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n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡wØZxq Aa¨vqSyuwK cwi‡ek wba©viYeë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avevi Ni‡`vi cwi®‹vi Kiv, Ni †givgZ I iv¯Ív †givg‡Zi KvRI Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| wmWi ev AvBjvq †hmecwiev‡ii cÖavb AvqKZ©v wbnZ, wb‡LuvR A_ev ¸iæZifv‡e RLg n‡qwQj †mme cwiev‡ii bvix‡K cwievi cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Zn‡qwQj| GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì †Kvb AwfÁZv wQjbv, ZvB GUv Zv‡ì Rb¨ wQj Lye Kómva¨| cwievi cÖavb wnmv‡e Hme bvix‡KNimsmv‡ii KvR- cvwb Avbv, ivbœv Kiv, wkïi hZœ †bIqv, I GKB mv‡_ Avq †ivRMv‡ii Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| wmWi, AvBjv ev2007 mv‡ji eb¨vq †hme bvix wb‡Ri evwo †Q‡o Ab¨Î Avkªq wb‡qwQj Zv‡ì c‡ wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZvi eë¯’v Kiv KwVbwQj| GQvovI, myiwZ Avkªq bv _vKvq H mgq Zv‡ì wbh©vZb I †hŠb nqivwbi SzuwK A‡bK ¸Y †e‡o wM‡qwQj| GB A¯^vfvweK IAwbwðZ RxebhvÎvi Kvi‡Y A_ev `y‡h©v‡M wcÖqRb nviv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡bK bvix gvbwmKfv‡e `ỳ ©kvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o|2.2.4. `y‡h©vMcxwoZ Rb‡Mvôxi Pvwn`vAvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx evB‡ii mvnvh¨ Qvov ïaygvÎ wb‡Ri †Póv‡Z Av‡Mi gZ ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡ibv| GK Rwi‡c, wmWiAvµvšÍÍ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z 40 †_‡K 50 j †jv‡Ki Rb¨ Lv`¨ mnvqZv I 2 j cwiev‡ii Rb¨ evm¯’vb mnvqZv cÖ‡qvRb n‡e e‡j AbygvbKiv n‡qwQj| Gi †cÖw‡Z, Lv`¨ I ÎvY gš¿Yvjq 15.9 wewjqb UvKvi ¯^í‡gqvw` I Av‡iv 72 wewjqb UvKvi `xN©‡gqvw` mnvqZvKvh©µ‡gi cÖ¯Íve K‡iwQj| GB mnvqZv cÖ¯Ív‡e Lv`¨ weZiY, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó, evm¯’vb wbg©vY, †fŠZ KvVv‡gv wbg©vY, I K…wl Lv‡Z mnvqZvAMÖvwaKvi †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e, G‡Z Mf©eZx I cÖm~wZ †mev Qvov bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v wel‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Zgb wKQy wQjbv|2.3. Avc` we‡kølYcÖvK…wZK Avc` wewea qwZ NUvq I `y‡h©v‡Mi m„wó K‡i| Avc‡ì aiY I ZxeªZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i qwZi aiY ev cwigvY|evsjv‡`k mPivPi †hme Avc‡ì m¤§yLxb nq †m¸‡jv nj- eb¨v, N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm, b`x fv½b, Liv, ˆkZ¨ cÖevn I Av‡m©wbK `~lY,f‚wgK¤ú, AwMœKvÛ, BgviZ aŸm, f‚wgaŸm|2.3.1. eb¨vcvwb cÖev‡ni A¯^vfvweK e…w×i d‡j cøveb gy³ GjvKv cvwb‡Z Wz‡e †M‡j eb¨v m„wó nq| evsjv‡`‡k eb¨v GKUv ˆbwgwËK NUbv| cÖvqcÖwZ eQiB †`‡ki †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI eb¨v N‡U I eb¨vi e¨vcKZv‡f‡`, †`‡ki 20 †_‡K 68 kZvsk f‚fvM cøvweZ nq| GB eb¨vqm¤ú`, dmj I †fŠZ KvVv‡gvi e¨vcK qwZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Pvi ai‡Yi eb¨v nq- AvKw¯§K eb¨v, AwZe„wó RwbZ eb¨v,†gŠmywg eb¨v I †Rvqvi m„ó eb¨v|AvKw¯§K eb¨v- DRv‡b AwZe„wó n‡j b`xi cvwbi D”PZv `ªæZ †e‡o hvq I b`xi cvwb Zxeª †mªv‡Z `yK‚j Qvwc‡q dm‡ji gvV IRbc` cøvweZ K‡i| Gid‡j, gv‡Vi dmj bó n‡Z cv‡i; Mevw`cï I nuvmgyiwM †f‡m †h‡Z cv‡i; euva, iv¯Ív I KvjfvU© ÿwZMÖ¯Ín‡Z cv‡i; evwoNi I M…n¯’vwj mvgMÖx bó n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ GwcÖj-†g gv‡m †`‡ki DËi I c~e©vÂ‡j GB eb¨v †`Lv †`q|AwZe„wó RwbZ eb¨v- cvwb wb®‹vkb eë¯’v AcÖZzj n‡j, AwZwi³ e„wócv‡Zi Kvi‡Y GKUv GjvKv cøvweZ n‡Z cv‡i| Gid‡j,gv‡Vi dmj bó n‡Z cv‡i; †fŠZ KvVv‡gv- †hgb, euva, iv¯Ív, KvjfvU© I evwoNi, M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i I wbPz GjvKvRjve× n‡Z cv‡i| 2000 mv‡j h‡kvi-Lyjbv AÂ‡j G ai‡Yi eb¨v n‡qwQj|†gŠmywg eb¨v- el©v Kv‡j b`xi cvwbi D”PZv †e‡o hvq I `yK‚j Qvwc‡q ZxieZ©x GjvKv cøvweZ K‡i| Gid‡j, gv‡Vi dmj bó n‡Zcv‡i; Mevw`cï I nuvmgyiwM †f‡m †h‡Z cv‡i; euva, iv¯Ív I KvjfvU© ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i; evwoNi I M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx bó n‡Z cv‡i|cÙv, eªþcyÎ I †gNbv b`x cÖYvjxi AeevwnKvq Ryb-†m‡Þ¤î Kv‡j GB eb¨v nq|†Rvqvi m„ó eb¨v- †Rvqv‡ii mgq mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv †e‡o hvq I f‚fv‡Mi wb®‹vkb cÖYvjx Ave× K‡i †d‡j f‚fvM cøvweZ nq|DcK‚j AÂ‡j GB eb¨v †`Lv †`q| Gid‡j, gv‡Vi dmj bó n‡Z cv‡i I Rjvk‡qi cvwb jeYv³ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|eo iK‡gi eb¨v n‡j Rxeb, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK qwZ n‡Z cv‡i| †mevmg~n I evRvi eë¯’v APj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i IcÖvZ¨wnK RxebhvÎvq wech©q †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| GiKg wech©‡q AvµvšÍ cwiev‡ii bvix Zvi KZ…©Z¡vaxb M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx, mewR evMvb InuvmgyiwM nvivq I wb‡Ri evwo †Q‡o Ab¨Î Avkªªq wb‡Z eva¨ nq| Gid‡j, †m Zvi ˆbwgwËK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, e¨w³MZcwi”QbœZvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡ibv I bvbvwea SzuwKi m¤§yLxb nq|14

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡1998, 1999, 2000, 2004 I 2007 mv‡j wZKi eb¨v n‡qwQj| 2007 mv‡ji eb¨vq †`‡ki kZKiv 40 fv‡MiI †ewk GjvKvcøvweZ n‡qwQj; G‡Z 2,264,933 cwievi fy³‡fvMx I 62,956 I 881,922 evwo, h_vµ‡g, m¤ú~Y© I AvswkK iƒ‡c wZMÖ¯Ín‡qwQj|2.3.2. N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vme‡½vcmvM‡i m„ó wbgœPvc N~wY©S‡o iƒc wb‡q evsjv‡`‡ki DcK‚j AÂ‡j AvNvZ nv‡b| mvaviYZ GwcÖj-†g I A‡±vei-b‡f¤î gv‡mN~wY©So †`Lv †`q| N~wY©S‡oi mv‡_ memgq R‡jv”Q¡vm _v‡K| GB Avc` LyeB weaŸsmx| Gid‡j, e¨vcK cÖvYnvwb I m¤ú`nvwb N‡U Icwi‡ek aŸsm nq| N~wY©So KewjZ cwiev‡ii bvix wb‡R gviv †h‡Z cv‡i ev AvnZ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev cwievi cwiRb nviv‡Z cv‡i| GB`y‡h©v‡M bvix m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Avkªqnxb I m¤ú`nxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i; Lvevi, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv, e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv I mvgvwRK wbivcËviAfv‡e Kó †c‡Z cv‡i| 1991, 1997, 2007 I 2009 mv‡j DcK‚j AÂ‡j weaŸsmx N~wY©So AvNvZ †n‡bwQj| G‡Z 2,064,026cwievi wZMÖ¯Í nq; 563,877 wU evwo AvswkKiƒ‡c I 955,063 wU evwo m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c aŸsm nq|2.3.3. b`x fv½bb`x fv½b GKUv Pjgvb cÖwµqv| cÙv, eªþcyÎ I †gNbv b`x LyeB fv½b cÖeY| GB Avc‡ì Kvi‡Y b`x ZxieZ©x dm‡ji Rwg I†jvKvjq µ‡g µ‡g b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q hvq| Avc` KewjZ cwievi Rwg nvivq, ev¯‘nviv nq I ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z eva¨ nq| cwiev‡iibvix m¤ú`nviv nq I mvgvwRK m¤úK© Rvj I cwiwPwZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o|1974 †_‡K 2004 mvj mg‡q cÙv I eªþcyÎ b`xi fv½‡b, h_vµ‡g, cÖvq 29,390 I 87,790 †n±i Rwg b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q‡Q|eQ‡i M‡o 10 j †jvK ev¯‘nviv n‡q‡Q|2.3.4. Liv`xN©Kvjxb ï®‹ AvenvIqv I Abve„wói Kvi‡Y Liv †`Lv †`q| Liv cxwoZ AÂj Zß n‡q I‡V| Rjvk‡qi cvwb ïwK‡q hvq, b`xcÖevnn«vm cvq, f‚Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvq I gvwUi Av`ª©Zvq NvUwZ †`Lv †`q| d‡j, †‡Zi dmj ïwK‡q km¨ wech©q N‡U| cï cvjbI nuvmgyiwM cvjb Kiv KwVb nq| Liv GKwU gvivZ¥K Avc`| Gi cÖfv‡e K…wl wbf©i Rb‡Mvôx Lv`¨ msKU I A_©vfv‡ei m¤§yLxb nq|LivcxwoZ GjvKvq bvixi c‡ cwiR‡bi cywógvb eRvq ivLv I ˆ`bw›`b cvwbi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv `ytmva¨ n‡q c‡o| GQvov, cwiev‡iicyiæl m`m¨ Livi mg‡q Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b Ab¨Î P‡j hvq| Hme cwiev‡ii bvix †hŠb wbh©vZbmn wewea SzuwKi m¤§yLxb nq|wØZxq Aa¨vqSyuwK cwi‡ek wba©viYmvaviYZ †`‡ki DËivÂ‡j Livi cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv hvq| cÖwZev‡i M‡o †`‡ki 47 kZvsk GjvKv I RbmsL¨vi 53 kZvsk LivcxwoZnq| 1949 †_‡K 1991 mvj mg‡q G‡`‡k 24 evi Liv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 1951, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1972, 1975, 1979,1981, 1984 I 1989 mv‡ji Liv LyeB gvivZ¥K wQj| Gic‡i, 1994-95 mv‡ji Liv wQj Lye `xN©¯’vqx, G‡Z e¨vcK km¨nvbx N‡U|2.3.5. ˆkZ¨ cÖevnkxZKv‡j evqygÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv 10 wWwMÖ †mjwmqv‡mi wb‡P †b‡g ˆkZ¨ cÖev‡ni m…wó K‡i| GB cÖevn 3 †_‡K 5 w`b wKsev Av‡iv †ewkw`b Pj‡Z cv‡i| KL‡bv KL‡bv ZvcgvÎv 4 wWwMÖ †mjwmqv‡m †b‡g Av‡m| Gmgq evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv †e‡o hvq I Nb Kzqvkvi Kvi‡Ym~h©v‡jvK f‚c„‡ô †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡ibv| GB AvenvIqv‡Z RbRxeb ¯’wei n‡q c‡o| `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx KvRKg© Ki‡Z cv‡ibv I Zv‡ì †KvbAvq _v‡Kbv| Zviv Lv`¨ msK‡U c‡o| ZvQvov, Zv‡ì Dchy³ kx‡Zi Kvco _v‡Kbv, Zviv kx‡Z Kó cvq| A‡b‡K wbD‡gvwbqv evk¦vmK‡ó †fv‡M| AwZwi³ VvÛvq ev wbD‡gvwbqvi Kvi‡Y wkï I e„× e¨w³ gviv †h‡Z cv‡i| `wi`ª cwiev‡ii bvix ˆkZ¨ cÖev‡n LyeB Kócvq| cÖPÛ kx‡Zi g‡aÏ Zv‡K Lye †fv‡i D‡V cvwb Avb‡Z nq, ivbœv Ki‡Z nq, †avqv‡gvQv Ki‡Z nq| we‡kl K‡i cÖm~wZ gv IbeRvZ wkï G mg‡q Lye SzuwKi g‡a¨ _v‡K|evsjv‡`k cÖwZ eQiB ˆkZ¨ cÖev‡n AvµvšÍ nq| 2006 mv‡j ˆkZ¨ cÖev‡n 100,000 Rb fy³‡fvMx n‡qwQj, Gi g‡a¨ 130 Rb g„ZzëiY K‡iwQj| Avi 2007, 2008 I 2009 mv‡j †`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq ˆkZ¨ cÖev‡n g„Zz¨ eiY K‡iwQj h_vµ‡g, 369, 55 I 135Rb|15

