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ÌÎÂÀ ¹ 15 ÓÄÊ 811.161.1’366.53’42:82–1 Å. À. Ñêîðîáîãàòîâà Êàòåãîðèÿ ÷èñëà â ïîýòè÷åñêîì òåêñòå: âûðàçèòåëüíîñòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ñîïîëîæåíèé Ñåìàíòè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà ñî÷åòàíèé è ãðóïï ÷èñëîâûõ ãðàììåì íå îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ àðèôìåòè÷åñêîé ñóììîé çíà÷åíèé îòäåëüíûõ åäèíèö. “Íàðàùåíèå” äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ñìûñëîâ è êîííîòàöèé ïðîèñõîäèò â ïîýòè÷åñêîì òåêñòå ðåãóëÿðíî. Â ðàáîòå ðàññìîòðåíû ñëó÷àè ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèÿ è ñîïîëîæåíèÿ ôîðì è ñëîâ êàòåãîðèàëüíîé îïïîçèöèè: êàê ñîáñòâåííî êàòåãîðèàëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé, òàê è çíà÷åíèé, îñëîæíåííûõ ìåòàôîðè÷åñêèì ïåðåíîñîì, ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèåì àáñòðàêòíîãî êîíêðåòíîìó, ñâîáîäíîãî ñâÿçàííîìó, îïðåäåë¸ííîãî íåîïðåäåë¸ííîìó. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïîýòè÷åñêàÿ ãðàììàòèêà, êàòåãîðèÿ ÷èñëà, ãðàììàòè÷åñêîå ñîïîëîæåíèå. Ñîâðåìåííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â îáëàñòè ëèíãâîïîýòèêè ïðåäïîëàãàþò îïèñàíèå ãðàììàòè- ÷åñêîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ïîýòè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà. Ýòà ïðîáëåìàòèêà àêòèâíî ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ â ðàáîòàõ È. È. Êîâòóíîâîé, ß. È. Ãèíà, È. À. Èîíîâîé, Í. À. Êîæåâíèêîâîé, Í. À. Íèêîëèíîé, Å. Â. Êðàñèëüíèêîâîé è äðóãèõ ó÷åíûõ. Åå àêòóàëüíîñòü îáóñëîâëåíà ìàêñèìàëüíîé ðåàëèçàöèåé â ïîýòè÷åñêîì òåêñòå ñåìàíòè÷åñêîãî è ýêñïðåññèâíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà ÿçûêîâûõ åäèíèö. Íàøå èññëåäîâàíèå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò äðóãèõ, èìåþùèõñÿ â ýòîé îáëàñòè, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü òåì, ÷òî ìû îïèñûâàåì ðåàëèçàöèþ â ïîýòè÷åñêîì òåêñòå âûðàçèòåëüíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà íå îòäåëüíûõ ãðàììåì, à èõ êîìáèíàöèé, ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî îòáîðà è ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé äîìèíàíòû. Öåëü äàííîé ðàáîòû — îïèñàòü ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå â ïîýçèè îïïîçèöèîííûõ ãðàììåì ÷èñëîâîé ïàðàäèãìû. Ñåìàíòè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà ñî÷åòàíèé è ãðóïï ÷èñëîâûõ ãðàììåì íå îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ àðèôìåòè- ÷åñêîé ñóììîé çíà÷åíèé âõîäÿùèõ â ñî÷åòàíèå åäèíèö. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò õàðàêòåðà ñî÷åòàíèé âîçìîæíî “íàðàùåíèå” äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé, òèï êîòîðîãî çàâèñèò îò îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó åäèíèöàìè. Íàèáîëåå âûñîêèé ýêñïðåññèâíî-ñåìàíòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë èìååò ñëó÷àé ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèÿ è ñîïîëîæåíèÿ ôîðì êàòåãîðèàëüíîé îïïîçèöèè. Ñàìûé ïðîñòîé ïðèìåð òàêîãî ñîïîëîæåíèÿ — ýòî ïåðåäà÷à ñîáñòâåííî ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèÿ: È ñîñåí ïî äîðîãå òåíè Óæå â îäíó ñëèëèñÿ òåíü. (Ô. Òþò÷åâ) Çäåñü ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíû çíà÷åíèÿ îäèí–ìíîãî, èíîãäà ÷èñëîâîå çíà÷åíèå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ëåêñè÷åñêèì íàêîïëåíèåì: Òðåòèé äåíü — äåíü óäà÷. Çà óäà÷åþ — óäà÷à. (Á. Îêóäæàâà) Ñîïîëîæåíèå ôîðì ÷èñëà ìîæåò áûòü ñâÿçàíî ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñëîâà â ïðÿìîì è ïåðåíîñíîì çíà÷åíèÿõ, ïîä÷åðêèâàÿ, óñèëèâàÿ ìåòàôîðè÷åñêèé èëè ìåòîíèìè÷åñêèé ïåðåíîñ: Öàðþ Ïåòðó è âàì, î öàðü, õâàëà! Íî âûøå âàñ öàðè: êîëîêîëà. (Ì. Öâåòàåâà) Ïîñêîëüêó îáðàçîâàíèå ôîðì ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà íåðåäêî ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ êîíêðåòèçàöèåé àáñòðàêòíûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, äîñòàòî÷íî ÷àñòî ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèå ÷èñëîâûõ ôîðì ñâÿçàíî ñ ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèåì àáñòðàêòíîãî êîíêðåòíîìó: Â ãëóáîêîì çíàíüå æèçíè íåò — ß ïðîêëÿë çíàíèé ëîæíûé ñâåò. (À. Ïóøêèí) 182 © Å. À. Ñêîðîáîãàòîâà, 2010
