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ÌÎÂÀ ¹ 15 ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ÑËÎÂÎÒÂÎÐÓ ÒÀ ÌÎÐÔÎËÎÃ²¯ ÓÄÊ 811.161.1’367.335 Í. Ã. Èâàíîâà, Â. Â. Ãîðáàíü Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå êîððåëÿòà è ïðîèçâîäíîãî ñëîâà â ïîýòè÷åñêîì òåêñòå Â ñòàòüå ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû îñîáåííîñòè ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ íîâîãî ïðîèçâîäíîãî ñëîâà è åãî êîððåëÿòà â ïîýòè÷åñêîì òåêñòå. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ðóññêèé ÿçûê, ïðîèçâîäíîå ñëîâî, êîððåëÿò, ïîýòè÷åñêèé òåêñò. Â ñîâðåìåííîì ÿçûêîçíàíèè ïðîáëåìû ñåìàñèîëîãèè ïðèîáðåëè âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå â ñâÿçè ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ îáîñíîâàíèÿ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ðå÷åâûõ åäèíèö â ïðîöåññå êîììóíèêàöèè. Ê êîíòåêñòó êëàññà, èëè ïàðàäèãìàòè÷åñêîìó êîíòåêñòó, îòíîñèòñÿ “ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ñëîâà â êðóãó åãî ñìûñëîâûõ ïàðòíåðîâ è àíòèïîäîâ” [8: 143]. Ôàêòè÷åñêè èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ àíàëèçèðóåìîé åäèíèöû âîçìîæíà òîëüêî ïðè îòíåñåíèè åå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó êëàññó è ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ñåòêè ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèé, îïïîçèöèé, îòãðàíè÷èâàþùåé è íàïðàâëÿþùåé ïðîöåññ âûÿâëåíèÿ ñåìàíòè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðû ñëîâà. Ñïîñîáû ýêñïëèêàöèè ïðîèçâîäíîãî ñëîâà êàê ÷ëåíà ïàðàäèãìàòè÷åñêîãî êëàññà ðàçëè÷íû. Ýòî ìîæåò áûòü êîððåëÿòèâíàÿ, àíàëîãè÷åñêàÿ, êîððåëÿòèâíî-àíàëîãè÷åñêàÿ ýêñïëèêàöèÿ, ïðè ýòîì âòîðîé ÷ëåí îïïîçèöèè ëèáî âîñïðîèçâîäèòñÿ â ïîýòè÷åñêîì òåêñòå, ëèáî îòñóòñòâóåò, íî ëåãêî âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ. Ïîìåùåíèå â îäíîì è òîì æå êîíòåêñòå ïðîèçâîäÿùåãî è ïðîèçâîäíîãî ñëîâà — îñîáûé ïðèåì àêòóàëèçàöèè ñòðóêòóðû çíà÷åíèÿ íîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿ. Îòìå÷àþò, ÷òî “ñòðóêòóðà ñëîâîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîãî ìîòèâèðîâàííîãî ñëîâà, åãî ñòèëèñòè÷åñêàÿ îêðàñêà îñîáåííî ÿðêî âûñòóïàþò â ñîïîñòàâëåíèè ñî ñëîâàìè òîé æå ñòðóêòóðû” [1: 289]. Å. Ñ. Êóáðÿêîâà óáåäèòåëüíî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî “íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå ñâÿçûâàíèå îäíîêîðíåâûõ îáðàçîâàíèé — òèïè÷íåéøèé ñëó÷àé äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ ñëîâîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ îòíîøåíèé â êà÷åñòâå æèâûõ è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñèíõðîííî-ðåëåâàíòíûõ” [4: 29]. Ñåìàíòèêà íîâîãî ñëîâà ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðåàëèçîâàííûì çíà÷åíèåì ñëîâà-êîððåëÿòà (ÐÇÑ), ïðèñóòñòâóþùèì â ïîýòè÷åñêîì êîíòåêñòå. Ñëîâî-êîððåëÿò “íà äèàõðîíè÷åñêîé îñè ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíèöåé ñëîâàðÿ, òî åñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ýëåìåíò ÿçûêà, îáëàäàþùèé íåêîòîðûì ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì (ÑÇÑ)… Â ÑÇÑ çàëîæåíà âîçìîæíîñòü äëÿ ñëîâà âñòóïàòü â ðàçëè÷íûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ, â êîòîðûõ ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ òå èëè äðóãèå ñòîðîíû ÑÇÑ. Ñëîâî â êîíòåêñòå, òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáëàäàåò çíà÷åíèåì, íå ñîâïàäàþùèì ïîëíîñòüþ ñ ÑÇÑ, íå ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèì ÷àñòü åãî, — ýòî ðå÷åâîå çíà÷åíèå ñëîâà (ÐÇÑ). Åñëè ÑÇÑ — ïîòåíöèÿ, òî ÐÇÑ — ðåàëèçîâàííàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü, òî åñòü åñëè ÑÇÑ — âíóòðåííÿÿ ñòîðîíà ïðåäìåòà, òî ÐÇÑ — âíåøíåå ïðîÿâëåíèå” [7: 297]. Åñëè êîððåëÿò ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîçíà÷íûì ñëîâîì, òî çíà÷åíèå åãî (ÐÇÑ) ìîæåò â îñíîâíîì ñîâïàäàòü ñî ñëîâàðíîé äåôèíèöèåé (ÑÇÑ), à êîíòåêñò ïîääåðæèâàåò è óòî÷íÿåò äàííîå ñîâïàäåíèå. Â ñòðîêàõ: “Îí ïðîñëàâëÿåò ñòàëü è ìåäü, / ðèôìóÿ áîäðî ïðîòèâ ïðàâèë” îäíîçíà÷íûé ãëàãîë ïðîñëàâëÿòü âûðàæàåò ïðèñóùèé åìó ñìûñë “äåëàòü èçâåñòíûì, çíàìåíèòûì” [5: 570]. Êðîìå òîãî, êîíòåêñò óòî÷íÿåò çíà÷åíèå (ÑÇÑ) ãëàãîëà. Èç êîíòåêñòà ÿñíî, ÷òî îí — ýòî ñóáúåêò, ñî÷èíÿþùèé ñòèõè, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ÐÇÑ ïðîñëàâëÿòü êîíêðåòèçèðóåòñÿ: “äåëàòü èçâåñòíûì, çíàìåíèòûì â ñòèõàõ”. Åñëè êîððåëÿò ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîãîçíà÷íûì ñëîâîì, òî êîíòåêñòíûå ïàðòíåðû îñóùåñòâëÿþò âûáîð ëåêñèêî-ñåìàíòè÷åñêîãî âàðèàíòà (ËÑÂ) ñëîâà, ðåëåâàíòíîãî äëÿ ðå÷åâîé ñèòóàöèè, è ðåàëèçóþò ÐÇÑ ýòîãî âàðèàíòà. Íàïðèìåð: 174 © Í. Ã. Èâàíîâà, Â. Â. Ãîðáàíü, 2010
Â äâåðè âáèëè ìû ãëàçêè äâåðíûå, Íî íå ðàçãëÿäåòü â ãëÿäåëêè ýòè, êòî ñîñåäè íàøè ïî Ðîññèè, êòî ñîñåäè íàøè ïî ïëàíåòå. Ñëîâî-êîððåëÿò ãëàçîê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîãîçíà÷íûì, èìåþùèì 4 ËÑÂ: “1. Íåáîëüøîå êðóãëîå îòâåðñòèå â ÷åì-íèáóäü (îáû÷íî äëÿ íàäçîðà, íàáëþäåíèÿ). 2. Ïî÷êà, ñðåçàåìàÿ ñ ðàñòåíèÿ äëÿ ïðèâèâêè. 3. Íåáîëüøîå óãëóáëåíèå ñ ïî÷êàìè íà ïîâåðõíîñòè êàðòîôåëüíîãî êëóáíÿ. 4. Ïèãìåíòíîå ïÿòíî (â îêðàñêå íàñåêîìûõ, ïòèö, ìåäóç è äð.), à òàêæå êðóæîê, ïÿòíûøêî â ðèñóíêå òêàíè” [5: 122]. Ïîâòîð êîðíåâîé ìîðôåìû äâåð- â ïåðâîé ñòðîêå (“Â äâåðè âáèëè ìû ãëàçêè äâåðíûå…”) íå òîëüêî àêòóàëèçèðóåò ïåðâûé ËÑÂ ñëîâà ãëàçîê, íî è óòî÷íÿåò åãî: “íåáîëüøîå êðóãëîå îòâåðñòèå â äâåðè”. Äàííîå ÐÇÑ ó÷àñòâóåò â ýêñïëèêàöèè ñåìàíòèêè íîâîãî ñëîâà áåçãëàçêîâàÿ. Â ðàññìîòðåííîì âûøå êîíòåêñòå êîððåëÿò “ïðåäâàðÿåò ïðîèçâîäíîå, òàê ÷òî ñåìàíòèêà ïðîèçâîäíîãî âûñòóïàåò êàê ñâîåîáðàçíîå ðàçâèòèå, ïðîäîëæåíèå, óòî÷íåíèå çíà÷åíèé, çàäàííûõ ìîòèâèðóþùåé åäèíèöåé” [4: 29]. Íî ìîæåò áûòü è îáðàòíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ, êîãäà “èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðîèçâîäíîãî ïðåäøåñòâóåò ïîÿâëåíèþ èñõîäíîé äëÿ íåãî åäèíèöû, è ïîñëåäíÿÿ ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå äåðèâàòà äëÿ îáúÿñíåíèÿ åãî ñåìàíòèêè [4: 30]. Íàïðèìåð: Ìû òîíåì â áåçðîëüå… Ãäå âçÿòü ãåíèàëüíûõ ïèñàòåëåé? À êëàññèêè âçìîêëè, êàê áóäòî êîìàíäà ñïàñàòåëåé. Íî ÷òî îíè çíàëè ïðî Õèðîñèìó, ïðî ãèáåëü áåçâèííûõ, ïðî âñå íàøè áîëè? Íåóæòî âñå ýòî íåâûðàçèìî? Íåò ðîëè. Áåç ðîëè — êàê áóäòî áåç êîìïàñà [3, 2: 62]. Ñåìàíòèêà ïðåôèêñàëüíî-ñóôôèêñàëüíîãî íîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿ áåçðîëüå ïðåäîïðåäåëåíà, âîïåðâûõ, íàçâàíèåì ñòèõîòâîðåíèÿ — “ìîíîëîã áðîäâåéñêîé àêòðèñû” — ÿñíî, ÷òî êîðíåâîé ìîðôåìå -ðîë’- îòâå÷àåò ËÑÂ ìíîãîçíà÷íîãî ñëîâà ðîëü “Ïîëíûé òåêñò îäíîãî äåéñòâóþùåãî ëèöà â ïüåñå” [6, 12: 1440]; âî-âòîðûõ, ïîñëåäóþùèì êîíòåêñòîì, êîòîðûé êîíêðåòèçèðóåò è óòî÷íÿåò íàçâàííûé ËÑÂ. “Íåò ðîëè” — ýòî çíà÷èò íåò ðîëè â ïüåñå, îòðàæàþùåé ñîâðåìåííûé èñòîðè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ. À äàëüíåéøèé êîíòåêñò (“Áåç ðîëè — êàê áóäòî áåç êîìïàñà”) âûÿâëÿåò â ñëîâå áåçðîëüå è ïåéîðàòèâíóþ ñåìó, êîòîðàÿ íå âûäåëÿåòñÿ èç ñëîâàðíîé äåôèíèöèè ñëîâà êîìïàñ: “Ïðèáîð äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòðàí ñâåòà, â êîòîðîì íàìàãíè÷åííàÿ ñòðåëêà âñåãäà óêàçûâàåò íà ñåâåð” [6, 5: 1255], à ñêîðåå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì àíàëèçà ôîíîâûõ, àññîöèàòèâíûõ ñâåäåíèé î äàííîì îáúåêòå ðåàëüíîé äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè: áåç êîìïàñà — ïëîõî. Êðîìå òîãî, çíà÷åíèå ïðèñòàâêè áåç- “íå èìåþùèé ÷åãî-í.” [5: 36] òàêæå èíäóöèðóåò îòðèöàòåëüíóþ ñåìó. Íàïðèìåð, â òàêèõ ñëîâàõ, êàê áåçäåëüíûé, áåçäóìíûé, áåççàáîòíûé è ò.ï. Îäíèì èç èíòåðåñíûõ, ýñòåòè÷åñêè ÿðêèõ ñïîñîáîâ ýêñïëèêàöèè ñåìàíòèêè ïðîèçâîäÿùåé îñíîâû ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáðàçîâàíèå íåñêîëüêèõ íîâûõ ñëîâ îò îäíîãî óçóàëüíîãî — àâòîð ñòàíîâèòñÿ ñîçäàòåëåì ñëîâîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîãî ãíåçäà íîâûõ ñëîâ. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ÐÇ óçóàëüíîãî ñëîâà íå òîëüêî ó÷àñòâóåò â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ñåìàíòèêè íîâûõ ñëîâ, íî è óòî÷íÿåòñÿ èìè. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ âçàèìîíàïðàâëåííûé ïðîöåññ âûÿâëåíèÿ ñåìàíòèêè: ÐÇ óçóàëüíîãî ñëîâà ← → íîâûå ñëîâà. Íàïðèìåð, â ñòèõîòâîðåíèè Å. Åâòóøåíêî “Ïëà÷ ïî êîììóíàëüíîé êâàðòèðå” ôèêñèðóåì ïðîèçâîäíûå: Íàñ íå óíèæàëà êîììóíàëüíîñòü íè â æðàòâå, íè â õðàïå, íè â îäåæå. Äåíüãè êàê-òî ïðîùå çàíèìàëèñü, èáî êîììóíàëüíû áûëè òîæå. ×òî-òî íàì øåïòàë ïî-÷åëîâå÷üè êîììóíàëüíûé êðàí âîäîïðîâîäà, ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ÑËÎÂÎÒÂÎÐÓ ÒÀ ÌÎÐÔÎËÎÃ²¯ 175
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Ì²Í²ÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÑÂ²Ò
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