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡wØZxq Aa¨vqSyuwK cwi‡ek wba©viY2.3.6. Av‡m©wbK `~lYmv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j Av‡m©wbK `~lY GKwU fqven Avc` wnmv‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| AwZgvÎvq f‚Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvjb Kivi Kvi‡Y f‚Z‡j evqycÖ‡ek Ki‡Q I evqyi cÖfv‡e f‚Mf©¯’ mwÂZ Av‡m©‡bvcvB‡iU wehy³ n‡q cvwb‡Z wg‡k hv‡”Q| Gid‡j †`‡ki A‡bK AÂ‡j bjK‚‡cicvwb‡Z Av‡m©wb‡Ki cwigvY mnbxq gvÎv †_‡K A‡bK †ewk gvÎvq weivR Ki‡Q| GB cvwb cvb K‡i Rb‡Mvôxi wecyj AskAv‡m©wb‡Kvwmm †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡”Q| GB †iv‡Mi jY Lye ax‡i cÖKvk cvq| †iv‡Mi cÖvi‡¤¢ AvµvšÍ e¨w³i Z¡‡Ki is µgk Kvj‡P n‡qhvq| c‡i nvZ I cv‡qi Zvjy k³ n‡q hvq I kix‡i AuvwP‡ji gZ k³ †MvUv D‡V; ax‡i ax‡i Zvjy‡Z Nv †`Lv †`q, i³bvjx‡Z Z m„wónq, Z¡‡Ki K¨vbmvi †`Lv †`q I kix‡i cPb a‡i| Av‡m©wb‡Kvwm‡m AvµvšÍ bvix kvixwiKfv‡e Kó cvq| †mB mv‡_ †m cwievi Imgv‡R gh©v`v nvivq, cÖvq GKN‡i n‡q c‡o I wewea eÂbvi wkKvi nq|†`‡ki 64wU †Rjvi ga¨ 61 †Rjvi f‚Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z wewfbœ gvÎvq Av‡m©wbK `~lY i‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i `wY-cwðg I `wY-c~e©AÂ‡ji †Rjv¸‡jvi cvwb †ewkgvÎvq Av‡m©wbK `~lY hy³| evsjv‡`k cÖvq 125.5 wgwjqb †jvK wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v wba©vwiZ mnb gvÎv†_‡K †ewk gvÎvi Av‡m©wbK `ylYhy³ cvwb cvb K‡i|2.3.7. f‚wgK¤úf‚cÖvK…wZK êwk‡ói Kvi‡Y †`‡ki DËic~ev©Âj †ewkgvÎvq f‚wgK¤ú cÖeY| MZ †òk eQ‡i G‡`‡k AšÍZ mvZevi eo ai‡Yif‚wgK¤ú N‡U‡Q| mv¤úÖwZK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fywgK‡¤úi NUbv N‡U‡Q 1997 mv‡j wm‡jU I ev›ìe‡b, 1999 mv‡j g‡nkLvwj‡Z I 2003mv‡j eiK‡j| wbKU fwel¨‡Z gvivZ¥K f‚wgK¤ú AvNvZ nvb‡Z cv‡i e‡j AvksKv K‡i n‡”Q| f‚wgK‡¤ú †fŠZKvVv‡gv e¨vcKfv‡ewZMÖ¯Í I A‡bK Rxebnvbx N‡U| mvaviYZ kni I evwYR¨‡K›`ª †ewk wZMÖ¯Í nq; d‡j RvZxq A_©bxwZ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨nZ nq|f‚wgK‡¤ú bvix I wkïi Rxebnvbx †ewk N‡U| bvix Ni I N‡ii wRwbmcÎ nvivq|2.3.8. AwMœKvÛ†cvlvK ˆZwi KviLvbv, ew¯Í I kn‡ii Nb emwZ GjvKvq Av¸b jvMvi NUbv µgvMZ evo‡Q| wKQyw`b Av‡M GKUv eûZj wecwbweZv‡bAv¸b †j‡M e¨vcK qwZ n‡qwQj| 2010 mv‡j mviv‡`‡k Av¸b jvMvi NUbv N‡U‡Q 14,454 evi| G‡Z gviv †M‡Q 193 Rb IAvnZ n‡qQ 205 Rb; m¤ú‡ì wZ n‡qwQj cÖvq 5,225 †KvwU UvKvi| AwMœKv‡Û †ewk gviv hvq bvix I wkï| ZvQvov, bvix Ni IN‡ii wRwbmcÎ me nvwi‡q G‡Kev‡i DØv¯‘ n‡q c‡o|2.3.9. BgviZ aŸmXvKv kn‡i eûZj feb- emZevwo I †cvkvK ˆZwi KviLvbv aŸ‡m covi cÖeYZv evo‡Q| G‡Z A‡bK gvbyl nZvnZ nq| we‡kl K‡i†cvkvK ˆZwi KviLvbv feb aŸ‡m nZvn‡Zi g‡a¨ bvixi msL¨v _v‡K A‡bK †ewk|2.3.10. f‚wgaŸmcÖvq cÖwZeQiB PÆMÖvg GjvKvq f‚wgaŸ‡mi NUbv N‡U| G‡Z Ni I N‡ii wRwbmcÎ aŸsm nq I gvwU Pvcv c‡o gvbyl gviv hvq|wbnZ‡ì g‡a¨ AwaKvskB _v‡K bvix I wkï|2.3.11. Rjevqy cwieZ©bêwk¦K DòZv I mgỳ ªc„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k LyeB SzuwKi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Mo evwl©K ZvcgvÎv 1985-1998,GB 14 eQ‡i †g gv‡m 1.0 wWwMÖ I b‡f¤î gv‡m 0.5 wWwMÖ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| AvksKv Kiv n‡”Q †h, MÖx®§Kv‡j †ewkgvÎvq wngvj‡qi eidMj‡e I b`xi cÖevn evo‡e| †mBmv‡_ e„wócvZ AwbwðZ n‡q co‡e| d‡j eb¨vi cÖ‡Kvc I b`x fv½‡bi gvÎv evo‡e| ï®‹ †gŠmy‡gb`x¸‡jv G‡Kev‡i ïwK‡q hv‡e, f‚Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hv‡e I †`‡ki DËivÂj Liv cxwoZ n‡e| eZ©gvb K…wleë¯’v m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c†f‡½ co‡Z cv‡i| †`‡ki `wYvÂ‡j N~wY©S‡oi ZxeªZv evo‡e I we¯ÍxY© GjvKvq b`x, Rjvkq I f‚Mf©¯’ cvwb AwaKgvÎvq jeYv³n‡q co‡e| K…wl wbf©i Rb‡Mvôxi RxweKv AwZgvÎvq msKzwPZ n‡q co‡e Avi DcK‚j AÂ‡ji Rb‡Mvôxi weivU Ask Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z eva¨ n‡e| cvwiev‡ii RxweKv msKU I ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ bvixi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv Av‡ivcÖKU n‡q DV‡e| Zv‡ì wbR¯^ Avq I m¤ú` K‡g hv‡e| Zviv wPwKrmv I wkv jv‡fi my‡hvM nviv‡e| wecyj msL¨K bvix cÖvq DØv¯Ín‡q A‡bï wf‡UgvwU‡Z evm Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡e| m¤ú‡ì ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì Avevm¸‡jv n‡e RxY©- †m¸‡jv kxZ, el©v ev cÖwZKzjAvenvIqv‡Z †Zgb myiv w`‡Z cvi‡ebv| µgea©gvb I †cŠbtcywbK Avc‡` Zv‡ì RxebhvÎv cÖwZwbqZ wech©¯Í n‡Z _vK‡e|16

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡2.4. wec`vcbœZv we‡kølY`y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ mKj Rb‡Mvôx ev GKB Rb‡Mvôxi mKj m`m¨ mgvbfv‡e wec`vcbœ nqbv| hv‡ì wec`vcbœZv †ewk Zviv Avc‡ìAvNv‡Z KvZi n‡q c‡o I RxebhvÎv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡ibv| Avi hv‡ì wec`vcbœZv Kg, Zviv Avc‡ì AvNvZA‡cvK…Zfv‡e Kg Abyfe K‡i| Zv‡ì wZ Kg nq I qwZ m‡Ë¡I Zviv ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎvq A‡bKUv wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i|e¨w³, cwievi ev Rb‡Mvôxi wec`vcbœZvi gvÎv †fŠZ cwi‡ek, †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, †fŠZ KvVv‡gv I ¯’vcbv, cÖvwZôvwbK m¤úK©,Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Ges Ávb, m‡PZbZv I `Zv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|wec`vcbœZvi cÖfveKcwi‡ek I Ae¯’vbMZ- hviv Avc`cÖeY GjvKvq evm K‡i Zviv †ewkgvÎvq Avc‡ì gy‡LvgywL nq I †ewk cwigv‡Y wZMÖ¯Í nq| †hgb, DcK‚jAÂ‡j emevmKvix cwievi N~wY©S‡o AvµvšÍ nq; P‡i wbPz GjvKvi emwZ eb¨vq cøvweZ nq; b`xi cv‡o emevmKvix cwievi¸‡jv b`x fv½‡bevwoNi nvivq| evievi `y‡h©vMcxwoZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zviv µgvMZ A_© I m¤ú` nvivq I †ewkgvÎvq wec`vcbœ n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov, cÖvwšÍKGjvKvq, †hgb- Pi AÂj ev fv½bcÖeY b`x Zxi msjMœ GjvKvq, cÖvK…wZK myiv _v‡K bv ev †mLv‡b gReyZ ev Avc` mnbkxj †fŠZ KvVv‡gvwbg©vY Kiv m¤¢e nqbv| Gme GjvKvq emevmKvixi wec`vcbœZvi gvÎv †ewk n‡q _v‡K|†fŠZ KvVv‡gv I ¯’vcbv- k³ `vjvb‡KvVv ev gReyZ evwoNi So SÅvq wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i; DuPz wfUvi evwo eb¨vq †Wv‡ebv| k³ euva eb¨v evR‡jv”Q¡vm †_‡K iv K‡i| †UKmB iv¯Ív _vK‡j `ªæZ wbivc` Avkª‡q hvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv wec`vcbœZv Kgvq| Avi Gm‡ei NvUwZ n‡j cwieviI Rb‡Mvôxi wec`vcbœZv †e‡o hvq|Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v- Rb‡Mvôxi `wi`ª I myweav ewÂZ Ask mvaviYZ SzuwKc~Y© GjvKvq evm Ki‡Z eva¨ nq I m¤ú‡ì ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y gReyZev Avc` mwnòz evwoNi evbv‡Z cv‡ibv| d‡j Zviv †ewk gvÎvq wec`vcbœ nq| Zvi Dci, Zv‡ì RxweKvi Dcvqmg~n `ye©j ev AwbwðZ n‡j,†hgb- cÖvwšÍK Pvlvev`, gvQaiv, w`b gRywi, †bŠKv Pvjv‡bv, wi·v Pvjv‡bv, cwievi¸‡jvi wec`vcbœZv †e‡o hvq| mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I ¯’vbxqmsMVb¸‡jv `ye©j n‡j ev `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vmgywL bv n‡j H Rb‡Mvôxi wec`vcbœZvi gvÎv †ewk nq|Ávb, m‡PZbZv I `Zv- Avc‡ì SzuwK I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© hv‡ì Ávb Av‡Q Zviv wec‡ì ïiæ‡ZB wec` Gov‡bvi †Póv K‡i, †hgb- N~wY©S‡oimZK©evZ©v cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zviv Avkªq‡K›`ª ev wbivc` ¯’v‡b m‡i hvq| m‡PZb e¨w³ ev cwievi `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ic~e©cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì wec`vcbœZv Kg| mej kixi I RxebgywL `Zv, †hgb- muvZvi KvUv, Mv‡Q Pov, gvbyl‡K Avc‡ì nvZ †_‡KeuvP‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Kg eqmx wkï, e„× cyiæl ev bvix, cÖwZeÜx e¨vw³ I Amȳ ’ e¨w³i kvixwiK kw³ mvaviYZ Kg _v‡K, G‡ì A‡b‡KBmuvZvi KvU‡Z ev Mv‡Q Po‡Z cv‡ibv| d‡j, Giv †ewk gvÎvq wec`vcbœ _v‡K|wØZxq Aa¨vqSyuwK cwi‡ek wba©viY2.4.1. bvixi wec`vcbœZvcÖ_vMZ Kvi‡Y bvix kvixwiK kw³ eënv‡i cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq Kg cUz| Zviv Mv‡Q Po‡Z cv‡ibv ev muvZvi KvU‡Z cv‡ibv| Zv‡ìcwi‡aq †cvkvK wec‡ì mgq Pjv‡dive¨vnZ K‡i| G¸‡jv Zv‡ì wec`vcbœZviKviY| Z‡e, bvixi wec`vcbœZvi g~‡j i‡q‡Qmgv‡R Zvi Aa¯Íb Ae¯’vb| cÖPwjZ cÖ_v ImvgvwRK êlg¨ bvixi †h f‚wgKv wba©viY K‡iw`‡q‡Q Zvi d‡jB D¢e n‡q‡Q GB Ae¯’vb |mgv‡R ev cwiev‡i bvixi gZvg‡Zi Dci†Zgb ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nqbv; wm×všÍ †beviAwaKvi G‡Kev‡iB bvB| SyuwKn«vm wel‡q`Zv ev wPšÍv fvebv bvix ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvMKi‡Z cv‡ibv| cwiev‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZviKvi‡Y bvix SyuwKc~Y© cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Rxeb hvcbKi‡Z eva¨ nq| Z`ycwi, bvixi wbR¯^ Av‡qimy‡hvM †Zgb bvB; wb‡Ri ev cwiev‡iim¤ú‡ì Dci Zvi †Kvb wbqš¿Y _v‡Kbv|17

