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166 ÌÅÄ²À-ÌÎÂÀ îá’ºêòîì ñïåö³àëüíîãî ðîçãëÿäó â òåîð³¿ ñîö³àëüíî-êîìóí³êàö³éíèõ äîñë³äæåíü. Îñòàíí³ì ÷àñîì ó òåîð³¿ ³ ïðàêòèö³ ñîö³àëüíî-êîìóí³êàö³éíèõ äîñë³äæåíü âñå á³ëüøå óâàãè ïðèä³ëÿºòüñÿ ðîçãëÿäó ñòåðåîòèï³â. Âèâ÷åííþ ñïåöèô³êè ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ñòåðåîòèï³â ó ìàñ-ìåä³éíîìó ïðîñòîð³ ïðèä³ëÿëè óâàãó Â. Âëàäèìèðîâ, Ì. Áóòèð³íà, Ë. Ïàâëþê òà ³í. Ìåòà äîñë³äæåííÿ — äîâåñòè, ùî îáðàç ãîëîâíîãî ãåðîÿ ó ïîðòðåòíîìó íàðèñ³ â³äîáðàæàº àâòîñòåðåîòèïí³ óÿâëåííÿ àóäèòîð³¿. Äëÿ âèêîíàííÿ ìåòè ñòàâèìî òàê³ çàâäàííÿ: âèÿâèòè ñòåðåîòèïí³ óÿâëåííÿ àóäèòîð³¿; ç'ÿñóâàòè, ÿê³ ñòåðåîòèïí³ ðèñè º îáîâ’ÿçêîâèìè ñêëàäíèêàìè ó ïîðòðåòíîìó íàðèñ³. Â³äïîâ³äíî äî ñîö³àëüíèõ òà ³íäèâ³äóàëüíèõ ïàðàìåòð³â ïðèéíÿòî âèä³ëÿòè íàö³îíàëüí³, ïðîôåñ³éí³, ãåíäåðí³, ñîö³àëüí³ òà â³êîâ³ ñòåðåîòèïè. Íàì ö³êàâå ñòåðåîòèïíå óÿâëåííÿ ïðî íàö³þ, òîáòî íàö³îíàëüíèé ñòåðåîòèï. Ñòåðåîòèï, ÿê ñòâåðäæóº Ë. Ïàâëþê — «ñò³éêèé îáðàç ñîö³àëüíîãî êîëåêòèâó, òðàíñïîíîâàíèé íà óÿâëåííÿ ïðî îêðåìîãî ïðåäñòàâíèêà ãðóïè. Àáî íàâïàêè: öå óÿâëåííÿ ïðî îêðåìó îñîáó, ïîøèðåíèé íà îáðàç óñ³º¿ ñï³ëüíîòè» [3, 141]. Óÿâëåííÿ îäí³º¿ íàö³¿ ïðî ³íøó ïðèéíÿòî íàçèâàòè ãåòåðîñòåðåîòèïàìè, à óÿâëåííÿ íàö³¿ ïðî ñàìó ñåáå — àâòîñòåðåîòèïàìè. Ïåðø í³æ ðîçãëÿäàòè, çà äîïîìîãîþ ÿêèõ ðèñ ôîðìóºòüñÿ îáðàç íàö³îíàëüíî¿ ãðóïè â òàêîìó æàíð³, ÿê íàðèñ, äîö³ëüíî, íà íàøó äóìêó, ç’ÿñóâàòè, ÿê³ æ ðèñè óêðà¿íö³ ââàæàþòü ³ììàíåíòíèìè äëÿ ñâîº¿ íàö³¿. Çàäëÿ öüîãî íàìè áóëî ïðîâåäåíå ñîö³îëîã³÷íå äîñë³äæåííÿ. Ðåñïîíäåíòàìè ìè îáðàëè òàêó ö³ëüîâó ãðóïó, ÿê ñòóäåíòè-æóðíàë³ñòè. Öÿ ãðóïà íå âèïàäêîâî ñòàëà îá’ºêòîì íàøî¿ óâàãè, îñê³ëüêè ñàìå îñòàíí³ îòðèìàþòü ó íåäàëåêîìó ìàéáóòíüîìó ìîæëèâ³ñòü ôîðìóâàòè ó ÇÌ² îáðàç ñâîº¿ íàö³¿ . Ðîáîòà ïðîâîäèëàñÿ ìåòîäîì àíêåòóâàííÿ, à ñàìå çà ìåòîäèêîþ ñåìàíòè÷íîãî äèôåðåíö³àëó á³ïîëÿðíèõ øêàë. Ïðèêëàäîì íàì ñëóãóâàëà àíêåòà, ðîçðîáëåíà ïðîôåñîðîì êàôåäðè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïñèõîëîã³¿ Ìîñêîâñüêîãî äåðæàâíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó Ò. Ñòåôàíåíêî [1, 183]. Ðåñïîíäåíòàì áóëî çàïðîïîíîâàíî îö³íèòè á³ïîëÿðí³ ÿêîñò³ òèïîâîãî óêðà¿íöÿ. Îö³íþâàííÿ ïðîâîäèëîñÿ çà ïåâíîþ øêàëîþ: 3 — íàéâèùèé ñòóï³íü âèðàæåííÿ çàçíà÷åíî¿ îçíàêè; 2 — ñåðåäí³é ñòóï³íü âèðàæåííÿ çàçíà÷åíî¿ îçíàêè;
