Ufahamu ubwiri, unga wa mikorosho - cashewnut board of tanzania
Ufahamu ubwiri, unga wa mikorosho - cashewnut board of tanzania
Ufahamu ubwiri, unga wa mikorosho - cashewnut board of tanzania
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1<br />
UFAHAMU UBWIRI UNGA WA MIKOROSHO.<br />
1.0 Utangulizi<br />
Moja ya matatizo makub<strong>wa</strong> ya uzalishaji <strong>wa</strong> zao la<br />
korosho ni ugonj<strong>wa</strong> <strong>wa</strong> <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong>.Ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu<br />
unasababish<strong>wa</strong> na vimelea aina ya uyoga (fungus)<br />
viit<strong>wa</strong>vyo Oidium anacardii. Ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu ni muhimu<br />
sana, kiasi k<strong>wa</strong>mba kama haukuthibiti<strong>wa</strong>, unaweza<br />
kupunguza mavuno k<strong>wa</strong> zaidi ya asilimia 70. Ugonj<strong>wa</strong><br />
huu umeenea katika mikoa yote inayolima zao hili<br />
Tanzania.<br />
Hapo a<strong>wa</strong>li ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu uliku<strong>wa</strong> unait<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> jina la<br />
“ukungu” kutokana na uhusiano <strong>wa</strong>ke mkub<strong>wa</strong> na hali<br />
ya he<strong>wa</strong> ya ukungu (litabwe k<strong>wa</strong> Kimakonde)<br />
unaoonekana alfajiri/asubuhi katika miezi ya Juni -<br />
Septemba. Hivyo basi, jina la Ubwiri <strong>unga</strong> linatumika<br />
sasa ili ku<strong>wa</strong>wezesha <strong>wa</strong>kulima <strong>wa</strong>sichanganye vitu<br />
hivyo viwili.<br />
2.0 Mashambulizi ya <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong><br />
Ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu unashambulia maeneo yote machanga na<br />
teketeke katika mti <strong>wa</strong> mkorosho, hasa machipukizi,<br />
majani, maua, mabibo na korosho changa (tegu). Athari<br />
kub<strong>wa</strong> ya ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu inatokana na mashambulizi ya<br />
maua, ambayo hushind<strong>wa</strong> kufunguka na kuwezesha<br />
chavua kufanya kazi yake, hatimaye hunyauka na<br />
kukauka.<br />
3.0 Dalili za <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong><br />
Maeneo yaliyoshambuli<strong>wa</strong> na ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu, hufunik<strong>wa</strong><br />
na <strong>unga</strong> <strong>unga</strong> mweupe au <strong>wa</strong>kijivujivu ambao<br />
huonekana kama vumbi vumbi. Vimelea au chembe<br />
chembe zinazoshambulia ni ndogo ndogo sana na<br />
hazionekani dhahiri k<strong>wa</strong> macho, ila k<strong>wa</strong> darubini.<br />
Chembe chembe hizi zinapozaliana k<strong>wa</strong> wingi katika<br />
maeneo ya mshambulizi, ndipo huonekana kama <strong>unga</strong><br />
<strong>unga</strong> mweupe/kijivu.<br />
2<br />
3.1 Kwenye majani<br />
Pamoja na kufunik<strong>wa</strong> na <strong>unga</strong> <strong>unga</strong>, majani<br />
yaliyoshambuli<strong>wa</strong> husinyaa, hubadilika rangi,<br />
<strong>wa</strong>kati mwingine hukunjamana. Majani machanga<br />
zaidi yanaweza kupukutika, ambapo yale<br />
yaliyokomaa hayashambuliwi. Masalia ya<br />
mashambulizi kwenye mjani yaliyokomaa,<br />
huonekana kama mabaka ya kahawia, hata hivyo<br />
hayapukutiki.<br />
3.2 Kwenye maua<br />
Maua yanaweza kushambuli<strong>wa</strong> hata kabla ya<br />
kuchanua. Pamoja na kufunik<strong>wa</strong> na <strong>unga</strong> <strong>unga</strong><br />
mweupe/kijivu, maua yaliyoshambuli<strong>wa</strong> sana<br />
hushind<strong>wa</strong> kuchanua na hatimaye hukauka kabisa na<br />
ku<strong>wa</strong> kama “majani ya chai”. Hili ndilo sababisho<br />
kub<strong>wa</strong> la upungufu <strong>wa</strong> zao la korosho.<br />
3.3 Kwenye mabibo<br />
Mabibo yaliyoshambuli<strong>wa</strong> huonyesha unyafuzi,<br />
hupasuka pasuka na ngozi yake huonekana ku<strong>wa</strong><br />
chafu. Hatimaye, mabibo hayo hu<strong>wa</strong> madogo k<strong>wa</strong><br />
