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sf=d]=c=b=g=+((÷!(# 

/]l8of] s[lif sfo{qmd 

/]l8of] s[lif sfo{qmd ;fFem ^M$) ah] b]lv ^M%% ah];Dd /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 ljleGg ljifoxdf k|;f/0f 

e}/x]sfn] pGgt s[lif k|ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L lng lgoldt sfo{qmd ;'Gg] u/f}F . 

/]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf s[lif ;dfrf/ 

/]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 ;fFem &M)) sf] /fli6«o ;dfrf/df s[lif ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f e}/x]sf]n] 

;f] sfo{qmd x]/L÷;'gL s[lif ;DaGwL ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/L lnpF . 

If]qLo k|;f/0f -;fKtflxs_ 

k"jf{~rn÷dWo klZrdf~rn÷;'b"/ klZrdf~rn– a'wjf/ -;Ffem %M#% ah]b]lv %M%) ah];Dd_ 

dWodf~rn÷klZrdf~rn – laxLjf/ -;fFem %M#% ah]b]lv %M%) ah];Dd_ s[lif sfo{qmd k|;f/0f 

e}/x]sf] 5 . 

6]lnlehg s[lif sfo{qmd 

6]lnlehg s[lif sfo{qmd k|To]s lbg ;fFem ^M$) ah]b]lv ^M%% ah];Dd g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 k|;f/0f 

e}/x]sf] 5 . pGgt s[lif k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ pTkfbg a[l¢ ug{ lgoldt kdf ;f] sfo{qmd x]g]{ 

u/f}F . 

FM xaf6 s[lif sfo{qmd 

b]zsf ljleGg #% j6f FM x dfkm{t s[lif sfo{qmd k|;f/0f e}/x]sf] x'bfF ;f] ;]jfaf6 nfe lng'xf];\ . 

OG6/g]6df s[lif ;]jf 

s[lif å}dfl;s klqsfsf ;a} c+sx, cGo k'l:tsf tyf kmf]N8/x s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb|sf] 

j]e;fO{6 www.aicc.gov.np df k9\g ;lsg]5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno 

s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ s]Gb|åf/f k|sflzt tyf d'lb|t . 

k|sfzg k|ltM ^))) 

kmf]g g+= %%@@@$*, %%@%^!&, ˆofS;M %%@@@%* 

Email: agroinfo@wlink.com.np, website:www.aicc.gov.np

;fdfGo s[ifsxnfO{ cfkm"n] ckgfO{ cfPsf] s[lif k2ltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg cfjZos kg]{ 

k|fljlws hfgsf/Lx k7gLo kdf pknAw u/fpg ;/n efiffdf n]vx k|sfzg ug]{ . 

ls;fgxnfO{ k|fljlws ;]jf k'¥ofO{ /x]sf s[lif k|;f/ sfo{stf{xnfO{ cWoog tyf 

cg';Gwfgaf6 lg:s]sf k|ljlw / k|ljlw ckgfpg cfjZos kg] { ;fdflhs cfly{s kIfsf] 

hfgsf/L u/fpg] 

n]vx k7fp“bf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx 

a]df};dL sfFqmf] vtL 

!= o; klqsfdf hf] sf]xLn] k7fPsf] g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf] s[lif k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Pj+ s[lif k|ljlw 

u|x0fdf xfl;n cg'ejhGo n]vfO{ :yfg lbOg]5 . ;fy} s[lif lasf;df 6]jf k'Ug] ;fdflhs cfly{s 

kIfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds /rgfnfO{ klg plrt :yfg lbOg]5 . 

@ = pkof]uL cg'bLt n]vnfO{ klg :yfg lbO{g]5, t/ d"n n]vssf] gfd / lstfasf] gfd klg n]v]sf] 

x'g' kb{5 . cfwf/ lnOPsf] n]v eP ;f] klqsf jf lstfasf] gfd pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . 

#= n]vssf] gfd, 7]ufgf / sxL+ st} sfo{/t eP kb ;d]t :ki6;Fu pNn]v x'g'kb{5 . sfNklgs 

gfdaf6 5kfpg rfx] hgfpg' kb{5 . 

$= n]v ;+ej eP;Dd lxdfnL jf k|Llt kmG6df n]lvPsf] / l;8Ldf jf s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ 

s]Gb|sf] Od]ndf k7fpg ;lsg]5 ;f] geP 8an :k]z 6fOk lnlkdf / ;f] klg geP sfuhsf] 

Psfkl§ :ki6 a'lemg] u/L 8an dflh{g 5f]8]/ n]lvPsf] x'g'kg]{5 . 

%= n]vx a9Ldf kfFr k]h A4 ;fOhdf ga9fO{ k7fpg' kg] {5 . n]vnfO{ pko'Qm kmf]6f]x k7fPdf 

To;nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L n]vx k|sflzt ul/g]5 . 

^= n]v k|sflzt ePkl5 @ k|lt klqsf n]vsnfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fO{g]5 . n]vsn] n]v k|sflzt 

eP jfkt kfpg] kfl/>lds n]v k|sflzt ePsf] Ps jif{ leqdf lnO{ ;Sg' kg]{5 . 

&= o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]vxsf] cfFlzs jf k"0f{ efu hf] sf]lxn] klg k|sfzg ug{ kfpg]5, t/ 

klqsfnfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] kdf lglb{i6 ug{ cg'/f]w ul/G5 . 

*= n]vx k|sflzt ePkl5 dfq kfl/>lds kfO{g]5 . k7fOPsf n]vx 5fKg], g5fKg] jf s]xL 

kl/dfh{g u/L 5fKg] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|wfg ;Dkfbsdf lglxt /xg]5 . ck|sflzt n]v lkmtf{ 

lbg ;Dkfbs d08n afWo x'g] 5}g . 