Èíîãäà îäíà èç ôîðì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíîé, åå ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ âîçìîæíîé â îñîáîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ëèðè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà: Ëåãëî íà ãîðîä ãðîìàäíîå ãîðå È ñîòíè ìàëåíüêèõ ãîðü. (Â. Ìàÿêîâñêèé) Äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàêòåðíîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëîêàëèçàöèÿ ñîïîëîæåííûõ ôîðì â âåðòèêàëüíîì ðÿäó, êàê â äâóõ ïîñëåäíèõ ïðèìåðàõ. Îäíà èç ôîðì ïàäåæíî-÷èñëîâîé èëè ÷èñëîâîé ïàðàäèãìû ìîæåò èìåòü óñòîé÷èâîå çíà÷åíèå: Ôåé âèëèñÿ õîðîâîäû Ïîä âîäîé è ïî âîäàì. (Ô. Òþò÷åâ) Òàê êàê ðóññêèé ÿçûê ëèøåí àðòèêëåé, çíà÷åíèå îïðåäåëåííîñòè — íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè ïåðåäàåòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûìè ñðåäñòâàìè, îäíî èç êîòîðûõ — ñîïîëîæåíèå ôîðì ÷èñëà: Òàê ïèñåì íå æäóò. Òàê æäóò ïèñüìà. ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ÑËÎÂÎÒÂÎÐÓ ÒÀ ÌÎÐÔÎËÎÃ²¯ (Ì. Öâåòàåâà) Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ïîä÷åðêèâàþòñÿ è ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëÿþòñÿ çíà÷åíèÿ íåîïðåäåë¸ííîñòè (ïèñåì âîîáùå) è îïðåäåë¸ííîñòè (ïèñüìá — êîíêðåòíîãî). Ñòèõîòâîðåíèå íàçûâàåòñÿ “Ïèñüìî”, è ïðèâåäåííûå ñòðîêè — åãî çà÷èí. Òàêàÿ æå ëîêàëèçàöèÿ, âûäåëÿþùàÿ îïïîçèöèþ ÷èñëà, â ñëåäóþùåì ïðèìåðå: ß çíàþ ïðàâäó! Âñå ïðåæíèå ïðàâäû — ïðî÷ü! (Ì. Öâåòàåâà) Ïîäîáíàÿ àêòóàëèçàöèÿ, ïåðåäàþùàÿ âûäåëåííîñòü îäíîãî èç ìíîãèõ, âîçìîæíà ëèøü ïðè ñîïîëîæåíèè ôîðì ÷èñëà. Â¸ñåí âñåõ áûëûõ âåñíà âåñåííåé… (È. Ñåâåðÿíèí) Çíà÷åíèå åäèíè÷íîñòè, âûäåëåííîñòè ãðàììåìû åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå óñèëèâàåòñÿ îêêàçèîíàëüíîé ôîðìîé ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî (âåñåííåé), êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ òðåòüèì ÷ëåíîì ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ðÿäà, âûðàæàþùåãî îòíîøåíèÿ ãðàäàöèè. Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè ãðàììåìû âíå ñîïîëîæåíèÿ ñ ÷èñëîâûì êîððåëÿòîì çíà÷åíèå îïðåäåëåííîñòè/íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðèôåðèéíûì. Çíà÷åíèå îïðåäåëåííîñòè ìîæåò óñèëèâàòüñÿ ñî÷åòàíèåì ôîðìû åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ñ óêàçàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì ýòîò, ÷èñëèòåëüíûì îäèí â ìåñòîèìåííîì çíà÷åíèè; à çíà÷åíèå íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè — ñî÷åòàíèåì ôîðìû ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè âñå, äðóãèå è ïîä: Êàêèõ ïðèñÿã ÿ íè äàâàë, êàêèå íå òâåðäèë ñëîâà, Íî åñòü îäíà ïðèñÿãà — êðóæèòñÿ ãîëîâà. (Á. Îêóäæàâà) Âñå êîòû ïîþò è ïëà÷óò — Ýòîò ×åðíûé êîò ìîë÷èò. (Á. Îêóäæàâà) Îòñóòñòâèå àðòèêëåé ïîçâîëÿåò â ñõîäíûõ ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóðàõ ïåðåäàâàòü è çíà÷åíèå îïðåäåë¸ííîñòè / íåîïðåäåë¸ííîñòè, è õàðàêòåðèñòèêó îäíîãî êàê ÷àñòè ìíîæåñòâà, è ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèå îäíîãî ìíîãèì. Ñðàâíèì: Ïî÷òåííûé çàìîê áûë ïîñòðîåí, Êàê çàìêè ñòðîèòüñÿ äîëæíû. (À. Ïóøêèí) Äèòÿ ñàìà, â òîëïå äåòåé Èãðàòü è ïðûãàòü íå õîòåëà. (À. Ïóøêèí) 183
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