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ÌÎÂÀ ¹ 15 Ëàòèíñêîå ñëîâî vallem “äîëèíà” â ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ôðàíöèè ëåãëî â îñíîâó ìíîãèõ îéêîíèìîâ, êîòîðûå, êàê è ñëîâî-èñòî÷íèê, èìåëè æåíñêèé ðîä, ñð.: Laval, Lavau, Lavaut, cp. Lavaufranche [17: 391, 392]. Ïîçæå ýòà ëåêñåìà ñìåíèëà ñâîé ðîä è ïîÿâèëèñü òîïîíèìû ìóæñêîãî ðîäà: Le Val, Leval [17: 694]. Äîëèíû ìíîãî÷èñëåííû êàê íà òåððèòîðèè ÑØÀ, òàê è íà òåððèòîðèè Óêðàèíû. Íî òîëüêî â òîïîíèìèè Óêðàèíû ñåìàíòåìà äîëèíà øèðîêî îíèìèçèðóåòñÿ â ñâîåé àáñîëþòíîé ôîðìå (îéêîíèì Äîëèíà çàôèêñèðîâàí â 13 îáëàñòÿõ, ïðè ýòîì â òð¸õ îáëàñòÿõ íå åäèíîæäû) [13: 385]. Â îéêîíèìèè ÑØÀ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ëåêñåìà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ðåäêî, ñð. Valley (WY, AL, NB), Vale (OR, TN). Âî Ôðàíöèè ñëîâî mont ‘ãîðà’ îáû÷íî èñïîëüçîâàëîñü äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ îäèíîêîãî õîëìà â ðàâíèííîé ìåñòíîñòè. Ýòî ñëîâo ðåäêî âñòóïàåò â îéêîíèìèþ â èñõîäíîé ñèíãóëÿòèâíîé ôîðìå: Mont, Le Mont, Monte [17: 465], ÷àùå îíî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ôîðìå ìíîæ. ÷èñëà: Monts, Mons [22: 102], íî íåèçìåðèìî àêòèâíåå ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ ðàçëè÷íîãî ðîäà äåòåðìèíàíòàìè, ôîðìèðóÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì ñîòíè íàèìåíîâàíèé [17: 465–475]. Ëåêñåìà montagne ‘ãîðà’ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ íîìèíàöèè ìíîãèõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñåâåðíîé ïîëîâèíå Ôðàíöèè, ñð. Montagne, La Montagne [17: 475]. Â Àëüïàõ ìíîãî÷èñëåííû íàçâàíèÿ Colle, cp. ôð. colline ‘õîëì’ [17: 201]. Íà þãå è çàïàäå Ôðàíöèè â îñíîâå ìíîãèõ íàèìåíîâàíèé ëåæèò ñëîâî èç íàðîäíîé ëàòûíè podium ‘âîçâûøåííîñòü, âîçâûøåííîå ìåñòî’. Îäíàêî, ôðàíöèçèðîâàííîå è ïåðåäàþùåå â ãðàôèêå îñîáåííîñòè ìåñòíûõ ãîâîðîâ, îíî ïðåîáðàçèëîñü äî ïîëíîé íåóçíàâàåìîñòè, ñð., íàïðèìåð, òîïîíèìû: Puy, le Pioch, Poey, le Puch, le Pouch, le Peuch, Puech, le Po¸t, le Peuil, le Peux [22: 103–104]. Äëÿ àìáèöèîçíûõ, äåÿòåëüíûõ àìåðèêàíöåâ õàðàêòåðíû è èíûå ìîòèâû òîïîíèìè÷åñêèõ ïðåäïî÷òåíèé. Ñðåäè ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ëàíäøàôòíûõ òåðìèíîâ îíè îòäàþò