Knfli6s 3/ leq a]df};dL uf]ne]8f v]tL 

o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v, /rgf cflbsf] ljifo tyf ljrf/x n]vssf] lghL 

x'g] ePsfn] o;df ;Dkfbs d08n tyf s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ s]Gb| hjfkmb]xL 

x'g] 5}g .

s[lif 

å}–dfl;s 

;Dkfbs d08n 

;+/Ifs 

>L gfy' k|;fb rf}w/L 

k|wfg ;Dkfbs 

/fdk|;fb k'nfdL 

;Dkfbs 

/fh' l3ld/] 

sDKo'6/ 

pknlAw k|sfzg ;]jf k|f=ln= 

kmf]6f] 

>L cg'k zdf{ kf}8]n 

>L b]j /fh uf}nL 

5kfO{÷ljt/0f 

a'l4k|;fb kGt 

zDe" yfkf 

nf]saxfb'/ lnDa' 

;DkfbsLo 

kf}if df3 dlxgf ktem8 kmnkm"n lajfxdf sfF65fF6 

ug{ ] ;do xf] . gf:klt, cf, :ofp h:tf lajfxnfO{ 

sfF65fF6 u/L dnhn lbg' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ /f]usL/fsf] 

k|sf]kdf sdL cfpg'sf] ;fy} pTkfbgdf klg a[l4 u/fpg 

;lsG5 . lxpFb] em/L /fd|f] gePsf] cj:yfdf df3 dlxgfdf 

kmnkm"n, au}rfdf dn ;fy} l;+rfO klg ug{' kb{5 . df3 

dlxgfdf lxpFb] afnLxdf klg /fd|f];Fu l;+rfO{ ug{' kg{] 

dlxgf xf] . l;+rfO{ / dn lb+bf ljjfxsf] a[l4 dfq /fd|f] 

ge} pTkfbg klg a9\g hfG5 . 

kxf8L If]qdf df3] jiff{kl5 ljz]iful/ kfvf] hldg / 

r}t] wfg nufpg] hldg hf]Tg' k5{ . o;n] ubf{ df6f] leq 

n's]/ a;]sf sL/fsf Ko'kf tyf nfef{x dg{] / /f]usf 

lhaf0f'x klg dg{ ] x'G5g\ . lxpFb] ds} v]tL ug{ ] hldgsf] 

tof/ df3 dlxgf leqdf ul/;Sg' k5{ . g]kfndf ljz]if 

ul/ dWo tyf pRr kxf8df kf}if df3 dlxgfdf uf]7]dnnfO{ 

af/Ldf nu]/ 5g{] jf y'kfg{] rng /x]sf] 5 . ghf]t]sf] 

afFemf] af/Ldf dn 5/]df dndf ePsf] ljjfsf] vfBtTj 

;"o{sf] k|sfzsf sf/0f p8]/ xfjfdf ldl;g hfG5 / af/L 

dlnnf] x'g kfpFb}g . To;}n] dn 5g{f;fy af/L hf]t]/ 

dnnfO{ df6f]df ld;fpg' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ dnsf] df6f];Fu 

ldNg] k|lqmof klg /fd|f] x'G5 / To;n] pTkfbg a9fpg 

/ /f;folgs dnsf] dfqf 36fpg d2t ub{5 . 

df3 dlxgfdf r}t] wfgsf] Jof8 klg /fVg' kb{5 . r}t] 

wfgsf] a]gf{nfO{ :j:y agfpg Jof8df /fd|f];Fu s'lxPsf] 

uf]7]dn jf sDkf]i6, lkgf, s'v'/fsf] ;'nL /fVg' kb{5 . 

wfgsf] aLpnfO{ g'gkfgLsf] 3f]nåf/f 5gf}6 u/L :j:y / 

kf]l6nf] aLp dfq g;{/Ldf 5g{ ' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ pTkfbgdf 

a[l4 x'g hfG5 . 

k]h g+= 

!= ;xsf/L ljsf;sf] s]xL b]zsf] Oltxf; / Joj:yfkg cg'ej Pj+ g]kfnsf] 

jt{dfg l:ylt========================================================================================================================================================================================= ! 

@= cfn'sf] 89'jf /f]uM Joj:yfkg tyf lgoGq0f============================================================================================ % 

#= KnfG6 lSnlgsM Ps hfgsf/L tyf ;+rfng===============================================================================================* 

$= ;'gufef÷;'gfv/L (Orchid)M Pp6f ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] km"n========================================================!% 

%= :yfgLo s'v'/f kfngnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L kfNg] tl/sf================================================================================ @) 

^= t/sf/Lsf :j:y j]gf{ pdfg{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx=====================================================================@@ 

&= 

o; c+sdf 

ljifo;"rL 

jif{ $& kf}if–df3 c+s % 

/fdk|;fb k'nfdL 

jlzi7 cfrfo{ 

8f= o'js Wjh hL=;L 

vu]Gb| k|;fb zdf{ 

8f= s0ff zdf{ 

b]j/fh uf}nL 

s[lif Joj;foLs/0fdf ahf/Ls/0f Ps emns============================================================================================ @% 

s[i0f k|;fb ltlD;gf 

*= nK;L g]kfnsf] lrgf/L============================================================================================================================================================================================ @* 

;'/]z l3ld/] 

(= k|ultzLn s[ifs rgs rf}w/L======================================================================================================================================== #) 

dbg s'df/ ;'j]bL 

!)= cfO{=lk=Pd= v]tL k|ljwL============================================================================================================================================================= #@ 

;dL/ 1fdL du/ 

!!= …s[lif å}dfl;sÚ klqsfdf …kf7skqÚ lsg 5fKg]

] 

s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb| 

s[lif å}dfl;s 



;xsf/L ljsf;sf] s]xL b]zsf] Oltxf; / 

Joj:yfkg cg'ej Pj+ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg l:ylt 

;xsf/Lsf] kl/efiff 

· ;xsf/L To:tf Joltmxsf] :jfoQ ;+u7g xf], 

hf] :j]lR5s kdf Psh'6 eO{ cfkm\gf ;dfg 

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cfjZostf 

/ cfsf+Iffxsf] kl/k"lt{ ;+o'Qm :jfldTj / 

k|hftflGqs kdf lgolGqt Joj;fo dfkm{t ug{ 

rfxG5g\ -cGt/fli›o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf] ;tjflif{sL 

;fwf/0f ;ef ;g\ !((% jf6 lbOPsf] ;xsf/Lsf] 

kl/efiff_ 

· ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* sf] k|:tfjgf cg';f/ b]zsf 

s[ifs, sflnu9, sd k"lh+jfn / lgDg cfoju{, 

>lds, e"ldlxg tyf j]/f]huf/ jf ;fdflhs 

sfo{stf{n] ;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfsf] cfly{s tyf 

;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u / 

;xsf/Ltfsf] cfwf/df ljleGg ;xsf/L ;+3 tyf 

;+:yfxsf] u7g ug{] p2]Zojf6 k|]l/t eO{ P]g 

th{'df ePsf] xF'bf g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;xsf/L 

s] xf] eGg] j'em\g ;lsG5 . 