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡wØZxq Aa¨vqSyuwK cwi‡ek wba©viYGRb¨ Zviv `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡mi Rb¨ wewb‡qvMI Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| bvixi Pjv‡divi Dci bvbvwea mvgvwRK wewawb‡la Av‡Q| bvixi muvZviKvUv, Mv‡Q Pov ev †`Šo Suvc Kiv mvgvwRKfv‡e fvj †Pv‡L †`Lv nqbv| ZvB, †ewkifvM bvix Gme `Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibv;`y‡h©v‡Mi mgq Zviv wec‡` c‡o| we‡kl K‡i Mwie cwiev‡i, bvixi wkv, wPwKrmv I cywó msµvšÍ welq KLbB AMÖvwaKvi ZvwjKvq¯’vb cvqbv| d‡j, bvixi wPšÍv †PZbv ÿz`ª MwÛi ga¨ Ave× _v‡K- †m m‡PZb n‡Z cv‡ibv| †mB mv‡_, kvixwiKfv‡eI †m `ye©j _v‡K|Zvi c‡ `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Kiv Lye KwVb n‡q c‡o|M„n¯’vwj mvgjv‡bv I wkïi cwiPh©v we‡klfv‡e bvixi Dci eZ©vq| Avc`Kvjxb mg‡q Ni‡`vi A‡MvQv‡jv ev AiwZ †i‡L A_evwkï‡ì †d‡j †i‡L GKv GKv wbivc` Avkª‡q hvIqv bvixi c‡ m¤¢e nqbv| Riæwi Z_¨ ev msev` †m mgqgZ cvqbv GgbwK,N~wY©S‡oi mZK©evZ©vI Zvi Kv‡Q wVKgZ †cŠQvqbv|2.5. SzuwK we‡ePbvSyuwK we‡ePbvi mv‡_ MÖnY‡hvM¨ SyuwK gvÎvi aviYvIZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| m¤ú`, Ávb I cÖhyw³MZmxgve×Zvi wbwi‡L GB MÖnY‡hvM¨ SzuwKi gvÎvwba©viY Kiv nq| Gi wfwË‡Z wewfbœ SyuwKi ¸iæZ¡I SyuwKn«vm KvR¸‡jvi AMÖvwaKvi wbav©iY Kivnq| RvZxq ch©v‡q, wewfbœ Avc‡` LvZIqvwiA_©bxwZi SzuwK¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q ISzuwKn«v‡mi KvR Dbœq‡bi g~javivq m¤ú„³ KivicwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq Rb‡MvôxDrcv`bgywL m¤ú‡ì SyuwK¸‡jv gyL¨ wnmv‡e a‡i|RvZxq ch©v‡q SzuwK we‡ePbvq Rxebnvbx, Drcv`b n«vm I †mevmg~‡niweNœ cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡QAv‡qi Drm iÿv KivB SzuwK g~j¨vq‡b ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi cÖavb we‡eP¨Mixe cwievi ZvrÿwYK Lv`¨ cÖvwßi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Zi Ab¨ SzuwK †g‡b †bq`y‡h©v‡Mi mg‡q cybiærcv`bg~jK KvR¸‡jv wbwðZ KivB bvixi SzuwKwe‡ePbvi g~j welq†KŠkj wnmv‡e Zviv cÖavbZ wb‡R‡ì SzuwKn«vm‡KB AMÖvwaKvi †`q| cvk¦©eZx© GjvKvq Gi cÖfve wK n‡Z cv‡i Zv we‡ePbvq Av‡b bv|cwiev‡ii Rb¨ gyL¨ nj eZ©gvb Lv`¨ wbivcËv| GB SzuwK wbim‡bi Rb¨ cwievi Ab¨ SzuwK¸‡jv Gi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ euv‡Uvqviv K‡i IcieZ©xKv‡ji Av‡iv A‡bK SzuwK Zviv MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i| bvix cybiærcv`bg~jK f‚wgKv‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`q I G msµvšÍSzuwK Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †m wb‡R Ab¨ A‡bK SzuwK †bq| Rxe‡bi SyuwK- cÖavbZ, N~wY©So RwbZ c~e©cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR I Mbm‡PZbZvi gva¨‡gI Rb‡Mvôxi Ab¨vb¨ SyuwK Aewkó SzuwK wnmv‡e mvov cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wbimb Kivi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q|2.5.1. RvZxq ch©v‡q SzuwK we‡ePbv`y‡h©vM SzuwK we‡ePbvq Rxeb, Drcv`b I †mev LvZmg~‡ni SzuwK m¤¢ve¨ me Avc‡ì †cÖw‡Z we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avc`¸‡jv nj eb¨v,N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm, U‡b©‡Wv, b`x fv½b, f‚wgK¤ú, Liv, Av‡m©wbK `~lY, jeYv³Zv, mybvwg, AwMœKvÛ, AeKvVv‡gv †f‡½ cov If~wgaŸm| Rjevqy cwieZ©b eb¨v, N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm, b`x fv½b, Liv I jeYv³Zvi ZxeªZv I aŸsmKvwiZv evov‡e aviYv K‡iwe‡ePbvq †bIqv n‡q‡Q| `vwi`ª we‡gvPb j‡ï Av”Qv`‡b `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡mi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi avivevwnKZvq,RvZxq A_©bxwZ I K…wli †cÖw‡Z SzuwK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB `yB wel‡q wZi cwigvY I Rjevqy cwieZ©b RwbZ Kvi‡YDrcv`bkxj Rwgi m¤¢ve¨ n«vm AMÖvwaKvi wbY©‡q gyL¨ welq wnmv‡e aiv n‡q‡Q| cwiKíbv `wj‡j ˆkZ¨ cÖev‡ni D‡jøL bvB; m¤¢eZ,RvZxq A_©bxwZi Dci ˆkZ¨ cÖev‡ni cÖfve cwigvc‡hvM¨ bq e‡j GB we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb nqwb| RvZxq `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm cwiKíbvqcÖvwšÍK I myweav ewÂZ Rb‡Mvôxi SzuwKn«vm wel‡q †Kvb wKQy ¯úófv‡e wba©viY Kiv nqwb| bvixi we‡kl I mywbw`©ó SzuwKi wel‡qI GBcwiKíbv `wj‡j †Kvb D‡jøL bvB| Z‡e, `y‡h©vM SzuwK m‡PZbZv e„w× Kg©m~wP I Aewkó SzuwK eë¯’vcbv ev mvov cÖ`vb Kvh©µg h‡_ó¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwiKíbvf‚³ ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖn‡Y SzuwK wbiƒcY Kvh©µg GB m‡PZbZv e„w×Kg©m~wPi Ask I Aewkó SzuwK eë¯’vcbv ev mvov cÖ`vb Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ hy³|2.5.2. ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi SzuwK we‡ePbv`y‡h©vM cÖeY GjvKvq, ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôx RxweKvi wbivcËvi †cÖw‡Z `y‡h©vM SzuwK e¨vL¨v K‡i| GKwU Avc‡ì AvNv‡Z Zv‡ì Av‡qiDrm KZUv AwbwðZ n‡q co‡e †mUvB Zv‡ì D‡Ø‡Mi welq| Zv‡ì `„wó‡Z, †fŠZ m¤ú` I AeKvVv‡gv Zv‡ì Av‡qi Drm myivimv‡_ RwoZ| ZvB Zv‡ì AuvKv SzuwK gvbwP‡Î euva, iv¯Ív, †LqvNvU ev nvUevRvi cÖejfv‡e dz‡U I‡V| wbR GjvKvi Sw zu K Kgv‡bvi RbÄvc‡ì Sw zu K Ab¨ GjvKvq ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi †KŠkj wb‡Z cv‡i| GB Rb¨ Zviv ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q euva, b`x Lbb, b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©‡bicÖ¯Íve iv‡L|18

2.5.3. cwievi chv©‡q SyuwK we‡ePbvMwie cwiev‡ii †‡Î, mgKvjxb Lv`¨ wbivcËv SyuwK we‡ePbvi g~L¨ welq| Zv‡ì m¤ú` Kg I Avq AwbwðZ| Sw zu Knªv‡mi Rb¨ ZvivLye †ewk wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| Zviv ˆ`bw›`b Lv`¨ cÖvwß wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Zi eo iK‡gi Sw zu K MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b K‡i|Zviv wkïi wkv mswß Ki‡Z cv‡i| cwiev‡ii wPwKrmvi LiP Kgv‡Z cv‡i| M„ncvwjZ cï wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK, Rwg eÜKIw`‡Z cv‡i|2.5.4. bvixi SyuwK we‡ePbvbvixi Sw zu K g‚j¨vqb cÖavbZ cybiærcv`bg~jK f‚wgKv‡Kw›`ªK| Sw zu K g‚j¨vq‡bi gyL¨ welq n‡jv M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx, cwiev‡ii ˆ`bw›`bLvevi I wkï cwiPhv©| Avc`Kvjxb ev cieZx© mg‡q Gme wel‡q `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv KZUv AvwbwðZ n‡Z cv‡i †mB we‡ePbvq bvix Sw zu Kg~j¨vqvqb K‡i| GB Sw zu K¸‡jv n«vm Ki‡Z wM‡q Ab¨ †hme Sw zu K Zvi mvg‡b Av‡m †m¸‡jv †m MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b K‡i| GB Kvi‡Y,¯^vgxi A‡MvP‡i mÂq K‡i; Avkªq‡K‡›`ª †h‡Z †`wi K‡i| WzešÍ Ae¯’vq Aveªæ Qvov †m Wv½vq D‡V Avm‡Z cv‡ibv; †m nq‡Zv g‡b K‡i,GUv Zvi ghv©`v Ggbf‡e ÿzbœ Ki‡e †h cybiærcv`bg~jK f‚wgKvq †m Avevi envj n‡Z cvi‡ebv|19

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: SzuwK cwi‡ek eë¯’vcbv3.1. SzuwK eë¯’vcbv I bvixevsjv‡`k †_‡K cÖvK…wZK Avc` wPiZ‡i `~i Kivi †Kvb Dcvq bvB| Z‡e Avc‡ì mv‡_ wbZ¨ emevm Kivi d‡j G †`‡ki gvbyl A‡bKAwfÁZv AR©b K‡i‡Q I SzuwKn«vm Kivi A‡bK †KŠkj iß K‡i‡Q| Avc‡ì nvZ †_‡K Rxeb, m¤ú` I cwi‡ek iÿv Kivi Rb¨cÖvwZôvwbK, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK ch©v‡q GB †KŠkj¸‡jv eënvi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv bvixi Rxeb I RxweKv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|cÖvwZôvwbK I mvgvwRK SzuwKn«vm Kvh©µ‡g bvix mivmwi KgB AskMÖnY K‡i| Z‡e, cvwievwiK ch©v‡q Gme Kv‡R bvix RwoZ nq|wewfbœ c`‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g Avc‡ì AvNv‡Zi ZxeªZv I ÿqÿwZi gvÎv Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB ÿqÿwZ Kgv‡bv ev cÖkgb KvR †fŠZKvVv‡gv, †hgb- eb¨v wb‡iva euva ˆZwii gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i; Avevi, bvbvwea mvgvwRK Kg©m~wP, †hgb- f‚wg eënvi wbqš¿Y ev MYm‡PZbZv I SzuwK cwinvig~jK AvPiY M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡gI n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g†fŠZ KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv nq| †emiKvwi msMV‡bi gva¨‡g MYm‡PZbZvg~jK Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| GQvov, `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡qRxeb I m¤ú` iÿv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZg~jK eë¯’v †bIqv nq| GB c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ cÖvwZôvwbK, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK ch©v‡qn‡q _v‡K| cÖvwZôvwbK I mvgvwRK ch©v‡q mZK© ms‡KZ cÖ`vb, D×vi, ¯’vbvšÍi I mvov cÖ`vb mgqgZ I myôygZ Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’v†bIqv n‡q _v‡K| Avi, cvwievwiK ch©v‡q cÖ¯‘wZi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q evwowfUv DuPy Kiv, Ni †givgZ Kiv, AvjMv Pzjv, R¡vjvwb I ïK‡bvLvevi msMÖn K‡i ivLv| cvwievwiK GB cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR¸‡jv‡Z bvix we‡kl f‚wgKv iv‡L|ÒAvMvg Mn„ xZ Swuz Knv« m †KŠkj ïagy vÎ †KvwU †KvwU UvKvB mvkqª K‡ibv j j gvb‡y li RxebI iv K‡i _v‡K| eZg© v‡b ÎvY Gescby ev© m‡bi Rb¨ †h A_© e¨q Kiv nq †mUv hw` mgZv wfwËK I ¯v’ qxZk¡ xj Dbqœ ‡bi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nZ Zvn‡j h×y I `‡y hv© ‡Mi Swuz Knv« mKivi †‡Î Zv mnvqK fw‚ gKv cvjb KiZÓKwd Avbvb, cvÖ ³b gnv-mwPe, RvwZmsNZ…Zxq Aa¨vqSuywK cwi‡ek eë¯’vcbv3.2. cÖwZ‡iva I cÖkgbN~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v, Liv, b`x fv½b ev f‚wgK‡¤úi gZ Avc` KLbB cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvqbv| cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g Gi D¢e nq| AviGi cÖfv‡e Rxeb, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki ÿqÿwZ nq| cÖkgb ev ÿwZ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK Kg©m~wP †bIqv nq ev †fŠZ KvVv‡gv wbg©vYKiv nq| cÖPwjZ †fŠZ KvVv‡gv wfwËK cÖkgb Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj euva ev †ewoeuva wbg©vY, N~wY©So Avkªq‡K›`ª I wKjøv wbg©vY, †mPcÖKí ev e¨v‡iR wbg©vY| †fŠZ KvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM cÖkg‡bi KvR cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q, mvaviYZ wewfbœ Dbœqb cÖK‡íimnvqZvq Kiv n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK mgq †emiKvwi ms¯’v Gme Kv‡R RwoZ nq| Avevi Rb‡Mvôxi `y‡h©vM SzuwK m¤úwK©Z Ávb, `ÿZv Im‡PZbZv m„wó I ebvq‡bi gva¨‡gI `y‡h©vM cÖkg‡bi †Póv Kiv nq| mvaviYZ, †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv GB ai‡Yi mvgvwRK Kg©m~wPcwiPvjbvq AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|3.2.1. cÖvwZôvwbK cÖkgbg~jK KvRK. euva wbg©vY: eb¨vcÖeY b`xi Zxi eivei DuPz gvwUi euva†Ìqv nq hv‡Z b`xi cvwb DcwP‡q ZxieZ©x GjvKv cøvweZKi‡Z bv cv‡i| Gi d‡j gv‡Vi dmj I †jvKvj‡qievwoNi eb¨vi ÿqÿwZ †_‡K †invB cvq| DcK‚j AÂ‡jwe¯ÍxY© GjvKvi Pvicvk wN‡i †ewo euva †Ìqv nq| HGjvKvq †jvbv cvwb XyK‡Z cv‡ibv; d‡j Pvlvev` Kiv m¤¢enq| nvIi GjvKvq Wz‡ev euva †Ìqv nq; Gid‡j, nVvreb¨vi nvZ †_‡K H GjvKvi dmj euvPv‡bv m¤¢e nq| euvawbg©v‡Yi ci cÖ_g K‡qK eQi †ek fvj dj cvIqv hvq|21

