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ÌÎÂÀ ¹ 15<br />
Ëàòèíñêîå ñëîâî vallem “äîëèíà” â ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ôðàíöèè ëåãëî â îñíîâó ìíîãèõ îéêîíèìîâ,<br />
êîòîðûå, êàê è ñëîâî-èñòî÷íèê, èìåëè æåíñêèé ðîä, ñð.: Laval, Lavau, Lavaut, cp. Lavaufranche<br />
[17: 391, 392]. Ïîçæå ýòà ëåêñåìà ñìåíèëà ñâîé ðîä è ïîÿâèëèñü òîïîíèìû ìóæñêîãî ðîäà: Le Val,<br />
Leval [17: 694]. Äîëèíû ìíîãî÷èñëåííû êàê íà òåððèòîðèè ÑØÀ, òàê è íà òåððèòîðèè Óêðàèíû.<br />
Íî òîëüêî â òîïîíèìèè Óêðàèíû ñåìàíòåìà äîëèíà øèðîêî îíèìèçèðóåòñÿ â ñâîåé àáñîëþòíîé<br />
ôîðìå (îéêîíèì Äîëèíà çàôèêñèðîâàí â 13 îáëàñòÿõ, ïðè ýòîì â òð¸õ îáëàñòÿõ íå åäèíîæäû)<br />
[13: 385].  îéêîíèìèè ÑØÀ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ëåêñåìà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ðåäêî, ñð. Valley (WY, AL,<br />
NB), Vale (OR, TN).<br />
Âî Ôðàíöèè ñëîâî mont ‘ãîðà’ îáû÷íî èñïîëüçîâàëîñü äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ îäèíîêîãî õîëìà â<br />
ðàâíèííîé ìåñòíîñòè. Ýòî ñëîâo ðåäêî âñòóïàåò â îéêîíèìèþ â èñõîäíîé ñèíãóëÿòèâíîé ôîðìå:<br />
Mont, Le Mont, Monte [17: 465], ÷àùå îíî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ôîðìå ìíîæ. ÷èñëà: Monts, Mons<br />
[22: 102], íî íåèçìåðèìî àêòèâíåå ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ ðàçëè÷íîãî ðîäà äåòåðìèíàíòàìè, ôîðìèðóÿ<br />
òàêèì îáðàçîì ñîòíè íàèìåíîâàíèé [17: 465–475]. Ëåêñåìà montagne ‘ãîðà’ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ<br />
íîìèíàöèè ìíîãèõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñåâåðíîé ïîëîâèíå Ôðàíöèè, ñð.<br />
Montagne, La Montagne [17: 475].  Àëüïàõ ìíîãî÷èñëåííû íàçâàíèÿ Colle, cp. ôð. colline ‘õîëì’<br />
[17: 201]. Íà þãå è çàïàäå Ôðàíöèè â îñíîâå ìíîãèõ íàèìåíîâàíèé ëåæèò ñëîâî èç íàðîäíîé ëàòûíè<br />
podium ‘âîçâûøåííîñòü, âîçâûøåííîå ìåñòî’. Îäíàêî, ôðàíöèçèðîâàííîå è ïåðåäàþùåå<br />
â ãðàôèêå îñîáåííîñòè ìåñòíûõ ãîâîðîâ, îíî ïðåîáðàçèëîñü äî ïîëíîé íåóçíàâàåìîñòè, ñð.,<br />
íàïðèìåð, òîïîíèìû: Puy, le Pioch, Poey, le Puch, le Pouch, le Peuch, Puech, le Po¸t, le Peuil, le Peux<br />
[22: 103–104].<br />
Äëÿ àìáèöèîçíûõ, äåÿòåëüíûõ àìåðèêàíöåâ õàðàêòåðíû è èíûå ìîòèâû òîïîíèìè÷åñêèõ<br />
ïðåäïî÷òåíèé. Ñðåäè ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ëàíäøàôòíûõ òåðìèíîâ îíè îòäàþò ïðåäïî÷òåíèå “èäåå<br />
î âîçâûøåííîñòè: ïîä÷¸ðêèâàÿ ôèçè÷åñêóþ “âûñîòó”, ñîçäàòåëè èì¸í ïðîâîäÿò ìûñëü è î âûñîêîì<br />
ïîëîæåíèè â ñîöèàëüíîì ïëàíå” [6: 216]. Ïîýòîìó â àìåðèêàíñêîé òîïîíèìèè òàê ïîïóëÿðíû<br />
òåðìèíû, ïåðåäàþùèå èäåþ î ïîëîæèòåëüíîì ðåëüåôå: hill(s), hillside, hilltop, ridge, crest,<br />
mont, mount, mountain, highlands, heights, cliff, knoll, summit, overlook, mesa, upland, bluffs, mound è ò.ä.<br />
[6: 216]. Íàïðèìåð: Mountain (ND, WV), Hill (NH), Hills (IA, MN), Summit (NJ), (AL), Peaks (VA),<br />