· ;xsf/L cfGbf]ng gful/s ;dfhsf] Ps ;+ul7t 

/ j[xt kIf xf] . o;n] hgtfsf cfsf+Iff / 

cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 

x'G5 . ;xsf/Ln] :jf:Yo, 3/ lgdf{0f -xfplhË_, 

j}lsË ;]jfx k|bfg ug{ 'sf ;fy} n}lus ;dfgtf 

/ lzIff, sfo{stf{xsf] clwsf/ / jftfj/0f 

;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . ;xsf/Lsf ljljw 

s[ofsnfksjf6 ;dfh / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df 

;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpbF5g\ -sf]kmL cGgfg, 

o'Pg dxf;lrj_ . 

· ;xsf/L a[xt cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f kIf xf], h;nfO{ 

;dfg cfjZostf ePsf JolQmxjf6 :j]lR5s 

;+:yfsf] kdf :Yffkgf ul/G5 / pgLx ;dfg 

cfly{s nIo k|fKtLsf] nflu cfk;df cfj4 x'G5g\ 

-eL=Pn=d]xtf_ 

· ;xsf/L Pp6f o:tf] ;+u7g xf], hxfF JolQmn] 

cfkm\gf] cfly{s lxtnfO{ cl3 j9fpg ;dfgtfsf] 

cfwf/df dfgjLo tl/sfn] / :j]R5fn] Ps 

! 

csf{nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . -Pr= sNe6{_ 

· ;xsf/L Pp6f :jtGq / :jfoQ ;+ul7t ;+:yf 

xf], h;df JolQmx :j]R5fn] Plss[t eO{ pgLxsf] 

;femf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cfjZostf 

Pj+ cfsf+Iffx k'/f ug{ cfk;df ldn]/ k|hftflGqs 

tl/sfn] Joj;fo ;+rfng ub{5g\ . 

;+If]kdf ;xsf/L eGgfn] ;dfg cfly{s , ;fdflhs 

tyf ;f+:s[lts cj:yf ePsf JolQmxsf] To:tf] 

:jtGq / :j]lR5s ;+u7g xf], h'g cfkm\gf ;b:oxåf/f 

k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fsf cfwf/df ;+rflnt x'G5 / 

o:fsf] p4]Zo ;b:oxnfO{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb} 

pgLxsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ug{] tkm{ 

nlIft /x]sf] x'G5 . 

;xsf/Lsf lsl;d 

· pkef]Qmf ;xsf/L 

· s[lif ;xsf/L 

· b'Uw ;xsf/L 

· Zf}lIfs ;xsf/L 

· jx'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L 

· ljifout ;xsf/L 

· j}lsË ;xsf/L 

· pTkfbs ;xsf/L 

· >lds ;xsf/L 

· ;]jfd"ns ;xsf/L 

· jhf/Ls/0f ;xsf/L 

· ljlQo ;xsf/L 

· jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L 

u|fld0f ljsf;df ;xsf/Lsf] dxTj 

· kF"lh kl/rfng ug{ 

· jrtdf k|f]T;fxg ug{ 

/fdk|;fb k'nfdL* 

· /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 ug{ 

· vr{df s6f}tL ug{ 

· dWo:tstf{sf] pGd'ng ug{ 

· ;dGoflos ljt/0f ug{ 

· ;§fvf]/L d'Qm ug{ (No speculation) 

· ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ 

;xsf/Lsf] cfjZostf 

· 5l/P/ /x]sf] ;Lk, >f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;+ul7t 

Joj;fo dfkm{t ;+rfng ug{ 

· ;+ul7t Joj;fonfO{ ;xsf/L dfkm{t ;+:yfut 

kdf ;+rfng ug{ 

· ;b:oxsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ug{ 

· Go"g cfo ePsf ju{x ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd ug{ 

k4tLsf] ljsf; ug{ 

· ;d'bfosf] ljsf; u/L ;fdflhs ;]jf efjgf 

hfu[t ug{ 

· lgjf{xd'vL k]zfnfO{ Joj;flos jgfpg 

· :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x ;[hgf u/L :jfjnDjL 

Pj+ cfTdlge{/ x'g 

· ufpFsf] ljsf;, If]qsf] ljsf; / /fi6«sf] ljsf;df 

6]jf k¥'ofpg 

s]lx b]zdf ;xsf/L ljsf;sf] O{ltxf; 

hfkfg 

hfkfgdf ;g\ !()) df klxnf] ;xsf/L P]g 

nfu' eof] / !( cf}+ ;tfAbLsf] kl5Nnf jif{xdf 

w]/} ;xsf/Lx u7g eP . ;g\ !($# df pQm P]g 

;+zf]wg u/L hfkfgL s[ifsxnfO{ ;xsf/Ldf cfj4 

ug{ clgjfo{ ul/of] . ;g\ !($& df s[lif ;xsf/L 

P]g cfof] . To;kl5 cnu cnu k|sf/sf ;xsf/Lsf] 

nflu 5'§f5'§} ;xsf/L P]g nfu' ul/of] . 

ef/t 

k|yd ;xsf/L P]g ;g\ !()$ df lj|l6; ;/sf/sf] 

;dodf nfu' ul/of], h'ga]nf a+unfb]z, kfls:tfg 

/ jdf{ ef/td} lyP . of] P]g ;g\ !(!@ df ;+zf]wg 

u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf ;xsf/LnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; 

eof] . k"gM !($@ df ;+zf]lwt eof] / jx–'k|fb]lzs 

;xsf/L ;+:yf P]g ;g\ !(*$ df nfu' ul/of] h'g 

clxn] ;Dd sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] 5 . 

