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ÌÎÂÀ ¹ 15 Ñëåíãèçì íàéò (îò àíãë. night) â ñîâðåìåííîì ðóññêîì ìîëîä¸æíîì ñëåíãå èìååò äâà çíà÷åíèÿ: 1. ‘íî÷ü’: Êîòîðûé íàéò âñ¸ îë ðàéò [5:371]; Òàê ìû íàéò â ìèëèöèè è ïðîâåëè [6:415]; 2. ‘íî÷ëåã’: Êóäà áû íàì íà íàéò âïèñàòüñÿ? [5:371]; Íó, ÷òî òàì ñ Ìàéêîì? Íó, êàê òàì ñ Äýéçè? À ïðàâäà, ñ íàéòà ñâèíòèëè â êðýéçè? [6:415]. Âòîðîå çíà÷åíèå ëåêñåìà ïðèîáðåëà íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå; â àíãëèéñêîì òàêîå çíà÷åíèå ó ñëîâà îòñóòñòâóåò. Êðîìå ýòîãî, â ðóññêîì æàðãîíå îáðàçîâàëèñü äåðèâàòû íàéòàòü, íàéòîâàòü â çíà÷åíèè ‘íî- ÷åâàòü’: Êòî íàñ âïèøåò íàéòàòü? [5:371]; Íàéòàëè â ïàðàäíÿêå [6:415]; íàéòàíóòü ‘ïåðåíî÷åâàòü ãäå-ë.’: ß â Ïèòåð ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì ïîåäó, áûëî áû ãäå íàéòàíóòü [5:371]. Ñäðèí÷àòüñÿ (îò àíãë. to drink) â ðóññêîì ìîëîä¸æíîì ñëåíãå îáîçíà÷àåò 1. ‘ñïèòüñÿ, äåãðàäèðîâàòü â ðåçóëüòàòå çëîóïîòðåáëåíèÿ àëêîãîëåì’: Ñîñåä ñîâñåì ñäðèí÷àëñÿ, íà ÷åëîâåêà óæå íå ïîõîæ. 2. ‘óìåðåòü îò àëêîãîëèçìà’: Îäíè ñòîð÷àëèñü, äðóãèå ñäðèí÷àëèñü, òðåòüè êèíóëèñü [îäíè ïîãèáëè îò íàðêîòèêîâ, äðóãèå îò àëêîãîëèçìà, òðåòüè ïîêîí÷èëè æèçíü ñàìîóáèéñòâîì] [5:531]. Âòîðîå çíà÷åíèå ëåêñåìû ïîÿâèëîñü óæå â ðóññêîì ñëåíãå è â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îòñóòñòâóåò. Ãëàãîë to squat â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìååò ñëåäóþùèå çíà÷åíèÿ: 1. à) ‘ñèäåòü íà êîðòî÷êàõ’; á) ‘ñàäèòüñÿ íà êîðòî÷êè’; â) ‘ïðèïàäàòü ê çåìëå (î æèâîòíûõ)’; 2. à) ‘ñåëèòüñÿ ñàìîâîëüíî íà ÷óæîé çåìëå; íåçàêîííî âñåëÿòüñÿ â äîì’; á) ‘ñåëèòüñÿ íà íåçàíÿòîé çåìëå, âûäåëåííîé ãîñóäàðñòâîì’. Â îáùåíàöèîíàëüíîì ðóññêîì ÿçûêå çàôèêñèðîâàíû çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ ñêâàòòåð (îò àíãë. squatter, îò squat — ‘ñåëèòüñÿ íà ÷óæîé çåìëå’) â çíà÷åíèÿõ 1. ‘êîëîíèñò, ñàìîâîëüíî çàíèìàâøèé ñâîáîäíûé íåîáðàáîòàííûé ó÷àñòîê çåìëè â ïåðèîä íà÷àëüíîé êîëîíèçàöèè â Àìåðèêå è Àâñòðàëèè’; 2. ‘ñêîòîâîä â Àâñòðàëèè, àðåíäóþùèé äëÿ ñâîèõ ñòàä íåîáðàáîòàííûé ó÷àñòîê çåìëè’, à òàêæå ñêâîòåð (îò àíãë. squatter), â çíà÷åíèè ‘òîò, êòî ñàìîâîëüíî âñåëÿåòñÿ â ïóñòóþùóþ êâàðòèðó’ [1:534]. Â ñîâðåìåííîì ðóññêîì ìîëîä¸æíîì ñëåíãå ñëîâî ñêâîò (îò àíãë. to squat) ôóíêöèîíèðóåò â çíà÷åíèè 1. ‘íåæèëîå ïîìåùåíèå, êîòîðîå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ïðîæèâàíèÿ, îáîðóäîâàíèÿ òâîð- ÷åñêèõ ìàñòåðñêèõ’: Ýòîò ïî÷òîâûé ýëåâàòîð — òîæå ñêâîò. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, ñëîâî ïðèîáðåëî çíà÷åíèå 2. ‘êîììóíà, ãðóïïà ëþäåé (êàê ïðàâèëî, òâîð÷åñêèõ), ïðîæèâàþùèõ ñîâìåñòíî â íåæèëîì ïîìåùåíèè’: Îñíîâíàÿ öåëü ñêâîòà — òâîð÷åñêàÿ ñâîáîäà [5:541]. Ñëåíãèçì ñêâîòåð, êîòîðûé îáðàçîâàí îò ñëîâà ñêâîò â åãî îñíîâíîì çíà÷åíèè, îáîçíà÷àåò ‘÷åëîâåêà, ïðîæèâàþùåãî ñîâìåñòíî ñ äðóãèìè ÷ëåíàìè òâîð÷åñêîé ãðóïïèðîâêè â íåæèëîì ïîìåùåíèè’: Îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ñêâîòåðîâ — ìóçûêàíòû, õóäîæíèêè, ñêóëüïòîðû [5:541]. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå ñêâîòåðñêèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â çíà÷åíèè ‘èìåþùèé îòíîøåíèå ê ñêâîòåðàì’: Ñêâîòåðñêîå äâèæåíèå î÷åíü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíî íà Çàïàäå [5:541]. Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ìû íàáëþäàåì ðàñøèðåíèå çíà÷åíèé àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà â ðóññêîì æàðãîíå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ñîâðåìåííîì ðóññêîì ìîëîä¸æíîì ñëåíãå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïîëíîå èëè ÷àñòè÷íîå èçìåíåíèå ñåìàíòèêè àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ çàèìñòâîâàíèé. 1. Áóëûêî À. Í. Áîëüøîé ñëîâàðü èíîñòðàííûõ ñëîâ. 35 òûñÿ÷ ñëîâ. — Èçä. 2-å, èñïð. — Ì.: Ìàðòèí, 2007. — 704 ñ. 2. Âàëüòåð Õ. Òîëêîâûé ñëîâàðü ðóññêîãî øêîëüíîãî è ñòóäåí÷åñêîãî æàðãîíà: îê. 5000 ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé / Õ. Âàëüòåð, Â. Ì. Ìîêèåíêî, Ò. Ã. Íèêèòèíà. — Ì.: Àñòðåëü: ÀÑÒ: Òðàíçèòêíèãà, 2005. — 360, [8] ñ. 3. Èâàíîâ Ã. À. Õóëèãàíñêî-áëàòíîé æàðãîííûé ñëîâàðü. — Äîíåöê: Äîíå÷÷èíà, 2006. — 320 ñ. 4. Ëåâèêîâà Ñ. È. Áîëüøîé ñëîâàðü ìîëîä¸æíîãî ñëåíãà. — Ì.: ÔÀÈÐ-ÏÐÅÑÑ, 2003. — 928 ñ. 5. Ìîêèåíêî Â. Ì. , Íèêèòèíà Ò. Ã. Áîëüøîé ñëîâàðü ðóññêîãî æàðãîíà — ÑÏá.: Íîðèíò, 2001. — 720 ñ. 6. Íèêèòèíà Ò. Ã. Ìîëîä¸æíûé ñëåíã: òîëêîâûé ñëîâàðü: áîëåå 12 000 ñëîâ; ñâûøå 3000 ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ. — Ì.: Àñòðåëü: ÀÑÒ, 2007. — 910, [2] ñ. A. V. Lebedeva THE