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡wØZxq Aa¨vqSuywK cwi‡ek eë¯’vcbvZ‡e, euv‡ai Kvi‡Y cwj R‡g b`xi MfxiZv K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i ev euvaew›` GjvKvq Rjve×Zv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©xKv‡j µ‡g µ‡geuva¸‡jv `ye©j n‡q hvq; ZLb †givgZ I iÿYv‡eÿY Lye e¨qeûj c‡o| Ggb Ae¯’vq euva †f‡½ gvivZ¥K eb¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| euvaˆZwii mgq w`bgRy‡ii Kv‡Ri my‡hvM nq; bvixI Gmg‡q kªwgK wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e euva wbg©v‡Yi d‡j bvix ¯^vfvweKfv‡e†hme Db¥y³ GjvKv I Rjvkq †_‡K m¤ú` msMÖn KiZ †mme RvqMv Pv‡li AvIZvq P‡j Avm‡Z cv‡i I bvixi my‡hvM A‡bK K‡g†h‡Z cv‡i|L. †mP cÖKí ev e¨v‡iR: Liv cÖeY AÂ‡j Pvlvev` wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Gme cÖKí MÖnY Kiv nq| cÖKí GjvKvq wewfbœ ai‡Yi dmjDrcv`b m¤¢e nq| †m‡Pi myweav †c‡j K…lK, we‡kl K‡i m”Qj K…lK, evwYwR¨K dmj Drcv`‡bi w`‡K Su‡ zuK co‡Z cv‡i| avb, Mg evKvjvB ev` w`‡q Zviv AuvL, cvU ev Zvgv‡Ki Avev` ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j, GjvKvi dmj P‡µ cwieZ©b Avm‡Z cv‡i| ZLb bvixiwe‡kl K‡i, Mwie cwiev‡ii bvixi RxebhvÎvq cwieZ©b Avm‡Z cv‡i| Lv`¨ km¨ ev `vbv km¨ Drcv`‡b bvixi Kv‡Ri my‡hvM _v‡K,wKš‘ evwYwR¨K dmj Pv‡l bvixi Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †Zgb _v‡Kbv| ZvQvov, evwYwR¨K dm‡ji Rb¨ Rwg eënvi n‡j gv‡V MiæQvMj Piv‡bvev dmj Kzov‡bvi my‡hvM _v‡Kbv| Gid‡j, `y‡h©vM Kvjxb mg‡q Mwie cwiev‡ii Lv`¨ wbivcËv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avi,Gi cÖfve mivmwifv‡e G‡m c‡o H cwiev‡ii bvixi Dci| e¨v‡iR ev †mP cÖK‡íi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ cvwbi cÖvwß wbwðZKiv| GKwU GjvKvq hw` mvgwMÖKfv‡e cvwbi cwigvY Kg _v‡K, Avi †mB cvwb hw` ïay dmj Avev‡ì Rb¨ wb‡q †bIqv nq Zvn‡jLvevi cvwbi mieiv‡n NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| GiKg Ae¯’v n‡j Mwie cwiev‡ii bvix Lye Amyweavq c‡o| ZLb Lvevi cvwb AvbviRb¨ bvix‡K A‡bK `~‡i †h‡Z nq, †ewk mgq e¨q Ki‡Z nq, †ewk cwikªg Ki‡Z nq| ZvQvov, evwo †_‡K `~‡i †h‡Z nq e‡j †hŠbnqivwbi SzuwKI †e‡o hvq|M. N~wY©So Avkªq‡K›`ª I wKjøv: N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi mgq Avkªq †bevi Rb¨ DcK‚jeZ©x †jvKvj‡q Lye gReyZ cvKv `vjvb ˆZwi Kivnq| S‡oi mZK© ms‡KZ †Ìqv n‡j ¯’vbxq RbmvaviY N~wY©So Avkªq‡K‡›`ª wM‡q Avkªq †bq| S‡oi mgq bvix N~wY©So Avkªq‡K‡›`ªAvkªq wb‡q wb‡Ri I †Q‡j‡g‡qi Rxeb euvPv‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e, S‡oi mgq N~wY©So Avkªq‡K‡›`ª hvIqv I †mLv‡b _vKv bvixi Rb¨ LyeKóKi| ZvQvov, N~wY©So Avkªq‡K‡›`ª †ewk wRwbmcÎ wb‡q hvIqv hvqbv| wKjøv nj gvwUi ˆZwi DuPz GKwU RvqMv| MÖv‡gi †jv‡KivmevB wg‡j, GbwRI ev miKvix mnvqZvq GUv evbvq| N~wY©S‡oi mgq MiæQvMj I nuvmgyiwM GLv‡b ivLv nq|N. eb¨v Avkªq‡K›`ª: eb¨vcÖeY GjvKvq MÖv‡gi gvSLv‡b gvwU †d‡j LvwbKUv RvqMv DuPz K‡i eb¨v Avkªq‡K›`ª ˆZwi Kiv nq| eb¨vqevwoNi cvwb‡Z Wz‡e †M‡j †jvKRb GLv‡b G‡m Avkªq †bq| eb¨v Avkªq‡K›`ª cvwb‡Z †Wv‡ebv, d‡j GLv‡b bvix wKQyUv ¯^w¯Í cvq|Z‡e, wb‡Ri evwo †Q‡o G‡m A‡bK †jv‡Ki wf‡o _vK‡Z nq e‡j eb¨v Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bvix A‡bK iKg Amyweav †fvM K‡i|O. MÖvg iÿv †eóbx: nvIi AÂ‡j †¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’vi mnvqZvq mvgvwRKfv‡e emwZ GjvKvq k³ †Ìqvj ˆZwi Kiv nq| Gid‡j emZGjvKv fv½‡bi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvq I cwievi¸‡jvi `y‡h©vM SzuwK K‡g| Gme cwiev‡ii bvixi c‡ÿ eb¨v †gŠmy‡g ¯^vfvweK KvRKg©Kiv I wbR¯^ mewR evMvb iÿv Kiv mnR nq|P. ebvqb: mvaviYZ DcK‚j AÂ‡j cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g ebvqb Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq †¯^”Qv‡mex cÖwZôvbI DcK‚j evAb¨vb¨ GjvKvq mvgvwRK ebvq‡bi Kv‡R Ask †bq| ebvqb cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| DcK‚j AÂ‡j c¨viveb†ewoeuva I RbemwZi Dci So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi AvNv‡Zi ZxeªZv Kgv‡Z cv‡i| ebvq‡bi d‡j bvixi c‡ÿ R¡vjvwb msMÖn Kiv I ebRm¤ú‡ì Dci wbf©i K‡i cwiev‡ii Lv`¨ wbivcËv eRvq ivLvi my‡hvM nq|Q. mvgvwRK Kg©m~wP: Gi D‡Ïk¨ nj SzuwK m¤úwK©Z Ávb I m‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv I Gi gva¨‡g Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ SzuwK cwinvig~jKAvPi‡Yi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv| Gi Rb¨ mgvRwfwËK SzuwK wbiƒcY, Rbwkÿvg~jK cÖPviYv, DVvb êVK Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g bvix `y‡h©vMSzuwK I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wKQy Rvb‡Z cv‡i I m‡PZb n‡Z cv‡i|S. bxwZ I wewagvjv: miKvix ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM SzuwK Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡bK ai‡Yi bxwZ I wewagvjv m„wó Kiv nq| †hgb- BgviZ wbg©vYwewagvjv I f‚wg eënvi wbqš¿Ywewa| G¸‡jv `y‡h©v‡Mi ZxeªZv I ÿwZ Kgv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ cÖYqb Kiv nq|22

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡3.2.2. cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK ch©v‡q cÖkgbeb¨vcÖeY GjvKvq cwievi¸‡jv wbR evwoi wfUv DuPz K‡i| Ae¯’vcbœ cwievi¸‡jv w`bgRyi jvwM‡q GB KvR K‡i, Avi Kg ¯^”Qjcwievi wb‡R‡ì kª‡gB wfUv DuPz K‡i| wb‡R‡ì kª‡g wfUv DuPz Kivi mgq cwiev‡ii bvix‡K Zvi ˆ`bw›`b KvR Kivi ciI AwZwi³kªg w`‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq emwZi me cwievi wg‡j †¯^”Qvkª‡gi wfwË‡Z cy‡iv emZ GjvKv DuPz K‡i| nvIi GjvKv‡ZI GB eë¯’vicÖPjb Av‡Q| †¯^”Qvkª‡gi wfwË‡Z emZ GjvKv DuPz Kivi mgq me cwiev‡ii bvix‡K ˆ`bw›`b KvR Kivi ciI AwZwi³ kªg w`‡Z nq|bvixi wbR¯^ cÖkgbg~jK KvR m¤ú‡K© †ewk wKQy Rvbv hvqbv| Z‡e, bvix ÿz`ª FY mnvqZv Sw zuK cÖkg‡bi Kv‡R jvMvq; †hgb- F‡YiUvKv w`‡q N‡i Kswµ‡Ui LyuwU jvMvq| wbqwgZ ÔgywôPvjÕ Rgv K‡i Avc`Kvjxb Lv`¨gRyZ M‡o †Zv‡j I cvovcowki mv‡_ mvgvwRKm¤úK©Rvj ˆZwi K‡i|SuywK cwi‡ek eë¯’vcbvZ…Zxq Aa¨vq3.3. Awf‡hvRbRjevqy cwieZ©b `y‡h©vM‡K Av‡iv Zxeª I gvivZ¥K K‡i Zzj‡Q| GB cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡M wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ gvbyl wewfbœ ai‡Yi Awf‡hvRb†KŠkj eënvi K‡i| ¯’vbxq RbMY wb‡R‡ì AwfÁZvjä Áv‡bi gva¨‡g Awf‡hvR‡bi †Póv K‡i| K…wl‡ÿ‡Î Awf‡hvR‡bi Rb¨miKvixfv‡e A‡bK cÖKí †bIqv nq| wewfbœ GbwRI cÖvwZôvwbK I †jvKvqZ Awf‡hvRb †KŠkj cÖPvi I cÖmvi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|g~jZ: Awf‡hvR‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvix Ges Zvi cwievi‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡q _v‡K wKš‘ †mLv‡bI cwiev‡ii, Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ bvixi Avq†ivRMv‡ii e¨ve¯’vi K_v wPšÍv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| bvixi †KŠkjMZ Pvwn`v‡K wKfv‡e c~iY Kiv hv‡e Zv wPšÍv Kiv nq bv|K…wl‡‡Î Awf‡hvR‡bi D`vniY km¨ eûgyLxKiY- cÖPwjZ km¨ QvovI Av‡iv A‡bK bZzb Rv‡Zi dm‡ji Avev` Kiv| Gid‡j `y‡h©v‡M GK dm‡ji wZ n‡j Ab¨ dmjAvev` K‡i wZ cywl‡q †bevi my‡hvM _v‡K| `y‡h©vM mnbkxj km¨- evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv Bwbw÷wUDU I K…wl Awa`ßi eb¨v mnbkxj avb, Liv mnbkxj avb I jeYv³Zv mnbkxj avbD¢veb I cÖmv‡ii eë¯’v Ki‡Q| Gme Avev‡ì gva¨‡g K…lK cwievi `y‡h©v‡M dm‡ji wZ Kgv‡Z cvi‡e| ¯^í †gqv`x I AvMvg Rv‡Zi avb- `y‡h©vM †gŠmy‡gi Av‡MB GB dmj †Zvjv hvq e‡j Gi SzuwK Kg| fvmgvb mewR †Z- Rjve× GjvKvq fvmgvb mewR GKUv ¯’vbxq Awf‡hvRb| eZ©gv‡b GbwRIiv Gi cÖmvi NUv‡”Q|Gme Awf‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g av‡bi Avev` wbwðZ n‡j Mwie cwiev‡ii bvix dmj †Zvjvi mgq I avb SvovB gvovB Kivi Kv‡R kªwgK wnmv‡eKvR Kivi my‡hvM cvq|23