@ 

a+unfb]z 

a+ufn ;xsf/L P]g ;g\ !($) cGtu{t !($& df 

sfof{Gjog eof] . k"gM ;g\ !(*$ df ;xsf/L ;+:yf 

cWofb]zaf6 ;xsf/L sfof{Gjog e} /x]sf] 5 . 

adf{ 

ef/tLo ;xsf/L P]g ;g\ !()$ kl5 ;g\ !(!( 

df P]g hf/L ,klxnf] s[lif C0f ;xsf/L !()% btf{ 

ul/of] . gofF ;xsf/L P]g !(@& nfu' ul/of] , / 

#) jif{ sfof{Gjog eof], kl5 !(%^, !(^@, !(&) 

df ;+zf]wgx eP / ;g\ !((@ df k"gM ;xsf/L 

P]g nfu' ul/of] . 

kfls:tfg 

ef/taf6 ljefhg ePkl5 kfls:tfgn] aDaO{÷l;Gw 

;xsf/L ;+:yf lgodfjnL !(@% nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbof] 

/ ;g\ !(&^ df ;xsf/L v]tL lgodfjnL agfof] . 

OG8f]g]l;of 

;xsf/L a} +s :yfkgf ;g\ !*(% df eof] . ;a} 

lsl;dsf ;xsf/L lgoGq0f ug{ !((@ df clGtd 

P]g agfof] . 

dn]lzof 

klxnf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf P]g ;g\ !(@@ df kfl/t 

eof] / kl5 cWofb]z dfkm{h ;g\ !($* df kl/jt{g 

ul/of] / k"gM !((# df ;+zf]wg eof] . s[ifs 

;+u7g k|flws/0f P]g !(&# df kfl/t e} /lhi6«f/sf] 

k|fjwfg /fvL s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;xsf/L ;+:yfxn] 

j}wflgstf kfP . 

g]kfn 

g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ;xsf/L ljefu ;g\ !(%^ 

df u7g eof] / ;xsf/L P]g ;g\ !(%( df kfl/t 

eof] / k"gM !(*^ / !((@ df ;+zf]wg e} xfn;Dd 

sfof{Gjogdf 5 . 

lkmlnlkG; 

klxnf] ;xsf/L P]g ;g\ !(!% df u|fld0f C0f 

;xsf/L P]g kf; eof] . cd]l/sL zf;gsfndf ahf/ 

;xsf/L P]g ;g\ !(@& / !(&# df ;+zf]wg e} 

nfu' eP . lkmlnlkG; ;xsf/L cfrf/ ;+lxtf P]g 

;g\ !(*( df kfl/t e} sfof{Gjogdf 5 .





>Ln+sf 

klxnf] ;xsf/L P]g ;g\ !(!! df kfl/t eO{ ;g\ 

!(@!, !(#^ ,!(&@ df cWofb]z / P]g dfkm{t 

;xsf/L P]g ;+zf]wg eO{ ;xsf/L k|j4{g e}/x]sf] 

5 . 

lkmhL 

klxnf] ;xsf/L cWofb]z ;g\ !($& df nfu' 

eof] / ;g\ !((^ df cWofb]z ;+zf]wg e} xfn;Dd 


blIf0f sf]l/of 

@) cf}+ ;tfAbLsf] z'jftdf ;xsf/L u7g 

eP . bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] ;g\ !(%& 

df cfw'lgs s[lif ;xsf/L u7g u/fof] . s[lif ;xsf/L 

P]g !(^!, /fli6«o ;efaf6 cg'df]bg eof] / To;kl5 

ax'p4]ZoLo s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfx u7g ul/P . 

yfO{NofG8 

klxnf] ;xsf/L P]g !(!$ df kfl/t e} !(!^ 

df ;+zf]wg eof] . wfgv]tL ug{ ] s[ifs ;xsf/L u7g 

eP . kl5 ;g\ !(@* / !(^* df ;+zf]wg e} 


rLg 

hg–u0ftGq rLg ag]kl5 s[lif ;xsf/L, k|f/lDes 

s[lif pTkfbs ;xsf/L qmlds kdf sDo"gdf kl/0ft 

eP . ;g\ !(&( df sDo"g k|0ffnL vf/]h 

ul/of] . kl5 u|fld0f ;xsf/Lx u7g eP . s]lx 

If]qdf ljz]if jfnL ÷j:t' ;xsf/L u7g eP . 

;xsf/L ljsf;sf nflu s[lif dGqfno cGtu{t 

;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yf /flvPsf 5g\ . 

;xsf/L Joj:yfkg -s]lx b]zsf cg'ejx_ 

· /fd|f] Joj:yfkgaf6 ;xsf/LnfO{ j9fpg, 

ljljlws/0f ug{ , ahf/Ls/0f / s[lif pTkfbg 

u/fpg ;Ifd ePsf] kfOG5 . 

· z'z'df :yflgo ;xsf/L Joj:yfksn] ;xsf/L 

sfo{qmdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f dfq x}g, n]vf /fVg], 

u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf lbg] / sfof{no ;/;kmfO{ ug{] 

sfd ub{y] . 

· sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf lgb{]zsxn]] v]tjf/L eGbf 

aflx/sf] Joj;foaf/] yf]/} dfq 1fg /fVby] . 

o;} sf/0f w]/} ;xsf/Lx c;kmn eP . 

· o;f] x'g'df cTolws C0f k|jfx, C0f c;'nLdf 

sdL, ahf/Ls/0f sdhf]/, ef}lts ;'ljwf a9fpg', 

j:t' e08f/0fdf Wofg glbg', pTkfbsnfO{ w]/} 

k]ZsL lbg', Joj:yfkssf] x}sd cflb sf/0f 

lyP . 

· log} cg'ejsf cfwf/df If]qLo :t/sf ;xsf/L 

;Ifd / ;an x'Fb} cfP / :yflgo ;xsf/L 

jf]8{sf lgb{ ]zsnfO{ / Joj:yfks Pj+ ;xfosxnfO{ 

tflnd lbg'sf ;fy} ljQ ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0faf/] 

l;sfpg / ;xof]u ug{ yfn] . kl5Nnf lbgxdf 

Joj:yfks, ;xfos Joj:yfks / ljleGg sfo{ 

ljefudf Joj;fodf bIf JolQmx egf{ 

ul/of] . 