ENGLISH LEXICAL UNITS SEMANTIC VOLUME CHANGE IN THE PROCESS OF MODERN YOUTH’S SLANG BORROWING The article is aimed to review the anglicisms functioning in modern Russian youth’s slang; the semantic changes which take place during their borrowing by the Russian language are defined. Key words: borrowings, anglicisms, youth slang, slang words, semantic processes. 126
ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ËÅÊÑÈÊÎËÎÃ²¯, ÑÅÌÀÍÒÈÊÈ ² ÏÐÀÃÌÀÒÈÊÈ À. Â. Ëåáåäºâà ÇÌ²ÍÀ ÑÅÌÀÍÒÈ×ÍÎÃÎ ÎÁÑßÃÓ ÀÍÃË²ÖÈÇÌ²Â Ó ÏÐÎÖÅÑ² ÇÀÏÎÇÈ×ÅÍÍß ÑÓ×ÀÑÍÈÌ ÐÎÑ²ÉÑÜÊÈÌ ÌÎËÎÄ²ÆÍÈÌ ÑËÅÍÃÎÌ Ó ñòàòò³ äîñë³äæåíî àíãë³öèçìè, ÿê³ ôóíêö³îíóþòü ó ñó÷àñíîìó ðîñ³éñüêîìó ìîëîä³æíîìó ñëåíãó, ðîçãëÿíóòî ñåìàíòè÷í³ çì³íè, ùî â³äáóâàþòüñÿ ó ïðîöåñ³ ¿õ çàïîçè÷åííÿ ðîñ³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: çàïîçè÷åííÿ, àíãë³öèçìè, ìîëîä³æíèé ñëåíã, ñëåíã³çìè, ñåìàíòè÷í³ ïðîöåñè. ÓÄÊ 811.161.1:81’373.47 À. Ñ. Áóêàëîâ Îñîáåííîñòè ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ñíèæåííîé ëåêñèêè â õóäîæåñòâåííîì òåêñòå Ñòàòüÿ ïîñâÿùåíà àíàëèçó íåêîòîðûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ñóáñòàíäàðòíîé ëåêñèêè â ñîâðåìåííûõ õóäîæåñòâåííûõ ïðîèçâåäåíèÿõ (íà ïðèìåðå îòäåëüíûõ ðîìàíîâ Ä. À. Äîíöîâîé). Ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ îñíîâíûå ñâîéñòâà è ôóíêöèè ñíèæåííîé ëåêñèêè â õóäîæåñòâåííîì òåêñòå. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õóäîæåñòâåííûé òåêñò, ëèòåðàòóðíûé ñòàíäàðò, ñóáñòàíäàðòíàÿ ëåêñèêà, ñëåíã, æàðãîí, ïðîñòîðå÷èå. Êàê îòìå÷àþò ìíîãèå ëèíãâèñòû, ñ íà÷àëîì ñâîáîäû, ñâÿçàííîé ñ ïåðåñòðîéêîé, ñâîáîäà ïðèøëà è â ÿçûê [5:18]. Ýòîò ïðîöåññ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ è â íàøè äíè, ïðè÷¸ì ñåãîäíÿ îí ñòàë ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåñêîíòðîëüíûì: ìû ìîæåì íàáëþäàòü óïîòðåáëåíèå ñíèæåííîé ëåêñèêè âî âñåõ ñôåðàõ, ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè ïî÷òè âñåõ ñîöèàëüíûõ, âîçðàñòíûõ, ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ãðóïï. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî, ïðåæäå âñåãî, ñ îòñóòñòâèåì öåíçóðû, ñíÿòèåì ìíîãèõ çàïðåòîâ è îáùåé äåìîêðàòèçàöèåé îáùåñòâà. Ýòî ïðèâåëî ê òîìó, ÷òî ñëåíã, æàðãîí è äàæå áðàííàÿ ëåêñèêà ñòàëè óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ñðåäñòâàõ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè è õóäîæåñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Ïðèâåä¸ì íåñêîëüêî ïðèìåðîâ: – èç çàãîëîâêà ãàçåòû: “Óãðîáèëè çàâîä, ñâîëî÷è” (Ãðèâíà. Ñóááîòíèé âûïóñê, 6 ôåâðàëÿ 2009 ã.); – èç íîâîñòåé ïî òåëåâèäåíèþ: “Íàñòîÿùåé áîìáîé âå÷åðà ñòàë äóýò, ñîîáùåíèÿìè î êîòîðîì èíòåðíåò ïåñòðåë âñå ïîñëåäíèå äíè, — Ïóãà÷¸âà è Ðîòàðó ñ ïðîâîêàöèîííîé ïåñíåé “Íàñ íå äîãîíÿò” ãðóïïû “Òàòó” (ÐÒÐ, “Âåñòè”, 15 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã.); – èç õóäîæåñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðû: “Ñåãîäíÿ íåâåçóõà ïð¸ò, — íåîæèäàííî íà÷àëà æàëîâàòüñÿ êîðîáåéíèöà. — Ñíà÷àëà ìàøèíà ñëîìàëàñü, åëå-åëå òîâàð ïðèï¸ðëà íà ãîðáó. Ïîòîì êðûøà âçáåñèëàñü”. Ðàçâèëñÿ öåëûé ïëàñò òàê íàçûâàåìîãî “ë¸ãêîãî ÷òèâà” è ðàçâëåêàòåëüíûõ òåëåâèçèîííûõ ïðîãðàìì. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, è ÿçûê ïîäîáíûõ “ïðîèçâåäåíèé” ë¸ãêèé, íåîôèöèàëüíûé, íàñûùåííûé ñíèæåííûìè âíåëèòåðàòóðíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, àêòóàëüíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîïðîñ î öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïîäîáíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â õóäîæåñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Öåëü ñòàòüè — ïðîñëåäèòü îñîáåííîñòè ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ñíèæåííîé ëåêñèêè â õóäîæåñòâåííîì òåêñòå (íà ïðèìåðå ðîìàíîâ Ä. Äîíöîâîé). Äàðüÿ Äîíöîâà (Àãðèïïèíà Àðêàäüåâíà Äîíöîâà) — ðîññèéñêàÿ ïèñàòåëüíèöà, àâòîð èðîíè÷åñêèõ äåòåêòèâîâ, ÷ëåí Ñîþçà ïèñàòåëåé Ðîññèè, ëàóðåàò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ ïðåìèé. ßçûê å¸ ïðîèçâåäåíèé ïðîñòîé, íå îòÿãîù¸ííûé ñëîæíûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè. Àâòîð äëÿ ïðàâäîïîäîáíîñòè èñïîëüçóåò â ñâîèõ ïðîèçâåäåíèÿõ ñíèæåííóþ ëåêñèêó. Äëÿ àíàëèçà ìû âûáðàëè òðè ðîìàíà: “Äàìà ñ êîãîòêàìè”, “Æàáà ñ êîøåëüêîì”, “Ëÿãóøêà Áàñêåðâèëåé”. Â õóäîæåñòâåííîì òåêñòå ìîæíî âûäåëèòü òðè îñíîâíûå ñôåðû, â êîòîðûõ íàõîäèì ïðèìåðû óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñíèæåííîé ëåêñèêè: © À. Ñ. Áóêàëîâ, 2010 127
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