umbo, yenye maji kidogo sana, hivyo kuyafanya<br />
maji yake ku<strong>wa</strong> matamu sana.<br />
3.4 Kwenye tegu na korosho.<br />
Tegu zilizoshambuli<strong>wa</strong> huweza kubadilika rangi yake<br />
ya kijani/nyekundu na ku<strong>wa</strong> ya hudhurungi au bluu<br />
iliyo mzito. Tegu zikishambuli<strong>wa</strong> zingali changa sana,<br />
huweza kupukutika.<br />
Tegu zilizoshambuli<strong>wa</strong> zikifikia kukomaa, zinaonyesha<br />
uharibifu mkub<strong>wa</strong> <strong>wa</strong> ngozi yake na huonekana chafu,<br />
hatimaye, <strong>wa</strong>kati <strong>wa</strong> mauzo huteng<strong>wa</strong> katika daraja la<br />
chini (grade II).<br />
4.0 Kustawi k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong><br />
Vimelea vya <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong> vinaishi kwenye mimea iliyo<br />
hai tu, haija<strong>wa</strong>hi kuotesh<strong>wa</strong> katika maabara. Ugonj<strong>wa</strong><br />
huu hushamiri na kustawi vizuri katika majira yenye<br />
ukungu, hasa kuanzia mwezi 3 Mei/Juni hadi Septemba<br />
karibu kila m<strong>wa</strong>ka.<br />
Mazingira m<strong>wa</strong>faka k<strong>wa</strong> ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu ni:<br />
• Joto: 26 - 28 0 C (bora 25 o C)<br />
• Unyevu (RH): 80-100% (bora 95%)<br />
Ubwiri <strong>unga</strong> pia hupendelea zaidi <strong>mikorosho</strong><br />
iliyosongamana na isiyopitisha he<strong>wa</strong> vizuri. Ugonj<strong>wa</strong><br />
huu hupendelea mazingira ya kiangazi, hasa kuanzia<br />
mwezi Juni hadi Septemba, haupendelei hali ya mvua na<br />
joto jingi. Hivyo basi, katika miezi mingine (hasa<br />
<strong>wa</strong>kati <strong>wa</strong> masika), vimelea hujificha na kuishi kwenye<br />
maotea au machipukizi uvunguni m<strong>wa</strong> <strong>mikorosho</strong> au<br />
kwenye maua yasiyo ya msimu. Hivi ndivyo vyanzo vya<br />
<strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong>, vyenye uwezo <strong>wa</strong> kuhifadhi ugonj<strong>wa</strong><br />
msimu hadi mwingine.<br />
Ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu husambaz<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> upepo ambao nao pia<br />
hushamiri sana katika miezi ya Mei/Juni hadi<br />
Septemba.<br />
5.0 Kuthibiti <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong>.<br />
Zipo njia aina tatu zinazotumika kuthibiti <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong>,<br />
nazo ni mbinu za asili, mbegu bora na mada<strong>wa</strong>.<br />
5.1 Mbinu za asili (Cultural control)<br />
5.1.1 Kuondoa vyanzo vya <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong> (sanitation).<br />
Hii ni kazi ya mikono ya kuondoa machipukizi na<br />
maotea yanayojificha kwenye uvungu <strong>wa</strong> <strong>mikorosho</strong>,<br />
kutumia vifaa kama vile upanga, mundu, shoka nk.<br />
Msingi <strong>wa</strong> kazi hii ni kupunguza kasi ya ugonj<strong>wa</strong> huu<br />
katika shamba k<strong>wa</strong> kuchelewesha mlipuko na kasi ya<br />
mashambulizi.<br />
5.1.2 Kubadili mazingira ya ugonj<strong>wa</strong> katika miti.<br />
Kupunguzia matawi (prunning) ya <strong>mikorosho</strong> ili<br />
kufanya umbile la m<strong>wa</strong>mvuli katika miti, ili kuruhusu<br />
joto na upepo kupenya kirahisi, inasaidia sana kuthibiti<br />
<strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong>.<br />
5.1.3 Kubadili mazingira ya ugonj<strong>wa</strong> kwenye<br />
shamba
Kupunguza miti (thinning) 4 iliyosongamana na kuacha<br />
nafasi ya kutosha kati ya miti, itasaidia kupunguza<br />
kuenea k<strong>wa</strong> ugonj<strong>wa</strong>. Miti iki<strong>wa</strong> katika nafasi ya<br />
kutosha, itawezesha he<strong>wa</strong> kupenya vizuri na kubadili<br />
mazingira ili yasiwe mazuri k<strong>wa</strong> kustawi k<strong>wa</strong> ugonj<strong>wa</strong>.<br />
5.2 Kupanda Mikorosho inayovumilia/kuhimili<br />
ugonj<strong>wa</strong>.<br />
Ipo baadhi ya <strong>mikorosho</strong> ambayo inaweza kuhimili<br />