· k|foMh;f] b]zdf ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfdf Jofkf/ 

k|zf;g, s[lif Joj;fo, ahf/ Joj:yfkgdf 

:gfts u/]sf JolQmnfO{ egf{ u/L Joj:yfkg 

tflnd lbO{;s]kl5 dfq Joj:yfks kbdf lgo'lQm 

ul/G5 . ;fy} uf]li7 ;]ldgf/df ;xefuL 

u/fO{G5 . 

· ;xsf/L ljefun] ;do;dodf oL ;xsf/L 

;+3÷;+:yfsf Board of Directors / Manager 

Pj+ ;xfos sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg] ub{5g\ . 

· lzIff / tflndsf] dfWodaf6 af]8{sf lgb{ ]zsx 

/ Joj:yfksx Joj;fo / ahf/Ls/0fdf 

hfgsf/ ePkl5 ;xsf/L Joj:yfkgdf Wofg 

lbg yfn] . 

· o;k|sf/ ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfsf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 

e} sf/f]jf/÷Joj;fosf] bfo/f km/flsnf] x'Fb} 

uof] / pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, ahf/Ls/0f, ;]jf, 

ljQ If]qdf k|efjsfl/tf x'Fb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . 

· sltko b]zdf Joj:yfks x'gsf nflu ;xsf/L 

;b:osf] cg'ej !) jif{ jf ;DjlGwt ljifodf 

-cy{zf:q, Joj:yfkg jf s[lif lj1fg jf 

kz'lj1fg jf s[lif Joj;fo Joj:yfkg_ slDtdf 

:gfts u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;}sf/0f ;xsf/L 

Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfO{G5 . 

· ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] k|j4{g, cg'udg / 

lgodgsf nflu s]xL b]zdf ;xsf/L k|flws/0f 

dfkm{t ul/Psf] 5 .cGo b]zdf ;xsf/L ljefujf6 

cg'udg / lgod x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 

· ljZjsf s}og\ b]zdf ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfxsf] 

ljsf; / k|j4{gsf nflu ;xsf/L lzIff sn]h 

/ ljZjljBfno :t/df :gfts, :gftsf]Q/ Pj+ 

ljBfjfl/lw txdf l8u|L k|bfg ul/G5 . log} 

lzlIft ;xsf/L ljb\x of]hgf th{ 'df, sfof{Gjog 

/ cg'udg d"Nofs+g sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] sf/0f 

;xsf/Lsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . 

g]kfndf ;xsf/Lsf] jt{dfg l:ylt 

g]kfndf lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] 

u7g z' ePtfklg ljleGg sl7gfO{sf jfjh'b ;xsf/L 

P]g, @)$* sf] sfof{Gjog kZrft ;+VofTds / 

ljifout Pj+ Joj;flos ljljwtfdf a[l4 ePsf] 

kfOG5 . ;xsf/L If]qn] s]lx /fd|f sfo{xsf] yfngL 

/ pknAwL k|fKt u/]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx 5g\ . j:t' 

tyf ;]jf lj:tf/, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xsf] j9f]Q/L, 

;Lk Pj+ Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u , :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] 

pkof]uaf6 ;fd'bflos Pj+ ;+:yfut ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} 

cfly{s s[ofsnfkxdf of]ubfg ug{ ;xsf/L If]q 

;Ifd x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# / lqjlif{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf klg cfly{s 

ljsf;df ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfgnfO{ klg pNn]v 

Byabasthapanma Sahakari Karmiharuko 

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;xsf/L ;+:yfxdf lj;+ult klg b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . 

cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ;xsf/L lZfIff / tflnd 

tyf k|efjsf/L cg'udg / lgodgaf6 ;xsf/L If]qsf] 

ljsf; Pj+ k|j4{g u/L g]kfnsf] vf;u/L u|fld0f If]qdf 

s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg a9L x'g] ePsf]n] s[lif ;xsf/L 

;+:yfxsf] u7g / kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . 

g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/Lsf] 

;+Vof 5 . jx'p2]lZoo, s[lif, b'Uw, ljB't, t/sf/L, 

kmnkm"n, pkef]Qmf, lj1fg–k|ljlw, slkm, :jf:Yo, lrof, 

hl8a'l6, df}/Lkfng h:tf ;xsf/Lxsf] ;+Vof klg 

j[l4 xF'b} uPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf ;xsf/L gLlt / 

cf}krfl/s ;xsf/L lzIffsf] cefjsf sf/0f klg 

;xsf/L If]qsf] b'|tt/ ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

g]kfndf ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] ls;Ld, ;+Vof, k"FhL / artsf] l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M 

>f]t= ;xsf/L ljefu, @)^& 

* n]vs s[lif ;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb|, xl/x/ejgdf 

k|d'v -/f= k= k|yd k|f_ kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . 

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L 

1. Fajardo, F. R and Albella F.P 1999 , Cooperatives: 

Fourth Edition , Rex Book Store, Inc. Manila, 

Phillippines 

2. Pulami, R.P.2008."Prabhavkari Sahaakari 

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Bhumika" (Nepali Version) ,Kharo Bichar weekly 

Newsletter, July 14 and 21, 2008, Surkhet Nepal. 

3. The Himalayan Times: March 20, 2011. Who's 

monitoring the Cooperatives Himalayan News 

Service, The Himalayan Times Perspective 

Kathmandu , Nepal 

4. ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* g]kfn ;/sf/ 

5. ;xsf/L ljefu, @)^& Mjflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg


cfn'sf] 89'jf /f]uM Joj:yfkg tyf lgoGq0f 

aLp cfn' pd|g * l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd rflxg] ePtf klg @) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8sf] 

tfkqmddf o;sf] /fd|f] pTkfbg x'G5 . cfn' v]tLaf6 yf]/} hUufdf klg clwstd 

cfly{s nfe lng ;lsg] xF'bf o;sf] nf]slk|otf a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 . 

