Zobrazovacie metódy - Katedra rádioelektroniky FEI STU v ...

ÚVOD DO SPRACOVANIA
BIOSIGNÁLOV
VZORKOVANIE BIOSIGNÁLOV
VIACRÝCHLOSTNÉ SYSTÉMY
KUMULAČNÁ METÓDA –
SPRIEMERŇOVANIE
KORELAČNÁ ANALÝZA
SPEKTRÁLNA ANALÝZA
BIOSIGNÁLOV
KEPSTRÁLNA ANALÝZA
ANALÝZA BIOSIGNÁLOV
ČÍSLICOVÉ FILTRE –
VLASTNOSTI A POUŽITIE
ADAPTÍVNE
ČÍSLICOVÉ FILTRE
Jozef Púčik
Elena Cocherová
NEURÓNOVÉ SIETE
ZOBRAZOVACIE SYSTÉMY

ANALÝZA BIOSIGNÁLOV
Jozef Púčik, Elena Cocherová
Slovenská technická univerzita v Bratislave
2008

© Ing. Jozef Púčik, PhD. – Ing. Elena Cocherová, PhD.
Recenzenti: Prof. Ing. Stanislav Marchevský, CSc.
Doc. Ing. Milan Tyšler, CSc.
Schválilo vedenie Fakulty elektrotechniky a informatiky STU v Bratislave dňa 7.3.2006 pre študijný program
inžinierskeho štúdia Rádioelektronika.
ISBN 978-80-227-2833-1

Predslov
Pod pojmom biosignál (biomedicínsky signál) rozumieme signál nesúci informáciu
o biologickom objekte. V oblasti biomedicíny sa biosignály získavajú hlavne za účelom
zisťovania zdravotného stavu človeka.
Celý proces získavania informácie môže byť veľmi jednoduchý, napr. keď lekár určuje
pohmatom na pacientovom zápästí jeho pulz, t. j. zmeny krvného tlaku, ale aj veľmi zložitý
proces, ako je napríklad získavanie obrazovej informácie o detailnej štruktúre vnútorných
orgánov pri použití zobrazenia magnetickou rezonanciou (MRI).
Vo väčšine prípadov však nie je postačujúce biomedicínsky signál len zaznamenať, ale
je potrebné zaznamenaný signál ďalej spracovať, aby sa získala požadovaná, v ňom
obsiahnutá informácia. Napríklad, ak je signál zašumený, je ho potrebné „vyčistiť“,
odfiltrovať šumové zložky. Iným prípadom je, ak žiadaná informácia nie je v zaznamenanom
signáli „viditeľná“, napr. v prípade MRI a je potrebné aplikovať zložité a časovo náročné
výpočtové metódy (transformácie, filtrácie atď.), aby sme získali požadovanú informáciu.
Spracovanie biomedicínskych signálov prináša rad špecifických problémov. Dôvodom
je hlavne zložitosť skúmaného biologického systému a požiadavka používať v čo najväčšej
miere neinvazívne meracie metódy.
K dispozícii je veľký počet metód a algoritmov. Aby užívateľ použil najlepšiu metódu,
musí poznať zámer spracovávania, okolnosti za ktorých bol signál zaznamenaný
a charakteristické vlastnosti spracovávaného signálu.
Skriptá „Analýza biosignálov“ sú určené prevažne študentom inžinierskeho štúdia
v odbore Rádioelektronika so zameraním na lekársku elektroniku k predmetu „Analýza
biosignálov a biosystémov“, prípadne i pracovníkom z oblasti zdravotníctva, ktorí sa
rozhodnú prehĺbiť si svoje znalosti z oblasti spracovania biologických signálov.
Na zvládnutie pomerne rozsiahlej problematiky je vhodné mať aspoň základné znalosti
z oblasti teórie signálov (predmety „Signály a sústavy“, „Číslicové spracovanie signálov“)
a zo základov biofyziky (predmet „Biofyzika“). Obsahovo taktiež vhodne dopĺňa predmety
„Snímače, obvody a zariadenia lekárskej elektroniky“ a „Diagnostické metódy a systémy
v medicíne“.
Ďakujeme recenzentom prof. Ing. Stanislavovi Marchevskému, CSc. z Katedry
elektroniky a multimediálnych telekomunikácií FEI TU Košice a doc. Ing. Milanovi
Tyšlerovi, CSc. z Ústavu merania SAV Bratislava za pozorné prečítanie rukopisu, za ich
pripomienky, rady a opravy, ktorými prispeli k zvýšeniu odbornej úrovne predkladanej
publikácie.
Tieto skriptá vznikli aj vďaka podpore grantov Ministerstva školstva Slovenskej
republiky AV - 4/0012/07, VEGA 1/3093/06 a VEGA 1/3107/06.
V Bratislave, december 2007
Autori
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