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡wØZxq Aa¨vqcvwb eë¯’vcbvq Awf‡hvR‡bi D`vniY †iBb IqvUvi nv‡f©w÷s- jeYv³ `~lY GjvKvq e„wói cvwb a‡i †i‡L Zv mviv eQi eënvi Kiv nq| Z‡e cwiev‡ii Rb¨ GUv GKUv e¨qeûjc×wZ| ZvQvov el©v †gŠmy‡gi cvwb msMÖn K‡i Zv w`‡q mviv eQ‡ii cvwbi Pvwn`v wgUv‡bv m¤¢e nqbv| cÛ m¨vÛ wdëvi- jeYv³ GjvKvq †hLv‡b bjK‚‡ci gva¨‡g my‡cq cvwb cvIqv hvq bv †mLv‡b GB c×wZ‡Z cyKz‡ii cvwb †kvab K‡ieënvi Kiv nq| Z‡e kxZKv‡j hLb cyKz‡ii cvwb ïwK‡q hvq ZLb GB eë¯’v Avi Kvh©Ki _v‡Kbv| Av‡m©wbK wdëvi- †hme GjvKvq bjK‚‡ci cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK `~l‡Yi gvÎv †ewk †mLv‡b GB ai‡bi wdëvi eënvi Kiv nq| Z‡e Gmewdëv‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó m‡›`n Av‡Q|mvaviYZ GbwRIÕi gva¨‡g Gme Awf‡hvR‡bi cÖPvi I cÖmvi NU‡Q| wbivc` I my‡cq cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv evo‡j bvixi we‡kl myweav nq|SuywK cwi‡ek eë¯’vcbvweKí RxweKvi D`vniYwPswo Pvl I KuvKov Pvl- †`‡ki `wY cwðgvÂ‡j K…lK wPswo Pvl‡K Awf‡hvRb wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GB Awf‡hvRb Ae¯’vcbœ K…l‡Kigva¨‡g cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q| A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K jvfRbK n‡jI GUv cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ ûgwK¯îƒc| Z‡e AwZ Mwie cwiev‡ii bvix wPswo†cvbv msMÖn K‡i I Zv wewµ K‡i A_© DcvR©b Kivi my‡hvM cvq| GKBfv‡e, jeYv³ GjvKvq KuvKov Pv‡li cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| Mwie cwiev‡iibvix KuvKov Pvl K‡i Avq Ki‡Z cv‡i|3.4. `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ`y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ _vKvi jvf n‡jv- cÖ_gZ GB cÖ¯‘wZ AvvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmvi I `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ wbqš¿‡YivLvi mvg_¨© evov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi d‡j, `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve n«vm cvq I gvbweK mvnv‡hï Pvwn`vI Kg nq| wØZxqZ `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZmvov cÖ`v‡bi mvg_©¨ e„w× K‡i I hLb mvov cÖ`vb Riæwi n‡q c‡o ZLb Zv mgqgZ, Kvh©Ki I gvbm¤§Zfv‡e Kiv hvq|3.4.1 cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ`ªæZ I mgqgZ mZK© ms‡KZ cÖ`vb, D×vi I ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv I mvov cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ RwoZ miKvwi I †emiKvwims¯’v¸‡jv A‡bK iKg cÖ¯‘wZg~jK Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bq| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj N~wY©S‡oi mZK© ms‡KZ cÖPvi eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv Ikw³kvjx Kiv, †hgb- DcK‚j AÂ‡j N~wY©So cÖ¯‘wZ cwiKíbv| Zviv Riæwi cÖ¯‘wZ cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡i| ms¯’v¸‡jv wbR wbR Kg©xevwnbx‡K cÖwkÿY †`q, hv‡Z Zviv Kvh©Kifv‡e `y‡h©vMKv‡j KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov miÄvg msMÖn K‡i, †hgb- D×vi Kv‡Ri Rb¨†bŠKv I ÎvY mvgMÖx, †hgb- bjK‚c I bjK‚‡ci cvBc gRyZ K‡i| D×vi I ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii KvR bvixevÜe Kivi Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Y we‡kl welqAšÍf‚©³ _v‡K| Z‡e ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î mgq I m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Gme KvR wVK bvixevÜe iƒc cvqbv|3.4.2. mvgvwRK ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZwe‡kl K‡i GbwRI I miKvwi mnvqZvq mvgvwRK ch©v‡q †hmecÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR Kiv nq Zvi D‡Ïk¨ nj `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q Rxeb Im¤ú‡ì ÿwZ Kgv‡bv I gvby‡li `ỳ ©kv jvNe Kiv| GB Kv‡Ri g‡aÄv‡Q ¯’vbxq `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwU MVb I †¯^”Qv‡mex `j MVb| G‡ìgva¨‡g `y‡h©vM SzuwK wbiƒcY Kiv nq I `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv nq| KwgwUi m`m¨ I †¯^”Qv‡mex `‡ji cÖwkÿ‡Yieë¯’v Kiv nq I gnov †Ìqv nq| GQvovI D×vi, ¯’vbvšÍi I mvovcÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ miÄvg msMÖn Kiv nq| Gme Kv‡R bvix AskMÖnY K‡i|d‡j, bvix GKw`‡K †hgb Ávb, `ÿZv I m‡PZbZv evov‡Z cv‡i,Ab¨w`‡K †m Zvi gZvgZ Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡bvi my‡hvM cvq| Z‡eNimsmv‡ii me `vwq‡Z¡i mv‡_ AwZwi³ GB `vwqZ¡ Zv‡K wb‡Z nq|bv‡Uvi †Rjvaxb wmsov Dc‡Rjvi Kjg MÖv‡g eb¨vi mgqeuv‡a dvUj †`Lv w`‡j miKvwi †jvK KLb Avm‡e Zvi RbÄ‡cv bv K‡i MÖvgevmx wb‡RivB euv‡ai wZMÖ¯Í ¯’vb†givg‡Zi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| evwji e¯Ív, euv‡ki PuvP, euvk,BU, cv_i, Kv‡Vi ¸uwo hv cvIqv hvq ZvB w`‡q Zviv euva†givgZ K‡iwQj|Drm: BDwbqb `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ `y‡h©vMSzuwKn«vm cÖwkY gwWDj, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k24

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡3.4.3. cvwievwiK ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZcvwievwiK ch©v‡q cÖ¯‘wZg~jK Kv‡R bvix we‡kl f‚wgKv iv‡L| `y‡h©v‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ Amyweavi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i bvix AvjMv Pzjv ˆZwi K‡i,R¡vjvwb msMÖn K‡i, ïK‡bv Lvevi, †hgb- wPov, gywo ev mewR ïUwK gRyZ K‡i| wb‡Ri Avq †_‡K wKQy UvKv Rwg‡q iv‡L| cv‡Ui wmKvevbvq hv‡Z eb¨vi mgq N‡ii wRwbmcÎ N‡ii wfZi DuPz‡Z Szwj‡q ivLv hvq| `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿwZ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ evwoi Pvicv‡k †XvjKjwgI Kjv MvQ jvMvq| GQvovI cyiæ‡li mv‡_ Ni †givg‡Zi KvR K‡i, gvPv evbvq, Kjv Mv‡Qi †fjv ˆZwi K‡i| Gme Kivi Rb¨cwiev‡ii bvix‡K Zvi wb‡Ri me KvR Kivi ci AwZwi³ kªg w`‡Z nq|Z…Zxq Aa¨vqSuywK cwi‡ek eë¯’vcbv25

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n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡Riæwi Ae¯’vq mvov cª`vb PZy_© Aa¨vq4.3.3. cvwievwiK ch©v‡q ¯’vbvšÍi, AbymÜvb I D×vimvaviYZ cwievi¸‡jv wbR D‡`¨v‡MB wbivc` ¯’v‡b hvq| cwiev‡ii cyiæl m`m¨ G wel‡q wm×všÍ †bq I eë¯’v K‡i| cyiæl m`mÄbycw¯’Z _vK‡j N~wY©S‡oi mgq bvixi c‡ÿ `ªæZ wbivc` ¯’v‡b m‡i hvIqv KwVb n‡q c‡o| cÖ_gZ, †m mgqgZ mZK©evZ©v cvqbv;wØZxqZ, M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx wVKgZ †MvQMvQ bv K‡i ev mv‡_ bv wb‡q Avkªªq‡K‡›`ª hvIqv m¤¢e nqbv| Z…ZxqZ, ¯^vgxi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ev webvAbygwZ‡Z bvix Ni †Q‡o Ab¨Î †h‡Z cv‡ibv| A‡bK mgq Avkªq‡K›`ª †Kv_vq I †mLv‡b wKfv‡e †h‡Z n‡e Zv †m Rv‡bbv| ZvQvov,S‡oi mgq Pjv‡div Kiv KóKi I wec`RbK n‡q c‡o| bvix GKv †h‡Z cv‡ibv; Ab¨ cyiælgvby‡li mv‡_ †M‡j †m bvbvwea SzuwK,we‡kl K‡i †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| eb¨vi mgq gvbyl wb‡Ri emZwfUvq A‡bK †Póvi ciI hLb wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡ibv, ZLb†m wbivc` ¯’v‡b Avkªq wb‡Z eva¨ nq| cÖej eb¨vq N‡ii †g‡S‡Z cvwb IVvi ciI †PŠwK DuPz K‡i ev DuPz gvPv evwb‡q Zviv wb‡Ri N‡iBevm Kivi †Póv K‡i| hLb Gfv‡e evm Kiv m¤¢e nqbv ZLb Zviv wbKUeZ©x †Kvb DuPz Rwg‡Z Avkªq †bq ev †Kvb Avkªq‡K‡›`ª P‡j hvq|eb¨v AvµvšÍ cwievi¸‡jv wbR D‡`¨v‡MB wbivc` RvqMvq m‡i hvq| eb¨vi mgq bvixi Rb¨ ¯’vbvšÍi GKUv Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| KviY,Zv‡K Lvevi, nuvwocvwZj, R¡vjvwb, Pzjv I nuvmgyiwM mv‡_ wb‡q †h‡Z nq I bZzb RvqMvq ivbœvi I _vKvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z nq|cwiev‡ii †KD wb‡LuvR n‡j bvixi c‡ÿ AbymÜvb I D×vi KvR Pvjv‡bv ev Zvi eë¯’v Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| wmWi AvµvšÍ A‡bKcwiev‡ii bvix wb‡LuvR ¯^vgxi AbymÜvb Pvj‡Z cv‡iwb I G e¨vcv‡i wb®úwË bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y Hme bvix A‡bK my‡hvM myweav I Abỳ vb†_‡K ewÂZ n‡q‡Q|4.3.4. Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bvixi SzuwK6`y‡h©v‡Mi mgq Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bv wM‡q wb‡Ri evwo‡Z _vK‡j bvixi wec`vcbœZv A‡bK †e‡o hvq | Avevi Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bvbvwea, we‡klK‡i †hŠb nqivwbi SzuwK‡Z c‡o| 1991 mv‡ji N~wY©S‡oi †Kvb †Kvb GjvKvq H msKUgq mg‡qI WvKvwZ I †hŠb wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv6kvdx 200830

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡7N‡U‡Q| †m mg‡q wK‡kvix I bvix AcüZ I †hŠb wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡qwQj | ZvQvov, Avkªq‡K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`vi K_vwe‡ePbv Kiv nqbv| kZKiv 65 fvM Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bvix I cyiæ‡li _vKvi Rb¨ Avjv`v N‡ii eë¯’v bvB| bvix I cyiæ‡li Rb¨ Avjv`vcvwb, cwi”QbœZv I cqtwb®‹vk‡bi eë¯’v bvB| Gme Kvi‡Y, Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bvix †hŠb nqivwb QvovI AviI A‡bK †fvMvwšÍi wkKvi nq|4.4. ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒcY`y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôxi Dci `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve Rvbvi Rb¨ ÿqÿwZ wbiƒcY Kiv nq| ÿqÿwZ wbiƒc‡Yi gva¨‡g `y‡h©v‡MicÖfve KZUv Mfxi I we¯Í…Z Zv Rvbv hvq, †hgb- KZUv GjvKv ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Q, KZRb AvnZ ev wbnZ n‡q‡Q, m¤ú` I †fŠZ KvVv‡gviKZUv ÿwZ n‡q‡Q| Avi, AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb, gh©v`v, ¯^v¯’¨ I RxweKv wK ai‡Yi SzuwK‡Z Av‡Q I Zv‡ì †Kvb ai‡bi mnvqZvcÖ‡qvRb Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Pvwn`v wbiƒcY Kiv nq| ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i cy‡iv ÎvY weZiY I cieZ©x Kg©cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| mvgvwRK I cwievi ch©v‡q ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi wewae× †Kvb eë¯’v bvB| cÖvwZôvwbK ÿqÿwZ IPvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi mgq mgv‡Ri cÖfvekvjx e¨w³iv Zv‡ì ÿqÿwZi weeiY Rvbvq| GKBfv‡e, cwievi¸‡jvI Zv‡ì ÿqÿwZi weeiYhLb †hfv‡e my‡hvM nq Rvbvq|4.4.1. cÖvwZôvwbK ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒcYmiKvix ch©v‡q ÔGmIGm digÕ Gi gva¨‡g BDwbqb ch©v‡qÿqÿwZ I ZvrÿwYK Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ `ªæZ Rwic Kivnq Ges `y‡h©vM NUvi GK NÈvi g‡a¨ GB Z_¨ †Uwj‡dv‡b ev†eZv‡ii gva¨‡g Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v Ges †RjvcÖkvm‡Ki gva¨‡g ÎvY gš¿Yvj‡qi wbqš¿Y K‡ÿ cvVv‡bvnq| ÔGmIGm digÕ Gi gva¨‡g AvbygvwbKfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í†jvKmsL¨v, weaŸ¯Í evwo Ges g„‡Zi msL¨vI Rvbv‡bv nqGes wK ai‡Yi mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv Rvbv‡bv nq, †hgb-AbymÜvb I D×vi, cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv, cvbxq Rj, ˆZwiLvevi, Rvgv Kvco Ges Riæwi Avkªq| ÔGmIGm digÕ Gigva¨‡g `ªæZ Rwi‡ci ci evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖYxZ ÔwWdigÕ Gi gva¨‡g BDwbqb ch©v‡q wek` I AweiZ RwicmwVKfv‡e Pvwn`v wbiƒcY bv n‡j ÎvY AKvh©Ki1995 mv‡ji eb¨vq ÎvY wn‡m‡e ïK‡bv I ivbœv Kiv Lvevi †Ìqv DwPZwQj| wKš‘ mwVKfv‡e Pvwn`v wbiƒcY bv nIqvq ÎvY wn‡m‡e Pvj, Wvj,jeY, †Zj BZ¨vw` †Ìqv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ ivbœv Kivi eë¯’v bv _vKviKvi‡Y A‡bK‡KB bv †L‡q _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avkªªq‡K‡›`ªi Rb¨ A¯’vqxj¨vwUªb, cvwb weï× Kivi Rb¨ wdUwKwi, Avkªªq‡K›`ª cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœivLvi Rb¨ weøwPs cvDWvi, Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Y bv Avmvi Kvi‡YAvkªªq‡K›`ª¸wj‡Z A‡b‡KB Wvwiqvq AvµvšÍ nq| iv¯Ívi I †ewoeuv‡aiDci AvwkªZ e¨w³‡ì A¯’vqx Avkªªª‡qi Rb¨ cwjw_‡bi Pvwn`v bv AvmviKvi‡Y Zv‡ì‡K †Lvjv AvKv‡ki wb‡P emevm Ki‡Z nq|(Drm: `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbv g¨vbyqvj, 2006, A·dvg-wRwe evsjv‡`k †cÖvMÖvg )Kiv nq Ges Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v Ges †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki gva¨‡g ÎvY gš¿Yvj‡qi wbqš¿Y K‡ÿ cvVv‡bv nq| wek` Rwic mvaviYZGK gv‡mi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ Kiv nq| Gici AweiZ Rwic Kiv nq cwieZ©b †evSvi Rb¨| Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ mg‡qi Zyjbvg~jK wPÎwe‡kølY K‡i fwel¨‡Zi KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mycvwikgvjv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ÔwW digÕGi gva¨‡g LvZ wfwËK ÿqÿwZ wbiƒcY Kiv nq,†hgb- ÿwZMÖ¯Í †jv‡Ki msL¨v, g„‡Zi msL¨v, ÿwZMÖ¯Í evwo, Mevw`cï, nuvmgyiMx, dmj, jeY, wPswo‡Ni, wkÿv cÖwZôvb, ag©xqcÖwZôvb, moK, euva, eb, we`ÿ r, Zvi I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, wkí KviLvbv, grm¨ Lvgvi, bjK‚c, cyKzi I Rjvkq, †bŠKv, Uªjvi, gvQ aiviRvj, ZuvZ cÖf…wZ| GB dig¨vU msKj‡bi gva¨‡g ÎvY I cybe©vmb Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bqv nq| ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡iÎvY weZiY †K›`ªmg~n wba©viY Kiv nq| mwVK ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i cy‡iv ÎvY weZiY Kg© cwiKíbv| wewfbœGbwRI Riæwi ÎvY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi c~‡e© ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒcY K‡i _v‡K| ÔwWBAvi digÕ Gi gva¨‡g GbwRIiv ÿqÿwZ IPvwn`v wbiƒcY K‡i| GLv‡b bvix‡ì Pvwn`v I ÿqÿwZ wKQzUv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|Riæwi Ae¯’vq mvov cª`vb PZy_© Aa¨vq4.4.2. bvixi ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒcYcvwievwiK A_©bxwZ‡Z bvix h‡_ó Ae`vb iv‡L; mvgwMÖKfv‡e, GB Ae`vb RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z mÂvwiZ nq| Z‡e bvixi GB Ae`vbAvw_©K gvb`‡Ð gvcvi eë¯’v bvB| d‡j, RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi cÖwZdjb †`Lv‡bv hvqbv| mewR evMvb, nuvmgyiwM cvjb, ÿz`ª mÂq Iwb‡Ri Ávb, `ÿZv I cwikª‡gi Øviv bvix Mvn©¯’¨ eë¯’vcbv myôy I mPj iv‡L| G¸‡jvi Dci `y‡h©v‡Mi weiƒc cÖfve c‡o| wKš‘ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi mgq Gme welq Avg‡j †bIqv nqbv| d‡j, bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvqbv I †m¸‡jv c~iYKivi eë¯’v nqbv|7Kvdx 199231