kl/roM 

;+;f/sf d'Vo vfBafnLx dWo] k|lt x]S6/ 

pTkfbgdf klxnf] / s"n pTkfbgdf rf}yf] :yfg 

cf]u6\g ;kmn cfn'afnL xfd|f] b]zdf s/La @)) 

jif{ cl3b]lv nufO{b} cfO{Psf] 5 . aLp cfn' pd|g 

* l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd rflxg] ePtf klg @) 

l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8sf] tfkqmddf o;sf] /fd|f] pTkfbg 

x'G5 . cfn' v]tLaf6 yf]/} hUufdf klg clwstd 

cfly{s nfe lng ;lsg] xF 'bf o;sf] nf]slk|otf a9\b} 

uPsf] kfO{G5 . Jojl:yt tl/sfn] v]tL ug{ g;s]sf] 

v08df 89'jf h:tf dfxfdf/L /f]u nfu]/ ;Dk"0f{ 

afnL gi6 x'g] x'Fbf s[ifsx o;af6 3f6f Joxf]{g 

klg jfWo ePsf] kfOG5 . cfn'afnLsf] d'Vo zq'sf 

kdf /x]sf] of] /f]u Ps k|sf/sf] 9";Lsf sf/0fn] 

nfU5 . kmfO6f]Kyf]/f Ogkm]:6fG; (Phytophthora 

infestans) gfds 9";Laf6 nfUg] of] /f]u ;j{k|yd 

g]kfndf @)#@ ;fndf b]lvPsf] lyof] . of] /f]u 

dfxfdf/Lsf] kdf km}lnPdf () k|ltzt;Dd pTkfbgdf 

gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . ljjf x's]{kl5 cfn'sf] 

kft, 8fF7 tyf u]8f ;a} efudf tyf h'g cj:yfdf 

klg nfUg ;Sg] of] /f]u e08f/0fsf] ;dodf ;d]t 

b]vf kb{5 . lrtjgdf ul/Psf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ 

of] /f]u sflt{s dWo ;dob]lv df3sf] dWo;Dd a9L 

dfqfdf nfUg] ub{5 . g]kfndf of] /f]u t/fO{df hf8f] 

;do / kxf8df udL{ ;dodf w]/} nfUb5 . 

!*$% df o'/f]kdf of] /f]u dfxfdf/Lsf] kdf 

km}lnbf cfONof08df k"0f{ kdf cfn' afnL gi6 u/L 

ef]sd/L x' Fbf nfvf}sf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] . v]tjf/Ldf 

o;sf] c;/ sd b]lvg] ePtf klg pTkfbg ln+bf 

/ e08f/0f ubf{ s'lxg uO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fg u/fpg] 

x'G5 . To;}n] j}1flgsx ljleGg tl/sfaf6 of] /f]usf] 

lgoGq0f ug{ k|of;/t 5g\ . g]kfndf o;af6 cf};t 

!% k|ltzt dfq Ifltsf] d'NofÍg ug]{ xf] eg] klg 

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d]= 6g_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf k|lt jif{ # ca{ ^@ 

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jlzi7 cfrfo{* 

nIf0fx 

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lgDg cg';f/ 5M 

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;–;fgf kfgLsf] yf]kfn] sk8f leh]sf] h:tf] 

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af]6x, emf/kftsf 7"6fx, /f]uu|:t aLpx o; 

/f]usf ;|f]tx x'g\ . 

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/ ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf *%–(% k|ltzt /x]s]f cj:yfdf 

of] /f]u ltj| kdf km}lnb} hfG5 / s]xL lbgleq} - 

k|foM & lbgdf_ cfn'sf] k"/} v]t 89]nf] nfu]s]f h:tf] 

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aLhx k}bf x'G5g\ . oL aLhxåf/f h/fdf klxnf] 

cfqmd0f x'G5 cyjf xfjfåf/f oL aLhx Kfm}lnO 

kftdf jf cGo hldg dflysf] efuxdf cfqmd0f 

ub{5 . vf;u/L 89'jf /f]usf] k|sf]k a9\gsf] nflu 

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kb{5 . 

Ø sd;]sd $ 306f;Dd /ftdf lzt k/]sf] . 

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Ø ef]nL kN6 jfbn nfu]sf] . 

Ø @$ 306f leq clnslt jiff{ ePsf] . 

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kdf km}nfp5 . @$ 306f leq} hDd} afnL ;vfk 

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dxfdf/Lsf] k lnG5 . 

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k5{ . 

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ePsf]n] l;kmfl/; eGbf afSnf] u/L g/f]Kg] . 

Ø Dff};dsf] ljrf/ u/L 7Ls–7Ls dfqfdf l;+rfO{ 

ug'{k5{ / ;fy} lgsf;sf] Joj:yfkg ldnfpg] . 

l;+rfO{åf/f klg /f]u km}lng ;S5 . 

Ø plrt dnvfbsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . dn k|of]u 

ubf{ gfO6«f]hg !)) s]hL, km:kmf]/; !)) s]hL 

/ kf]6f; ^) s]hL k|lt x]S6/ k|of]u ug'{ 

pko'Qm dflgG5 . 

Ø /f]u nfu]s]f If]qsf] aLp k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . 

/f]u /lxt aLp 5gf}6 ug'{ k5{ . 

cfn' pTkfbg ln+bf 3dfOnf] / ;'Vvf lbgdf 

Ø 

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ug' {k5{ tfsL kmn lr;f] gxf];\ . e08f/0f ubf{ 

klg /f]u nfu]sf] / gnfu]sf] 5'6\ofpg' k5{ . 

Ø /f]un] ;+qmfds k lng ;Sg] cj:yfdf /fd|f] 

ps]/f lbPdf bfgfdf /f]un] c;/ ug{ kfpb}g 

. vGg' !% lbg cufj} cfn' bfgf df6f]d} /fvL 

;Dk"0f{ af]6x x6fpg] . h;n] ubf{ vGg ;xh 

x'g'sf ;fy} kmn /fd|f] x'g] ub{5 . 

Ø w]/} ;fgf] cfsf/sf aLp k|of]u ug{ x' Fb}g, ;fgf] 

aLpx /f]uL x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} /xG5 . 

Ø lg/Gt/ cg'udg ul//xg' k5{ / /f]uL ljjf 

b]lvgf ;fy x6fO{lbg' k5{ tfsL cdf ;g{ 

gkfcf];\ . 

