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ÌÎÂÀ ¹ 15 L. O. Zaboljan METAPHORICAL NAMES OF PERSONS IN RUSSIAN MIGRANT DIALECTS OF ODESSA REGION The article is dedicated to metaphorical names of persons in Russian migrant dialects of Odessa region. The author examines different definitions of metaphor and peculiarities of dialectal metaphor in dialects under considiration. Key words: vocabulary of Russian migrant dialects, metaphor, metaphorical names of persons. 106
ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ËÅÊÑÈÊÎËÎÃ²¯, ÑÅÌÀÍÒÈÊÈ ² ÏÐÀÃÌÀÒÈÊÈ ÓÄÊ 81’373.612.2 À. Â. Åìåö Ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå è ñòðóêòóðíûå îñîáåííîñòè ìåòàìîðôîçû â ðóññêîé, áðèòàíñêîé è àìåðèêàíñêîé ïîýçèè ÕÕ âåêà Ñòàòüÿ ïîñâÿùåíà èññëåäîâàíèþ ìåòàìîðôîçû â ðóññêîé è àíãëî-àìåðèêàíñêîé ïîýçèè ÕÕ âåêà. Îïðåäåëåíû îñíîâíûå ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå òèïû ìåòàìîðôîçû â ïîýçèè Àõìàòîâîé â ñîïîñòàâëåíèè ñ ïîýòè÷åñêèìè òåêñòàìè Òîìàñà è Òèçäåéë. Îòìå÷åíû ðàçëè÷èÿ â ñòðóêòóðå òðîïà è ñåìàíòèêå ãëàãîëüíîãî êîìïîíåíòà â äâóõ ÿçûêàõ. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: òðîï, ìåòàìîðôîçà, ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå òèïû òðîïîâ, êîìïîíåíò, ïðåâðàùåíèÿ, èíäèâèäóàëüíûé ñòèëü. Â ñîâðåìåííîé ñòèëèñòèêå ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ñëîæèâøåìñÿ ïîíèìàíèè òðîïîâ êàê ñèñòåìû, ýëåìåíòû êîòîðîé (îòäåëüíûå òðîïû) îðãàíèçîâàíû èåðàðõè÷åñêè [6: 520], ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü îáùèå òðîïû — ìåòàôîðó è ìåòîíèìèþ. Òàêèå òðîïû, êàê ïåðèôðàç, ñèíåêäîõà, ïåðñîíèôèêàöèÿ, ìîæíî êâàëèôèöèðîâàòü êàê ðàçíîâèäíîñòè îáùèõ òðîïîâ. Â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ òðîïîâ èìåþò â îñíîâíîì ìåòàôîðîöåíòðè÷åñêóþ íàïðàâëåííîñòü. Äðóãèå òðîïû êà÷åñòâà, à òàêæå òðîïû êîëè÷åñòâà (ãèïåðáîëà, ìåéîçèñ) èññëåäóþòñÿ ðåæå. Ñðåäè îáðàçíûõ ñðåäñòâ, êîòîðûå íå÷àñòî èññëåäóþòñÿ, ìîæíî íàçâàòü ìåòàìîðôîçó. È åñëè â ðóññêîì è óêðàèíñêîì ÿçûêàõ ìåòàìîðôîçà èìååò îïðåäåë¸ííóþ ñòðóêòóðó è, âìåñòå ñ òåì, îïðåäåë¸ííîå îòëè÷èå îò ìåòàôîðû [1: 30], òî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íàëè÷èå ìåòàìîðôîçû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñïîðíîé ïðîáëåìîé. Ðÿä ó÷¸íûõ (Â. Ã. Ãàê, À. Í. Ìîðîõîâñêèé) ñ÷èòàþò ìåòàìîðôîçó ðàçíîâèäíîñòüþ ìåòàôîðû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê Â. Ï. Ìîñêâèí ðàññìàòðèâàåò ýòîò òðîï êàê ðàçíîâèäíîñòü ñðàâíåíèÿ [4: 56]. Êðîìå òîãî, ñðàâíèòåëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìåòàìîðôîçû â ðóññêîé è àíãëî-àìåðèêàíñêîé õóäîæåñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå ôàêòè÷åñêè íå ïðîâîäèëèñü. Öåëü íàøåãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ — îïðåäåëèòü ñåìàíòèêó è ñòðóêòóðó ìåòàìîðôîçû â ïîýçèè Àííû Àõìàòîâîé, Äèëàíà Òîìàñà, Ñàðû Òèçäåéë, à òàêæå ðÿäà äðóãèõ ïîýòîâ. Àíàëèçèðóÿ ïîýçèþ À. Àõìàòîâîé, Â. Â. Âèíîãðàäîâ ïèñàë î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ðàçëè÷àòü ìåòàôîðó è ìåòàìîðôîçó: “Â ìåòàôîðå íåò íèêàêîãî îòòåíêà ìûñëè î ïðåâðàùåíèè ïðåäìåòà. … Âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî ñëåäóåò îáîñîáëÿòü îò ìåòàôîð è ñðàâíåíèé â ñîáñòâåííîì ñìûñëå òîò ïðèãëàãîëüíûé òâîðèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñåìàíòè÷åñêèì ïðèâåñêîì ê ïðåäèêàòó (ñ åãî îáúåêòàìè), ñðåäñòâîì åãî îæèâëåíèÿ, ðàñêðûòèÿ åãî îáðàçíîãî ôîíà” [2: 411], ò.å. ñîáñòâåííî ìåòàìîðôîçîé. Ìåòàìîðôîçó îïðåäåëÿþò êàê ïîëíîå îòîæäåñòâëåíèå äâóõ ðàçíûõ ïî ñâîåé ñóùíîñòè îáúåêòîâ [5: 176]. Â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåòàìîðôîçà èìååò äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêóþ ñòðóêòóðó: ñóáúåêò òðîïà — ãëàãîë — îáúåêò òðîïà, îáû÷íî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â òâîðèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå. Â òâîðèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ìåòàìîðôîçû îñíîâíîé ñóáúåêò êàê áû èñ÷åçàåò, à âûäåëÿåòñÿ íîâûé, â êîòîðûé ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ îñíîâíîé ñóáúåêò: Ìíå âñå ðàâíî, êàêèõ ñðåäè Ëèö îùåòèíèòüñÿ ïëåííûì ëüâîì … (Ì. Öâåòàåâà) È ñëàâà ëåáåäüþ ïëûëà. (À. Àõìàòîâà) Íà íàø âçãëÿä, ïðèãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå ïðîñòî ïðèâåñêîì ê ïðåäèêàòó, à, äîïîëíÿÿ Â. Â. Âèíîãðàäîâà, åãî ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü öåíòðàëüíûì êîìïîíåíòîì ìåòàìîðôîçû. Òàêîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èçîáðàæåíèå èçìåí¸ííîãî, ïðåâðàù¸ííîãî ìèðà, âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ æèâîé è íåæèâîé ïðèðîäû: ÿ→ëåâ, ñëàâà→ëåáåäü. Â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ìåòàìîðôîçà íå èìååò òàêîé ýêñïëèöèòíîé ñòðóêòóðû, ÷òî îáóñëîâëåíî îòñóòñòâèåì ïàäåæíûõ îêîí÷àíèé ó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, à ýòî âëèÿåò íà ñåìàíòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöè- © À. Â. Åìåö, 2010 107
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Ì²Í²ÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÑÂ²Ò
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ýòíè÷åñêèõ è ñîöèà
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ÓÄÊ 811.161.1’93:008(477) ÏÈ
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