mashambulizi ya ugonj<strong>wa</strong> hata kuweza kutoa mazao<br />
bila ya kutumia kinga yoyote. Aina zingine zinaweza<br />
kutoa maua na kuzaa kabla ya athari za ugonj<strong>wa</strong> hata<br />
kuweza kukwepa mashambulizi. Hii ni baadhi ya<br />
<strong>mikorosho</strong> bora ambayo hatimaye imepand<strong>wa</strong> katika<br />
eneo moja katika vituo vyetu vyote vya kuendeleza<br />
korosho (CDC). Mbegu zinazopatikana toka mashamba<br />
hayo ni mbegu bora (polyclonal seed) ambazo zinaweza<br />
kuzaa bila mada<strong>wa</strong>, lakini huzaa vizuri zaidi kama mtu<br />
atatumia da<strong>wa</strong> pia.<br />
5.3 Matumizi ya mada<strong>wa</strong><br />
5.3.1 Da<strong>wa</strong> ya Salfa (Sulphur)<br />
Salfa ndiyo da<strong>wa</strong> inayotumika k<strong>wa</strong> wingi zaidi kukinga<br />
ugonj<strong>wa</strong> <strong>wa</strong> <strong>ubwiri</strong> <strong>unga</strong>. Da<strong>wa</strong> hii ambayo ni ya <strong>unga</strong>,<br />
inapuliz<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> kutumia mashine maalumu (motorised<br />
blower) ya kupulizia da<strong>wa</strong> km. Maruyama. Ki<strong>wa</strong>ngo<br />
cha gramu 250 k<strong>wa</strong> mti, k<strong>wa</strong> mzunguko, ndicho<br />
kinapendekez<strong>wa</strong>. Hivyo basi k<strong>wa</strong> mizunguko mitano<br />
kiasi cha kilo 1.25 cha salfa k<strong>wa</strong> mti k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>ka<br />
kinahitajika.<br />
5.3.1.1 Wakati <strong>wa</strong> kuanza upuliziaji<br />
Mpulizo <strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong>nza unaanza ambapo karibu asilimia 20<br />
za maua yamejitokeza na <strong>wa</strong>kati sa<strong>wa</strong>, zaidi ya asilimia<br />
5 ya maua hayo tayari yawe yanaonyesha dalili za<br />
ugonj<strong>wa</strong>.<br />
Upimaji <strong>wa</strong> maua ili kujua lini upuliziaji uanze,<br />
inasaidia kufanya matumizi sahihi ya da<strong>wa</strong>, hatimaye<br />
faida/pato litaku<strong>wa</strong> kub<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> 5 mkulima.<br />
5.3.1.2 Wakati <strong>wa</strong> kupulizia da<strong>wa</strong><br />
Inashauri<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong>mba upuliziaji ufanyike asubuhi na<br />
mapema, <strong>wa</strong>kati ambapo kuna umand. Asubuhi, upepo<br />
nao hu<strong>wa</strong> hauna nguvu sana na inashauri<strong>wa</strong> upuliziaji<br />
usizidi ya saa 3 asubuhi. Umande unasaidia salfa iweze<br />
kunata kwenye majani na maua.<br />
Vipindi vifuatavyo, vimependekez<strong>wa</strong> katika upuliziaji:<br />
Siku 14 14 14 21 21<br />
5.3.2 Da<strong>wa</strong> zingine badala ya salfa.<br />
Mada<strong>wa</strong> kadha <strong>wa</strong> kadha yamefanyi<strong>wa</strong> utafiti<br />
sambamba na salfa. Aina tatu za da<strong>wa</strong> hizo (<strong>wa</strong>terbased<br />
organics), zimependekez<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> matumizi ya<br />
<strong>wa</strong>kulima, nazo ni Bayfidan, Anvil na Topas.<br />
Ki<strong>wa</strong>ngo cha upuliziaji ni ml 10 - 15 za da<strong>wa</strong> ndani ya<br />
0.75 - 1.25 za maji kutegemeana na ukub<strong>wa</strong> <strong>wa</strong> mti.<br />
Vipindi kati ya mipulizo ni wiki tatu (siku 21) na<br />
a<strong>wa</strong>mu (raundi) 3 zinatosha k<strong>wa</strong> msimu.<br />
Inashauri<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong>mba kutokana na gharama za da<strong>wa</strong> ya<br />
maji, zinafaa zitumike kwenye <strong>mikorosho</strong> ambayo<br />
mkulima ana uhakika <strong>wa</strong> kutoa zaidi ya kilo 4 baada ya<br />
kupulizia. Miti inayotoa chini ya kiasi hicho heri<br />
isipuliziwe, vinginevyo italeta hasara.<br />
Picha A. Dalili za Ubwiri <strong>unga</strong> kwenye majani.<br />
UTAFITI NA MAENDELEO<br />
KANDA YA KUSINI<br />
UFAHAMU UBWIRI UNGA WA<br />
MIKOROSHO<br />
Imetole<strong>wa</strong> na<br />
KITUO CHA UTAFITI,<br />
NALIENDELE,<br />
S. L. P. 509,<br />
MTWARA