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡Riæwi Ae¯’vq mvov cª`vb PZy_© Aa¨vq4.5. Lvc LvIqv‡bv I wU‡K _vKv`y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôxi c‡ÿ ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎvq wd‡iAvmvi Rb¨ evB‡ii mvnvh¨ ìKvi nq| Z‡e evB‡ii mvnvh¨ evÎvY †cuŠQv‡Z AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB 3 ev 4 w`b †j‡M hvq, †Kvb†Kvb †ÿ‡Î 1 mßvn ev ZviI †ewk mgq jv‡M| G mg‡q AvµvšÍRb‡Mvôx wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡Póv‡ZB †eu‡P _v‡K I RxebhvÎv Pvjvq|ZvQvov, cÖvqktB evB‡ii mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq A‡bK Kgnq| `y‡h©vMcÖeY GjvKvq emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôx evi evi `y‡h©v‡MAvµvšÍ nq; d‡j, `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Kiv ev `y‡h©vM Kvjxb mg‡qwU‡K _vKv I RxebaviY Kivi AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i I †KŠkjiß K‡i| GB AwfÁZv I †KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zviv `y‡h©vMcwiw¯’wZ‡Z wU‡K _v‡K|4.5.1. `y‡h©v‡M wU‡K _vKvq bvixi f‚wgKv`y‡h©vM Kv‡j AvµvšÍ cwievi¸‡jv eënvwiK I Drcv`bgywLA‡bK m¤ú` nvivq; Zv‡ì Av‡qi Drm¸‡jv mPj _v‡Kbv|cyiæl cwievi cÖavb ÎvY msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ e¨¯Í _v‡K I GjvKvq ev GjvKvi evB‡i Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b †NvivNywi K‡i| Gmg‡q cwiev‡iimK‡ji cywó, ¯^v¯’¨, cvwb, cwi”QbœZv I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ bvixi Dci G‡m c‡o| GQvovI, mgv‡R cwiev‡ii Ae¯’vb Igh©v`v wVK ivLvi `vwqZ¡I Zv‡K wb‡Z nq| G¸‡jv †m K‡i Zvi wbR¯^ Ávb, `ÿZv I †KŠkj eënv‡ii gva¨‡g| GQvovI, GRb¨ †mZvi mvgvwRK m¤úK©Rvj Kv‡R jvMvq| cwievi cwiPvjbvq bvixi GB †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY I cwievi‡K mPj ivLvi Rb¨ bvixi wbR¯^8†KŠkj¸‡jv mPivPi †MvP‡i Av‡mbv |4.5.2. cwiev‡ii RxebaviY cÖ‡Póv9`y‡h©vMcxwoZ cwiev‡ii RxebaviY cÖ‡Póvq †hme †KŠkj `„k¨gvb †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q - K…”QZv mvab: gRyZ m¤ú` ev Lv`¨ `xN©w`b a‡i eënvi Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ ˆ`wbK eënvi Kgv‡bv| Zviv Kg cwigv‡Y Lvevi Lvq; `yB †ejviRvqMvq GK †ejv Lvq| G‡ÿ‡Î bvixi K…”QZv †ewknq, KviY, cwiev‡ii Ab¨ mevB‡K LvB‡q, mevi c‡i†m wb‡R Lvq| SzuwK mgqvšÍi: eZ©gvb cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨fwel¨‡Zi SzuwK †bIqv| †hgb- M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx wewµKiv, AwMÖg kªg wewµ Kiv, D”P my‡` avi †bIqv| `vwqZ¡ cybe©Èb: cwiev‡ii wkï‡K kª‡g wb‡qvwRZ Kiv;Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b cyiæl m`‡mï Ab¨Î P‡j hvIqv|NvUwZ c~iY: Db¥y³ GjvKv, Rjvkq ev ebf‚wg †_‡KLv`¨ msMÖn; AvZœxq-¯^Rb, cÖwZ‡ekx, eÜy-evÜ‡ei KvQ†_‡K mvnvh¨ †bIqv I ÎvY msMÖn Kiv| Gme cÖ‡PóviKvi‡Y bvixi Dci A‡bK Pvc c‡o| K…”QZvi Kvi‡YZvi cywó NvUwZ n‡Z cv‡i| M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx wewµ KiviRb¨ mvsmvwiK KvR Kiv Zvi Rb¨ KóKi nq| Db¥y³GjvKv, Rjvkq ev ebf‚wg †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn KiviKv‡R †m †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| cyiæl m`mÄb¨Î P‡j †M‡j Zvi wewea SzuwK, we‡kl K‡i †hŠbwbh©vZ‡bi SzuwK †e‡o hvq|8Liy kx` 20089Rvwn` 200832

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡4.6. Riæwi ÎvY I wPwKrmvÎvY Kvh©µg GKwU gvbweK c`‡ÿc| `y‡h©v‡MAvµvšÍ RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx I†mev (Lv`¨, evm¯’vb, cvwb, cqtwb®‹vkb BZ¨vw`)†cuŠQv‡bv Riæwi ÎvY Kvh©µ‡gi AšÍfz©³| mvaviYZ,miKvwi ch©v‡q I wewfbœ GbwRIi gva¨‡gcÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e Riæwi ÎvY weZiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|GB ÎvY weZiY cÖv_wgK ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`vwbiƒc‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj| A‡bK mgq mgv‡RiweËevbiv e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q ÎvY weZiY K‡i|G‡ÿ‡Î ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v wbiƒcY Kiv evDcKvi‡fvMx wbe©vP‡b †Kvb wbqgbxwZ eënvi Kivnqbv|4.6.1. jÿ¨f‚w³KiY I bvix`y‡h©v‡M gvbweK mvnvh¨ wn‡m‡e `y‡h©vMcxwoZ mKj cwievi we‡ePbvq Avbv Riæwi| Z‡e mKj cwiev‡ii Pvwn`v GK iKg bq| Pvwn`viGB wfbœZv I cÖvß m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ jÿ¨f‚w³KiY †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z ÿqÿwZi e¨vcKZvI cwiev‡ii mÿgZv wePvi K‡i DcKvi‡fvMx wbe©vPb Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq mKj ÎvY Kvh©µg `vZv wbf©i| Avi, cÖ‡qvR‡biZyjbvq m¤ú` cvIqv hvq LyeB Kg| `vZv ev ÎvY weZiYKvix wbR¯^ wbqgbxwZ I cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cwieviwfwËK AMÖvwaKvi ZvwjKvˆZwi K‡i| Z‡e cÖvq me †ÿ‡Î nZ`wi`ª, bvix cÖavb, ZvjvKcÖvßv, weaev, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v, cÖwZeÜx m`m¨ Av‡Q Ggb cwievi‡KAMÖvwaKvi †`qv nq|4.6.2. ÎvY mvgMÖx I bvixi Pvwn`vÎvY wnmv‡e †hme mvgMÖx †Ìqv nq Zv †gvUvgywU wbgœiƒc- ïK‡bv Lvevi: wPov, gywo, ¸o, we¯‹yU, PK‡jU Lv`¨: Pvj, Mg, AvUv, Wvj, †Zj, jeY, Avjy cvwb: weï× cvwb, †evZj RvZ cvwb, cvwb weï×KiY ewo, weøwPs cvDWvi, wdUwKwi, †Rwi‡Kb e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv: †Mvm‡ji mvevb, Kvco KuvPv mvevb, m¨vwbUvwi b¨vcwKb †cvkvK: kvwo, jyw½, MvgQv, ev”Pvi †cvkvK M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx: †cøU, Møvm, nuvwocvwZj, PvgP, gM, evjwZ, g¨vP, †gvgevwZ, †K‡ivwmb, nvwi‡Kb, R¡vjvbx KvV Avkªq: cwjw_b wkU, wÎcj, K¤^jRiæwi Ae¯’vq mvov cª`vb PZy_© Aa¨vqÎvY weZi‡Y bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v cÖvqB ¯úófv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv nqbv| Riæwi wfwË‡Z, `ªæZ I Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Pvwn`v wbiƒcY I ÎvYweZiY cwiKíbv Ki‡Z nq GB ARynv‡Z bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v wba©viY Kiv nqbv| Z‡e, G wel‡q gvbweK mvnvh¨ ms¯’v¸‡jvi AvMÖnAv‡Q ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| KviY, bvixi Rb¨ wKQy mvgMÖx Zviv weZiY K‡i, †hgb- e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv I M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx|4.6.3. ÎvY weZi‡Y bvixi myweav Amyweav we‡ePbvÎvY mvgMÖx cÖ`v‡bi mgq bvixi myweav Amyweav Lye GKUv we‡ePbv Kiv nqbv| DcKvi‡fvMx wnmv‡e bvg _vK‡j, bvix‡K weZiY †K‡›`ªG‡m ÎvY mvgMÖx msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| GKUv †K›`ª †_‡K A‡bK Rb‡K ÎvY mvgMÖx †Ìqv nq e‡j mevB‡K weZiY †K‡›`ª A‡bKÿYA‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| Gme †K‡›`ª mvaviYZ cÖmªve cvqLvbvi eë¯’v _v‡Kbv| ZvQvov, A‡bK cyiæ‡li mv‡_ ÎvY †bIqvi Rb¨ A‡cÿvKiv bvixi Rb¨ AmyweavRbK| A‡bK mgq ÎvY weZiY †K‡›`ª bvixi gh©v`vnvwbKi NUbv N‡U| Z‡e AvRKvj A‡bK ms¯’v bvixi myweavAmyweavi K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡Q I ÎvY weZiY bvixevÜe Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| A‡bK mgq ÎvY wnmv‡e bM` A_© †Ìqv nq| KLbI KLbIbM` A_© ÎvY wnmv‡e bv w`‡q ÔKv‡Ri-wewbg‡q-A_©Õ wnmv‡e †Ìqv nq| ÔKv‡Ri-wewbg‡q-A_©Õ bvixi Rb¨ LyeB AmyweavRbK|`y‡h©vMKvjxb A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z msmv‡ii me Kv‡Ri mv‡_, AwZwi³ GB KvR Ki‡Z nq|33

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡Riæwi Ae¯’vq mvov cª`vb PZy_© Aa¨vq4.6.4. Riæwi wPwKrmv mnvqZv`y‡h©v‡M gvby‡li g„Zz¨ I m¤ú‡ì ÿqÿwZ QvovI AvnZ n‡Z cv‡i ev AvNvZRwbZ msµg‡Y fyM‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov, `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡qwewfbœ †ivM Qov‡Z cv‡i; †hgb- R¡i, ¯^w`©Kvwk, k¦vmZ‡š¿i cÖ`vn, wewfbœ cÖKvi Pg©‡ivM, Wvqwiqv, †cvov, cvK¯’jxi mgm¨v BZ¨vw`|Riæwi mvovi Ask wn‡m‡e G mg‡q AvµvšÍ RbMY‡K Riæwi wPwKrmv mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| åvg¨gvY wPwKrmK `j, AvDUwiPwK¬wbK ev we‡kl wK¬wb‡Ki gva¨‡g Gme¯^v¯’¨‡mev †`q| m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zv,†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi `ye©jZv I cÖ‡qvRbxqmsL¨K wPwKrmvKg©x bv cvIqvi Kvi‡YAwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î GB †mevi cwigvY nqLyeB AcÖZyj| ZvQvov, bvixi we‡klPvwn`v, †hgb- cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨‡mev H mec×wZ‡Z †Ìqv KwVb|4.7. Riæwi cybe©vmbRiæwi cybe©vmb nj mvgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði m‡½ RwoZ AZ¨vek¨Kxq †mevmg~n ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wb‡q Avmvi cÖ‡Póv| GUvA‡cÿvK…Z `xN©‡gqv`x Kvh©µg hvi gva¨‡g `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿwZ KvwU‡q cÖvwZôvwbK I RbM‡Yi my‡hvM myweavmg~n ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡iAvm‡Z mÿg nq| GB ch©v‡q Ggb Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bqv nq, hv‡Z `y‡h©vMcxwoZ Rb‡Mvôx cybivq ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zcv‡i| Gme KvR Rb‡Mvôx‡K ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© cybivq ïiæ Ki‡Z, A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡g wd‡i Avm‡Z I gvbwmK I mvgvwRK wbivcËvwd‡i †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|4.7.1. cÖvwZôvwbK cybe©vmb I bvixi Pvwn`vcÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q cybe©vmb KvR¸‡jv nq LvZIqvwi wnmv‡e| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZmg~n nj Lv`¨ wbivcËv: K…wl I RxweKvi Ab¨vb¨ Drm¸‡jv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z mÿg bv nIqv ch©šÍ Lv`¨ weZiY Rvwi ivLv; wfwRwW IwfwRGd Kg©m~wP Pvjv‡bv; evRvi eë¯’vi gva¨‡g Lv`¨k‡mï mieivn I g~j¨ wVK ivLv; cvwb I cqtwb®‹vkb: bjK‚c ¯’vcb, cyKzi Lbb I MY wkÿv g~jK Kvh©µg; Avevmb: `yt¯’ I `wi`ª cwiev‡i Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb I e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g `xN©‡gqv`x Avevmb FY mieivn; ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó: wPwKrmv‡K›`ª †givgZ Kiv, hš¿cvwZ miÄvgvw` mieivn Kiv, MÖvg ch©v‡q ¯^v¯’¨‡mweKv wb‡qvM I Zv‡ì cÖwkÿY I MYwkÿvg~jK Kvh©µg; MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gv: euva, iv¯Ív, KvjfvU© I weªR †givgZ I wbg©vY; †bŠ cwienb: †RwU, c›Uyb, †dwi I †bŠhvb †givgZ I ms¯‹vi; we`ÿ r: AeKvVv‡gv, hš¿cvwZ I mÂvjb jvBb †givgZ I cybt¯’vcb Kiv; †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM: AeKvVv‡gv I hš¿cvwZ †givgZ I cybt¯’vcb Kiv; wkÿv: AeKvVv‡gv †givgZ I wbg©vY; Avmeve I wkLb mvgMÖx mieivn;fvex wkïi Rb¨ D‡ØMgVevwoqv Dc‡Rjvi mvc‡jRv BDwbq‡bi Kjyevwo MÖv‡gi mšÍvbm¤¢ev †eMg N~wY©S‡oiiv‡Z euvPvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K GKwU Mv‡Qi mv‡_ †eu‡a †i‡LwQ‡jb| GLb (Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yimgq) Zj‡c‡U e¨_vi Kvi‡Y wZwb †ewk mgq ùvwo‡q _vK‡Z cv‡ib bv| Zvi M‡f©i mšÍvbbovPov Ki‡Q bv| Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q hvIqvi g‡Zv A_©I Zvi Kv‡Q bvB| wb‡R †eu‡P _vK‡jIZvi GB fvex wkï c„w_exi Av‡jv †`L‡e wKbv Zv wb‡q wZwb Lye `ywðšÍvq Av‡Qb|Source: Rapid Gender Assessment of SIDR Response, 2007, Care Bangladesh RxweKv:- K…wl DcKiY, exR, mvi, KxUbvkK myj‡f mieivn Kiv, mỳ wenxb K…wl FY cÖ`vb;- Abỳ vb wnmv‡e Mevw`cï mieivn;- Miæ, QvMj ev gyiwMi Lvgv‡ii Rb¨ FY cÖ`vb;- b`x I mgy‡`ª gvQ aivi Rb¨ hš¿cvwZ I DcKiY (†hgb- †bŠKv, Uªjvi, Rvj) Abỳ vb wnmv‡e mieivn Kiv, grm¨ Lvgvi IwPswo‡N‡ii Rb¨ FY mieivn Kiv;- †QvU eëmv I KviLvbvi Rb¨ Abỳ vb ev FY mnvqZv;1010wmWi wi‡cvU© 200834

