990) 24.4%(2009) 50.00%j¨gvÎv-6 : GBPAvBwf, g¨v‡jwiqv I Ab¨vb¨†ivM cÖwZ‡ivamivmwi ch©‡eYK…Z wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi AvIZvqhv D`NvU‡bi kZKiv nvi 21%(1990) 72.2%(2009) 100%j¨gvÎv-7: †UKmB cwi‡ek wbwðZKiY†gvU AvqZ‡b ebf‚wgi Ask (kZvsk) 9.0%(1990) 19.2(2007) 20.00%DboeZ cvwbi Dr‡mi wbðqZv Av‡Q GgbRbmsL¨vi kZKiv nvi 78.00% 86.0%(2009) 89%Kve©b-WvB A·vBW wbM©gY, gv_vwcQy †gwUªK U‡b 0.14(1990) 0.3(2007) cÖ‡hvR¨ bqDrm: cwiKíbv Kwgkb, evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv Ges cÖv_wgK I MYwkv gš¿Yvjq|

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 14181| f~wgKv†gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡ji Ôg½vÕiAZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU†gvnv¤§v` †Mvjvg ieŸvbx ∗ÔDbœqb ÁvbKvÊÕ ev †Wfjc‡g›U wWm‡Kvm©-G Ôg½vÕ GKwU mv¤cÖwZK cÖZ¨q| Avi Ôg½vÕcxwoZ gvbyl ÔIci mv`v †fZi Kv‡jvÕ (DwÏb, 1996) ÔDbœqb cÖwZwbwaÕ ev cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kv‡QbZzb j¨| wKš‘ Ôg½vÕ †Kv‡bv mv¤cÖwZK welq bq| Gi wkKo LyuR‡Z n‡e Jcwb‡ewkK hy‡M evZviI c~‡e©| Jcwb‡ewkK hyM †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— Ôg½vÕ GKwU Pjgvb welq|mgq cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ôg½vÕi PwiÎMZ cwieZ©b Ges Gi PjK¸‡jvi ¸YMZ ZviZ‡g¨iKvi‡Y †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eQi Ôg½vÕi cÖfve Lye Zxeª bv n‡jI Gi bxie Dcw¯’wZ eiveiB †_‡KG‡m‡Q| GB kZvãxi cÖ_g `k‡K Ôg½vÕ evsjv‡`‡ki ÔDbœqb fvebvÕq ¯’vb cvq, Ges msev`gva¨‡gi Kj¨v‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi‡`ª¨i GKwU wPËvKl©K cÖc wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq| wKš‘ÔDbœqb ÁvbKv‡ÊÕ Ôg½vÕ Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq Gi †h A_© Kiv nq Zv A‡bK mgq Ôg½vÕici¤úivMZ A_© Ges Ôg½vÕ cÖeY GjvKvi gvby‡li Ôg½vÕ msµvš— AwfÁZvi mv‡_ cv_©K¨ ˆZwiK‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î ÔDbœqbÕ M‡elK‡`i digv‡qkx Ôg½v cwi‡ekbvÕ Ôg½vÕi cÖK…ZPwi·K Avovj K‡i|Ôg½vÕ kãwU e¨env‡ii †‡Î wÎgvwÎK mvaviYxKiY mgm¨v †Pv‡L c‡o| cÖ_gZ, GKwUmgmvgwqK welq wn‡m‡e Ôg½vÕi A_©‰bwZK cÖc Øviv Gi cÖvwZôvwbKxKiY Kiv nq| †KvbHwZnvwmK †cÖvc‡U, wK ai‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯—eZvi ga¨ w`‡q Ôg½vÕ we`¨gvb Ges Gi A-A_©‰bwZK cÖc¸‡jv Kx - Gme welq‡K ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv nq bv| wØZxqZ, Ôg½vÕi GKwUci¤úivMZ A_© Av‡Q Ges MÖvgevsjvi gvby‡li Rxe‡b Gi AwfÁZv A‡bK cyi‡bv| wKš‘ Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K (†m‡Þ¤^i-A‡±vei †_‡K A‡±vei-b‡f¤^i) gv‡m †`‡ki DËiv‡ji wbw`©ó wKQy †Rjvi†h cwiw¯’wZ‡K Ôg½vÕ wn‡m‡e D‡j−L Kiv nq Zvi †h PwiÎ j Kiv hvq Zv Ôg½vÕi ci¤úivMZAwfÁZv †_‡K A‡bKUvB wfbœ| Z…ZxqZ, Ôg½vÕ‡K ÔDËi e‡½i Ôg½vÕ wn‡m‡e D‡j−L K‡i mgMÖDËiv‡ji Dci wbwe©Pv‡i Ôg½vÕ Pvwc‡q †`Iqv nq| wKš‘ ch©‡eY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Ôg½vÕicÖfve DËie‡½i me †Rjv‡Z mgvb bq Ges Gi PwiÎI †kªwY I †ckvwfwËK| GB cÖe‡Ü Ôg½vÕiHwZnvwmKZv †LuvRvi ga¨ w`‡q Ôg½vÕ wel‡q Gme mvaviYxKi‡Yi mgm¨v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|GQvov Ôg½vµvš—Õ GjvKvi f~-cÖvK…wZK ˆewkó¨ ch©‡eY, Ôg½vµvš—Õ GjvKv m‡iRwgb cwi`k©b,Ôg½vÕ KewjZ gvby‡li wbweo mvvrKvi MÖnY, Ges Ôg½vÕ msµvš— wewfbœ NUbv I Ôg½vµvš—Õcwiev‡ii cwiw¯’wZ ch©‡e‡Yi gva¨‡g Ôg½vÕi ev¯—e wPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|∗ mnKvix Aa¨vcK, BwZnvm wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq|

50evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmsev`c‡Î Ôg½vÕ msµvš— wewfbœ msev` I cÖwZ‡e`bB Ôg½vÕ welqwU‡K gvby‡li mvg‡b Zz‡ja‡i| Avi G‡‡Î DËie‡½i mvsevw`K †gvbvRvZ DwÏb, †jLK Avwbmyj nK cÖgyL ¸i“Z¡c~Y©f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Gfv‡e Ôg½vÕ welqwU Rbm¤§y‡L D‡V Avmvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q, A_©vr 2003mv‡j (†h eQi Ôg½vÕ gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj) Avwg Ôg½vµvš—Õ GjvKvmg~n Rwic Kivnq| 1 GB cÖe‡Ü e¨eüZ gvV ch©v‡qi A‡bK Z_¨B †mB mg‡q msM„nxZ| Ôg½vÕi me©‡kl Ae¯’vch©‡eY Kivi j‡¨ 2011 mv‡j Ôg½vÕ cÖeY GjvKvmg~n cybivq Rwic Kiv nq| 2 Ôg½vÕ cÖeYA‡ji cvk¦©eZ©x GKwU †Rjvi K…wlRxex cwiev‡i †e‡o DVvi myev‡` Ôg½vÕi GKwU A_© Avgvie¨w³MZ AwfÁZvqI we`¨gvb| K…lK‡`i †gŠmygwfwËK A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ, wfbœ wfbœ K…wl†gŠmy‡gi wfbœ wfbœ cÖcÂ, K…l‡Ki †gŠmygx msKU I m¤¢vebv Ges Ôg½vÕ m¤úwK©Z AvgviAwfÁZvjä Ávb Avwg GB M‡elYvq e¨envi K‡iwQ|2| Ôg½vÕ k‡ãi DrcwË I A_©Ôg½vÕ kãwU K‡e †_‡K e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q Zv mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e evj¨Kvj†_‡KB Avgvi wb‡Ri MÖvgv‡j Ôg½vÕ k‡ãi e¨envi ï‡b G‡mwQ| n‡Z cv‡i Ôg½vÕ kãwU Ôg½vÕcÖeY A‡j e¨eüZ GKwU AvÂwjK kã| Jcwb‡ewkK hy‡Mi miKvwi bw_cÎ, †M‡RwUqvi GesmgKvjxb Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Z¨ †gŠmygx Lv`¨vfve wKsev km¨nvwbRwbZ zav A_©vr Ôg½vÕcwiw¯’wZ‡K ‘scarcity’ wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi Avgvi e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvq e¨envwiK A‡_©Ôg½vÕ n‡”Q Ôm¯—vÕi wecixZ| A_©vr `ªe¨g~‡j¨i e„w×| †Kv‡bv †gŠmy‡g ev †Kv‡bv GK mvßvwnK nv‡Uhw` †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q e„w× cvq Zv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ MÖvgv‡ji gvbyl mvaviYZÔg½vÕ k‡ãi e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| A_©vr evRv‡i †cuqv‡Ri `vg hw` †e‡o hvq Zvn‡j ejv nq,Ô†cuqvR g½vÕ ev Ô†cuqv‡Ri evRvi g½vÕ| Avevi †gŠmyg we‡k‡l hw` wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQyiBg~j¨ mvgwqKfv‡e e„w× cvq ZLb mvaviYfv‡e ejv nq ÔevRvi g½vÕ| A_©vr mvgwqKfv‡e †Kv‡bvA‡j Lv`¨`ªe¨mn Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨mvgMÖxi g~j¨ †e‡o hvIqv‡K g½v ejv nq| GBA‡_© D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z mviv‡`‡kB g½v GKwU ¯’vqx iƒc wb‡q‡QGes g½vi gvÎv µ‡gB e„w× cv‡”Q|Avjg (2005) e‡jb, Òg½v kãwU gv½v ev gvMb k‡ãi mgv_©K| A‡bK Mwie gvbyl ZLb†g‡M Lvq| G mgq evRv‡i Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i Afve _v‡K| `vg _v‡K LyeB Pov| G mgqUv ÔAvKvjÕe‡jB cwiwPZ| †hgb A‡b‡K e‡jb, ÔKvwZ©K gvwm AvKvjÕ|Ó Avn‡g` (2005) e‡jb, Òg›`v†_‡K Ôg½vÕ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr KvR †bB, ZvB mvaviY RbMY Afv‡e Av‡Q, †Îwe‡k‡l Dcev‡mIAv‡Q|Ó wKš‘ g½v kãwU ÔgvMvÕ ev Ô†g‡M LvIqvÕi mgv_©K e‡j g‡b nq bv| Avevi g›`v A_©AebwZ ev n«vm; we‡kl K‡i `ªe¨mvgMÖxi g~j¨ ev µq-weµ‡q n«vm| A_©vr evRviwfwËK A‡_©iw`K †_‡K g½v n‡jv g›`vi wecixZ| myZivs g›`v †_‡K g½v k‡ãi DrcwË n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b nqbv| Z‡e Ôkª‡gi Pvwn`v/evRvi g›`vÕ A‡_© g›`v †_‡K Ôg½vÕi DrcwË h_v_© n‡Z cv‡i| A‡b‡K1 Avwg ZLb evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm)-G W. webvqK †mb-Gi Aax‡b gvV ch©v‡q M‡elYv Kv‡Rwb‡qvwRZ wQjvg|2 Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Kv‡R Avš—wiKfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb Zvgvbœv Bmjvg|

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 51Avevi g‡b K‡ib †h gš^š—i †_‡K g½v k‡ãi DrcwË| cÖK…Z A‡_© g½v kãwU gv½v k‡ãimgv_©K hvi A_© `yg~©j¨ ev gnvN©| D`©y kã †gnv½v A_© `vgx| myZivs †g‡n½v †_‡K gv½v ev g½vk‡ãi DrcwË n‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| KviY wenv‡ii fvlvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡je¨eüZ A‡bK k‡ãi wgj Av‡Q| GB A‡ji gvbyl †Kv‡bv `vgx ev g~j¨evb wRwbm †evSv‡Z g½vkãwU e¨envi K‡i| A_©vr g½v kãwU GKBmv‡_ `y®úªvc¨ I g~j¨evb A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| Gw`K†_‡K g½v ej‡Z Lv`¨`ªe¨mn Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨mvgMÖxi g~j¨ e„wׇK †evSvq|3| Ôg½vÕ wK Avm‡jB g½v?g½v kãwUi ci¤úivMZ e¨envwiK A‡_©i welqwU gv_vq ivL‡j DËie‡½i AÂj we‡k‡li†h Afve ev zav (hunger/starvation) cwiw¯’wZ‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ g½v kãwU e¨envi Kiv nqZv mwVK e‡j g‡b nq bv| Gi †cQ‡b hyw³¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi Ôg½vÕcwiw¯’wZ ch©‡eY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Ôg½vµvš—Õ A‡j Lv`¨`ªe¨mn Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq`ªe¨mvgMÖxi g~j¨ †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ A‡ji Zzjbvq †ewk bq Ges eQ‡ii Ab¨vb¨ mg‡qi ZzjbvqI`ªe¨g~j¨ †Zgb gvÎvq ev‡owb †h Lv`¨`ªe¨ g½v nIqvi Kvi‡Y zav cwiw¯—wZi m„wó n‡e|g½vKvjxb mg‡q Ôg½vµvš—Õ A‡ji nvUevRvi¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨`ªe¨mn Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨mvgMªxi †hvMvb¯^vfvweK †`Lv †M‡Q Ges `ªe¨mvgMÖxi evRvi`iI †`‡ki mvwe©K evRvi`‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©g‡b n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b Kg©g gvby‡li gv‡S (hv‡`i µqgZv Av‡Q) †Kv‡bv zav cwiw¯’wZcwijwZ nqwb| zavcxwoZ g‡b n‡q‡Q ïaygvÎ †mBme gvbyl‡K, hv‡`i µqgZv †bB|myZivs Ôg½vÕ ej‡Z †h cwiw¯’wZ‡K †evSv‡bv nq Zv‡K GK †kªwYi gvby‡li Ô†gŠmygx zavÕ(seasonal hunger) wn‡m‡e a‡i †bqv hvq, hvi KviY Lv‡`¨i AfveRwbZ bq eis K‡g©iAfveRwbZ| †Kv‡bv gvby‡li µqgZv hLb k~‡b¨i †KvUvq †b‡g hvq ZLb Lv‡`¨i g~j¨ hZKgB †nvK, Zvi Rb¨ zav Awbevh©| Ôg½vµvš—Õ †mBme gvby‡li †ewkifv‡Mi cwiPq - Zvivb`xfv½‡bi wkKvi, ev¯‘nviv f~wgnxb gvbyl| GKmgq Zv‡`i meB wQj, GLb Zviv wb:¯^| ZvivAvkªq wb‡q‡Q A‡b¨i Ae¨eüZ RvqMvq ev miKvwi RvqMvq, evu‡ai cv‡k ev iv¯—vi cv‡k|Zv‡`i Avi †Kv‡bv nvj-M„n¯’vwj †bB, †bB †Kv‡bv Pv‡li Rwg| Zv‡`i‡K Ônv‡Zi DciÕ 3 Pj‡Znq| ZvB ÔnvZÕ eÜ _vK‡j Zv‡`i ÔcvZÕ (LvIqv) eÜ _v‡K| GB gvbyl¸‡jv K…wlKvR Qvov Ab¨†Kv‡bv KvR cv‡iI bv, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri my‡hvMI †mLv‡b †bB| ZvB hw`I Afve Zv‡`iwbZ¨w`‡bi m½x Zey eQ‡ii Ab¨vb¨ mgq¸‡jv‡Z hLb K…wl Kv‡Ri my‡hvM _v‡K ZLb Zviv zavqcwZZ nq bv| zavq cwZZ nq mvaviYZ Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡m, hLb †Kv‡bv K…wlKvR _v‡K bv|evRv‡i ch©vß Lv`¨`ªe¨ _vK‡jI µqgZvi Afv‡e Zviv wKb‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB A‡bK mgqD‡cvm w`‡Z nq A_ev bvbv ALv`¨ †L‡q Rxeb Pvjv‡Z nq| d‡j gvby‡li gv‡S K‡jiv,Wvqwiqvmn bvbvwea †ivM Qwo‡q c‡o| †ivMevjvB‡qi cÖeYZv A‡bK †e‡o hvq Ges KL‡bvKL‡bv Zv g„Zz¨ ch©š— †W‡K Av‡b| ZvB GwU GKwU `y:mgq| bvRbxb Aviv b~ix (bxjdvgvix†Rjvi wWgjvi GKRb ¯‹zj wkwKv) Ôg½vÕ cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÔGwU AvKvjÕ| Avgvie¨w³MZ AwfÁZvqI AvKvj-Gi e¨envwiK A‡_© Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡KB †evSvq| AvKvj n‡jv3 hv‡`i‡K cÖwZw`b LvIqvi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b †ivRMvi Ki‡Z nq; hv‡`i †Kv‡bv mÂq †bB; cÖwZw`bB Zviv ÔnvZÕ ev Kv‡Ri Dciwbf©ikxj|

52evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAKvj-Gi mgv_©K hv `y:mgq, `ywf© ev Afve A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| myZivs Ôg½vÕ†K g½v bv e‡jAvKvj ev ÔcÖvwš—K Pvlx Ges K…wlkªwg‡Ki AvKvjÕ wKsev ÔK…wlkªgRxex gvby‡li yavÕ ejv †h‡Zcv‡i| D‡j−L¨, †hme Jcwb‡ewkK Ges A-Jcwb‡ewkK Drm n‡Z e„wUk Avg‡ji zav I `ywf©m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq †mm‡ei †Kv_vI zav ev `ywf© †evSv‡Z g½v kãwU e¨envi Kiv nqwb|myZivs GB cwiw¯’wZ‡K Ôg½vÕ ejvUv mwVK e‡j g‡b nq bv|4| evsjvi `ywf© cÖeYZv : Jcwb‡ewkK `vq-`vwqZ¡c„w_ex‡Z `ywf©‡i BwZnvm A‡bK cyi‡bv| c„w_exi cÖvq me A‡j Ges me mf¨ZvqBwewfbœ mg‡q `ywf© †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †gŠmygxevqy wbf©i K…wle¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y evsjv A‡j dmjnvwbiSzuwK eiveiB †ewk wQj hv `ywf©‡i Ab¨Zg KviY| HwZnvwmK AvKimg~n cixv Ki‡j cÖvKe„wUkhy‡M Aš—Z wZbwU `ywf© m¤ú‡K© wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| evsjvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxbZgwjwc gnv¯’vbwjwc‡Z, hv m¤¢eZ 300 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã iwPZ n‡qwQj, `ywf©‡ ÎvY e¨e¯’vi K_v D‡j−LAv‡Q| AvbygvwbK beg kZ‡K iwPZ gÄykªx g~jKí MÖ‡š’ †MŠ‡oi c~e©v‡ji cÖ‡`kmg~‡nÔgnv`ywf©Õi K_v D‡j−L Av‡Q| Aek¨ bxnviiÄb ivq g‡b K‡ib †h, `ywf©wU kkv‡¼i g„Zz¨ici weivRgvb AivRKZvi mgq †`Lv †`q| Avevi A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, `ywf©wU n‡qwQjAvbygvwbK PZz_© kZvãx‡Z ¸ß kvm‡bi cÖ_g c‡e©| Z…Zxq `ywf©‡i K_v D‡j−L Av‡Q dwZqvBewiqv bvgK MÖ‡š’ hvi mgqKvj 1661-1663 ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| cÖ_‡gv³ `ywf©wU wQj cÖvK…wZKwech©‡qi d‡j Avi Z…ZxqwU gbyl¨m„ó e‡j ewY©Z Av‡Q| Zvwjk wj‡L‡Qb Ôi“wUi †P‡q Rxe‡bi`vg wQj m¯—v Avi i“wU cvIqvB hvw”Qj bvÕ (DØ„Z, Lvb: 1993)| `yB nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnv‡mgvÎ wZbwU `ywf©‡i D‡j−L Aek¨ GKwU w¯’wZkxj A_©bxwZ‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i †hLv‡b K`vwPr`ywf© n‡Zv| A_ev evsjvi BwZnv‡mi Dcv`v‡bi Afve Ges cÖvß Dcv`v‡bi e¯‘wbôZv msµvš—mgm¨vi Kvi‡bB nq‡Zv `ywf©‡i cÖK…Z wnmve Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †bB|Z‡e e„wUk‡`i AvMg‡bi c~e© ch©š— b`xgvZ…K M½vwe‡aŠZ GB e-Øxc ev e½ Ôfvi‡Zikm¨fvÊviÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ wQj| wKš‘ 1765 mv‡j weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi evsjv, wenvi IDwol¨v A‡ji †`Iqvbx jv‡fi ci †_‡K cwiw¯’wZ cv‡ë †h‡Z _v‡K| cÖvq `yBÕk eQ‡ii e„wUkkvmb-†kvl‡Yi d‡j fviZe‡l©i cÖvK&-wkí wec−e mgv‡Ri K…l‡Ki †gi“`Ê †f‡½ c‡o| K…lKGes K…l‡Ki Rwg‡K †K›`ª K‡iB weªwUk kvmb-†kvlY AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| Avi ZvB Zviv f~wge¨e¯’vcbv wb‡q weivgnxb cixv-wbixv Pvwj‡q‡Q hvi †Kv‡bv mydj GB A‡ji K…lK cvqwb,†c‡q‡Q Kzdj| “Under the operation of the various tenancy legislations the peasantsociety was differentiated as much as that a large section of the peasants became landlessand reduced to extreme marginality, and through the massive concentration of landownership to the upper stratum, the tenants of Bengal (agricultural productiveentrepreneur) were paralyzed” 4 e„wUk kvm‡bi d‡j f~wg eÈb e¨e¯’vq †h mxgvnxb ˆelg¨ m„wón‡qwQj Zv‡Z K…lK w`‡b w`‡b f~wgnxb n‡Z _v‡K|4 we¯—vwiZ, Rabbani, M. G. (2006), “Shifting Trends in Twentieth Century Politico-Economic Culture in SouthAsia,” Presented at the 19 th IAHA Conferenc, Manila, The Philippines, 21-25 November, 2006|

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 53†Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi gvÎ 5 eQ‡ii gv_vq 1770 mv‡j evsjv AÂj fqven `ywf©‡i wkKvinq| c~e©eZ©xKv‡ji `ywf©¸‡jvi mv‡_ ÔwQqvˇii gš^š—iÕ bv‡g L¨vZ 1770 mv‡ji `ywf©‡iPwiÎMZ wKQy cv_©K¨ j Kiv hvq| c~e©eZ©x `ywf©¸‡jvi KviY wQj cÖvK…wZK wech©q Ikm¨nvwb| A_©‰bwZK BwZnvmwe` i‡gk `Ë Ges AvaywbKKv‡ji b‡ej weRqx A_©bxwZwe` AgZ©¨†mbmn A‡b‡Ki g‡Z GB `ywf©‡i wcQ‡b cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Yi (Abve„wó) cvkvcvwk e„wUkmiKv‡ii e„‡U‡bi AbyK~‡j M„wnZ ewYKev`x A_©bxwZ A‡bK †ewk `vqx wQj| G wel‡q GLv‡bwek` Av‡jvPbv Kivi my‡hvM †bB| AvbygvwbKfv‡e evsjvi cÖvq `k wgwjqb (†gvU RbmsL¨viGK-Z…Zxqvsk) gvbyl GB `ywf©‡ cÖvY nvivq| e„wUk kvmbvg‡j evsjvmn mgMÖ fviZel©`ywf©cÖeY n‡q I‡V hvi Rb¨ `vqx e„wUk †Kv¤úvwb Ges cieZ©x‡Z e„wUk miKv‡ii †kvlY|1877-79 mv‡ji `ywf©‡i mg‡q `ywf© KewjZ gvby‡li Îv‡Yi `vexi Dˇi ZrKvjxb Mfb©i†Rbv‡ij jW© wjUb hv e‡jwQ‡jb Zv †_‡KB `ywf© msµvš— e„wUk miKv‡ii `vq`vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K©aviYv cvIqv hvq| wZwb e‡jb, “Let the British public foot the bill for its ‘cheapsentiment’, if it wished to save life at a cost that would bankrupt India” (Davis, 2000)|wZwb Zvi cÖkvmb‡K GB g‡g© wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb †h, Lv‡`¨i g~j¨ Kgv‡bvi e¨cv‡i miKv‡ii†Kv‡bv n¯—‡‡ci cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wZwb †Rjv Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q e‡jb- “Discouragerelief works in every possible way...Mere distress is not a sufficient reason for opening arelief work” (Davis 2000)| A_P 1770 †_‡K 1788 mvj ch©š— msNwUZ `ywf©mg~‡nidjvdj m¤ú‡K© Uvbv wZb eQi AZ¨š— mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Z`š— K‡i jW© KY©Iqvwjm †Kv¤úvwbikvmbvaxb evsjvi GK-Z…Zxqvsk AÂj‡K R½j wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib Ges †`Lvb †h`ywf©RwbZ g„Zz¨i Kvi‡Y †mmgq Gme A‡j †Kv‡bv gvbyl wQj bv, wQj ïay eb¨ †cvKv-gvKo(we¯—vwiZ †`Lyb Chawla 2005)| GB mg‡q `ywf© cwiw¯’wZ GZ gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj†h ¯’vbxq f~¯^vgxmn mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯—‡ii mvg_©evb gvbyliv e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡M `ywf©cxwoZ‡`icv‡k `uvwo‡qwQ‡jb Ges wewfbœ Dcv‡q ÎvY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb hvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvqg¨vK&‡Wv‡bj Gi Food Grain Supply as Famine Relief in Bihar and Bengal MÖ‡š’| wZwbe‡jb, “I feel bound, thus to record the manner in which the landed proprietors andwealthy classes of Rangpur treated their tenantry in their hour of need, because in anotherportion of this section I have suggested that their ordinary dealings with them areregulated by strict business principles” (DׄZ BDG, Rangpur 1977:27)| myZivs †`Lv hvq†h, weªwUk miKv‡ii †kvlYbxwZ GKw`‡K GB AÂj‡K `ywf©‡i gy‡L †V‡j w`‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K`ywf©cxwoZ gvby‡li cÖwZ Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv mnvbyf~wZ wQj bv|5| Ôg½vÕi HwZnvwmK cUf~wgÔg½vÕ ej‡Z ÔDbœqbÕ ÁvbKv‡Ê hv †evSv‡bv nq Zv eQ‡ii GKwU we‡kl mgq ev †gŠmy‡giGKwU ¯’vwbK mgm¨v| ZvB Ôg½vÕi HwZnvwmKZv LyuR‡Z wM‡q g~jZ AZx‡Zi `ywf©¸‡jv‡ZeZ©gvb g½vcÖeY AÂjmg~n‡K †LuvRv n‡q‡Q Ges PwiÎMZ w`K †_‡K AZx‡Zi `ywf© GeseZ©gvb Ôg½vÕi Avš—:m¤úK© †LuvRvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

54evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvn¨vwgjUb-eyKvbb (1921) I fv‡mi (1911) weeiYx‡Z ‡`Lv hvq †h, 1809 wLª÷v‡ãe„nËi iscyi †Rjvi 76% fvM gvbyl K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj _vK‡jI wek kZ‡Ki ïi“‡ZB Gwbf©ikxjZvi cwigvY †e‡o `uvovq 85% fv‡M| †Rjvi ¯^í msL¨K gvbyl AK…wl Kv‡Ri mv‡_RwoZ wQj| KviY e„wUk Avg‡j †Kv‡bv wkí-KviLvbv M‡o bv IVvq Ges cÖvK&-e„wUk hy‡Mi KzwUiwkímg~n aŸsm nIqvq GB A‡j K…wl wfbœ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri my‡hvM wQj bv| Acic‡ e„wUkkvmb I †kvl‡Yi d‡j mviv evsjvi g‡Zv GB A‡ji K…lK I K…wlI gvivZ¥Kfv‡e wZim¤§yLxb nq| d‡j Ewbk kZ‡Ki †klfvM ch©š— ißvwbi Rb¨ GB †Rjv †_‡K Pvj msMÖn Kivn‡jI AwP‡iB GB AÂj GKwU Lv`¨ NvUwZ GjvKvq cwiYZ nq| 1809 wLª÷v‡ã †hLv‡b iscyi†_‡K 1.8 wgwjqb g‡biI †ewk Pvj ißvwbi weeiY cvIqv hvq, †mLv‡b 1872 wLª÷v‡ã iscy‡ii†WcywU Kv‡j±i GB †Rjv‡K GKwU Pvj Avg`vwbKviK AÂj wn‡m‡e D‡j−L K‡ib| fviZe‡l©iAb¨vb¨ A‡ji `ywf©Kvjxb mg‡q iscyi †_‡K Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni A‡bK Z_¨ cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|A_P Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B GB †Rjvq Lv`¨ NvUwZ †`Lv †`q| e„wUk kvm‡bi 182 eQ‡i GBA‡j cÖvq 30/40wU `ywf© nq (GB msL¨v Kg †ewk nq M‡elK‡`i `ywf© welqK aviYviZviZ‡g¨i Kvi‡Y)| Avi GBme `ywf©‡ cÖvYnvbxi mwVK †Kv‡bv wnmve cvIqv hvq bv| KviY`ywf© msµvš— Z_¨ †h me Drm †_‡K cvIqv hvq Zvi meB cy‡iv`¯—i Jcwb‡ewkK|†fŠ‡MvwjK ALÊZv, Awfbœ AvenvIqv, Rjevqy, b`b`x Ges K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZi Kvi‡Yevsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨v A‡ji mKj `ywf©‡B eZ©gvb iscyi-w`bvRcyi AÂj Avµvš— n‡Zv|ÔwQqvˇii gš^š—iÕ bv‡g L¨vZ 1770 mv‡ji `ywf© eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k, wenvi, cwðge½, Dwol¨vGes SvoL›` A‡j we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj| GB `ywf©‡i m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj ZrKvjxb e„wUk kvwmZe½ ev eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k Ges GB AÂj wQj me‡P‡q †ewk wZMÖ¯— AÂj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU|ÔwQqvˇii gš^š—iÕ Gi cÖfve iscy‡iI †`Lv hvq| 1768 wLª÷v‡ãi Abve„wói Kvi‡Y GB †RjviDrcv`b gvivZœKfv‡e wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nq| e¨vcK Lv`¨ NvUwZi Kvi‡Y me©Î Pv‡ji g~j¨ e„w×cvq| wKš‘ †Kv¤úvwb cÖkvmb GB †Rjvi `ywf©cxwoZ gvby‡li mvnvh¨v‡_© †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnYK‡iwb| cvš—‡i `ywf©Kvjxb mg‡q Ki Av`v‡q †Kv¤úvwb Ggb wbôziZvi cwiPq †`q †h,`wf©‡i Kej †_‡K gyw³i j‡¨ GjvKv †_‡K cvwj‡q hvIqv `ywf©cxwoZ gvby‡li Ki D³GjvKvi evwm›`v‡`i Dci Pvwc‡q †`Iqv nq hv Ôbv hvB cjvZK KiÕ bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ n‡qwQj(iƒgx, 2000)|1873-74 mv‡ji `ywf©‡ me©vwaK wZMÖ¯— †Rjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e„nËi iscyiI wQj| `xN© Liv,cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖ‡n e¨_©Zv, miKvwi gRyZbxwZ I AcwiwgZißvwb bxwZi Kvi‡Y GB `ywf© n‡qwQj (Rahman 1988)| g¨vK&‡Wv‡bj e‡jb, “In the year1873 the rainfall was not only greatly deficient, it was very unseasonably distributed”(DׄZ, BDG, Rangpur 1977:26)| Abve„wói Kvi‡Y 1874 mv‡ji kxZ †gŠmy‡g dm‡ji 80kZvsk bó n‡q hvq Ges dj¯^iƒc `ywf© †`Lv †`q| ZrKvjxb iscyi †Rjvi Kv‡j±i-Giwi‡cvU© Abyhvqx GB Abve„wói Kvi‡Y MvBevÜv gnKzgv me‡P‡q †ewk wZMÖ¯— n‡qwQj Ges GBGjvKvi gvÎ 1 / 8 fvM dmj iv †c‡qwQj| GB `ywf©‡i mg‡qi miKvwi I †emiKvwi ÎvYKvh©µg m¤ú‡K© g¨vK&‡Wv‡bj e‡jb, “The high prices which so early as January prevailed in

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 55this district pressed with great severity on the poorer classes of the people and from thecommencement of the year the local authorities were under the necessity of concertingmeasures of relief. In no other district, however, in which the failure had been equallypronounced did relief measure cost government so little as in Rangpur; in no other districtequally distressed did the people owe so little to government and so much to privatecharity” (DׄZ BDG, Rangpur 1977:27)|1787-88 mv‡ji `ywf©‡ iscyi AÂj gvivZ¥Kfv‡e Avµvš— n‡qwQj| Jcwb‡ewkKZ_¨m~Îg‡Z, GB `ywf©‡i g~j KviY wQj cÖej eb¨v| GB eb¨v m¤ú‡K© iscyi †Rjvi ZrKvjxbKv‡j±i Board of Revenue-Gi Kv‡Q 1787 mv‡ji 2 †m‡Þ¤^i †h cÖwZ‡e`b Rgv †`b Zv‡ZD‡j−L Kiv nq: “Multitudes of men, women, children and cattle have perished in thefloods; and in many places whole village have been so completely swept away, as not toleave the smallest trace whereby to determine that the ground has been occupied” (DׄZBDG, Rangpur 1977:30)|1896-97 mv‡j evsjvq Avv‡iKwU `ywf© †`Lv †`q| GB `ywf© m¤ú‡K© evK&j¨vÛ (1902:988-989) e‡jb, “Like all previous famines in Bengal, the famine of 1896-97 wascaused by the failure of the monsoon rains of 1896, and was the result of 2 successive badseasons... the effect of these abnormal meteorological conditions was that the total areacultivated with winter rice was about a million acres less than in the preceding years, andthat the outturn of the crop was as bad in Bihar and in parts of Bengal as in 1873, theestimate for the whole province being only 7 1 / 2 annas, or less than half the averagecrop”| 1908-09 mv‡j e„nËi iscyi AÂj cybivq ‘scarcity’i Ke‡j c‡o| Z‡e GB‘scarcity’ †Rjvi me©Î mgvbfv‡e Abyf~Z nqwb| †KejgvÎ †Rjvi GK dmwj wLqvi GjvKvqZxeªfv‡e Abyf~Z n‡qwQj|1942-43 mv‡j evsjvq Avv‡iKwU fqven `ywf© †`Lv †`q| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cÖ_g w`‡Ke„wUk miKv‡ii †`Dwjqv‡Z¡i fv‡i m„ó GB `ywf© cÖvq 3.5 wgwjqb gvby‡li cÖvYnvbxi KviYnq| GB `ywf©‡K Ôgbyl¨ m„óÕ (man made) ejv nq| KviY GB mgq evsjvq Pv‡ji †ZgbNvUwZ wQj bv | †mb (1981) AZ¨š— hyw³hy³fv‡e †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Lv`¨ NvUwZ GB `ywf©‡i g~jKviY wQj bv| eis gRyZ Lv‡`¨i Dci mvaviY gvby‡li ¯^Z¡vwaKvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z bv cvivB wQjGi g~j KviY| GB `ywf©‡i †ik wQj cÖvq cy‡iv `kK Ry‡oB| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q ÔcÂv‡ki gš^š—iÕbv‡g L¨vZ GB gnv`ywf©‡ iscyi-w`bvRcyi AÂj Zxeªfv‡e Avµvš— n‡qwQj| Ab¨vb¨`ywf©Kvjxb mg‡qi g‡Zv GmgqI GB A‡j dmj fv‡jv nqwb| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZzjbvqNvUwZ GZ †ewk wQj bv †h fqven `ywf© n‡e| hy‡×i cÖ‡qvR‡b weªwUk miKvi GB AÂj †_‡KPvj evB‡i Pvjvb K‡iwQj (i“gx 2000)| evRvi †_‡K Pvj DavI n‡qwQj Ges gRyZ n‡qwQjmiKvi, †PvivKvievix I gRyZ`vi‡`i nv‡Z| cvk¦©eZ©x A‡ji cvkvcvwk ZrKvjxb iscy‡iimeKwU gnKzgvB Pig `ywf©‡ cwZZ n‡qwQj| †Wvgv‡ii `ywf©Kvjxb Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Kg‡iWejivg mvnv D‡j−L K‡ib, ÒGKw`‡K Bs‡iR miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡nxbZv, Aciw`‡K AwZ †jvfx

56evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwVKv`vi, gRyZ`vi, gnvRb‡`i KvimvwR‡Z wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm DavI; jeY, †K‡ivwmb,Pvj, Wvj A`„k¨| †Mvc‡b AwZwi³ `vg w`‡j cvIqv hvq, wKš‘ Zv Mix‡ei Avq‡Ëi evwn‡i....kZ kZ zavZ© I cxwoZ gvbyl G‡m wfo K‡i‡Q †Wvgvi e›`‡iÓ (gy‡Lvcva¨vq I †Nvl1985: 74)| KzwoMÖv‡gi fqven `ywf© †gvKv‡ejvq K…lK mwgwZ Acivci Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bimn‡hvwMZvq KzwoMÖvg m`i, KvuVvjevox, ivRnvU, wmsnxgvix, cv½v, eoevox, Dwjcyi, `yM©vcyi,eyoveywomn MvBevÜvi wewfbœ GjvKv‡ZI wiwjd Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡iwQj| me©Î ¯’vbxq mvnv‡h¨j½iLvbv cwiPvwjZ nq| GB mgq ÎvY mvgMÖx msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mvs¯‹…wZK †¯‹vqvW MwVZ n‡qwQj|ÎvY mvgMÖx msMÖ‡n MwVZ mvs¯‹…wZK KwgwUi wjwLZ GKwU Mvb GB `ywf©‡i fqvenZvi wPÎ Zz‡ja‡i:ÒRjcvBqv gyB bvixiscy‡i †gvi evwo¯^vgx †ePvB‡j abxi N‡iI‡i, zavq cvMjv cÖvY cwZ‡igB‡jv ab †gviLuvI LuvI Kwiqv ....Ó(gy‡Lvcva¨vq I †Nvl, 1985: 74)G mgq iscyi †Rjvq 1943 mv‡ji gvP© †_‡K 1944 mv‡ji RyjvB ch©š— `ywf© Ignvgvwii Kvi‡Y 1,81,778 Rb gvbyl cÖvY nvivq| Gi g‡a¨ Rbeûj bxjdvgvix gnKzgvqme‡P‡q †ewk gvby‡li g„Zÿ N‡U| GB g„Zz¨i msL¨v wQj 43,804 Rb hv †Rjvi †gvU RbmsLvi7.32% fvM| KzwoMÖvg gnKzgvq g„Zÿ i nvi wQj 5.15% fvM (BDG, Rangpur 1977)|6| Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ: ÔmeyR wec−eÕ Gi Av‡M I c‡iÔg½vÕi cUf~wg LyuR‡Z wM‡q †`Lv hvq, e„wUk kvmbvg‡j evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂj ev DËie½`ywf©cÖeY GjvKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQj| Jcwb‡ewkK Z_¨m~θ‡jv‡Z e„wUk kvmbvg‡jimKj `ywf©‡i Rb¨B `vqx Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMRwbZ dmjnvwb‡K| evK&j¨Û (1902)e‡jb, “All known famines in Bengal and Orissa have been rice famine. In Bihar andNorthern Bengal the bhadoi and rabi crops may affect the turning point between famineand no famine, but even there the immediate cause of scarcities and famines has alwaysbeen the failure of the great winter rice crop” wKš‘ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMRwbZ dmjnwb `ywf©‡iGKwU KviY n‡jI mKj `ywf©‡i †cQ‡bB g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q e„wUk‡`i †kvlYbxwZ| GicÖgvY ¯^iƒc †`Lv hvq, e„wUk cieZ©x MZ Qq `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k `ywf©RwbZ g„Zz¨i msL¨v e„wUkkvm‡bi `yBÕk eQ‡i `ywf©RwbZ g„Zz¨i GK kZvskI bq| A_P cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nvbxiKvi‡Y eb¨v, Abve„wó, b`xfv½b BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM c~‡e©i †P‡q A‡bK e„w× †c‡q‡Q| GiKviY ¯^iƒc Awbj PvIjvi (2005) fvlvq ejv hvq, “Famines have missed the mostessential aspect - criminal act of the British Government|” myZivs ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k Ôg½vÕej‡Z †h AvKvj cwiw¯’wZ‡K †evSv‡bv nq Zvi †cQ‡b cÖvK…wZK PjK¸‡jvB g~j f~wgKv cvjb

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 57K‡i| Aek¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡k Jcwb‡ewkK †kvlY bv _vK‡jI Av‡Q m¤ú` I Dbœq‡bi Amg eÈb,g½v m„wó‡Z hvi Ae`vb †bnvZ Kg bq| ZvB Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we‡k−l‡Yi †‡Î Gi cÖvK…wZKPjK¸‡jv‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi GB KvRwU wVKgZ Kiv nq bv e‡jB g½vkãwU e¨env‡ii †‡Î mvaviYxKiY mgm¨v †Pv‡L c‡o| †hgb- ÔDËie‡½i g½vÕ e‡j mgMÖDËi‡½i Dci mgvbfv‡e Ôg½vÕ Pvwc‡q †`qv nq| wKš‘ DËie‡½i †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z wfbœ wfbœ wKQzcÖvK…wZK PjK Av‡Q hv Ôg½vÕ cÖc‡K GK GK †Rjvi Rb¨ GK GK iKg K‡i Zz‡j|w`bvRcyi, cÂMo I VvKziMvI †Rjv A_©vr e„nËi w`bvRcyi AÂj evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg avbDrcv`bKvix AÂj| e„wUk KvimvwR Qvov ïaygvÎ cÖvK…wZK KviYRwbZ `ywf© cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GBe„nËi w`bvRcyi AÂj KL‡bvB Lye †ewk Avµvš— nqwb| Ôg½vÕi BwZnvm ch©‡eY Ki‡j †`Lvhvq - Gi ZxeªZv e„nËi iscyi †Rjvi g‡a¨B mxgve× †_‡K‡Q| e„nËi iscyi †Rjvi g‡a¨ wQjeZ©gvb iscyi, KzwoMÖvg, jvjgwbinvU, bxjdvgvix Ges MvBevÜv †Rjv| eZ©gvb mg‡qIÔg½vµvš—Õ GjvKv ej‡Z GB KqwU †Rjv‡KB †evSv‡bv nq| myZivs Ôg½vÕi GB Dc-AvÂwjKZv‡K ev` w`‡q Ôg½vÕ we‡k−lY Kiv mwVK n‡e bv| ZvQvov e„nËi iscyi †Rjvi mv‡_w`bvRcy‡ii f~-cÖvK…wZK Ges A_©‡bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi cv_©K¨ Ôg½vÕi KviY we‡k−l‡Y wewfbœ Pj‡Ki†hvMvb w`‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b mv`vgvUvfv‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, b`xfv½b I eb¨vi Øviv e„nËiiscyi eQi eQi wZMÖ¯— n‡jI e„nËi w`bvRcy‡i Gi m¤¢vebv †bB| cÖ_gZ e„nËi w`bvRcyiAÂj D”P f~wg wb‡q MwVZ e‡j GB AÂj eb¨vcÖeY bq| wØZxqZ, w`bvRcy‡i b`xfv½b †bB|Avi Ôg½vÕ ej‡Z †h Afve ev zav cwiw¯’wZ‡K †evSv‡bv nq, eb¨v I b`xfv½b Zvi cÖavb `yÕwUKviY|Avgiv hw` b`xmg~‡ni MwZc‡_i w`‡K ZvKvB Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cve eªþcyÎ b`x KzwoMÖvg w`‡qevsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i MvBevÜvq G‡m hgybv bvg aviY K‡i‡Q| Aci w`‡K wZ¯—v b`xjvjgwbinvU †Rjvi cvUMÖvg w`‡q evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i bxjdvgvix, iscyi I KzwoMÖvg n‡qMvBevÜvq G‡m eªþcy‡Îi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| AviI `yBwU eo b`x - aijv I `yaKzgvi QvovIGB A‡j wQj A‡bK †QvU †QvU b`x| (ÔwQjÕ ejwQ GB Rb¨ †h, GB b`x¸‡jvi AwaKvskBGLb g„ZcÖvq)| bxjdvgvix, iscyi, KzwoMÖvg I MvBevÜv †Rjvi eªþcyÎ I wZ¯—v DcK~jeZ©xAÂjwUB g~jZ Ôg½vÕcÖeY| cÖwZeQi wZ¯—v I eªþcyÎ b`xi fv½b, fvi‡Zi b`x mš¿v‡mi Kvi‡YwZ¯—vi ïwK‡q hvIqv, ÔwZ¯—v e¨v‡i‡Ri KzdjÕ 5 , Ges b`xi bve¨Zv n«vmRwbZ eb¨v cÖeYZv b`xZxieZ©x we¯—xY© Rbc`‡K Ôg½vcÖeYÕ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i| A‡b‡KB wZ¯—vi fv½b,ÔwZ¯—v e¨v‡i‡Ri KzdjÕ Ges wZ¯—vi bve¨Zv n«vmRwbZ KzcÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y wZ¯—v‡K Ôiscy‡ii `y:LÕwn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡q _v‡Kb| Ôg½vÕi †kªwY I †ckvwfwËK PwiÎ we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g cieZ©x‡Z GBwelqwU wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡e|Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we‡k−l‡Y †h welqwU‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jvevsjv‡`‡ki K…wl Drcv`‡bi †‡Î MZ K‡qK `k‡K N‡U hvIqv cwieZ©b| †m‡Pi gva¨‡g Bwi(IRRI) av‡bi Pvl ïi“ nIqvi ci ev †KZvex fvlvq ÔmeyR wec−‡eiÕ ci we‡kl K‡i Ôg½vÕcÖeY5 ¯’vbxq evwm›`v‡`i A‡b‡KB Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, wZ¯—v e¨v‡i‡Ri wbg©vY †KŠk‡ji ΓwURwbZ Kvi‡Y Gi GK cv‡k we¯—xY© GjvKvb`xfv½‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Q ÿs Av‡iK cv‡k evwj R‡g we¯—xY© dm‡ji gvV evj~P‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

58evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvGjvKvmn mviv evsjv‡`‡k K…wl Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g†m‡Pi gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z D”P djbkxj weª (BRRI) Rv‡Zi avb e¨vcKfv‡e Drcvw`Z n‡”Q| Gigva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki dmjx †gŠmy‡gi wKQz cÖc cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q hv Ôg½vÕi mv‡_ we‡klfv‡em¤úwK©Z| ZvB Avwg Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we‡k−l‡Yi myweav‡_© Ôg½vÕ†K ÔmeyR wec−eÕ c~e©eZ©x Ges ÔmeyRwec−eÕ cieZ©x GB `yBfv‡M wef³ K‡iwQ|6.1| ÔmeyR wec−eÕ c~e©eZ©x Ôg½vÕÔmeyR wec−eÕ c~e©eZ©x mg‡qi Drcvw`Z cÖavb cÖavb dmj Ges Zv‡`i †gŠmyg we‡k−lY Ki‡jZrKvjxb mg‡qi Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ †evSv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k avb Drcv`‡bi 3wU †gŠmyg - Avgb,AvDk I †ev‡iv| ÔmeyR wec−eÕ ev Bwi c~e©eZ©x mg‡q eZ©gvb Ôg½vÕcÖeY GjvKvmn mviv‡`‡kBAvgb wQj cÖavb avb| Avgb avb `yB cÖKvi- †ivcv Avgb I †evbv Avgb| A‡cvK…Z DuPzRwg‡Z †evbv Avgb Ges wbPz Rwg‡Z †ivcv Avg‡bi Pvl nq weavq †Kv‡bv RwgB GB Pvl †_‡Kev` c‡o bv| Avgb av‡bi Pv‡li mgq Avlvp-kªveY gvm Avi km¨-msMÖ‡ni mgq AMÖnvqY gvm|Gici Av‡m †ev‡iv †gŠmyg| KvwZ©K-AMÖnvqY gv‡m †ivcb K‡i ˆekvL-ˆRô gv‡m G avb KvUvnq| GB †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡gi cvkvcvwk P‡j iwek‡m¨i †gŠmyg; A_©vr †ngš—Kv‡j Avgb avb KvUvici GB k‡m¨i exR eybv nq Ges emš—Kv‡j A_©vr dvêyb I ˆPÎ gv‡m GB dmj N‡i Av‡m|†ev‡iv †gŠmyg cieZ©x mg‡q A‡cvK…Z DuPz Rwg‡Z GK cÖKvi avb ecb Kiv nq| A‡cvK…ZKg mg‡qi g‡a¨ A_©vr Avï GB avb N‡i Av‡m weavq ÔAvïÕ †_‡K GB av‡bi bvg nq AvDk|Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Yi w`K †_‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ÔmeyR wec−eÕ c~e©eZ©x mg‡qAvgb avbB wQj eQ‡ii cÖavb Lv`¨km¨| K…lKiv mviv eQ‡ii Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ g~jZAvgb av‡bi DciB wbf©i KiZ| Ab¨w`‡K †ev‡iv Pv‡l †m‡Pi `iKvi n‡Zv Ges †h‡nZzbjK~‡ci †mP e¨e¯’v wQj bv ZvB †KejgvÎ Rjve× wbPz Rwg ev wej/nvIo GjvKvq G av‡biPvl n‡Zv weavq GB av‡bi Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wQj Kg| G †gŠmy‡g av‡bi cvkvcvwk cvUDrcv`b n‡Zv| iwek‡m¨i g‡a¨ wQj Mg, Avjy, KvDb, wewfbœ mewR BZ¨vw`| Avi el©vKv‡j †hAvDk av‡bi Drcv`b n‡Zv Zv wQj cwigv‡Yi w`K †_‡K Kg A_©vr GB avb K…l‡Ki evowZPvwn`v †gUv‡jI GwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ wQj bv| myZivs Avgb wQj eQ‡ii cÖavb Lv`¨km¨ hvi DciK…lKiv Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii mviv eQ‡ii Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ wbf©i KiZ| ZvB eQi Ny‡iAvevi hLb Avgb avb †ivc‡bi †gŠmyg AvmZ ZLb ¯^fveZB K…l‡Ki †Mvjvi avb dzwi‡q †hZ|KviY Av‡MB e‡jwQ †ev‡iv Ges AvDk av‡bi Drcv`b n‡Zv Ach©vß| myZivs GB mg‡q `ywUKvi‡Y K…l‡Ki N‡i N‡i Afve †`Lv w`Z: (1) eQi †k‡l †Mvjvi avb dzwi‡q hvIqv, Ges(2) Avgb avb †ivc‡bi wcQ‡b A‡bK wewb‡qvM Kiv|†h eQi AwZwi³ eb¨v n‡Zv Ges Avgb av‡bi exRZjv bó n‡q †hZ †m eQi GB AfveZxeªZi n‡Zv| ZLb Avgb av‡bi Pvivi msKU †`Lv w`Z hv K…l‡Ki A_©‰bwZK Rxeb‡KImsKUvcbœ K‡i ZzjZ| K…l‡Ki Afve AviI gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY KiZ hw` †Kv‡bv eQi AKvjeb¨vq (fv`ª-Avwk¦b gv‡mi eb¨v) †ivcb Kiv Avgb avb bó n‡q †hZ| KviY †h‡Kv‡bv Dcv‡qK…lK‡K GKB Rwg‡Z wØZxq evi ev KL‡bv KL‡bv Z…Zxq ev‡ii g‡Zv av‡bi Pviv †ivcb Ki‡Z

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 59n‡Zv| Ggwb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z K…lKiv KL‡bv cv‡ji Mi“-QvMj wewµ K‡i, KL‡bv aviKR© K‡i,KL‡bvev FY K‡i BZ¨vw` bvbvwe` Dcv‡q Avgb avb †ivcb KiZ| Ges cieZ©x Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K`yB gvm Zviv Pig Afv‡ei g‡a¨ KvUvZ Ges †‡Zi avb cvKvi Rb¨ AMÖnvqY gv‡mi A‡cvq_vKZ| ZvB GB mgqUv‡K ejv nZ ÔAvKvjÕ| †h eQi¸‡jv‡Z eb¨v dm‡ji e¨vcK wZ KiZGes b`xfv½b we¯—xY© Rbc` MÖvm KiZ, †m eQi¸‡jv‡Z GB Afve mvgwqK zavq iƒc wbZ|e„wUk‡`i `xN©¯’vqx †kvl‡Yi d‡j hZ w`b Mwo‡q‡Q K…l‡Ki Ae¯’v ZZ †ewk bvRyK n‡q‡Q GesGB †gŠmy‡gi zav wd eQi †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Gfv‡eB Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡mi GB zav eQi eQiwd‡i G‡m‡Q Ges Ô†gŠmygx yavÕ wn‡m‡e cÖvwš—K Pvlx‡`i Rxe‡b ¯’vqx n‡q‡Q| eQ‡ii Ab¨vb¨mgq m”Qj _vK‡jI cÖvwš—K Pvlxiv GB mg‡q mvgwqK yavi wkKvi n‡Zv|eb¨v `xN©¯’vqx n‡j eb¨v cieZ©x mg‡q K‡jiv, Wvqwiqv, R¡i, mw`©-Kvwk BZ¨vw` cvwbevnx I†Quvqv‡P †iv‡Mi cÖeYZv †`Lv w`Z| ZvQvov zavi Zvobvq bvbv ALv`¨ LvIqvi Kvi‡YI GmgqUv‡Z Zv‡`i gv‡S Wvqwiqv I K‡jivi g‡Zv †ivM Qwo‡q coZ| Avi †m mgq(†gvUvgywUfv‡e `yB/wZb `kK AvM ch©š—) †h‡nZz MÖv‡gi gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi †Zgb †Kv‡bvmy‡hvM wQj bv Ges Wvqwiqv I K‡jiv †iv‡Mi cÖPwjZ fyj wPwKrmvB gvby‡li g„Zz¨ †W‡K AvbZ,ZvB Gme †ivMevjvB Lye mn‡RB me©Î Qwo‡q coZ| Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡mi zav I †ivM-evjvB†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eQi gnvgvwi AvKvi aviY KiZ|K…l‡Ki `vwi`ª¨ e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡mi Afv‡ei cÖeYZv e„w× †c‡Z_v‡K Ges Gi PwiÎI gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY Ki‡Z _v‡K| ZvB KvwZ©K gvm Gmgq †_‡K we‡klK‡i evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôgiv KvwZ©KÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i (ÔgivÕ we‡klY Øviv KvwZ©Kgv‡mi zav I †ivM-evjvB‡qi wPÎwUB †evSv‡bv nq)| Aek¨ wPwKrmv weÁvb Ges ¯^v¯’¨ †meviDbœwZi d‡j †Kv‡bv gnvgvwi †ivM GLb Avi †bB| eQi eQi GKwU wbw`©ó †gŠmy‡g GB zav†`Lv †`q e‡j GK eQ‡ii wnmv‡e Gi PwiÎ n‡q c‡o †gŠmygx| wKš‘ hy‡Mi wnmv‡e GwU ¯’vqx|A_©vr Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡mi GB zav n‡”Q GKwU †gŠmyg wfwËK ¯’vqx yav hv wd eQi †`Lv†`q| DËiv‡ji GB yav cwiw¯’wZ‡KB Ôg½vÕ ejv nq| GZY a‡i Bwi c~e©eZ©x Ôg½vÕi †hPwiÎ Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kijvg Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i Bwi c~e©eZ©x GB Ôg½vÕ†K †gŠmygx Ôg½vÕ(dm‡ji †gŠmyg wfwËK g½v) ev K…l‡Ki Ôg½vÕ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|6.2| ÔmeyR wec−eÕ cieZ©x Ôg½vÕ1977 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M IRRI (International Rice ResearchInstitute) KZ…©K D¢vweZ D”P djbkxj IR-8 Rv‡Zi avb Pvl ïi“ nq| Mfxi Ges AMfxibjK‚‡ci gva¨‡g wbqwgZ †mP w`‡q †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g GB av‡bi Avev` ïi“ nq| D”P djbkxjnIqvq AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B GB av‡bi Pvl mviv †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e Qwo‡q c‡o| eZ©gvbmg‡q K…lKiv †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g †m‡Pi gva¨‡g D”P djbkxj weª (BRRI) Rv‡Zi avb Drcv`‡bicÖwZ †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx| †mP Kv‡R cvIqvi-cv¤ú Gi ch©vßZvi cvkvcvwk cj−x we`ÿ ‡Zi e¨envi†`‡ki AwaKvsk A‡j GB av‡bi Pvl cÖPj‡b mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| GB avb Pvl m¤úwK©Z †hwelqwU GLv‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Zv n‡jv, GB avb N‡i I‡V ˆRô¨-Avlvp gv‡m| A_©vr ˆRô¨-Avlvp

60evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvgv‡m K…lK †h avb Drcv`b K‡i Zv gvÎ Pvi gv‡mi gv_vq Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K (Ôg½vÕKvjxY mgq)gv‡mB †kl n‡q hvIqvi K_v bq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g AwaK avb Pv‡li d‡jAvwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡mi cÖc Bwi-c~e©eZ©x mg‡qi †P‡q Ggbfv‡e e`‡j‡Q †h GB mgqUv‡ZK…l‡Ki N‡i Bwi c~e©eZ©x mg‡qi g‡Zv †gŠmygx Ôg½vÕ _vKvi K_v bq| ZeyI GB wbw`©ó mg‡qevsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡ji GKwU eo Ask Ry‡o Ôg½vÕ weivR K‡i| Zvn‡j GB Ôg½vÕi PwiΆKgb? Ôg½vµvš—Õ‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I †ckvMZ cwiPq Kx? Zviv †Kb Ôg½vµvš—Õ? GBcÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †LvuRvi Rb¨ Ôg½vÕKvjxb mg‡q Ôg½vµvš—Õ GjvKv cwi`k©b K‡i, Ôg½vµvš—Õgvby‡li mv‡_ wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z K_v e‡j Ges Ôg½vÕ msµvš— wewfbœ NUbv ch©‡e‡Yi gva¨‡g Z_¨msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mme Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Ôg½vÕi ev¯—eZv cwi‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡æ mv¤cÖwZKmg‡qi Õg½vÕi PwiÎ †LvuRvi †Póv Kiv n‡jv|7| Ôg½vÕi ev¯—eZv: GKwU gvV Rwi‡ci djvdjAvwk¦b gv‡m Ôg½vÕ ïi“ nq Ges KvwZ©K gv‡m Zv Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡i| KviY, g½vKvjxbmg‡q Afvex cÖvwš—K Pvlx I K…wl kªwgK‡`i cÖwZwU w`b Kv‡U FYvZœK Ae¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q| d‡jAvwk¦b gv‡m Afve ïi“ n‡q KvwZ©K gvm ch©š— zavZ© gvbyliv Lv`¨ µ‡qi ZvwM‡` nv‡ji Mi“,QvMj, nuvm-gyiwMmn M„n¯’vjx mvgMÖx ch©š— wewµ K‡i †`q| A‡bK mgq Zv‡`i FY Avi †`vKv‡bevwKi cwigvY GZ †e‡o hvq †h ZLb Zviv PvB‡jI Avi avi-KR© ev †`vKv‡b evwK‡Z`ªe¨mvgMÖx µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr KvwZ©K gv‡m Zv‡`i µq gZv k~‡b¨ †b‡g Av‡m| ZvBevRv‡i ch©vß Lv`¨`ªe¨ _vK‡jI `wi`ª K…wlkªwgK I cÖvwš—K Pvlx‡`i g‡a¨ yav Zxeª AvKvi aviYK‡i| GKB mg‡q Aek¨ mviv gv‡V P‡j avb cvKvi Av‡qvRb| wKš‘ we¯—xY© †mvbvjx avb †‡ZZvwK‡q eyK fi‡jI †cU f‡i bv wbibœ K…wlkªwg‡Ki| Zv‡`i‡K A‡cv Ki‡Z nq AMÖnvqY gvmch©š—| Aek¨ f~wgnxb K…wl kªwgK‡`i GB A‡cvi gv‡S wb‡Ri N‡i †mvbvjx dmj †Zvjvi†Kv‡bv ¯^cœ †bB| KviY Zv‡`i wb‡Ri †Kv‡bv Rwg †bB| ZvB gvV fiv dm‡j Zv‡`i †Kv‡bvAskx`vwiZ¡ †bB| Zviv †KejB A‡cv K‡i avb KvUvi KvR cvIqvi Rb¨| avb KvUvi †gŠmy‡gcÖwZw`b KvR cvIqv hv‡e Ges gRywii UvKvq †Q‡j‡g‡q wb‡q w`‡b `yÕ‡ejv †L‡Z cvi‡e - GUzKzcÖZ¨vkv wb‡qB Zviv A‡cvq _v‡K|Ôg½vÕ ev `ywf©‡i cÖvK…wZK PjK †hgb - Abve„wó, eb¨v, b`xfv½‡bi cvkvcvwk f~wgeÈbe¨e¯’vq Pig ˆelg¨ Ges cÖvwš—K Pvlx‡`i Rxe‡bi Ô`vwi‡`ª¨i `yóPµÕ Ôg½vÕi †cQ‡b ¯’vqx PjKwn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Ôg½vÕcÖeY GjvKv Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j abx I `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨A‡bK †ewk| m”Qj ga¨we‡Ëi msL¨v †mLv‡b LyeB Kg| AwaKvsk Rwgi gvwjKvbv ¯^ímsL¨KD”Pwe‡Ëi nv‡Z| cÖvwš—K Pvlx I f~wgnxb K…wl kªwg‡Ki msL¨vB †ewk| Avjg wew`Zi BDwbq‡bicvB‡K‡bi wZ¯—v cv‡ii (evua GjvKv) Qwjg DwÏb (60) e‡jb, Òev‡n nvgvi †`‡k (A‡j) hviAv‡Q, Zvi eûZ Av‡Q, hvi bvB, Zvi wKQzB bvB|Ó ÔgnKzgvi †RvZ`viiv cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb Abyhvqx†RvZ`vi wQj bv| †ewkifvMB wQj eo ivqZ| Zv‡`i Avev`x Rwgi cwigvY weNv w`‡q wnmveKiv hvq bvÕ (Rahman 1988)| AwaKvsk f~wgi gvwjKvbv gywô‡gq gvby‡li nv‡Z| Zviv nvRvinvRvi gY avb wewµ K‡i †`q kn‡ii e¨emvqx‡`i Kv‡Q| A_P cÖvwš—K Pvlx I K…wl kªwg‡KiLv`¨vfve Kv‡U bv mviv eQi| M½vPov _vbvi †bvqvjx-KPzqv BDwbq‡bi wZ¯—vi cv‡i emevmKvwi

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 61b`x fv½‡bi wkKvi mvB`yj Bmjvg (20) Zvi evwoi cv‡ki we¯—xY© avb‡Z †`wL‡q e‡jb, ÒGB†h gvV fwZ© avb †`L‡Z‡Qb Gi cy‡ivUvB GKR‡bi| GLv‡bi Rwg-Rgv me eo‡jvK‡`i|ÓAcic‡ cÖvwš—K Pvlxiv dmj Pvl Kivi mgq Rwg‡Z Pvl †`qv, †mP †`qv, mvi IKxUbvkK e¨envi Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R †h UvKvi mgm¨vq c‡o, Zv wgUv‡Z wM‡q Pov my‡` UvKv avi†bq| miKvwi ev †emiKvwi ch©v‡q †gŠmyg wfwËK ¯^íKvjxb K…wlF‡Yi e¨e¯’v bv _vKvq K…lKivKzmx`Rxex‡`i wbKU †_‡K Pov my‡` FY MÖnY K‡i| Avevi dmj N‡i DVvi mv‡_ mv‡_BFY`vZviv my‡`-Avm‡j FY cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ Pvc †`q| ZLb K…lKiv wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqcwigvY Lv`¨ gRỳ bv K‡iB Drcvw`Z Lv`¨km¨ Kg g~‡j¨ wewµ K‡i w`‡Z eva¨ nq| Avi GBmy‡hv‡MB cÖvwš—K Pvlx‡`i †kvlY K‡i ga¨¯^Ë¡‡fvMxiv| miKvwifv‡e K…wlc‡Y¨i evRvi wbqš¿‡YiAfv‡e cÖvwš—K Pvlxiv A‡bK mgq Drcv`b Li‡Pi †P‡q Kg g~‡j¨ Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z K…wlcY¨`vjvj, dwoqv bv‡gi ga¨¯^Ë¡‡fvMx‡`i Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i w`‡Z eva¨ nq| Gme Kvi‡YB Zv‡`imsmv‡i mviv eQi a‡i P‡j Uvbv‡cvob|DËiv‡ji Ôg½vÕ KewjZ GjvKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ iscyi †Rjv Ab¨Zg| GB †Rjvi wZ¯—vifv½b KewjZ M½vPov _vbvq Ôg½vÕi cÖfve A‡bK †ewk, hv `ywf©‡i ch©v‡q c‡o| A_P iscyikn‡ii wewfbœ evRvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq evRv‡i wM‡q †`Lv †Mj me wKQzB ¯^vfvweK g~‡j¨ wewµn‡”Q| XvKvmn mviv †`‡ki evRvi `‡ii mv‡_ Zxeªfv‡e Ôg½vÕ KewjZ M½vPovi evRvi `‡iiID‡j−L‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv ZviZg¨ j Kiv hvqwb| A_©vr eûj Av‡jvwPZ Ôg½vÕi †Kv‡bv cÖfve Ôg½vÕKewjZ GjvKvi evRvi¸‡jv‡Z ‡bB| Z‡e †Rjv kni Ges _vbv m`i¸‡jv‡Z wi·vi msL¨v†`‡L gvby‡li Kg©nxbZvi welqUv mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv †Mj| K‡qKRb wi·vIqvjvi mv‡_ K_ve‡j Rvbv †Mj, Zv‡`i Kv‡iv evwo kn‡ii cvk¦©eZ©x MÖv‡g, Kv‡iv evwo `~ieZ©x Pi ev b`xfv½bGjvKvq| Zviv Rvbv‡jb, Ab¨vb¨ mg‡qi Zzjbvq GLb kn‡i wi·vi msL¨v wظ‡YiI †ewk|MÖvgv‡j gvby‡li nv‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR †bB e‡j A‡b‡KB kn‡i G‡m mvgwqKfv‡e GB †ckvq†b‡g‡Q| Zv‡`i †KD †KD GB †ckvq G‡Kev‡iB bZzb| A‡b‡K Avevi cÖwZ eQi wbqg K‡iBGB †gŠmy‡g kn‡i G‡m wi·v Pvjvq| GKB wPÎ cvIqv hvq iscyi, KzwoMÖvg I bxjdvgvixicÖ‡Z¨KwU †Rjv I _vbv kn‡i|iscyi †Rjvi M½vPov _vbv Ôg½vÕ KewjZ GjvKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GB _vbvi m`iBDwbqb, eowej, †bvqvjx-KPzqv, Avjg wew`Zi, †eZMvwo I †Kvj‡Kv›` BDwbq‡b Zxeª Ôg½vÕcwiw¯’wZ j Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i Avjg wew`Zi, eowej, †Kvj‡Kv›` I †bvqvjx-KPzqvBDwbq‡bi wZ¯—vi cv‡i A¯’vqxfv‡e emevmKvix b`xfv½‡bi wkKvi ARmª gvby‡li g‡a¨ `ywf©‡iwPÎB cvIqv hvq| evu‡ai `yB cv‡ki AmgZj, AcÖk¯— RvqMv Ry‡o †Svucwo †eu‡a, Pvjv K‡i evmKi‡Q AmsL¨ gvbyl| K`vwPr `yB-GKwU wU‡bi NiI †`Lv hvq| b`xi MÖvm †_‡K ïay H NiUvBnq‡Zv iv Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| NiUv †`‡L m”Qj g‡b n‡jI wfZ‡ii †LvuR wb‡j Rvbv hvq, A‡bKw`b Zviv †cUcy‡i gvQ-fvZ †L‡Z cvq bv| `yB †ejv ev GK †ejv, ÔAvav †cUvÕ ev ÔwmwK †cUvÕ†L‡qB P‡j Zv‡`i cÖvq w`b| A‡bK mgq Avevi ZvI †Rv‡Ubv| A‡b‡K A‡bK mgq `yw`‡bI

62evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†Kv‡bv Abœ RyUv‡Z cv‡i bv| NbemwZc~Y© evua a‡i nvuUvi mgq wcQz †bqv DrmyK wbibœ wkïwK‡kvi‡`iw`‡K ZvwK‡q g‡b n‡q‡Q †hb zavZ© gvby‡li wbie wgwQj| Zv‡`i mviv Mv‡q yavAvi `vwi‡`ª¨i wPý| cy‡iv evua GjvKvq wkï-wK‡kvi, bvix Avi e„× †jvK‡`i gy‡Li w`‡KZvwK‡q IUv‡K `ywf©‡i Rbc`B g‡b n‡q‡Q| Qwjg DwÏb (60) Zuvi Ae¯’vi eY©bv †`bGfv‡e,nvgvi †Q‡j cÖvq 15/20 w`b Av‡M XvKvq †M‡Q wi·vPvjvB‡Z| hvIqvi mgq GKR‡bi †_‡K 200 †UKv my‡`iDci wb‡q 100 †UKv nvgv‡i w`‡q †M‡Q, Avi 100 †UKvfvov wb‡q †M‡Q| hvevi mgq Av‡iK Rb‡i e‡j †M‡Q nvgviPjvi R‡b¨ my‡`i Dci wKQz †UKv †`Iqvi R‡b¨| hwÏb bvAvBe, Avwg Gi/Ii KvQ †_‡K my‡`i Dci wKQz †UKv wb‡qKó Kwi Pwjgy| †Q‡j wd‡i AvB‡j †kva w`‡e|Avjg wew`Zi BDwbq‡bi cvB‡K‡bi Kv›`y bv‡gi cÖvq 70 eQi eqmx GK e„× Zuvi zavieY©bv †`b Gfv‡e,RwgRgv me b`x LvB‡Q| nv‡Zi Dci Pwj| GLb‡ZvnvZI bv P‡j| GLb wK K‡i evuwP, evev! KZ †h D‡cvm_vwK! D‡cv‡mi †Kv‡bv wn‡me bvB! ... NiZ Lvevi bvB|AvR †h wK Lvgy †mB wP‡š—q †Zv evuwP bv! NiZ Pvj bvB eB‡j†ivhv Ki‡Z cvwi bv| `yBw`b a‡i wVKgZ LvB bv! miKv‡ii†Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ bvB cvB| mvg‡b avb KvUv ïi“ nB‡j gvb&‡lKvg cvBe| nvwg †Zv KvgI cvgy bv| nvwg avb KvU‡Zcvi‡jI avb Dev‡Z (enb Kiv) cvwi bv| nvgvi KvUv avb‡ZvAb¨ †KD Dev‡q w`e bv! (†h kªwgK avb Kv‡U Zv‡KB †mBavb K…l‡Ki evwo‡Z †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z nq) ZvB avb KvUvi mgqInvgvi nvZ Pje bv! GBevi g‡b nq bv Lv‡qB gi‡Z nBe(Kvbœv)!bwRib bv‡gi GK AkxwZci kxY©Kvq e„×v iv¯—vq e‡m cÖjvc eKwQ‡jb| Kv‡Q wM‡q eySjvgZvi k¦vm wb‡ZI Kó n‡”Q| Rvbv‡jb mvivw`b wKQz Lvbwb| Zvi †Pv‡L gy‡L zavi ¯úó Qvc|wZwb e‡jb,nvgvi †Kv‡bv †eUv bvB! †cvlvB‡q gvbyl bvB! fvZ bvBwg‡j! g½v! fvZ wg‡j bv! ZiKvix wg‡j bv! miKvi wK”QybvB †`q| GK cqmvI bvB †`q| †g¤^i‡K KBjy - nvgviLvIqvB‡q bvB, †cvlvB‡q bvB, †gv‡i Lvevi †`b| bvB †`q!

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 63GKB MÖv‡gi Lvw`Rv bvgK Av‡iK e„×v †L‡Z bv †c‡q gviv †M‡Q (GB gvV Rwi‡ciK‡qKw`b Av‡M)| Zvi †Q‡ji eD Ges cvov-cÖwZ‡ewk‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j Rvbv hvq GB Ôg½vÕi†gŠmy‡g w`‡bi ci w`b †m bv †L‡q †_‡K‡Q| Av‡M †m `~‡ii MÖv‡g wM‡q wfv KiZ| wKš‘ Gevi†m Amȳ ’ n‡q c‡owQj e‡j `~‡i wfv Ki‡Z †h‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvB †L‡Z bv †c‡qB Ae‡k‡l †mgviv hvq| Zvi †Q‡jiv ZLb †KD evwo‡Z wQj bv|M½vPov _vbvi eowej BDwbq‡bI Ôg½vÕi Ki“Y wPÎ †Pv‡L coj| GB BDwbq‡bi ivRcyiMÖv‡gi Avt mvËvi (55) e‡jb, ÒwZbw`b a‡i fvZ LvB bv! MZKvj wK”Qz LvB bvB! `yB gvmaB‡i Kvg eÜ| nvZI P‡j bv, LvIbI cvB bv!Ó wZwb AviI e‡jb, ÒAfve gvB‡b, hvi AfveZvi| hvi RwgRgv Av‡Q, nvj-†Miw¯’ Av‡Q, Zvi Afve bvB|Ó wZwb h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb| Ôg½vÕej‡Z hv †evSv‡bv nq, †mB zavi wPÎ cvIqv hvq †Kej b`x fv½‡bi wkKvi Ges f~wgnxb‡`igv‡SB|Ôg½vÕ KewjZ f~wgnxb K…wlkªwgK‡`i A‡bK‡K ˆ`wbK gRywii `vg KZ Rvb‡Z †P‡q †Kv‡bvDËi cvIqv hvqwb| mevB GKB K_v Rvwb‡q‡Q - Zv‡`i nv‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR †bB| †hLv‡b †Kv‡bvKvRB †bB, †mLv‡b kª‡gi g~j¨ Rvb‡Z PvIqv †h †evKvwg ZvI A‡b‡KB wewfbœ Kvq`vq eywS‡qw`‡q‡Q| KzwoMÖv‡gi bv‡Mk¦ix _vbvi m`i BDwbq‡bi Pv›`vicvo MÖv‡gi wi·vPvjK gybœvd (25)e‡jb,GBevi g½v †ewk| gvby‡li nv‡Z KvR bvB| ZvBgvbylR‡bi Lye Kó| Kqw`‡b K‡qKUv †jvK nvmcvZv‡jWvqwiqvq gviv †M‡Q ...GLv‡bi PvB‡Z XvKv, Kzwgj−v-B fvj|IBw`‡K KvR-Kvg †ewk|KzwoMÖv‡gi fi“½vgvix _vbvi cv‡Uk¦ix weª‡Ri c~e©cvo evRv‡ii wi·vPvjK (b`xfv½‡biwkKvi) iwng DwÏb (30) e‡jb,GBevi Afve †ewk| Avwg †Zv K…wl KvR Kwi| GLbKvR bvB ZvB wi·v wbqv evBi nB| Zv wi·vI bvB P‡j|gvbyl wi·vq Kg I‡V...mevB g½vi Ke‡j| KviY gvby‡linv‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR bvB|hLb KvR cvIqv hvq, ZLbI K…wl kª‡gi g~j¨ GB A‡j †`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv A‡j †P‡qKg| Avi ZvB f~wgnxb K…wl kªwgK‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v me mgqB FYvZ¥K _v‡K, hv Zvivmvg‡j †bq Kg †L‡q, Kg c‡i| wKš‘ GB Ae¯’vq Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡m G‡Kev‡i Kg©nxb nIqvid‡j Zviv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B zavcxwoZ n‡q c‡o|KzwoMÖvg †Rjvi bv‡Mk¦ix, f~i“½vgvix I dzjevwo _vbvi wewfbœ GjvKv Ny‡i Ôg½vÕi wPÎcvIqv hvq| evwo evwo Ny‡i Rvbv †Mj wbR GjvKvq KvR bv †c‡q cÖvwš—K Pvlx I f~wgnxbcwiev‡ii DcvR©bkxj m`m¨iv Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b ivRavbx XvKvmn `wYv‡ji wewfbœ †Rjvq cvwoRwg‡q‡Q| G‡`i GKUv Ask ¯’vbxq kn‡i A_ev XvKv ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI wM‡q wi·v Pvjvq| Avi

64evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAwaKvsk †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ A‡j wM‡q K…wl kªwgK wn‡m‡e w`b gRywi K‡i| f~i“½vgvix _vbvicvk¦©eZ©x wUjvi Pi, bqvinvU, cvB‡KiQov, wQU cvB‡KiQov, gwbivgcyimn †ek K‡qKwU MÖvgcwi`k©b K‡i Ges GjvKvi †jvKR‡bi mv‡_ K_v e‡j Rvbv hvq, Afve me©ÎB Z‡e †KejgvÎf~wgnxb K…wl-kªwgK‡`i Ae¯’vB †ewk bvRyK| KviY Zv‡`i nv‡Z KvR bvB| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvGjvKvq Ôg½vÕ wb‡q gvby‡li gv‡S †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖwZwµqv j Kiv hvqwb| KviY wn‡m‡e g‡bnq †h, Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡mi Ôg½vÕi mv‡_ Zviv cwiwPZ| Zviv Ôg½vÕ †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bvc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI Aš—Z Ôg½vÕKvjxb Afve-AbUb †g‡b †bqvi Rb¨gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K|dzjevwo _vbvi cvk¦©eZ©x Ôg½vÕ KewjZ P›`ª‡Nvbv MÖv‡gi (Av`k© cvov) jvfwj †eMg (20),Rvnvbviv †eMg (22), AviwRbv †eMg (20) Ges ivweqv †eMg (25) Gi mv‡_ K_v e‡jAfv‡ei LeiB cvIqv †Mj| Rvnvbviv †eMg (22) e‡jb,Avgv‡`i g‡Zv Mwie †jvK‡`i meviB Lye Afve|Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv nvj-M„n¯’vjx bvB, Ônv‡Zi DciÕ Pj‡Z nqmviv eQi| †mB ÔnvZÕ hLb eÜ n‡q hvq, ZLb Zv‡`i K‡óimxgv _v‡K bv|GKB Mªv‡gi f~wgnxb K…wlkªwgK †gvm‡jg Avjx (32) e‡jb,Avgv‡`i Afve KvUvgjvi (dmj KvUvi mgq) mgq †hBiKg, KvwZ©K gv‡mI †mB iKg| mviv eQiB Avgv‡`iAfve| KviY Avgv‡`i Ônv‡Zi DciÕ Pj‡Z nq| KvgjvcvBUw`‡q hv cvIqv hvq, Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv iK‡g kvK-fvZ†RvUv‡bv hvq| wKš‘ nvZ eÜ _vK‡j Avgv‡`i P‡j bv|KzwoMÖvg m`i _vbvi †gvMjevmv BDwbq‡bi aijvi cv‡ii wbwaivgcyi, wK‡mgZcyi I PiwKòcy‡i †hb `ywf©‡i wPÎB cvIqv †Mj| b`x fv½‡bi wkKvi kZ kZ cwievi aijvi evu‡aiDci Ges wbKUeZ©x iv¯—vi `yB cv‡k †Kv‡bv iK‡g Avkªq K‡i gvb‡eZi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q|evwo evwo wbibœ wkï-wK‡kvi, bvix, e„×iv AcwiwPZ KvI‡K †`L‡j d¨vj& d¨v&j K‡i ZvwK‡q_v‡K| A‡b‡KB mvnv‡h¨i Avkvq nvZ cv‡Z| Avevi A‡b‡KB zavi R¡vjvq KvZi n‡jI Kv‡ivKv‡Q nvZ cv‡Z bv| nvZ †c‡Z Zviv Af¨¯— bq| KviY, wKQzw`b Av‡MI Zv‡`i RwgRgv, nvj-M„n¯’vwj meB wQj! b`xfv½‡bi wkKvi n‡q Zviv GLb wb:¯^| wK‡mgZcyi MÖv‡gi nhiZ Avjx(35) Ôg½vÕ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,cÖwZ eQi Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡m g½vi cÖavb KviY n‡”QKv‡Ri Afve| Avgb avb †ivcb Kivi ci gvby‡li nv‡Z Avi†Kv‡bv KvR _v‡K bv| ZvB hviv nv‡Zi Dci P‡j, Zv‡`invZI eÜ _v‡K, cvZI eÜ _v‡K|

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 65GKB MÖv‡gi lv‡Uva© e„×v KvwQiY e‡jb,Gevi Lye Afve| fvZ bvB wg‡j| nvgvi wK”Qz bvB|QvIqvjiv bvB †cv‡l| gvby‡li evwo‡Z Kvg Kwi LvB...GLbgvby‡li Kvg-KvR bvB| nvZI bv P‡j, fvZI bvBcvB...Avj−vq bv †bq †K ev? KcvjZ wK‡mi `ytL Kwi ayB‡Q?GB `y:L KZ †fvMv hvq, GB eq‡m?†gvMjevmv BDwbq‡bi wZ¯—v cv‡ii †fjvKzcv P‡ii Aveyj †nv‡mb (40) e‡jb, ÒMZ eQ‡ii†P‡q G eQ‡ii g½v A‡bK †ewk| eb¨vq Avgb avb bó nIqv‡ZB Gevi GZ g½v|Ó †gvMjevmvBDwbq‡bi wbwaivgcyi MÖv‡gi igRvb Avjx (30) Rvbvb, wZwb mvZ eQi †U·UvBj (KzwoMÖv‡giGKgvÎ †U·UvBj wgj) wg‡j PvKzwi K‡i‡Qb| miKvi wgjwU eÜ K‡i w`‡q Zv‡K eva¨Zvg~jKAemi w`‡q‡Q| wgjwU eÜ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ H wg‡j Kg©iZ 600 kªwg‡Ki mevB igRvbAvjxi g‡Zv PvKzwi nvwi‡q‡Qb| igRvb Avjx Rvbv‡jb, GKw`‡K b`x Zvi evwo-Ni, RwgRgvme †f‡½ wb‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K GKB mg‡q wZwb PvKzwi nvwi‡q‡Qb| GLb gvby‡li RvqMvq Ni Zz‡jAv‡Qb| GjvKvq †Kv‡bv KvR ‡bB| Ac‡ii evwo‡Z ¯¿x-mš—vb †d‡j `~‡i †Kv_vI KvR Ki‡ZI†h‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| ¯¿x-mš—vb wb‡q fxlY Afv‡e Av‡Qb wZwb|bxjdvgvix †Rjvi m`i _vbvi wewfbœ GjvKv, †Wvgv‡ii wewfbœ GjvKv Ges wWgjv _vbviwZ¯—v e¨v‡i‡Ri cvk¦©eZ©x b`xfv½b GjvKv Ny‡iI Ôg½vÕi cÖvq GKB wPÎ cvIqv †M‡Q| fywgnxbK…wl kªwgK I cÖvwš—K Pvlxiv, we‡kl K‡i b`x fv½‡bi wkKvi wbt¯^ gvby‡livB Ôg½vÕi wkKvi|Avi †h‡nZz mviv eQi Zviv w`b Av‡b w`b Lvq ZvB Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv mÂq _v‡K bv hv w`‡q ZvivÔg½vÕ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Avc`Kvjxb mg‡q Lv‡`¨i wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB cÖwZ eQiAvwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡m hLb KvR _v‡K bv, ZLb Zviv Ôg½vÕi wkKvi nq|8| Ôg½vÕi me©‡kl cwiw¯’wZMZ `yB/wZb eQ‡i Ôg½vÕi ZxeªZv LvwbKUv K‡g‡Q| msev` gva¨‡g Ôg½vÕ msµvš— gg©¯úk©xLei ev cÖwZ‡e`b GLb Avi †Zgb cÖKvk cvq bv| miKv‡ii c †_‡KI Ôg½vÕ †bB e‡j `vexKiv nq| ZvB Ôg½vÕi me©‡kl Ae¯’v ch©‡eY Kivi j‡¨ 2011 mv‡j Ôg½vÕcÖeY GjvKvcybivq Rwic Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB gvVK‡g©i gva¨‡g †evSv hvq †h, K‡qK eQi Av‡MI Ôg½vÕi †hZxeªZv wQj Zv A‡bKvs‡k K‡g‡Q| Gi †cQ‡b wKQz miKvwi I †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM †hgb KvRK‡i‡Q, †Zgwb AbyK~j AvenvIqv I f~-cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ekI ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| MZ K‡qKeQ‡i eb¨v nqwb Ges b`xfv½b cÖeYZvI K‡g‡Q| Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we‡k−l‡Y Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h,b`xfv½‡bi wkKvi, eb¨v KewjZ, f~wgnxb gvbylivB g~jZ Ôg½vÕi wkKvi nq| myZivs Ôg½vÕicÖvK…wZK PjK¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbvq G‡b ejv hvq †h, b`xfv½b I eb¨vi g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡MiAbycw¯’wZ Ôg½vÕi ZxeªZv n«v‡m mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|

66evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvKg©ms¯’vb m„wói †‡Î bxjdvgvix †Rjvq Aew¯’Z DËiv Bwc‡RW GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKvcvjb K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b B‡Zvg‡a¨B K‡qK nvRvi gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó n‡q‡Q hv GB GjvKviÔg½vÕi ZxeªZv Kgv‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q e‡j ¯’vbxq Awaevmx‡`i A‡b‡KB gZ †`b|GQvov MZ K‡qK eQ‡i Ôg½vÕ †gvK‡ejvq †ek wKQ~ miKvwi D‡`¨vM j Kiv hvq| mvgvwRKwbivcËv‡eóbxi AvIZvq M„wnZ miKvwi Kg©m~wP¸‡jv ZvrwYKfv‡e Ôg½vÕ †gvKv‡ejvq LvwbKUvmnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| †`‡ki `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx‡K mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbxi g‡a¨ Avbvij‡¨ miKv‡ii Pjgvb Kg©m~wPmg~n †hgb - wfwRGd, wfwRwW, KvweLv/KvweUv, †U÷ wiwjd,eq¯‹ I weaev fvZv, `wi`ª gv‡qi Rb¨ gvZ…Z¡RwbZ fvZv, Pi RxweKvqb cÖKí, SuywK wbimbcÖKí BZ¨vw` †_‡K †`‡ki `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Ask wn‡m‡e Ôg½vÕµvš— gvbyliv DcKvi †c‡qAvm‡Q| GQvovI Ôg½vÕ †gvK‡ejvq miKvi wKQy bZzb cÖKí ev¯—evqb Ki‡Q hvi mydj LvwbKUvn‡jI `„wó‡MvPi nq|8.1| 100 w`‡bi Kg©m„Rb Kg©m~wPÔg½vÕ cxwoZ gvbyl I AwZ`wi`ª †eKvi kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ 2008-2009 A_©eQ‡i M„wnZmiKv‡ii Ô100 w`‡bi Kg©m„Rb Kg©m~wPÕ Øviv Ôg½vÕ cxwoZ gvbyl DcK…Z n‡q‡Q| 2008-2009A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U 2000 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ w`‡q Lv`¨ I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡bGB Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖvq 20 jvL kªwgK wbeÜb Kiv nq| Kg©m~wPi cÖ_g ch©v‡q 920 †KvwU UvKv e¨qKiv nq| 6 miKvwi wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx ev¯—evqb bxwZgvjvq wKQz A¯úóZv I cÖKí cwigvc msµvš—wel‡q †Kv‡bv mȳ úó wb‡`©kbv bv _vKvq Ges cÖKí ev¯—evq‡b h_vh_ Revew`wnZvi e¨e¯’v bv_vKvq G Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Ôg½vÕ cxwoZ gvbyl I AwZ`wi`ª †eKvi kªwgKiv wKQzUv DcK…Zn‡jI ev¯—evwqZ cÖKí¸‡jv MªvgxY AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡b Kvw•LZ Ae`vb ivL‡Z mg nqwb| d‡jG Kg©m~wPi wØZxq ch©v‡qi KvR ev¯—evqb bv K‡i Kg©m~wPwU mgvß Kiv nq Ges bZzb K‡idjcÖm~ Kg©m„Rb Kg©m~wP Mªn‡Yi Rb¨ c`‡c MªnY Kiv nq| 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i Ôg½vÕµvš—GjvKvmn †`‡ki AwZ `wi`ª 80wU Dc‡Rjv‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q mviv †`‡k ÔAwZ `wi‡`ªi Rb¨Kg©ms¯’vbÕ (Employment Generation Program for Hardcore Poor) kxl©K Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kivnq| Dfq cÖK‡í eQ‡i `yB ch©v‡q, A_©vr cÖ_g ch©v‡q †m‡Þ¤^i †_‡K b‡f¤^i ch©š— wZb gvmGes wØZxq ch©v‡q gvP©-GwcÖj `yB gvm - †gvU cuvP gv‡m (cÖwZ gv‡m 20 w`b K‡i) 100 w`‡biKg© m„Rb Kiv nq| Ôg½vÕ cxwoZ gvbyliv GB cÖKí `ywU †_‡K DcK…Z n‡q‡Q| MªvgxY AeKvVv‡gvDbœqbg~jK Kv‡R wbhy³ Gme kªwgK‡K ˆ`wbK 100 UvKv K‡i cvwikªwgK †`Iqv nq| Avi hvivwbewÜZ n‡qI KvR cvqwb Zv‡`i‡K †eKvi fvZv ¯^iƒc cÖ_g 30 w`‡b 40 UvKv K‡i GesAewkó 70 w`‡bi Rb¨ 50 UvKv K‡i †`Iqv nq| GB cÖKí Øviv Ôg½vÕ cxwoZ gvbyl mivmwiDcK…Z n‡q‡Q| 76 Ò100 w`‡bi Kg©m„Rb Kg©m~wP ev¯—evqb bxwZgvjv,Ó Lv`¨ I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k mwPevjq, XvKv, AvM÷2008|7 ÒAwZ `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb Kg©m~wP ev¯—evqb bxwZgvjv,Ó Lv`¨ I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k mwPevjq, XvKv,†m‡Þ¤^i 2009|

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 678.2| b¨vkbvj mvwf©m Kg©m~wP (National Service Job Sceme)miKv‡ii b¨vkbvj mvwf©m Kg©m~wPI Ôg½vÕ cxwoZ gvby‡li zav †gvKv‡ejvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKvcvjb K‡i‡Q| GB Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b wZb gvm †gqvw` AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖwkY (nuvm-gyiwMcvjb, mewR I gvQ Pvl) Ges wewfbœ miKvwi cÖwZôv‡b mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e Kv‡Ri cÖwkY †`Iqvnq| 2010 mv‡ji 6 gvP© ïi“ nIqv GB Kg©m~wPi †gqv` `yB eQi| GB cÖK‡íi Aax‡b31,620 Rb D”Pgva¨wgK cvm hyeK I hye bvix‡K evQvB K‡i Kw¤úDUvi, ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievicwiKíbv, wkv I kvixwiK wkv, K…wl-eb-cwi‡ek, RbwbivcËv I AvBbk„•Ljv, BDwbqb IDc‡Rjv cwil‡`i †mev Kvh©µ‡g cÖwkY †`Iqvi ci 19,682 Rb‡K wewfbœ miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bgvwmK Qq nvRvi UvKv †eZ‡b PvKzwi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 5 GwcÖj, 2011)| KzwoMÖv‡gbZzb K‡i AviI 58,237 Rb‡K cÖwkY †`Iqvi cwiKíbv Pj‡Q| cÖwk‡Yi ch©vßZv I¸YMZ gvb wb‡q cÖkœ Ges miKvwi cÖwZôv‡b †mevg~jK Kv‡R cÖwkYcÖvßiv miKv‡ii `yB eQi†gqvw` GB cÖKí †kl n‡j †Kv_vq KvR cv‡e ev Zv‡`i GB cÖwkY Avi †Kv‡bv Kv‡R Avm‡ewK bv Zv wb‡q h‡_ó ksKv _vK‡jI miKv‡ii GB Kg©m~wP g½vµvš— A‡bK cwiev‡i mvgwqK mw¯—G‡b w`‡q‡Q| hvi dj¯^iƒc eZ©gv‡b g½vi ZxeªZv A‡bKUv K‡g‡Q| cvkvcvwk wewfbœ †emiKvwicÖwZôvbI (GbwRI) Ôg½vÕ cxwoZ gvby‡li Rb¨ wKQz Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|8.3| weKí Pvl c×wZweKí Pvl c×wZ Ges Ôg½vÕKvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ bZzb Rv‡Zi avb Avwe®‹vi Ôg½vÕ†gvKv‡ejvq M„wnZ Ab¨Zg c`‡c| evsjv‡`k K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq Ôg½vÕKvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨weBD-Iqvb (BU-1) bv‡gi bZzb Rv‡Zi Avgb avb D¢veb K‡i‡Q| bZzb Rv‡Zi GB avbmvaviY Rv‡Zi Avgb av‡bi †P‡q cÖvq GKgvm Av‡MB A_©vr KvwZ©K gv‡mi gvSvgvwS mg‡q N‡iAv‡m| d‡j GB avb Ôg½vÕi ZxeªZv LvwbKUv n‡jI n«vm Ki‡e| mvaviY Rv‡Zi Avgb avb djbw`‡Z mgq †bq 140-45 w`b Avi weBD-Iqvb djb w`‡Z mgq †bq gvÎ 110-12 w`b| K…wlm¤cÖmviY Awa`߇ii wnmve g‡Z, GB av‡bi Drcv`b LiP Kg Ges †n±i cÖwZ Gi djb cuvPUb| Ôg½vÕµvš— GjvKvq GB avb Drcv`b n‡”Q|KzwoMÖvg †Rjvi my›`iMÄ Dc‡Rjvi †ejv‡ev MÖvgmn Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi we¯—xY© evjyP‡i m¤cÖwZmiKvi I wWGdAvBwWÕi mnvqZvq wgwó Kzgovi Pvl K‡i K…lKiv Zv‡`i Afve LvwbKUv n‡jI`~i Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| b`x fv½b I evwj Rgvi Kvi‡Y GB GjvKvi K…lKiv A‡bK eQi Zv‡`iRwg Pvl Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wgwó Kzgov Pv‡li g‡Zv Ggb GKwU weKí Pvl c×wZ GB A‡jigvbyl‡`i Ôg½vÕ `~ixKi‡Y Avkve¨ÄK f~wgKv ivL‡Z P‡j‡Q|9| †kl K_vÔg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU ch©v‡jvPbv Ges G msµvš— gvV Rwi‡ci djvd‡jiwfwˇZ †h welqwU cwi®‹vi †evSv hvq Zv n‡jv, †KejgvÎ `xN©¯’vqx `vwi`ª¨MÖ¯— cÖvwš—K Pvlx If~wgnxb K…wlkªwgKivB Ôg½vÕµvš—, hv‡`i GKwU eo AskB b`x fv½‡bi wkKvi| Gme gvby‡lig‡a¨ hv‡`i cwiev‡ii AbycvR©bkxj gvby‡li msL¨v †ewk Zv‡`i Ae¯’vB †ewk bvRyK| b`xi

68evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvav‡i, iv¯—v ev euv‡ai Dci Avkªq †bqv, Ônv‡Zi Dci PjvÕ GBme gvbyliv mviv eQi †Kv‡bviK‡g Lv`¨ †RvUv‡Z cvi‡jI, Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡m hLb †Kv‡bv KvR _v‡K bv ZLb ZvivZxeªfv‡e zavµvš— nq| Avi GUvB Ôg½vÕi cÖK…Z ev¯—eZv| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, cÖvwš—K PvlxI f~wgnxb K…wlkªwgK‡`i `xN©¯’vqx `vwi`ª¨ Ges Avwk¦b-KvwZ©K gv‡m Kv‡Ri Afve-B Ôg½vÕi g~jKviY| ZvB Ôg½vÕi Kej †_‡K GBme gvbyl‡K iv Ki‡Z n‡j Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói gva¨‡g Zv‡`i`vwi`ª¨ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk GB †gŠmy‡g we‡kl wKQz mvgwqK c`‡c MÖnY Kiv †h‡Zcv‡i|1876 mv‡ji `ywf© m¤ú‡K© cvUbv wefv‡Mi Kwgkbvi Scarcity and Relief Department-Gi mwPe‡K †jLv GK miKviwi wPwV‡Z wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÒG mKj GjvKv‡Z Livi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨km¨Drcvw`Z bv n‡jI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Lv`¨`ªe¨ i‡q‡Q wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI GLv‡b Pig `vwi`ª¨ we`¨gvb|Ab¨ K_vq GKwU eo †kªwYi gvbylR‡bi µq Kivi mvg_©¨ †bB| ZvB miKvwi c`‡c wb‡Z n‡jG `vwi‡`ª¨i wei“‡× wb‡Z n‡e| hw` e„nr Avw½‡K Kv‡Ri e‡›`ve¯— Kiv bv hvq ... Zvn‡j cÖwZeQiB eo ai‡bi `ỳ ©kv, Abvnvi †`Lv w`‡e Ges Zv fv`B-‡gŠmyg ch©š— Pj‡e|Ó 8 eZ©gvbÔg½vÕi †‡ÎI GKB ai‡bi mycvwik cÖ‡hvR¨ hw`I †cÖvcU A‡bKUvB Avjv`v| Ôg½vÕ cxwoZgvby‡li mv‡_ K_v e‡j ¯úóB †evSv hvq †h Zviv wiwjd bq, KvR Pvq| KzwoMÖv‡gi wK‡mgZcyiMÖv‡gi nhiZ Avjx (35) ‡hgb e‡jb,Avwg wiwjd PvB bv| Avwg cÖwZw`b KvR Ki‡Z PvB|Kg n‡jI †hb Avwg Avq Ki‡Z cvwi| Avgv‡K †hb nvZ¸wU‡q e‡m _vK‡Z bv nq|myZivs GBme f~wgnxb, b`xfv½‡bi wkKvi, Kg©nxb gvbyl‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e cybevwm©Z Ki‡Z n‡eGes Zv‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| Ôg½vÕµvš— gvbyl‡`i Rb¨ weKí Kg©ms¯’vb m„wóKiv, Zv‡`i‡K Kg©g I AvZ¥wbf©ikxj K‡i †Zvjvi j‡¨ wb‡æv³ mycvwikgvjv MªnY Kiv †h‡Zcv‡i:cÖ_gZ, Ôg½vÕµvš— A‡j K…wl Drcv`‡b ˆewPΨ Avbvi gva¨‡g K…wl Drcv`b I Kg©ms¯’vbDfqB e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| Ôg½vÕ †gvKv‡ejvq B‡Zvg‡a¨B miKvwi I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M wKQz weKíPvl Pvjy n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Ôg½vÕµvš— gvby‡li msL¨vi Zzjbvq Zv GLbI ch©š— LyeB mvgvb¨| weKíPvl e¨e¯’v AviI Qwo‡q †`qvi j‡¨ cÖvwš—K Pvlx‡`i cu~wR, K…wl welqK cÖwkY I civgk© GescÖ‡qvRbxq mvi, ex‡Ri †hvMvb w`‡q mnvqZv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|wØZxqZ, Ôg½vÕµvš— GjvKvq †h me Lvm Rwg Av‡Q Zv f~wgnxb‡`i gv‡S weZiY Ki‡Zn‡e| miKvwi Rwg e‡›`ve¯— w`‡q cÖvwš—K Pvlx I f~wgnxb K…wlkªwgK‡`i †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡MmgevqwfwËK K…wl Lvgvi M‡o †Zvjv n‡j Zv ïay Ôg½vÕ †gvKv‡ejvq bq, `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡YImnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡e|8 Statistical Department, Draught no. 149D, 17 th July 1876)|

ieŸvbx: †gŠmygx zav: evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I eZ©gvb †cÖvcU 69Z…ZxqZ, f~wgi ¯^íZvi welqwU gv_vq †i‡L Kvh©Ki cÖwk‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K weKí†ckvq ` K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| G‡‡Î mn‡RB mgevqwfwËK Mevw` cïi Lvgvi Ges nuvm-gyiwMiLvgvi M‡o †Zvjv †h‡Z cv‡i| m‡e©vcwi GjvKvwfwËK kªgNb wkíKviLvbv M‡o Zz‡j ¯’vqxfv‡eKg©ms¯’vb m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|MÖš’cwÄDwÏb, †gvbvRvZ (1996): jxUvix, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, XvKv|Lvb, AvKei Avjx (1992): Ò†mvbvi evsjv wg_ I ev¯—eZv,Ó Bmjvg, wmivRyj (m¤úv.) evsjv‡`‡kiBwZnvm 1704-1971, GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae evsjv‡`k, XvKv|gy‡Lvcva¨vq, myaxi I †Nvl, b„‡cY (1985): iscyi †Rjvi K…lK Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm I cvwU©, gnx‡Zvl,ûMjx|†g‡n`x, G.wU.Gg. mvBdzj−vn (AcÖKvwkZ), (2000-2001): Òg½vÕ cwi‡e‡k‡bi ivRbxwZ I ˆ`bw›`bPP©v: †Km KzwoMÖv‡gi GKwU Pi,Ó gvV M‡elYvcÎ, b„weÁvb wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq|ingvb, †nv‡mb wRj−yi (1991): Ògiv KvwZ©‡Ki Av‡jL¨t †gŠmygx NvUwZ I MÖvgxY `wi‡`ªi wecbœZ,vÓevsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv, beg LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, 1398, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb,XvKv|kvn iƒgx, Avey †gvt BKevj (2000): Òe„wUk Avg‡j iscy‡i `ywf©,Ó †nv‡mb, †gvqv‡¾g (m¤úvw`Z),iscyi †Rjvi BwZnvm, iscyi †Rjv cÖkvmb, iscyi|Buckland, C. E. (1902): Bengal Under the Lieutenant Governors, Vol. II, Calcutta.Chakraborty, R. Lal. (1988): “Rural Indebtedness in Bengal 1935-1947,” (unpublishedPh.D dissertation), University of Dhaka.Chawla, A.l (2005): The Great Holocaust of Bengal.http://www.samarthbharat.com/bengalholocaust.htm;accessed 30/05/2008.Davis, M. (2000): Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of theThird World, London: Verso.Floud, F. (1940): Report of the Land Revenue Commission (popularly known as FloudCommission), Government of Bengal, Vol. 5, Table VIII (b), Alipore, BengalGovernment Press.Fraser, L. (1911): India Under Carzon & After, London.Habib, I. (1963): The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707, Asia PublishingHouse London.Hartley, A.C. (1940): Final report of thr Rangpur Survey and Settlement Operations,1931-1938, Alipore, Bengal Government Press.Hossain, M. (1989): Green Revolution in Bangladesh, University Press Ltd., Dhaka.Hunter, W. W. (1876): A Statistical Account of Bengal, Districts of Maldah, Rangpur andDinajpur; vol. 8, Trubner & Co. London.

70evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvHusain, S. I. (1908): Final Report on The Survey and Settlement of Four Private Estatesin the District of Rangpur, 1903-1907, East Bengal and Assam Secretariat Press.Siddiqui, A. (1972): Bangladesh District Gazetteers, Dinajpur, Bangladesh GovernorPress, Dacca.Ishaque, H. S. M. (1946): Agriciltural Statistics by Plot to Plot Enumeration in Bengal,1944-45, Part-I, Alipore.Islam, S. (1992): “Permanent Settlement and Peasant Economy,” in: Sirajul Islam (ed.),History of Bangladesh 1704-1971, Vol. 2, Dhaka.Khan, Islam N. (Ed.), (1977): Bangladesh District Gazetteers, RANGPUR, BangladeshGovernment Press Dacca (henceforth referred to as BDG).Rahman, M. M. (unpublished) “Village Life in Colonial Bengal: Change and Continuityin Rangpur District, 1870-1940” (PhD Dissertation), 1988, Institute ofBangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi.Sen, A. (1981): Poverty and Famine; Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 14181.1| f~wgKvmnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎvc~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKvcÖwZgv cvj-gRyg`vi *wek¦ †_‡K Pig `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY, RvwZ-ag©-eY©-†kªwY wbwe©‡k‡l me gvby‡li mvwe©K RxebgvbDbœq‡bi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó j¨gvÎv Ges m~PK wba©viY K‡i 2000 mv‡j RvwZmsN 8wU mnmªvãDbœqb j¨ (Millenium Development Goal (MDG)) avh©¨ K‡i hv AR©‡bi mgqmxgv wba©viYKiv nq 2015 mvj| evsjv‡`k miKvi Ges RvwZms‡N evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ MwVZ KvDw›Uª wUg†hŠ_fv‡e GB `wjj MÖnY K‡iwQj Ges wewfbœ †‡Îi Rb¨ wewfbœ j¨gvÎv avh©¨ K‡iwQj| GLb2012 mvj| Avi gvÎ wZb eQi mgq Av‡Q GB j¨gvÎv AR©‡bi mgqgxgv AwZµvš— nIqvi|MDG j¨gvÎv AR©‡bi c‡_ evsjv‡`k KZUzKz GwM‡q‡Q, Zv Zwj‡q †`Lvi GLbB Dchy³mgq| †`Lv †M‡Q, MZ GK `k‡K †ek K‡qKwU j¨ AR©‡bi c‡_ evsjv‡`k h_vh_fv‡eGwM‡q †M‡Q| MDG `wj‡ji GKwU cÖavb j¨gvÎv wQj 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `wi`ªmxgvi wb‡PemevmKvix RbM‡Yi msL¨v A‡a©‡K bvwg‡q Avbv| GB j¨gvÎv AR©‡b evsjv‡`k A‡bK `~iGwM‡q †M‡Q| KviY MZ GK `k‡K Pig `wi`ª‡`i (1800 K¨vjixi wb‡P hv‡`i Lv`¨gvb) nvi28 kZvsk †_‡K †b‡g 9 kZvs‡k †cuŠ‡P‡Q| MDGÕi wØZxq j¨gvÎv wQj 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU wkï‡K cÖv_wgK wkvi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv| GB j¨gvÎvwU AR©‡bIevsjv‡`‡ki mdjZv i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b 95 kZvs‡kiI †ewk ¯‹zj Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wkï cÖvBgvixwkvq ZvwjKvfy³ n‡q‡Q| Z…Zxq j¨gvÎvwU wQj wkv‡‡Î bvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ we`¨gvbˆelg¨ Ges AmgZv `~ixf~Z Kiv Ges bvix‡K gZvwqZ Kiv| GB j¨wU AR©‡b K‡qKwUwel‡q †hgb, cÖv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK wkv †‡Î †RÊvi ‰elg¨ cÖvq cy‡ivcywi wbg~©j n‡q †M‡Q|cÖwZwU RvZxq wnmv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖv_wgK wkv‡‡Î ZvwjKvfyw³i e¨vcv‡i †RÊvi dvivKwUG‡Kev‡i gy‡Q †M‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvq †`Lv †M‡Q, cyi“l wkïi PvB‡Z bvix wkïiZvwjKvfyw³B †ewk n‡q‡Q| gva¨wgK wkvi †‡ÎI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvq †`Lv †M‡Q, bvixwkïi ZvwjKvfyw³ cyi“l wkïi PvB‡Z †ewk| MZ GK `kK a‡i wkv‡‡Î bvixi cÖwZBwZevPK ˆelg¨ K‡i †ek wKQy ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i bvixi Rb¨Dce„wË cÖKí MÖnY Kivi d‡jB GB mdjZv AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB cÖK‡íi d‡j †RÊviAmgZvwU D‡ëvgyLx n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q| ZvB MZ `yB eQi a‡i RvZxq ev‡R‡U `wi`ª cyi“lwkï‡KI Dce„wË cÖK‡íi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| GKgvÎ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkv Qvov Avi†Kv‡bv †Î n‡ZB †RÊvi AmgZv wKsev †RÊvi ‰elg¨ `~ixf~Z nIqvi e¨vcv‡i †Zgb AMÖMwZnqwb| †Zgwbfv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, ¯^v¯’¨ †‡ÎiI wKQy wKQy wel‡q, †hgb †eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebv, †ivM* wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv, weAvBwWGm|

72evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcÖeYZv BZ¨vw` †‡Î †RÊvi mgZv AR©‡b AMÖMwZ n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ AviI A‡bK wel‡q, we‡klK‡i cywói wel‡q †RÊvi mgZv AR©‡bi †‡Î AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q mvgvb¨B| ZvQvov m¤ú‡`i †‡Î,PvKzwi Ges Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †‡Î, m‡e©vcwi ivR‰bwZK †‡Î i‡q‡Q e¨vcK †RÊvi AmgZv Ges†RÊvi ˆelg¨|MDGÕi AviI GKwU Ri“wi †RÊvi j¨gvÎv AR©‡bi †‡Î evsjv‡`k `vi“Yfv‡e wcwQ‡qAv‡Q| MDGÕi 5 bs j¨gvÎvwU wQj gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi (MMR) 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖwZ jv‡L570 Rb (1990 mv‡j) n‡Z bvwg‡q 144 R‡b Avb‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ MZ 10 eQ‡ii wnmve †_‡K†`Lv hvq GB nvi 2007 mv‡j 351 R‡b †cuŠ‡P‡Q| gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi n«v‡mi cÖeYZv GKB iKg_vK‡j †Kv‡bvfv‡eB 2015 mvj bvMv` GB nvi 144 R‡b †cuŠQv‡e bv| †Kb evsjv‡`‡kMDGÕi †RÊvi j¨gvÎv AR©‡b Kvw•Z AMÖMwZ nqwb, Zvi DËi †LuvRvi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡QeZ©gvb cÖeÜwU‡Z| †`‡ki RvZxq ev‡RU MDGÕi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y wK f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q GesKZUv mdj I e¨_© n‡q‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb KiviI cÖqvm _vK‡e eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU‡Z| †Kbbv †h‡Kv‡bvRvZxq j¨gvÎv AR©b wbf©i K‡i RvZxq ev‡R‡U †mB j¨gvÎv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wK wK ivR¯^ GesDbœqb c`‡c MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci| cwi‡k‡l AvMvgx ev‡R‡U (2012-13) GBj¨gvÎv `ywU AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kx Kx c`‡c MÖnY Kiv Ri“wi Zv mycvwik Kivi cÖqvm _vK‡e|1.2| Z‡_¨i Drm Ges we‡k−lY c×wZMDGÕi j¨ `ywUi j¨gvÎvq †cuŠQv‡Z RvZxq ev‡RU KZUv mdj Ges e¨_© n‡q‡Q ZvwbY©q Kivi Rb¨ AZ¨š— mij we‡k−lY cÖwµqv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, MZ 10 eQi(2002/03-2011/12)-Gi RvZxq ev‡R‡U bvixi Rb¨ KZ eivÏ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wbY©q Kivi†Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, bvix Dbœq‡b wewfbœ †‡Î eivÏK…Z ev‡R‡Ui Kvh©KvwiZv g~j¨vqbKivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q bvixi Rb¨ M„nxZ cÖKí Av‡`Š †RÊvi ‰elg¨`~ixKi‡Y mnvqK wKbv Ges Gme cÖKí RvZxq †RÊvi j‡¨i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wKbv Zv we‡k−lYKivi| MZ 10 eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡RU Qvov Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q A_©gš¿xi ev‡RU e³„Zv n‡Z,bvixi Dbœqb Ges MDG m¤^Üxq wewfbœ RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK `wjj n‡Z| †RÊvi AmgZv`~ixKiY Ges gvZ…¯^v¯’¨ I gvZ…g„Zÿ m¤^Üxq wewfbœ M‡elYvi dj, we‡kl K‡i evsjv‡`k bvixcÖMwZ m•N (BNPS) bvgK GKwU NGO KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z GKwU M‡elYvi dj GB mgxvqe¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|MZ 10 eQi (2002/03-2011/12)-Gi RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui cÖwZwU †‡Î M„nxZ DbœqbcÖKí¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ wb‡æv³ wZb fv‡M fvM K‡i we‡k−lY Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q wewfbœ †‡Îi†RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ Dbœqb ev‡R‡U eivÏ Ges cÖKí cÖK…wZ h_vh_ wQj wKbv|1. bvix AÜ cÖKí: GB cÖKí¸‡jv n‡Z GB g~û‡Z© bvix †Kv‡bv myweavB cv‡”Q bv| Aek¨bvix hLb me©w`K n‡Z cyi“‡li mgK n‡e ZLb H cÖKí¸‡jv n‡Z myweav †fvMKi‡Z cvi‡e|

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 732. †Kej bvix‡K j¨ K‡i MÖnY Kiv cÖKí: GB cÖKí¸‡jv n‡Z †Kej bvixMYBmyweav‡fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|3. bvix ms‡e`bkxj cÖKí: GB cÖKí¸‡jv Ggb cÖK…wZi hvi djvdj bvix cyi“l Df‡qB†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ gZvi wePv‡i cyi“l †h‡nZz bvixi PvB‡Z †ewk gZvkxj†m‡nZz ¯^vfvweKfv‡e cyi“lB GB cÖKí¸‡jv n‡Z †ewk dj †fvM Ki‡e hw` bv bvixiRb¨ Avjv`v K‡i fvM _v‡K|cy‡iv we‡k−lY‡K cuvP As‡k wef³ K‡i GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|cÖ_g As‡k cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cUf~wg, D‡Ïk¨ Ges Z‡_¨i Drm Zz‡j a‡i wØZxq As‡k evsjv‡`‡kwe`¨gvb †RÊvi ˆelg¨ Ges †RÊvi dviv‡Ki GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q Gesm‡½ m‡½ †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡k MDGÕi †RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKiY Ges bvixi gZvq‡bij¨gvÎv KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zv cwigvc Kivi| RvZxq ev‡RU GB j¨ AR©‡b KZUv mnvqKf~wgKv †i‡L‡Q Zv we‡k−lY KiviI cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q GB As‡k| cÖwZ‡e`bwUi Z…Zxq As‡kgvZ…g„Zz¨ nv‡ii MwZ cÖK…wZi GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q Ges m‡½ m‡½ †Póv Kivn‡q‡Q GB †‡Î MDGÕi j¨gvÎv AR©‡b evsjv‡`k KZUv mdj n‡q‡Q Zvi g~j¨vqb Kiv|gvZ…g„Zz¨ nvi n«v‡mi MDGÕi j¨wU AR©‡bi Rb¨ MZ 10 eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡U Kx Kx c`‡c†bIqv n‡q‡Q Ges Zv gvZ…g„Zz¨ nvi n«v‡m KZUv mnvqK n‡q‡Q ZviI GKwU g~j¨vqb Kivi †PóvKiv n‡q‡Q Z…Zxq As‡k| PZz_© As‡k †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q ev‡RUxq c`‡c¸‡jv‡Z wK wK `ye©jZvwQj Zv wPwýZ Kivi| me©‡kl As‡k MDGÕi j¨gvÎv `ywU‡Z †cŠuQvi Rb¨ wK ai‡bi ev‡RUxqc`‡c cÖ‡qvRb †m m¤^‡Ü wKQy mycvwik cÖYq‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|2| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ †‡Î we`¨gvb †RÊvi AmgZv Ges bvixi gZvq‡bi GKwU wPÎGes RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv†RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Yi †‡Î MDGÕi GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb j¨gvÎv wQj 2005 mv‡jig‡a¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkv ¯—‡i †RÊvi AmgZv `~i Kiv Ges 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wkvi me¯—‡i †RÊvi AmgZv `~i Kiv| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨I GKB j¨gvÎv Ges GKB mgqmxgv wba©viYKiv n‡q‡Q| MDG `wj‡j bvixi gZvqb GKwU j¨ wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡jI GB j‡¨i†Kv‡bv gvÎv wKsev m~PK wba©viY Kiv nqwb| G‡‡Î evsjv‡`k Aek¨ AK…wl †‡Î bvixiwb‡qvRb e„w× Ges RvZxq msm‡`i †gvU Avmb msL¨vq bvixi Ask e„wׇK `ywU m~PK wnmv‡ewba©viY K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ †RÊvi AmgZv Ges bvixi gZvqb GB `ywU †‡Î mxgve× bq| GBwelqwU eûgvwÎK Ges eûe¨vwßK| ZvB bvixi gZvqb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GB `ywU †‡Îi evB‡ii†Î¸‡jv‡Z wK e¨vw߇Z †RÊvi AmgZv we`¨gvb Zv cwigvc Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv†Kv‡bv †‡Î|MZ GK `k‡K wewfbœ ev‡RUxq c`‡‡ci d‡j `yGKwU †‡Î †RÊvi AmgZv A‡bKm¼zwPZ n‡q‡Q Ges `yÕGKwU †‡Î `~ixf~ZI n‡q‡Q| K‡qKwU †‡Î GB AmgZvi e¨vwßIK‡g‡Q| Avevi GKB †‡Îi wbæ ¯—‡ii AmgZv `~i n‡jI D”P ¯—‡i GB AmgZv cÖKUfv‡e i‡q

74evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†M‡Q| Avevi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi d‡j †RÊvi ˆelg¨ I †RÊvÍ AmgZvi bZyb bZyb †‡Îim„wó n‡q‡Q| †hgb, Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvR GKwU weivU †Î hv `k eQi c~‡e© G‡Zv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wQj bv|AvR GB †ÎwU gZvq‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx Drm| wKš‘ †mLv‡b m„wó n‡q‡Q e¨vcK †RÊviAmgZv| †Zgwbfv‡e MZ K‡qK `k‡K gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q GK D‡`¨v³v‡Mvôx| wKš‘RvZxq ev‡R‡U D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ M„nxZ me myweavB MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q cyi“l D‡`¨v³v‡`i j¨K‡i| d‡j D‡`¨v³v‡Mvôxi g‡a¨I m„wó n‡q‡Q †RÊvi AmgZv hv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ †Kej bvixD‡`¨v³v‡K j¨ K‡i ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv Ri“wi| AvR cwi‡ek `~lY `vwi‡`ª¨i GKwe‡kl gvÎv| GLv‡bI m„wó n‡q‡Q e¨vcK †RÊvi AmgZv Ges †RÊvi ˆelg¨| ZvB mg‡qiAwZµg‡b †RÊvi AmgZv Ges †RÊvi ˆel‡g¨i †Î Ges cÖK…wZ e`j n‡q‡Q Ges GBAmgZvi bZyb bZyb †ÎI m„wó n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b RvZxq ev‡R‡U †RÊvi AmgZv Ges †RÊviˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv nIqv Ri“wi| GB me¸‡jv welqwe‡ePbvq wb‡q mgxvwUi GB As‡k evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb †RÊvi ‰elg¨ Ges †RÊvi AmgZv`~ixKi‡Y evsjv‡`k KZUv mdj n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q| †KbbvGB wPÎwU Zz‡j aivi DciB wbf©i Ki‡Q †RÊvi mgZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_ ev‡RUxq c`‡cMÖnY Kiv|2.1| `vwi`ª¨ †fv‡M bvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ mgZvi e¨vwß Ges AmgZv `~ixKi‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Uif~wgKvMDG `wj‡ji cÖ_g j¨gvÎvwU n‡jv 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevmKvixRbM‡Yi msL¨v A‡a©‡K bvwg‡q Avbv| c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q, GB j¨gvÎv AR©‡b evsjv‡`kA‡bK `~i GwM‡q †M‡Q| Z‡e †`‡ki bvix I cyi“l mgvbfv‡e Pig `vwi`ª¨ †_‡K gyw³ cvqwb|M„nwfwËK Avq I e¨q Rwic (HIES)-Gi Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †`‡ki mvwe©K `vwi`ª¨ †hLv‡b 16kZvsk jvNe n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b bvix‡`i `vwi`ª¨ jvNe n‡q‡Q 9 kZvsk| HIES cÖ`Ë Z_¨ n‡Z†`Lv hvq, `wi`ª cwiev‡ii gwnjviv Zvi mg‡MvÎxq cyi“l‡`i PvB‡Z A‡bK Kg K¨vjix MÖnYK‡i| `wi`ª cwiev‡ii gwnjv m`m¨iv cÖwZw`b 772.07 BDwbU K¨vjix MÖnY K‡i †hLv‡b Zv‡`img‡MvÎxq cyi“l m`m¨iv MÖnY K‡i 1143.18 BDwbU K¨vjix| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b bvix I cyi“‡lig‡a¨ AmgZvi e¨vwßi GKwU aviYv cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i RvwZms‡Ni wnmveK…Z †RÊvi gZvqbm~PK †_‡K| †Kbbv gZvq‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx Drcv`K n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK gZvqb|AvR `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’vq cwi‡ekMZ `vwi`ª¨ GK bZyb gvÎv hy³ K‡i‡Q| Z‡e MDG `wj‡j`vwi‡`ª¨i GB gvÎvwU †Zgbfv‡e Aš—f©y³ nqwb| GB wel‡q j¨gvÎv aiv n‡q‡Q †Kej wbivc`Lvevi cvwb Ges DbœZ cqwb®‹vk‡b cÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i| evsjv‡`k miKvi 2015 mv‡jig‡a¨ kn‡ii kZfvM Ges MÖvg A‡ji 96.5 fvM †jv‡Ki wbivc` Lvevi cvwb‡Z cÖ‡ekvwaKviwbwðZ Kivi j¨gvÎv wba©viY K‡iwQj evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨| GB j¨gvÎvwU AR©‡b evsjv‡`kkni A‡j GwM‡q _vK‡jI MÖvg A‡j A‡bK wcwQ‡q Av‡Q Avi MÖvg A‡ji Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨bvixi msL¨v †ewk| ZvQvov kn‡ii ew¯— GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z wbivc` Lvevi cvwb `y®cÖvc¨| wewfbœM‡elYvq cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ew¯— GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z wbivc` cvbxq Rj msMÖn Ki‡Z ew¯—evmx bvix‡`i

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 75†hgb LiP nq A_© †Zgwb LiP nq Zv‡`i mgq I kvwiixK kw³| DbœZ cqwb®‹vkb myweavqcÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡iI GKB wPÎ i‡q‡Q| ZvB †`Lv hv‡”Q wbivc` Lvevi cvwb Ges DbœZcqwb®‹vk‡b cÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i e¨vcK †RÊvi AmgZv i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡ekMZ`vwi`ª¨ †fv‡MI i‡q‡Q e¨vcK †RÊvi AmgZv| †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK`y‡h©v‡M cyi“‡li Zzjbvq bvixiv A‡bK †ewk wkKvi nb| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, cÖvK…wZK`y‡h©vM n‡Z D¢~Z mgm¨v¸‡jvI cyi“‡li Zzjbvq bvixivB †ewk †fvM K‡ib| Av‡m©wbK mgm¨vevsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v| GB mgm¨vi wkKviI bvixivB †ewk n‡”Q|A_P cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M †gvKv‡ejvq ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖn‡Yi mgq GB mZ¨¸‡jv we‡e‡Pbvq MÖnYKiv nq bv| `yÕGKwU Safety net cÖKí MÖnY Kiv Qvov cwi‡ekMZ `vwi‡`ª¨ †RÊvi AmgZv `~iKivi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb|e¨vcK wbivcËvnxbZv I mš¿vm evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi‡`ª¨i Avi GKwU we‡kl gvÎv hv MDGÕ†ZAš—f©y³ nqwb| A_P A‡bK †‡Î Avq `vwi`ª¨ Ges zav `vwi`ª¨ e¨vcK wbivcËvnxbZv †_‡KDwÌZ nq Ges GB mZ¨wU †ewkifvM †‡Î bvixi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| †Kbbv wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv†M‡Q, wbivcËvnxbZvi Kvi‡Y bvix‡K cov‡kvbv Qvo‡Z n‡q‡Q, PvKzwi Qvo‡Z n‡q‡Q, DbœZPvKzwii Advi Qvo‡Z n‡q‡Q, GgbwK GB mgm¨v eû †‡Î bvix‡K wPwKrmv MÖnY Ki‡Z weiZ†i‡L‡Q| †RÊvi AmgZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ `vwi‡`ª¨i GB gvÎvwUi AcmviY Ri“wi| bxwZwba©viK‡`iGB mZ¨wU Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e †h A‡bK wbivcËvnxbZv bvix GKKfv‡e †fvM K‡ib| †hgb,al©Y, †hŠb nqivbx, †hŠZz‡Ki wkKvi, bvix cvPvi BZ¨vw`i wkKvi cÖvq GKKfv‡e bvix nq|Gme QvovI Av‡Q bvixi Dci GwmW wb‡c, wQbZvBKvix KZ…©K AvµgY BZ¨vw`| †`Lv †M‡Q,Ab¨vb¨ wbivcËvnxbZv †_‡KI bvixivB †ewk †fv‡Mb| †hgb, Mv‡g©›U KviLvbvq AwMœ `~N©Ubvqcyi“l kªwg‡Ki PvB‡Z bvix kªwgKivB †ewk AvnZ Ges wbnZ n‡q‡Qb| bvixi GB e¨vcKwbivcËvnxbZvi welqwU we‡ePbvq MÖnY K‡i wbZvš— bMY¨ msL¨K ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kivn‡q‡Q| MZ 10 eQ‡ii ev‡RU we‡k−lY †_‡K †`Lv hvq, GwmW `» bvix‡`i Rb¨ GKwU cÖKíGes †hŠb nqivbxi wkKvi bvix‡`i Rb¨ wKQy wPwKrmv myweav cÖ`vb Kiv Qvov Avi Ab¨ †ZgbwKQy ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb|2.2| m¤ú` gvwjKvbv Ges wbqš¿‡Y bvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ AmgZvi e¨vwß Ges AmgZv`~ixKi‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKvA_© m¤ú`, Z_¨ m¤ú`, ¯’vei m¤ú`, gvbe m¤ú` GB cÖwZwU m¤ú`B GKRb e¨w³igZvq‡bi Rb¨ Ri“wi Drcv`K| GB cÖwZwU m¤ú‡`B evsjv‡`‡ki bvixi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi AwZmxwgZ| gvbe m¤ú‡`i GKwU Ask cÖv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK wkv ¯—‡iB †Kej bvix cÖ‡ekvwaKvi†c‡q‡Q Ges cyi“‡li m‡½ mgZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| Avi †Kv‡bv m¤ú‡`B evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv Zv‡`iwbqš¿Y wKsev gvwjKvbv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| hvi d‡j m¤ú` gvwjKvbv Ges m¤ú` wbqš¿‡Ybvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q weivU AmgZv| GB AmgZvB Ab¨vb¨ †RÊvi AmgZvi Rb¨ `vqx|ZvB evsjv‡`‡k †RÊvi AmgZvi wkKo m¤ú` gvwjKvbvq GB weivU †RÊvi AmgZv g‡a¨ wbwnZAv‡Q Avi GB wkKowU Dc‡o †djvi Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©i Ki‡Q Rxe‡bi me †‡Î †RÊvimgZv AR©b| DËivwaKvi AvBb agx©q AvBb Øviv cÖfvweZ e‡jB cÖavbZ GB ‰el‡g¨i m„wó

76evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvn‡q‡Q| ivóª GLbI ch©š— †Kv‡bv DËivwaKvi AvBb ˆZwi K‡iwb| hvi d‡j ag©xq AvB‡bBevsjv‡`‡k DËivwaKvi wba©vwiZ nq| gymwjg AvB‡b GKRb wcZvi cyi“l mš—vb Zvi m¤úwËihZ Ask cv‡e Zvi bvix mš—vb cv‡e †mB As‡ki A‡a©K| gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôx †gvU evsjv‡`kxRb‡Mvôxi cÖvq 90 kZvsk Ry‡o Av‡Q| wØZxq e„nËg Rb‡Mvôx n‡jv wn›`y ag©vej¤^xMY| wn›`y‡`iagx©q AvBb Abyhvqx bvix mš—vbMY wcZvi m¤úwËi GK KvbvKwoiI Askx`vi bq| GB ai‡biˆelg¨g~jK DËivwaKvi AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y f~wg m¤c‡` (Rwg, evwo, ebm¤ú`, cyKyi, `xwN,Rjvkq) bvixi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Ges wbqš¿Y AwZ mxwgZ n‡q‡Q| f‚wg m¤ú‡` AwZ mxwgZ wbqš¿‡YiKvi‡Y Ab¨vb¨ m¤c‡`I bvixi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi AwZ mxwgZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| †h‡nZz Ab¨ m¤c‡`,†hgb K…wl FY, M„n FY, wkí FY BZ¨vw` †c‡Z n‡j collateral cÖ`vb Ri“wi, f~wg m¤c‡`gvwjKvbv bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y bvixiv collateral cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mg_© nq bv| B`vbxs evsjv‡`k e¨vsKbvix‡K collateral wenxb FY cÖ`v‡b †emiKvwi e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K DØy× Kivi Rb¨ bvbv bxwZ MÖnYK‡i‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mKj Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q FY Kg©Kv‡Ê†RÊvi mgZv AR©b wel‡q Aa©evrmwiK weeiY cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨| wKš‘ GLb ch©š— G e¨vcv‡iKvw•Z dj AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| d‡j FY cÖvw߇Z †RÊvi dvivK m¼zwPZ n‡q‡Q mvgvb¨B|GB Kvi‡Y m¤ú‡` bvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ e„nr AmgZv i‡qB †M‡Q|ivR¯^ Ges Dbœqb ev‡R‡U bvix‡K j¨ K‡i wKQy c`‡c MÖnY K‡i bvixi w`‡K m¤ú`cÖevwnZ Kiv m¤¢e wQj| wKš‘ MZ 10 eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡RU we‡k−lY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q `ȳ ’ I`wi`ª bvixi Rb¨ K‡qKwU z`ª FY cÖKí MÖnY Kiv Qvov bvixi w`‡K m¤ú` cÖevwnZ Kivi Rb¨†Zgb †Kv‡bv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb| AvR bvix‡`i g‡a¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q GKD‡`¨v³v‡Mvôx hv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q weivU m¤¢vebv I m„RbkxjZv| wKš‘ GB bvix‡Mvôx Zv‡`i GBm¤¢vebv I m„RbkxjZv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡Q bv bvbv ai‡bi m¤ú‡`i Afv‡e| evsjv‡`‡kiRvZxq ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi mgq GB m¤¢vebvgq bvix‡MvôxwU‡K KL‡bvI we‡ePbvq MÖnY Kiv nqwb|MZ K‡qKwU A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U Aek¨ SME LvZ‡K kw³kvjx Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|cÖwZwU e¨vsK I Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K SME mvwf©m †m›Uvi †Lvjvi AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Gsm‡½ m‡½ bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©k †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q, GB Lv‡ZeivÏK…Z A‡_©i b~¨bZg 15 kZvsk bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i AbyK~‡j ivL‡Z n‡e Ges bvixD‡`¨v³v‡`i‡K cÖ`Ë F‡Yi my‡`i nvi n‡e 10 kZvsk| Z‡e Gi c~‡e©I evsjv‡`k e¨vsK bvixD‡`¨v³v‡`i FY myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©k w`‡qwQj| wKš‘ bvixD‡`¨v³v‡`i FY myweav cÖ`v‡bi RY¨ †emiKvwi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K h‡_ófv‡e DrmvwnZKiv hvqwb| A_P e¨emv‡qi me©‡‡Î bvix D‡`¨v³viv cyi“l D‡`¨v³v‡`i PvB‡Z †h‡nZz A‡bK†cQ‡b c‡i Av‡Q †m‡nZy RvZxq bxwZ AbymiY K‡i bvixi cÖwZ we‡kl ccvZ †`wL‡q evpositive discrimination K‡i SME †‡Î wKQy KibxwZ Ges FYbxwZ MÖnY Kiv †h‡Zv| GB†‡Î bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i FY cÖ`v‡b Rb¨ †emiKvwi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨we‡kl Ki Drmvn (tax incentive) cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Zv| bvixi Rb¨ GKwU c„_K e¨vsK ¯’vcb KiviRb¨ wewfbœ Drm n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú` cÖevn DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨I Ki Drmvn (tax incentive)†`Iqv Ri“wi wQj|

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 77MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡U we`ÿ r mieivn e„w×mn MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gvi Dbœqb‡KAMÖvwaKvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GB c`‡cwU Kvh©Ki n‡j bvixi gZvq‡b we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡e|†Kbbv MÖvgMÄ ch©š— we`ÿ r mieivn e„w× †c‡j bvixi mg‡qi Dci GK weivU BwZevPK cÖfve†dj‡e Ges MÖvgxY cyi“‡li m‡½ m‡½ MÖvgxY bvixi Drcv`bkxjZvI e„w× cv‡e| Z‡e mePvB‡Z†ewk bvixi gZvq‡b mnvqK ev‡RUxq cª¯—vewU n‡jv, †mŠiwe`ÿ r Drcv`‡bi cÖavb DcKiY†mŠi c¨v‡b‡ji Dci cÖ‡hvR¨ ïé Ki n«vm K‡i g~j¨ k~b¨ (0) kZvsk Kivi cÖ¯—ve| GB cÖ¯—vewUbvixi gZvq‡b we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡e| Gjwc M¨v‡mi Dci cÖ`Ë Avw_©K myweav Ae¨vnZ ivLvicª¯—vewUI bvixevÜe| ZvQvov ivbœvi R¡vjvwb wnmv‡e Gjwc M¨v‡mi mieivn e„w× Ges Gi g~j¨n«vm Kivi ev‡RUxq c`‡cI bvix‡K e¨vcKfv‡e gZvwqZ Ki‡e|2.3| wkv, `Zv Ges cÖhyw³ †‡Î bvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ AmgZvi e¨vwß Ges AmgZv`~ixKi‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKvwb‡R‡K gZvwqZ Kivi Rb¨ GKR‡bi hZ¸‡jv ¸‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi g‡a¨ wkv GKwUAwZ kw³kvjx Rxeb ¸Y| gZvq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨ me¸‡jv ¸YB bvix AR©b Ki‡Zcv‡i wkvi gva¨‡g| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, bvixi Drcv`bkxjZv, Zv‡`i DcvR©b, Zv‡`iivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v GgbwK Zv‡`i gvbwmK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡bi DciI wkvi e¨vcKcÖfve i‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq AviI †`Lv †M‡Q, hZB bvix wkv MÖnY K‡i‡Q ZZB Zvi wb‡Ri DciAv¯’v †e‡o‡Q hv wKbv gZvq‡bi Acwinvh© ¸Y| GB ¸Y AR©‡bi Kvi‡Y bvix Ab¨ †‡Î,†hLv‡b i‡q‡Q e¨vcK †RÊvi ˆelg¨ †mLv‡b AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ D‡`¨vMx n‡e Avi †RÊvi ˆelg¨`~ixKi‡Y bvixi wbR¯^ D‡`¨vM GKwU AwZ Ri“wi Drcv`K| bvixi wkv †h †Kej bvix‡KBgZvwqZ K‡i Zv bq, mgvR‡KI gZvwqZ K‡i A‡bKvs‡k| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q,bvixi wkv e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ wkïi Rb¥ nvi K‡g‡Q; wkïi †ivM cÖeYZv K‡g‡Q; wkï‡K wUKv†`Iqv e„w× †c‡q‡Q; wkï me©v½xb my›`ifv‡e M‡o DV‡Q; cwievi¸‡jv‡Z wbivc` cvwb MÖnY Kive„w× †c‡q‡Q BZ¨vw`| ZvB †`Lv hv‡”Q, wkvi gva¨‡g bvix †Kej wb‡RB gZvwqZ n‡”Q GesAb¨vb¨ †‡Îi †RÊvi ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡Q ZvB bq, wkvi gva¨‡g bvix mgv‡RiIbvbv g½j mvwaZ n‡”Q|bvix wkvi eûgvwÎK cÖfve evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB evsjv‡`k miKvi Dcjwä Ki‡Z†c‡iwQj Ges bvix wkvi Rb¨ bxwZ cÖYqb K‡iwQj Ges RvZxq ev‡R‡U eivÏ ivLv n‡qwQj|Z‡e fwel¨r cÖRb¥‡K wkwZ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡qB bvix wkv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi bxwZ MÖnY Kivn‡qwQj cÖ_g w`‡K| ax‡i ax‡i bvixi agency role wKQyUv ¯^xK…wZ cvq bxwZ wba©viK‡`i Kv‡Q|hvi d‡j GKRb e¨w³ bvix‡K wkwZ Kivi Rb¨ †ek wKQy ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nq MZGK `k‡Ki RvZxq ev‡R‡U, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Øv`k †kªwY ch©š— bvix wkv A‰eZwbK Kiv, `kg†kªwY ch©š— bvix QvÎx‡`i Dce„wË cÖ`vb, webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨ eB mieivn BZ¨vw`| hvi d‡j cÖv_wgKGes gva¨wgK wkvq †RÊvi ˆelg¨ `~ixf~Z n‡q‡Q Ges GLv‡b wkv †‡Î †RÊvi ˆelg¨`~ixKi‡Y MDG j¨gvÎv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q e‡j MDG j¨gvÎv AR©b m¤^Üxq evsjv‡`‡kiAMÖMwZ cÖwZ‡e`b (progress report)-G D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wkv ev‡RU we‡k−lY K‡i†`Lv †M‡Q, bvixi wkv jYxqfv‡e e„w× n‡q‡Q gv`ªvmv wkvq hv bvix‡K h‡_ófv‡e gZvwqZK‡i bv| †`Lv †M‡Q, Ge‡Z`vqx gv`ªvmvq (cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii gv`ªvmv) QvÎ msL¨vi Zzjbvq QvÎx

78evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmsL¨v e„w× cvIqvi nvi AZ¨š— †ewk| MZ 5 eQi mg‡qi g‡a¨ gv`ªvmvq QvÎx msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡QcÖvq 67 kZvsk †hLv‡b Qv‡Îi msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q gvÎ 4 kZvsk| GB Z_¨ GB Bw½Z w`‡”Q †h,†g‡qiv †ewk msL¨vq gv`ªvmv wkv MÖnY Ki‡Q| GB Bw½ZwU AviI ¯úó nq hLb dv‡Rj GesKv‡gj gv`ªvmvq QvÎx fwZ©i nvi wePvi Kiv nq| wnmve K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, MZ 5 eQi mg‡qig‡a¨ dv‡Rj Ges Kv‡gj gv`ªvmvq QvÎx msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q cÖvq 80 kZvsk †hLv‡b Qv‡ÎimsL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q gvÎ cÖvq 2 kZvsk| gv`ªvmv wkvq wkwZ bvix cyi“‡li Rb¨ we‡kl K‡ibvixi Rb¨ PvKzwii evRvi AZ¨š— mxwgZ| †`Lv †M‡Q, †cvkvK wkí †‡Î, †h †ÎwU bvixim¤§y‡L GK weivU PvKzwii evRvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q †m †‡Î GKRb bvix kªwgKI †bB †h gv`ªvmvwkvq wkwZ| Z‡e 2009-10 mv‡ji ev‡RU e³„Zvq A_©gš¿x gv`ªvmv wkv‡K AvaywbKvqbKivi †NvlYv w`‡qwQ‡jb| m¤cÖwZ †NvwlZ wkv bxwZ‡ZI GB bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB bxwZKvh©Ki Kiv AwZ Ri“wi| wKš‘ MZ `yB eQ‡i GB bxwZ Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv jYxqc`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb|cÖv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK wkv ¯—‡i fwZ© ZvwjKvq †RÊvi AmgZv `~ixf~Z n‡jI wkvmgvw߇Z i‡q †M‡Q weivU †RÊvi dvivK| ZvQvov wkvi D”PZi ¯—‡i i‡q‡Q e¨vcK †RÊviAmgZv hv MDGÕi j¨gvÎv Abyhvqx 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AcmviY Am¤¢e| †`Lv †M‡Q, K‡jRGes wek¦we`¨vj‡q ZvwjKvfy³ Qv·`i g‡a¨ bvix Qv‡Îi Ask h_vµ‡g 64 kZvsk I 36kZvsk| QvÎQvÎx‡`i g‡a¨ GB dvivKwU AviI we¯—„Z n‡q‡Q `Zv wkv Ges cÖwk‡Yi†ejvq| †`Lv †M‡Q, mviv c„w_exi Mv‡g©›U cª¯‘ZKvix †`k¸‡jvi bvix kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡kibvix kªwgK‡`i `Zv mePvB‡Z Kg| c„w_exi kªwgK‡`i m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq Rqx n‡Z n‡jevsjv‡`‡ki bvix Mv‡g©›U kªwgK‡`i D”Pgv‡bi cÖwkY myweav cÖ`vb Kiv AwZ Ri“wi| A_P GBj‡¨ †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb| bvix‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ KvwiMwi wkv I cÖ‡dkb¨vj wkviAfve i‡q‡Q e¨vcKfv‡e| A_P GBme wkv Ab¨vb¨ †‡Î †hgb, A_©‰bwZK †‡Î, ivR‰bwZK†‡Î †RÊvi cv_©K¨ `~i Kivi Rb¨ Ri“wi Drcv`K| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU Ai Ávb m¤úbœRb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨I i‡q‡Q weivU †RÊvi dvivK| GB dvivK 20 †_‡K 24 eQi eq‡mi Rb‡Mvôxig‡a¨ e¨vcK| GB eq‡mi bvix Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ 55 kZvsk Ai Ávb m¤úbœ †hLv‡b GBeq‡mi cyi“l Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ 71 kZvsk Ai Ávb m¤úbœ| A_P GB RbMvôxwUB mePvB‡Z†ewk Kg©g| GB mg¯— Kvi‡Y MZ `k eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki †RÊvi Dbœqb m~PK (GDI)-Gi †ZgbDbœwZ N‡Uwb| RvwZms‡Ni gvbe Dbœqb wi‡cvU© 2009 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki †RÊvi Dbœqb m~PK(GDI) 0.536| GB m~PK cÖKvk Ki‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡Mvôx cyi“l‡Mvôxi gvbe Dbœq‡biZzjbvq cÖvq wظY wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|wkvi D”PZi ¯—‡i e¨vcK †RÊvi AmgZvi Kvi‡Y bvixi gZvqbI `vi“Yfv‡e e¨vnZn‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡`i KvwiMwi wkvi mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y bvix D‡`¨v³viv †Kv‡bv DbœZcÖhyw³ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| hvi d‡j Zv‡`i e¨emv‡qi Drcv`bkxjZvI Lye Kg|Drcv`bkxjZv Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i AvqI Kg| Avevi Avq Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y mÂqIKg| mÂq Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i cyuwR m„wó Kg Ges cyuwR m„wó Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`icybwe©wb‡qvM Kg| GB P‡µi g‡a¨ Ave× _vKvi d‡j gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡`i e¨emv‡qi †Zgb

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 79†Kv‡bv cÖmvi jvf N‡Uwb hvi d‡j Zviv cyi“l D‡`¨v³v‡`i mgK n‡q DV‡Z cv‡iwb GesGLv‡b m„wó n‡q‡Q GK e¨vcK †RÊvi dvivK|AvR‡Ki GB wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M Z_¨cÖhyw³ wkv AwZ Ri“wi| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gZvq‡bi GKwURi“wi kZ©| MZ K‡qKwU A_©eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡U M„nxZ Kw¤úDUvi Ges Kw¤úDUvi mvgMÖxiDci k~b¨ ïé e¨e¯’vwU AZ¨š— †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj wQj| k~b¨ ï‡éi Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii myjfcÖvc¨Zv bvixi Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi e„w× K‡i Zv‡`i Z_¨ m¤ú‡` cÖ‡ek Kiv‡K A‡bK mnR K‡iw`‡qwQj| ZvQvov computer literacy bvix‡K IT sector-G cÖ‡e‡ki †‡ÎI my‡hvM K‡iw`‡qwQj| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY bvix‡`i, hviv evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU bvix‡Mvôxi cÖvq 80 kZvskZv‡`i Z_¨cÖhyw³ wkvi my‡hvM †bB ej‡jB P‡j| KviY MÖvg A‡j †ewkifvM evwjKvwe`¨vj‡qB Kw¤úDUvi †bB| evwjKv we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi wkv cÖeZ©bKivi Rb¨ bvix‡Mvôx `vex Zz‡j Avm‡Q eûw`b a‡i| †m j‡¨ AvRI †Kv‡bv ev‡RUxq c`‡cMÖnY Kiv nqwb| A_P wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi g~‡j i‡q‡Q GB `vexwUi c~iY| ICT centerMÖvg A‡j ¯’vcb Kivi j¨ i‡q‡Q miKv‡ii| Dc‡Rjv I †MÖv_ †m›Uv‡i wWwRUvj GK¨ª‡PÄemv‡bvi KvR m¤úbœ n‡Z P‡j‡Q| Z‡e GB cÖhyw³ `fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e bv hw` †g‡qivKw¤úDUvi wkvq wkwZ bv nq| KviY, mviv c„w_ex‡Z ICT center Ges Call center-G†g‡qivB PvKzwi K‡i| ZvQvov GB center¸‡jv bvix‡K gZvwqZ Kivi e¨vcv‡i we‡kl f~wgKvcvjb Ki‡e| †Kbbv bvbv mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y bvixi PwjòzZv (mobility) mgm¨v m¼zj wQj e‡jZv‡`i c‡ Z_¨ m¤ú` AR©b cÖvq Am¤¢e e¨vcvi wQj| †`Lv †M‡Q, MÖvgM‡Äi bvix‡K †gvevBj†dvb bvbvwea Z_¨ w`‡q mnvqZv Ki‡Q| cÖ_gZ, †gvevBj †dv‡bi mnvqZvi Kvi‡Y Zviv GLbwe‡`‡k Kg©iZ AvZ¥xq¯^R‡bi cvVv‡bv remittance wb‡q cÖZvwiZ n‡”Qb bv| †gvevBj †dv‡bigva¨‡g Zviv mwVKfv‡e †R‡b hvb KLb, †Kv_vq Ges KZ UvKv ¯^vgx/cyÎ/AvZ¥xq¯^Rb Zv‡`iKv‡Q cvVv‡”Qb| wØZxqZ, Zviv †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g Rv‡b †Kv_vq ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvIqv hvq,†Kv_vq bvwjk Rvbv‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw`| mePvB‡Z eo †h Z_¨wU Zviv cv‡”Qb Zv n‡jv, K…wl m¤^ÜxqZ_¨| G‡‡Î AviI ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY K‡i †gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³‡Z bvixi cÖ‡ek AviImnR Kiv Ri“wi|3.4| kªg kw³‡Z AskMÖn‡Y †RÊvi AmgZv Ges bvixi gZvqbAvengvbKvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvix M„n I K…wl kª‡g c~Y©fv‡e wb‡qvwRZ| Zviv wewfbœKzwUi wk‡íI e¨vcKfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ| wKš‘ Zv‡`i GB e¨vcK kªg ¯^xK…Z bq †h‡nZz GB `xN©kª‡gi wewbg‡q Zviv `„k¨Z †Kv‡bv A_© DcvR©b K‡ib bv| d‡j Zviv gZvwqZI bb| A_P kªgkw³‡Z AskMÖnY GKRb e¨w³i gZvq‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx Drcv`K| mgvR a‡i wb‡q‡Qbvixi øvb, LvIqv, Nyg BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri g‡Zv GB KvR¸‡jvI Zv‡`i Rb¨ Aek¨ KiYxq KvR|ZvB kªg kw³ Rwi‡c Zviv Aš—f©y³ nbwb Ges Zviv kªgnxbfv‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Qb| GB kªgnxbRb‡Mvôx‡K kªgkw³‡Z Avbq‡bi Rb¨ MZ wZb `k‡K bvbv bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvixiwb‡qvRb e„w× Kivi Rb¨ MZ GK `k‡K RvZxq ev‡R‡U z`ª FYwfwËK ‡ekwKQy c`‡c MÖnYKiv n‡q‡Q| MÖvgxY e¨vsK Ges Ab¨vb¨ GbwRI z`ª FYwfwËK †ekwKQy c`‡c MÖnY K‡iwQj|Gi d‡j DcvR©bKvix K‡g© bvixi wb‡qvRb e„w× †c‡q‡Q K‡qK ¸Y| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k miKviKZ©„K ißvwbgyLx Dbœqb bxwZ MÖnY Kivi ci evsjv‡`‡k †cvkvK wk‡íi cÖmvi N‡U‡Q

80evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxve¨vcKfv‡e| wk퇇Πwb‡qvR‡bi †‡Î GB wkí GKwU ¯^Y© my‡hvM G‡b w`‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡kibvixi Kv‡Q| kªgkw³ Rwi‡ci Z_¨ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, MZ `yB `k‡K cyi“l‡`i kªgkw³‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi nvi †hLv‡b cÖvq w¯’i n‡q Av‡Q †mLv‡b bvixi kªgkw³‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi nvi 1995-96mv‡j 15.8 kZvsk n‡Z e„w× †c‡q 2010 mv‡j 36.4 kZvs‡k `uvwo‡q‡Q (Preliminary DraftReport of Labour Force Survey 2010)|MDGÕi j¨ wQj 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AK…wl †‡Î bvixi AskMÖnY e„w× Kiv| wKš‘2005-06 mv‡ji kªgkw³ Rwi‡ci Z_¨ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, MZ 10 eQ‡i AK…wl †‡Î bvixiAskMÖn‡Yi e„w×i nvi n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges K…wl †‡Î Zv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| mviwY 1 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Qgrm¨ Pv‡lI bvixi AskMÖnY jYxqfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| MZ GK `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k Rbkw³ißvwb e„w× cvIqvi d‡j K…wl †ÎwU ax‡i ax‡i bvixi Dci b¨¯— n‡”Q| wKš‘ Rwg‡Z gvwjKvbv bv_vKvi Kvi‡Y bvix GB †‡Î AskMÖn‡Yi mydj cv‡”Qb bv|bvix‡K D”P jvfRbK K‡g©i my‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Ges D‡`¨v³v‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ †RÊvi AmgZv`~i Kivi Rb¨ miKvi †Kv‡bv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY K‡iwb| hvi d‡j bvix‡Mvôx Kg©RM‡ZiE‡aŸ© DV‡Z cv‡ibwb| BCSIC-Gi Dci GKwU z`ª ¯—‡ii Rwi‡ci djvdj n‡Z †`Lv hvq z`ªI KzwUi wkí A‡j †h wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Av‡Q Zvi gvÎ 3.8 kZvs‡ki gvwjK n‡”Qb bvix|GB A‡ji AviI 3.8 kZvsk wkí cÖwZôv‡b bvix I cyi“‡li †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q| A_PBCSIC A‡j ¯’vwcZ wkí¸‡jvi cÖwZwU ˆewkó¨ †hgb ỳ ª cuywR, mij cÖhyw³i e¨envi BZ¨vw`bvix‡K D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i| wKš‘ GB †‡Î bvixi cÖwZ BwZevPK ˆelg¨ K‡i†Kv‡bv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb| hvi d‡j Zviv cyi“‡li m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvMxZv K‡i GBbvixevÜe wkí AÂjwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|mviwY 11995-1996 mvj †_‡K 2005-06 mv‡j wewfbœ kªg †‡Î bvix I cyi“‡liAskMÖn‡Y n«vm I e„w×i nvikªg †Î cyi“l bvix DfqK…wl, wkKvi Ges eb -4.23 -9.32 -0.33grm¨ Pvl -3.74 119.18 1.60Lwb 18.07 91.29 -24.64Drcv`b wkí 14.18 -8.70 6.35cvwb, we`¨yr, M¨vm mieivn -6.74 -27.88 -8.12wbg©vY wkí -0.56 2.35 -0.37cvBKvix I LyPiv †UªW, †gvUihy³ hvbevnb †givgZ, †gvUi, 4.39 23.48 5.18†nv‡Uj Ges †i÷z‡i›U 7.64 15.62 8.14cwienb, †hvMv‡hvM I ÷z‡iR m¤^Üxq Kg©KvÊ 9.37 38.21 9.66A_© I ga¨¯’ZvKiY (intermediations) 24.32 82.24 31.49¯’vei m¤úwË, fvov Ges e¨emv m¤^Üxq Kg©KvÊ 6.86 16.26 7.20RbcÖkvmb I cÖwZiv -4.84 6.96 -3.71wkv †Î 3.60 2.55 3.29¯^v¯’¨ I mvgvwRK †Î -12.28 -5.81 -10.44Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK, e¨w³MZ I KwgDwbwU †mev 13.34 -11.85 0.95me †Î 1.52 4.63 2.23Drm: Labour Force Survey 2005-06|gš—e¨: - wPýwU n«vm cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 81AK…wl Lv‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi ci bvixi Kx Kx cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤^‡Ü wPš—vfvebv K‡iRvZxq ev‡R‡U bvixi Kg© mnvqK myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb| hvi d‡jAK…wl Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bvixi Rxe‡b bvbv ai‡bi Sy uwK hy³ n‡q‡Q| †hgb, ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK, `~N©UbvSzuwK, bvbviƒc mš¿vm Ges †hŠb nqivbxi SuywK BZ¨vw`| Gmg¯— SzuwKi Kvi‡Y bvix Kg© RM‡ZwU‡K _vK‡ZB cv‡i bv| bvbv kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK c½yZ¡ wb‡q †m AwZ kxNª kªg evRvi n‡Zwe`vq †bq|3.5| msm‡` bvixi Avmb e„w× Ges bvixi gZvqbmsm‡`i †gvU Avmb msL¨vq bvixi Ask e„w× bvixi gZvq‡bi GKwU m~PK wn‡m‡e avh©Kiv n‡qwQj MDGÕ†Z| Z‡e msm‡` bvixi Avmb e„w× †c‡j †h †Kej bvix gZvwqZ n‡eZvBB bq, gZvq‡bi my‡hvM m„wó n‡e †MvUv bvix‡Mvôxi Rb¨| KviY †`‡ki D”PZg bxwZwba©viYx cÖwZôvb n‡”Q †`‡ki RvZxq msm` Avi GB D”PZg cÖwZôvbwU‡Z h‡_ó cwigv‡Y bvixicÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y GLv‡b KLbB bvixi myweav, Amyweav, bvixi cÖ‡qvRb, bvixi `vexBZ¨vw` †Kv‡bv welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq bv| msm` Awa‡ekb¸‡jvi Avjvc Av‡jvPbv n‡Z jKiv †M‡Q, †Kv‡bv cyi“l mvsm`B Zvi GjvKvi bvixi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v, Zv‡`i mgm¨vi K_v Zz‡ja‡ib bv| msm‡`i ev‡RU Awa‡ek‡b wewfbœ gš¿x I mvsm` bvixi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z Dbœqb A_© wb‡q†Kv‡bv weZK© K‡ib bv| bvixi Dbœq‡bi Dci wewfbœ ivR¯^ c`‡‡ci wK cÖwZwµqv co‡e †mm¤^‡ÜI †Kv‡bv w`b †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbv nqwb gnvb msm‡`| ZvB MDGÕ†Z msm‡`i †gvU AvmbmsL¨vq bvixi Ask e„w× Kiv‡K bvixi gZvq†bi GKwU m~PK wn‡m‡e avh© Kiv AZ¨š— hyw³hy³|1975 mvj n‡Z (†h mvj n‡Z †g‡q‡`i Avmb msiwZ n‡q‡Q) wKQyw`b AvM ch©š— 30 RbK‡i bvix m`m¨ g‡bvbxZ n‡q‡Qb msm‡` bvixi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ wKš‘ m¤cÖwZ msiwZbvix Avmb msL¨v 50 R‡b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ bvix‡Mvôx AwZ mvgvb¨B †c‡q‡Q GB g‡bvbxZmsm` m`m¨‡`i KvQ n‡Z| KviY Zviv †KDB bvixi myweav, Amyweav¸‡jv wKsev bvixiPvwn`v¸‡jv msm‡` Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡ibwb| g‡bvbxZ bvix mvsm`‡`i Z…Yg~j bvixi m‡½ AwZmvgvb¨B †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q weavq Zviv GB `vwqZ¡wU cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| g‡bvbxZ bvixmvsm`‡`i †KDB bvixi Pvwn`v Abyhvhx ev‡RUvix eivÏ `vex K‡ibwb| A_P Avgv‡`i cvk¦©eZ©x†`k fvi‡Zi cvj©v‡g‡›U bvix mvsm`ivB bvixi Pvwn`v¸‡jv cvj©v‡g‡›U Zz‡j ai‡Qb| GBmvsm`‡`i ZrciZvq †mLv‡b GKwU Parliamentary Committee on Empowerment of Womenn‡q‡Q| GB KwgwUB AvR †mLv‡b †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj ev‡RU AR©‡b mwµq f~wgKv ivL‡Q|MZ GK `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡` wbe©vwPZ bvixi AskMÖnY e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 1996mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b gvÎ 7 Rb bvix mivmwifv‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡q msm` m`m¨ n‡qwQ‡jb| MZ mvaviYwbe©vP‡b 19 Rb bvix mivmwifv‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡q msm` m`m¨ n‡q‡Qb| g‡bvbxZ bvix m`‡m¨imsL¨vI 30 †_‡K 50 R‡b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| cÖavbgš¿x Qvov AviI wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi gš¿xn‡q‡Qb bvix| Z‡e msm‡`i †gvU Avmb msL¨v wePv‡i GLbI bvixi Ask wbZvš—B bMY¨|G‡‡Î g‡bvbqb `v‡bi e¨vcv‡i ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ GKwU KviY n‡jIbvixi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK gZvq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Y¸‡jv †hgb, wkv, `Zv, m¤ú‡` cÖ‡ek

82evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvkw³, Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ek kw³, m‡e©vcwi ¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvP‡ji kw³ BZ¨vw` ¸Y¸‡jvi Afve GKwU eoKviY| Avi GB ¸Y¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ bvix‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i wewfbœ ev‡RUxqc`‡c hv MZ 10 eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡U h‡_ófv‡e MÖnY Kiv nqwb, hw`I 2009-10 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡RU e³„Zvq A_©gš¿x †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb RvZxq Dbœqb, bxwZ wba©viY, ivR‰bwZK,cÖkvmwbK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ê bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM AevwiZ Kivn‡e Ges RvZxq msm‡`i msiwZ bvix Avm‡bi msL¨v 100-†Z DbœxZ Kiv n‡e| GQvov wZwbAviI †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb, Gme Avm‡b mivmwi wbe©vPb n‡e| cÖkvmb, wePvi wefvM, AvBbk„•Ljvevwnbx, †mbvevwnbx I wkv cÖwZôvbmn ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôv‡bi D”P c‡` †hvM¨ bvix‡`i wb‡qvM,c‡`vbœwZ Ges cwiPvjb e¨e¯’vq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi j‡¨ D‡`¨vM Ae¨vnZ ivLvi †NvlYvIwZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb| wKš— y †KejgvÎ msm‡` g‡bvbxZ bvix m`‡m¨i msL¨v 30 †_‡K 50 R‡b DbœxZKiv Qvov Gch©š— Gmg¯— †NvlYv Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM cwijwZ nqwb|bvixi ivR‰bwZK gZvq‡bi Rb¨ AwZ Ri“wi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv bvixi m¤ú‡` cÖ‡ek kw³ e„w×Kiv| wcZvgvZvi m¤úwˇZ cyÎ Kb¨vi mgvb AwaKvi cªwZôvi mva¨‡g bvixi GB kw³ e„w×Ki‡j bvixi ivR‰bwZK gZvq‡b mePvB‡Z †ewk Ae`vb ivL‡e| †Kbbv GB DËivwaKv‡iikw³‡ZB bvix GKwU wbe©vPbx GjvKv‡Z Zvi AvwgZ¡ (belongingness) djv‡Z cv‡ib| wbe©vPbxGjvKv‡Z bvixi belongingness-Gi Afve bvixi ivR‰bwZK gZvq‡bi c‡_ GKwU we‡klAš—ivq| wKš‘ GB Aš—ivqwU Acmvi‡Yi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vMB MÖnY Kiv nqwb| bvbv Tax incentive†`Iqvi gva¨‡gI Kb¨v‡K wcZvgvZvi m¤úwˇZ mgvb AwaKvi †`Iqv m¤¢e| wKš‘ MZ 10eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U †m j‡I †Kv‡bv c‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb|¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvP‡ji kw³ ivR‰bwZK gZvq‡bi GKwU we‡kl kZ©| Avi ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡gbvix‡K GB kw³i †RvMvb †`qv m¤¢e| †hgb, bvixi PjvP‡ji wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨cÖkvmb †‡Îi Rb¨ AwZwi³ ivR¯^ eivÏ ivLv hvq; bvix‡K cwienY myweav w`‡Z DrmvwnZKivi Rb¨ cwienY e¨emvqx‡`i Ki-Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv hvq BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ MZ 10 eQ‡iiev‡R‡U GB ai‡bi †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb|3| gvZ…g„Zz¨ nvi n«v‡m MDGÕi jgvÎv AR©‡bi e¨vwß Ges GB j¨gvÎv AR©‡b RvZxqev‡R‡Ui f~wgKvgvZ…g„Zz¨ evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU AwZ cyi‡bv mgm¨v| Z‡e MZ K‡qK `k‡K GB mgm¨viI MwZcÖK…wZ e`‡j‡Q| †hgb AvR bvixi kªgevRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j e„wËq SuywK gvZ…g„Zz¨i GKwU KviYn‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q, hv c~‡e© wQj bv| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ MDGÕi 5 bs j¨gvÎvwU wQj 2015 mv‡jig‡a¨ gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi (MMR) cÖwZ jv‡L 570 Rb (1990 mv‡j) n‡Z 144 R‡b bvwg‡q Avbv|GB j¨gvÎvwU AR©‡b evsjv‡`k KZUv mdj n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm †bIqvn‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi GB As‡k |mv¤cÖwZK Z_¨ we‡k−l‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`k GB j¨ AR©‡b A‡bKUv wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|2007 mv‡ji Z_¨ Abymv‡i, 1990 mv‡j †`‡k gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi †hLv‡b cÖwZ jv‡L 574 Rb