ïðåäïî÷òåíèå “èäåå î âîçâûøåííîñòè: ïîä÷¸ðêèâàÿ ôèçè÷åñêóþ “âûñîòó”, ñîçäàòåëè èì¸í ïðîâîäÿò ìûñëü è î âûñîêîì ïîëîæåíèè â ñîöèàëüíîì ïëàíå” [6: 216]. Ïîýòîìó â àìåðèêàíñêîé òîïîíèìèè òàê ïîïóëÿðíû òåðìèíû, ïåðåäàþùèå èäåþ î ïîëîæèòåëüíîì ðåëüåôå: hill(s), hillside, hilltop, ridge, crest, mont, mount, mountain, highlands, heights, cliff, knoll, summit, overlook, mesa, upland, bluffs, mound è ò.ä. [6: 216]. Íàïðèìåð: Mountain (ND, WV), Hill (NH), Hills (IA, MN), Summit (NJ), (AL), Peaks (VA), Bluffs (IL). Òåðìèí buttå àìåð. ‘êðóòîé õîëì (íà ðàâíèíå)’ òàêæå ïåðåõîäèò â ðàçðÿä îéêîíèìèè. Íåñêîëüêî ãîðîäîâ â ÑØÀ èìåþò íàçâàíèå Butte (AK, ND) [25: 676]. Ñð. îéêîíèìû Rock (MI, MN), The Rock (GA) — rock ‘ñêàëà’, Craig (AK) — craig ‘ñêàëà, óò¸ñ’, Bluffs (IL) — bluff ‘îáðûâ, óò¸ñ’. Â ïðîøëûå ýïîõè ëåñà çàíèìàëè çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü îáèòàåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Ëþäè ñåëèëèñü âîçëå ëåñà, è åãî îáîçíà÷åíèå íåðåäêî ïåðåõîäèëî íà íàçâàíèå ñåëåíèÿ. Òîïîíèìèçàöèÿ ëåêñåì, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ “ëåñ”, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ïðèíöèïîâ òîïîíèìè÷åñêîé íîìèíàöèè Ë³ñ (Ëâ), Ë³ñêè (11); Ë³ñíå (25); Ãàé (11): Äíï, Æò, Êâ è äð.); Ãà¿ (Ëâ, Ñì, Òð); Ðîùà (Îä, Ñì, ×ðã) [13: 405, 378, 433]; ðóñ. Ðîùà (Êàëóæ., Ñâåðäë.) [2: 24, 80]. Äëÿ ðóññêîãî îíîìàñòè÷åñêîãî ìåíòàëèòåòà òèïè÷íîé â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëåêñåìà áîð, ìíîãîêðàòíî óïîòðåáëÿþùàÿñÿ â êà÷åñòâå îéêîíèìà: Áîð (Òâåð.(2), Ëåí. (3), Íîâã., Âîëîã., Ïñêîâ., Ñìîë. (2), Íèæåã., Êîìè, Êèðîâ.) [2: 16, 24, 32, 36, 40, 44, 46, 70, 80]; àìåð.: Forest (OH, IN, VA, MS), Orchard (NB); Meadows (ME) Parks (NB, AR), Wood (ND) [13: 405, 378, 433]; êàíàä. Forest (Ont.). Òèïîëîãè÷åñêè èçîìîðôíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñïîñîá îáðàçîâàíèÿ îéêîíèìîâ ïóò¸ì òîïîíèìèçàöèè ñëîâ, íàçûâàþùèõ ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå è ìèíåðàëû (àìåð.: Boron, Carbon, Clay, Emerald, Ferrum, Garnet, Granite, Gypsite, Gypsun, Iron, Lime, Oil, Onyx, Pebble, Petrolium, Quartz, Salt, Soda, Topaz, Trona), ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â äàííîé ìåñòíîñòè. Ýòîò ñïîñîá íîìèíàöèè âûÿâèëñÿ êàê îñîáåííî ïðîäóêòèâíûé â îéêîíèìèè ÑØÀ: àìåð. Mercury, Carbon (WV, IN), Petroleum (IN), Sulphur (OK, KY), Cobalt, Marble (NC), Limestone (TN), Topaz (CA); ñð. êàíàä.: Sulphide, Actinolite; Asbestos; óêð.: Àíòðàöèò (Ëã), Ìàðãàíåöü (Äíï), Ñ³ëü (Äíö, Çê); ðóñ. Àïàòèòû (Ìóðì.), Àñáåñò (Ñâåðäë.), Èçâåñòü (Ìîðäîâ.), Ìàãíåòèòû (Êàðåë.), Íèêåëü (Ìóðì.), Ïåñîê (Âîëîã.), Ñâèíåö (Êóðñê.), Ñëþäà (Êàðåë.), Ñëàíöû (Ëåí.) [2: 68, 80, 52, 34, 56, 32]; èñï. El Plomo ‘ñâèíåö’ (×èëè); El Cobre ‘ìåäü’ (×èëè, Ìåêñèêà); ôðàíö. Carbonne îò charbon ‘óãîëü’ (ñ óêàçàíèåì íà ìåñòî, ãäå ïðîèçâîäèëè äðåâåñíûé óãîëü) [17: 146]. Ìíîãèå íàñåë¸ííûå ïóíêòû, èìåþùèå îñòðîâíîå ïîëîæåíèå, â îñíîâå ñâîèõ íàçâàíèé èìåþò ñåìàíòåìó “îñòðîâ”. Óêðàèíñêèé ãîðîä Îñòð³â (Êâ) ðàñïîëîæåí ÷àñòè÷íî íà ðå÷íîì îñòðîâå, à îéêîíèì Îñòð³â (Âë) — îáðàçîâàí îò ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî òåðìèíà îñòð³â (óêð. äèàë. ‘âîçâûøåí- 144
íîå, ñóõîå ìåñòî ñðåäè áîëîòà’), ñð. Îñòðîâ (Íîâã.), Âîñòðà¢ — â Ìèíñêîé, Ãîìåëüñüêîé, Ìîãèëåâñêîé îáë. Áåëîðóññèè, ÷åø. Ostrov è äð. [14: 103]. Ðóññêèé ãîðîä Îñòðîâ (Ïñêîâ.) â äðåâíîñòè áûë ðàñïîëîæåí íà îñòðîâå ð. Âåëèêàÿ [9: 74], áåëîðóññêîå ñåëî Îñòðîâ íàõîäèòñÿ íà îñòðîâå ñðåäè Îñâåéñêîãî îçåðà [5: 377]. Íàçâàíèå ãîðîäà Diu â Èíäèè, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî íà îñòðîâå, âîñõîäèò ê ñàíñêð. Dvípa ‘îñòðîâ’ [21: 137]. Íåñêîëüêî ãîðîäîâ ÑØÀ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â äåëüòå ðåê, ïîëó÷èëè íàçâàíèå Delta [21: 134]. Íåêîòîðûå ñåëåíèÿ âîçíèêàëè â ïðèãðàíè÷íîé çîíå, è ýòîò ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé äèôôåðåíöèðóþùèé ïðèçíàê ëîæèëñÿ â îñíîâó èõ íàçâàíèÿ. Ñåëî Êîðäîí (Îä) íàõîäèòñÿ íà ìåñòå, ãäå êîãäàòî ïðîõîäèëà ãðàíèöà ñ Îñìàíñêîé èìïåðèåé [12: 38], åù¸ Ãðàíèöÿ (Ëâ); ñð. àìåð. Frontier (WY, ND), Border (WY); ñð. êàíàä. Frontier (Sask), ñð. íåì. Grenze [23: 177] ñ òåì æå èñõîäíûì çíà÷åíèåì. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, òîïîíèìèÿ ëþáîãî ÿçûêà òåñíî ñâÿçàíà ñî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ñðåäû, êîòîðóþ è îòðàæàåò â ñâîåé èñõîäíîé ñåìàíòèêå. Èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî âàæíû ñîöèàëüíî-èñòîðè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íàçâàíèé. Â äåéñòâèå âñòóïàþò òàêæå èíûå àñïåêòû êàê ýêñòðàòåððèòîðèàëüíîãî, òàê è ýêñòðàëèíãâèñòè÷åñêîãî ïîðÿäêà. Íîìèíàöèÿ ìíîãèõ íàçâàíèé íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ ñâÿçàíà ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè ìîòèâàìè, ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèìè ïðîöåññàìè, êîòîðûå îïðåäåëÿþò êîíêðåòíóþ ðåàëèçàöèþ îòëàíäøàôòíîãî ïðèíöèïà íîìèíàöèè, ÷òî îòðàæàåòñÿ â ìàññîâîé ïîâòîðÿåìîñòè ëåêñåì, ëåãøèõ â îñíîâó íàçâàíèé. Â ñàìîì ôàêòå âûáîðà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî òåðìèíà äëÿ òîïîíèìè÷åñêîé íîìèíàöèè ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ îá îòíîøåíèè èìåíóþùèõ ê íàçâàíèÿì, îá èõ îíîìàñòè÷åñêèõ âêóñàõ è ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿõ. Â òîïîíèìè÷åñêè ðåàëèçîâàííûõ ëåêñåìàõ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ ïñèõîëîãèÿ äàííîãî íàðîäà, êîìïëåêñ åãî êóëüòóðû, íåïîâòîðèìûé ñïîñîá åãî îáðàçíîãî ìûøëåíèÿ. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ÎÍÎÌÀÑÒÈÊÈ Øòàòîâ ÑØÀ AK — Àëÿñêà, AL — Àëàáàìà, AR — Àðêàíçàñ, CA –Êàëèôîðíèÿ, GA — Äæîðäæèÿ, IA –Àéîâà, IL — Èëëèíîéñ, IN — Èíäèàíà, KY — Êåíòóêêè, MA — Ìàññà÷óñåòñ, MI– Ìè÷èãàí, MN — Ìèííåñîòà, MS — Ìèññèñèïè, NB — Íåáðàñêà, NC — Ñåâ. Êàðîëèíà, ND — Ñåâ. Äàêîòà, NH — Íüþ-Õýìïøèð, NJ — Íüþ-Äæåðñè, NV — Íåâàäà, OH — Îãàéî, OR — Îðåãîí, PA — Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, TN — Òåííåñè, TX — Òåõàñ, VA — Âèðäæèíèÿ, WI — Âèñêîíñèí, WV — Çàï. Âèðäæèíèÿ, WY — Âàéîìèíã. Îáëàñòåé Óêðàèíû Âí — Â³ííèöüêà, Âë — Âîëèíñüêà, Äíï — Äí³ïðîïåòðîâñüêà, Äíö — Äîíåöüêà, Æò — Æèòîìèðñüêà, Çê — Çàêàðïàòñüêà, ²Ô — ²âàíî-Ôðàíê³âñüêà, Êâ — Êè¿âñüêà, Êðâ — Ê³ðîâîãðàäñüêà, Êðì — ÀÐ Êðèì, Ëâ –Ëüâ³âñüêà, Ëã –Ëóãàíñüêà, Ìê — Ìèêîëà¿âñüêà, Îä — Îäåñüêà, Ïë — Ïîëòàâñüêà, Ñì — Ñóìñüêà, Ðâ — Ð³âíåíñüêà, Òð — Òåðíîï³ëüñüêà, Õì — Õìåëüíèöüêà, Õðñ — Õåðñîíñüêà, ×ðã — ×åðí³ã³âñüêà. Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ åäèíèö Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè Âîëîã. — Âîëîãîäñêàÿ îáë., Êàëóæ. — Êàëóæñêàÿ îáë., Êàðåë. — Ðåñïóáëèêà Êàðåëèÿ, Êèðîâ. — Êèðîâñêàÿ îáë., Êîìè — Ðåñïóáëèêà Êîìè, Êóðñê. — Êóðñêàÿ îáë., Ëåí. — Ëåíèíãðàäñêàÿ îáë., Ìîðäîâ. — Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, Ìóðì. — Ìóðìàíñêàÿ îáë., Íèæåã. — Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáë., Íîâã. — Íîâãîðîäñêàÿ îáë., Ïñêîâ. — Ïñêîâñêàÿ îáë., Ñâåðäë. — Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ îáë., Ñìîë. — Ñìîëåíñêàÿ îáë., Òâåð. — Òâåðñêàÿ îáë. 1. Àíèêàíîâà Ò. À., Áåëåíüêàÿ Â. Ä. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå òåðìèíû â òîïîíèìèè Êàíàäû // Òîïîíèìèêà çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí — Ì., 1981. 2. Àòëàñ àâòîìîáèëüíûõ àâòîäîðîã Ðîññèè, ñòðàí ÑÍÃ è Áàëòèè (ïðèãðàíè÷íûå ðàéîíû). — Ì., 2001. 3. Áó÷êî Ä. Ã. Ïîõîäæåííÿ íàçâ íàñåëåíèõ ïóíêò³â Ïîêóòòÿ. — Ëüâ³â, 1990. 4. Âñåìèðíàÿ èñòîðèÿ: Â 10-òè ò. [Ïîä ðåä. Þ. Ï. Ôðàíöåâà è äð.]. — Ì., 1955. — Ò.1. 5. Æó÷êåâè÷ Â. À. Êðàòêèé òîïîíèìè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü Áåëîðóññèè. — Ìèíñê, 1974. 6. Ëåîíîâè÷ Î. À. Òîïîíèìû Ñîåäèí¸ííûõ Øòàòîâ Àìåðèêè. — Ì., 2004. 7. Ìàòâååâ À. Ê. Òåçèñû î òîïîíîìàñòèêå // Âîïðîñû îíîìàñòèêè. — Ñâåðäëîâñê: Óðàëüñê. ãîñ. óí-ò, 1974. — Âûï. 7. — Ñ. 5–18. 8. Íèêîíîâ Â. À. Êðàòêèé òîïîíèìè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü. — Ì., 1966. 9. Ïîïîâ À. È. Ñëåäû âðåì¸í ìèíóâøèõ. — Ë., 1981. 10. Ïîñïåëîâ Å. Ì. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ ìèðà: Òîïîíèìè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü. — Ì., 2002. 11. Ñëîâàðü îáùåãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ òåðìèíîâ: [â 2 ò.] [ïåð. ñ àíãë. Â. ß. Áàðëàñà, Â. Â. Ãîëîñîâà è äð.]. — M., 1975. — Ò.1. 12. Òîïîí³ì³ÿ ï³âäåííî-ñõ³äíî¿ Îäåùèíè: [ìåòîäè÷í³ âêàç³âêè] / [Þ. Î. Êàðïåíêî, À. Ò. Áåâçåíêî, Ã. Þ. Êàñ³ì òà ³í.]. — Îäåñà, 1978. 13. Óêðà¿íñüêà ÐÑÐ: Àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíî-òåðèòîð³àëüíèé óñòð³é: íà 1 ñ³÷íÿ 1987 ðîêó / Â³äï. ðåä. Â. ². Êèðíåíêî, Â. ². Ñòàäíèê. — Ê., 1987. 14. Øóëüãà÷ Â. Ï. Îéêîí³ì³ÿ Âîëèí³: Åòèìîëîã³÷íèé ñëîâíèê-äîâ³äíèê. — Ê., 2001. 15. Øóëüãà÷ Â. Ï. Ïðàñëîâ’ÿíñüêèé ã³äðîí³ìíèé ôîíä: (ôðàãìåíò ðåêîíñòðóêö³¿). — Ê., 1998. 16. Die Deutsche Sprache: Kleine Enzyklopädie. In zwei Bänden. Zweiter Band. — Leipzig, 1970. 145
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ÓÄÊ 811.161.1'23'373.211.1:82-1/
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