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡ ebvqb: mvgvwRK ebvqb, meyR †eóbx M‡o †Zvjv, ÿwZMÖ¯Í ebf‚wg msiÿY|cÖvwZôvwbK cybe©vm‡b wewb‡qv‡Mi Lye Kg cwigvYB bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z mÿg nq| Gi KviY nj, cÖ_vMZfv‡e A_©bxwZ‡Zbvixi KvRK‡g©i cÖwZdjb cwigvc Kiv nqbv| cybe©vmb wewb‡qvM `„k¨gvb A_©‰bwZK LvZ¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK I mej Kivi †Póv K‡i;bvix †hme KvR K‡i †m¸‡jv Gi AIZvq Av‡mbv| GLv‡b bvix êl‡gï wkKvi nq| D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, K…wlLv‡Z mnvqZvwnmv‡e FY ev F‡Yi mỳ gIKzd Kiv nq I mỳ wenxb F‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv nq, bvixi ÿz`ªFY ev Zvi mỳ KL‡bv gIKzd Kiv nqbv|4.7.2. cwievi ch©v‡q cybe©vmb I bvixi f‚wgKv`y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i bvix cyiæl Df‡qB cybe©vmb Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| cwiev‡ii mevB wg‡j ÿwZMÖ¯Í evwoNi †givgZ K‡i| eb¨vici Kv`vcvwbi g‡a¨ I wcQj wf‡Ui Dci ùvwo‡q bvix evwoNi cwi®‹vi K‡i, D‡Vvb cwi®‹vi K‡i; cyiæ‡li mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M Ni †givgZ11I wbg©v‡Yi KvR K‡i | evwoNi †givg‡Zi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq cwiev‡ii m¤ú` †hgb- Rwg, MvQ, MiæQvMj wewµ Ki‡Z ev eÜK ivL‡Znq, †mB mv‡_ bvix‡KI wewµ Ki‡Z nq Zvi wbR¯^ m¤ú`, †hgb- Mnbv| ZvQvov, A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cwievi bvixi gva¨‡g FY msMÖn K‡iI bvix‡K FYMÖ¯Í K‡i †d‡j|Riæwi Ae¯’vq mvov cª`vb PZy_© Aa¨vq11bvmixb, 200635

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n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡`y‡h©vM SyuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi ‡bZ…Z¡ c«wZôvKiY lô Aa¨vq `y‡h©vMcÖeY GjvKvq bvix †¯^”Qv‡meK wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI, bvix we‡klÁ wnmv‡e ev eë¯’vcK wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|cÖwµqv - bvixevÜe bv n‡j bvixi c‡ÿ AskMÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nqbv| bvixi Nimsmv‡ii KvR A‡bK; Zv‡K G¸‡jv wbqwgZ I mgqgZKi‡Z nq| KwgwU wgwUs, civgk© mfv ev Sw zuK we‡køl‡Yi KvR¸‡jv hw` Zvi myweavgZ mg‡q nq Zvn‡j †m G‡Z AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvMcvq| GQvov, ms¯’vi bxwZ I c×wZ¸‡jv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv KZUv bvixevÜe; cÖ‡qvRbgZ Zv‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e|mvgvwRK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv- `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m AskMÖnY †hb bvix‡K †Kvb Pv‡ci g‡a¨ bv †d‡j| mgv‡Ri mevB †hb g‡b K‡i GUv bvixiRb¨ GKUv ¯^vfvweK KvR| ìKvi n‡j MY m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gme Kv‡R AskMÖnY bvixi Rb¨ gh©v`vc~Y© I ìKvwi welqwnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq| Avi mgvR I cwiev‡ii mevB †hb G wel‡q bvix‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K|Z_¨ cÖevn - bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ bv †c‡j bvix Zvi Ávb I AwfÁZv evov‡Z cv‡ibv| Avi Gi d‡j, Zvi civgk© `ye©j n‡qc‡o I Kvh©KvwiZv nvivq| bvixi AskMÖnY myev‡` jvfevb n‡Z n‡j mgKvjxb Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ bvixi bvMv‡j wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Avi ZvGgbfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G¸‡jv bvix eyS‡Z cv‡i I eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|6.2.2. wbqš¿Y I wm×všÍ MÖnY¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq - bvixi `„wófw½ cyiæ‡li `„wófw½ †_‡K wfbœ| mgm¨v¸‡jv †m Zvi wbR¯^ `„wófw½ w`‡q wePvi K‡i| bvixi civgk© †_‡K¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q Zvi we‡kølY hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| †hgb- euva ev N~wY©So Avkªq‡K›`ª wbg©vY wel‡q bvixi AwfÁZv I `„wófw½we‡kølY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †QvULv‡Uv ev cÖvwšÍK wel‡q GB cÖqvm bvixi cÖwZ Av¯’vnxbZv cÖKvk K‡i|gZvgZ we‡ePbv - bvixi gZvgZ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbvKi‡Z n‡e I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y GB gZvg‡Zi cÖwZdjb _vK‡Zn‡e| Zv bv n‡j cy‡iv welqUv G‡Kev‡i A_©nxb co‡e|gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv - wbqwš¿Z gZvgZ cÖKvk ev †jvK†`Lv‡bv AskMÖnY †Kvb mydj Avb‡Z cv‡ibv| GLv‡b g~jwelq nj bvixi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K welqwU †`Lv I bvixi AwR©ZÁvb I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Kg©m~wP‡K mg„× Kiv| Av‡M†_‡KB wVK Kiv wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZ mg_©b Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wbqwš¿ZgZvgZ MÖnY Kg©m~wP‡K Lye GKUv mg„× K‡ibv|bvixi B”Qvaxb - bvix wb‡RB wm×všÍ †b‡e, †m G e¨vcv‡iRwoZ n‡e wK n‡e bv, ev KZUv RwoZ n‡e| Rei`w¯Íg~jKev Pvwc‡q †Ìqv AskMÖnY bvixi Dci GKUv AwZwi³†evSv| G‡Z bvixi gZvgZ I civgk© ¸YMZfv‡e `ye©j n‡qc‡o| GLv‡b †Kvb kZ© _vK‡j bvix †mB kZ© c~i‡Yi †PóvKi‡e; †m wb‡Ri gZ ev e¨vL¨v cÖKvk Ki‡ebv|6.2.3. Z_¨ I DcvËZ_¨ I DcvË Ggbfv‡e msMÖn I we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z bvix I cyiæ‡li wec`vcbœZvi c„_K weeiY cvIqv hvq| Abyiƒcfv‡e, bvix Icyiæl †f‡` ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`vi c„_K weeiY _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb- KZRb cyiæl gviv †M‡Q, KZRb bvix gviv †M‡Q, KZRb cyiælAv‡qi Drm nvwi‡qQ, KZRb bvix M„nnviv n‡q‡Q, KZRb bvix cwievi cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q, cyiæ‡li Pvwn`v¸‡jv Kx Gesbvixi Pvwn`v¸‡jv Kx, BZ¨vw`|42

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡6.2.4. jÿ¨ wba©viYbvixi wbR¯^ m¤ú‡ì ÿwZ Kgv‡bv I Zvi we‡kl Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi welq we‡ePbv K‡i cÖKí ev Kvh©µ‡gi c„_K D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ wba©viYKiv Riæwi| D`vniY ¯îƒc- bvixevÜe mZK© evZ©v cÖPvi eë¯’v, nuvmgyiwMi ÿwZ Kgv‡bv, Avc` mnbxq Rjvavi wbg©vY, ÎvY wnmv‡eivbœvi miÄvg weZiY, R¡vjvbx KvV ev mewR exR weZiY BZ¨vw`| mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi Pvwn`v we‡ePbv K‡i cÖKí ev Kvh©µ‡gi jÿ¨wba©viY Ki‡j bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î cÖvq Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|6.3. mvgvwRK ch©v‡q bvixi gyL¨ f‚wgKv cÖeZ©bcÖPwjZ mvgvwRK `„wófw½ nj bvixi wPšÍvkw³ `ye©j I Zvi ev¯Íe Ávb mxwgZ| `y‡h©v‡Mi SyuwK †m wVKgZ eyS‡Z cv‡ibv| ZvQvov, †mkvixwiKfv‡e `ye©j| `y‡h©vMKv‡j †m cyiæ‡li Dci cy‡ivcywi wbf©ikxj| cÖ_vMZ GB aviYv cwieZ©b Kiv we‡kl Riæwi| KviY, cÖK…ZAe¯’v nj Gi wecixZ| bvix `y‡h©vM SzuwK m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó IqvwKenvj| G wb‡q †m wPšÍv K‡i I SzuwK cÖkg‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ wKQy †KŠkj†ei K‡i| wbqZ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’vq mxwgZ m¤ú` wb‡q ˆ`bw›`b RxebhvÎv wbe©vn Ki‡Z nq e‡j bvix mnRvZfv‡eB `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvKivi Rb¨ GBme †KŠkj¸‡jv †ei Ki‡Z cv‡i|cÖavbZ MY m‡PZbZv e„w×i gva¨‡g cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK `„wófw½‡Z cwieZ©b Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB m‡PZbZv e„w× n‡Z cv‡i`yÕfv‡e| 1) Rbwkÿv, †hgb- MÖvg êVK, DVvb êVK, mgvR wfwËK SzuwK we‡kølY, MYbvU¨ BZ¨vw`; 2) mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ wfwËK cÖKíev¯Íevqb Kiv, †hgb- †g‡qwkï I †Q‡jwkïi Rxeb iÿvKvix `ÿZv m„wó ev `y‡h©vM mnbxq mewR Pvl|lô Aa¨vq`y‡h©vM SyuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi ‡bZ…Z¡ c«wZôvKiY43

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡`y‡h©vM SyuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi ‡bZ…Z¡ c«wZôvKiY lô Aa¨vq6.3.1. `„wófw½i cwieZ©bmvgvwRK cÖ_v¸‡jv †h G‡Kev‡iB Abo I AcwieZ©bxq Zv bq| Kvjµ‡g ev cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Gi cwieZ©b nq| myZivs, bvixevÜejÿ¨ wfwËK cÖKí ev Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g êlg¨g~jK cÖ_vmg~‡n cwieZ©b Avbvi my‡hvM Av‡Q|bvixi `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm I Avqg~jK KvR m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK wewawb‡la I aviYvq m¤cÖwZ wKQy cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| †hgb- bvixi A‡bK KvR GLb SzuwKn«vmg~jK KvR wnmv‡e aiv nq| †hgb- AvjMv Pzjv evbv‡bv, R¡vjvwb msMÖn K‡i ivLv, ïK‡bv LveviRwg‡q ivLv, ev cvovcowki mv‡_ mvgvwRK †jb‡`‡bi m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv| `y‡h©vM cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bvix cwiev‡ii mevi Rb¨ cvwb ILvev‡ii †hvMvb †`q| Z`ycwi, `y‡h©vMKv‡j cwiev‡ii cyiæl m`m¨ AvnZ, wbnZ ev wb‡LuvR n‡j, ev cyiæl m`m¨ Avq‡ivRMv‡ii RbÄb¨Î P‡j †M‡j bvix mnRvZfv‡e cwievi cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| RxweKv I Avqg~jK Kv‡R bvixi AskMÖn‡Y mvgvwRK wewawb‡la GLb A‡bK wkw_j| bvix eiveiB kvKmewR jvMv‡bv I nuvmgyiwMev MiæQvMj cvj‡b RwoZ wQj; AvRKvj Zviv w`bgRyi wnmv‡e K…wlKv‡R Ask †bq, gvwU KvUvi KvR K‡i, BU‡Lvjvq KvR K‡i evkn‡i M„nwbg©vY Kv‡R †hvM †`q| ¯’vbxq `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwU‡Z bvixiv AskMÖnY K‡i| Z‡e, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwUi f‚wgKv ïaygvÎ c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ I `y‡h©vMKvjxbÿqÿwZ wbimb Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mxgve×; `y‡h©vM cieZ©x A_©‰bwZK cybe©vm‡b Gi †Kvb f‚wgKv bvB|6.3.2. RbwkÿvmvgvwRK êlg¨, bvixi SzuwK I `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi gyL¨ f‚wgKv cÖeZ©‡b Rbwkÿv †K›`ªxq welq n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- `y‡h©v‡Mi mg‡q cwiev‡ii gh©v`v iÿvi †P‡q Rxeb iÿv †ewk Riæwi; bvixi Dci Av‡ivwcZ wewa wb‡la cy‡iv cwievi‡K SzuwKMÖ¯Í K‡i; `y‡h©v‡M bvixB me© cÖ_g mvov †`q; cÖ_vMZ mvgvwRKxKiY Rxebnvwbi SzuwK evovq;44