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 83†mLv‡b 2002 mv‡j GB nvi n«vm †c‡q nq 391 R‡b| GB nvi wePv‡i evsjv‡`k eZ©gv‡b `wYGwkqvq Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKwU †`k| weweGm Gi Z_¨ Abyhvqx GLbI cÖwZ GK jvL cÖm~wZgv‡qi g‡a¨ 351 RbB cÖmeKv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| wnmve Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †`‡k cÖwZ eQi23,000 bvix g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib cÖmeKv‡j| AviI 6 jvL bvix cÖmeRwbZ bvbv mgm¨vq †fv‡Mbhv Zv‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv Le© K‡i; mȳ ’fv‡e wkï cvj‡bi gZv Kwg‡q †`q; GgbwK cÖmeRwbZmgm¨vi Kvi‡Y Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i g„Zÿ I nq| GB Ae¯’vq gvZ…g„Zÿ n«v‡mi MDG j¨gvÎvAR©b Am¤¢e| wnmve Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, hw` gvZ…g„Zz¨ n«v‡mi eZ©gvb nvi envj _v‡K Ges GBnvi n«vm Kivi Rb¨ AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kiv bv nq Z‡e 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ gvZ…g„Zz¨nvi `uvov‡e cÖwZ GK jvL cÖm~wZ gv‡qi g‡a¨ 310 Rb †hLv‡b MDGÕi j¨gvÎv n‡jv H mg‡qgvZ…g„Zz¨ nvi n«vm K‡i 144 R‡b bvwg‡q Avb‡Z n‡e|evsjv‡`‡k MZ 10 eQ‡i ¯^v¯’¨ †‡Î A‡bK DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki bvix Icyi“‡li euvPvi m¤¢vebv (Life Expectancy) e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G‡‡Î †h jYxq DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Zvn‡jv euvPvi m¤¢vebvq †RÊvi mgZv AR©b| AvR evsjv‡`‡ki bvix I cyi“‡li euvPvi m¤¢vebv cÖvqmgvb n‡q †M‡Q| Sample Vital Registration System 2006 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki GKRbcyi“‡li R‡b¥i ci †eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebv M‡o 64.7 eQi †hLv‡b GKRb bvixi †eu‡P _vKvim¤¢vebv M‡o 65.9 eQi| 1990 mv‡j bvix I cyi“‡li †eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebv wQj M‡o h_vµ‡g55.4 eQi I 56.6 eQi| GLv‡b Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi n«v‡mi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`kMDGÕi j¨gvÎv AR©‡b A‡bK GwM‡q hv‡e| gvZ…g„Zz¨i GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡jv `vwi`ª¨| MZ10 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’viI jYxq DbœwZ n‡q‡Q hw`I †RÊvi AmgZv i‡q‡Qe¨vcKfv‡e| wKš‘ AZ¨š— cwiZv‡ci welq n‡jv, GB jYxq DbœwZ nIqvi c‡iI gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvin«v‡mi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k MDGÕi j¨gvÎvi Zzjbvq A‡bK wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨ Ae¯’v †ek Lvivc| Z‡e evsjv‡`kx bvixi ¯^v¯’¨ Ae¯’vevsjv‡`kx cyi“‡li PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk Lvivc| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv cÖ`Ë †ivM †fv‡MicÖK…wZ we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †ivM‡fv‡M bvix cyi“‡li g‡a¨ e¨vcK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| eqm-¯—i†f‡` †ivM‡fv‡Mi cÖK…wZ `vi“Yfv‡e wfbœ n‡q‡Q| RbwgwZK mgxvi djvdj n‡Z †`Lv hvq,15-59 ermi eqm `‡j †h cyi“liv Av‡Qb Zv‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i Zzjbvq GB eq‡mi evsjv‡`kxbvix‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ Ae¯’v A‡bK †ewk Lvivc| A_P GB eqmwU n‡jv GKRb gvby‡li Rxe‡bimePvB‡Z Kg©V mgq| GB eq‡mB bvixiv Amȳ ’ _v‡Kb †ewk Avi GB eqmmxgvi g‡a¨B bvix gvnb| AwZwi³ †ivM cÖeYZv †_‡K bvix‡K iv Kivi Rb¨ RvZxq ev‡R‡U bvixi Rb¨ AwZwi³eivÏ _vKv Ri“wi| wKš‘ MZ `k eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡U Gai‡bi †Kv‡bv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnYKiv nqwb| MZ `k eQ‡ii ev‡RUxq c`‡c¸‡jv we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †ewkifvMc`‡cB MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj bvixi cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨‡K j¨ K‡i| ev‡RUxq c`‡c¸‡jv we‡k−lYK‡i AviI GKwU †h welq ¸i“Z¡ enb K‡i Zv n‡jv, ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z †gvU ev‡RUxq eiv‡Ïi AwZmvgvb¨ Ask bvixi Rb¨ M„nxZ cÖKí¸‡jv‡Z eivÏ Kiv nq| GB Ask MZ `k eQ‡i gvÎ 0.5kZvsk †L‡K 1.5 kZv‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× Av‡Q|

84evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcÖm~wZ bvix‡Mvôxi Rb¨ c„_K ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv AwZ Ri“wi| cÖm~wZ ¯^v¯’¨†mev¸‡jv N‡i N‡i †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨I ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv AwZ Ri“wi| †KbbvmiKvwi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †K›`ª Ges miKvwi nvmcvZvj¸‡jv _vbv, Dc‡Rjv, Ges †Rjv¸‡jv‡ZAew¯’Z| A_P MZ 10 eQ‡ii Dbœqb ev‡R‡U GB ai‡bi †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb|miKvwi ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª Ges nvmcvZvj¸‡jv‡Z Jlya, hš¿cvwZ, bvm© Ges Wv³v‡ii Zxeª Afvei‡q‡Q| ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z gwnjv Wv³v‡ii Afve gvZ…g„Zz¨i GKwU eo KviY| Rvbv †M‡Q,gwnjv Wv³v‡ii Afv‡e A‡bK cÖm~wZ ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ª Av‡mb bv| d‡j AvRI kZKiv 83wU wkïiRb¥ nq N‡i MÖvg¨avÎxi mnvqZvq| †ewkifvM (cÖvq 80 kZvsk) gvZ…g„Zz¨B N‡U hLb AwkwZavÎxi ZË¡veav‡b N‡i cÖme nq| Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q Ges cÖm‡ei cieZ©x mg‡q ¯^v¯’¨ †meviAfveI gvZ…g„Zz¨i Avi GKwU kw³kvjx KviY| m¤cÖwZ evsjv‡`k miKvi Health, Nutrutionand Population Sector Programme (HNPSP) bv‡g GKwU cÖKí MªnY K‡i‡Q| hvi we‡klj¨B n‡”Q gvZ…g„Zz¨ nvi n«vm Ges gvZ…¯^v‡¯’¨i DbœwZ Kiv| wKš‘ cÖvß Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Q, Gic‡iI gvZ…¯^v‡¯’¨i DbœwZ nqwb| Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey KZ©…KcwiPvwjZ mv¤cÖwZKKv‡ji GK Rwi‡ci Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq, 40 kZvsk Mf©eZx gwnjvB†Kv‡bv ANC MªnY K‡ibwb| hw`I HNPSP’i j¨ wQj kZfvM Mf©eZx bvix‡K GB cÖK‡íi†mev cÖ`vb Kiv| GB Rwi‡ci Z_¨ AviI we‡k−lY Ki‡j GB QwewU AviI fqven iƒc aviYK‡i| †`Lv hvq, gvÎ 20 kZvsk gwnjv wba©vwiZ 4 evi ANC MªnY K‡i‡Qb| PNCÕi †ejvqIGKB Qwe cvIqv hvq| gvÎ 21 kZvsk cÖm~wZ bvix PNC MªnY K‡i‡Qb|cÖm~wZ‡`i mnvqZv †`Iqvi Rb¨ wKQy Safety net cÖKí MªnY Kiv n‡q‡Q MZ A_©eQ‡iiev‡RU¸‡jv‡Z| Zvi g‡a¨ Maternal Health Voucher Scheme Ges Urban Primary HealthCare Project Ab¨Zg| Maternal Health Voucher cÖKíwU HNPSPÕi AvIZvq `wi`ª cwiev‡iicÖm~wZ gv‡q‡`i j¨ K‡i MªnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖK‡íi Aš—f©y³ cÖm~wZ gv‡qiv Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q3 evi ANC cv‡eb, wbivc` cÖm‡ei my‡hvM cv‡eb, cÖm‡ei ci 6 mßv‡ni g‡a¨ GKevi PNCcv‡eb, cÖmeRwbZ mgm¨vi Rb¨ wPwKrmv cv‡eb, cwien‡Yi Rb¨ 500 UvKvi fZz©wK cv‡eb,cÖmeRwbZ eo mgm¨v n‡j †Rjv nvmcvZv‡ji †mev cvIqvi my‡hvM cv‡eb Ges Mf©Kvjxb mg‡qgv‡m 300 UvKv K‡i cv‡eb| GB cÖKíwUi GKwU SwUKv g~j¨vq‡b †`Lv †M‡Q, GKgvÎ gv‡m350 UvKv K‡i cvIqv e¨wZZ GB cÖK‡íi Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvMmyweav¸‡jv cÖm~wZiv mvgvb¨B MªnYK‡i‡Qb| Urban Primary Health Care cÖKíwUI wkï gvZ…¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡bi Ici †Rvi w`‡q MªnYKiv n‡q‡Q| †`Lv †M‡Q, GB cÖK‡íi DcKvi‡fvMx‡`i 70 †_‡K 80 kZvskB n‡”Q bvix Iwkï| GB cÖKíwUi Kvh©µg †ewkifvM †‡ÎB ew¯— GjvKv wfwËK| GB ¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª bvixiv AwaKmsL¨vq †mev MªnY Ki‡Z Av‡m| KviY wn‡m‡e Zviv D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb ew¯—i m‡½ †K‡›`ªi ‰bKU¨|2009-10 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡RU e³„Zvq A_©gš¿x KwgDwbwU wK¬wbK e¨e¯’vi cybi“×v‡ii †NvlYvw`‡qwQ‡jb Ges MZ `yB eQi a‡i GB j‡ c`‡cI MªnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| msev` gva¨‡g Rvbvhvq, B‡Zvg‡a¨B GB wK¬wbK¸‡jvi Rb¨ 40 nvRvi ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©x wbe©vPb ce© m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡Q| GBwK¬wbK¸‡jv MÖvgxY bvix‡K wbivc` cªm‡ei my‡hvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e AwaK nv‡i †h‡nZz G¸‡jvMÖv‡gi cvovq cvovq ¯’vwcZ n‡e|

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 85bvixi Dci mš¿vm `g‡bi Rb¨ K‡qKwU ev‡RUxq c`‡c MªnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨i‡q‡Q XvKv Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvÂwjK †nW †KvqvU©v‡i One Stop Crisis Centre ¯’vcb Ges GB m‡½Hot Line System-Gi ms‡hvM| GwmW `» gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ GKwU Safety net cÖKí MªnY Kivn‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GLbI bvixiv e¨vcKfv‡e mš¿v‡mi ¯^xKvi n‡”Qb|4| mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui A`Zvi†cQ‡b KviYmg~n4.1| `vwi`ªª¨ †fv‡M †RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui A`Zvi †cQ‡b KviYmg~n`vwi`ª¨ †fv‡M †RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Y ev‡RUxq c`‡‡ci A`Zvi †cQ‡b cÖavb KviYn‡jv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b bvix‡K j¨f~Z Kiv n‡q‡Q nvwZqvi wnmv‡e| bvixi wbR¯^ `vwi`ª¨we‡gvPb cÖvavb¨ cvqwb| ZvB m¤ú` eivÏ Kiv n‡jv bvixi gva¨‡g cwiev‡ii Avq e„w× KiviRb¨| z`ªF‡Yi gva¨‡g bvix‡K ¯^wb‡qvwRZ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ KivB `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi GKwU†KŠkj wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nj| wKš‘ †`Lv †M‡Q, eû‡‡ÎB z`ªF‡Yi gva¨‡g m„ó Kg© jvfRbKbq, †h‡nZz gwnjviv Zv‡`i wkv, `Zv Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Afv‡ei Rb¨ GB z`ªFYe¨envi K‡i‡Q †Kej mbvZbx †‡Î| ZvQvov bvix‡K›`ªxK Kg©m~wP¸‡jv bvixi cÖ_vMZ KvR‡KBDrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| Gai‡bi Kv‡Ri †Kej jvfRbKZvB Kg bq, Kv‡ji Ave‡Z© Gai‡bi Kv‡RievRvi mxwgZ n‡q hvq| d‡j Pvwn`vI n«vm cvq| ZvB kªgevRv‡i bvixi AskMÖnY e„w× †c‡jIZv‡`i Avq e„w× nqwb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i|`vwi`ª¨ †fv‡M †RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ M„nxZ ev‡RUxq c`‡c¸‡jvi †ewkifvMBLqivwZ cÖK…wZi (welfare oriented) †h‡nZz G¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q mvgvwRKwbivcËv ej‡qi AvIZvq| GB ai‡bi c`‡c¸‡jv‡Z gZvqb welqwUi PvB‡Z charitywelqwUB †ewk cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| Avevi †`Lv †M‡Q, †h cªKí¸‡jv bvixi Dbœq‡b Ges gZvq‡bAe`vb ivL‡Q †m¸‡jv eÜ n‡q †M‡Q| †hgb, wkí †‡Î M„nxZ Women EntrepreneurshipDevelopment Program (WEDP) wUi bvixi gZvq‡b D”P BwZevPK cÖfve wQj| wKš‘ cÖKíwUgvÎ 4 eQi P‡jwQj| AviI †`Lv †M‡Q, A‡bK †‡ÎB RvZxq ev‡R‡U bvixi Rb¨ M„nxZcÖKí¸‡jvi D‡Ïk¨ I Kg©Kv‡Êi m‡½ bvixi ev¯—e cÖ‡qvR‡bi wgj _v‡K bv| GB Kvi‡Y A‡bKcÖK‡íi Kg©KvÊB bvixi Rb¨ Kvw•Z DcKvi Avb‡Z cv‡iwb| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, bvixi Rb¨†h cÖKí¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv nq Zvi cÖZ¨KwUB nq `vZv‡Mvôx Øviv wbe©vwPZ bq‡Zv miKv‡ii EaŸ©ZbKZ©v e¨w³‡`i Øviv wbe©vwPZ| bvixi cÖK…Z cÖ‡qvRb wK - Zv Rwic K‡i KLbI cÖKí MÖnY Kivnqwb| bvixi Rb¨ M„nxZ cÖKí¸‡jvi ev¯—evq‡bi A`Zvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q bvixi cÖK…Z cÖ‡qvR‡bim‡½ cÖK‡íi Kvh©µ‡gi Am½wZ|†RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui GKwU we‡kl `ye©jZv n‡jv, bvixi Rb¨ M„nxZcÖKí¸‡jvi ¯^íZv Ges GB cÖKí¸‡jvi Rb¨ ev‡Ru uxq eiv‡Ïi AcÖZyjZv (cvj-gRyg`vi2008)| evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖwZwU †‡Î †RÊvi AmgZv G‡Zv e¨vcK †h Zv `~i KiviRb¨ AwaK msL¨vq cÖKí MªnY Kiv Ges cÖwZwU cÖK‡í ch©vß ev‡RUxq eivÏ ivLv Ri“wi| wKš‘MZ 10 eQ‡ii ev‡RU we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †KejgvÎ bvix‡K j¨ K‡i M„nxZ cÖK‡íi

86evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmsL¨v Ges ev‡RUxq eivÏ `yBB ax‡i ax‡i K‡g wM‡q‡Q hw`I †gvU RvZxq Dbœqb eivÏ cÖwZeQiB e„w× †c‡q‡Q (mviwY 2)| AviI GKwU jYxq welq n‡”Q, gwnjv I wkï welqKgš¿Yvjq, †h gš¿YvjqwUi m„wó n‡qwQj gwnjv I wkïi g½‡ji Rb¨, †h gš¿YvjqwU †`‡ki 70kZvs‡kiI †ewk Rb‡Mvôx‡K (gwnjv+wkï) cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i †mB gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ AwZ bMY¨cwigvY eivÏ nq RvZxq ev‡R‡U| mviwY 3 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, MZ 10 eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv eQ‡iB GBgš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ †gvU cÖ¯—vweZ RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui †`o kZvs‡ki †ewk eivÏ Kiv nqwb| AveviGB bMY¨ cwigvY cÖ¯—vweZ Dbœqb eivÏ cÖwZ eQiB ms‡kvwaZ ev‡R‡U 20 †_‡K 50 kZvskch©š— n«vm †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ RvZxq Dbœqb eivÏ ms‡kvwaZ ev‡R‡U KL‡bv 20 kZvs‡ki †ewkn«vm cvqwb|A_©eQimviwY 2†RÊvi ms‡e`bkxjZvi wfwˇZ Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi nvi 2000/01-2009/10†gvU eivÏ(%)†RÊvi we‡ePbvq bv†bqv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡ZeivÏ (%)†RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj Dbœqb Kg©m~wP†RÊvi ms‡e`bkxjDbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z eivÏ(%)†Kej bvixj¨fyZDbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z eivÏ(%)2002-03 100 62.3 34.1 3.62003-04 100 62.1 34.5 3.42004-05 100 57.5 39.9 2.62005-06 100 63.5 34.7 1.82006-07 100 57.6 41.3 1.72007-08 100 57.8 40.6 1.72008-09 100 60.3 38.2 1.52009-10 100 57.8 40.6 1.72010-11 100 54.76 43.94 1.32011-12 100 64.18 34.76 1.06Drm: Annual Development Programme 2001/02 – 2011/12, Planning Commission, GoB|A_© eQimviwY 3cÖ¯—vweZ RvZxq ev‡R‡U gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Ask 2000/01-2009/10(msL¨v¸‡jv †KvwU‡Z)†gvU RvZxq ev‡RU(ivR¯^ + Dbœqb)gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qiRb¨ eivÏK…Z ev‡RU(ivR¯^+Dbœqb)cÖ¯—vweZ ev‡R‡U gwnjv I wkïwelqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Ask2002-03 43635 123 0.282003-04 49791 237 0.472004-05 55876 527 0.962005-06 62606 643 1.022006-07 67682 749 1.112007-08 77271 825 1.062008-09 90013 1352 1.502009-10 103413 1345 1.302010-11 118115 1240 1.052011-12 139173 1236 0.89Drm: 1. Budget in Brief, various years, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic ofBangladesh|2. Budget Statement (various years) IMED. M/O Planning|

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 87Aek¨, †Kej gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Dbœqb eivÏ wePvi K‡iB bvix I cyi“‡lig‡a¨ we`¨gvb ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi RvZxq Aw½KviwUi cÖwZdj‡bi e¨wß wbi“cY Kiv mwVK n‡ebv| KviY, GB A½xKviwU Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖwZwU †‡Î bvixi Rb¨ eivÏ_vK‡Z n‡e Ges bvix‡K j¨fyZ K‡i †Kej bvixi Rb¨ Dbœqb cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e †h‡nZzAv_©-mvgvwRK cÖwZwU †‡Î e¨vcK wj½ ˆelg¨ i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov m¤cÖwZ cÖKvwkZ lô cÂ-evwl©KcwiKíbvq bvix Dbœqb welqwU eû‡wÎK (multi-sectoral) Ges eû gš¿Yvj‡qi welq wn‡m‡ewPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges bvix Dbœqb welqwU †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi g~j †mªvZavivi m‡½ m¤ú„³ Kivn‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxjZv wePvi Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †‡Î†Kej bvixi Rb¨ KZ eivÏ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges bvixi Dci AvswkK cÖfve ci‡Z cv‡i- GgbcÖK‡íi Rb¨ KZ eivÏ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wePvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB welqwU mviwY 4-G wePvi K‡i†`Lv hvq †KejgvÎ bvixi Rb¨ M„nxZ Ggb cÖK‡íi msL¨v cÖvq cÖwZwU A_©eQ‡iB K‡g †M‡Q|cÖwZwU †Î c„_Kfv‡e wePvi Ki‡j AviI †`Lv hvq, 2000-01 A_©eQ‡i †gvU 10wU †‡Î†Kej bvixi Rb¨ wKQz eivÏ wQj| 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i GB msL¨v †b‡g `uvovq 6wU †‡Î| †`Lv†M‡Q, 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i †ek K‡qKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †‡Î †Kej bvixi Rb¨ eivÏ G‡Kev‡iBZz‡j †bIqv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, wkí GKwU AwZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †Î †hLv‡b GB eQi bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bveivÏB ivLv nqwb| A_P 2000-10 A_©eQ‡i wkí †‡Î bvixi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj GB †‡ÎeivÏK…Z A‡_©i cÖvq 7 kZvsk| weÁvb I KvwiMwi M‡elYv AviI GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †Î †hLv‡b2000-01 A_©eQ‡i bvixi Rb¨ wKQy eivÏ wQj| wKš‘ GB eQi GB †‡Î bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bveivÏB ivLv nqwb|mviwY 4wewfbœ A_©eQ‡i Dbœqb cÖK‡íi msL¨v Ges Dbœqb A_© eivÏ 2002/03-2009-10cÖK‡íi msL¨vA_© eQi †gvU †RÊvi †RÊvi †Kej †gvUDbœqb we‡ePbvq ms‡eb- bvix DbœqbeivÏ bv †bqv kxj j¨f~Z eivÏDbœqb Dbœqb DbœqbKg©m~wP Kg©m~wP Kg©m~wP2002-03 1296 914 313 69 19200.00(100.00) (70.5) (24.2) (5.3) (100.00)2003-04 1163 831 273 55 20300(100.0) (71.5) (23.5) (4.7) (100.00)2004-05 869 599 218 52 21897.00(100.0) (68.9) (25.1) (6.0) (100.00)2005-06 841 571 214 56 24500.00(100.0) (67.9) (25.5) (6.7) (100.00)2006-07 886 601 249 36 26000.00(100.0) (67.8) (28.0) (401) (100.00)2007-08 931 598 296 37 26500.00(100.0) (64.2) (31.8) (3.9) (100.00)2008-09 904 587 288 29 26500.00(100.0) (64.9) (31.9) (3.2) (100.0)2009-10 931 598 296 37 26500.00(100.0) (64.2) (31.8) (4.0) (100.0)2010-11 916 618 271 27 38500.0(100.0) (67.5) (29.6) (2.9) (100.0) (54.76)2011-12 1039 704 305 30 46000.00 29523.46(100.0) (67.76) (29.36) (2.89) (100.0) (64.18)Figures within parentheses indicate share in the total allocation|Drm: Annual Development Program 2002/03-2011/12 Planning Commission, GOB|†gvU eivÏ (†KvwU UvKvq)†RÊvi †RÊviwe‡ePbvq bv ms‡e`bkxjDbœqb†bqv DbœqbKg©m~wP‡Z Kg©m~wP‡ZeivÏ eivÏ11971.14 6540.08(62.3) (34.1)12612.33 7008.65(62.12) (34.53)12590.67 8736.18(57.50) (39.90)15559.73 8510.00(63.51) (34.73)15330.90 10192.26(58.97) (39.20)15304.20 10747.13(57.75) (40.56)15975.60 10116.09(60.3) (38.2)15304.19 10750.7(57.8) (40.6)21082.96 16916.72(43.94)15989.41(34.76)†Kej bvixj¨f~ZDbœqbKg©m~wP‡ZeivÏ (%)688.78(3.6)679.02(3.34)570.15(2.60)430.27(1.76)476.84(1.83)448.68(1.69)408.31(1.5)445.06(1.7)500.32(1.30)487.13(1.06)

88evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvZ‡e, †`Lv †M‡Q cÖvq cÖwZwU †‡ÎB bvixi Dci AvswkK cÖfve co‡Z cv‡i Ggb cÖK‡íiDci, A_©vr †RÊvi ms‡e`bkxj cÖK‡íi Dci eiv‡Ïi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q‡Q jYxqfv‡e|2000-01 A_©eQ‡i GB ai‡bi cÖK‡íi Dci eiv‡Ïi cwigvY wQj †gvU RvZxq Dbœqb eiv‡ÏicÖvq 31 kZvsk, hv 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i e„w× †c‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q cªvq 41 kZvs‡k| GLv‡b aviYvKiv †h‡Z cv‡i, bvix Dbœqb‡K RvZxq Dbœq‡bi g~j †mªvZavivq m¤c„³Ki‡Yi bxwZ MÖnY Kivid‡j bvixi Rb¨ Avjv`v cÖKí MÖnY bv K‡i bvix‡K g~j †mªvZavivq cÖKí¸‡jvi m‡½ m¤c„³Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e, bvixi Dci AvswkK cÖfve covi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q Ggb cÖKí¸‡jvi †ewki fvM†‡ÎB bvixi Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e †Kv‡bv eivÏ ivLv nqwb| hvi d‡j cyi“‡li m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvMxZvK‡i G RvZxq cÖKí n‡Z bvix AwZ mvgvb¨ AskB AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| bvix‡K cyi“‡limgK K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi Av‡MB Zv‡K cyi“‡li m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq bvwg‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GBAmg cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq †n‡i †n‡i bvix AviI GK avc †RÊvi ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡”Qb|†RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKi‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui Avi GKwU cÖavb `ye©jZv n‡jv ev‡RUxq eiv‡ÏiA` e¨envi| †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖvq †Kv‡bv eQiB cy‡iv eivÏ LiP Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| ZvQvov bvixiRb¨ M„nxZ cÖKí¸‡jvi †ewki fvMB ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I †_vK eivÏ wbf©i hv A‡bK †‡ÎBA`Zvi mv‡_ e¨eüZ nq| hvi Rb¨ bvixi Rb¨ hZUzKz bMY¨ cwigvY ev‡RU eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡QZvi †_‡KI cy‡iv DcKvi Zviv cvbwb|4.2| wkvq †RÊvi AmgZv `~ixKiY Ges bvixi gZvq‡bi MDG j¨ gvÎv AR©‡b wkvev‡R‡Ui `ye©jZvMZ K‡qK eQ‡i bvbv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖn‡Yi d‡j cÖv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †RÊviAmgZv `~ixf~Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GB wkv mgZv bvix‡K kªgevRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ h‡_ófv‡egZvwqZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| A_P wkv kªg evRv‡i, we‡kl K‡i jvfRbK kªg cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨GKwU kw³kvjx Drcv`K| GB e¨_©Zvi GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki kªgevRv‡i †hai‡bi wkvi Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q †m ai‡bi wkv bvixiv cvbwb| Avi GKwU KviY n‡jv, AwaK nv‡igv`ªvmv wkvq bvix‡`i cÖ‡ek| gv`ªvmv wkv bvixi PvKzwii evRvi mxwgZ K‡i| wkv bvixigRywii nviI e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, MZ 7 eQ‡i Mv‡g©›U wk‡íwb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwgK‡`i gRywi e„w× †c‡q‡Q gvÎ 5 kZvsk nv‡i| A_P †mB mg‡q bvix Mv‡g©›Ukªwg‡Ki wkv ¯—i e„w× †c‡q‡Q Z…Zxq †kªwY †_‡K lô †kªwY ch©š— (cvj-gRyg`vi Ges †eMg2006)| GB AwZwi³ wZbwU wkv eQ‡ii Rb¨ Zv‡`i †eZb e„w× cvIqv DwPZ wQj 30 kZvsk(cÖwZ eQi wkvi Rb¨ 10 kZvsk nv‡i)|`Zv cÖwkY gZvq‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx Drcv`K| A_P GB kw³kvjx Drcv`KwUAR©‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq ev‡RU bvix‡K †Kv‡bv mnvqZvB cÖ`vb K‡iwb| GB Drcv`KwU AR©‡bi Rb¨bvix‡K mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq ev‡R‡U †Kej bvixi Rb¨ c„_K eivÏ ivLv Ri“wi wQj|wKš‘ MZ 10 eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U Ggb ai‡bi †Kv‡bv eivÏ ivLv nqwb| hvi d‡j †`Lv †M‡Q,miKvwi †h Vocational Institute¸‡jv Av‡Q Zv‡Z fwZ©K…Z Qv·`i g‡a¨ gvÎ 13 kZvsk n‡”Qgwnjv| †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v Vocational Training Institute bv _vKvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i enrollment

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 89GZ Kg n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK iYkxjZv we‡kl K‡i c`©v cÖ_vi Kvi‡B adolescent eq‡mi †g‡qiv†Q‡j‡`i m‡½ GKB ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z cv‡i bv| KvwiMwi wkv Awa`ßi (Dircetorate of TechnicalEducation) gva¨wgK Ges D”P gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z †fv‡Kkbvj I Kw¤úDUvi †Kvm© PvjyK‡i‡Q| wKš‘ †`Lv †M‡Q, GB †Kvm© XvKv kn‡ii K‡qKwU gwnjv we`¨vjq I K‡jR Qvov Avi†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv gwnjv we`¨vjq ev K‡j‡R Pvjy Kiv nqwb|wkvq †RÊvi AmgZv `~ixf~Z bv nIqvi wcQ‡b mePvB‡Z eo KviYwU n‡”Q eivÏ mnvqKe¨e¯’v MÖnY Ges bxwZi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb dvivK| bxwZ n‡”Q bvixi g‡a¨ e¨vcK wkv we¯—vi| GBRb¨ wkv ev‡R‡U eivÏ ivLv n‡jv †Kej cÖv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Dce„wËGes e„wËi Rb¨| GB eivÏ bvixi g‡a¨ wkv Afv‡ei gvÎ GKwU KviY hv n‡jv `vwi`ª¨ Zv wKQygvÎvq `~i K‡i‡Q| hvi Rb¨ bvix wkï‡K ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Ki‡Z wcZvgvZvi †Kv‡bv Amyweav nqwb|GRb¨ ¯‹z‡j fwZ©i e¨vcv‡i cÖv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi †Q‡j‡g‡qi g‡a¨ mgZvI AR©b Kivn‡q‡Q| wKš— †g‡q‡`i wbqwgZ ¯‹z‡j Dcw¯’Z Ges ¯‹z‡ji cÖwZwU †MÖW mdjfv‡e †kl Kivi Rb¨mvgvwRK wbivcËvnxbZv †h GKwU eo cÖwZeÜK Zv bxwZ wba©viKMY Abyaveb Ki‡Z Lyemvgvb¨B mdj n‡q‡Qb| ZvB †g‡q‡`i Aa¨qb‡K Pvwj‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv mnvqKe¨e¯’v ev‡R‡U MÖnY Kiv nqwb| †hgb wkv ev‡R‡U eiv‡Ïi gva¨‡g cwienY myweav cÖ`vb K‡ihw` †g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j Avmv hvIqvi c‡_i wbivcËvnxbZv `~i Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡Zv Zvn‡j†g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j Dcw¯’wZi nvi A‡bK e„w× †cZ| ZvQvov evm¯’v‡bi KvQvKvwQ ¯‹zj _vK‡jIZv‡`i Dcw¯’wZi nvi e„w× †cZ| gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii †g‡qiv adolescent eq‡mi nq| ZvBevsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv iYkxj mgv‡R GB eq‡mi †g‡q‡`i c‡ †Q‡j‡`i m‡½ GKB we`¨vj‡qcvV Kiv †ek AmyweavRbK| wKš— †Kej †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii ¯‹zj ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wkvev‡R‡U †Zgb eivÏ ivLv nqwb|4.3| gvZ…¯^v‡¯’¨i Dbœqb Ges gvZ…g„Zÿ nvi n«v‡m RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui e¨_©Zvi KviYmg~ngvZ…g„Zz¨ evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU AwZ cyi‡bv mgm¨v| evsjv‡`k Zvi Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB GB mgm¨vmgvav‡bi Rb¨ m‡Pó wQj Ges RvZxq ev‡R‡UI wewfbœ c`‡c MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj| Z‡e GBmgm¨vi g~j KviY¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv nqwb mwVKfv‡e| †hgb, gvZ…g„Zÿ eûjvs‡kB wbf©i K‡ibvixi mvaviY ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci Ges bvixi mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨ †h cyi“‡li PvB‡Z A‡bK Lvivc GB mZ¨wUAbyaveb K‡i RvZxq ev‡R‡U bvixi mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AwZwi³ eivÏ ivLv Ri“wiwQj| wKš‘ GB mZ¨wU we‡ePbvq MÖnY Kiv nqwb RvZxq ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi mgq| ZvQvov mg‡qiAwZµg‡b gvZ…g„Zz¨i mgm¨vi MwZ cÖK…wZ Ges KviYI †h e`‡j‡Q - GB mZ¨wUI we‡ePbvqMÖnY Kiv nqwb RvZxq ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi mgq| †hgb, AvR bvixi kªgevRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j e„wËqSuywK gvZ…g„Zz¨i GKwU KviY n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q, hv c~‡e© wQj bv| bvix‡Mvôx MZ K‡qK eQi a‡iBbvixi e„wËq ¯^v¯’¨ SuywK (occupational health hazard) mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cMÖn‡Yi `vex K‡i Avm‡Q| wKš‘ MZ 10 eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U GB j‡¨ †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kivnqwb| cÖwZwU ev‡R‡UB mbvZbxfv‡e bvixi cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨‡KB cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

90evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvZvQvov A‡bK †‡ÎB †`Lv †M‡Q, RvZxq ev‡R‡U Mf©eZx bvix‡K cÖmeRwbZ g„Zÿ i nvZn‡Z iv Kivi Rb¨ M„nxZ cÖKí¸‡jv Mf©eZx bvixi ev¯—e cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv †gUv‡Z cv‡i bv|†hgb, †`Lv †M‡Q Mf©eZ©x bvix‡K wbivc` cÖm‡ei my‡hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ MZ `yB A_©eQ‡iiev‡R‡U †h Maternal Health Voucher SchemewU MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv Mf©eZx bvixi cÖK…ZcÖ‡qvRb‡K †gUv‡Z cvi‡Q bv| †Kbbv, `wi`ª Mf©eZx bvixi mePvB‡Z †ewk cÖ‡qvRb n‡jvwbivc` cÖm‡ei my‡hvM cvIqv| †`Lv †M‡Q, GB cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g Mf©eZx bvix‡K gv‡m gv‡m †hA_© †`Iqv nq Zvi Lye mvgvb¨ AskB Mf©eZx bvix Zvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ LiP K‡i‡Q| AviI †`Lv†M‡Q, `~i‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y A‡a©‡KiI †ewk GB my‡hvM cvIqv Mf©eZx bvix nmwcUv‡j hvbwb| A_PGB cÖK‡íi AvIZvq cÖm~wZ bvix‡K nmwcUv‡j hvZvqvZ LiP eve` 500 UvKv ch©š— †`Iqv nq|evsjv‡`‡k gvZ…g„Zÿ i GKwU eo KviY n‡jv evj¨ weevn Ges evj¨ Ae¯’vq Mf©eZx nIqv|UNICEF-Gi State of the World’s Children 2009 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k 64 kZvsk bvixiweevn nq 18 ermi eq‡m †cuŠQvi c~‡e©B, hw`I 1984 mv‡jB evsjv‡`k miKvi bvixi weev‡nib~¨bZg eqm avh©¨ K‡iwQj 18 eQi Ges cyi“‡li Rb¨ 21 eQi| evj¨ weevn †Kej evj¨weev‡nB mxgve× _v‡Kbv| †`Lv †M‡Q, hv‡`i 18 eQ‡ii Av‡M we‡q nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 60kZvskB cÖ_g gv nq 19 eQi eq‡m †cuŠQvi Av‡MB| UNICEF 2007 wi‡c©vU Abyhvqx 19 eQ‡iiAv‡M hviv gv nq Zv‡`i g„Zz¨ nvi 20-24 eQi eq‡m hviv cÖ_g gv nq Zv‡`i g„Zz¨ nv‡ii PvB‡ZcuvP¸Y †ewk| A_P evj¨ weevn Ges evj¨gvZv nIqvi cÖeYZv †iva Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Kvh©Kiev‡RUxq c`‡c MªnY Kiv nqwb| g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q, bvixi Rb¨ wkvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Ges`vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡jB evj¨ weevn eÜ n‡e| ZvB bvixi Rb¨ wkv my‡hvM m„wó Kivi Rb¨BMZ K‡qK eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U c`‡c MªnY Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ evj¨ weev‡ni Rb¨ bvixiwbivcËvnxbZv †h GKwU eo KviY, GB mZ¨wU Abyaveb Kiv nqwb ev‡RU cÖYqb Kivi mgq|ZvB bvixi wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb†hŠZzK cÖ_vI evj¨ weev‡ni GKwU KviY| GB cÖ_v †iva Kivi Rb¨ †hŠZzK we‡ivax AvBbcÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GB AvBb Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb|bvixi wbæ wkv ¯—iI evj¨ weevn Ges evj¨ gvZv nIqvi Rb¨ kw³kvjx `vqx Drcv`K| cÖv_wgKI gva¨wgK wkv ¯—‡i QvÎQvÎx‡`i ZvwjKvfyw³‡Z †RÊvi AmgZv `~i n‡jI wkv mgvw߇Zi‡q‡Q †RÊvi AmgZv| ZvQvov wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, wkvi ¸Yv¸Y we‡kl K‡i evwjKvwe`¨vjq¸‡jvi wkvgvb AwZ wbæ| AvRI 7 eQ‡ii EaŸ© †gvU bvix Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq A‡a©KBmvinxb| †`Lv †M‡Q, †h †g‡qiv 19 eQi eq‡m †cŠuQvi c~‡e© Mf©eZx n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨A‡a©‡KiB †Kv‡bv wkv †bB (UNICEF Gi State of the World’s Children 2009)| `vwi`ª¨IgvZ…g„Zÿ i GKwU eo KviY| bvbv ev‡RUxq c`‡‡ci Kvi‡Y `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’vi wKQy DbœwZ n‡jIGLbI `vwi`ª¨ we¯—„Z Ges Mfxi|5| mycvwikmg~nDc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, MDGÕi †RÊvi j¨¸‡jv evsjv‡`k KZ©„K h_vh_fv‡eAR©b bv Kivi †cQ‡b GKwU g~j KviY n‡jv †`‡ki RvZxq ev‡R‡U GB j‡¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 91c`‡c MÖn‡Y e¨_©Zv| GB e¨_©Zv AcmviY K‡i AvMvgx wZb eQ‡i wKfv‡e MDGÕi †RÊvij¨¸‡jv AR©b Kiv hvq Ges AvMvgx ev‡R‡U wK wK c`‡c MÖnY Kiv Ri“wi wb‡æ Zvi Rb¨wKQy mycvwik Kiv nq‡Q|K) m¤ú` Ges A‡_©i Dci bvixi KZ…©Z¡ I wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cmg~nGB cÖe‡Üi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, MDGÕi †RÊvi j¨¸‡jvi wba©vwiZ gvÎvq †cŠuQv‡Zevsjv‡`‡ki e¨_©Zvi †cQ‡b GKwU g~j KviY n‡jv m¤ú‡`i Dci bvixi Amg gvwjKvbv Geswbqš¿Y| bvixi gZvnxbZvi †cQ‡bI GKB KviY cÖfvekvjx| bvixi gZvnxbZv cÖKvivš—‡iAvevi Ab¨vb¨ †‡Î †RÊvi AmgZi Rb¨ `vqx| ZvB MDGÕi †RÊvi j¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ri“wicÖ‡qvRb n‡jv m¤ú‡`i Dci bvixi gvwjKvbv Ges wbqš¿Y e„w× Kiv| m¤ú‡`i Dci bvixi AmggvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y m„wó n‡q‡Q cÖavbZ evsjv‡`k Rb‡Mvôxi `yB cÖavb ag©vej¤^x‡`i ˆelg¨g~jKDËivwaKvi AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y| GB AvB‡bi cwieZ©b n‡j m¤ú‡`i Dci bvixi gvwjKvbv Iwbqš¿Y A‡bKvs‡k e„w× cv‡e| wKš‘ †h‡nZz ag©cÖvY evsjv‡`kx‡`i Rb¨ ag©xq DËivwaKvi AvBbcwieZ©b welqwU AZ¨š— ¯úk©KvZi welq †m‡nZz A`~i fwel¨‡Z DËivwaKvi AvBb cwieZ©b K‡im¤ú‡`i Dci bvixi gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y e„w× Kiv mnRmva¨ bq| G‡‡Î Aek¨ evsjv‡`k ivóªAb¨vb¨ †‡Î †hfv‡e AvBb cÖYqb K‡i wVK GKBfv‡e Zvi mKj bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU AwfbœDËivwaKvi AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k Av‡Q| MZ cÖvq `yB `kK a‡ievsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡Mvôx mKj evsjv‡`kx bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU Awfbœ DËivwaKvi AvBb cÖYq‡bi`vex K‡i Avm‡Q| wKš‘ GLb ch©š— †Kv‡bv bxwZwba©viK bvix‡Mvôxi GB `vex we‡ePbvq MÖnYK‡ibwb|Z‡e †`‡ki †Kv‡bv ewÂZ †Mvôxi w`‡K m¤ú` cÖevwnZ Kivi Rb¨ †`‡ki RvZxq ev‡RUn‡”Q miKv‡ii nv‡Z GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi| wewfbœ ev‡RUxq c`‡‡ci gva¨‡g evsjv‡`kmiKvi m¤ú‡`i Dci G‡`‡ki m¤ú`ewÂZ bvix‡Mvôxi wbqš¿Y e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB c`‡cevsjv‡`k miKvi wbwØ©avq MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P bxwZ wba©viYx `wjjmsweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 28(8)Õi Abyhvqx †`‡ki bvix †Mvôx A_ev †h‡Kv‡bv cðvrc` †MvôxiDbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z miKvi‡K †Kv‡bv wKQyB wbi¯— Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|bvix †Mvôxi w`‡K m¤ú` cÖevwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi ev‡RUxq c`‡c¸‡jv mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q|K) bvixi DcvR©b, m¤úwË Ges cyuwRi Dci Ki gIKzd Ki‡Z n‡e;L) AvMvgx ev‡R‡U Kv‡jv UvKv mv`v Kiv A_ev AcÖ`wk©Z UvKv ˆea Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vbKiv n‡j wb‡æi gender kZ©¸‡jv Ry‡o w`‡Z n‡e:1) AcÖ`wk©Z UvKv ˆea n‡e hw` bvixi bv‡g cÖ`k©b Kiv nq;2) AcÖ`wk©Z UvKv ˆea n‡e hw` bvixevÜe †‡Î wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| †hgb- Kg©Rxexbvixi Rb¨ †nv‡÷j ˆZwi, bvixi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖwkY †K›`ª ¯’vcb, Mv‡g©›Ukªwg‡Ki Rb¨ eûZj Avevmb ˆZwi BZ¨vw` †Î|

92evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvM) GKwU evwo ¯^vgx Ges ¯¿x Df‡qi bv‡g bw_fy³ Kivi Rb¨ Ges Df‡qi bv‡g m¤úwËKi cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ Kv‡Vvi wbqg _vK‡Z n‡e|N) gv/¯¿x/Kb¨v/cyÎeay‡K †h m¤úwË Dcnvi wn‡m‡e †`Iqv nq †m m¤úwË n‡Z Gift taxgIKzd Ki‡Z n‡e|O) GKwU ¯’vei m¤úwË gv/¯¿x/Kb¨v/cyÎeayi bv‡g bw_fy³ (registration) n‡j bw_fyw³i wdcyi“‡li bv‡g bw_fyw³i wdÕGi Zzjbvq jYxqfv‡e Kg ivL‡Z n‡e|P) bvix gvwjKvaxb Ges cwiPvjbvaxb e¨emv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ Tax break A_evTax holiday myweav w`‡Z n‡e|Q) evwYR¨ Ges Tariff e¨e¯’vq bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ wKQy affirmative action MÖnYKi‡Z n‡e|R) bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Drcvw`Z cY¨ jvfRbKfv‡e evRviRvZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †K›`ª¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Dbœqb cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|S) m¤ú‡` bvixi cÖ‡ek mnR Kivi Rb¨ monetary †‡ÎI wKQy ev‡RUvix c`‡c MÖnYKi‡Z n‡e ivR¯^ ev‡R‡U| †hgb:1) bvix‡K †h e¨vsK¸‡jv RvgvbZ Qvov eo FY †`‡e ‡mB e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K wKQy KiDrmvn (tax incentive) w`‡Z n‡e|2) bvixi Rb¨ GKwU c„_K e¨vsK ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ Drm n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú`cÖevn DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Ki Drmvn (tax incentive) w`‡Z n‡e|3) cÖevmx e¨vsK ¯’vc‡bi †h cwiKíbv Pj‡Q †mLv‡b bvix cÖevmx wewb‡qvMKvix‡Kwe‡kl ev‡RUxq myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|L) wkv, cÖwkY Ges `Zvq †RÊvi AmgZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cwkv, cÖwkY Ges `Zvq †RÊvi AmgZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ ev‡RUxq c`‡c¸‡jvmycvwik Kiv n‡”Q:K) bvix‡K D”P cÖhyw³i cÖwkY cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ Ki Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡i †emiKvwi LvZ‡KcÖ‡Yvw`Z Ki‡Z n‡e|L) Z_¨cÖhyw³ D‡`¨v³v‡`i Ki Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zviv MÖv‡g MÖv‡g Z_¨ †K›`ªcÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡Yvw`Z nb|M) Z_¨cÖhyw³ (IT) wkv `Zvi m‡½ MªnY Kivi Rb¨ bvixi Bs‡iwR wkv‡K ivR¯^myweav cÖ`vb K‡i †emiKvwi LvZ‡K cÖ‡Yvw`Z Ki‡Z n‡e|

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 93N) Bs‡iwR gva¨g ¯‹y‡ji Gg.wc.I fyw³ Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i †emiKvwi D‡`¨v³vMY‡K Bs‡iwRgva¨g ¯‹zj ¯’vc‡b DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|O) MZ K‡qK eQi a‡i k~b¨ ï‡éi Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii myjf cÖvc¨Zv bvixi Kw¤úDUvie¨envi e„w× K‡i Zv‡`i Z_¨ m¤ú‡` cÖ‡ek Kiv‡K wKQyUv mnR K‡i K‡i‡Q| ZvBZ_¨ m¤ú‡` †RÊvi AmgZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ AvMvgx Aš—Z 5 eQi a‡i Kw¤úDUv‡iiDci k~b¨ ïé e¨e¯’vwU envj ivL‡Z n‡e|P) Ò100 w`‡bi wbwðZ Kg©m~wP‡K 100 w`‡bi wbwðZ cÖwkY Kg©m~wPÓ †Z iƒcvš—i Ki‡Zn‡e|Q) ivR¯^ ev‡R‡U GKwU †_vK eivÏ (Block allocation) ivL‡Z n‡e| †gavex bvix QvÎxMYhv‡Z D”P wkv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ †_vK eivÏ n‡Z e„wË cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|R) A_©gš¿x KZ…©K gv`ªvmv wkvi AvaywbKvq‡bi †NvlYv `ª“Z ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e|S) øvZK ¯—i ch©š— bvix wkv A‰eZwbK Kivi D‡`¨vMwU D”P wkvq †RÊvi AmgZv `~inIqvi †‡Î Ae`vb ivL‡e wbwðZfv‡e| GB my‡hvMwU MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ bvix Qv·`iwbæwjwLZ myweav¸‡jv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Dbœqb ev‡R‡U c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|1. wbivc` evm¯’vb|2. wbivc` cwienY|3. †Kv‡bv cwienY e¨emvqx †Kej bvixi Rb¨ evm cwienb e¨e¯’v Pvjy Ki‡j Zv‡Kïé gy³ evm Avg`vwb Kivi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e Ges †mB ev‡mi Avq‡KI Ki gy³ivL‡Z n‡e|4. m‡e©vcwi bvix Qv·`i me©‡‡Î wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ cÖkvmb†‡Îi Rb¨ AwZwi³ ivR¯^ eivÏ ivL‡Z n‡e|kªgevRv‡ii AmgZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cbvixi kªgevRv‡i AskMÖnY wbivc` I jvfRbK Kivi Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ c`‡c¸‡jv mycvwikKiv n‡”Q:K) Dbœqb ev‡R‡U †Kej `wi`ª bvixi Rb¨ cÖKí bq A`wi`ª bvixi Rb¨I cÖKí MÖnYKi‡Z n‡e| KviY `wi`ª bvix‡`i jvfRbK e¨emv MÖn‡Yi mgZv †ewk Ges Zv‡`iIKg© m„wó Kivi mgZv i‡q‡Q|L) bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i me©cÖKvi Amyweav `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|M) bvixi kªgevRv‡i AskMÖnY mnvqK myweavw` cà vb Kivi Rb¨ Dbœqb cÖKí MªnY Ki‡Zn‡e|

94evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvN) bvix kªwgK‡`i myj‡f ¯^v¯’¨ my‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ bvix kªwgK‡`ibvMv‡ji g‡a¨ Avbvi Rb¨ cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|O) ÒwbwðZ Kg©m~wPÓi gva¨‡g bvixi Rb¨ Kg© m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| GB Kg©m~wPÕi gva¨‡g cÖ`ËK‡g©i gRywi K…wl‡Z we`¨gvb b~¨bZg gRywii mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv GB K‡g©igRywi b~¨bZg gRywii Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK †‡ÎB GB Kg©m~wP‡K Kvh©Ki Kivhvqwb| ZvQvov GB Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g m„ó K‡g©i gRywi b~¨bZg gRywii mgvb n‡jAb¨vb¨ †‡Î b~¨bZg gRywi cÖ`v‡bi eva¨evaKZv m„wó n‡e|gvZ…g„Zÿ nvi n«v‡mi MDGÕi j¨gvÎvq †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cmg~ngvZ…g„Zz¨ nvi n«v‡mi MDGÕi j¨gvÎvq †cŠuQv‡bvi Rb¨ Ri“wi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv ev‡RUuxqc`‡c¸‡jvi `ye©jZv AcmviY Kiv| GB j‡¨ wb‡æi ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e :K. ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z we‡kl K‡i gvZ…¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡b ev‡RU eivÏ e„w× Kiv|L. bvixi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ †mev bq, mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ c„_K cÖKíKi‡Z n‡e|M. cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z gwnjv Wv³v‡ii †mev wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ gwnjv Wv³v‡ii†eZb e„w× Kiv, Zvi evm¯’vb Ges Pjv‡divi wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cMÖnY Kiv|N. BDwbqb I Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡qi mKj nvmcvZv‡j Ri“wi avÎx †mev Kvh©µg Pvjy KiviRb¨ cÖKí MªnY Kiv|O. myweavewÂZ A‡j h_vh_fv‡e gvZ…¯^v¯’¨ †mev Ges cÖm~wZ †mev †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨Gender poverty mapping Kiv Ri“wi GRb¨ ev‡R‡U eivÏ ivLv|P. bvixi e„wËq ¯^v¯’¨ SuywK (occupational health hazard) mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ev‡RUxqc`‡c MÖnY Kiv|Q. avÎx cÖwkY Kvh©µg Pvjy Kiv Ges cÖwkYcÖvß avÎxi msL¨v e„w× Kiv| GB j‡miKvi Ges GbwRI mn‡hv‡M †h MÖvg¨ avÎx cÖwkY e¨e¯’vwU GKmgq Pvjy wQj Zvcybi“×vi Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv Ges cÖwkY e¨e¯’vwU AvaywbK KiviRb¨I ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Kiv|R. HNPSPÕi AvIZvq mieivnK…Z †mev N‡i N‡i †cŠu‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq c`‡cMÖnY Kiv|

gRyg`vi: mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv `wj‡ji †RÊvi j¨gvÎv c~i‡Y RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui f~wgKv 95S. evj¨weevn †iva Kivi Rb¨ wcZvgvZv‡K ev‡RUxq cÖ‡Yv`bv †`Iqv|gvZ…g„Zÿ nvi n«vm Kvh©Kifv‡e Kivi Rb¨ KwgDwbwU wK¬wbK e¨e¯’vwU‡Z wbæwjwLZ welq¸‡jvhy³ Ki‡Z n‡e:1. ANC Ges PNC †mev cÖ‡qvR‡b N‡i N‡i mieivn Kiv;2. N‡i N‡i ANC Ges PNC Gi gwbUi Kivi e¨e¯’v ivLv;3. gwnjv Wv³v‡ii †mev wbwðZ Kiv;4. cÖmeKv‡j cÖwkYcÖvß avÎx †mev mieivn Kiv;5. wbivc` gvZ…Z¡ Ges cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ AwaKvi wel‡q Z…Yg~jwfwËK cÖPvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvKiv;6. cÖm~wZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó m¤^‡Ü Z…Yg~jwfwËK m‡PZbZv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv;7. GBm‡½ åvg¨gvb wK¬wbK e¨e¯’vi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb;8. Maternal Health Voucher Scheme wU GBm‡½ hy³ Kiv|MDGÕi j¨ AR©‡b bvixi e¨vcK wbivcËvnxbZv GKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZeÜK| GBcÖwZeÜK Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ ev‡RUxq c`‡c¸‡jv MÖnY Kivi mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q:1. AvBbk„•Ljvi DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖkvm‡b ev‡RU eivÏ e„w× Kiv|2. mv`v †cvkvK cwiwnZ cywjk evwnbx m„wó Kivi Rb¨ ev‡R‡U eivÏ ivLv| GB ai‡bicywjk fvi‡Z bvix‡`i wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|3. QvÎx‡`i wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl eivÏ ivLv, we‡kl K‡i QvÎx‡`i wbivc`cwienY I Avevmb myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ev‡RU eivÏ ivLv|4. †hŠb nqivbx eÜ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl eivÏ ivLv †h‡nZz †hŠb nqivbx gvZ…g„Zz¨i GKwUeo KviY|5. bvix wbhv©Zb cÖwZ‡iv‡a Dc‡Rjv ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ª ch©vß wf‡miv (Viscera) cixv, DbœZd‡ibwmK cixvi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z ev‡R‡U ch©vß eivÏ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

96evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwÄevsjv‡`k bvix cÖMwZ msN (2010): RvZxq ev‡RU I bvixi GgwWwR, evsjv‡`k bvix cÖMwZ msN|MoF (Reviews Years) Bangladesh Economic Review (2008, 2009 and 2010): EconomicAdvisers Wing, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, GOB.Paul-Majumder (2009): “Gender Impact Assessment of the DBSM ProgrammeBangladesh,” A Study Conducted by Development Alternative Inc (DAI) inCooperation with AC Nielsen Bangladesh Ltd.Paul-Majumder (2005): National Education Budget of Bangladesh and Empowerment ofWomen, Bangladesh Nari Pragoti Sangha (BNPS), Bangladesh.Paul-Majumder (2006): Role of National Budget in Developing Entrepreneurship amongWomen of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha (BNPS) and Institutefor Environment & Development.Paul-Majumder and Begum, (2006): Engendering Garment Industry, The BangladeshContext, UPL, Bangladesh.UN: (2010): Millennium Develoment Gloals: At a Gance. Department of PublicInformation. Updated.BBS (Reviews Years) Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, 2000-2011.

