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ÌÎÂÀ ¹ 15<br />
Ïîñêîëüêó ëþäè ñåëèëèñü îáû÷íî âîçëå èñòî÷íèêà âîäû, òî âïîëíå åñòåñòâåííî îæèäàòü<br />
íàëè÷èå â îíîìàñòèêå ðàçíûõ íàðîäîâ òîïîíèìîâ (è ïðåæäå âñåãî îéêîíèìîâ), îáðàçîâàííûõ<br />
îíèìèçàöèåé ãèäðîíèìè÷åñêèõ íàðèöàòåëüíûõ îáîçíà÷åíèé. Íàçâàíèÿ ñ îáîçíà÷åíèåì èñòî÷íèêà<br />
âîäû ñîçäàþò èíîãäà ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé îéêîíèìè÷åñêèé êîëîðèò, óíèêàëüíóþ íàöèîíàëüíóþ<br />
îíîìàñòè÷åñêóþ ïàëèòðó: óêð. Äæåðåëî (Æò), г÷êà (Çê, ²Ô), г÷êè (Ëâ, Ðâ, Ñì) [13: 384,<br />
432]; ñð. íåì. îéêîíèì Bach (Bach ‘ðó÷åé’) [23: 35]. Íåìåöêèé îéêîíèì Aachen (Aquis, 769 ã.;<br />
Ache, 1211 ã.) ïðîèñõîäèò îò äð-.â.-íåì. aha ‘âîäà’; [16: 689]. Ñð. àìåðèêàíñêèå îéêîíèìû Bourne<br />
(bourne ‘ðå÷êà, ðó÷åé’) [11: 155] (MA) [26: 458]; Waters (MI) (îò àíãë. water ’âîäà’) [24: 584], êàíàä.<br />
Flood (B. C.) (îò àíãë. flood ’ïîòîê, ïîëîâîäüå’) [20: 176–177]. Ëàòèíñêèé ãèäðîòåðìèí rivus ‘ðó-<br />
÷åé’ ïîñëóæèë îñíîâîé äëÿ ðÿäà îéêîíèìîâ Ôðàíöèè Ruy, Ris, Rupt [17: 567]. Àïåëëÿòèâ rivière<br />
“ðåêà” ïðîèñõîäèò îò ëàòèíñêèõ ñëîâ ripa, riparia, êîòîðûå îáîçíà÷àëè “áåðåã ðåêè, ïîáåðåæüå,<br />
òåððèòîðèÿ âîçëå ðåêè” (ñð. ôðàíö. rive ‘áåðåã’) è ëèøü ïîçæå ïðèîáðåëè çíà÷åíèå ‘ðåêà, âîäîòîê’.<br />
Ýòè äâà çíà÷åíèÿ îáóñëîâèëè ïîÿâëåíèå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ íàçâàíèé ñåëåíèé Rivière, la<br />
Rivière, Larivière, Larrivière, Riverie [17: 558]. Èíòåðåñåí ôðàíöóçñêèé ãèäðîòåðìèí goutte ‘êàïëÿ,<br />
êàïåëüêà’, êîòîðûì íàçûâàëè íåáîëüøîé ðó÷åé â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ Ôðàíöèè. Îíèìèçèðîâàâøèñü,<br />
îí èñïîëüçîâàëñÿ êàê íàçâàíèå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ñåëåíèé: La Goutte, La Goutelle, Les Goutelles<br />
[17: 327], le Goutal [22: 99].<br />
Ïî ñâèäåòåëüñòâó Â. À. Íèêîíîâà, áîëåå 500 íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ â Ðîññèè (îñîáåííî â<br />
Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå, â Ñèáèðè) èìåþò íàçâàíèÿ Êëþ÷, Êëþ÷è (îò íàðèöàòåëüíîãî êëþ÷<br />
‘ðîäíèê, âîäíûé èñòî÷íèê’) [8: 196]. Íà Óêðàèíå ìíîãî÷èñëåííû îéêîíèìû Êðèíè÷êè (19) (Âí,<br />
Äíï, Ìê, Ðâ, Ñì òà ³í.), Êðèíèöÿ (5) (Ëâ, Ïë, Òð, Õì, ×ðã) [13: 401], à íàçâàíèå Êîëîäåçü (êîëîäåçü<br />
‘åñòåñòâåííûé âîäíûé èñòî÷íèê, ðó÷åé, êëþ÷)’ èìåþò íåñêîëüêî ñîò íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ<br />
â ïîëîñå îò Ïîëüøè ÷åðåç Áåëîðóññèþ, ñåâåðíóþ Óêðàèíó è Ðîññèþ [8: 199–200]. Ôðàíöóçñêîå<br />
ñëîâî puits ‘êîëîäåö’ òàêæå äàëî ðÿä òîïîíèìîâ: Puits, Lepuix, Le Puid [17: 549]. Ñð. íåñêîëüêî<br />
îéêîíèìîâ â Àíãëèè Well [18: 504], â ÑØÀ Wells (NV), Well (MN) (well — ‘êîëîäåö’) [25: 529].<br />
 îéêîíèìèè ÑØÀ îò àïåëëÿòèâíîãî òåðìèíà brook îáðàçîâàí îéêîíèì Brook (IN). Îäíàêî<br />
ãîðàçäî áîëüøå íàçâàíèé â ôîðìå ìí. ÷èñëà: ñð. êàíàä. Brooks (Alta) [19: 123].<br />
Ìíîãî÷èñëåííû ñëó÷àè îíèìèçàöèè ëåêñåì ñ îáîçíà÷åíèåì “èñòî÷íèê” âî ôðàíöóçñêîé òîïîíèìèè.<br />