@_ df};d cg'ksf] ;'/Iffåf/fM 

/f]u nfUg] cg's"n jftfj/0f 5Ng] u/L pko'Qm 

;dodf cfn' /f]Kg], sDtLdf /f]k]sf] &% lbg;Dd 

/f]usf] jftfj/0f gcfcf];\ . h:tf] ls t/fO{df 

d+l;/–k'if dlxgfdf /f]un] a9L c;/ ug] { ePsf] x' Fbf 

c;f]h jf d+l;/sf] cGTo tyf kf}if dlxgfsf] z'df 

nufPsf] afnLdf 89'jf /f]usf] k|sf]k sd 

x'g] u5{ . 

#_ /f]u cj/f]ws hftåf/fM 

Kf"0f{ kdf 89'jf cj/f]ws hftx pknAw gePtfklg 

w]/} xb;Dd cj/f]ws ePsf hftxåf/f lgoGq0f ug{ 

;lsG5 . o:tf hftxdf s'lk|mHof]lt, v'dn;]tf]–!, 

s'lk|m afbzfx, hgsb]j, v'dn nIdL, sfl8{gn, v'dn 

/ftf] cflb 5g\ . 

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s_ ljp pkrf/ u/LM 

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;d]t k'u]sf] x'G5 . aLpaf6 klg /f]u ;g{ ;Sg] 

ePsfn] j]e]li6g gfds 9";Lgfzs ljiffbL )=)!% 

aLpdf /fd|/L ldnfO{ aLp pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 cyjf 

8fOy]g Pd–$% jf JnfO6f]S;–%) gfds 9";Lgfzs 

ljiffbL @–# u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ emf]n 

agfO{ To;n] e08f/0f ug'{k"j{ pkrf/ ug]{ . o;sf 

;fy} aLpnfO{ !M!))) d/s/L Snf]/fO8sf] emf]ndf 

8'afP/ klg pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . 

v_ emf]n agfP/ 5s{g]M 

/f]u km}ngaf6 arfpgsf] nflu emf]n agfP/ ljiffbL 

5s{g ;lsG5 . cfn' /f]k]s]f @! lbgkl5 cyjf ^–* 

OGr nfdf] ePkl5 klxnf] k6s 5s{g] / k|To]s !)





lbgsf] km/sdf 5s{g ;lsG5, o;/L hDdf $–% 

k6s;Dd ljiffbL 5g'{k5{ . d'Vo u/L o;df k|of]u 

ug{ ;lsg] ljiffbLx 8fOy]g Pd–$% jf JnfO6f]S;–%) 

@–# u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ . w]/} jif{ 

nuftf/ d]6fNoflS;no' 'Qm ljiffbLx Kf|of]u x' Fb} cfPsf] 

t/ ;f]af6 89'jfsf] /f]syfd x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 

5 eg], o;sf] ;§f 8fO{d]yf]kmd{ -Pu|f]Jof6_ jf 

Snf]/f]Yofnf]lgg jf sk/cS;LSnf]/fO8 -JnfO6;–%)_ 

h:tf ljiffbLx lgb] {lzt dfqf cg';f/ k|of]u ul/Pdf 

89'jf /f]usf] /f]syfd x'g ;S5 . Psk6s 8fOy]g 

Pd–$% / csf]{k6s JnfO6S;–%) jf kmfO6f]nfg 

5g'{ a9L k|efjsf/L kfOPsf] 5 . 

u_ aLp e08f/0fM 

aLp e08f/0f plrt e]lG6n];g ePsf] 7fpFdf 

ug' {k5{ . sf]7fsf] tfkqmd %–^ l8u|L ;]lG6u| ]8 eGbf 

tn x'g'kb{5 . aLpnfO{ e08f/0f ug'{ k"j{ cuf{lgs 

dls{/Ln] aLpnfO{ pkrf/ ug'{k5{ . 

3_ h}ljs ljiffbLåf/fM 

Afhf/df kfOg] lgk|f]6 -6«fOsf]8/df lel/8L_ Ps 

lsl;dsf] h}ljs ljiffbL xf] . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 klg 

89'jf /f]u w]/} dfqfdf lgoGq0f x'g] u/]sf] 

kfOG5 . o;nfO{ lgk|f]6 !) u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 

ld;fP/ 5g{ ;lsG5 . ljiffbL 5bf{ kftsf] tn, dfly, 

8fF7 cflb ;a} efu /fd|f];+u leHg] u/L 5g'{k5{ . 

zLtdf jf dWofGgsf] rsf] { 3fddf 5g' { x' Fb}g / ;fy} 

kfgL gk/]sf] a]nf 5g'{kb{5 . 

;f/f+;M 

;+;f/sf d'Vo vfBafnLx dWo] pTkfbsTjsf] cfwf/df 

klxnf] / g]kfnsf] rf}yf] k|d'v vfBafnLsf] kdf 

/x]sf] cfn'afnLsf] pTkfbg a9fpg ;s]sf] v08df 

o;n] k|lt OsfO{ hUufsf] pTkfbgdf c afnLnfO{ 

;lhn}l;t pl5Gg ;Sb5 . o;sf] k|d'v zq'sf] kdf 

/x]sf] 89'''jf /f]usf] plrt lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]sf] 

v08df cfn'v]tLaf6 k|z:t cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 

. of] /f]u nflu;s] kl5 lgoGq0f ug{ u|fxf] x'g] x' Fbf 

/f]u nfUg' k"j{ ;t{stf{ ckgfO{ nfUg glbg' g} j]; 

x'G5 . o;sf] nflu afnL nufpg' k"j{ aLp pkrf/ 

b]lv afnL nufO{ ;s]sf] @! lbgkl5 !) lbgsf] 

km/sdf cj:yf x]/L 9";Lgfzs ljiffbLx 5gf{n] 

;xh} lgoGq0f x'g ;S5 . o;sf ;fy} v]tL ug]{ 

tl/sf, ;do / k|lt/f]ws hftsf] 5gf}6 u/]/ klg 

w]/} xb;Dd /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L 

89'jfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]sf] 

v08df cfn' v]tLaf6 dgUo cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug{ 

;lsg] s'/f :ki6 5 . o;n] s[ifsxsf] cfo cfh{gdf 

a[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} hLjg:t/ psf:gdf klg o;n] 7"nf] 

e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . 

*n]vs s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg /fdk'/df 

cWoog/t cf7f} ;qfGtdf cWoog/t x'g'x'G5 . 