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 14181| f~wgKvevsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebvgvneye †nv‡mb *DËg Kzgvi †`eevsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi †gi“`Ê n‡”Q K…wl| Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Lv`¨, wk‡íi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj,wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ebR `ª‡e¨i (euvk, KvV, †eZ) †hvMvb †`q K…wlLvZ| A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœLv‡Zi µgweKv‡ki gva¨‡g †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡b K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb µgk n«vm †c‡jI eZ©gv‡b†gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi cÖvq 20 kZvsk Av‡m K…wl †_‡K| †gvU kªgkw³i cÖvq A‡a©K wb‡qvwRZK…wlLv‡Z| µgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨Pvwn`v c~iY Ges MÖvgxY GjvKvq emevmKvix 70 kZvskRb‡Mvôxi cÖ‡qvRbxq Avq wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ K…wlLv‡Zi cÖe„w× AZ¨š— cÖ‡qvRbxq| `ª“Z ea©bkxjbMievmxi Lv`¨ mieivn wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨I K…wlLv‡Zi cÖe„w× Ri“wi|K…wlLv‡Zi evwl©K cÖe„w× ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© cÖ_g `yB `k‡K †hLv‡b 2 kZvs‡ki Kg wQj†mLv‡b MZ `k‡K K…wlLv‡Zi evwl©K cÖe„w× wQj 4 kZvs‡ki g‡Zv| K…wlLv‡Zi GBiƒc `ª“ZcÖe„wׇZ km¨Lv‡Zi cvkvcvwk grm¨, eb Ges cÖvwYm¤ú‡`i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| K…wl‡Zkm¨ DcLv‡Zi Ae`vb m‡e©v”P, hvi cwigvY cÖvq 56 kZvsk| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Lv`¨ avb (Pvj)mn Mg, Wvj, †Zj, wPwb, mewR, gmjv BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`¨i †hvMvb †`q km¨LvZ|A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡”Q avb Drcv`b mswk−ó Kg©KvÊ| Av_©-mvgvwRKI ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv ivi Rb¨ Pv‡ji Drcv`b I `vg LyeB ms‡e`bkxj| hvi Rb¨km¨LvZmsµvš— bxwZ †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj I bxwZ cÖYq‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjbK‡i|km¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡½ cvwbm¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbvi wbweo ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡kic‡ bZzb Rwg Pv‡li AvIZvq Avbv m¤¢e bq, †m‡nZz cvwbm¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g mxwgZRwgi Drcvw`Kv (productivity) e„w×i ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| K…wlcY¨ Drcv`‡bi fwel¨r cÖe„w× n‡Zn‡e Avbyjw¤^K| GRb¨ Ges Drcvw`Kv kw³ e„w×i Rb¨ ` †mP e¨e¯’vcbv, eb¨v wbqš¿Y Gescvwb wb®‹vkb LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© (Ahmed 2001)| weMZ w`‡b av‡bi Drcv`b e„w×i †‡Î f~Mf©¯’*†jLKØq h_vµ‡g wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, eª¨vK Ges DËg K…gvi †`e, wcÖwÝc¨vj mvBwU÷ (A_©bxwZ), AvBwmAviAvBGmGwU,nvq`vivev`, BwÛqv|

98evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcvwbi e¨envi I †mP GjvKvi cÖmvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ b`x¸‡jvi DRv‡bfvi‡Zi As‡k K…wlKvR I we`ÿ r Drcv`‡b wgVvcvwbi e¨envi e„w×i Kvi‡Y Zvi cÖvc¨Zv w`bw`bK‡g Avm‡Q| AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z †m‡Pi Rb¨ cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv AviI `yj©f n‡e| µgea©gvbbMivqb I wkívq‡bi Kvi‡Y cvwbi wewea e¨envi µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| ZvB AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡ZLv‡`¨i Drcv`b e„w×, Lv`¨wbivcËv AUzU I eRvq ivL‡Z cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv eo ai‡bi wbqvgKf~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e|K…wlLv‡Z Ges Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b wbqwgZ cÖe„w× m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k Lv`¨wbivcËv AR©‡b wbqwgZP¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL n‡”Q| GRb¨ `vqx f~wgi `y®cÖvc¨Zv, µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMGes Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi e¨vcK IVvbvgv (Deb et al. 2009)|cÖavb Lv`¨mvgMÖxi `vg nVvr K‡i †e‡o †M‡j wbgœ Av‡qi 30 kZvsk Rb‡Mvôxi µqgZv,we‡klZ kªwgK‡kªwY I AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ RbM‡Yi µqgZv `ª“Z n«vm cvq| Lv`¨µ‡qimvg_¨© wbf©i K‡i `ª“Z weKvkgvb wkíLv‡Zi cÖe„w×, †mevLv‡Zi cÖmvimn mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZKDbœq‡bi Dci| evsjv‡`‡k GLbI †gvU kªgkw³i A‡a©K K…wl, we‡klZ km¨Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ;K…wlkªwgK I z`ªPvlx evsjv‡`‡ki `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask| GB wekvj Rb‡MvôxiLv`¨wbivcËv K…wlLv‡Zi cÖe„w× Ges K…wlc‡Y¨i mnvqK g~‡j¨i Dci wbf©ikxj|2| K…wlLv‡Zi Ae¯’v2.1| Drcv`‡b cÖe„w×wRwWwci 12 kZvsk Ges K…wlLv‡Zi Av‡qi 56 kZvsk Av‡m km¨LvZ †_‡K| Pvj n‡”QAvgv‡`i cÖavb K…wl km¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU Avevw` GjvKvi wZb-PZz_©vs‡k av‡bi Avev` nq(mviwY 1)| Ab¨vb¨ cÖavb k‡m¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cvU, Mg, Avjy I mwilv, wewfbœ ai‡bi WvjRvZxqkm¨, gwiP, †cuqvR, mewR, AvL, ZvgvK Ges Pv| Gme k‡m¨i †h‡Kv‡bvwUi AvIZvq wb‡qvwRZf~wgi cwigvY †gvU Avevw` GjvKvi 4 kZvs‡ki Kg| f~wgi `y®cÖvc¨Zvi Kvi‡Y weMZ Pvi`k‡K Avevw` GjvKv Lye GKUv ev‡owb| Z‡e k‡m¨i djb I jv‡fi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœk‡m¨i AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigv‡Y e¨vcK n«vm-e„w× j Kiv †M‡Q (mviwY 1)| †ev‡iv avb, Mg,fyÆv, Avjy Ges mewR Pv‡li AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvY †e‡o‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K AvDk avb, Wvj,ˆZjexR, ZvgvK I Av‡Li Avevw` GjvKv K‡g‡Q|

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 99mviwY 1wewfbœ mgqKv‡j †gvU Avevw` GjvKvi wewfbœ k‡m¨i kZKiv AskmgqKvjkm¨1980-82 1999-2001 2007-09`vbv`vi km¨AvDk 24.19 9.93 7.21Avgb 34.00 40.00 40.06†ev‡iv 9.94 26.28 34.08Mg 4.20 6.02 2.97fyÆv 0.02 0.13 1.18A-`vbv`vi km¨cvU 4.55 3.23 3.21Avjy 0.81 1.78 2.87AvL 1.21 1.24 1.02mwilv 1.48 2.22 1.66wZj 0.31 0.27 0.25gmyi 0.61 1.30 0.87gyM 0.12 0.53 0.18†Qvjv 0.42 0.12 0.09Zzjv 0.27 0.27 0.07Ab¨vb¨ 17.89 6.81 9.73mKj km¨ 100.00 100.00 100.00Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve| weweGm KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ Statistical Year Book (wewfbœ eQi)-G †`Iqv Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ|av‡bi Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mvdj¨ jYxq| av‡bi Drcv`b (Pv‡ji wnmv‡e) 1971 mv‡j¯^vaxbZvi eQ‡i 1 †KvwU 10 jvL Ub wQj, 2009 mv‡j Zv †e‡o 3 †KvwU 20 jvL U‡b`uvwo‡q‡Q| Avwki `k‡K av‡bi evwl©K Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q 2.8 kZvsk nv‡i| 1990/91 mvj†_‡K Mo evwl©K cÖe„w×i nvi n‡”Q 3.5 kZvsk| Avwki `k‡Ki †kl †_‡K g~jZ AvaywbKRv‡Zi avb Avev‡`i gva¨‡g av‡bi Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G‡‡Î †m‡Pi Rb¨ f~Mf©¯’ cvwbie¨envi mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| weMZ `yB `k‡K ﮋ †gŠmy‡g g~jZ wbædjbkxjAvDkav‡bi cwie‡Z© Gme Rwg‡Z D”P djbkxj †ev‡iv av‡bi Avev` cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g av‡biDrcv`b †e‡o‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k †gvU avb-Avevw` GjvKvi wZb-PZz_©vs‡k eZ©gv‡b D”P djbkxjAvaywbK Rv‡Zi av‡bi Avev` Kiv nq| Gme av‡bi Rv‡Zi †ewki fvM Avš—R©vwZK avb M‡elYvcÖwZôvb (Bwi) Gi mn‡hvwMZvq evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weª) D¢veb K‡i‡Q (Hossain etal. 2006)|¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x K‡qKwU M‡gi Drcv`b wQj 1 jvL U‡bi wb‡P| D”P djbkxj RvZD¢ve‡bi d‡j 1976 mvj †_‡K M‡gi Drcv`b evo‡Z _v‡K| Ges GK `k‡Ki g‡a¨B Zv†e‡o cÖvq 10 jvL U‡b DbœxZ nq| Avwki `k‡Ki †kl w`‡K †ev‡ivav‡bi cÖmv‡ii d‡j Mg

100evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvDrcv`b e„wׇZ wKQyUv fvUv c‡o Ges beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †kl ch©š— M‡gi Drcv`b cÖvq 18 jvLU‡b DbœxZ nq| Gici †_‡K M‡gi Avev` Kg‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b M‡gi Drcv`b 10 jvL U‡biwb‡P| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j M‡gi Rwg‡Z fyÆvi Avev` evo‡Q| K…wl-Drcv`‡bi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek,M‡gi Zzjbvq †ewk djb I jv‡fi Kvi‡Y GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov †cvjwUªLv`¨ wn‡m‡e fyÆvie¨vcK e¨envi I Pvwn`vi Kvi‡Y fyÆvi wbwðZ evRvi I w¯’wZkxj `vg cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| ZvBK…lKiv fyÆv Pv‡l †ek AvMÖnx| beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †kl ch©š— fyÆvi Drcv`b wQj bMY¨|wKš‘ eZ©gvb `k‡K AZ¨š— `ª“Z MwZ‡Z fyÆvi Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q Ges fyÆvi Avevw` GjvKv IDrcv`b Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B M‡gi Avevw` GjvKv I Drcv`b‡K Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| †h‡nZz fyÆv g~jZ†cvjwUª Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZvB M‡gi Rwg‡Z fyÆvi Avev` e„w× Avgv‡`i cÖavb`vbvRvZxq Lv‡`¨i †RvMv‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Lv`¨Pvwn`v †gUv‡Zav‡bi Dci †ewk nv‡i Pvc co‡Q|weMZ `yB `k‡K Avjy Ges mewRi `v‡gi Pig Aw¯’wZkxjZvi Kvi‡Y eQi †_‡K eQiv‡š—Avevw` GjvKv I Drcv`‡bi e¨vcK n«vm-e„w× NU‡Q| Gme D”Pg~j¨ Ges kªgwbweo dm‡jiAvev` I Drcv`b e„w× †UKmB Ki‡Z n‡j wKQy e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb, (1)cÖwµqvRvZKiY, ¸`vgRvZKiY I cY¨ wecY‡b e¨vcK wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mviv eQie¨vcxmieiv‡ni gva¨‡g †gŠmygwfwËK `v‡gi AwbðqZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e Ges (2) †`kxq Pvwn`viAwZwi³ Drcv`‡bi †cÖvc‡U we‡`‡ki evRv‡i ißvwbi my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| DbœZ†`kmg~‡ni wbivc` Lv`¨ Ges ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi †‡Î we‡kl e¨e¯’v I K‡VvikZ©vewji Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i mewRevRv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki mewRi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi mxwgZ Ges `yiƒn|avb, Mg, fyÆv BZ¨vw` `vbvRvZxq k‡m¨ meyR wec−‡ei d‡j Wvj, †ZjexR, cvU, AvL GesAb¨vb¨ k‡m¨i Avev` I Drcv`‡bi cwigvY µgk K‡g †M‡Q Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î ¯’wein‡q †_‡K‡Q| MZ K‡qK eQi a‡i AbyK‚j `vg, bZzb D”P djbkxj Rv‡Zi D¢veb Ges Gmek‡m¨i Dc‡hvMx we‡kl K…wl-cwi‡ek-AÂj wPwýZ Kivi Kvi‡Y †ZjexR I cv‡Ui Avev` Avevie„w× †c‡q‡Q|2.2| cÖe„w×i PvwjKvkw³km¨ Drcv`b e„w×i †‡Î g~j PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q DbœZ Rv‡Zi k‡m¨i D¢vebI Avev‡`i cÖmvi| ZvQvov Kvh©Ki cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv, we‡klZ AMfxi bjK‚‡ci we¯—v‡ii gva¨‡gf~Mf©¯’ cvwbi mvnv‡h¨ †mP e¨e¯’vi cÖmvi LyeB D‡j−L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|K…wl M‡elYv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wewfbœ k‡m¨i cuvP kZvwaK DbœZ RvZ D¢veb K‡i‡Q (Hossainet al. 2006ª, 2006b)| Aek¨ Gme Rv‡Zi gvÎ K‡qKwU K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©bK‡i‡Q| †hgb, av‡bi RvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q weAvi 11 (1981 mv‡j Aegy³) Ges wewiavb28 29 (1994 mv‡j Aegy³)| KwZcq fviZxq av‡bi RvZ †hgb, ¯^Y©v Ges kZvãx (wgwb‡KU)K…lK †_‡K K…l‡Ki g‡a¨ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g mxgvš— A‡j e¨vcKfv‡e Pvl n‡”Q| DbœZ gv‡bi

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 101km¨`vbv, ¯^í mg‡q Avev`‡hvM¨ Ges Aí DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Gme RvZ Pvl Kiv hvq weavqK…lKiv G¸‡jvi Pvlvev‡` Drmvnx| K…lKiv Pxb‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwbK…Z nvBweªW Rv‡Zi avb(nxiv, RvMiY, Av‡jvob BZ¨vw`) D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y Avev` Ki‡Q|mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z KwZcq †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb Aek¨ K›UªvK dvwg©s‡qi gva¨‡g †`‡kBnvBweªW avb Ges fyÆvexR Drcv`b ïi“ K‡i‡Q| wbgœdjbkxj Rv‡Zi cwie‡Z© DbœZ Rv‡Zi km¨Avev‡`i Kvi‡Y djb †e‡o‡Q, GKKcÖwZ Drcv`b LiP K‡g‡Q Ges K…l‡Ki jv‡fi cwigvY†e‡o‡Q| `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi †‡Î g~j Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `vg †fv³vi µqgZvi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLviAe`vb AZ¨š— †ewk|K…wlcÖhyw³i D¢veb I cÖmv‡i miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Mov †mPcwiKvVv‡gv, eb¨v wbqš¿Y I cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’v mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| DbœZ avb Idm‡ji Rv‡Zi Drcv`bkxjZv †mP I cvwb e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©ikxj| 1989mv‡j wW‡RjPvwjZ †mPh‡š¿i Avg`vwb D`vwiKiY I Ab¨vb¨ wewawb‡la wkw_j Kivi Kvi‡Y†m‡Pi AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvY `ª“Znv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q (Mandal 1993, Ahmed 1995)| Gid‡j z`ª‡m‡Pi cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ †hgb AMfxi bjK‚c Ges cvIqvi cv‡¤úi Avg`vwb AZ¨š—`ª“Z nv‡i †e‡o‡Q| †mPLv‡Z Lye ZvovZvwo †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM †e‡o †M‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 14jvL AMfxi bjK‚c evsjv‡`‡k GK †KvwU K…l‡Ki Rwg‡Z †mP w`‡q hv‡”Q (GoB 2008)|eZ©gv‡b †gvU †mP Avevw` GjvKvi cÖvq 70 kZvs‡k †m‡Pi Drm n‡”Q AMfxi bjK‚c|MÖvgv‡j †m‡Pi cvwbi evRvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| †mP cv‡¤úi wbKUeZx© Rwg‡Z †mPh‡š¿i gvwjKUvKvi wewbg‡q †mPmyweav †`b| cÖvwš—K I z`ª K…lK, hv‡`i c‡ wb‡R‡`i Rwgi Rb¨e¨w³MZfv‡e G ai‡bi †mP cv¤ú µq Kiv Ges Zvi c~Y© gZv e¨env‡ii my‡hvM †bB, ZvivGB †mPmyweav µq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| †mPK…Z Rwgi cwigvY eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 55 jvL †n±i Ges †gvUAvevw` Rwgi (80 jvL †n±i) cÖvq 70 kZvs‡k wbgœdjbkxj el©vKvjxb AvDk avb Ges Mfxicvwb‡Z Pvl‡hvM¨ †evbv Avgbav‡bi Rwg‡Z Gme dm‡ji cwie‡Z© D”P djbkxj †ev‡ivav‡biAvev` m¤¢e n‡q‡Q (mviwY 1 †`Lyb)| ¯^vaxbZv c~e©eZx© mg‡q †ev‡ivavb †gvU avb Drcv`‡b 10kZvsk Ae`vb ivLZ| eZ©gv‡b †gvU avb Drcv`‡b †ev‡iv av‡bi Ae`vb cÖvq 60 kZvsk|1989/90 mvj †_‡K av‡bi Drcv`b e„w×i cÖvq 80 kZvsk Avm‡Q †ev‡iv av‡bi AvIZvaxbGjvKv e„w× Ges D”P djbkxj †ev‡iv avb Avev‡`i gva¨‡g (Hossain, 2010)|weMZ `y `k‡K D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y Drcv`b e„w× m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| Pvj-M‡gi wbU Avg`vwbKviK †`k n‡”Q evsjv‡`k| Wvj, †Zj, gmjv, dj,wPwb, `ya Ges `y»RvZ Lv‡`¨i †‡ÎI evsjv‡`k Avg`vwbi Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| (mviwY2)|

102evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 2K…wlR cY¨ ißvwb I Avg`vwbi (nvRvi U‡b) aviv: 1990/91-2008/09(wgwjqb Wjvi)K…wlR cY¨eQi1990/91 2001/02 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09ißvwb cY¨cPv cvU 104 61 148 165 147Pv 43 17 7 15 12K…wlcY¨ 8 23 88 121 122mewR 4 15 30 60 45dj 1 0 5 9 6ZvgvK 2 5 18 22 41Ab¨vb¨ K…wlcY¨ 1 2 34 29 20wngvwqZ Lv`¨ 142 276 516 534 455Ab¨vb¨ cÖv_wgK cY¨ 9 13 74 153 256†gvU cÖv_wgK cY¨ 306 391 833 988 870†gvU ißvwb 1,717 5,986 12,154 14,088 15,537Avg`vwb cY¨Pvj - 15 180 874 239Mg 297 171 401 536 643`ya I wµg 72 59 83 137 96gmjv 19 13 76 80 62†ZjexR 16 72 106 136 159†fvR¨ †Zj 153 251 583 1006 865mKj ai‡bi Wvj 26 88 195 327 234bvi‡Kj †Zj 3 5 - - -wPwb - 23 294 396 413mvi 90 107 357 632 955Zzjv 68 312 858 1,212 1,291†gvU K…wlcY¨ Avg`vwb 744 1,116 3,133 5,336 4,958†gvU Avg`vwb 3,510 8,540 17,157 21,629 22,507Drm: ißvwb msµvš— DcvË msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q ißvwb Dbœqb eÿ ‡iv †_‡K| Avg`vwb msµvš— DcvË msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`ke¨vs‡Ki I‡qemvBU †_‡K|2.3| K…wl I Lv`¨bxwZK…wlLv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k Drcv`b DcKiY (exR, mvi, †mP, K…wl hš¿cvwZ IK…wlFY) Ges Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn I weZiY Ges K…wlLv‡Z wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡Yv`bv I wbqš¿‡YiRb¨ bxwZ wb‡`©kbvi f~wgKv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| miKvi Gme †‡Î A‡bK bxwZ ms¯‹vi I cÖ‡qvRbxqbxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q (Ahmed 1995, 2001)| evRv‡i DcKiY mieiv‡ni `Zv e„w×i Rb¨miKvi evRviwfwËK weZiY e¨e¯’v‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| exR, mvi, KxUbvkK Ges †m‡Pi Rb¨wW‡Rj mieivnK‡í 2009 Ges 2010 mv‡j weZiY e¨e¯’vq `Zv e„w×i j‡¨ miKvi †ekwKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c`‡c wb‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q K…lK‡`i Rb¨ Drcv`b-DcKiY mieivn KvW©,K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g mivmwi wW‡Rj-fZz©wKi UvKv weZiY, Lwid †gŠmy‡g LivicÖ‡Kvc Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ webvg~‡j¨ †m‡Pi Rb¨ we`ÿ r weZiY, mvi weZi‡Yi Rb¨ bZzb e¨e¯’vPvjyKiY Ges eM©vPvlx‡`i Rb¨ RvgvbZwenxb FY mieivn, K…wlF‡Yi cwigvY e„w× BZ¨vw`|

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 103k‡m¨i evRvimswk−ó n¯—‡c¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Pvj I M‡gi Af¨š—ixY msMÖn I weZiY,miKvwi Lv`¨ weZiY e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq Lv`¨km¨ weZiY| Pvj I M‡gi ïénvi cwieZ©‡bigva¨‡g Avg`vwbi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi (Deb et al. 2009)| Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn Awfhv‡bij¨ n‡”Q K…lKiv †hb cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK `vg †c‡Z cv‡i Ges miKvwi weZiY e¨e¯’vi Rb¨cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨k‡m¨i GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask †hb Af¨š—ixY Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq|beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ïi“‡Z miKvi Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY Lye Kwg‡q †`q Ges cieZx©‡ZbeŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †kl mgq †_‡K Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY evwo‡q †`q| Aek¨ msM„nxZLv`¨k‡m¨i cwigvY †gvU Drcvw`Z Lv`¨k‡m¨i Zzjbvq LyeB Kg (wZb †_‡K Pvi kZvs‡ki g‡Zv)wQj| M‡gi †‡Î Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY wQj D‡j−L‡hvM¨| Aek¨ mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡ZM‡gi Af¨š—ixY msMÖn Ges Drcv`b `y‡UvB e¨vcK nv‡i K‡g †M‡Q| miKvi †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡gPv‡ji Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY e¨vcKfv‡e evwo‡q‡Q|1993 mv‡j miKvi Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb-ißvwb‡Z †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`q|eZ©gv‡b Pvj I Mg Avg`vwbi †ewkifvM m¤úbœ K‡i †emiKvwi LvZ| ¯^vfvweK eQ‡i Pv‡jiAvg`vwbi cwigvY K‡g †M‡Q wKš‘ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi eQi¸‡jv‡Z (eb¨v I mvB‡K¬vb cieZx©mg‡q) Pv‡ji Avg`vwb e¨vcKfv‡e †e‡o hvq|mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z M‡gi Avg`vwb †e‡o‡Q| KviY n‡jv: (1) †`kxq Drcv`b n«vm, (2)Lv`¨ mvnv‡h¨i cwigvY n«vm hv wKbv miKvi g~jZ Mg wn‡m‡e we‡`k †_‡K †cZ, Ges (3)kniv‡j M‡gi AvUv I gq`v †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v e„w×| Wvj, †fvR¨ †Zj, gmjvGes wPwbi Avg`vwb e¨vcKnv‡i †e‡o‡Q (mviwY 2)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †fvR¨‡Z‡ji Avg`vwbicwigvY 1990/91 mv‡j wQj 153,000 Ub, 2004/05 mv‡j GUv †e‡o `uvovq 473,000 U‡bGes Zvic‡i 2008/09 mv‡j `uvovq 865,000 U‡b| Wvj Ges M‡gi Avg`vwbi †‡ÎI GKBcwiw¯’wZ weivR Ki‡Q| Lv`¨ Avg`vwb e¨q evwl©K 10 kZvs‡ki †ewk nv‡i evo‡Q| eZ©gv‡bevsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ißvwb-Av‡qi GK-cÂgvsk e¨q nq Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi Rb¨| wek¦evRv‡iLv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZvi AwfNvZ co‡Q †`kxq evRv‡i| ZvB wewNœZ n‡”Q wbgœ Av‡qi†jvKR‡bi Lv`¨wbivcËv| Gme c‡Y¨i †‡Î miKvi‡K mgwš^Z cwiKíbv nv‡Z wb‡Z n‡e|AMÖvwaKviwfwËK km¨ wbe©vP‡bi ci K…wli eûgyLxKi‡Yi cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g Zv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|2.4| Lv`¨‡fvM Ges cywó fvimvg¨nxbZvLv‡`¨i cÖvc¨Zv Ges Lv‡`¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Lv`¨wbivcËv AR©‡bi cÖavb welq| gv_vwcQz ˆ`wbKPvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY µgvš^‡q †e‡o‡Q Ges eZ©gv‡b Zv MÖvgxY GjvKvq 477 MÖvg Ges kniv‡j389 MÖvg (mviwY 3)| kniv‡j `vbv`vi Lv`¨km¨ MÖn‡Yi cwigvY cÖvq ¯’wei| GUv wb‡`©k K‡i†h, Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi cwigvY cÖvq P~ovš— ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| M‡gi †fvM kni Ges MÖvgvÂj DfqGjvKv‡ZB K‡g †M‡Q| Avjy Ges mewR‡fv‡Mi cwigvY kni I MÖvg Dfq GjvKv‡ZB †e‡o‡QGes eZ©gv‡b Zvi cwigvY gv_vwcQz ˆ`wbK cÖvq 250 MÖvg, hv mylg Lvev‡ii cwigv‡Yi cÖvqKvQvKvwQ|

104evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 3wewfbœ K…wlcY¨ †fv‡Mi cÖv°jb, 2005 mv‡ji Avq-e¨q Rwic (HIES) Abymv‡iLv`¨cY¨ MÖvgxY GjvKv kni GjvKv RvZxqgv_vwcQy ˆ`wbK†fvM (MÖv‡g)†gvU †fvM(wgwjqb Ub)gv_vwcQy ˆ`wbK†fvM (MÖv‡g)†gvU †fvM(wgwjqb Ub)†gvU †fvM(wgwjqb Ub)`vbv`vi 489 18.65 417 5.81 24.46Pvj 477 18.19 389 5.42 23.61Mg 12 0.46 28 0.39 0.85Wvj 13 0.50 19 0.27 0.76mewR 221 8.43 228 3.18 11.61Avjy 63 2.40 68 0.95 3.35†e¸b 25 0.95 25 0.35 1.30jvD 27 1.02 21 0.29 1.31cvZv mewR 29 1.11 32 0.45 1.56U‡g‡Uv 5 0.19 10 0.14 0.33Ab¨vb¨ 72 2.74 72 1.00 3.74dj 34 1.30 35 0.48 1.78gmjv 51 1.95 64 0.89 2.84†cuqvR 16 0.61 26 0.36 0.97gwiP 10 0.38 10 0.14 0.52jeY 16 0.61 16 0.22 0.93Ab¨vb¨ 9 0.34 12 0.17 0.51†Zj/†mœnRvZxq 15 0.57 23 0.32 0.89mqvweb/ cvgA‡qj 10 0.38 22 .31 0.69mwilvi †Zj 5 0.15 1 0.01 0.16wPwb/¸o 8 0.30 10 0.14 0.44gvQ 40 1.53 50 0.70 2.23gvsm/wWg 18 0.69 32 0.45 1.14`ya 32 1.22 36 0.50 1.72Drm: weweGm : Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005|`vbv`vi Lv`¨ Ges mewR‡fv‡Mi cwigvY weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i †e‡o‡Q|Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi †‡Î abx-`wi‡`ªi e¨eavb K‡g‡Q (mviwY 4)| Z‡e gvbm¤§Z Lv`¨mvgMÖx †hgbWvj, †Zj, gvQ I cÖvwYR Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi †‡Î e¨eavb GLbI A‡bK| Gme Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi cwigvYcywó wekvi`MY KZ…©K mycvwikK…Z mȳ ’ kixi I Kg©gZvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mylg Lv‡`¨icwigv‡Yi Zzjbvq †ek Kg| D”P I ga¨ Av‡qi †jvKRb Pv‡ji †fv‡Mi cwigvY Kwg‡q bvbvai‡bi Lv`¨ ‡fv‡Mi cwigvY evwo‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wbgœ Av‡qi †jvKR‡bi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY GKwU¸i“Z¡c~Y© Bmÿ | Pv‡ji Zzjbvq Wvj, †Zj, gvQ Ges gvs‡mi `vg A‡bK †ewk nv‡i †e‡o‡Q(mviwY 5), hv A-`vbv`vi Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v-†hvMv‡bi µgea©gvb fvimvg¨nxbZvi cwiPvqK|mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv e¨vcK nv‡i †e‡o‡Q| `wi`ª†fv³v‡`i Rb¨ GUv wPš—vi KviY| KwZcq M‡elYvq fwel¨ØvYx Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, AvMvgxw`b¸‡jv‡Z Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡ii Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨wbivcËviDci †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| ZvB Avgv‡`i K…wl Dbœqb cwiKíbvq wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨,†hgb Pvj, Wvj, †fvR¨ †Zj Ges wPwbi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wek¦ evRv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZv

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 105Kgv‡bvi †KŠkj I bxwZ MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cywóKi Lv`¨MÖn‡Yi fvimvg¨nxbZv `~ixKiY GesAf¨š—ixY evRv‡i Gme c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv n«v‡mi Rb¨I Zv `iKvi|mviwY 4wbgœ I D”P Av‡qi †jvK‡`i Lv`¨cY¨ †fv‡Mi aviv(ˆ`wbK gv_vwcQz MÖvg)Lv`¨cY¨ wbgœ Av‡qi 20 kZvsk cwievi D”P Av‡qi 20 kZvsk cwievi1983-84 1991-92 2005 1983-84 1991-92 2005MÖvgxY GjvKv`vbv`vi 332 386 427 665 647 521mewR 98 119 224 228 261 231Wvj 5 8 8 22 28 16gvQ 12 13 21 51 60 64kni GjvKv`vbv`vi 315 413 417 516 470 417mewR 107 142 207 282 284 287Wvj 11 16 11 33 29 26gvQ 18 25 30 62 81 89Drm: 1983/84 Ges 191/92 mg‡qi Rb¨ Hossain et al (2005), Ges 2005 mv‡ji Z_¨ Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005-GiDcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ †jKLe„‡›`i wbR¯^ wnmve|mviwY 5Pv‡ji Zzjbvq Wvj, gvQ Ges †Z‡ji `v‡gi avivLv`¨cY¨ 1975-77 1980-82 1998-00 2005-06 2008-09Wvj/Pvj 1.5 1.9 2.6 2.8 3.6gvQ/Pvj 4.2 4.7 8.8 9.5 8.1†Zj/Pvj 6.1 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.3Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve, weweGm KZ…©K cÖ`wk©Z Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ|4| Lv`¨wbivcËv AR©‡bi P¨v‡jÄmg~n4.1| Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vRbmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡ai †‡Î evsjv‡`k e¨vcK mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| mˇii `k‡KRbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi wQj 2.5 kZvsk| beŸB‡qi `k‡K RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi K‡g 1.4 kZvskn‡q‡Q| wKš‘ RbmsL¨v e„w×i cwigvY GLbI evwl©K 18 jvL| ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Zevwl©K Pvj Drcv`‡bi cwigvY cÖwZ eQ‡i 3 jvL Ub nv‡i evov‡Z n‡e| MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨vAvi evo‡e bv| fwel¨‡Z MÖvg †_‡K kniv‡j ¯’vbvš—‡ii Kvi‡Y ewa©Z Rb‡Mvôx g~jZkniv‡j emevm Ki‡e| `ª“Z ea©bkxj kû‡i Rb‡Mvôxi e„w×i d‡j Zv‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡ZD‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i evRvi‡hvM¨ DØ„‡Ëi (Marketable surplus) cwigvY evov‡Z n‡e| evRvi‡hvM¨DØ„Ë km¨ Drcv`b wbf©i Ki‡e g~jZ K…wlLv‡Z D”P gybvdv Ges K…wlc‡Y¨i AbyK~j evwYR¨k‡Z©iDci| ¯^íg~‡j¨ †fv³v‡`i Kv‡Q Lv`¨mieivnK‡í eZ©gvb miKvi †h wbe©vPbx cÖwZkÖ“wZ

106evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvw`‡qwQj, GUv Zvi m‡½ AvcvZwe‡ivax e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ DbœZ cÖhyw³ D¢veb Ie¨env‡ii gva¨‡g D‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i djb e„w× K‡i G mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| djbD‡j−L‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w× Kiv †M‡j †KwR ev gbcÖwZ Drcv`b LiP K‡g hvq Ges Kg`v‡g cY¨weµq Kivi ciI K…lK jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i|gv_vwcQz Pvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY MÖvgv‡j w¯’Zve¯’vq †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Ges kniv‡j Zv Kg‡Q|evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQz Pvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY we‡k¦i m‡e©v”P Pvj‡fvMKvix †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewk|ZvB Gi cwigvY AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z evovi m¤¢vebv Lye Kg| `ª“Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× GesµgvMZ bMivq‡bi Kvi‡Y A`~i fwel¨‡Z gv_vwcQz Pvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY Kg‡e e‡j Avkv Kivhvq| µqgZv e„w× †c‡j RbMY Pvj †Kbvi cwigvY evov‡e bv| Z‡e wb‡Ri cQ›`g‡ZvDbœZgv‡bi Pv‡ji Rb¨ †ewk UvKv e¨q Ki‡e| DbœZgv‡bi Pvj e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ cywómg„×Lv`¨‡fvM evov‡e GUvI ¯^vfvweK|wb‡gœv³ Kvi‡Y Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v RbmsL¨v e„w×i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk nv‡i evo‡e:(1) Avqe„w×RwbZ Kvi‡Y Pvwn`v e„w× (D”P Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv), (2) mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q gv_vwcQzAv‡qi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cÖe„w× (evwl©K 4.5 kZvs‡ki †ewk) hv fwel¨‡Z AviI e„w× cv‡e e‡j AvkvKiv hvq, Ges (3) bMivqb I Avqe„w×i Kvi‡Y Pvj e¨ZxZ Ab¨ Lv`¨mvgMÖxi AbyK~‡j Lv`¨eûgyLxKiY| RvZxq K…wl Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U© (1999, AcÖKvwkZ) cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h,wRwWwci cÖe„w× evwl©K 7 kZvsk n‡j 2010 †_‡K 2020 mvj bvMv` Lv`¨k‡m¨i Pvwn`v evwl©K3.1 kZvsk nv‡i evo‡e|evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005-G wewfbœ Lv`¨cY¨ mvgMÖxi Avqw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv‡K ÔAj‡gv÷ AvBwW‡qj wWgvÛ wm‡÷gÕ (AIDS) g‡W‡ji gva¨‡g Avq e„w×i d‡jwewfbœ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v Kxfv‡e evo‡Z cv‡i, Zvi wnmve GLv‡b nvjbvMv` Kivi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q(mviwY 6)| GQvov Dwj−wLZ Dcv‡q wnmveK…Z Avqw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Ges 2011-2021 mv‡jicÖv°wjZ Av‡qi we‡ePbvq Pvwn`v AvMvgx `k eQ‡i (2011-2021) Kxfv‡e evo‡Z cv‡i, Zviwnmve wbiƒc‡YiI cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q| D³fv‡e cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`vi cwigvY mviwY 7 I mviwY 8-G †`Iqv n‡jv| cÖv°wjZ wnmve †_‡K †`Lv hvq, 2011-2015 mv‡j gv_vwcQz evwl©K Avq 8kZvsk Ges 2016-2021 mv‡j gv_vwcQz Avq 10 kZvsk nv‡i e„w× †c‡j, Avq e„w×i Kvi‡Y`vbvRvZxq k‡m¨i Pvwn`v 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wbi¼zkfv‡e K‡g hv‡e| wKš‘ dj, Wvj, †ZjexR,wPwb cÖf„wZi Avqw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ZLb A‡bK D”P _vK‡e| Gme c‡Y¨i gv_vwcQz †fv‡Mi cwigvYAvMvgx `k‡K A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i m‡½ A‡bK `ª“Z nv‡i evo‡e| gvQ Ges cÖvwYR Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`ve„w×i nvi n‡e me‡P‡q †ewk|

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 107mviwY 6wewfbœ K…wlc‡Y¨i Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi cÖv°jbe¨q w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv AvqcÖv°wjZ Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvK…wlcY¨w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv2005 2005 2011 2021`vbv`vi 0.35 0.25 0.18 -0.08mewR 0.70 0.49 0.43 0.30gmjv 0.81 0.60 0.53 0.44dj 1.13 0.86 0.74 0.58Wvj 1.02 0.72 0.61 0.30†Zj 0.87 0.58 0.51 0.43gvQ 1.23 0.86 0.71 0.48cÖvwYR Drcv`b 1.71 1.20 1.02 0.63mÂq 1.42Drm: Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005-Gi Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ AIDS g‡WjwfwËK wnmve|cÖv°wjZ Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Ges 2011-2016 mgq †gqv‡` evwl©K gv_vwcQz 8 kZvsk Avqe„w× Ges 2016-2021 mgq †gqv‡` 10 kZvsk nv‡i wewfbœ Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi cÖv°jb Kivn‡q‡Q| cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`vi cwigvY mviwY 8-G Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`v Abyhvqx`vbv`vi k‡m¨i Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e evwl©K 1.5 kZvsk nv‡i, Wvj, mewR Ges gmjvi Pvwn`v e„w×cv‡e evwl©K 3 †_‡K 4 kZvsk nv‡i, †fvR¨‡Zj, wPwb I d‡ji Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e evwl©K 5kZvs‡ki AwaK †ewk nv‡i, Ges gvQ I cÖvwYR Drcv`‡bi †‡Î 8 kZvs‡ki †ewk nv‡i Pvwn`ve„w× cv‡e| ZvB Af¨š—ixY Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i mKj Lv`¨Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv `y®‹i n‡e(Hossain and Deb 2009)|mviwY 7wewfbœ †fvM¨c‡Y¨i gv_vwcQz †fv‡Mi cÖv°jb(ˆ`wbK gv_vwcQz MÖvg)Lv`¨cY¨ Benchmark, 2011 6ô cwiKíbv 2016 7g cwiKíbv 2021MÖvgxY kû‡i MÖvgxY kû‡i MÖvgxY kû‡i`vbv`viPvj 530 430 530 420 520 400Mg 15 30 20 35 24 45A-`vbv`viWvj 15 22 19 27 22 34†Zj 17 25 20 30 24 38Avjy 70 80 80 96 94 112Ab¨vb¨ mewR 170 180 200 208 220 240gmjv 60 75 70 90 90 112dj 40 54 50 73 65 110wPwb 10 15 13 20 17 27Abvb¨ Lv`¨cY¨gvQ 48 62 60 80 76 100gvsm I wWg 23 42 32 61 40 85`ya 40 50 50 73 65 100Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve|UxKv: cÖv°j‡bi †‡Î a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q 2011-2016 mgqKv‡j gv_vwcQz evwl©K Avq 8 kZvsk nv‡i Ges 2016-2021mgqKv‡j 10 kZvsk nv‡i evo‡e|

108evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLv`¨cY¨mviwY 8wewfbœ k‡m¨i Pvwn`v cÖe„w×i cÖv°jb, 2011-2021cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`v (wgwjqb)2011 2016 2021 6ô cwiKíbv(2011-2016)†hvMvb e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxq nvi(gvwR©b kZKiv)7g cwiKíbv(2016-2021)`vbv`viPvj 27.40 28.71 29.00 1.0 0.2Mg 1.02 1.41 1.85 6.5 4.5A-`vbv`viWvj 0.92 1.23 1.56 5.8 4.5†Zj 1.04 1.32 1.72 4.5 4.5Avjy 3.95 4.88 6.00 4.0 3.8Ab¨vb¨ mewR 9.38 11.67 13.64 4.0 3.5gmjv 3.48 4.37 5.85 4.5 4.0dj 2.23 3.27 4.60 6.0 6.0wPwb 0.62 0.87 1.22 6.0 6.0Abvb¨ Lv`¨cY¨gvQ 2.81 3.80 5.04 6.3 6.0gvsm I wWg 1.52 2.33 3.28 8.3 6.5`ya 2.32 3.46 4.86 8.3 6.5Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve| MÖvgxY I kni GjvKvi Rb‡Mvôxi cÖv°jb Ges gv_vwcQz Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi mviwYK wfwˇZ D³ wnmve Kivn‡q‡Q|4.2| Lv`¨c‡Y¨i †hvMvb e„w×i cÖwZeÜKZvK…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖvß cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, f~wg I cvwb, Rwgi De©iZv kw³i cwigvY µgk n«vmcv‡”Q| K…wl ïgvwii DcvË †_‡K wnmve K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evwl©K cÖvq 1 kZvsk nv‡i Avevw`Rwgi cwigvY Kg‡Q| emZevwo, wkí I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb ¯’vcbv, cwienb AeKvVv‡gv,b`xfvOb Ges DcK‚jxq GjvKvq †jvbv cvwb †XvKvi Kvi‡Y GUv NU‡Q| bZzb wbg©vY Kiv iv¯—vi`ycv‡ki Rwg‡Z d¨v±wi I evwYwR¨K ¯’vcbv Ges A-K…wlR Lv‡Zi m¤cÖmviY evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU¯^vfvweK wPÎ| GUv evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi GKwU BwZevPK w`K| wbPz GjvKvmg~n iƒcvš—wiZn‡”Q gvQ Pv‡li cyKzi wn‡m‡e| Ab¨w`‡K DuPz Rwg¸‡jv d‡ji evMv‡b iƒcvš—wiZ n‡”Q| d‡jkm¨ Avev‡`i Rb¨ f~wgi cÖvc¨Zv Kg‡Q Ges GUv Pj‡Z _vK‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| ZvB djbe„w×i nvi Drcv`b e„w×i †P‡q †ewk nv‡i n‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j Pvwn`v I †hvMvb e„w×i g‡a¨mvgÄm¨ ivLv hv‡e bv|km¨Pv‡li wbweoZv A‡bK †ewk nevi Kvi‡Y Ges ivmvqwbK mv‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ I Amge¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y Rwgi De©ivkw³ n«vm cv‡”Q| †ev‡iv avb Avev‡`i Rb¨ f~Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bicwigvY evwl©K wiPv‡R©i Zzjbvq †ewk nIqvi dj¯^iƒc f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯—i wb‡P P‡j hv‡”Q Gescvb‡hvM¨ cvwbi cÖvc¨Zvi Dci Zv weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q| †`‡ki A‡bK A‡j cvbxq R‡jAv‡m©wb‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ ¯^v¯’¨mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Avi GRb¨ AMfxi bjK‚‡ci gva¨‡g e¨vcK †mPe¨e¯’vi cÖmvi‡K A‡b‡KB `vqx K‡i _v‡Kb| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© ZvB †mP Kv‡R f~Mf©¯’

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 109cvwbi Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡Z n‡e| f~-Dcwi¯’ cvwb e¨envi Kivi w`‡K Avgv‡`i †ewk K‡ibRi w`‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ e¨vcK wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e| f~-Dcwi¯’ cvwbi e¨env‡ii Rb¨¯’vwcZ †mP cÖKímg~‡ni cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv †h †ek KwVb Zv MZ kZ‡Ki mËi I Avwki`k‡K M½v-K‡cvZv †mP cÖKí, Puv`cyi I †gNbv-abv‡Mv`v †mP cÖKí cwiPvjbvq cÖgvwYZn‡q‡Q|wewfbœ M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, Rjevq~ cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Ges mgỳ ªc„‡ôiD”PZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k wZMÖ¯— n‡e| mgỳ ª-DcK‚jeZx© A‡j km¨ Avev‡`i Dc‡hvMxRwgi cwigvY µgkB K‡g Avm‡e| †Kbbv Gme A‡ji D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigvY f~wg jeYv³cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z n‡e| el©v †gŠmy‡g AwbqwgZ e„wói Kvi‡YI km¨ Drcv`b e¨vnZ n‡e|mvB‡K¬vb, eb¨v Ges Livi e¨vcKZv I MfxiZvi Kvi‡YI Drcv`b wZMÖ¯— n‡e| D”PgvÎviSuywKi Kvi‡Y el©vKv‡j Drcv`b-DcKi‡Yi m‡e©v”P e¨env‡ii †‡Î GwU GKwU evav n‡q`uvov‡e|evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl KvVv‡gv‡Z z`ª I cÖvwš—K Pvlxi AvwaK¨ i‡q‡Q (Hossain et al. 2006b)|MÖvgxY GjvKv †_‡K `ª“Z kni GjvKvq Rb ¯’vbvš—i m‡Ë¡I K…wl Lvgv‡ii msL¨v evo‡QB|Ab¨w`‡K Lvgv‡ii AvqZb n‡”Q z`ª †_‡K z`ªZi| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv cwiPvwjZ2005 mv‡ji RvZxq bgybv Rwic †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, 1996 †_‡K 2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ K…l‡KimsL¨v †e‡o‡Q 25 kZvsk| Ab¨w`‡K 50 kZvs‡ki Kg AvqZ‡bi Lvgv‡ii msL¨v †e‡o‡Q 67kZvsk|evsjv‡`‡k eo AvqZ‡bi Lvgvi LyeB weij| wZb †n±‡ii eo Lvgvi 1996 mv‡j wQj wZbjvL (†hLv‡b †gvU K…l‡Ki msL¨v 1 †KvwU 18 jvL), 2005 mv‡j G msL¨v K‡g `uvwo‡q‡Q 1jvL 71 nvRvi| eo I gvSvwi AvqZ‡bi Rwgi gvwjK K…wlKvR †_‡K AvnwiZ mÂq A-K…wlRLv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb Avi K…wlkªwgK I cÖvwš—K Pvlxi nv‡Z K…wlKvR †Q‡o w`‡”Qb| eM©vPv‡liAvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvY evo‡Q| 1996 mv‡j G ai‡bi Rwgi cwigvY †hLv‡b wQj †gvU Rwgi23 kZvsk, †mLv‡b 2008 mv‡j Zv 38 kZvs‡k G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| cÖvwš—K Pvlxi msL¨v e„w×iGwU Ab¨Zg KviY| eM©ve¨e¯’vi †‡ÎI †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|fvMPv‡li cwie‡Z© wbw`©ó fvovi wfwˇZ GK †_‡K wZb eQi †gqvw` bM` eM©vi cÖPjb evo‡Q|eM©ve¨e¯’vq GB cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ewa©Z Drcv`b †_‡K eM©vPvlxi †ewk jvf cvevi my‡hvM m„wón‡q‡Q| wKš‘ eb¨v, Liv I mvB‡K¬v‡bi Kvi‡Y m„ó wZi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i SuywK †e‡o hv‡”Q| GmecÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M bM`wenxb eM©v cÖ_vi AvIZvfy³ Rwgi dmj nvwb n‡j Rwgi gvwjK I eM©vPvlxDf‡qB wZMÖ¯— n‡Zb| wKš‘ cwiewZ©Z bM` eM©v cÖ_vq †Kej eM©vPvlx‡KB Pv‡li mKj SuywKenb Ki‡Z n‡”Q|`ª“Z nv‡i kniv‡j Awfevmb, we‡`k Mgb cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y Abycw¯’Z f~wg gvwj‡Ki msL¨vevo‡Q| †kvlYg~jK eM©ve¨e¯’v, cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖ‡n K…l‡Ki AgZv, ¯^í mÂq IK…wlF‡Yi AcÖZzjZv, AvaywbK K…wlcÖhyw³ I K…wlm¤úwK©Z Áv‡bi Afve BZ¨vw` welq DbœZK…wlcÖhyw³i cÖmv‡ii †‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| K…wlKv‡R wewb‡qv‡Mi †‡ÎI

110evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i| `ª“Z ea©gvb kû‡i Rb‡Mvôxi Lvevi †RvMv‡bvi Rb¨ K…l‡Ki cÖ‡Yv`bviwelqwUI ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Lvgvi ch©v‡q K…wlc‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv LyeB †ewk| dmj IVvi mgq†ewkifvM K…wlc‡Y¨i `vg _v‡K LyeB Kg Ges c‡i `vg ev‡o| d‡j ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx Ges eoK…lKiv Zv‡`i Lvgvi-D؄ˇK gRỳ K‡i †ewk jv‡fi †Póv K‡i|c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avgv‡`i K…wlc‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi GKwU eo Ask †gUv‡bv nqAvg`vwbi gva¨‡g| wek¦evRv‡i Pv‡ji mieivn LyeB mxwgZ Ges 2006 mvj †_‡K wek¦Lv`¨evRv‡i †hvMv‡bi ¯^íZv I Lv`¨c‡Y¨i g~‡j¨i Aw¯’iZv †`Lv hv‡”Q| Lv`¨ Avg`vwbKviK†`k¸‡jv wek¦evRv‡ii Dci wbf©iZv nviv‡”Q| Lv`¨msK‡Ui mgq eo ißvwbKviK †`k¸‡jv wbR†`‡k ¯^í Av‡qi †jvK‡`i cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ ißvwb eÜmn bvbv ai‡bi wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivcKi‡Q| d‡j m„wó nq wek¦evRv‡i Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi gvÎvwZwi³ Aw¯’wZkxjZv| GB Aw¯’wZkxjZvAf¨š—ixY evRvi‡KI Aw¯’i K‡i Zzj‡Q| wek¦evRv‡ii mswk−óZvi Kvi‡Y nVvr †`kxq evRv‡i`v‡gi e„w× ¯^í Av‡qi †fv³v‡`i `ỳ ©kv evwo‡q †`q| ZvB wek¦evRv‡ii Dci Avgv‡`iwbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡Z n‡e|5| Drcv`b e„w×i m¤¢vebvweivRgvb cÖwZeÜKZvi g‡a¨I K…wl Drcv`b e„w×i wKQz my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv wb‡æAv‡jvPbv Kiv nj|DcK‚jeZx© A‡j Ges wm‡jU A‡j km¨Pv‡li wbweoZv e„w×i gva¨‡g avb-Avevw`GjvKvi cwigvY e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| 2005 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv KZ…©K cwiPvwjZbgybv Rwi‡c D‡j−wLZ km¨Pv‡li wbweoZvi Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ cÖYxZ GKwU wPÎ GB cÖe‡Üicwiwk‡ó cÖ`Ë wPÎ 1G Zz‡i aiv n‡q‡Q| wPÎwU †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, Kg km¨wbweo AÂj n‡”Q`wY-cwðg DcK‚jeZx© AÂj, wm‡jU AÂj Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AÂj| cwiwkó wPÎ 2 n‡Z†`Lv hv‡”Q, Gme GjvKvq †m‡Pi cÖmvi Ges †ev‡ivav‡bi Avev`I †ek Kg| f~-Dcwi¯’†mPe¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g Gme A‡ji AvbygvwbK 10 jvL †n±i GjvKvq †ev‡ivav‡bi Avev` e„w×Kiv m¤¢e| c~‡e© Gme GjvKvq av‡bi Avev` e„w× Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| †Kbbv jeYv³Zv-mwnòzav‡bi Rv‡Zi Afve wQj| evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weª) Ges evsjv‡`k cvigvYweK K…wlM‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (webv) †`‡ki `wY-cwðgv‡j Avev‡`i Rb¨ jeYv³Zv-mwnòz av‡biRvZ D¢veb K‡i‡Q| AwaK jeYv³Zv-mwnòz av‡bi RvZ D¢ve‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv Pj‡Q(Hossain and Siraj 2008)|Avgb †gŠmy‡g D”P djbkxj avb D¢ve‡bi †‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AR©b mxwgZ| e„wócvZ Ieb¨vRwbZ SuywKi Kvi‡Y K…lKiv Kg nv‡i DcKiY e¨envi K‡ib| †`wk Rv‡Zi Avgb av‡bidjb †n±icÖwZ 2.0 †_‡K 2.5 Ub| A_P †ev‡iv av‡bi †n±icÖwZ djb 5.5 Ub| j¨ve‡iUwi IM‡elYv-Lvgv‡i djb I gvV ch©v‡q K…l‡Ki cÖvß dj‡bi e¨eavb (yield gap) Kgv‡bvi gva¨‡gAvgb †gŠmy‡g Drcv`b e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| Avgb †gŠmy‡g D”Pdjbkxj Rv‡Zi Avev`msµvš— Z_¨GB cÖe‡Üi cwiwk‡ó cÖ`Ë wPÎ 3-G Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wPÎwU †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wm‡jU