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡ bvixi wbR¯^ m¤ú` `y‡h©vM Kv‡j cwievi‡K iÿv K‡i; `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq cyiæ‡li Avq _v‡Kbv, bvix cwiev‡ii †evSv enb K‡i;6.3.3. cÖ`k©bgywL cÖKíbvix I cyiæ‡li mvgvwRK kªg wefvRb mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ wfwËK cÖK‡íi cÖavb welq n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- ¯‹yj wfwËK ev ¯’vbxq `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwUi gva¨‡g †g‡qwkï I †Q‡jwkïi Rxeb iÿvKvix `ÿZv m„wó; `y‡h©vM mwnòy ev `ªæZ ea©bkxj mewR evMvb; ÎvY mnvqZv wnmv‡e mewR exR weZiY; ÎvY mnvqZv wnmv‡e nuvm gyiwM weZiY; ÔUvKvi-wewbg‡q-KvRÕ Gi gva¨‡g M„n¯’vwj KvR Kiv (cyiæl GB cªK‡íi DcKvi‡fvMx n‡Z cv‡i); ÎvY mnvqZv wnmv‡e ivbœvi miÄvg (`v I ewU mn) I R¡vjvbx weZiY; mgvR wfwËK I AskMÖnYg~jK cÖwµqvq ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi AvPiYwewa wbg©vY (SzuwKc~Y© wkïkªg wbim‡bi Rb¨ wb‡qvMKZ©v‡ìAvPiYwewai Abyiƒc);cwifvlv`y‡h©vM msµvšÍ A‡bK Kv‡R bvix GLb Ask †bq| †m KwgwUi m`m¨ nq; SzuwK we‡køl‡Y †hvM †`q; †¯^”Qv‡mex wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| Z‡e,ïaygvÎ bvixi wec`vcbœZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ SzuwKn«vm Kvh©µ‡g Zvi Dcw¯’wZ h‡_ó bq| Afxó jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j bvixi Ae`vb¸‡jv¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e I SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi gyL¨ f‚wgKv cÖwZôv I cÖmvi Ki‡Z n‡e| G msµvšÍ KvR¸‡jv cÖ_vMZ kªg wefvR‡bi aviYvqcwieZ©b Avb‡Z I bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨ Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| bvixi f‚wgKv cÖK…Zfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡e I `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm KvVv‡gv‡Z eoai‡Yi cwieZ©b Avb‡e| Avi, GwU bvixmn mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi `y‡h©vM SzuwK Kgv‡Z mnvqK n‡e| †Kvb ms¯’vi c‡ÿ GKKfv‡e GwU KivLyeB KwVb| Gi Rb¨ ìKvi mK‡ji mgwš^Z cÖqvm| †h‡Kv‡bv ms¯’v GwU m~Pbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|45

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡cwifvlvcwifvlvRevew`wnZv: ÔRevew`wnZvÕ ej‡Z †evSvq wKfv‡e GKwU ms¯’v wm×všÍ MªnY I Kvh©µ‡g wewfbœ †Mvôxi Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb NUvq|AwaKvsk GbwRIÕi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Mvôx †hgb- `vZv ms¯’v A_ev mswkøó miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kivi GKwU wbw`©ócÖwµqv Av‡Q|Awf‡hvRb: Awf‡hvRb n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK I gvbem„ó cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve I djvd‡ji mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bqvhvq Ges ¯’vbxq Ávb I m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ Kiv hvq|mÿgZv: †Kvb `y‡hv©‡M AvµvšÍ e¨w³, cwievi ev Rb‡Mvôxi H `y‡hv©M †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †hvM¨Zv ev mvg_¨©‡KB mÿgZv e‡j|`y‡h©vM: `y‡h©vM Ggb GK cªvK…wZK ev gvbem„ó AbvKvw•LZ Ae¯’v hv nVvr wKsev ax‡i ax‡i N‡U Ges GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvq emevmKvixRb‡Mvôxi Rvb, gvj, cwi‡ek, cÖvZ¨wnK RxweKv I g‡bvRM‡Zi Dci gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvNvZ nv‡b Ges gvbyl‡K Ggb Amnvq K‡i†Zv‡j hv KvwU‡q DVvi Rb¨ A‡bï mn‡hvwMZv AZ¨vek¨K n‡q c‡o|`y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ: `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ n‡jv GKwU `y‡h©v‡Mi NUbv‡K Abygvb K‡i, `y‡h©vM cieZ©x mg‡q Kvh©µg MªnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ c~e© †_‡Keë¯’v MªnY Kiv|`y‡h©vM SuywK eë¯’vcbv: `y‡h©vM SuywK eë¯’vcbv n‡”Q GKwU we‡kl ai‡Yi Riæix eë¯’vcbv hv‡Z `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖwZ ch©v‡q bxwZ wba©viY,cÖkvmwbK, wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc AšÍf©‚³|`y‡h©vM SyuwK n«vm: GKwU mgv‡Ri wec`vcbœZv I `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«v‡mi KvVv‡gvMZ aviYv n‡jv `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖwZK~j cÖfve mxwgZ (cÖkgb IcÖ¯‘wZ) ev cwinvi (cÖwZ‡iva) Kiv, hv e„nØv‡_© ¯’vqxZ¡kxj Dbœq‡bi Ask|†RÛvi: bvix-cyiæ‡li mvgvwRK m¤úK© n‡”Q †RÛvi hv mvgvwRK I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v Abymv‡i bvixmyjf ev cyiælmyjf `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨,m¤úK© Ges bvix-cyiæ‡li cwiwPwZ wba©viY K‡i †`q|†RÛvi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv: m¤ú`, my‡hvM-myweavw`, †mev, Znwej, jvf Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv‡K †evSvq| Gi gva¨‡g mywbw`©óGjvKvi mywbw`©ó mg‡qi cÖ_v I a¨vb-aviYvi Kvi‡Y m¤ú` eënvi Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvix-cyiæ‡li êlg¨‡K cÖKvk K‡i|†RÛvi êlg¨ : mgv‡R m„ó †RÛviwfwËK f~wgKv I cÖ_vi mv‡_ mswkøó we‡f`, wew”QbœZv A_ev evavmg~n hv gvbyl‡K gvbweK AwaKvi†_‡K ewÂZ K‡i|†RÛviwfwËK kÖgwefvRb: evmvq, Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Ges mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li KvR Ges `vwqZ¡ wba©viY K‡i †`q| Kv‡Ri aiY Abymv‡iwe‡ePbv K‡i mgvR Ggbfv‡e kÖgwefvRb K‡i hv mywbw`©ó ¯’vb Ges mg‡qi mv‡_ mgš^qK…Z|†RÛvi mgZv: †h ai‡Yi a¨vb-aviYvq cÖPwjZ aviv, mxgve× †RÛvi f~wgKv I ms¯‹vi mswkøó evav-weNœ QvovB bvix I cyiæl m¦vaxbfv‡ee¨w³MZ mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K †RÛvi mgZv ejv nq| †RÛvi mgZv ej‡Z †evSvq mKj gvbyl m¦vaxbfv‡e Zv‡ì AwaKviAbyaveb K‡i †`k, RvwZ, A_©bxwZ, mgvR Ges ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡e Ges mgvbfv‡e jvfevb n‡e| Gi A_© GB bq †h bvixI cyiæl GK n‡q †h‡Z n‡e ev bvix-cyiæl bv‡gi Ici we‡ePbv K‡i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ wbaviY Ki‡Z n‡e|†RÛvi cv_©K¨: bvix I cyiæ‡li mvgvwRK cv_©K¨|†RÛvi‡K g~javivq m¤ú„³ Kiv: GUv Ggb GKwU †KŠkj hvi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK Ges mvgvwRK mKj ¯Í‡ii bxwZ IKvh©µ‡gi cwiKíbv, ev¯Íevqb, cwiexÿY Ges g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvq bvix-cyiæl Df‡qiB gZvgZ I AwfÁZv‡K mgvbfv‡e we‡ePbv Kivnq †hb mK‡j mgvb myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kvbfv‡eB †KvbiKg AmgZv m„wó bv nq|46

n¨vÛeyK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡†RÛvi f~wgKv: mywbw`©ó GjvKv Ges hy‡Mi bvix I cyiæliv cÖPwjZ cÖ_v I a¨vb-aviYv Abymv‡i wKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, wPšÍv GesAvZ¥¯’ K‡i Zv †RÛvi f~wgKv Øviv cÖKvwkZ nq|Kv‡Ri †RÛviwfwËK g~j¨vqb: Gi gva¨‡g bvix I cyiæ‡li wewfbœ KvR Ges `vwq‡Z¡i mv‡_ mswkøó mgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK a¨vbaviYv‡Kwb‡`©k Kiv nq|cwifvlvAvc`: ÔAvc`Õ mvaviYZt Ôm¤¢ve¨Õ A‡_© eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr, Ggb GKUv m¤¢ve¨ A¯^vfvweK NUbv hv cÖvK…wZK, gvbem„ó ev KvwiMixÎæwUi Kvi‡Y NU‡Z cv‡i Ges hv gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK Rxeb-RxweKv I cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK ÿwZ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|gvbweKZv: gvbweKZvev` nj `qv, g½jKiY Ges mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ me©Rbxbfv‡e mnvbyf~wZi nvZ cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rxeb `k©b| †`kfvM, wj½MZ, DcRvwZ, RvwZMZ I agx©q we‡”Q‡ì d‡j gvby‡li †h `y‡f©vM nq Zv‡Z †Kvb cv_K©¨ †bB|†bZ…Z¡: †bZ…Z¡ GgbB GKwU cÖwµqv hv †Kvb GKwU mgvR ev msMVb‡K Kvw•LZ j‡ÿ¨ wb‡q †h‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †bZv ¯^xq mgvR evmsMV‡bi wPšÍv †PZbv I Abyf~wZ‡K aviY K‡ib, cÖfvweZ K‡ib I cwiPvwjZ K‡ib| †bZv‡K ¯^xq mgvR ev msMV‡bi cÖwZf~, cÖwZwbwaI g~LcvÎ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|cÖkgb: cÖkgbg~jK Kvh©µg ej‡Z †mB mKj Kvh©µ‡gi mgwó‡K eySvq hv cÖvK…wZK Avc`, cwi‡ekMZ wech©q Ges cÖhyw³MZ Avc`†_‡K D¢~Z cÖwZK~j cÖfve `~i Ki‡Z mnvqK|cybiæ×vi: cybiæ×vi n‡jv `xN©‡gqv`x Kvh©µg hv Rb‡Mvôx‡K cybwbg©vb/cybM©V‡bi gva¨‡g `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿwZ KvwU‡q DV‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|AwaKvi: AwaKvi ej‡Z gvby‡li AvZœweKv‡ki Rb¨ KwZcq my‡hvM myweavi `vex‡K †evSvq, †h `vex nq ˆbwZK bv nq AvBbMZ wfwËi‡q‡Q|mvovcª`vb: Avc‡ì wPwýZ SuywK eë¯’vcbv Ki‡Z mKj cÖ‡Póv †bIqvi ciI A‡bK mgq `y‡h©vM Gov‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| SuywK eë¯’vcbvimg‡q Zv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKv Ges `y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx‡K Riæwi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kvh©KimnvqZv †`qvi Rb¨ mswkøó ms¯’v, Rb‡Mvôx Ges eë¯’v‡K mPj ivLvB n‡jv `y‡h©v‡M Riæwi mvov|SzuwK: †Kvb Avc‡` wec`vcbœ Rb‡Mvôxi m¤ú`, Avq I cwi‡e‡ki Dci †bwZevPK cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y ÿwZi Avk¼vB n‡jv SuywK| ¯’vb,Kvj I cvÎ †f‡` GKB `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK GK GKR‡bi Rb¨ GK GK iKg A_©vr, Kg †ewk n‡Z cv‡i|SuywK wbiƒcY: Rb‡Mvôxi `y‡h©vM SuywK wbiƒcY GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ hvi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q, wbw`©ó Rb‡MvôxiAvc`, SuzwK, wec`vcbœZv, SuzwK gvwb‡q †bevi ÿgZv I Zv mvd‡jï mv‡_ AvqË¡ Kivi †KŠkj Ges SuywK wbim‡b Kvh©Ki cwiKíbvcÖYqb Kiv nq|SuzwK ¯’vbvšÍi: SuzwK ¯’vbvšÍi ej‡Z †evSvq GK cÖKvi Pzw³ ev m¤¢ve¨ cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v hvi gva¨‡g Ab¨ w`‡K SuywKi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i†`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|†RÛviwfwËK †KŠkjMZ Pvwn`v: bvixi ÿgZvq‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó hv ÿgZv Ges wbqš¿q‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mgZvwfwËK †RÛvi eë¯’v cÖwZôviRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| †RÛviwfwËK †KŠkjMZ Pvwn`v Rb¥ nq cÖPwjZ †RÛvi f~wgKv Ges m¤úK©‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i |wec`vcbœZv: wec`vcbœZv ej‡Z †Kvb e¨w³, cwievi wKsev Rb‡Mvôxi †Kvb GK ev GKvwaK mywbw`©ó Avc‡` AvµvšÍ nIqvi Avk¼vGes H Avc` msNU‡bi d‡j e¨w³, cwievi I mgvR Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ÿqÿwZi m¤¢ve¨ gvÎv‡K †evSvq| A_©vr, wec`vcbœZvej‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó wec‡ì gvÎv I Zv †gvKv‡ejvi ÿgZvi AbycvZ‡K †evSvq|47

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