Bluffs (IL). Òåðìèí buttå àìåð. ‘êðóòîé õîëì (íà ðàâíèíå)’ òàêæå ïåðåõîäèò â ðàçðÿä îéêîíèìèè.<br />
Íåñêîëüêî ãîðîäîâ â ÑØÀ èìåþò íàçâàíèå Butte (AK, ND) [25: 676]. Ñð. îéêîíèìû Rock (MI,<br />
MN), The Rock (GA) — rock ‘ñêàëà’, Craig (AK) — craig ‘ñêàëà, óò¸ñ’, Bluffs (IL) — bluff ‘îáðûâ,<br />
óò¸ñ’.<br />
 ïðîøëûå ýïîõè ëåñà çàíèìàëè çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü îáèòàåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Ëþäè ñåëèëèñü<br />
âîçëå ëåñà, è åãî îáîçíà÷åíèå íåðåäêî ïåðåõîäèëî íà íàçâàíèå ñåëåíèÿ. Òîïîíèìèçàöèÿ ëåêñåì,<br />
îáîçíà÷àþùèõ “ëåñ”, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ïðèíöèïîâ òîïîíèìè÷åñêîé íîìèíàöèè<br />
˳ñ (Ëâ), ˳ñêè (11); ˳ñíå (25); Ãàé (11): Äíï, Æò, Êâ è äð.); Ãà¿ (Ëâ, Ñì, Òð); Ðîùà (Îä, Ñì,<br />
×ðã) [13: 405, 378, 433]; ðóñ. Ðîùà (Êàëóæ., Ñâåðäë.) [2: 24, 80]. Äëÿ ðóññêîãî îíîìàñòè÷åñêîãî<br />
ìåíòàëèòåòà òèïè÷íîé â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëåêñåìà áîð, ìíîãîêðàòíî óïîòðåáëÿþùàÿñÿ<br />
â êà÷åñòâå îéêîíèìà: Áîð (Òâåð.(2), Ëåí. (3), Íîâã., Âîëîã., Ïñêîâ., Ñìîë. (2), Íèæåã., Êîìè, Êèðîâ.)<br />
[2: 16, 24, 32, 36, 40, 44, 46, 70, 80]; àìåð.: Forest (OH, IN, VA, MS), Orchard (NB); Meadows<br />
(ME) Parks (NB, AR), Wood (ND) [13: 405, 378, 433]; êàíàä. Forest (Ont.).<br />
Òèïîëîãè÷åñêè èçîìîðôíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñïîñîá îáðàçîâàíèÿ îéêîíèìîâ ïóò¸ì òîïîíèìèçàöèè<br />
ñëîâ, íàçûâàþùèõ ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå è ìèíåðàëû (àìåð.: Boron, Carbon, Clay, Emerald,<br />
Ferrum, Garnet, Granite, Gypsite, Gypsun, Iron, Lime, Oil, Onyx, Pebble, Petrolium, Quartz, Salt, Soda,<br />
Topaz, Trona), ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â äàííîé ìåñòíîñòè. Ýòîò ñïîñîá<br />
íîìèíàöèè âûÿâèëñÿ êàê îñîáåííî ïðîäóêòèâíûé â îéêîíèìèè ÑØÀ: àìåð. Mercury, Carbon<br />
(WV, IN), Petroleum (IN), Sulphur (OK, KY), Cobalt, Marble (NC), Limestone (TN), Topaz (CA); ñð.<br />
êàíàä.: Sulphide, Actinolite; Asbestos; óêð.: Àíòðàöèò (Ëã), Ìàðãàíåöü (Äíï), ѳëü (Äíö, Çê); ðóñ.<br />
Àïàòèòû (Ìóðì.), Àñáåñò (Ñâåðäë.), Èçâåñòü (Ìîðäîâ.), Ìàãíåòèòû (Êàðåë.), Íèêåëü (Ìóðì.),<br />
Ïåñîê (Âîëîã.), Ñâèíåö (Êóðñê.), Ñëþäà (Êàðåë.), Ñëàíöû (Ëåí.) [2: 68, 80, 52, 34, 56, 32]; èñï. El<br />
Plomo ‘ñâèíåö’ (×èëè); El Cobre ‘ìåäü’ (×èëè, Ìåêñèêà); ôðàíö. Carbonne îò charbon ‘óãîëü’ (ñ<br />
óêàçàíèåì íà ìåñòî, ãäå ïðîèçâîäèëè äðåâåñíûé óãîëü) [17: 146].<br />
Ìíîãèå íàñåë¸ííûå ïóíêòû, èìåþùèå îñòðîâíîå ïîëîæåíèå, â îñíîâå ñâîèõ íàçâàíèé èìåþò<br />
ñåìàíòåìó “îñòðîâ”. Óêðàèíñêèé ãîðîä Îñòð³â (Êâ) ðàñïîëîæåí ÷àñòè÷íî íà ðå÷íîì îñòðîâå,<br />
à îéêîíèì Îñòð³â (Âë) — îáðàçîâàí îò ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî òåðìèíà îñòð³â (óêð. äèàë. ‘âîçâûøåí-<br />
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