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 111AeevwnKv Ges eb¨vcÖeY b`xeûj GjvKvmg~n (gqgbwmsn, wm‡jU, XvKv, dwi`cyi, ewikvj)Avgb †gŠmy‡gi Rb¨ D¢vweZ DbœZ cÖhyw³i myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| weÁvbxiv m¤cÖwZwbgw¾Z cvwb‡Z wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i Ggb ai‡bi avb (¯^Y©v sub 1, weAvi 11 sub 1, AvBAvi64 sub 1) D¢veb K‡i‡Qb| Gme RvZ cvwbi wb‡P 10-12 w`b Wy‡e _vK‡jI dj‡b †ZgbwZ nq bv (Hossain and Siraj 2008)| wbPz A‡j mKj av‡bi Avev` e„w× Ges gvSvwiD”PZvi bZzb RvZ D¢veb I cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g Avgb †gŠmy‡g av‡bi Avev` †ek evov‡bv m¤¢e|Kg km¨wbweo cve©Z¨ A‡j (cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg) cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k gvV-km¨ Ges cvnv‡oi Xv‡jD`¨vb-km¨, K…wl-eb I e„ivwRi Avev` e„w× Kiv m¤¢e|m¤cÖwZ Lvgvi ch©v‡q K…wlc‡Y¨i fv‡jv `v‡gi Kvi‡Y K…wlKv‡R gybvdvi cvwigvY †e‡o‡Q|avb, cvU, fyÆv BZ¨vw` c‡Y¨i `vg Av‡Mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| Aaybv cwiPvwjZ Avq-e¨‡qiwnmve †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †ewkifvM K…wlc‡Y¨i gybvdvi nvi †ek fv‡jv (†nv‡mb I ev‡qm2009)| m‡e©v”P gybvdv cvIqv hv‡”Q †ev‡iv avb, fyÆv, ZvgvK Ges AvjyPvl †_‡K| Ab¨w`‡KWvj, †ZjexR, Mg I Avjy †_‡K wbU Avq Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| AvDk avb I AvL †_‡K cÖvßwbU Avq FYvZ¥K|mvnveywÏb (2002) 1990 `k‡Ki †kl mg‡qi DcKiY-Drcv`bmnM I evRv‡i we`¨gvb`v‡gi wfwˇZ avb I MgPv‡li Zzjbvg~jK myweavi wnmve K‡i‡Qb| 2007/08 mv‡ji DcKiY-Drcv`bmnM Ges 2008/09 mv‡j weivRgvb `v‡gi wfwˇZ GB Z_¨ nvjbvMv` Kiv n‡q‡Q(Hossain and Deb 2009)| D³ wnmve †_‡K wb‡gœv³ wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hvq:• ißvwb mgZv `v‡g evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvg~jK myweav i‡q‡Q Avgb avb, Avjy Ges cvUDrcv`‡b| evsjv‡`k Gme c‡Y¨i Drcv`b e„w× I wek¦evRv‡i ißvwb K‡i jvfevbn‡Z cv‡i|• Avg`vwb mgZv `v‡g evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvg~jK Avw_©K myweav i‡q‡Q †ev‡iv avb I fyÆvAvev‡`| evsjv‡`k Gme cY¨ we‡`‡ki evRv‡i ißvwb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Z‡e cwienbLiP, e¨emvqx‡`i jvf cÖf„wZ we‡ePbvq wb‡j we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwbi cwie‡Z© †`‡kGme cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡j †`k jvfevb n‡e| ZvB Avg`vwb cwieZ©b wn‡m‡e Gmec‡Y¨i Drcv`b evov‡bv m¤¢e|• Mg, Wvj Ges †ZjexR Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvg~jK Avw_©K myweav †bB| ZvBGme cY¨ †`‡k Drcv`‡bi cwie‡Z© Avg`vwbi gva¨‡g msMÖn KivB hyw³hy³| GmecY¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡½ RwoZ m¤ú` Ab¨ Kv‡R we‡klZ Ab¨ km¨ Avev‡` wewb‡qvMKi‡j m¤ú` e¨env‡ii `Zv evo‡e| Aek¨ Gme k‡m¨i Rb¨ K…wl-Dc‡hvMx AÂjwPwýZ Kiv †M‡j A_ev cÖPwjZ km¨ e¨e¯’vq AwZwi³ km¨ Ges mvw_ dmj wn‡m‡eAvev` Kiv m¤¢e|

112evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvkm¨ Drcv`b e„w×i Ab¨ my‡hvM¸‡jv n‡jv:K) †mPK…Z Rwg‡Z k‡m¨i dj‡bi e¨eavb n«vmM‡elYv gvV I K…l‡Ki gv‡V dj‡bi ZdvZ GLbI A‡bK †ewk| gvbm¤§Z exR e¨env‡iigva¨‡g 10 kZvsk djb e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| wm‡÷g Ae ivBm Bb‡Ubwmwd‡Kkb (GmAviAvB), hvwewfbœ km¨ e¨e¯’vcbv ‡KŠk‡ji mgš^q, Ges Gi we¯—v‡ii gva¨‡g fvi‡Zi wewfbœ ivR¨ Gesevsjv‡`‡k av‡bi djb 30 †_‡K 40 kZvsk e„w× Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q K…l‡Ki gv‡V| GmAviAvBc×wZi Aš—fy©³ n‡”Q (K) ch©vß `~iZ¡ †i‡L Kgeqmx Pviv †ivcY, (L) K…lK KZ…©K e¨eüZ 4-5wU Pvivi cwie‡Z© GK ev `ywU Pviv e¨envi, (M) ch©vqµ‡g †mPK…Z Rwg †fRv‡bv I ïKv‡bv,Ges (N) ivmvqwbK mv‡ii cwic~iK wn‡m‡e ˆRe mv‡ii e¨envi| GmAviAvB c×wZi h_vh_e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †mPK…Z Rwg‡Z av‡bi djb †n±icÖwZ 1 †_‡K 2 Ub ch©š— evov‡bv m¤¢e|L) nvBweªW av‡bi Avev` e„w×GKB cwigvY Drcv`b-Dcv`vb e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g nvBweªW av‡bi Drcv`b 20 kZvsk ch©š—e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g gvÎ 15 kZvsk Rwg‡Z nvBweªW av‡bi Avev` n‡q _v‡K| nvBweªWav‡bi Avev` cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g av‡bi djb e„w×i †‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv n‡”Q ex‡Ri D”P LiP GesPv‡ji wbægvb| ex‡Ri Rb¨ we‡`k wbf©iZv Kgv‡bv Ges DbœZgv‡bi RvZ D¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g G`ye©jZv KvwU‡q IVv m¤¢e|M) cÖwZK‚j cwi‡ek-Dc‡hvMx cÖhyw³ D¢vebDbœZ cÖhyw³ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b cÖwZK‚j K…wl-cwi‡ek A‡j k‡m¨i djb LyeB Kg|c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, weÁvbxiv Gme A‡ji Rb¨ jeYv³Zvmwnòz av‡bi RvZ, cvwb‡Zwbgw¾Z _vK‡Z cv‡i Ggb av‡bi RvZ, ZvcgvÎvmwnòz fyÆv I M‡gi RvZ Ges ¯^í‡gqvw`k‡m¨i RvZ D¢veb K‡i‡Qb hvi gva¨‡g cÖvwš—K Liv‡K Gwo‡q hvIqv m¤¢e| gvV ch©v‡q GmecÖhyw³i `ª“Z we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ K…lK‡`i AskMÖnYg~jK hvPvB-evQvB cÖwµqv Pvjy Kiv `iKvi|N) ﮋ †gŠmy‡g LivcÖeY DËi-cwðgv‡j WvjRvZxq km¨ I †ZjexR Avev‡`i cÖmviﮋ †gŠmy‡g †m‡Pi cvwbi `y®cÖvc¨Zv †gvKvwejvq Ges †Zjex‡Ri Avev‡`i cÖmvi NUv‡Zn‡e| ﮋ †gŠmy‡g †`‡ki DËi-cwðgvÂj we‡klZ e‡i›`ª A‡j cvwbmvkªqx fyÆv I mewRAvev` evov‡bv `iKvi | DcK‚j A‡ji jeYv³ Rwg‡Z m~h©gywL †ZjexR Pvl evov‡bvi m¤¢vebvcÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| G m¤¢vebv‡K h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡j ¯^íKvjxb k‡m¨i RvZ D¢ve‡bg‡bvhvMx n‡Z n‡e|8| Dcmsnvi2007/08 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`k‡K wek¦evRvi †_‡K Avg`vwbi †‡Î KwVb ev¯—eZvigy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q| bM` A‡_©i wewbg‡qI Lv`¨ Avg`vwb Kiv wQj LyeB Kómva¨ e¨vcvi|Lv`¨ ißvwbKviK †`kmg~n wbR †`‡ki mieivn I †fv³v¯^v_© AzYœ ivL‡Z cÖvqkB nVvr K‡i

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 113ißvwb wbwl× Ki‡Q| d‡j evsjv‡`kmn mKj Lv`¨ Avg`vwbKviK †`k Lv`¨wbivcËv SuywK‡ZcwZZ n‡”Q| ZvB Avgv‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨km¨ Pv‡ji Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Gj‡¨ Dc‡hvMx RvZ I cÖhyw³ D¢veb Ges cÖmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| cÖwZK~jcwi‡e‡k Dc‡hvMx cÖhyw³ I Drcv`b‡KŠkj, nvBweªW av‡bi e¨vcK cÖmvi, AwaKZi ` km¨e¨e¯’vcbv c×wZ †hgb, cvwbmvkªqx †mPc×wZ, GmAviAvB cÖhyw³i cÖmvi, wjd Kvjvi PvU©e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mvie¨e¯’vcbvi `Zv e„w×, Wªvg wmWv‡ii gva¨‡g mivmwi av‡bi Pviv †ivc‡Yie¨e¯’v K‡i GKKcÖwZ Drcv`bLiP Kgv‡Z n‡e|RwgPvl I cvwb e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g ﮋ †gŠmy‡g AwZwi³10 jvL †n±i Rwg †ev‡iv I AvDk avb Avev‡`i AvIZvq Avbv m¤¢e| eb¨v I RjwbgMœZvmwnòzavbRv‡Zi e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g Avgb †gŠmy‡g Drcv`‡bi SuywK n«vm K‡i av‡bi Drcv`b e„w×Kiv m¤¢e| †ev‡iv av‡bi Zzjbvq Avgb av‡bi GKicÖwZ Drcv`b LiP Kg Ges gybvdvi nvi†ewk| Avš—R©vwZKfv‡eI Avgb avb Drcv`‡bi Zzjbvg~jK Avw_©K myweav evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q|ZvB fwel¨‡Z Avgb av‡bi Drcv`b e„w×i j‡¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e|K…wl eûgyLxKiY bxwZi avivevwnKZv eRvq ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ km¨web¨vmwfwËK K…wlM‡elYv‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e| ¯^í‡gqvw` avbRv‡Zi D¢veb G‡‡Î mnvqK f~wgKv cvjbKi‡e| avbwfwËK km¨web¨v‡m wi‡jµwcs ev `yB dm‡ji gv‡S Aš—e©Zx©Kvjxb km¨ wn‡m‡eWvjRvZxq k‡m¨i Avev‡`i m¤¢vebv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Drmvn w`‡Z n‡e| †emiKvwi LvZ‡KcÖwµqvRvZKiY, ¸`vgRvZKiY I gvbwbqš¿‡Y wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ K‡i el©e¨vcx Pvwn`vi m‡½m½wZ †i‡L †gŠmywg †hvMv‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡ evov‡bvi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g †gŠmyg‡f‡` `v‡gie¨vcK Aw¯’wZkxjZv I ZviZg¨ †iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|h_vmg‡q AZ¨vek¨K Drcv`b-DcKiY †hgb-exR, mvi, †m‡Pi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wW‡Rjmieivn wbwðZ Ki‡Z fZz©wK I wbqwgZ evRvi cwiexY Pvjy ivL‡Z n‡e| km¨ Awf‡hvRb,K…lK‡`i AskMÖnYg~jK RvZ Aegy³KiYcÖwµqv Ges AwaKZi ` K…wlm¤cÖmviY e¨e¯’vi Rb¨cÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K bxwZ-mnvqZv w`‡Z n‡e| AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR, wm‡÷gmg‡Wwjs Ges wRAvBGm msµvš— M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z K‡iM‡elYv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z ` ˆeÁvwbK m„wó n‡e Ges GB weÁvbxiv AvaywbK weÁvb‡K e¨enviK‡i DbœZ †_‡K DbœZZi cÖhyw³ D¢ve‡bi c_ Ly‡j †`‡eb|Dc‡Rjv I e−K ch©v‡q Kg©iZ m¤cÖmviYKgx©‡`i Ávb I `Zv e„w×i Rb¨ we‡klcÖwk‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| AvaywbK K…wlcÖhyw³ I Áv‡bi cÖmvi NUv‡bvi Rb¨ Z_¨ I†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨envi Ges cwÎKv I †Uwjwfk‡bi e¨envi e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|

114evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwÄAhmed, Raisuddin (1995): “Liberalization of Agricultural Input Markets in Bangladesh:Process, Impact and Lessons,” Agricultural Economics, 12:115-128.Ahmed, Raisuddin (2001): Prospects of the Rice Economy in Bangladesh, Dhaka: TheUniversity Press Limited.BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics).Various Years. Statistical Yearbook ofBangladesh and Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Dhaka, Bangladesh: Ministry ofPlanning.⎯⎯(1999): Report of the Census of Agriculture 1996. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Ministry ofPlanning.⎯⎯(2006): Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005, Dhaka,Bangladesh: Ministry of Planning.⎯⎯(2007): Report of Agricultural Sample Survey 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh: Ministry ofPlanning.Deb, U.K., Mahabub Hossain and Steve Jones (2009): “Rethinking Food SecurityStrategy: Self-Sufficiency or Self Reliance,” DFID Research Monograph onMarket Volatility, Vulnerability and Food Security, Dhaka: Research andEvaluation Division, BRAC.GoB (Government of Bangladesh) (2008): Minor Irrigation Survey Report 2007-08,Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Agriculture Development Corporation,Ministry of Agriculture.Hossain, M., F. Naher and Q. Shahabuddin (2005): “Food Security and Nutrition inBangladesh: Progress and Determinants,” E-journal of Agriculture andDevelopment Economics, 2(2):103-132.Hossain, Mahabub (2010): Shallow Tubewells, Boro Rice, and Their Impact on FoodSecurity in Bangladesh,” In D.J. Spielman and R. Pandyal-Lorch (eds.) ProvenSuccesses in Agricultural Development: A Technical Compendium to MillionsFed, International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington DC.Hossain, Mahabub and Abdul Bayes (2010): Rural Economy and Livelihoods: Insightsfrom Bangladesh. Dhaka: A.H. Development Publishing House.Hossain, Mahabub and Uttam Deb (2010): “Volatility in Rice Prices and PolicyResponses in Bangladesh,” In David Dawe (ed.) The Rice Crisis: Markets,Policies and Food Security.pp.91-108.⎯⎯(2009): Food Security in Bangladesh: Achievement, Challenges and Implication forPolicy, Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue.Hossain, Mahabub, David Lewis, M.L. Bose and Alamgir Chowdhury (2006b): “RiceResearch, Technological Progress and Poverty.” In Adato Michelle and RuthMeinzen (eds.) Agricultural Research, Livelihoods and Poverty: Studies ofEconomic and Social Impact in Six Countries, Baltimore (USA): The JohnsHopkins University Press.pp.56-102.Hossain, Mahabub and Z.I. Seraj (2008): “Biotechnology for Crop Improvement: GlobalStatus and Potential Gains for Bangladesh,” In Centre for Policy DialogueEmerging Issues in Bangladesh Economy: A Review of BangladeshDevelopment 2005-06, Dhaka: University Press Limited.

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 115Hossain, Mahabub, M.L. Bose, and B.A.A. Mustafi (2006a): “Adoption and ProductivityImpact of Modern Rice Varieties in Bangladesh,” The Developing Economies,44(2):149-166.Mandal, M.A.S. (1993): “Groundwater Irrigation in Bangladesh: Access, Competitionand Performance,” In Kahnhert F. and Levine G. (eds.) Groundwater Irrigationand the Rural Poor: Options for Development in the Ganges Basin. Report of aWorld bank Symposium, Washington DC: International Bank forReconstruction and Development.Ministry of Agriculture (1999): Report of the National Agriculture Commission, Dhaka:Bangladesh (unpublished).Shahabuddin, Quazi (2000): “Assessment of Comparative Advantage in BangladeshAgriculture,” Bangladesh Development Studies, 26(1):37-76.Zohir, S., Q. Shahabuddin and M. Hossain (2002): Determinants of Rice Supply andDemand in Bangladesh: Recent Trends and Projections.” In M. Sombilla, M.Hossain and B. Hardy (eds.) Developments in the Asian Rice Economy, LosBanos, Philippines: IRRI.pp.127-152.

116cwiwkówPÎ 1: evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq km¨Pv‡li wbweoZv, 2005evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvDrm: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv cwiPvwjZ evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl bgybv Rwic 2005-Gi Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ eª¨vK KZ…©KcÖYxZ|

†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv 117wPÎ 2: ﮋ †gŠmy‡g evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j AvaywbK Rv‡Zi avb Avev‡`i nvi, 2005Drm: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv cwiPvwjZ evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl bgybv Rwic 2005-Gi Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ eª¨vK KZ…©K cÖYxZ|

118evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvwPÎ 3: evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j AvaywbK Rv‡Zi Avgbavb Avev‡`i kZKiv nvi, 2005

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 14181| f~wgKvLv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GKwU chv©‡jvPbv†gvnv¤§` BKevj †nv‡mb *e`i“b †bQv Avn&‡g`beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ci †_‡K `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨v n«vm †c‡qeZ©gv‡b `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 31.5 kZvsk (2010 mv‡ji cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 1 GicÖv_wgK Z_¨ Abyhvqx) n‡q‡Q| `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi GB nvi hw` Pjgvb _v‡K Z‡e 2015 mv‡jvg‡a¨B G wel‡q mnmªv‡ãi j¨gvÎv (`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 29.0 kZvsk ev 1990 mv‡ji ZzjbvqA‡a©‡K bvwg‡q Avbv) evsjv‡`k c~iY Ki‡Z mg n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| Z‡e G‡‡Îmv¤cÖwZK mg‡q eo evav n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q D”P nv‡i g~j¨ùxwZ, hv GK As‡Ki mxgv AwZµgK‡i `yB As‡K †cŠu‡Q‡Q| Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZi d‡j mvgwóK A_©bxwZ Ges wewfbœ iƒc Lvbv wKfv‡ecÖfvweZ n‡”Q Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb KviY mvgwóK A_©bxwZi w¯’wZkxjZv, Lv`¨ wbivcËv I `vwi`ª¨we‡gvPb msµvš— bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡b Rb¨ G welqwU LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|mvaviYfv‡e aviYv Kiv n‡q _v‡K †h, g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j MÖvg Ges kn‡i K…wlewnf~©Z Kg©Kv‡Êwb‡qvwRZ cwievi¸‡jv wZMÖ¯— nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk Ges †h‡nZz `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv AvbycvwZKnv‡i Lv`¨-e¨q †ewk K‡i, ZvB Zv‡`i DciI †bwZevPK c&ªfve †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡KaviYv Kiv nq †h, K…wl Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cwievi¸‡jv Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i g~j¨e„w×i d‡j jvfevb nb,†h‡nZz Zv‡`i cÖavb Av‡qi Drm n‡”Q K…wlcY¨ weµq| ZvB GB AbywgwZwU hvPvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb†h, K…wlwbf©ikxj cwievi¸‡jv Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j wK cwigvY jvfevb nq Ges K…wlewnf~©ZLvbv¸‡jv wZi m¤§yLxb nq wKbv| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w× †c‡j ZvmvgwóK A_©bxwZ we‡klZ `wi‡`ªi Dci wK cÖfve iv‡L Zv chv©‡jvPbv Kiv Ges †mB mv‡_bvbviƒc Lvbv †hgb: †fv³v I Drcv`bKvix, wbgœ Av‡qi Kg©Rxexiv wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ nb Zvwe‡k−lY Kiv| Lvbvchv©‡q Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZi cÖfve Av‡jvPbvi †‡Î wewfbœ †kªwYi Lvbvi †fvMe¨qI Zv‡`i Drcv`‡bi Z_¨ 2005 I 2010 Gi cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic (HIES)†_‡K †bIqv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wbgœ Av‡qi Kg©Rxex †hgb wiKªvPvjK I wbg©vY-kªwgK‡`i†fvMe¨q I Av‡qi Z_¨ gvV Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g msMªn Kiv n‡q‡Q|* †jLKØq evsjv‡`k Dbœ&qb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm) Gi wimvP© G‡mvwm‡qU| g~j¨evb gZvgZ w`‡q cÖeÜwUi gvb Dbœq‡bmnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ †jLKØq R‰bK †idvwi Ges weAvBwWGm -Gi wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv W. bvRbxb Avn‡g‡`i Kv‡Q K…ZÁ|1 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES)|

120evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv†gvU AvUwU As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖeÜwUi Av‡jvPbv mxgve× i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g As‡k f~wgKvi ciwØZxq As‡k mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Lv`¨g~‡j¨i †`kxq I Avš—R©vwZK MwZaviv D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q GesGi cÖavb KviYmg~n ms‡‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖe„w×i Ges `wi`ª Lvbvi Dci Lv`¨g~‡j¨icÖfve Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi Z…Zxq I PZz_© As‡k| cÂg I lô As‡k Drcv`bKvix I†fv³v Lvbvi Dci Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZi cÖfv‡ei wfbœZv Ges Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ I gRywii nv‡iiw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cieZ©x As‡k Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZi wbqš¿Y Ges Gi †bwZevPKcÖfve wbæch©v‡q ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡c Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q Ges me‡kl As‡k Gj‡ ¯^í‡gqvw` I ga¨g †gqvw` mycvwikgvjvmn Dcmsnvi Uvbv n‡q‡Q|2| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Lv`¨g~‡j¨i †`kxq I Avš—R©vwZK MwZaviv2007-08 mgq †_‡K ïi“ nIqv Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki mvgwóK A_©bxwZ Geswewfbœiƒc Lvbvi cwievi¸‡jv‡K wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv Kivi c~‡e© G mgqKv‡jLv`¨g~j¨ e„w×i KviY¸‡jv Rvbv `iKvi| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi G As‡k †m cÖ‡PóvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨¸‡jv n‡”Q, Pvj, AvUv, †fvR¨-†Zj, Ges Wvj; hvig‡a¨ Pvj cÖavb Lv`¨`ªe¨| 2010 mv‡ji AvM÷-A‡±ve‡ii Z_¨ we‡k−l‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, GB wZbgv‡m †gvUv Pv‡ji Mo LyPiv g~‡j¨i cwieZ©b wQj c~e©eZ©x ˆÎgvwmK Mo `v‡gi †P‡q 12 kZvsk†ewk| 2007 Ges 2009 mv‡jI `v‡gi EaŸ©MwZi GB aviv jYxq wQj, hv AvUvi †‡ÎIcÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e Av‡iKUz †cQ‡b ZvKv‡j †`Lv hvq †h, 2004-06 mg‡q Pv‡ji I AvUvi `v‡gicwieZ©b wQj h_vµ‡g 86 kZvsk I 32 kZvsk| wUwmweÕi Z_¨ g‡Z, 2011 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi‡Z†gvUv Pv‡ji evRvi `vg †KwR cÖwZ 34 UvKv †_‡K 36 UvKvi g‡a¨ DVv-bvgv K‡i| GK eQic~‡e©I GB `vg 26-27 UvKvi g‡a¨ wQj; A_©vr GK eQ‡i Pv‡ji `vg 32.08 kZvsk e„w׆c‡q‡Q| wUwmweÕi g‡Z, GKB mg‡q M‡gi `vg e„w× cvq 48.49 kZvsk | Pvj I M‡gi GB`vg e„w× Ab¨vb¨ †fvM¨ c‡Y¨i `vg e„wׇZI cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|mviwY 1Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i g~j¨ e„w×i Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ (c~e©eZ©x wZb gv‡mi Zzjbvq ˆÎgvwmK kZKiv cwieZ©b)Lv`¨ `ªe¨ mgq †gqv`c~e©eZ©x wZb gv‡mi Zzjbvq ˆÎgvwmK kZKiv cwieZ©b 2004-06-G2010 2009 2008 2007 kZKiv cwieZ©b†gvUv Pvj AvM÷-A‡±vei ↑(12) ↑↑(52) ↔ (-2) ↑↑ (30) ↑↑↑↑(86)AvUv AvM÷-A‡±vei ↑↑(21) ↑↑(36) ↓↓ (-26) ↔ (-8) ↑↑ (32)cvgI‡qj AvM÷-A‡±vei ↑(12) ↑(19) ↔ (1) ↓ (-18) ↑↑↑ (56)Wvj AvM÷-A‡±vei ↔ (-1) ↓ (-17) ↓↓ (-22) ↑ (13) ↑↑↑ (60)†bvU: ↑= e„w×, ↓= n«vm, ↔ = AcwiewZ©Z Ges ↑↑, ↑↑↑ = cwie©Z†bi gvÎv | Z_¨ m~G: K…wl wecYb wefvM, K…wl gš¿Yvjq|Dorosh (2011)-Gi g‡Z, 1997-2006 mgqKv‡j XvKvi cvBKvwi evRv‡i †gvUv Pv‡jig~j¨ w¯’wZkxj wQj| wKšy ‘ 2007 mv‡ji ci †_‡K GB Pv‡ji evRvi LyeB Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q c‡o|2006 mvj ch©š— †hLv‡b †gvUv Pv‡ji †KwRcÖwZ cvBKvwi g~j¨ wQj 15-17 UvKv, Zv 2008

†nv‡mb I Avn‡g`: Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GewU ch©v‡jvPbv 121mv‡j 32 UvKv ch©š— †cuŠQvq| 2009 mv‡j G‡m Pv‡ji g~j¨ †ek LvwbKUv K‡g Av‡m, wKš‘ GBaviv ¯’vqx nqwb| 2010 mv‡ji ïi“ †_‡K Pv‡ji evRvi Avevi EaŸ©gyLx n‡Z _v‡K|2007 mv‡j `y‡Uv †gŠmygx eb¨v (h_vµ‡g RyjvB Ges †m‡Þ¤^i) Ges N~wY©So wmWi (b‡f¤^i2007) AvDk Ges Avgb avb Drcv`‡b h‡_ó wZ mvab K‡i| Avgb av‡bi Rb¨ GB wZicwigvY wQj cÖvq 1.8 wgwjqb †gwUªK Ub| Gi cÖfv‡e Pv‡ji †hvMv‡bi Dci †bwZevPK cÖfvec‡o| 2007 mv‡ji †kl Pvi gv‡m Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i Pv‡ji g~j¨ e„w×I †`kxq Pv‡ji evRv‡icÖfve †d‡j| cwiw¯’wZ RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i hLb †ekKÕwU Pvj ißvwbKviK †`k Pv‡jiißvwbi Dci wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Pvj Avg`vwbi cÖv_wgK DrmB n‡”Q fviZ|wKš‘y fviZ Zvi Pvj ißvwbi me©wbgœ g~j¨ cÖwZ †g. Ub 425 Wjvi (A‡±vei 2007) †_‡K e„w×K‡i 505 Wjv‡i (wW‡m¤^i 2007) DbœxZ K‡i | gvP© 2008 G fviZ miKvi Pvj ißvwbi DcibZzb wb‡lavÁv Rvix K‡i Ges Pv‡ji ißvwb g~j¨ cÖwZ †g. Ub 650 Wjv‡i DbœxZ K‡i| GKmßv‡ni ci GB me©wbgœ `vg †e‡o cÖwZ †g. Ub 1000 Wjv‡i †cuŠQvq| 2008 mv‡ji ïi“‡Z_vBj¨v‡ÊI Pv‡ji ißvwbg~j¨ evo‡Z _v‡K| Gm‡ei cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k Pv‡ji `vg †e‡o 2008G cÖwZ †KwR 36 UvKv ev cÖvq 0.55 Wjvi nq (Department of Agricultural Marketing -GiZ_¨ Abyhvqx)|wPÎ 1Avš—R©vwZK Ges †`kxq evRv‡ii Pv‡ji cvBKvix g~j¨, 2008-11Drm: Bangladesh-DAM; Thailand-Index Mundi; Kolkata-Dept. of Consumer Affairs, India|kxl© Mg Drcv`bKvix †`k ivwkqv, BD‡µb Ges A‡÷ªwjqv mn cÖavb Drcv`bKvixDR‡ewK¯—vb Ges KvRvwL¯—v‡b Livi Kvi‡Y Drcv`b Kg nIqvq ißvwb Kwg‡q †`q| GmeKvi‡Yi mv‡_ cÖavb Avg`vwbKviK †`kmg~n AwZwi³ Pvwn`vi Pv‡ci fq GKwÎZ n‡q wek¦evRv‡i Lv‡`¨i †hvMvb‡K Av‡iv msKzwPZ K‡i‡Q|

122evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv3| cÖe„w×i Dci Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZi cÖfveevsjv‡`k miKvi 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ ga¨-Av‡qi †`k wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z nIqvi Rb¨B‡Zvg‡a¨ †cÖwZ cwiKíbv I 6ô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q Ges Zvi mv‡_ m½wZ†i‡L ga¨‡gqvw` mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| Gme cwiKíbvq 2011-12 mvj†_‡K 7 kZvsk nv‡i cÖe„w× AR©b Ges 2015-16 mvj †_‡K 8.2 kZvsk nv‡i cÖe„w×i cÖv°jbKiv n‡q‡Q| GKB mv‡_ g~j¨ùxwZ 8 kZvs‡ki wb‡P ivLv Ges 2015-16 mv‡j 5.5 kZvs‡kbvwg‡q Avbvi cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ g~j¨ùxwZi eZ©gvb aviv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j Zv miKv‡iicÖv°wjZ mÂq I wewb‡qvM nvi‡K evavMÖ¯— Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv cÖv°jbK…Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡beo P¨v‡jÄ n‡e|g~j¨ùxwZi Kvi‡Y mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z †h cÖfve co‡Q Zvi GKwU eo Drm n‡jvAvš—R©vwZK evRv‡i Lv`¨g~j¨ I R¡vjvwb †Z‡ji `vg e„w×i d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki terms of trade-G†bwZevPK cÖfve A_v©r Avg`vwb g~j¨m~P‡Ki Zzjbvq ißvwb g~j¨m~PK K‡g hvIqv| G Kvi‡YevwYR¨ fvimv‡g¨i Dci cÖwZK~j cÖfve c‡o‡Q| evsjv‡`k QvovI `wY Gwkqvi mKj †`kBterms of trade G †bwZevPK cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y wZi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q (wPÎ 2)|wPÎ 2`wY Gwkqvi Terms of Trade-Gi wZ (Rvbyqvwi 2003-†g 2008)Drm: Ahmed, Sadiq (2008)|evsjv‡`‡k †fv³vg~j¨m~P‡Ki Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, 2000 mvj †_‡K 2006ch©š— mvgwMÖK g~j¨ùxwZi nvi (12 gv‡mi Mo) †gvUvgywUfv‡e w¯’wZkxj wQj| wKš‘ 2007 mvj†_‡K 2011 mvj ch©š— mvgwMÖK gyj¨ùxwZi nvi †ek Aw¯’wZkxj wQj, hvi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡”QLv`¨g~j¨ùxwZi EaŸ©MwZ| 2006-2011 mgqKv‡j Lv`¨-ewnf©~Z g~j¨ùxwZi nvi 6 kZvs‡kiKvQvKvwQ GKwU w¯’wZkxj ch©v‡q wQj; wKš‘ Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ A‡bK †ewk DVvbvgv K‡i‡Q| 2008mv‡j Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ 12 kZvs‡kiI †ewk nq Ges 2009 mv‡j n«vm †c‡q 2006-2011

†nv‡mb I Avn‡g`: Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GewU ch©v‡jvPbv 123mgqKv‡ji ch©v‡q †b‡g Av‡m| wKš‘ 2010 mv‡j Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZi nvi cybivq e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K,hvq cÖfve mvgwMÖK g~j¨ùxwZ‡Z cÖwZdwjZ nq (wPÎ 3)|wPÎ 312 gv‡mi Mo g~j¨ùxwZi nviDrm: Major Economic Indicators Gi wewfbœ Bmÿ , evsjv‡`k e¨vsK|wPÎ 412 gv‡mi c‡q›U-Uz-c‡q›U g~j¨ùxwZi nviDrm: Major Economic Indicators: Monthly update various issues, Bangladesh Bank|

124evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvAvgiv hw` 12 gv‡mi c‡q›U-Uz-c‡q›U (†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv gv‡mi Lv‡`¨i g~j¨c~e©eZ©x eQ‡ii H gv‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq) g~j¨ùxwZi Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Kwi Zvn‡jI †`Lvhvq, mvgwMÖK †fv³vi g~j¨ m~P‡Ki EaŸ©MwZ‡Z Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ cÖfve ‡i‡L‡Q (wPÎ 4)| ZvBmvgwóK A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv Avbqb Ges mvwe©K g~j¨ùxwZ mnbxq ch©v‡q ivL‡ZLv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ ivLv Ri“wi|2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm) evsjv‡`k miKvi KZ…©KMwVZ b~¨bZg gRywi †evW© †K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ 2006 I 2010 mg‡q XvKv kni Ges GiAv‡kcv‡k Mv‡g©›Um Kg©x‡`i RxebhvÎvi e¨‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvi Rb¨ GKwU M‡elYv cwiPvjbvK‡i| GB Zzjbvi †‡Î cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv †_‡K 2006 mv‡ji RxebhvÎvi e¨q wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ`ªe¨¸‡”Qi g~‡j¨i Z_¨ †bqv nq Ges H GKB `ªe¨¸‡”Qi g~j¨ 2010 mv‡j KZ n‡q‡Q Zv RvbviRb¨ gvV Rwic Kiv nq| D³ gvV Rwi‡ci AvIZvq XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ gv‡K©U †hgb: wgicyi,mvfvimn †gvU 4wU ¯’vb †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| Pvj, Wvj, gvsm mn †gvU 28wU `ªe¨‡KG‡‡Î we‡ePbv Kiv n‡qwQj Ges weweGm †fv³v g~j¨m~PK wbY©‡q †h fvi (weight) e¨enviK‡i Zv e¨envi Kiv nq|mviwY 2†fv³vi g~j¨ m~P‡Ki cwie©Zb, 2006-2010†fv³vi g~j¨ m~PK (CPI) 2006 (weweGm) 2010 (weAvBwWGm) % cwie©Zb (g~j¨ùxwZ)mvgwMÖK 164.21 222.38 35.42Lv`¨ 170.34 241.49 41.77Lv`¨ewnf©~Z 156.56 197.53 26.17kni 161.39 217.95 35.05MÖvg 165.37 224.53 35.772010 mv‡ji gvV Rwi‡ci Z_¨ I cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi 2006 mv‡j †fv³vi g~j¨m~P‡Kig‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ïaygvÎ Pv‡ji `vg (ga¨g gv‡bi) e„w× cvq cÖvq 58 kZvsk| GBmgq †gqv‡` mvgwMÖK g~j¨ùxwZ nq 35.42 kZvsk, Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i †‡Î hv wQj 41.77 kZvskGes Lv`¨ewnf©~Z `ª‡e¨i †‡Î 26.17 kZvsk| Z‡e GB mgq †gqv‡` kn‡ii †P‡q MÖv‡gg~j¨ùxwZ †ewk nq|4| `wi`ª Lvbvi Dci Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZi cÖfveLv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ n‡j Zvi cÖfve me‡P‡q †ewk c‡o `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi Dci, KviY Zviv Zv‡`iAv‡qi wmsnfvM e¨q K‡i Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i Rb¨| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic2005 Abymv‡i, 40 kZvsk Ges Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2010 Abymv‡i 31.5 kZvsk †jv‡KiAvq `vwi`¨ªmxgvi wb‡P Ges Zv‡`i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask Lv`¨vfve I Acywó‡Z †fv‡M| Razzaqueand Raihan (2007)-Gi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, †`‡ki 60 kZvsk RbMY K¨vjwi-`wi`ª A_©vrZv‡`i ˆ`wbK K¨vjwi MÖnY cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg|

†nv‡mb I Avn‡g`: Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GewU ch©v‡jvPbv 125mviwY 3K¨vjwi `vwi`¨ªLvbvi Ae¯’vbK¨vjwi `vwi`ª nvi(%)MÖvg 59.42kni 58.45‡gvU 59.12Drm: Razzaque and Raihan (2007)|Avf¨š—ixY Ges Avš— ©RvwZK evRv‡i Lv`¨`ªe¨, we‡kl K‡i Pvj I M‡gi g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZ`vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡Pi Ges KvQvKvwQ †jvK‡`i Lv`¨wbivcËv AviI SuywKi gy‡L †V‡j w`‡e, hvAwZ`wi`ª‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi Dci †Rviv‡jvfv‡e †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic2000 Ges 2005 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, M‡o Lvbv¸‡jv Zv‡`i †gvU †fvM-e¨‡qi 54 kZvsk e¨qK‡i Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i wcQ‡b, hvi g‡a¨ MÖv‡gi Lvbv¸‡jv 60 kZvsk Ges kn‡ii Lvbv¸‡jv 45kZvsk e¨q K‡i Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i Rb¨| Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2010-Gi cÖv_wgK Z_¨g‡Z, GB nvi2005 Gi Zzjbvq MÖvg I kni Dfq GjvKv‡ZB e„w× †c‡q‡Q hvi wcQ‡b Lv`¨g~j¨e„w×i we‡klcÖfve i‡q‡Q|mviwY 4Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i e¨q I `wi`ªZvi cÖeYZv(% RbmsL¨v)m~PKHIES 2010 HIES 2005 HIES 2000†gvU MÖvg kni †gvU MÖvg kni †gvU MÖvg kniLv`¨`ª‡e¨i Rb¨ e¨q(% †gvU e¨q) - - - 52.31 56.83 44.02 50.70 54.00 43.30(% †fvM-e¨q) 54.81 58.74 48.19 53.81 58.54 45.17 54.60 59.30 44.60DCI c×wZ‡Z `vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎv2122 wK. - - - 40.40 39.50 43.20 44.30 42.30 52.50K¨vjwii Kg1805 wK. - - - 19.50 17.90 24.40 20.00 18.70 25.00K¨vjwii KgCBN c×wZ‡Z `vwi‡`¨ªi cÖeYZvwbgœ `vwi`ª¨ 17.6 21.1 7.7 25.10 28.60 14.60 34.30 37.90 20.00mxgv (%)D”P `vwi`ª¨mxgv (%)31.5 35.2 21.3 40.00 43.80 28.40 48.90 52.30 35.20Drm: BBS: HIES various issues and HIES 2010 preliminary report|* DCI = Direct Calorie Intake|* CBN = Cost of Basic Needs|

126evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcÖZ¨ K¨vjwi MÖnY c×wZ‡Z `vwi`ª¨ cwigv‡c †`Lv hvq, Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j Kvh©ZK¨vjwi MÖnY n«vm cv‡e, we‡kl K‡i MÖvgv‡j| CBN c×wZ‡Z †`Lv hvq, Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j`vwi`¨ªmxgvi wb‡Pi †jvK‡`i Ae¯’vq †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e Ges bZzb K‡i AviI †jvK`vwi`¨ªmxgvi wb‡P P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i (avb ev Mg) `vg e„w×i d‡j ‡ewkifvM Lvbv‡ZB †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y gRywi mgš^q e¨ZxZ hw` Pv‡ji `vg e„w×cvq Z‡e wewfbœ Lvbvi (we‡kl K‡i hviv bxU Pvj †fvMKvix) cÖK…Z e¨q M‡o 5 kZvsk nv‡i n«vmcvq|`ª“Z ev AcÖZ¨vwkZ fv‡e Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w×i cÖfve †fv³v ch©v‡q wK cwigvY cÖfve †dj‡e Zvwbf©i K‡i Lv`¨g~j¨e„w× †fv³v‡`i ev‡RU‡K wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡e Zvi Dci| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e†hmKj Lvbvi †gvU Av‡qi 60 kZvsk ev Zvi †ewk e¨q nq Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i wcQ‡b, ZvivLv`¨g~j¨e„w×i d‡j †ewk SuywK‡Z _v‡K| wbgœAvq DcvR©bKvix gvbyl hviv Zv‡`i ev‡R‡Ui ev†gvU †fvM e¨‡qi GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask e¨q K‡i Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i wcQ‡b ZvivB Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZiKvi‡Y †ewk cÖfvweZ n‡e D”P Av‡qi †jvK‡`i Zzjbvq|Avgiv hw` ïaygvÎ Pv‡ji `vg we‡ePbv Kwi Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq, MÖvgv‡ji †jvKRb Zv‡`i†gvU Lv`¨e¨‡qi 26.7 kZvsk e¨q K‡i Pv‡ji wcQ‡b, †hLv‡b kn‡ii †jvKRb e¨q K‡i 17.2kZvsk| Ab¨fv‡e Av‡qi w`K †_‡K wb‡Pi 20 kZvsk gvbyl Zv‡`i †gvU †fvM e¨‡qi 36.1kZvsk Ges Dc‡ii 20 kZvsk Zv‡`i †gvU †fvM e¨‡qi 12.1 kZvsk e¨q K‡ib Pv‡jiwcQ‡b|mviwY 5Pv‡ji Rb¨ e¨q (†gvU †fvM¨ e¨‡qi †cÖw‡Z kZKvi nvi)†gvU e¨‡qi kZKiv nviRvZxq 24.3MÖvg 26.7kni 17.21g †KvqvÈvBj (1g 20 kZvsk) 36.12q †KvqvÈvBj (2q 20 kZvsk) 30.43q †KvqvÈvBj (3q 20 kZvsk) 25.34_© †KvqvÈvBj (4_© 20 kZvsk) 20.25g †KvqvÈvBj (5g 20 kZvsk) 12.1Drm: wek¦bv_ Ges wmivRywÏb 2010|evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i wcQ‡b Zv‡`i †gvU e¨‡qi GKwU eo Ask e¨q K‡i; d‡jLv`¨ g~‡j¨ e„w× †c‡j Gi cÖfve mK‡ji DciB c‡o| Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005 Abyhvqxwb‡Pi 40 kZvsk Lvbv Zv‡`i †fvM e¨‡qi 30 kZvs‡ki †ewk e¨q K‡i Pv‡ji wcQ‡b| ZvBPv‡ji g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j GivB †ewk cÖfvweZ nq|

†nv‡mb I Avn‡g`: Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GewU ch©v‡jvPbv 1275| Drcv`bKvix I †fv³v Lvbvi Dci Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZi cÖfv‡ei wfbœZvLv`¨g~j¨ e„w× †c‡j Lvbv ch©v‡q wK ai‡bi cÖfve co‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i Av‡jvP¨ Lvbv wK bxU†fv³v bvwK bxU Drcv`bKvix Zvi Dci| g~j¨ùxwZi cÖfve Lvbv¸‡jvi Lv`¨ Drcv`b I †fvMAvPi‡bi Df‡qi Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZi Kvi‡Y DׄËKvix Drcv`KLvbv¸‡jvi Avw_©K Ae¯’vi Dbœqb nq, Ab¨w`‡K G‡Z †fv³v Lvbv¸‡jv cÖwZK~j fv‡e cÖfvweZnq (wek¦bv_ Ges wmivRywÏb 2010)|wPÎ 6bxU Drcv`bKvix I bxU †fv³v Lvbvi web¨vm 2005Drm: wek¦bv_ Ges wmivRywÏb 2010|wek¦bv_ Ges wmivRywÏb (2010) -Gi M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k MÖvg GjvKv‡Z 21.6kZvsk Lvbv bxU we‡µZv Ges kni GjvKv‡Z Zv 17.2 kZvsk| A_©vr bxU †µZv Lvbv msL¨vkZKiv 78.4 kZvsk Ges kn‡i GB nvi 82.8 kZvsk| ZvB Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j MÖvg Ikn‡ii cÖvq mKj LvbvB wZMÖ¯— nq, Z‡e kn‡ii Lvbv¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk wZMÖ¯—n‡e| MÖvg GjvKv‡Z bxU we‡µZv Lvbvi cwigvY Kg nIqvi KviY n‡”Q MÖv‡gi cÖvq `yBZ…Zxqvsk Lvbv nq f~wgnxb ev cÖvwš—K Pvlx (hv‡`i 0.5 GK‡ii wb‡P Rwg i‡q‡Q)| f~wgnxb‡`ig‡a¨ gvÎ 5 kZvsk bxU we‡µZv Ges Kvh©Ki K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ gvÎ 17 kZvsk bxU we‡µZv|Z‡e GB wZMÖ¯—‡`i cwigvY MÖvgv‡ji †P‡q kni‡j †ewk|6| Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ I gRywii nv‡ii w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvLv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ hw` `xN©Kvj e¨vcx Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e Zvi cÖfve wbf©i K‡i Lvbv¸‡jvLv`¨g~j¨wùwZi cÖfveRwbZ Ae¯’v wK cwigv‡Y mgš^q Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Dci| Lvbvi Kj¨vYwbf©i K‡i g~j¨ùxwZi mv‡_ Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖK…wZ Ges Zv‡`i gRywiicwieZ©bkxjZvi Dci| hw` g~j¨ùxwZi cvkvcvwk gRywi chv©ß cwigv‡Y e„w× Kiv hvq Z‡eg~j¨ùxwZi cÖfve Kg n‡e (Ravallin 1990)| gRywii w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wbf©i K‡i Av‡jvP¨ Lvbv†Kvb ai‡bi Kg©ms¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q Zvi Dci|

128evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv`wi`ª I Kg©Rxex‡`i Dci Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZi cÖfve ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`kDbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb XvKv kn‡i Kg©iZ wi·vPvjK I A` wbg©vY kªwgK‡`i Dci GK gvVRwic cwiPvjbv K‡i| D³ gvV Rwic wgicyi-1, KvRxcvov, k¨vgjx, †gvnv¤§`cyi, dvg©‡MU,AvMviMuvI, gMevRvi Ges avbgwÛ GB AvUwU GjvKvq †gvU 78 Rb wi·vPvjK Ges 68 RbA` wbg©vY kªwg‡Ki Rvbyqvwi 2010 †_‡K Rvbyqvwi 2011 mg‡q µqK…Z Pv‡ji g~j¨ I Zv‡`iˆ`wbK gRywii wnmve †bIqv nq| Dfq †ckvi †jv‡Ki Pv‡ji g~j¨ e„w×i mv‡_ Zv‡`i gRywiie„wׇZ mg n‡qwQj, Z‡e Zvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 1 Gi †P‡q Kg wQj| ïaygvÎ 3q ˆÎgvwm‡KZv‡`i gRywi e„w×i nvi g~j¨ e„w×i nv‡ii KvQvKvwQ wQj A_©vr w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 1 Gi KvQvKvwQwQj|‰ÎgvwmK wPÎmviwY 6wiKªvPvjK‡`i Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ I gRywii nv‡ii w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvMogRywigRywiikZKivcwieZ©bcÖwZ †KwRPv‡ji g~j¨Pv‡ji g~‡j¨ikZKivcwieZ©bw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv1g ‰ÎgvwmK (Rvby 2010) 220.26 - 25.76 - -2q ‰ÎgvwmK (Ryb 2010) 226.79 2.96 29.94 16.23 0.183q ‰ÎgvwmK (†m‡Þ¤^i 2010) 250.13 10.29 33.65 12.39 0.834_© ‰ÎgvwmK (Rvby 2011) 256.79 2.66 40.04 18.99 0.14Drm: weAvBwWGm KZ…©K gvV Rwi‡ci DcvË, 2011|‰ÎgvwmK wPÎmviwY 7A` wbg©vY kªwgK‡`i Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ I gRywii nv‡ii w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvMo gRywigRywiikZKivcwieZ©bcÖwZ†KwRPv‡jig~j¨Pv‡ji g~‡j¨ikZKivcwieZ©bw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv1g ‰ÎgvwmK (Rvby 2010) 273.5 - 25.7 - -2q ‰ÎgvwmK (Ryb 2010) 287.3 5.03 30.2 17.68 0.283q ‰ÎgvwmK (†m‡Þ¤^i 2010) 321.3 11.85 33.8 11.88 1.004_© ‰ÎgvwmK (Rvby 2011) 326.2 1.51 40.9 21.09 0.07Drm: weAvBwWGm KZ…©K gvV Rwi‡ci DcvË, 2011|Dfq †ckvi Kg©Rxweiv Pv‡ji g~j¨ e„w×i mv‡_ Zv‡`i gRywi wKQyUv e„wׇZ mg n‡qwQj,Z‡e Rvbyqvwi 2010 - Rvbyqvwi 2011 mg‡q wi·vPvjK‡`i †‡Î w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wQj 0.29 Geswbg©vY kªwgK‡`i †‡Î Zv wQj 0.32 A_©vr 1 Gi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| Z‡e GwU jYxq †h,wi·vPvjK‡`i †‡Î A` wbg©vY kªwgK‡`i gRywi e„w×i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †ewk| GB mgq †gqv‡`wi·vPvjKiv MZ Rvbyqvwi 2010G †h Pvj µq Ki‡Zb †mB GKB iK‡gi Pv‡ji g~j¨ Zv‡`i

†nv‡mb I Avn‡g`: Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GewU ch©v‡jvPbv 129g‡Z 55.4 kZvsk e„w× cvq, †mLv‡b Zviv gRywi 16.6 kZvsk e„w× Ki‡Z mg nq| Ab¨w`‡KA` wbg©vY kªwgK‡`i gZvgZ Abyhvqx Zviv †h Pvj †fvM K‡i †mB iKg Pv‡ji `vg Rvbyqvwi2010 - Rvbyqvwi 2011 mg‡q 59 kZvsk e„w× cvq Ges GB mgq †gqv‡` Zviv Zv‡`i gRywicÖvq 20 kZvsk e„wׇZ mg nq| †h‡nZz GB Rb‡Mvôx Zv‡`i †gvU Av‡qi 50 kZvs‡ki Dc‡ie¨q K‡i Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i wcQ‡b (hvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q Pvj), `vg e„w×i d‡j hw`I Zviv wKQyUvgRywi mgš^q Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj, ZviciI FYvZ¥Kfv‡e wZMÖ¯— nq|†hmKj †jvK wbw`©ó †eZ‡b PvKwi K‡i †hgb: miKvwi-†emiKvwi wbæ‡eZ‡bi Kg©Pvix,†cvkvK wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgKiv Zv‡`i gRywii w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 2011 ‡Z 0 (k~b¨), KviY 2010Gi ci †Kv‡bv gRywi e„w× cvqwb| d‡j GB g~j¨e„w× Zv‡`i µqgZv‡K Kwg‡q †`q|g~j¨ùxwZi Kvi‡Y `wi`ª †jvK‡`i µqgZv D‡j−L¨‡hvM¨ fv‡e K‡g hvq| Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic2005 Gi Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i wek¦e¨vs‡Ki wnmve Abyhvqx wb‡Pi 20 kZvsk Av‡qi cwievi¸‡jviµqgZv 10.5 kZvsk n«vm cvq, †hLv‡b Av‡qi w`K †_‡K Dc‡ii 20 kZvsk Lvbv¸‡jviµqgZv gvÎ 1.1 kZvsk n«vm cvq (wek¦bv_ I wmivRDwÏb 2010)|2008 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m wek¦e¨vsK evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨g~j¨ msKU wb‡q GKwU RwiccwiPvjbv K‡i| D³ Rwi‡c 12wU †Rjvi 2,000wU (hvi g‡a¨ MÖvg GjvKv †_‡K 1,200wU Geskni GjvKv †_‡K 800wU) bgybv Lvbv Aš— ©fy³ Kiv nq| GB Rwic †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †gvU Lvbvi53 kZvsk wW‡m¤^i 2007 n‡Z gvP© 2008 GB mg‡q Kgc‡ GK gvm GK †ejv Lvevi KgMÖnY K‡i‡Q| Avð‡h©i welq n‡”Q, G cÖeYZv AvDk avb KvUvi †gŠmyg (†g gvm)-Gi c‡iAe¨vnZ wQj| Lv`¨g~j¨ Ryb ch©š— e„w× cvw”Qj hvi Kvi‡Y †ewki fvM Lvbv Lv`¨‡fvM n«vmK‡iwQj| D³ M‡elYvi cÖvq mKj Lvbv (cÖvq 95 kZvsk) Lv`¨g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZi d‡jFYvZ¥Kfv‡e wZMÖ¯— nq Ges cÖvq mK‡jB Zv †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi c`‡cMÖnY K‡i| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kg cwigvY Lv`¨ MÖnY, wbgœgvb m¤úbœ Lv‡`¨ ¯’vbvš—i, Lv`¨ ewnf~©Ze¨q n«vm, mwÂZ A_© D‡Ëvjb ev e¨envi, FY MÖnY, KwgDwbwUi †jvK‡`i †_‡K mnvqZv MÖnY,†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i ¯‹zj eÜ K‡i †`qv, wkvi e¨q n«vm Kiv BZ¨vw`|7| miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡c Ges fwel¨r P¨v‡jÄmg~nnVvr Lv`¨g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZi †bwZevPK cÖfve n«vm Kivi †‡Î Kvh©Ki mvgvwRKwbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wP ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Lvbv ch©v‡q mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wPiAvIZvq myweav †fvMxi msL¨v 2005 †_‡K 2010 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e GLbI wecyjcwigvY Rb‡Mvôx Gi AvIZvi evB‡i i‡q‡Q| ZvB G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq wb‡q Avm‡j Zv‡`i`vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎv n«vm cv‡e Ges GKB mv‡_ Lv`¨g~ji e„w×i Kvi‡Y †bwZevPK cÖfve n«v‡mi †‡ÎZv f~wgKv ivL‡e|

130evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 8mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wP†Z myweav‡fvMx Lvbvi kZKiv nvi`vwi‡`ª¨i nvimyweav‡fvMx Lvbv kZKiv nvi myweav‡fvMx Lvbv kZKiv nviwefvM(2010)(2005)2010 2005 mKj MÖvg kni mKj MÖvg kniRvZxq 31.5 40.0 24.57 30.12 9.42 13 15.5 5.5XvKv 30.5 32.0 18.87 27.8 5.99 14.3 20 4.9ewikvj 39.4 52.0 34.43 37.2 20.66 13.3 14.8 5PUªMÖvg 26.2 34.0 19.99 24.5 7.44 11.1 12.9 5.7Lyjbv 32.1 45.7 37.3 43.27 16.66 9.6 11 4.2ivRkvnx 29.7 51.2 20.66 22.85 10.17 12.1 13 6.7wm‡jU 28.1 33.8 23.51 26.06 10.50 22.4 24.3 11.3iscyi 42.3 - 33.65 35.11 23.68 - - -Drm: cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv: HIES wewfbœ Bmy¨ (HIES 2010 ) cÖv_wgK wi‡cvU© mn|cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi Z_¨g‡Z, 2005 mv‡ji `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi wQj 40 kZvsk Ges H mg‡qmvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq myweav‡fvMx Lvbvi cwigvY wQj 13 kZvsk| LvbvAvq-e¨q Rwic 2010 mv‡ji cÖv_wgK Z_¨ Abyhvqx `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 31.5 kZvs‡k n«vm †c‡q‡QGes mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq myweav‡fvMxi msL¨v e„w× †c‡q 24.57 kZvsk n‡q‡Q|hw` GwU a‡i †bqv nq †h mKj `wi`ªB GB Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq i‡q‡Q, ZviciI GL‡bv 7-8kZvsk †jvK GB Kg©m~wPi AvIZvi evB‡i i‡q‡Q| Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Zv‡`i `wi`ªve¯’v‡K AviIbvRyK K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ AwbivcËvq _vKv RbmsL¨vi cwigvY 2011 mv‡j 65.3 wgwjqb, hv 2008mv‡j 7.5 †_‡K 12.3 wgwjqb e„w× cvq, hvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY Lv`¨g~‡j¨i D”Pg~j¨| GBLv`¨g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZi d‡j Acywói wkKvi Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨v 27.9 wgwjqb †_‡K 34.7 wgwjq‡be„w× cvq| hvi g‡a¨ 2007-08 A_©eQ‡i (FAO/WFP CFSAM-Gi wn‡m‡e) cÖvq 30.5wgwjqb Rb‡Mvôx miKv‡ii wewfbœ Lv`¨ weZiY cÖK‡íi mnvqZv †c‡q‡Q|mviwY 9Lv`¨ wbivcËv I `~‡h©vM †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ miKvi KZ©„K cÖ`Ë K‡qKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wbivcËv Kg©m~wPcÖK‡íi bvg eivÏK…Z A_© (†KvwU UvKv) AvIZv DcKvwiZv2008-09 2009-10 2010-11wfwRGd (VGF) 1487.53 1097.17 1535.927.5 wgwjqb 3 gv‡mi Rb¨ 10 †KwR Pvj(2007-08) cÖwZgv‡mi Rb¨IGgGm (OMS) 600.47 1071.96 1190.96 kni GjvKv24 UvKv `‡i gv_vwcQycÖwZw`b 5 †KwR Pvj†U÷ wiwjd (TR) 1020.48 897.85 953.885 wgwjqb(2008-09)cÖwZw`b 3.5 †KwR PvjwfwRwW (VGD) 730.85 595.17 638.33 0.75 wgwjqb cÖwZgv‡m 30 †KwR MgwRAvi (GR) 188.34 165.22 223.417.5 wgwjqb GKKvjxb gv_vwcQy 10 †KwR(2008-09) PvjPÆMÖvg cvnvoxGjvKvq Lv`¨ mnvqZv220.71 177.45 190.957.5 wgwjqb 30 w`‡bi Rb¨ gv_vwcQy 3.5(2008-09) †KwR PvjDrm: Rahman et al (2011)|

†nv‡mb I Avn‡g`: Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GewU ch©v‡jvPbv 131miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi mnvqZv A‡bK `wi`ª Lvbvi Lv`¨ wbivcËviDbœq‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q, †hgb e¨ªvK, CARE Ges Save the Children-US, WFP| Gme†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ wbivcËvi Rb¨ mnvqZv cvq hv †gvU Lv`¨-AwbivcËvq _vKvRb‡Mvôxi gvÎ 12 kZvsk| A_©vr miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wP¸‡jv Lv`¨wbivcËvi SuywK‡Z _vKv Rb‡Mvôx‡K Gi AvIZvq Avb‡Z cv‡iwb|mviwY 10g~j¨ùxwZ †iv‡a miKv‡ii M„nxZ mv¤cÖwZK wKQy c`‡cZvwiL/eQibxwZgvjv/wm×vš—3 †deª“qvwi/ 2010 Rvbyqvwi 2010-G ïi“ nIqv †Lvjv evRv‡i Pvj wewµi cwiwa mKj wefvMxq kn‡iGes wZbwU kªgNb †Rjv bvivqbMÄ, biwms`x Ges MvRxcy‡i m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv nq|†KwR cÖwZ Pvj 24 UvKv `‡i wewµ Kiv nq, hv RvZxq Mo `v‡gi †P‡q Kg|11 †deª“qvwi/ 2010 K…wl Drcv`b e„w×i j‡¨ K…wl-DcKi‡Y fZz©wK cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ 107 wgwjqb Wjv‡iicÖKí †bqv nq| GB cÖK‡íi AvIZvq K…wl-DcKiY mnvqZv KvW© cÖ`vb Kiv nq|1 GwcÖj/ 2010 Avf¨š—ixY Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ 2011 -Gi GwcÖ‡j gvqvbgvi †_‡K 25,000 Ub PvjAvg`vwb Kiv nq|30 Ryb/ 2010 Pvj ißvwbi wb‡lavÁv wW‡m¤^i 2010 ch©š— e„w× Kiv nq|15 RyjvB/ 2010 evRvi `v‡g w¯’wZkxjZv Avbq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi `yB gv‡mi g‡a¨ 0.4 wgwjqb UbMg Avg`vwbi wm×vš— †bq|9 †mÞ¤^i/ 2010 miKvi wf‡qZbvg †_‡K 15 kZvsk fv½v Pvj (broken rice ) 1 j Ub Avg`vwbK‡i Ges AwZwi³ 1 j Ub Avg`vwbi †Póv K‡i‡Q| Gi evB‡i fviZ †_‡K 3 jUb bb-evmgwZ Pvj Ges 2 j Ub Mg Avg`vwb Kiv nq|3 A‡±vei/2010 ‡Lvjv evRv‡i wewµ Kiv Pv‡ji g~j¨ 24 UvKv Kiv nq Ges Zv Dc†Rjv ch©v‡qm¤ú&ªmvwiZ Kiv nq|1 b‡f¤^i/ 2010 myjf g~‡j¨i KvW© cªKí eÜ Kiv nq| 1.12 wgwjqb wbgœ Av‡qi KvW©avix‡K gv‡mcÖ‡Z¨K‡K m‡e©v”P 20 †KwR Pvj 24 UvKv `‡i µ‡qi AbygwZ i‡q‡Q|Drm: ‰`wbK cwÎKv|* cÖvwš—K K…lK hv‡`i Rwg 0.2 †n±‡ii wb‡P, z`ª K…lK hv‡`i Rwg 1 †n±‡ii wb‡P Ges gvSvwi K…lK hv‡`i Rwg 1 †_‡K 3†n±‡ii g‡a¨|evsjv‡`‡k µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv miKv‡ii Rb¨ me‡P‡q eoP¨v‡jÄ, Zvi Dci cÖwZ eQi bMivqY, wkívqb, emwZ ¯’vcb, B‡Ui fvUv, e¨emv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcbBZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y K…wl Rwg n«vm cv‡”Q| 2005 mv‡ji 153 wgwjqb †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v2020 mv‡j 185 wgwjqb Ges 2050 mv‡j 22 wgwjqb n‡e (RvwZmsN 2008, Avmv`y¾vgvb2010)| GKB mg‡q MZ `yB `k‡K †`‡ki RbMY K…wl Rwgi Abycv‡Z 4.9 Rb †_‡K e„w׆c‡q 7 Rb n‡q‡Q, Zvi gv‡b 42-43 kZvsk e„w× †c‡q‡Q (Avmv`y¾vgvb 2010)|8 | Av‡jvPbv I DcmsnviLv`¨`ª‡e¨i `v‡gi EaŸ©gyLx cÖeYZv wek¦-m¤cÖ`v‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avjv`vfv‡e †`k¸‡jviRb¨I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© fvebvi welq n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| `ª“Z Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w×i Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ai‡bi SuywKGes P¨v‡j‡Äi m„wó n‡q‡Q hv yav Ges `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’vi AebwZ NUv‡Z cv‡i; Z`ycwi Zv

132evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmgv‡Ri `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ bvbvwea mgm¨vi KviY n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j (2006-08) Lv`¨g~j¨ùxwZ MÖvg I kni Dfq GjvKvi RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY I µq gZvi Dci †bwZevPKcÖfve †d‡j‡Q, Z‡e G‡‡Î `wi`ª I SuywKc~Y© †jvK ev Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j Av‡qi w`K w`‡qwb‡Pi 40 kZvsk †jvK †ewk wZMÖ¯— n‡q‡Q| AcÖZ¨vwkZ Lv`¨g~j¨ e„w×RwbZ †bwZevPK cÖfveGes cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq `vwi`ª¨ I SuywKc~Y© Rb‡Mvôxi Dci G‡`i †bwZevPK cÖfve n«vmKivi Rb¨ GKwU kw³kvjx I Kvh©Ki mvgvwRK wbivcËv ejq M‡o Zzjv DwPZ| hLb iƒ‡h©vMAvNvZ nvb‡e ZLb GB wbivcËv Kg©m~wP¸‡jv `ª“Z m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv n‡e|Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZi gvÎv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ c`‡c †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i:¯^í‡gqvw` c`‡c(1) miKvi‡K †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi g›`v Ae¯’v ev cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©vM †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨mwVK Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ ch©vß cwigv‡Y Lv`¨`ªe¨ gRỳ Ki‡Z n‡e| †m j‡¨ 2006mv‡ji Lv`¨bxwZ Abyhvqx 10 jvL Ub Lv`¨ gRỳ eZ©gvb mgq Ges RbmsL¨viAv‡jv‡K mgš^q Kiv DwPZ| ZvQvov †gvU Drcv`b †_‡K wastage wn‡m‡e †h 12%ev` †`qv nq Zv hyw³m½Z wKbv Zv †f‡e †`Lv `iKvi| GKB mv‡_ miKvi‡KRbmsL¨vi mwVK msL¨v eqm Abyhvqx cÖv°jb K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Lv`¨gRỳ wbwðZ Kiv|(2) evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Avbq‡bi Rb¨ Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi †‡Î miKvi eoAvg`vwbKviK‡`i mv‡_ z`ª I gvSvwi Avg`vwbKviK‡`i DrmvwnZ K‡i evwYwR¨Ke¨vsK¸‡jv †_‡K Zv‡`i F‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| hv ev¯—evwqZ n‡j evRv‡icÖwZ‡hvwMZv e„w× cv‡e| evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Avbq‡bi †‡Î wUwmwe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKvivL‡Z cv‡i| wUwmwe (TCB) ‡K AviI ` I kw³kvjx Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i ZvivAvMvg Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e©B Lv‡`¨i h_vh_ gRỳ M‡o †Zv‡j GesmwVK mg‡q evRv‡i mieivn K‡i| miKvi evRv‡ii Dci kw³ cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i eisGB weKí e¨e¯’vq Dbœqb Ki‡j evRvi wbqš¿‡Y _vK‡e|(3) miKv‡ii eZ©gv‡b PvjyiZ wewfbœ cÖKí K…wl FY, wW‡Rj fZz©wK, mv‡ii Dci fZz©wK,†m‡Pi Rb¨ we`ÿ r mieivn BZ¨vw` cÖKí¸‡jv fwel¨‡ZI Ae¨vnZ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i,hv K…wl‡Z ev¤úvi Drcv`‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|(4) miKvi‡K Avš—R©vwZK Ges Avf¨š—ixY evRv‡i AZ¨vek¨Kxq Lv`¨g~‡j¨i Dci wbweoch©‡eY ivLv Ges †m Abyhvqx `ª“Z c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|(5) miKv‡ii we`¨gvb Lv`¨ weZiY e¨e¯’v (†hgb: †Lvjv evRv‡i Pvj wewµ, AZ¨vek¨Kxqc‡Y¨i †ikb wewµ BZ¨vw` cÖKí) cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †QvU (10% Gi wb‡P)| AZGe

†nv‡mb I Avn‡g`: Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ Ges Gi cÖfve : GewU ch©v‡jvPbv 133Lv`¨ weZiY e¨e¯’vi AviI MwZ Avb‡Z n‡e I Lv`¨ weZi‡Yi cwigvY e„w× Ki‡Zn‡e| kn‡ii b¨vq Mªvg ch©v‡q IGgGm Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvovmvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq AviI AwaK cwigv‡Y Lv`¨ weZiY Kiv †h‡Zcv‡i|ga¨‡gqv`x/`xN©‡gqvw`1. Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© cÖhyw³ D¢veb Kiv hv‡Z K…wl Drcv`b n«vm bvcvq| †m †‡Î eb¨v cÖeY GjvKvi Rb¨ ¯^í‡gqvw` km¨ exR D¢veb Kiv hv‡Z eb¨vAvmvi c~‡e©B Zv msMÖn Kiv hvq| `wYv‡ji Rb¨ jeYv³Zv mnbkxj exR D¢vebKiv Ges Zv h_vh_fv‡e weZiY Ges D¢veb I weZi‡Yi Z_¨ cÖPvi Kiv|2. miKv‡ii Lv`¨ gRỳ I msi‡Yi Rb¨ miKvwi ¸`vg¸‡jvi aviY gZv e„w× Kiv,bZzb K‡i ¸`vgNi wbg©vY Kiv Ges iYv‡eY Kiv|3. K…wl Lv‡Z bZzb bZzb exR D¢veb, K…wl m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv GesAvaywbK cÖhyw³ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g K…wl Drcv`b e„w× Kiv| K…wl wbf©i wkí M‡o Zzj‡ZmnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|4. K…lK‡`i mgevq MV‡b DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Zviv `ªe¨-mvgMÖxi b¨vh¨ g~j¨wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges GKB mv‡_ mieivn P‡µ AcÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZwbwa Kg‡e| hvevRvi‡K AviI w¯’wZkxj Ki‡e| Drcv`b †_‡K †fv³v ch©v‡q †hmKj ¯—i i‡q‡QZv‡`i kbv³ Kiv Ges Zviv †K wK cwigvY gybvdv ivL‡Q, Zv we‡ePbvq wb‡q †`Lv†h, evowZ Lv`¨g~j¨ Kviv cv‡”Q hw` K…lK cvq Z‡e K…wl DcKi‡Y fZy©wK cÖ`v‡bigva¨‡g Zv n«vm Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|5. ¸YMZ gvb m¤úbœ exR Drcv`b I weZiY Kiv Ges km¨ Drcv`‡b wewfbœZv AvbqbKiv, hv Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„wׇZ mnvqK n‡e|6. evsjv‡`‡k 50wUi †ewk mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q| GB AwaK cwigv‡YKg©m~wP cwiPvjb e¨q e„w× K‡i hv A‡bK mgq mwVK †jvK‡K cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv| ZvBmvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wPi msL¨v Kwg‡q G‡b Gi AvIZv e„w× Kiv|

134evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwÄAhmed, Sadiq (2008): Global Food Price Inflation Implications for South Asia, PolicyReactions,and Future Challenges, Policy Research Working Paper 4796, TheWorld Bank.Asaduzzaman, M. et.al. (2010): Investing in Crop Agriculture in Bangladesh for HigherGrowth and Productivity, and Adaptation to Climate Change, Bangladesh FoodSecurity Investment Forum, 26-27, Dhaka.Bangladesh Bank (2011): Major Economic Indicators: Monthly Update, Volume12/2010, December, 2010.BBS (2005): Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2010.⎯⎯(2011): Preliminary Report on Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2010.BIDS (2011): Field Survey Data on Rickshaw Puller and Unskilled Construction Workerfrom Different areas of Dhaka City.Dessus, Sebastien et.al (2008): The impact of Food Inflation on Urban Poverty and ItsMonetary Cost: Some Back-of-the–Envelope Calculations, Policy ResearchWorking Paper 4666, The World Bank.Dev, S. Mahendra (2010): “Food Prices in India: Trends and Policy Reactions,” Workingpaper Policy Research Working Paper 4796, The World Bank.Dorosh, Paul (2012): “Bangladesh-India Rice Trade, Public Stocks and PriceStabilization,” Paper presented at Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies,January 26, 2012.GIEWS (2011): Country Brief, Bangladesh.Hossain, M. and Hossain, M. I (2010): A Comparison of the Price Levels of EssentialCommodities between 2006 and 2010, Prepared for the Minimum Wage Board,Government of Bangladesh.Hossain, Mahbub (2010): “The 2007-08 Surge in Rice Prices: The Case of Bangladesh,”Policy Research Working Paper 4796, The World Bank.Kabir (2010): An Assessment of the Bangladesh Economy and Imperatives for Budget2010-2011, Pre-Budget National Seminars, CIRDAP Auditorium, Dhaka.Khan and Wadud (2009): Food Security and Case of Bangladesh, Department ofAgriculture Marketing, Bangladesh.Ministry of Finance (2011): Bangladesh Economic Review 2011.Schnepf, Randy and Richardson, Joe (2009): Consumers and Food Price Inflation,Specialist in Social Policy, Congressional Research Service 7-5700.The Daily Star (2010 and 2011): “Several issues of 2010 and 2011”.The Financial Express (2010 and 2011): “Several issues of 2010 and 2011”.Vishwnath and Serajuddin (2010): “Welfare Impacts of Rising Food Prices in SouthAsian Countries,” Policy Research Working Paper 4796, The World Bank.WFP (2010): Bangladesh Food Security Monitoring Bulletin, Issue no. 2, Aug-Oct 2010.World Bank (2010): Food Price Watch, May 2010.

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 14181| f~wgKvRvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k†nvgvqiv Avn&‡g`*evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©K bvix, hw`I K‡qK eQi Av‡MI cyi“‡li msL¨v wQjbvixi AwaK| MZ K‡qK eQ‡i wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi DbœwZ Ges ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv †mevq bvixicÖ‡ek e„w× cvIqvq bvix wkï I gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi †ek n«vm †c‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j AvR evsjv‡`‡kbvix I cyi“‡li †eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebv (Life Expectancy) †hgb cÖvq mgvb mgvb n‡q †M‡Q†Zgwb †gvU RbmsL¨vqI Zv‡`i fvM mgvb mgvb n‡q †M‡Q| `wY Gwkqvi Dbœqbkxj G†`‡ki mgvR cÖv‡P¨i Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †`‡ki g‡ZvB cyi“lZvwš¿K, hvi AvIZvq c‡i GB A‡a©KRb‡Mvôxi Ae`v‡bi mwVK g~j¨vqb nqwb| A_©bxwZi g~j Lv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki bvixi AskMÖnYAvwki `k‡Ki †klfv‡M ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡íi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡jI bvixme©`vB G †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L G‡m‡Q| ˆZwi †cvkvK LvZ QvovI Ab¨vb¨Lv‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY e¨vcK Ges Zv µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q| GgbwK Zv‡`i mbvZbx Kg©‡ÎK…wl‡ZI Zv‡`i AskMÖnY e„w× †c‡q P‡j‡Q| kªgkw³ Rwi‡ci Z_¨ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, MZ 10eQ‡i K…wl †‡Î cyi“‡li AskMÖn‡Yi nvi †hLv‡b n«vm †c‡q‡Q †mLv‡b bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi nvie„w× †c‡q‡Q jYxqfv‡e| ZeyI cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx †`Lv hvq, †m¸‡jv RvZxq Av‡q bvixiAe`vb AwZ bMY¨| Gi g~j KviY wn‡m‡e †h welq¸‡jv cÖvavb¨ cvq, †m¸‡jv n‡jv:K. Drcv`bkxj cwigʇji wmsnfvM †‡Î bvix‡K Abyrcv`bkxj I †Kej †fvMKvixwn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv|L. Drcv`bkxj †‡Î †hgb, K…wl ‡‡Î bvixi AskMÖnY‡K h_vh_fv‡e RvZxqcwimsL¨v‡b Aš— ©fy³ bv KivM. bvixi M„n¯’vwji KvR (Household Work) A_©‰bwZK KvR (Economic Work orMarket Labour) wn‡m‡e MY¨ bv nIqv|N. Kg©‡‡Î Ges M„n¯’vwji Kv‡R bvixi mgwš^Z AskMÖnY‡K GKwU cwigvc‡hvM¨ GKKgvb`‡Ê G‡b Zzjbvg~jK cwimsL¨vb c×wZi Afve (myjZvbv 1408 Ges Avn&‡g`2007)|* †jLK evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡b (weAvBwWGm) M‡elYv mn‡hvMx (wimvP© A¨v‡mvwm‡qU) wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ| eZ©gvbcÖeÜwUi iPbvi Rb¨ †jLK weAvBwWGm-Gi wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv W. FZv Avdmv‡ii Kv‡Q AZ¨š— K…ZÁ| GKB cÖwZôv‡biwmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv W. Av‡bvqviv †eMg, W. cÖwZgv cvj gRyg`vi Ges W. bvRbxb Avn&‡g` wewfbœ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i mvnvh¨K‡i‡Qb| M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v c~iex gRyg`vi, kvqjv cvifxb, BdivZ Aviv AviRy, †Lvi‡k` Avjg Ges gỳ ªvwiK Av‡gbv LvZz‡bimnvqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| Z‡e †h‡Kv‡bv AbvKvw•Z ΓwUi `vwqZ¡ †jL‡Ki|

136evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvM„nKg© (Home-making) ev M„n¯’vwji KvR‡K (Household Work) 1 A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…wZcÖ`vb Ges cwimsL¨vbfy³ Kivi me©Rb¯^xK…Z (Unanimous) †Kv‡bv c×wZ GLbI cÖPwjZ bq|Avi Zvi d‡j †`‡ki 15 †_‡K 64 eQi eq¯‹ Kg©g bvix RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 70 kZvsk‡KÔM„nea~Õ (Housewife) AvL¨vwqZ K‡i iv‡óªi †gvU kªgkw³i evB‡i ivLv nq| RvwZmsN 1950mv‡j hLb cÖ_g System of National Income Accounting (SNA) c×wZ cÖKvk K‡i ZLbZv‡Z †h mg¯— cY¨ Ges †mev cvwievwiK †fv‡Mi Rb¨ Drcvw`Z nq, Ges hv evRviRvZ Kiv nqbv †m¸‡jv‡K wRwWwcÕi evB‡i ivLv nq| 1993 mv‡j SNA wKQzUv ms‡kvab K‡i Zv‡ZcvwievwiK †fv‡Mi Rb¨ Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mev‡K A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq|eZ©gv‡b 82wU †`‡k M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R e¨wqZ mg‡qi Rwic cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡”Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i†`‡k G e¨vcv‡i GLbI †Kv‡bv c`‡c MÖnY Kiv nqwb| Avgv‡`i A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡Z N‡ii†fZi Ges evB‡i bvixi KvR¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqb Ki‡j wRwWwcÕ†Z bvixi Ae`vb wظYn‡e (nvgx` 1989)|1.1| D‡Ïk¨ I Z_¨ DrmDc‡iv³ wnmve¸‡jv‡Z bvixi N‡i evB‡ii me gRywinxb Kv‡Ri wnmve MÖnY Kiv nqwb|ZvQvov bvix hLb M„‡ni evB‡i DcvR©bKvix †‡Î AskMªnY K‡i ZLb Zvi Dchy³Zv _vKvm‡Ë¡I Zv‡K †h wb‡qvRb Kiv nq bMY¨ cwigvY Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R, GB Z_¨wUI D‡V Av‡mwb|GB Z_¨wU AwZ Ri“wi| †Kbbv, bMY¨ cwigvY Drcv`bkxj KvR¸‡jv A‡bK †‡ÎBcwimsL¨v‡b Kg cÖvavb¨ cvq| ZvQvov bvixi Drcv`bkxjZvi c~Y© cÖwZdjb nq bv cwimsL¨v‡b|GKRb Kg©Rxex bvix A‡bK †‡Î M„wnYx wn‡m‡e Zuvi `vwqZ¡ Gov‡Z cv‡ib bv e‡j M„n n‡Z`~ieZx© GjvKvq KvR Ki‡Z mxgve×Zv Abyfe K‡ib| A_P `~ieZx© GjvKvi KvR¸‡jvmvaviYZ D”P Drcv`bkxj nq| GKB Kvi‡Y GKRb Kg©Rxex M„wnYx hLb Ab¨ †Rjvq †h‡Zn‡e e‡j Zvi PvKzwi‡Z c‡`vbœwZ MÖnY K‡ib bv ZLbI wZwb Zvi Drcv`bkxjZv nvivb GesRvZxq Av‡q D”P nv‡i Ae`vb ivL‡Z e¨_© nb| Dciš‘ GKRb Kg©Rxex bvixi M„wnYx wn‡m‡eZuvi Ae`vb‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq c~Y©Kvjxb M„nea~‡`i (Full Time Home-maker) m‡½ huvivM„n¯’vwj Kv‡R mgq I g‡bv‡hvM †ewk w`‡Z cv‡ib e‡j aviYv Kiv nq, wZwb M„‡n †ewkDrcv`bkxj (more productive)| wKš‘ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q N‡ii evB‡i PvKzwii d‡j GKRbPvKzixRxex bvixi mg‡qi ¸YMZgvb GKRb APvKzwiRxex bvixi PvB‡Z †ewk| hvi d‡j M„‡niKv‡R Kg mgq e¨q K‡iI wZwb APvKzwiRxwe bvixi g‡Zv Drcv`bkxj Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î†ewk Drcv`bkxj (Paul-Majumder 1986)|RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ c~‡e© ‡h mgxv¸‡jv m¤úbœ Kiv n‡qwQj Zv‡Z GBmZ¨¸‡jvI we‡ePbvq MÖnY Kiv nqwb| ZvQvov AviI †h mZ¨wU we‡Pbvq MÖnY Kiv nqwb Zvn‡jv, bvixi DcvR©‡bi cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvwMZv (Marginal Utility) Kg e‡j a‡i †bIqvi welqwU|we`¨gvb mgvR e¨e¯’vq cyi“l‡KB M„‡ni KZ©v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq e‡j Zv‡KB cwiev‡ii1 M„nKg© (Home making) Ges M„n¯’vjxi KvR (Household work) †K G cÖe‡Ü GKB A‡_© (Interchangeably) e¨envi Kivn‡q‡Q|136

Avn&‡g`: RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k 137fiY‡cvlYKvix †g‡b †bIqv nq Ges Zvi DcvR©bB cwimsL¨v‡b cÖvavb¨ cvq| AviI GKwU †hmZ¨ c~‡e©i M‡elYv¸‡jv‡Z ¸i“Z¡ cvqwb Zv n‡jv, Kg©‡‡Î we`¨gvb wj½ ˆelg¨| Kg©‡‡Îiwj½ ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y bvixi mwVK Drcv`bkxjZv Ges Ae`vb RvZxq Av‡q cÖwZdwjZ nqwb|eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü GBme mZ¨¸‡jv we‡ePbvq MÖnY K‡i RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb m¤ú‡K©Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk cwiev‡i I mgv‡R bvixi Ae`v‡bi Avw_©K g~j¨(Monetary Value) wbY©‡qi GKwU cÖqvm MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖe‡Üi wKQy Z_¨ cÖvewÜK KZ©„Kˆ`e Pq‡bi (Random Sampling) gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ 10wU ga¨weË cwievi †_‡K msM„nxZ|ZvQvov, RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-2003 Ges 2005-2006 Gi Z_¨ Ges c~‡e© m¤úvw`ZM‡elYvi Z_¨I e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|2| Drcv`bkxj Lv‡Z bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi HwZnvwmK †cÖvcU Ges bvix I cyi“‡li wfbœKg©‡Îmf¨Zvi m~PbvjMœ †_‡KB Drcv`bkxj Lv‡Z bvix AskMÖnY K‡i G‡m‡Q| BwZnv‡miµgweewZ©Z cÖwZwU mgvR e¨e¯’v‡ZB 2 bvixi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKvi HwZnvwmK cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|gvby‡li Lv`¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖavb gva¨g hLb wQj AvniY I wkKvi, ZLb bvixB wmsnfvM Lv`¨AvniY KiZ| AwaKš‘ wkKv‡iI Avw`g bvixi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ AskMÖnY wQj| Mevw` cï, KzKziBZ¨vw`‡K †cvl gvbv‡bvi gva¨‡g ZLb bvix †hgb RxebhvÎv mnR K‡i Zz‡j‡Q, †Zgwb K…wlKvRAvwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡Z Afvebxq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q (Dbœqb c`‡c,1999)| Avevi gvbeRvwZi weeiY msµvš— gvbwP‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, 142wU D`¨vb mgv‡Ri(Horticulture Society) A‡a©‡KiB Pvlvev` bvixi Aaxb wQj; 27 kZvs‡k wQj bvix cyi“‡limgvb AskMÖnY Ges †Kej 23 kZvs‡k cyi“‡li GKK `vwqZ¡ wQj (cÖv¸³)| km¨ †evbv, †ZvjvmsiY Ges cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi Kv‡R bvixi m¤ú„³Zv me©Kvjxb| bvix K…wl DcKiY Avwe®‹v‡iIcvjb K‡i‡Q AMÖYx f~wgKv| mvi wn‡m‡e QvB‡qi e¨envi, j¤^v evUhy³ †Kv`vj, †ejPv, mvaviYjv½j, `yB dm‡ji Aš—eZx©Kvjxb mg‡q Rwg cwZZ K‡i ivLv, km¨Pµ, RygPvl I cvnv‡oi Mv†K‡U Rwg Avev` Kiv Ges †mP, G meB bvixi D¢veb| Dciš‘ avb, he, fyÆv, evwj©, RB,wg‡jU, ivB, kiMg- GB 8wU cÖavb km¨ `vbvi Drcv`b bvixB cÖPjb K‡i‡Q (cÖv¸³)|cÖvK wkívwqZ mgv‡R bvixi M„nkªg Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi (Production Relation) GKwU¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| cwiev‡ii e¨envh© wRwbm †hgb, †cvkvK Ges Ab¨vb¨wRwbm Drcv`b bvixi Ab¨Zg cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wQj| wKQy wKQy †‡Î bvbv KzwUiwkí weKvk jvfK‡i Ges Gme c‡Y¨i wecYb I evRviRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g bvixi kªg cvwievwiK Av‡qi m¤ú~iKDrm (Complementary Source of Family Income) wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| wkí wec−‡ei mgq2 gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m mgvR e¨e¯’v‡K g~jZ mgq Ges Kg© Abymv‡i 5wU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v :1. wkKvi I msMÖn mgvR (Hunting and Gathering Societies)2. D`¨vb mgvR (Horticulture Societies)3. K…wlwfwËK mgvR (Agricultural Societies)4. cÖvK wkívwqZ mgvR (Pre Industrial Societies)5. wkívwqZ mgvR (Industrial Societies)

138evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvbvixi kªg m¯—v nevi Kvi‡Y Zv DØ„Ë g~j¨ (Surplus Value) ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| G mgqcwievi ev M„n Avi Drcv`‡bi cÖv_wgK †K›`ª wn‡m‡e wU‡K _v‡Kwb| wk‡íi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_Drcv`b M„‡ni evB‡i P‡j Avm‡Z _v‡K Avi Zvi m‡½ m‡½ cyi“‡li Ici bvixi wbf©ikxjZve„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e wkívqb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ bvixI M„‡ni evB‡i wewfbœ wkí KviLvbvq KvR†bq, d‡j Zv‡`i evB‡ii KvR †e‡o hvq| ZLb †_‡KB bvix N‡i I evB‡i GB ˆØZ kªg (DualLabour) cÖ`vb Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB `yÕai‡bi kªg bvixi Drcv`bkxjZv Ges cÖK…Z Kg©NÈv (RealWorking Hour) Kvh©Z wظY Ki‡jI cÖPwjZ aviYvq GB ˆØZ kªg cwimsL¨vbfy³ bv neviKvi‡Y Zv‡K Dfq †‡ÎB KvM‡R-Kj‡g cyi“‡li Zzjbvq Kg Drcv`bkxj (Less Productive)wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bvi cÖeYZv KvR K‡i| GB cÖeYZvwU cÖK…Zc‡ bvix I cyi“‡li wfbœ Kg©‡‡ÎiaviYv †_‡K n‡q‡Q| bvix I cyi“‡li Kg©‡‡Îi wfbœZv Avm‡j GKwU Av‡cwK aviYv(Subjective Concept)| KviY bvix I cyi“l Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i me©`vB kªg I `vwq‡Z¡ih_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q Ges `Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q| ZvB ÔKg©‡ÎÕ bq, eis Kg© cÖK…wZiwfbœZv ej‡j welqwU‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv m¤¢e| Kg© cÖK…wZi wfbœZvi †gŠwjK KviYn‡jv, bvix I cyi“‡li kvixie„Ëxq wfbœZv (Physiological Difference), hv cÖK…wZMZfv‡e bvix‡Kmš—vb aviY I cvjb Dc‡hvMx `„pZv, mwnòzZv Avi †mev civqYZv w`‡q‡Q Ges cyi“l‡K w`‡q‡Qkw³gËv, i‡Yi gZv Avi cÖKvkcÖeYZv (Tendency of Expessing Oneself)| GB wewfbœZvAvevi cwiw¯’wZ I cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| ZvB wkKvi mgv‡RI †hgb gvZ…Zvwš¿Kcwievi KvVv‡gv cwijwZ nq, †Zgwb D`¨vb mgvR ev K…wlwfwËK mgv‡RI bvixi D¢veb(K…wlKvR I cï cvjb) Ges mnRvZ †bZ…‡Z¡i gZv‡K †g‡b wb‡qB mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ N‡U‡Q|bvix I cyi“‡li wfbœ Kg©‡‡Îi Rb¨ A‡bK mgqB we‡k¦i wewfbœ ag©wfwËK cÖfvekvjx ZË¡ev ixwZ‡K (Religion-based Dominant Ideologies) `vqx Kiv nq| †hgb, Bmjvg a‡g© bvixiAe¸Éb cÖ_vi gva¨‡g Zv‡K M„‡ni Pvi †`qv‡ji g‡a¨ Aš—ixY ivLvi ixwZ, mbvZb wn›`y a‡g©bvixi M„nKg© I cwZi AbyewZ©Zvi ixwZ, Lªxó a‡g© weev‡nvËi c`ex cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^vgxic`ex MÖnY Kivi ixwZ BZ¨vw`| Aek¨ Gme ixwZi KZUzKz a‡g© D‡j−wLZ i‡q‡Q Avi KZUzKzcieZx©‡Z ag© e¨emvqx Avi myweav‡fvMx mgvRcwZ‡`i Av‡ivc Zv AwaKvsk †‡ÎB Zwj‡q †`Lvnq bv| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq, gymwjg bvixivI wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY K‡i‡QbBmjvg cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii mgq †_‡KB| BwZnvm †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †lvok, mß`k, Aóv`k GesEbwesk kZvãx‡Z Turkey Aleppo Ges Cairo kn‡ii cÖvq cÖwZwU †kªwYi gymwjg bvix †Kv‡bv bv†Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK Kv‡R m¤ú„³ wQ‡jb| †hgb, K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R wewfbœ †kªwYi gymwjg bvixiKg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- eo e¨emv (cÖfvekvjx gymwjg bvix), Rwg I m¤ú` wfwËK wewfbœ e¨emv†hgb, evwo wbg©vY, evwo fvov, my‡`i wewbg‡q FY cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` (ga¨weË †kªwYi gymwjb bvix)Ges mewR, _vjv evmb, wWg, i“wU, Kvco BZ¨vw` evRv‡i weµq (wbæweË †kªwYi gymwjg bvix)|cÖvKwkívwqZ mgv‡RI gymwjg bvixiv bvbv ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK KvR Ki‡Zb| Ebwesk kZvãxicÖ_g w`‡K Kvq‡ivi gymwjg bvix‡`i Dci cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvq cvIqv hvq, bvixiv m~Zv GesbvBj‡bi KuvPvgvj wK‡b N‡i cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i weµq Ki‡Zb| G mgqKv‡jB wgki I wmwiqvq138

Avn&‡g`: RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k 139bvixiv K…wl Drcv`‡b kªgkw³i (Agricultural Labour Force) GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask wn‡m‡eKvR Ki‡Zb|GKBfv‡e mbvZb wn›`y a‡g©I bvixi cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK f~wgKv‡K mvaviYZ aviY,jvjb I cvj‡b mxgve× Kiv n‡jI Zv Av`‡cB BwZnvmwm× bq| †Kbbv Zv n‡j Avgiv †`ex`~M©vi `yM©wZbvwkbx iƒc, †`ex mi¯^Zxi Ávb I we`¨v `vwqbxiƒc, wKsev †`ex jx‡K ab `vwqbxiƒ‡c †cZvg bv| wn›`y bvix‡`i A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY‡K `ªvwei, Abvh© I Avh© bvixiKg©‡‡Î AskMÖn‡Yi m‡½ GKxf~Zfv‡eB †`Lv m¤¢e| GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ Lªx÷ I †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x bvix‡`i †‡ÎI| Gme wel‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, hw`IZv eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi ¯^í cwim‡i m¤¢e bq|3| wewfbœ Kg©‡‡Î bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi eZ©gvb wPÎeZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k bvixi Kg©gyLxZvi eûwea †‡Îi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †Î n‡jvM„n¯’vwj, K…wl‡Î I z`ª I KzUxi wkí‡Î| GQvov e„nr wkí, gỳ ªY, wkv, mvsevw`KZv,cÖkvmb I Ab¨vb¨ †mev‡‡Î bvixi AskMÖnYI DˇivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| cvkvcvwk †ek wKQyAcÖPwjZ †ckv‡ZI bvix GwM‡q Avm‡Q wbR †hvM¨Zvq I D‡`¨v‡M| Kg©‡‡Î bvixi AskMÖn‡YiG wPÎwU cieZx© Av‡jvPbvq Zz‡j aievi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|3.1. M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R bvixi Ae`vb I Zvi g~j¨vqbM„nK‡g© bvixi AskMÖnY Zv‡`i Kg© mg‡qi GKwU e„nr Ask Ry‡o Av‡Q| MÖvgxY bvix‡`iAwaKvskB cÖZ¨ Ges c‡ivfv‡e Drcv`b ev evRv‡ii m‡½ m¤úwK©Z bvbv Kg©Kv‡Ê RwoZ_v‡Kb| †hgb Rvj I gv`yi †evbv, cvURvZ `ªe¨ I e¨vM ˆZwi Kiv, gywo wcVv I Ab¨vb¨Lv`¨`ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv BZ¨vw`| Z‡e bvixi G ai‡bi Kv‡Ri AwaKvskB M„nKg© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZnq| ZvB RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-03 Ges 2005-06 ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Gmg‡qi e¨eav‡b Drcv`bkxj Lv‡Z †gvU kªgkw³ 443 jvL †_‡K e„w× †c‡q 473 jvL n‡jIbvixi AskMÖnY †e‡o‡Q gvÎ 1.55 kZvsk| A_©vr G wZb eQ‡ii e¨eav‡b bvix †gvUDrcv`bkxj kªgkw³i 22.12 kZvsk †_‡K †e‡o 23.67 kZvsk n‡q‡Q gvÎ (mviwY 1)| Z‡eMZ K‡qK eQ‡i GB e„w×i nvi A‡bKUvB e„w× †c‡q‡Q| kªgkw³ Rwic 2010 Abyhvqx †gvUkªgkw³i 36 kZvsk i‡q‡Q bvix kªg|mviwY 1Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bvix I cyi“‡li msL¨v (j)eQi 2002-03 2005-06†gvU wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³ 443 473cyi“l 345 360bvix 98(22.12%) 112(23.67%)Drm: RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-2003 Ges 2005-2006|

140evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvevsjv‡`‡ki emZ evwo‡Z cïm¤ú` (nuvm, gyiMx, Mi“, QvMj) cÖwZcvjb I e¨e¯’vcbvqwe‡kl K‡i cïcvLx‡K LvIqv‡bv, cwiPh©v Kiv, †MvqvjNi wbg©vY I cwi¯‹vi Kiv, µq-weµqBZ¨vw` †‡Î bvix‡`i AskMÖnY cÖvq 50 kZvsk †_‡K 85 kZvsk| A_P RvZxq cwimsL¨v‡bcïcvj‡b cyi“l‡`i AskMÖnYB cÖvavb¨ cvq| eZ©gv‡b emZ evwo‡Z mewR evMvb (kitchengardening) Kivi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK cywó mgm¨v mgvav‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv AMÖYx f~wgKvcvjb Ki‡Qb| mv¤cÖwZK GK mgxvq †`Lv hvq cÖvwš—K I z`ª Pvlx cwiev‡ii bvixiv Zv‡`iwbR D‡`¨v‡M emZ evwoi Avw½bvi mewR Pvl K‡i cwiev‡ii Av‡q AwZwi³ 15.30 kZvskAe`vb ivL‡Qb (Dbœq‡bi c`‡c, 1999)| AvZ¥‡cvlYkxj (subsistence sector) Lv‡Z e¨wqZ†gvU evwl©K mgq 69,000 wgwjqb NÈvi g‡a¨ cyi“l KZ…©K e¨wqZ mgq 25,000 wgwjqb NÈvAvi bvixi †‡Î 44,000 wgwjqb NÈv (nvgx` 1989)| A_©vr AvZ¥‡cvlYkxj Lv‡Z bvixiAskMÖnY cyi“‡li cÖvq wظY| wKš‘ GB Z_¨ RvZxq †Kv‡bv cwimsL¨v‡b Aš—f©y³ nq bv|cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g AvengvbKvj a‡i bvix mš—vb Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| mš—vb jvjbcvj‡biwmsnfvM KvRI bvixB K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuviv Zuv‡`i Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q m¤¢vebvgq mgq(15-45 eQi eqm) e¨q K‡ib fwel¨Z cÖRb¥‡K cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, wkv I †ckvMZfv‡emycÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z, hv †Kv‡bv cwimsL¨v‡b Av‡m bv| Avgiv hw` eZ©gv‡b †Kej XvKv kn‡iGKRb †eZb‡fvMx M„nKgx© †hme M„n¯’vwji KvR K‡ib Zvi wnmve wbB, Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e Zviv‡h KvR¸‡jv K‡i, GKRb c~Y©Kvjxb M„nea~ Zvi me¸‡jvB K‡i _v‡Kb| wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z GmeKv‡Ri Rb¨ mvaviY ga¨weË cwiev‡ii (representative middle class family) GKRb†eZb‡fvMx M„nKgx© †h DcvR©b K‡ib, Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 2M„n¯’vwji wewfbœ Kv‡R GKwU mvaviY ga¨weË cwiev‡i GKRb †eZb‡fvMxM„nKgx© †h DcvR©b K‡i Zvi cwigvY (UvKv)Kv‡Ri bvg GKK e¨q (Unit Cost) (UvKv) †gvU e¨q (Total Cost) (UvKv)ivbœv 1000 1000Ni cwi¯‹vi 600 600Kvco †avqv 500 500ev”Pv‡`i cov‡bv 500×10×2* 10000¯‹z‡j Avbv-†bIqv 1000 1000evRvi Kiv 500 500†gvU - 13600*cÖwZ wel‡q 500/- nv‡i 2wU mš—v‡bi 10wU wel‡qi cvV `v‡bi e¨q|Drm: ˆ`ePwqZfv‡e wbe©vwPZ 10wU ga¨weË cwiev‡ii Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g wbYx©Z MvwYwZK Mo| cÖvewÜK KZ©„K msM„nxZ ImsKwjZ|GKRb mvaviY M„nea~ Dc‡iv³ KvR¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk k¦ïievwo Ges e‡qv‡R¨ô‡`i †mevGes e‡qvKwbô‡`i Z`viwKI K‡i _v‡Kb| G †mev hw` eZ©gvb evRvi g~‡j¨ (current marketprice) wKb‡Z n‡Zv Zvn‡j †h A_© e¨q n‡Zv Kvh©Z ‡mB A_© GKRb bvix Zuvi msmv‡i webvg~‡j¨w`‡q _v‡Kb| GKBfv‡e cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ Rvgv Kvco †mjvB K‡iI GKRb M„neay ZvicvwievwiK Av‡q Ae`vb iv‡Lb| eû‡‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q, M„neay Zvui ¯^vgxi †ckvq wbqwgZ mvnvh¨140

Avn&‡g`: RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k 141K‡ib| †hgb hw` M„nKZ©v e¨emvqx n‡q _v‡Kb Ges evwo‡Z Zuvi e¨emvwqK KvR wb‡q Av‡mb,†m‡‡Î A‡bK †‡ÎB GKRb M„nKΩx Zvui e¨emvwqK wnmvewbKvk †`‡L †`Iqv, dvBjcÎmsiY I Rbms‡hv‡Mi KvRwU K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi PvKzwiRxex, wkK, AvBbRxex, wnmveiKBZ¨vw` c‡`I †ckvRxex‡`i ¯¿xivI ¯^vgxi n‡q LvZvcÎ †`‡L †`Iqv, g‡°j‡`i ZvwjKv ImvvrKv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv, wnmve †gjv‡bv Ges †ckvmsµvš— AwZw_ I e¨emvwqK Askx`viAvc¨vq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb| Gme Kv‡R Zuv‡`i Ae`vb GKRb e¨w³MZ mnKvixi(private secretary) †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡kB Kg bq| d‡j wZwb Zuvi ¯^vgxi Awd‡mi ev e¨emv‡qiG LiPwU (mnKvixi †eZb eve` e¨qxZe¨ A_©) euvwP‡q w`‡q ¯^vgxi DcvR©b e„w× Ki‡Qb hvRvZxq Av‡q ¯^vgxi Ae`vb wn‡m‡e Aš—f©y³ nq| GKRb M„neayi Gai‡bi hveZxq KvR hw`Avgiv eZ©gvb evRvi g~‡j¨ g~j¨vwqZ Kwi Zvn‡j cvwievwiK Av‡q Zvi Ae`vb AviI e„w× cvq|G wnmvewU wb‡æv³ mviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|mviwY 3mvaviY ga¨weË bvixi M„n¯’vwj‡Z †gvU Ae`v‡bi Avw_©K g~j¨Kv‡Ri bvg GKK e¨q (Unit Cost) (UvKv) †gvU e¨q (Total Cost) (UvKv)M„n¯’vwji KvR (mviwY 1 †_‡K) 13,600 13,600e‡qv‡R¨ô‡`i †mev* 1,500 1,500e‡qvKwbô‡`i Z`viwK** 1,000 1,000evMvb Kiv (Kitchen500 500Gardening)†mjvB 1,000 1,000¯^vgxi †ckvq mvnvh¨ 3,500 3,500†gvU 21,100 21,100* G †mevi g‡a¨ c‡o Zuv‡`i Rb¨ ivbœv Kiv, Kvco †avqv, evRvi Kiv, Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv, mgqgZ Jlya LvIqv‡bv, Zuv‡`iwe`ÿ r, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw`i wej †`qv, Zuv‡`i evwofvov †Zvjv, †cbkb †Zvjv Ges mvwe©K Z`viwK I †mev|** Gi gv‡S i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i cov‡kvbvi †LuvR ivLv, cixvi wdm †`qv, eB-LvZv BZ¨vw` †Kbv, Zv‡`i I eÜz‡`i e¨v‡P evAb¨Î covi e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges Avc¨vqb, ¯‹zj-K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vj‡q AwffveK wgwUs-G Ask †bqv, ivbœv Kiv, Kvco †avqv,nvZ LiP †`qv, PvKwii Rb¨ Rxebe„Ëvš— ˆZwi Kiv I Rgv †`qv BZ¨vw`|Dc‡iv³ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g G K_v ¯úó cÖZxqgvb nq †h, GKRb mvaviY ga¨weË c~Y©KvjxbM„wnYx †eKvi ev Kg©nxb (unemployed) †Zv bbB, eis wZwb A‡bK †‡ÎB Zuvi msmv‡i me©vwaKDcvR©b K‡i _v‡Kb Zuvi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cwiev‡ii e¨q euvwP‡q| A_P G LvZ me©`vB RvZxqAv‡q D‡cwZ †_‡K hvq|N‡ii evB‡i wb‡qvwRZ GKRb Kg©Rxex bvix D‡j−wLZ me¸‡jv KvR GKRb c~Y©KvjxbM„wnYxi g‡Zv GKKfv‡e wb‡R bv Ki‡jI M„nKgx©, M„nwkK Ges †mweKvi mvnv‡h¨ m¤úv`bK‡ib| GBme †mev cÖ`vbKvixM‡Yi gvwmK †eZb A‡bK †‡Î wZwb wb‡RB w`‡q _v‡Kb| †hmeKg©Rxex bvix M„‡n Gme mnvqZv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avw_©K mvg_©¨ iv‡Lb bv Ges huv‡`i ¯^vgx-mš—vb,k¦ïo-kvïwi, †`ei-fvmyi, bb`-Rv ÔA‡b¨i nv‡Zi ivbœvÕ †L‡Z ev ÔevB‡ii †jv‡Ki †mevÕ wb‡ZbvivR, Zuv‡`i GB KvR¸‡jv wb‡R‡`iB Ki‡Z nq| bq‡Zv cy‡iv Z`viwKi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z nq|

142evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvA_P GKRb Kg©Rxex bvixi †Kej evB‡ii Kv‡R DcvwR©Z †eZbUzKzB RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci†‡Î cwimsL¨vbfy³ nq|GB Av‡jvPbvq AZ¨š— †gvUv `v‡M cwievi I mgv‡R bvixi Ae`v‡bi Avw_©K g~j¨ wbY©‡qi†Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GKRb bvix Kb¨v, gv, ¯¿x, ea~ ev fvex wn‡m‡e G KvR¸‡jv hLb K‡ibZLb Zv‡Z Rwo‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i ggZ¡‡eva, †mev I hZœ, hv †Kv‡bv Avw_©K g~‡j¨ M„wnYxi GBKvR¸‡jv g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e bq| Ôg~j¨nxbÕ (free) Ges ÔAg~j¨Õ (priceless) kã `y‡Uvi g‡a¨cv_©K¨ †Kej DcmM©-Abym‡M©i n‡jI Gi Aš—wb©wnZ A‡_©i cv_©K¨ AvKvk cvZvj| †Kbbv,bvixi GB ÔAg~j¨Õ Ae`vb¸‡jv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× K‡i, hv Avevi RvZxqAvq e„wׇZ mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L| GKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q gv hw` mš—vb‡K wUDUwis K‡ibZvn‡j †m mš—v‡bi cixvi †MÖW M„nwk‡Ki KvQ n‡Z †h mš—vb wUDUwis cvq Zvi †P‡q A‡bKfv‡jv nq (Paul-Majumder 1986)| RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb h_vh_fv‡e wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GÔAg~j¨Õ Ae`vb¸‡jvi g~j¨vqb Acwinvh©|3.2| K…wl‡‡Î bvixi Ae`vbDbœqbkxj †`‡ki bvixiv mKj cÖKvi K…wl Drcv`‡bi 40 kZvsk †_‡K 80 kZvsk(†`k‡f‡` c„_K) `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-2003 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k Kg©iZbvixi 58.6 kZvsk K…wlLv‡Z Ges 41.4 kZvsk Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡Zi K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb| kªgkw³Rwic 2005-06-G †`Lv hvq K…wl‡‡Î wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwg‡Ki msL¨v 10 kZvsk †e‡o 68.13kZvsk n‡q‡Q| A_©vr GKB mg‡q Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡Z Kg©iZ bvixi msL¨v GKB cwigv‡Y K‡g 31.87kZvs‡k G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| ZvB ¯úóZB †`Lv hv‡”Q, K…wlK‡g© bvixi Ae`vb µgvMZ †e‡o P‡j‡Q(†jLwPÎ 1)|†jLwPÎ 1K…wl I Ab¨vb¨ †‡Î bvix Kg©ms¯’vb (jvL)Drm: RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-2003 Ges 2005-2006|142