². Ãàâðèëþê. Àâòîñòåðåîòèïíèé îáðàç óêðà¿íöÿ â ïîðòðåòíîìó íàðèñ³ 167 1 — ñëàáêèé ñòóï³íü âèðàæåííÿ çàçíà÷åíî¿ îçíàêè; 0 — íåéòðàëüíà ïîçèö³ÿ, ò. á. «íå çíàþ». Çàãàëîì áóëî îïèòàíî á³ëüøå í³æ 70 ñòóäåíò³â êàôåäðè æóðíàë³ñòèêè òà ô³ëîëîã³¿ Ñóìñüêîãî äåðæàâíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó. Îòæå, çà ðåçóëüòàòàìè äîñë³äæåííÿ îäíîçíà÷íî ÷³òêèìè º ïîãëÿäè ùîäî òàêèõ çàïðîïîíîâàíèõ ïîçèö³é (ó äóæêàõ ïîäàºòüñÿ ñåðåäí³é áàë çà êîæíîþ ïîçèö³ºþ): ãîñòèííèé — íåãîñòèííèé (2,7–0,9); ãîâ³ðêèé — ìîâ÷àçíèé (2,7–0,9); ïðàöüîâèòèé — ë³íèâèé (2,4–1,2); âîðîæèé — äðóæåëþáíèé (1,1–2,4); âïåðòèé — ïîäàòëèâèé (2,3–1,3); îïòèì³ñò — ïåñèì³ñò (2,3–1,2); ñèëüíèé — ñëàáêèé (2,3–1,3); äîáðèé — çëèé (2,3–1,2); çàëåæíèé â³ä ñîö³àëüíîãî îòî÷åííÿ — íåçàëåæíèé â³ä ñîö³àëüíîãî îòî÷åííÿ (2,3–1); ùåäðèé — ñêóïèé (2,2–1,5); âîëüîâèé — áåçõàðàêòåðíèé (2,2–1); ÷èñòèé — áðóäíèé (2,1–0,8); àêòèâíèé — ïàñèâíèé (2–1,3); àìá³ö³éíèé — íåàìá³ö³éíèé (2–1,2); á³äíèé — áàãàòèé (2–1,2); â³äâåðòèé — ïîòàéíèé (1,9–1,4); ïàòð³îòè÷íèé — íåïàòð³îòè÷íèé (1,9–1,1); ï³äïðèºìëèâèé — áåçïîì³÷íèé (1,9–1,1); ðîçóìíèé — äóðíèé (1,9–1,1). ßê áà÷èìî, àâòîïîðòðåò óêðà¿íöÿ òàêèé: ãîñòèííèé, ãîâ³ðêèé, ïðàöüîâèòèé, äðóæåëþáíèé, âïåðòèé, îïòèì³ñò, ñèëüíèé, äîáðèé, ùåäðèé, âîëüîâèé, îõàéíèé, àêòèâíèé, àìá³ö³éíèé, â³äâåðòèé, ïàòð³îòè÷íèé, ï³äïðèºìëèâèé, ðîçóìíèé, çàëåæíèé â³ä ñîö³àëüíîãî îòî÷åííÿ, á³äíèé. ßêîñò³, ÿêèì â³ääàëè ïåðåâàãó ðåñïîíäåíòè, ìàþòü ñåðåäí³é ñòóï³íü âèðàæåííÿ îçíàêè àáî æ íàáëèæåí³ äî íàéâèùîãî. Â îñíîâíîìó â ìåæàõ âèçíà÷åííÿ àâòîñòåðåîòèïó ðåñïîíäåíòè îáèðàëè ïîçèòèâí³ îçíàêè (ãîñòèííèé, ïðàöüîâèòèé, îïòèì³ñò, äîáðèé, ùåäðèé, ðîçóìíèé òîùî). Çíà÷íî ìåíøà ê³ëüê³ñòü îçíàê ñòîñóâàëàñÿ íåãàòèâíèõ ÿêîñòåé (âïåðòèé, á³äíèé òîùî). Íàéïðîáëåìàòè÷í³øèìè äëÿ ðåñïîíäåíò³â âèäàëèñÿ òàê³ á³ïîëÿðí³ øêàëè: ìàòåð³àë³ñò — ³äåàë³ñò (1,9–1,7); îðãàí³çîâàíèé — íåîðãàí³çîâàíèé (1,4–1,5); àãðåñèâíèé — âð³âíîâàæåíèé (1,5–1,6); âèõîâàíèé — íåâèõîâàíèé (1,7–1,5); ãðóáèé — í³æíèé (1,4–1,6); ìåðêàíòèëüíèé — áåçêîðèñëèâèé (1,6–1, 4); ÷åñíèé — ñõèëüíèé äî îáìàíó (1,7–1,8); ïðîãðåñèâíèé — êîíñåðâàòèâíèé (1,5–1,6). Òàê³ â³äïîâ³ä³, íà íàøó äóìêó, ìîæíà â³äíåñòè äî àìá³âàëåíòíèõ ïîëþñ³â, êîëè â ìåæàõ ñòåðåîòèïó ôîðìóºòüñÿ ³íøèé, ò³íüîâèé, â³äì³ííèé â³ä ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíîãî îáðàç. Öå òàê çâàíèé çì³øàíèé ñòåðåîòèï, òîáòî òàêèé, ÿêèé ìàº ïîäâ³éíèé ñòàíäàðò. Îñîáëèâî ÿñêðàâî àìá³âàëåíòí³
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