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Ïåðøèé òèï äîäàíê³â ³íòåãðóºòüñÿ äîñòàòíüî ïðîñòî:<br />
( x−<br />
a)<br />
− m+<br />
1<br />
⎧<br />
A ⎪ A + C, m≠1;<br />
∫ dx =<br />
m ⎨ − m + 1<br />
( x− a)<br />
⎪<br />
⎩ Aln x− a + C, m=<br />
1.<br />
Ùîäî ³íòåãðàë³â â³ä äîäàíê³â äðóãîãî òèïó, òî âîíè çà<br />
p<br />
äîïîìîãîþ ï³äñòàíîâêè t = x + çâîäÿòüñÿ äî òàáëè÷íèõ<br />
2<br />
³íòåãðàë³â òà ³íòåãðàë³â ñïåö³àëüíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè, à ñàìå:<br />
dt<br />
I = ∫ , a ≠0, n∈N.<br />
n<br />
2 2<br />
( t + a )<br />
Ïðè n = 1 ìàºìî òàáëè÷íèé ³íòåãðàë:<br />
n<br />
dt 1 t<br />
I = 1 ∫ 2 2 arctg C .<br />
t + a<br />
= a a<br />
+<br />
À òåïåð ïðè íàòóðàëüíèõ n > 1 îòðèìàºìî ðåêóðåíòíó<br />
ôîðìóëó:<br />
−n<br />
2 2<br />
( ) , ⎤<br />
2<br />
⎥<br />
2n<br />
−n−1<br />
2 2<br />
⎥<br />
∫<br />
( ) ( ) ( )<br />
⎡<br />
dt u = t + a dv = dt t t<br />
In =<br />
⎢<br />
∫ = = + =<br />
n n n 1<br />
2 2 ⎢<br />
+<br />
2 2 2 2<br />
( t + a ) ⎢du =− 2 nt t + a dt,<br />
v = t⎥<br />
t + a t + a<br />
⎣<br />
⎦<br />
+ −<br />
= + = + ⋅ − ⋅<br />
Çâ³äñè<br />
2 2 2<br />
t t a a t<br />
2<br />
2n 2<br />
n<br />
2<br />
n 1.<br />
n ∫ dt n I na I<br />
n n<br />
+<br />
( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 + 1<br />
t + a t + a ) ( t 2 + a<br />
2<br />
)<br />
I<br />
t 2n−1 = + In<br />
.<br />
2na t a 2na<br />
( + )<br />
n+<br />
1<br />
2 2 2<br />
n 2<br />
ϳäñóìîâóþ÷è âèùåñêàçàíå ìîæíà êîíñòàòóâàòè, ùî ðàö³îíàëüí³<br />
ôóíêö³¿ çàâæäè ³íòåãðóþòüñÿ â åëåìåíòàðíèõ<br />
ôóíêö³ÿõ. Ïðàêòè÷íå çä³éñíåííÿ öüîãî ôàêòó çâîäèòüñÿ äî<br />
ïðîáëåìè ðîçêëàäàííÿ ïðàâèëüíîãî ðàö³îíàëüíîãî äðîáó íà<br />
åëåìåíòàðí³ äîäàíêè. Äëÿ öüîãî ïîòð³áíî:<br />
à) ðîçêëàñòè çíàìåííèê q n (x) íà íàéïðîñò³ø³ ìíîæíèêè.<br />
 çàãàëüíîìó âèïàäêó öå ðîçêëàäàííÿ ìîæå ì³ñòèòè ñòåïåí³<br />
ë³í³éíèõ ³ êâàäðàòè÷íèõ ìíîæíèê³â<br />
q x a x a x b x px q x ex d ;<br />
2 2<br />
( ) =<br />
0<br />
( − ) m K( − ) k ( + + ) s K( + + )<br />
r<br />
n<br />
á) çàïèñàòè ðîçêëàäàííÿ äàíîãî äðîáó íà åëåìåíòàðí³<br />
äîäàíêè äðîáó â òàêîìó âèãëÿä³:<br />
( ) A1 A2 B1 B2<br />
p x A B<br />
q x = x a + + K+ + K+ x b<br />
+ + K+<br />
+<br />
m m k<br />
2 m<br />
2<br />
k<br />
n<br />
( ) − ( x−a) ( x−a) − ( x−b) ( x−b)<br />
Mx<br />
1<br />
+ N1 Mx<br />
2<br />
+ N2 Mx<br />
s<br />
+ Ns<br />
Cx<br />
1<br />
+ D1<br />
+ + + K+ + K+ +<br />
2 2 2 2 s<br />
2<br />
x + px+ q ( x + px+ q) ( x + px+ q)<br />
x + ex+<br />
d<br />
Cx<br />
2<br />
+ C2<br />
Cx<br />
r<br />
+ Dr<br />
+ + K +<br />
2 2 2<br />
r<br />
( x + ex+ d) ( x + ex+<br />
d)<br />
,<br />
äå A 1 , ..., B 1 , ..., C 1 , ..., D 1 , ..., D r — äåÿê³ ñòàë³.<br />
Ïðè öüîìó äëÿ êîæíîãî ìíîæíèêà â ðîçêëàäàíí³ çíàìåííèêà<br />
q n (x) âèïèñóºòüñÿ ñò³ëüêè åëåìåíòàðíèõ äîäàíê³â<br />
(äðîá³â), ÿêà éîãî êðàòí³ñòü (m, k, s, r, ...).<br />
Çíàìåííèêàìè åëåìåíòàðíèõ äðîá³â º âñ³ ö³ë³ ñòåïåí³<br />
êîæíîãî ìíîæíèêà â ðîçêëàäàíí³, ïî÷èíàþ÷è ç ïåðøîãî<br />
ñòåïåíÿ ³ çàê³í÷óþ÷è òèì ñòåïåíåì, êîòðèé ìíîæíèê ìຠó<br />
ðîçêëàäàíí³ q n (x). ×èñåëüíèêàìè åëåìåíòàðíèõ äðîá³â ìîæóòü<br />
áóòè ñòàë³ A 1 , A 2 , ... àáî ë³í³éí³ ôóíêö³¿ M 1 x + N 1 , ...,<br />
âèõîäÿ÷è ç òîãî, ÷è º çíàìåííèê äðîáó äåÿêèì ñòåïåíåì<br />
ë³í³éíî¿ àáî êâàäðàòè÷íî¿ ôóíêö³¿;<br />
â) çâ³ëüíèòèñÿ â³ä çíàìåííèê³â, ïîìíîæóþ÷è îáèäâ³ ÷àñòèíè<br />
ð³âíîñò³ íà q n (x);<br />
ã) ñêëàñòè ñèñòåìó ð³âíÿíü, ïîð³âíþþ÷è êîåô³ö³ºíòè ïðè<br />
îäíàêîâèõ ñòåïåíÿõ x â îáîõ ÷àñòèíàõ îòðèìàíî¿ òîòîæíîñò³.<br />
×èñëî öèõ ð³âíÿíü äîð³âíþº ÷èñëó íåâ³äîìèõ A 1 , ..., B 1 ,<br />
..., C 1 , ..., D 1 , ..., D r ;<br />
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