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204Šolsko polje, letnik XXI, številka 5– 6and shows that they are pre-theoretic, un-conceptual, stereotyped, generalized,and thus essentially ideological.In what follows, he gives an overview of the articles that constitute thepresent volume, and critically analyse the historical, sociological, legal, andphilosophical background of how the notions of tolerance and interculturalcommunication were formed.Key words: tolerance, intercultural communication, multiculturalism,ideology, (neo)liberalismJonatan Vinkler»Medkulturni dialog« Evropske komisije kot novaverska toleranca in patent Jožefa II., imenovan»tolerančni« (1781)S Tolerančnim patentom (1781) je absolutistični cesar Jožef II. podelilversko toleranco evangeličanom, kalvincem in neunijatskim vernikomvzhod ne cerkve, ki so prebivali na področju Habsburške monarhije, za njimipa tudi pripadnikom židovske vere. Vladarjev ukrep velja tehtati znotraj referenčnegaokvira Jožefovih reform državne ureditve, zlasti ob vladarjevemprizadevanju, da bi Habsburško monarhijo moderniziral in naredil ekonomskokonkurenčno ostalim ključnim silam na evropskem kontinentu – zlastiFranciji in Prusiji. Tolerančni patent se umešča v širši kontekst vladarjevihverskih reform, kjer je treba ob monarhovih osebnih političnih težnjah upoštevatitudi tradicijo državnega cerkvenstva, ki se v Habsburški monarhijiutrdi od 16. stoletja naprej, ter verjetne odmeve galikanizma, febronianizma,razsvetljenskih filozofskih razprav o naravi države kot združbe in premislekovo suverenosti/oblasti, predvsem pa kot odmeve kameralistične državnoupravneznanosti.Tolerančni patent pomeni formalni preklic ukrepov, ki jih je posvetnaoblast ob koncu 16. in v prvih desetletjih 17. stoletja proti nekatoličanomuvedla v sklopu politične uveljavitve katoliške reformacije, protireformacijein rekatolizacije v deželah pod habsburškim žezlom. Posledice rimskokatoliškeverske unifikacije pretežnega dela Habsburške monarhije (vse cislajtanskedežele; na Ogrskem pod turško zasedbo ukrepi protireformacije nisoimeli splošnejšega dometa) so bile spremembe kulturnega miljeja posameznihkronovin in kraljestev (npr. Češkega kraljestva), predvsem pa ekonomskaošibitev Habsburške monarhije, ki je bila posledica verske emigracije inposledične demografske restratifikacije. Ekonomski vidik verske toleranceje bil tudi eden ključnih razlogov za odločitev Jožefa II., da izda Tolerančnipatent, zdi pa se, da je ekonomska komponenta tudi tudi poglavitno gonilo
Povzetki/Abstractsrazličnih sodobnih, birokratsko skonstruiranih projektov Evropske komisije,npr. t. i. »medkulturnega dialoga«.Razprava, ki je uravnoteženo napisana na podlagi virov in historiografskeliterature, vsebuje prvi celovit slovenski prevod Tolerančnega patenta infaksimile njegovega nemškega izvirnika.Ključne besede: Habsburška monarhija, jožefinske verske reforme, Tolerančnipatent (1781), verska toleranca, etatizem, državno cerkvenstvo, febronianizem,kameralistika“Intercultural dialogue” of the European Commission:New religious tolerance and Emperor Joseph II’s Patentof Toleration (1781)With the Patent of Toleration (1781), the absolutist Emperor Joseph IIof Austria granted freedom of worship to Lutherans, Calvinists and membersof the Greek Orthodox church living in the territory of the Habsburgmonarchy, and later also to the Jews. This edict should be considered withinthe context of the Josephine reforms of the system of government, particularlyin the light of the Emperor’s efforts to modernise the Monarchy andmake it economically competitive with other key powers on the Europeancontinent – especially France and Prussia. The Patent of Toleration thus fitsin the broader context of Joseph’s religious reforms which were driven bythe Emperor’s own political agendas. The resonance of these reforms shouldnot be viewed in isolation from the interests of the state Church, which hadbeen trying to consolidate its position in the Habsburg monarchy since the16th century. Nor should one dismiss the role of Gallicanism, Febronianismor for that matter the significance of the Enlightenment philosophicaldiscussions on the nature of the state as an organisation and seat of authority.Within this latter purview falls also the rising influence of the cameralisticapproach to state administration. The Patent of Toleration revokedthe measures taken by the secular authority against non-Catholics betweenthe end of the 16th and the first decades of the 17th century. At the timethese measures had been adopted to boost the political self-assertion of theCatholic Church: the Catholic Reformation movement was followed by theCounter-Reformation, which eventually led to the re-catholicisation of thelands under the Habsburg rule. The religious Roman-Catholic unificationof the larger part of the Habsburg monarchy (all the Cisleithan lands; underthe Turkish occupation the Counter-Reformation measures did not reachvery far into the Hungarian part of the empire) resulted in the changes inthe cultural milieus of individual crownlands and kingdoms (e.g. the Kingdomof Bohemia). Most significantly, it led to the economic weakening of205
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Multikulturalizem in diskurztoleran
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