Ëàòèíñêîå ñëîâî fons ‘èñòî÷íèê’ ïîñëóæèëî îñíîâîé ðÿäà ôðàíöóçñêèõ îéêîíèìîâ<br />
Fons (ad Fontem, 945 ã.), Lafond, Lafont, Lesffonds [17: 294]. Ñåìàíòè÷åñêè áîëåå áîãàòîå ñëîâî<br />
fontaine ‘èñòî÷íèê, êëþ÷, ðîäíèê; ôîíòàí, âîäî¸ì’ â òîïîíèìèè äàëî ìíîãî íàçâàíèé íàñåë¸ííûì<br />
ïóíêòàì: Fontan, Fontans, Lafontan, Fontains, Fontaine, Fontaines, Fontannes [17: 295].<br />
Äèàëåêòíûå òåðìèíû doiz, dotz, douix, doie [17: 253], èìåþùèå çíà÷åíèå “îáèëüíûé, ïîñòîÿííî<br />
äåéñòâóþùèé èñòî÷íèê” [22: 98], òàêæå äàëè ðÿä íàçâàíèé íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ la Douix, la<br />
Doux, la Douzette [22: 98], Doye, La Doye [17: 253]. Ôðàíöóçñêîå ñëîâî source “èñòî÷íèê, ðîäíèê,<br />
êëþ÷” âî ôðàíöóçñêîé òîïîíèìèè ïîÿâèëîñü ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåäàâíî è îáîçíà÷àåò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî<br />
ìîëîäûå, íå èìåþùèå áîëüøîãî çíà÷åíèÿ íàñåëåííûå ïóíêòû: la Source [22: 97].<br />
 îéêîíèìèè ìíîãèõ ÿçûêîâ çàôèêñèðîâàíû òîïîíèìèçèðîâàííûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ íå òîëüêî<br />
ïðîòî÷íûõ âîä, íî è âîä ñòîÿ÷èõ (îç¸ð, áîëîò).  óêðàèíñêîé îéêîíèìèè ãèäðîòåðìèí îçåðî<br />
ïðåäñòàâëåí â ôîðìå åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà: Îçåðî (Âí, Âë, Ëã, Ðâ), Îçåðà (Æò, Êâ, Êðâ, Ïë, Ñì) [13:<br />
420], ñð. àíãë. Lake [18: 284], àìåð. Lake (MS). Â òîïîíèìèè Ôðàíöèè íàðÿäó ñ îáùåóïîòðåáèòåëüíûì<br />
ñëîâîì lac ‘îçåðî’ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ è äèàëåêòíûå ñëîâà lai, lau ñ òåì æå çíà÷åíèåì, îòêóäà<br />
òîïîíèìû Lac, Lais, Le Lais, le Lau [22: 100].  îáùåì, êîëè÷åñòâî îéêîíèìîâ ñ ñåìàíòåìîé<br />
îçåðî â òîïîíèìèè Ôðàíöèè íåâåëèêî. Íàçâàíèÿ, âîñõîäÿùèå ê ñëîâó etang “ïðóä”, ãîðàçäî áîëåå<br />
ìíîãî÷èñëåííû è âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â íàçâàíèÿõ ñ¸ë ïî âñåé Ôðàíöèè: Etang, L’Etang, L’Etanche,<br />
Estaing, Estang, Etain, Les Etangs [17: 273, 275]. Àíàëîãè÷íàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ è â îéêîíèìèè<br />
Óêðàèíû: Ñòàâîê (Âë, Ðâ, Õì, ×ðã), Ñòàâêè (Âí, Âë, Äíö, Æò, Êâ, Ëâ, Ìê, Îä, Ïë, Ðâ, Ñì,<br />
Òð, Õðñ) [13: 439]. Èçëþáëåííûå òîïîëåêñåìû ñëàâÿí ñòàâ è ñòàâîê, “áàçîâûå ïðàôîðìû êîòîðûõ,<br />
— ñ÷èòàåò óêðàèíñêèé òîïîíèìèñò Â. Ï. Øóëüãà÷, — ìîòèâèðîâàíû ïñë. *stavú, *stavúkü, ñð.<br />
íàïð., óêð. ñòàâ “øòó÷íà âîäîéìà”, áëð. ñòàâ “îçåðöå, ñàæàâêà”, ïîë. staw, êàøóá. stôv, í-ëóæ.<br />
staw “ñòàâîê” [15: 257].  àíãëîÿçû÷íîé òîïîíèìèè ñåìàíòåìà ïðóä ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíà, ñð.<br />
àìåð. îéêîíèì Pond (MS) [27: 240], ñð. óêð. Ïðóäè (3) (Êðì, Ñì) [13: 430], ñð. íåìåöêèé îéêîíèì<br />
Teich [23: 517]. Èíòåðåñåí àïåëëÿòèâ vivier “æèâîðûáíûé ñàäîê” (îò ëàò. vivarium), ïðåäñòàâëåííûé<br />
â òîïîíèìèè Ôðàíöèè ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè íàçâàíèÿìè: Vivario (Vivarium, 1032 ã.),<br />
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