Avn&‡g`: RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k 143evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgxY bvixi 73.6 kZvsk K…wl‡Z KvR K‡ib| mg‡qi cwigvc Ges ¸i“‡Z¡iw`K we‡ePbvq K…wl‡‡Î bvixi Askx`vwiZ¡ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cyi“‡li †P‡q Kg bq| evsjv‡`‡kK…wl‡‡Î bvix exRZjv ˆZwi †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i dmj cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv cÖwZwU Kv‡R AskMÖnYK‡ib| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv dmj Drcv`‡bi †‡Î bvix 70 kZvsk †_‡K 90 kZvsk KvR K‡ib|†hgb Avjy, fyÆv, gwiP BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ bvix Rwgi gvwjK bb e‡j wZwb cwimsL¨v‡b K…lK wnmv‡eAš—f©y³ nbbv| dmj I exR msi‡Y bvix cÖfvekvjx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| exR Drcv`‡b GesD¢ve‡bI bvixi AskMÖnY jYxq| GQvov c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡h‡Q cï I nuvm gyiwMi hZœ†bqv, kvKmewR Drcv`b BZ¨vw` Kv‡R i‡q‡Q bvixi mwµq AskMÖnY| wKš‘ K…wl‡Z Zv‡`i GBe¨vcK AskMÖn‡Yi †ewkifvMUvB ¯^xK…wZnxb| †Kbbv K…wl‡‡Î bvix mve©wYK wb‡qvwRZ _vKviciI K…lK wKsev K…wl kªwgK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡ibwb| d‡j †`‡ki RvZxq Av‡q Zv‡`i GBAe`vbI ¯^xK…wZnxb|3.3| wk퇇Πbvixi AskMÖnY I RvZxq Av‡q Ae`vb3.3.1| KzwUi wk‡í bvixi AskMÖnY I Ae`vbAvenvgvbKvj a‡iB evsjv‡`‡k KywUi wk‡í bvixi m¤ú„³Zv i‡q‡Q| Pzb ˆZwi, †VvsMv ˆZwi,euvk I †eZ wkí, ZuvZ †evbv, Rvj †evbv, †Qveov wkí, gv`yi †evbv wkí BZ¨vw`‡Z bvixiD‡j−L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| UNICEF-Gi GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx Pzb ˆZwii g‡Zv AZ¨š—SuywKc~Y© Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ‡`i †ewki fvMB (68 kZvsk) gwnjv| GQvov bKkx Kuv_v ˆZwi, KuvP,†gvg, †kvjv BZ¨w` w`‡q wewfbœ †kŠwLb mvgMÖx ˆZwii wk‡í, e−K evwUK, UvB WwB BZ¨vw` wk‡ícÖvq GKKfv‡e bvix Ae`vb †i‡L hv‡”Qb| beŸB‡qi `kK †_‡K ÒeywUKÓ wk‡íi gva¨‡g †h beRvMiY G‡m‡Q Zv‡Z KzwUi wk‡í bvixi m¤ú„³Zv †e‡o‡Q eû¸‡Y| wKš‘ †ewkifvM †‡ÎBKywUiwk‡í bvixi KvR¸‡jv‡K bvixi M„n¯’vwj Kv‡Ri m‡½ m¤ú„³ K‡i †djv nq| d‡jKywUiwk‡í bvixi GB we¯Z…Z AskMÖnY GKw`‡K †hgb RvZxq cwimsL¨v‡b Aš—f©y³ nq mvgvb¨B,Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb RvZxq Av‡qI bvixi GB Ae`vb ¯^xK…wZ cvq mvgvb¨B|Aek¨ MZ K‡qK eQ‡i KzwUi wk‡í bvixi AskMÖnY n«vm cv‡”Q| kªgkw³ Rwic 2005-06-G †`Lv hvq, KzwUi wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ †gvU kªwg‡Ki msL¨v †e‡o 26.22 jvL n‡jI bvix kªwg‡KimsL¨v †b‡g wM‡q‡Q 9.68 j‡| Ab¨w`‡K cyi“l kªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq GKB cwigvY (cÖvq 5jvL) e„w× †c‡q‡Q (mviwY 4)| Gi KviY m¤¢eZ wkv I Ab¨vb¨ †‡Î miKvwi I †emiKvwibvbv ai‡bi bvixevÜe Kg©m~wPi (women-friendly) d‡j KzwUi wkí Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bvix‡`iA‡b‡KB AvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z (Formal Sector) Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb| KzwUiwk‡í wb‡qvwRZA‡bK bvix Zuv‡`i e¨emvwqK mvd‡j¨i Kvi‡Y KviLvbv ewa©Z K‡i z`ª wk‡íi (small Industry)ch©v‡q wb‡q †h‡Z mg n‡q‡Qb| ZvQvov KzwUi wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ bvixiv D‡`¨vM Ges cÖwkKwn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i A‡bK cyi“‡liI Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb|

144evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmviwY 4KzwUi wk‡í bvix-cyi“‡li Zzjbvg~jK Kg©ms¯’vb (jvL)2002-03 2005-06†gvU 25.49 26.22cyi“l 11.36 16.54bvix 14.36 9.68Drm: RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-2003 Ges 2005-2006|3.3.2| e„nr wk‡í bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi e¨vw߆Kej KzwUi wk‡íB bq, †`‡ki wewfbœ e„nr wk‡íI bvixiv Ask wb‡”Qb AwaK †_‡KAwaKZi nv‡i| RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic Abyhvqx 1986 mv‡ji ci wkíLv‡Z cyi“l kªwg‡KiAskMÖn‡Yi nvi e„w× bv †c‡jI gwnjv‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi nvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| bvixkªwgK Aa¨ywlZ wkí¸‡jv n‡”Q †cvkvK wkí, Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY wkí, we‡klZ wPswo wkí GesJla wkí| ZvQvov Pv wkí Ges †ikg wkíI bvix kªwgK Aaÿ wlZ| †cvkvK wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ†gvU kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨ 60 †_‡K 70 kZvskB n‡”Q bvix kªwgK|Z‡e e„nr wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwgKiv bvbvfv‡e wbh©vwZZ nq| †hgb †cvkvK wkícÖwZôv‡b Zv‡`i‡K ˆ`wbK 12 NÈvi †ewk kªg w`‡Z nq| Zvi Dci GKRb bvix kªwgK‡K evwowd‡i M„n¯’vwji KvRI mvgjv‡Z nq| bvix kªwg‡Ki DØ„Ë kªg (surplus labour) gvwj‡Ki gybvdvig~j Drm n‡jI Zuvi Mo Avq Rxebavi‡Yi b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvR‡bi (subsistence level) wb‡P|ZvQvov wk퇇Πwb‡qvwRZ bvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gRywimn bvbv wel‡q e¨vcK wj½ˆelg¨| GB e¨vcK ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y RvZxq Av‡q wkí †‡Î bvixi Ae`vb mwVKfv‡e cÖwZdwjZnq bv| GKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, †cvkvK wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ bvix kªwgK‡`i cyi“l kªwgK‡`ig‡Zv mgvb ¸Yv¸Y (†h ¸Y¸‡jv gRywi wba©vi‡Y cÖfvekvjx f~wgKv iv‡L) _vKv m‡Ë¡I wj½ˆel¨‡g¨i Kvi‡Y cyi“l kªwg‡Ki PvB‡Z cÖvq 35 kZvsk gRywi Kg cvq (Paul-Majumder andBegum 2006)| d‡j RvZxq Av‡q bvix kªwg‡Ki Ae`vbI cyi“l kªwg‡Ki PvB‡Z Kg nq|wkíLvZ e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ dg©vj †m±‡i bvix cyi“‡li gRywii gvÎ 52 kZvsk cvq Ges Bbdg©vj†m±‡i cvq cÖvq 29 kZvsk (Paul-Majumder 2003)| A_P K…wl I AK…wl Dfq kª‡gB bvixicÖK…Z Ae`vb cyi“‡li Zzjbvq Kg bq|e„nr wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ bvix I cyi“l Kgx©‡`i g‡a¨ AviI GKwU †h wj½ ˆelg¨ RvZxq Av‡qbvixi Ae`vb‡K Kwg†q w`‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv c`‡bœvwZ‡Z wj½ ˆelg¨| wkí †‡Î, we‡kl K‡i†cvkvK wk퇇Π†hLv‡b msL¨vMwiô Kg©x n‡”Q bvix †mLv‡b D”Pc‡` AwZ bMY¨ msL¨K bvixKg©x i‡q‡Q| A_P †`Lv †M‡Q D”Pc‡` wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yv¸Y A‡bK bvixKg©xiB Av‡Q| GKB wPÎ Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íI †`Lv hvq| Gi †cQ‡b bvix Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^”Q›` MwÊi(comfort zone) evB‡i AwaKZi `vwqZ¡kxj c‡` KvR Ki‡Z AbvMªn GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡jIwb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i c‡`vbœwZ †`evi †ejvq bvix Kgx©‡`i PvB‡Z cyi“l Kgx©‡`i †ewk cQ›` KievicÖeYZvB mePvB‡Z cÖfvekvjx KviY| GB KviYwUi †cQ‡b †hme hyw³ KvR K‡i Zv n‡jv144

Avn&‡g`: RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k 145GKRb bvix A‡bK mgqB ˆeevwnK I mš—vb aviYRwbZ Kvi‡Y K‡g© †Q` w`‡Z cv‡ib, †hm¤¢vebv GKRb cyi“‡li †‡Î Kg| Avi AwaK `vwqZ¡kxj c‡` G †Q` ZvrwYKfv‡e c~iY Kivwb‡qvMKvix‡`i Rb¨ KóKi| Z‡e bvix‡`i `iKlvKwli gZv (Bargaining Power) Kg| hvid‡j Zviv Kg©‡‡Î Zv‡`i b¨vh¨ cvIbv †_‡K ewÂZ nq|3.3.3| Pv I Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY wk‡í bvixi Ae`vbPv wkí evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb ˆe‡`wkK gỳ ªv AR©bKvix wkí| G wk‡íI bvixiAskMÖnY D‡j−L‡hvM¨| evMvb †_‡K Pv cvZv †Zvjvi g~j KvRwU K‡i bvixiv, hv‡`i msL¨v †gvUkªwg‡Ki 52 kZvsk (cvi‡fR 2000)| Z‡e Pv Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †‡ÎI bvixi AskMÖnYi‡q‡Q Ges DˇivËi e„w× cv‡”Q (†`Lyb mviwY 5)|Pv, Kwd I Ab¨vb¨ km¨ Drcv`b Ges Pv, Kwd wgkª‡Y (Blending) 2002-03 n‡Z 2005-06 mgqKv‡j bvixi AskMÖnY e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-03-GPv, Kwd I Ab¨vb¨ km¨ Drcv`‡b bvix I cyi“‡li AskMÖnY cÖvq mgvb wQj (h_vµ‡g 52 I 48kZvsk), †mLv‡b 2005-06-G †gvU kªwg‡Ki (431349 Rb) 89.18 kZvsk (384678 Rb)n‡jv bvix Ges gvÎ 10.89 kZvsk (46671 Rb) cyi“l| GKBfv‡e 2002-03 A_©eQ‡i Pv,Kwd wgkª‡Y wb‡qvwRZ me cyi“l kªwg‡Ki (815 Rb) wecix‡Z 2005-06 A_©eQ‡i 46,179Rb bvix wbhy³ n‡q‡Qb, hv †gvU kªwg‡Ki (107437 Rb) 42.98 kZvsk| myZivs ¯^í mg‡qie¨eav‡b Pv wk‡í bvix kªwg‡Ki msL¨vi GB EaŸ©MwZ A_©‰bwZK Lv‡Z bvixi AwaKZiAskMÖn‡Yi Ab¨Zg wb‡`©kK| Z‡e e¨vcK †kvl‡Yi Kvi‡Y bvix Pv kªwg‡Kiv Zv‡`i Ae`vbAbyhvqx gRywi cv‡”Q bv| hvi d‡j RvZxq Av‡qI Zv‡`i Ae`vb Kg cÖwZdwjZ nq|mviwY 5Pv wk‡íi wewfbœ Lv‡Z Kg©iZ kªwgK msL¨v (15 eQi I Zvi E‡aŸ©)eQi wk‡íi weeiY †gvU kªwgK cyi“l bvix(bvix I cyi“l)2002-03 Pv, Kwd Drcv`b I Ab¨vb¨ km¨ 312,167 147,834 164,333Pv, Kwd cÖwµqvKiY 24,206 13,612 10,598Pv, Kwd wgkªY (Blending) 815 815 02005-06 Pv, Kwd I Ab¨vb¨ km¨ Drcv`b 431,349 46,671 384,678Pv, Kwd wgkªY 107,437 61,258 46,179Drm: RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-2003 Ges 2005-2006|Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY wk‡í bvix e¨vcKfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ| evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg ˆe‡`wkK gỳ ªvAR©bKvix Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí n‡jv wPswo wkí| G wk‡íi SuywKc~Y© KvR¸‡jvI bvixivBAwaK msL¨vq K‡i _v‡Kb| mvgyw`ªK grm¨ wk‡í 1278, Af¨š—ixY grm¨ wk‡í 7797 (wPswowkí Qvov), Ges grm¨ msµvš— †mev Lv‡Z 815 msL¨K bvix (15 eQi I Zvi E‡aŸ©) Kg©iZi‡q‡Qb (kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-03)| Avevi kªgkw³ Rwic 2005-06-Gi wnmve Abyhvqx HA_©eQ‡i mvgyw`ªK I DcK~jeZ©x grm¨ wk‡í (†KvW 0501) wb‡qvwRZ bvixkªwg‡Ki msL¨v

146evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv1,970, Af¨š—ixY grm¨ wk‡í 127,790 (wPswo wkí Qvov) (†KvW 0502), wPswo wk‡í (†KvW0503) 980, grm¨ Pvl I Ab¨vb¨ Rjm¤ú‡` (†KvW 0508) 40,369 Ges grm¨ msµvš—†mev Lv‡Z (†KvW 0508) 62,146 Rb bvix (15 eQi I Zvi E‡aŸ©) Kg©iZ i‡q‡Qb (kªgkw³Rwic 2005-06)| GB KvR¸‡jvB grm¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY wk‡íi wmsnfvM Ryy‡o Av‡Q| wKš‘GB wk‡íI bvix Zvi b¨vh¨ gRywi cvq bv| d‡j Avw_©K g~j¨vq‡b GB †‡ÎI bvixi Ae`vb ¯^íK‡i †`Lv‡bv nq| Ggwbfv‡e wk퇇Πbvixi Ae`vb RvZxq Av‡q mwVKfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nqbv|3.4| †mevLv‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY I Ae`vb3.4.1| mvsevw`KZvq bvixi AskMÖnY I Ae`vbmvsevw`KZv †ckvq eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK nv‡i bvixi AskMÖnY evo‡Q| ˆ`wbK, mvßvwnK, gvwmKmsev`cÎ Z_v wcÖ›U wgwWqv QvovI eZ©gv‡b †Uwjwfkb mvsevw`KZvq cyi“‡li cvkvcvwk wecyjmsL¨K bvix wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb| 1992-93 mv‡j †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k (wcAvBwe)cwiPvwjZ GK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq 51wU ˆ`wb‡K cyi“‡li wecix‡Z gvÎ 1.4 kZvsk gwnjvmvsevw`K i‡q‡Qb| A_P G msL¨v eZ©gv‡b eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvwiwek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wel‡q cvk K‡i cÖwZeQi cÖvq mgvb msL¨Kcyi“l I bvix Kg©‡‡Î Avm‡Qb| G‡`i g‡a¨ hviv mivmwi mvsevw`KZvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡”QbZv‡`i g‡a¨ cyi“‡li wecix‡Z bvixi msL¨v cÖvq mgvb| weÁvcb, cÖKvkbv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡ZIbvixiv cyi“‡li cvkvcvwk wb‡qvwRZ n‡”Qb| d‡j mvsevw`KZvq bvixi Ask e„w× †c‡q eZ©gv‡b5.47 kZvs‡k `uvwo‡q‡Q|gvV ch©v‡q msev` msMÖvnK‡`i g‡a¨I bvixi msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q| c~‡e© †hgb bvixivmvsevw`KZv I wUwf wi‡cvU©vi wn‡m‡e †Kej mvs¯‹…wZK cvZv Ry‡o _vK‡Zb, eZ©gvb wPÎ ZviwecixZ| mš¿vm, `ybx©wZ, Puv`vevR, ivR‰bwZK I AvBbMZ welq GgbwK †Ljvayjvmvsevw`KZvqIi‡q‡Q bvixi `„ß c`PviYv| Z‡e mvsevw`KZvi †‡Î (B‡jKUªwbK I wcÖ›UwgwWqvq) evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡`i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb _vK‡jI ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY, wbæ †eZbKvVv‡gv Ges mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK (Socio-Cultural) Aeg~j¨vq‡bi Kvi‡Y GB‡‡ÎI Zv‡`iAe`vb mvwe©Kfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nq bv| ZvQvov bvixiv mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Aeg~j¨vq‡bi Kvi‡Y`xN©mgq G †ckvq _vK‡ZI cv‡ib bv (BulBul, 2000)| GB †‡Î bvix‡`i m¼zwPZ Kg©Rxe‡biKvi‡Y Zv‡`i cÖwZfv Ges m¤¢vebviI c~Y© weKvk nq bv| hv RvZxq Av‡q Zv‡`i Ae`vb‡KKwg‡q †`q|3.5| cÖkvm‡b Ges miKvwi Ab¨vb¨ c‡` bvixi AskMÖnYmiKvi evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb wb‡qvM`vbKvix| cÖkvm‡b Ges miKvwi wewfbœ c‡`bvixiv eZ©gv‡b `vwqZ¡c~Y© c‡` wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb, bvix‡`i Rb¨ †M‡R‡UW ch©v‡q 10 kZvsk Gesbb-†M‡R‡UW ch©v‡q 15 kZvsk †KvUv wbw`©ó i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Kg msL¨K †‡Î G †KvUv c~iYn‡q‡Q| d‡j miKvwi PvKwi‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY GLbI m‡š—vlRbK ch©v‡q bq| miKvwi146

Avn&‡g`: RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k 147PvKwi‡Z bvixi †gvU AskMÖnY gvÎ 10 kZvsk Ges cÖ_g †kªwY (Class-I) I wØZxq †kªwYi(Class-II) c‡` gvÎ 8 kZvsk (Kashem et.al. 2002)| †gvU 29wU K¨vWv‡i bvixiv cÖavbZwbæc‡` PvKwiiZ| cÖkvm‡bi D”PZi c‡` Ges bxwZwba©vi‡Y Zuv‡`i AskMÖnY GLbID‡j−L‡hvM¨ bq|†KvUv w`‡qI †Lv` gš¿Yvjq¸‡jv‡ZI bvixi h_vh_ AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv hvqwb| Z‡egš¿Yvjq †f‡` G wP‡Îi wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| †KvUv c~i‡Y wcwQ‡q _vKv gš¿Yvjq¸‡jv n‡”Q: ¯’vbxqmiKvi gš¿Yvjq (1.77%), ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvjq (2.07%), K…wl gš¿Yvjq (2.59%) Ges grm¨ Icïcvjb gš¿Yvjq (3.38%) (cwimsL¨vb el©MÖš’ 2004)| Ab¨w`‡K gwnjv gš¿Yvjq Qvov †KvUvc~i‡Y GwM‡q _vKv gš¿Yvjq Ges wefvM¸‡jv n‡”Q wkv gš¿Yvjq (24.04%), ¯^v¯’¨ I cwieviKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq (27.41%) Ges mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq (22.03%)| GKgvÎ ag©welqKgš¿Yvj‡q †Kv‡bv bvix Kg©iZ †bB (2001 mv‡ji wnmve Abyhvqx, m~Î: cwimsL¨vb el©MÖš’2004)| cÖkvmb †‡ÎI e¨vcK wj½ ˆelg¨, mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv, cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqK †meviAeZ©gv‡b bvix Zvi m¤¢vebv I cÖwZfvi cÖKvk NUv‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| hvi d‡j RvZxq Av‡qIZv‡`i mwVK Ae`v‡bi cÖwZdjb nq bv| cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ †‡Î bvix hZUzKzB wb‡qvwRZ Av‡QbZZUzKz‡Z Zviv `Zvi mv‡_ wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb| D”PZi miKvwi c`, e¨vsK, exgv,gš¿xcwil`, cywjk mvwf©m, ivR¯^ LvZ me©ÎB Kg msL¨vq n‡jI bvixi i‡q‡Q `„ß c`PviY| Z‡e†Kv_vI Zviv Zv‡`i Ae`v‡bi b¨vh¨ g~j¨ cv‡”Qb bv hv RvZxq Av‡q Zv‡`i Ae`vb‡K †QvU K‡i†i‡L‡Q|3.6| z`ªFY cÖwµqvq bvixi AskMÖnYevsjv‡`‡k z`ªFY cÖwµqvq bvixi e¨vcK AskMÖn‡Y MÖvg A‡j GK weivU Kg©RMr m„wón‡q‡Q hv RvZxq Av‡q GK we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| z`ª F‡Yi myweav †c‡q jvL jvL MÖvgxY bvixbZyb bZyb cY¨ ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb hv RvZxq Drcv`b e„w× K‡i‡Q| Zviv nvRvi nvRvi Kg©I m„wóK‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i mdjZv evsjv‡`k‡K †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi weR‡qi †MŠie G‡b w`‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GBmdjZvi Dci bvixi c~Y© wbqš¿Y †bB †h‡nZz †ewki fvM †‡ÎB z`ªFY D¢~Z Kg©KvÊ Pvjv‡bviRb¨ Zv‡`i cyi“‡li Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| †`Lv †M‡Q, Zvi wbqš¿Y †bB Zvi e¨emv‡qi Rb¨cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj †Kbvi Dci; Zvi wbqš¿Y †bB Zvi e¨emv m¤^‡Ü hveZxq Z‡_¨i Dci; Zviwbqš¿Y †bB Zvi e¨emv jä gybvdvi Dci| d‡j RvZxq Av‡q z`ªFY D¢~Z Ae`v‡bi A‡bKUvBcyi“‡li Ae`vb wn‡m‡e cwimsL¨v‡b Aš—f©y³ nq| z`ª e¨emv m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv mnvqK †mev †bBe‡jB bvix Zvi Ae`v‡bi Dci c~Y© wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| z`ªFY cÖwµqvi ïi“†_‡KB bvixiv Zv‡`i M„nxZ F‡Yi cÖvq 90 kZvsk †‡Î cy‡ivcywi cwi‡kva K‡i‡Qb| cieZx©‡ZZviv AviI e„nËi FY wb‡q‡Q Ges wb‡R‡`i cvkvcvwk cwiev‡ii I Av‡kcv‡ki gvby‡liKg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb|3.7| Ab¨vb¨ AcÖPwjZ †ckvq bvixi AskMÖnYeZ©gv‡b A_©bxwZi cÖwZwU †‡ÎB cyi“‡li cvkvcvwk bvixivI AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb| bvbvai‡bi AcÖPwjZ †ckvqI bvixiv AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i P¨v‡jwÄs Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvMÖn‡K cÖKvk

148evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvKi‡Q| wePvicwZ, DwKj, UªvwdK cywjk, wbivcËv cÖnix, dvg© I wewfbœ Lv`¨ mvgwMÖimieivnKvix, †mbvevwnbx, WªvBwfs, wiKkv-†cBw›Us, g„Z‡`n mrKvi msµvš—, e¨emv, †iwWI, PvweˆZwi I Qywi, KuvwP BZ¨vw` avi †`qvi KvR, avÎxi KvR, wUwfi †gKvwbK, wkwcs g¨v‡bR‡g›U,†Kwg÷, Zejv ev`K, wfwWI K¨v‡mU Ges Ab¨vb¨ we‡bv`b mvgwMÖ fvov LvUv‡bv, A_© msµvš—ga¨¯’ZvKvix, Rxeb exgv I Ab¨vb¨ exgv, †nqvi †Wªwms Ges Ab¨vb¨ iƒcm¾vRwbZ KvR,A¨v‡jvc¨v_, †nvwgIc¨v_, BDbvbx I Avqy‡e©w`K wPwKrmK, wm‡bgv n‡j cÖ‡RK&kb, Pjw”PÎDrcv`b I weZiY BZ¨vw` kZ iK‡gi SuywKc~Y© I P¨v‡jwÄs †ckvq bvixiv AskMªnY Ki‡Q|Awek¦vm¨ n‡jI mZ¨ †h, cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q gv`ªvmv I Ab¨vb¨ agx©q wkv`vb †‡ÎI (BSIC,4-wWwRU †KvW) bvix cÖvq 20 kZvsk nv‡i Ask wb‡”Q| A_©vr †gŠjev` Ges agx©q †Muvovgx‡KIbvixi K‡g© AskMÖnY cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| mvgvwRK cwigÊj hw` bvixi cÖwZ D`vi n‡ZvZvn‡j wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ê bvixi AskMÖnY AviI e„w× †c‡Zv Ges RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb e„w׆c‡Zv K‡qK¸Y|RvZxq kªgkw³ Rwic 2005-06-G (BSIC, 4-wWwRU †Kv‡W) AviI †`Lv hvq, RvnvRfv½vGes wew”QbœKiY wk‡íi †gvU kªgkw³i 82.40 kZvsk n‡jv bvix (†KvW-3513)| hvwš¿Khvbevnb wbg©vY wk‡íi (†KvW-6524) 38.18 kZvsk kªwgK bvix| GKBfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ ˆe`ÿ wZKmiÄvgvw` ˆZwi, RvnvR wbg©vY I †givgZ, mvB‡Kj I wiKkv †givgZ, feb wbg©vY ImgvßKiY, we`ÿ r Drcv`b I weZiY, KvV †PivB I cÖwµqvRvZKiY, ˆe`ÿ wZK †givgZ,†ijI‡q, moK †bŠc_, mvgyw`ªK I DcK~jxq †hvMv‡hvM, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, †K›`ªxq e¨vswKs, Avw_©Kwewbgq I FY`vb Ges Rxebexgv Lv‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY D‡j−L‡hvM¨ I µgea©gvb|Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g bvixi Kg©‡‡Î AskMªn‡Yi GKwU eûgyLx wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|wKš‘ RvZxqfv‡e GLbI AviI eû‡‡Î bvixi AskMÖnY ¯^xK…Z nqwb, hw`I †mme †‡Î bvixAskMÖnY i‡q‡Q| kªgkw³ Rwic 2002-2003-G (BSIC,4-wWwRU †KvW Abyhvqx) wmwfjBwÄwbqvwis, WvUv cÖ‡mwms (†KvW-7230), mdUIq¨vi Kbmvj&U¨vwÝ, ¯’vcZ¨, cÖ‡KŠkj Ges Gmsµvš— †UKwbK¨vj, Kbmvj&U¨vwÝ, K…wl M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDUmg~n kªwgK wb‡qvM, GKvDw›Us, eyKwKwcs,U¨v· Av`vq g¨v‡bR‡g›U KbmvjU¨vwÝ BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY k~b¨ †`Lv‡bvn‡q‡Q, hw`I Gme †‡Î bvix‡`i AskMÖnY i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Gme †‡Î bvixi Ae`vb ¯^xK…wZcvqwb|H GKB Rwi‡c (kªgkw³ Rwic 2005-06) AviI †hme Lv‡Z bvixi k~b¨ AskMÖnY†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv n‡jv (BSIC, 4-wWwRU †KvW Abyhvqx) Zzjv Ges Dj cÖwµqvRvZKiY(†KvW-1725, 1726), dzUIq¨vi ˆZwi, jv‡MR, n¨vÛe¨vM I nv‡b©m ˆZwi, avZe Uªv¼, bvU-eëz,e¨v‡ij I Wªvg ˆZwi, avZz I avZe `ªe¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY I †KvwUs, BwÄb, Uve©vBb Ges Ab¨vb¨wk‡í e¨envh© fvix hš¿ ˆZwi, wnmveiY I Kw¤úDwUs hš¿ ˆZwi, hvwš¿K †gvUi, †Rbv‡iUi IUve©vBb ˆZwi, ˆe`ÿ wZK Zvi (Bbmy‡j‡UW I †Kej) ˆZwi, ˆe`ÿ wZK evj¦, wUDe I Ab¨vb¨miÄvgvw` ˆZwi, †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI I Ab¨vb¨ cÖPvig~jK hš¿vsk ˆZwi Ges ch©‡eY, cwigvc,cixY I †bwf‡MwUs Gi hš¿vw` wbg©vY| A_P Gme Lv‡Zi A‡bK¸‡jv‡ZB Avgiv bvixi148

Avn&‡g`: RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb : †cÖvcU evsjv‡`k 149AskMÖnY †`L‡Z cvB| GKBfv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, bvix gyw` †`vKvb, Pv‡qi †`vKvb, †mjyb, mvaviYwecYx weZv‡b we‡µZv, †gvevBj †dvb weµq, weµ‡qvËi †mev`vb, wiPvR© I Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwiBZ¨vw` Lv‡ZI GwM‡q G‡m‡Qb, wKš‘ Gme Lv‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY cwimsL¨v‡bi Aš—fy©³ nqwb|Gme †‡Îi Ae`vb ¯^xK…wZ †c‡j RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb AviI e„w× †c‡Zv|4| DcmsnviG cÖe‡Üi Av‡jvPbvq Ges cvwicvwk¦©K AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K †`Lv hvq, †`‡ki wewfbœKg©‡‡Î bvixi AskMÖnY e¨vcK Ges AviI e¨vcKfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi m¤¢vebv Zv‡`i g‡a¨Av‡Q| my‡hvMmyweavi Afv‡e Ges bvix-evÜe cwi‡e‡ki Afv‡e bvix†Mvôx Zvi cÖwZfv Gesm¤¢vebv Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| d‡j RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb nq ¯^í| ZviDci hZUvB Zviv Ae`vb iv‡L ZviI h_vh_ ¯^xK…wZ _v‡K bv| d‡j RvZxq cwimsL¨v†bIAš—f©y³ nq bv| Zv‡`i eû Ae`v‡bi Avevi Avw_©K g~j¨vqbI nq bv| ZvQvov Kg©‡‡Î bvbvˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y bvix Zvi b¨vh¨ cvIbv n‡Z ewÂZ nq| hvi d‡j RvZxq Av‡q Zvi mwVKAe`vb cÖwZdwjZ nq bv| ZvQvov AwaKvsk mgq bvix‡K †hvM¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Kg Drcv`bkxjKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kiv nq| cvwievwiK I mvgvwRKfv‡e bvixi Amnvq‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y Zviv wb‡R†`iB†h †Kv‡bv iKg kª‡g Kg gRywi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ nevi cÖeYZv _v‡K| Zv‡`i Kg `iKlvKwl KievigZvi (Low Bargaining Power) Kvi‡YI Zviv Kg my‡hvM-myweav cvq| Ab¨w`‡KcwimsL¨vbMZ mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y bvixi AskMÖnY c~‡e©i Zzjbvq A‡bK evo‡jI Zv `„k¨ZA_©bxwZ‡Z Aš—fy©³ n‡”Q bv| Gi †cQ‡b bvixi cÖwZ cyi“lZvwš¿K Ges cuywRev`x mgv‡RiDbœvwmKZv `vqx| World Economic Forum (WEP) cwiPvwjZ wj½‰elg¨ (Gender Gap)msµvš— 58wU †`‡ki GK mgxvq †`Lv †M‡Q, G ˆelg¨ Kwg‡q Avbvi †‡Î evsjv‡`k 29Zg¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q (Gender Equity, 17 †g 2005)| G ˆelg¨ AviI Kwg‡q Avbv bv †M‡j bvixA_©bxwZ‡Z †h D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Q, Zv wZMÖ¯— n‡e, hv mvwe©K A_©bxwZi †‡ÎIg½jRbK n‡e bv| bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i‡K we‡kl myweav †`qv n‡j bvixi Ae`vb Ges Kg©ms¯’v‡bAskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †e‡o hv‡e eû¸‡Y| d‡j †`‡k mvwe©K Dbœqb AviI †eMevb n‡e Ges RvZxqAvq e„w× cv‡e|ZvB †`k I RvwZi mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© Kg©‡‡Î bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi h_vh_ g~j¨vqbAcwinvh©, †Kbbv Zv bv n‡j †`‡ki A‡a©K Rb‡Mvôx‡K †hgb Aeg~j¨vwqZ Kiv n‡e, †ZgwbA‡bK m¤¢vebvi Øvi i‡q hv‡e i“ä| RvZxq Av‡q bvixi Ae`vb‡K cwimsL¨vbfy³ Ki‡Z mswk−óKZ…©c, wb‡qvMKvix miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’v, `vZv‡Mvôx, bxwZwba©viK, M‡elK, D‡`¨v³v,mgvRKgx©- m‡e©vcwi RbMY‡K AviI m‡PZbfv‡e GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Avi Zv n‡jB A‡bKcÖwZeÜKZv‡K h_vh_fv‡e wPwýZ K‡i Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki c`‡c MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|Avgv‡`i mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z Zv wbwðZfv‡e mỳ ~icÖmvix BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e|

150evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvMÖš’cwÄnvgx`, kvgxg (1989): Òbvix‡`i M„n¯’vjx Kg©KvÊ Ges wRwWwcÕi wnmve : wKQy cÖm½ wKQy Abym½,Óevsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv, 7g LÊ, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm)|myjZvbv, cvifxb (1408): ÒKg©‡‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki gwnjv‡`i AskMÖnY : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv,Ó evsjv‡`kDbœqb mgxv, Ebwesk LÊ, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm)|Dbœqb c`‡c (1997): 7g msL¨v, Rvbyqvwi-gvP©|cvifxb, kvgxgv (1999): ÒK…wl‡Z bvix : Ae`vb I cÖvwß,Ó Dbœqb c`‡c, GwcÖj-Ryb, 5g el©, lô`kmsL¨v|gRyg`vi, cÖwZgv cvj I Rwni, mvjgv (1990): evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wk‡í kªwg‡Ki Ae¯’v, GKZvcvewj‡Kkbm|evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb el©MÖš’ 2004, 2005 Ges 2008 evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv, XvKv|ingvb, kvnxb (1998): Ò†RÛvi cÖm½,Ó †÷cm& UzqvW©m †W‡fjc‡g›U|wewfbœ msev`cÎ I †M‡RU †_‡K msKwjZ|Avn&‡g`, †nvgvqiv (2007): Òevsjv‡`‡ki bvix: Kg©‡‡Î AskMÖnY I h_vh_ g~j¨vqb kxl©K GKwUch©v‡jvPbv,Ó †mwjbv †nv‡mb, FZv Avdmvi I gvmỳ y¾vgvb m¤úvw`Z ÔÔ†RÛvi I Av_©mvgvwRKDbœqbÕÕ, gvIjv eªv`vm©, XvKv|Bulbul, Parvez (2010): “Women in Media in Bangladesh,” Sub-editorial, 8 August 2010,The Daily Star.Hamid, Shamim (1986): “Women’s Non-Market Works and GDP Accounting: The Caseof Bangladesh,” Research Report, No.110, Bangladesh Institute of DevelopmentStudies (BIDS).Jahan, Momtaz (2007): “Gender Mainstreaming in Bangladesh Civil Service Prospectsand Constraints,” Asian Affairs, Vol.29, No.1, pp:41-72, January-March 2007.BBS (2004): Labour Force Survey (2002-2003), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.BBS (2008): Labour Force Survey (2005-2006), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.Paul-Majumder, Pratima and Begum, Anwara (2006): “Engendering Garment Industry:The Bangladesh Context,” University Press Limited (UPL).Paul-Majumder, Pratima (1986): “Women, Work and Home,” Research Report No.49,Human Resource Division (HRD), Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies(BIDS), December 15, 1986.Rahman, Atiur et.al. (2002): “Early Impact of Grameen: A Multi-Dimensinal Analysis:Outcome of a BIDS Research Study,” Grameen Trust.Shamsuddin, Qazi (1997): “Women’s Participation in Employment: Its History andDeterminants,” Empowerment, Voll. 4, Women for Women, Bangladesh.150

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvLÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 1418N~wY©So AvBjv weaŸ¯— euv‡ai mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZ†gvnv¤§` nvi“byi iwk` f~uBqv *1| f~wgKvmvZxiv †Rjvi Avkvïwb I k¨vgbMi Dc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z 3,887 †n±i GjvKvi eb¨vcÖwZ‡iva, cvwb wb®‹vkb, jeYv³Zv †iva I †mP myweav cÖ`v‡bi j‡ cÖvq 107.21 j UvKve¨‡q 1965 mvj †_‡K 1983 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 7/1 b¤^i †cvìvi ev euvawU wbg©vY Kiv nq| G cy‡iv†cvìv‡i 34.21 wK:wg: eb¨v wbqš¿Y euva Ges 182 wK:wg: wb¯‹vkb Lvj Av‡Q| g~j bKkvq†cvìv‡i cvwb †XvKv‡bv Ges wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ 9wU ¯−yBm †MBU Av‡Q| euvawU wbg©v‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨wQj K…wl Drcv`‡b mnvqZv Ges wKQy wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †jvbvcvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi gva¨‡g wPswo Pvl K‡iGjvKvi RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kiv| wKš‘ cÖvqB †`Lv hvq ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZKKvi‡Y g~j euv‡ai wZ nq Ges iYv‡eYI e¨vnZ nq| Agvek¨v I c~wY©gvq D”P †Rvqv‡iiPv‡c Ges N~wY©S‡oi mgq R‡jv”Q¡v‡m euva wewfbœ As‡k †f‡½ cy‡iv GjvKv †jvbvcvwb‡Z c−vweZK‡i †d‡j, hvi cwi‡cÖw‡Z `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi K…wlKvR Ges grm¨ Pvl e¨vnZ nq| d‡j Rxeb-RxweKv nvwi‡q Zviv AviI †ewk FYMÖ¯— I `wi`ª n‡q c‡o| 2009 mv‡ji †g gv‡m mgMÖ`wYvÂj Ry‡o msNwUZ N~wY©So AvBjvi ci euvawUi wewfbœ fv½v Ask †givg‡Z cÖvq 2.5 eQimgq AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q| G `xN© mg‡q ¯’vbxq RbMY nvwi‡q‡Q Zv‡`i RxweKvi g~j Drm K…wl Igrm¨ Drcv`b| euva cybwbg©v‡Y Ges iYv‡e‡Y RvZxq ch©v‡qi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK bvbvev¯—eZv we‡k−lY Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi cÖ_g As‡k| cieZx© As‡k avivewnKfv‡eG‡cÖw‡Z ¯’vbxq Ges Lvbv ch©v‡qi ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aivn‡q‡Q| cÖeÜwU Dc‡iv³ euva GjvKvi ¯’vbxq RbMY I mswk−ó Kg©KZ©v‡`i †KBm ÷vwWR †_‡KcÖvß Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Gi mKj DcvËB AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †¯^”Qv cÖ`ËAwfgZ| M‡elYvi wbi‡cZvi ¯^v‡_© M‡elK wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv gZvgZ ms‡hvRb evAskMÖnYKvix‡`i †Kv‡bv gZvgZ we‡qvRb K‡ibwb| ïay avivevwnKZvi ¯^v‡_© †KBm ÷vwWR-GAskMÖnYKvix‡`i gZvgZ¸‡jv wewfbœ ch©v‡q mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|2| euva wb‡q RvZxq ivRbxwZi A_©bxwZ7/1 b¤^i g~j euvawU 1983 mv‡j cy‡ivcywi mgvß nq| ¯’vbxq cÖ‡KŠkjx‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡jRvbv hvq †h, g~j bKkv (design)-†Z euvawUi wfwË wQj 60 dzU cÖk¯’, D”PZv wQj 14 dzU Geseuv‡ai Dc‡i cÖk¯’Zv wQj 14 dzU| cvkvcvwk b`xi w`‡K Xvj (slope) wQj 30 dzU| wKš‘ euvawU* cÖeÜwUi †jLK evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡bi GKRb M‡elK| eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU gbvk wek¦we`¨vjq, A‡÷ªwjqvi wcGBPwWM‡elYvi gvV ch©v‡qi Dcv‡Ëi GKwU z`ª Ask wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q| †jLK †¯^”Qv gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ euva GjvKvi wZMÖ¯—K…lK cwiev‡ii wbKU K…ZÁ| cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`k cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i mvZxiv-2 A‡ji Kg©KZ©v‡`i wbKU DcvË mieivn IgZvgZ `v‡bi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e K…ZÁZv Ávcb Ki‡Q| cy‡iv cÖeÜwUi mKj Dcv‡Ëi Drm evsjv‡`k cvwb Dbœqb †evW© IcÙcyKzi BDwbqb cwil`|

152evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvcy‡ivcywi gvwUi nIqvq Ges ¯’vbxq gvwU‡Z jeYv³Zv †ewk _vKvq euvawUi gvwU big n‡q wewfbœ¯’v‡b ay‡q hvq| d‡j mKj ¯’v‡b Xvj I D”PZv mgvb _v‡Kwb| GQvov G A‡j †Rvqvi fvUvqcvwbi D”PZvqI A‡bK cv_©K¨ nq⎯cÖvq 5 †_‡K 8 dzU| Avevi Agvek¨v I c~wY©gvq GwUReduce Level (RL) †_‡K 11 dzU ch©š— nq| G wnmv‡e euva cvwbi PvB‡Z 3 dzU DuPz _v‡K|wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv cÖvq 2 dzU e„w× †c‡q‡Q| d‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Agvek¨v Ic~wY©gvi fiv †Rvqv‡i (high tide) cvwb cÖvq euv‡ai mgvb n‡q hvq| G Kvi‡Y euv‡ai bKkvcwieZ©b K‡i cÖ‡KŠkjxiv GwU 5 wgUvi D”PZvwewkó (cÖvq 17 dzU) Kivi Rb¨ e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘Zv Ki‡Z n‡j wfwËi cÖk¯’ZvI 60 dzU †_‡K 80 dzU Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi Rb¨ cÖPzi A‡_©icÖ‡qvRb| cy‡iv `wYv‡ji euva¸‡jv ev †cvìvi¸‡jv (AvbygvwbK cÖvq 10 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi)bZzb bKkv Abyhvqx DuPz Ki‡Z n‡j miKv‡ii cÖvq 5 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv cÖ‡qvRb| Lv`¨, R¡vjvwbcÖf…wZi b¨vq ¯úk©KvZi welq AMÖvwaKv‡i _vKvq Gw`‡K wVKgZ bRi w`‡Z cvi‡Q bv miKvi|MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq GKwU ivR‰bwZK miKvi‡K cy‡iv †`‡ki mgm¨vi w`‡K bRi w`‡Z nq| ZvBLv`¨ msKU ev we`ÿ r msKU †gvKvwejvq miKvi hZ `ª“Z A_©‰bwZK c`‡c MÖnY K‡i †mUvGKUv A‡ji K‡qKwU †cvìv‡ii Rb¨ ZZ `ª“Z nq bv| GQvov cÖ‡KŠkjx I ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yig‡Z miKvi fv‡e 5 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvq †cvìv‡ii mgm¨v mgvavb Kivi †P‡q AvBjvi b¨vqN~wY©S‡o G‡KKevi 1 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv LiP Kiv Kg e¨qeûj| ZvQvov AvBjvi g‡Zv N~wY©SocÖwZ eQi nq bv| cvkvcvwk ivR‰bwZK miKviI 5 eQ‡ii †ewk gZvq _v‡K bv| ZvBivR‰bwZK miKv‡ii Rb¨ `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq Kg UvKv e¨q K‡i cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK †bIqvAwaK jvfRbK|D‡j−wLZ KviY¸‡jvi Rb¨B miKvi wewfbœ mgq iYv‡eY Kv‡R ÔLyeB ax‡i P‡jvÕ bxwZMÖnY K‡i| †hgb: 7/1 †cvìv‡ii PvKjv bvgK ¯’v‡bi 300 wgUvi wis WvBK (Ring Dyke n‡jvSu zwKc~Y© ¯’v‡b wKQyUv †fZi w`‡q GKwU A¯’vqx euva wbg©vY Kiv, hv‡Z g~j euva †f‡½ †M‡jI cvwb†cvìv‡ii †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i) wbg©vY Gi KvR 2007-2008 A_©eQ‡i gvÎ 35%AMÖMwZ n‡qwQj| d‡j †`Lv hvq 2009 mv‡ji AvBjvi R‡jv”Q¡v‡m PvKjv bvgK ¯’v‡b euvawU†f‡½B me‡P‡q eo closure 1 ˆZwi nq| G closure ev fv½b hw` Hw`bB eÜ Kiv †hZ Zvn‡j50 nvRvi UvKvq KvRwU Kiv †hZ| wKš‘ 2 eQi †`wi nIqvq cÖvq 4 †KvwU UvKv e¨q n‡q‡Q|Gfv‡e cy‡iv †cvìv‡i eo wZbwU closure-Gi Kv‡R †`wi nIqvq G GjvKvq †Rvqvi-fvUvi†jvbvcvwbi cÖ‡ek †VKv‡Z cÖvq 2.5 eQi †j‡M‡Q| miKvi wKQyUv D`vmxb _vKvq GescÖ‡KŠkjx‡`i `ybx©wZ wb‡q wØavMÖ¯— _vKvq AwZ Ri“wi mg‡q euv‡a A_© Li‡Pi Aby‡gv`b nq bv|Gi d‡j K›Uªv±iivI Kv‡Ri AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j| Avc`Kvjxb ev `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q ZvivevwK‡Z KvR Ki‡Z Pvq bv| 2006-07 A_©eQ‡i Avc`Kvjxb Kv‡Ri e‡Kqv wQj cÖvq 28.38j UvKv| d‡j cieZx© eQi A_©vr 2007-08 A_©eQ‡i gvÎ 4.99 j UvKvi Avc`KvjxbKvR nq| G me¸‡jv KviY wgwj‡qB 2009 mv‡ji AvBjvi mgq R‡jv”Q¡v‡m 7/1 †cvìvi Gi1 eo eo fv½b‡K closure e‡j †h¸‡jv w`‡q †Rvqv‡ii mgq cvwb cÖ‡ek K‡i cy‡iv GjvKv †jvbvcvwb‡Z c−vweZ nq Ges mv‡_mv‡_ †givgZ bv Ki‡j wØZxq w`b †_‡K Lv‡j MZ© 3 †_‡K 4 wgUvi nq Ges 1/2 gv‡m G MZ© 17 †_‡K 18 wgUvi G †h‡q`uvovq|

f~uBqv: N~wY©So AvBjv weaŸ¯— euv‡ai mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZ 153PvKjv, PzB‡eoxqv I Rvcv bvgK wZbwU ¯’v‡b eo closure-Gi ˆZwi nq| Avi A_© msKU ImiKv‡ii mw`”Qvi Afv‡e G¸‡jv eÜ Ki‡Z 2011 mv‡ji gvP© gvm ch©š— mgq jv‡M| RvZxqivRbxwZi G A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK KviY¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk A‡bK mgq ¯’vbxq ivRbxwZiØvivI euva `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges ms¯‹vi KvR wejw¤^Z nq|3| ¯’vbxq ivRbxwZi cÖfve†cvìvi GjvKvq ¯’vbxq ivRbxwZ‡Z me‡P‡q kw³kvjx n‡jv wPswo Pvlxiv| ZvivB Dc‡Rjv†Pqvig¨vb, BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨vb Ges RvZxq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ¯’vbxq kvLvi cÖavb| GivivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e LyeB kw³kvjx| cÖvq mgqB cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i wba©vwiZ ¯−yBm†MBU Ges Lvj w`‡q †jvbvcvwb wPswo †N‡i wb‡q hvIqv Zv‡`i Rb¨ e¨qeûj nq| d‡j Zvive¨emvq Kg g~jab e¨envi K‡i AwaK jv‡fi Avkvq ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb I cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i†jvKRb‡K Nyl w`‡q nvZ K‡i euv‡ai wewfbœ ¯’v‡b A‰eafv‡e wbR¯^ ¯−yBm †MBU ˆZwi K‡i| GmKj ¯−yBm †MBU h_vh_ KvwiMix gvbm¤úbœ bv nIqvq ¯’vb¸‡jv‡Z euva `ye©j n‡q c‡o| gvVch©v‡qi M‡elYvi mgq M‡elK`j wbR †Pv‡LB 2 wK‡jvwgUvi euva GjvKvq G ai‡bi A‰ea¯−yBm †MBU I cvBc †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Q| cvwLgviv MÖv‡gi wbKU G ai‡bi GKwU A‰ea ¯−yBm†MB‡Ui wbKU gvP© 2011 mv‡j ms¯‹vi Kiv euv‡ai Ask GLbB †Rvqv‡i †f‡½ hv‡”Q| d‡jfwel¨‡Z N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡m G ¯’v‡b eo ai‡bi closure ˆZwi nIqv GK cÖKvi wbwðZ| bvgcÖKv‡k Awb”QyK ¯’vbxq GK MÖvgevmxi g‡Z, cÖvq †‡ÎB Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨vbMY wPswo e¨emvqwb‡qvRZ _vKvq †cvìv‡ii Giƒc `ye©jZvi welq¸‡jv Zviv †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki †MvP‡i Av‡bb bv|A‡bK †‡Î Zviv Gme euva msi‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjx‡`i mv‡_ AvuZvZ K‡i cy‡ivwelqwUB avgvPvcv w`‡q †`q| cÖ‡KŠkjx‡`i AwfgZ n‡”Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †KD †KD nqZ`ybx©wZMÖ¯—, wKš‘ Zv‡`i `ybx©wZ wbqš¿Y Kiv AvBb I wefvMxq k„•Ljv w`‡qB m¤¢e| wKš‘ivRbxwZwe`‡`i `ybx©wZi Kvi‡YB cy‡iv euva ûgKxi m¤§yLxb n‡q co‡Q e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡i|i“Bqviwej GjvKvi K…lKivI Zv‡`i em‡Zi wbKU cÖfvekvjx wPswo Pvlxi A‰ea ¯−yBm†MBU GjvKvi fv½b †`wL‡q e‡j G ai‡bi cÖfvekvjx‡`i wbKU Zviv (`wi`ª K…lKiv)G‡Kev‡iB Amnvq|G ai‡bi GKwU ¯−yBm †MB‡Ui Kvi‡Y AvBjvi mgq i“Bqviwej GjvKvqI euvawU †f‡½hvq| cieZx©‡Z bKkv cwieZ©b K‡i wKQyUv †fZ‡i wb‡q Ring Dyke wbg©vY Kiv nq| G‡Z wKQycwievi bZzb K‡i So R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi ûgKxi gy‡L c‡o|4| Lvbv ch©v‡q RvZxq I ¯’vbxq ivRbxwZi cÖfvecy‡iv †cvìviwU hLb †ek K‡qKwU ¯’v‡b †f‡½ hvq, ZLb †Rvqvi-fvUvi mv‡_ cÖPzi gvQAvmZ| G †cÖw‡Z grm¨ e¨emvi Rb¨ wKQy ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx cwievi cÖ_g w`‡K euv‡ai fv½b†iv‡ai Kv‡R evav †`q| GQvov K‡qKwU BDwbq‡bi †bZviv BDwbqb cwil` wbe©vP‡b euvaBmÿ wU‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨I euva cybwbg©vY KvR wKQyUv wejw¤^Z K‡i|

154evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvmiKvwi ev‡RU msKU Ges ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx wPswo Pvlx‡`i Kvi‡Y euva wKQy wKQy ¯’v‡bbK&kv cwieZ©b K‡i †fZ‡i †bIqvq wKQy K…lK cwievi hviv c~‡e© g~j euv‡ai †fZ‡i evm KiZ,Zviv bZzb euv‡ai evB‡i c‡o wM‡q‡Qb| i“Bqviwej MÖv‡g K_v nq G ai‡bi Amnvq 5wU `wi`ª I†R‡j cwiev‡ii mv‡_| Zviv D‡j−L K‡i †h, euv‡ai bZzb bK&kvwU Zv‡`i evwoi cÖvq 30 MR `~iw`‡q wM‡q‡Q| d‡j Zviv fwel¨r `y‡h©v‡Mi ûgKxi gy‡L c‡o‡Q| cvk¦©eZx© GKwU wPswo †Nigvwj‡Ki A‰ea ¯−yBm †MB‡Ui Kvi‡Y euvawU G ¯’v‡b †f‡½‡Q, bq‡Zv GUv GLv‡b fv½‡ZvB bv|GQvov Acicv‡k¦© GKwU Kei¯’vb _vKvq euvawU Zv‡`i evwoi evB‡i w`‡q wM‡q‡Q, bq‡Zv GwUevwoi gvSvgvwS ¯’vb w`‡q †hZ| Zv‡Z Aš—Z wZbwU cwiev‡ii wfUv evwo euv‡ai †fZ‡i _vKZ|G cuvPwU K…lK I †R‡j cwievi G‡Kev‡iB f~wgnxb| d‡j bZzb euv‡ai †fZ‡i †h‡q Zviv †h NiZzj‡e Zv‡`i Ggb RvqMvI †bB| gvV M‡elYvi mgq Zviv Rvbvq †h, e„nËi Rb¯^v‡_©i K_v†f‡e Zviv bZzb euva wKQyUv Nywi‡q wbg©v‡Y evav †`qwb| Avi evav w`‡jI nq‡Zv †Pqvig¨vb,†g¤^vi I cÖfvekvjxiv Zv‡`i K_v ïb‡Zv bv| GLb bZzb euv‡ai Xv‡j WAPDA-i Lvm Rwg‡Z†h‡q nq‡Zv Zviv A¯’vqxfv‡e Ni euva‡Z cv‡i| bZzev Avevi AvBjvi b¨vq R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡jZv‡`i g„Zz¨ Qvov †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| miKviI Zv‡`i‡K †Kv‡bv Avw_©K mvnvh¨ †`qwb| Gfv‡emiKvwi A_© mvkª‡qi Rb¨ euv‡ai bK&kv cwieZ©b K‡i wKQyUv †fZ‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq| wKš‘ Zv‡Z†h AwZ`wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv bZzb K‡i nZ `wi`ª n‡q c‡o †m K_v cwiKíbvwe` ev bK&kvKviK†KDB nq‡Zv gv_vq iv‡Lb bv, ¯’vbxq †bZ…e„›`I Zv‡`i K_v bxwZwba©viK‡`i wbKU Zz‡j a‡ibbv|5| DcmsnviN~wY©So AvBjvi ci weaŸ¯— 7/1 b¤^i †cvìv‡ii eo wZbwU closure-Gi gyL eÜ K‡i†Rvqvi-fvUvi †jvbvcvwb †_‡K cy‡iv †cvìvievwm‡K gy³ Ki‡Z cÖvq 2.5 eQi mgq AwZevwnZn‡q‡Q| G `xN© mg‡q Rwg‡Z jeYv³Zvi Kvi‡Y K…wl Drcv`b ev wPswo Pvl `yÕ†Uv †_‡K ewÂZn‡q‡Q G A‡ji gvbyl| †cvìvi‡K Kvh©g K‡i †Zvjvi c‡_ RvZxq I ¯’vbxq evavmg~n GLbIcy‡ivcywi `~i nqwb| wPswo Pvl I †givg‡Zi UvKvi Afv‡e AveviI fwel¨r R‡jv”Q¡v‡m cy‡iv†cvìviwU Zwj‡q hv‡e nq‡Zv †jvbvcvwb‡Z| `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi c‡ miKv‡ii gyLcv‡bAmnvqfv‡e ZvwK‡q _vKvi cwie‡Z© KiYxq LyeB mvgvb¨| d‡j Zviv dmj I RxweKvi Ab¨vb¨Dcvq nvwi‡q i‡q hv‡e `vwi‡`ª¨i `yó P‡µi †fZ‡iB|