;Gbd{ ;fdfu|Lx 

· v}/uf]nL nIdLk|;fb, @)#&= cfn'afnL, ;xof]uL 

k]|;, sf7df08f} 

· lh=s[=ljsf= lrtjg, @)^@= s[lif a'n]l6g— 

sflt{s, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lrtjg 

· s[lif å}dfl;s aif{ $@, c+s @ s[lif ;"rgf 

tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb| xl/x/ejg . 

· Shrestha,Sundarman. 1989. Final report on 

studies of late blight of Potato and Tomato in 

Chitwan valley, Nepal,TU, Department of plant 

pathology IAAS, Rampur 

· Singh Chhidda , Prem Singh, Rajbir Singh, 2004. 

Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops, 

,Oxford and IBH publishing co.pvt.ltd. New 

Delhi pp 501-518. 

· Pandey B.P, 1994. Text book of Plant Pathology. 

S.Chand and company ltd.Ramnagar, New Delhi 

pp 320-328. 

· Shrivastav A.K , 2000. Principles of Plant 

Pathology and Diseases. Pragati Prakashan, 

Meerut pp 89-92 

· Agrios, George N, 2008. Plant Pathology. Elsevier 

a division of Reed Elsevier India Private ltd, New 

Delhi. pp 421-426 

KnfG6 lSnlgs Ps hfgsf/L tyf ;+rfng 

!= kl/roM 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ (Plant Clinic) sf] z'jft 

;+o'Qm clw/fHoaf6 ;g\ @))@ df ePsf] xf] . 

/f]yfd; l/;r{ / s]lGb|o la1fg k|of]uzfnf;+u cfa4 

/x]sf] Unf]an Knf06 lSnlgs (Global Plant Clinic) 

(CABI) åf/f Aoa:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . afnL pkrf/ 

lzlj/ xfn cfP/ @% eGbf al9 b]zxdf sl/a 

*) eGbf al9 lgoldt tyf kfOn6 lzlj/x 

;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . dflg;, hgfj/sf] /f]u Pj+ 

;d:ofxsf] pkrf/sf] nflu x/]s b]zdf oy]i6 

dfqfdf c:ktfn / lSnlgsx v'n]sf b]lvG5g\ . 

t/ jfnL lajfsf] nflu slxF klg To:tf] b]lvb}g. 

af]lnleof klxnf] b]z xf]; h;n] jfnL pkrf/ 

lzlj/sf] ;f]rnfO{ nfu" u–of] . km/s-km/s 9+uaf6 

afnL pkrf/sf tl/sfx ckgfO{P tfklg plrt 

;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfgfsf nflu afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ 

lgs} pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;df ckgfOPsf tl/sf / 

Plss[t ;d:of ;dfwfg k|s[of dxTjk"0f{ / k|efasf/L 

;flat eO{ ;s]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf 

Nofpg' g]kfn h:tf] lasf;f]Gd'v b]zsf nflu emg} 

k|efasf/L b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] kl/a]zdf x]g] { xf] eg] 

s]lGb|o txdf afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, g]kfn s[lif 

cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, If]lqo txdf If]lqo s[lif lgb] {zgfno, 

If]lqo afnL ;+/If0f k|of]uzfnf x'Fb} lhNnf txdf 

lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no cGtu{t afnL ;+/If0f 

clws[t / s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| tyf pk s]Gb|xdf h]=l6= 

jf h]=l6=P= x afnL pkrf/df ;+nUg b]lvG5g\ . 

Unf]an Knf06 lSnlgsn] afnL pkrf/ lzlj/x 

;+rfng / :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u/] kl5 laleGg 

b]zx h:t}M a+ufnfb]z, a]lgg, af]lnleof, Sofdfg, 

So"jf, s+uf], lulg, ef/t, OG8f]g]lzof, s]Gof, dfnL, 

g]kfn, lgsf/fu'jf, kfls:tfg, k], o'uf08f, leotgfd, 

;]/f lnof]g / >LnÍf cflb b]zxdf ls;fgxn] 

k|ToIf kmfObf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . Unf]an Knf06 lSnlgsn] 

;g\ @))$ df afnL pkrf/ lzlj/sf] z'jft u/]sf] 

kfOG5 . af]lnleof klxnf] b]z xf]]; h;n] KnfG6 

x]Ny kf]i6 z' u/]sf] 5 eg] lgsf/fu'jfn] cfkm\gf] 

cf}krfl/s lzIffdf KnfG6 8fS6/sf] sf];{ ;g\ @))% 

& * 

8f= o'js Wjh hL=;L* 

df /fv]sf] kfOG5 . 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ lgoldt ;+rfng ug] { b]zxdf 

g]kfn gjf} :yfgdf kb{5 . ;g\ @))* sf] l8;]Da/df 

KnfG6 8fS6/ s;/L aGg] eGg] lzif{sdf jN8{ lehg 

OG6/g]zgn gfds Ps cGt/fli6«o u|}x| ;/sf/L 

;+:yfn] Unf]an KnfG6 lSnlgssf Ol/s af] / /f]a 

xlnª af6 klxnf] df]8o'nsf] tflndaf6 @# hgf 

dflg;xnfO{ tflnd lbPkl5 pQm ;+:yf / ;]sf8{ 

gfds Ps u}|x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 lgoldt kdf 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ z'jft u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 

ndh'Ë l:yt jftfa/0f tyf cfly{s lasf; s]Gb| 

-l;8 g]kfn_, jftfa/0f tyf ;fdflhs lasf; s]Gb| 

-;]sf]8 g]kfn_ gfdsf b'O{ u}|x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] 

klg nuftf/ o; afnL pkrf/ lzlj/sf] ;+rfng 

u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ @)!) df ;f]lx jN8{ lehg 

OG6/g]zgn gfds cGt/fli6«o u|}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] 

Unf]an KnfG6 lSnlgssf /f]a xlnª af6 klxnf] 

df]8o'nsf] tflnd nlntk'/df u/fP kl5 Osf8{ g]kfn 

/ d]8 g]kfn eGg] b'O{ u}|x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] klg 

o;sf] z'jft u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

o;sf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]g] { xf] eg] ;f]lx jN8{ lehg 

OG6/g]zgn gfds cGt/fli6«o u|}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] 

Unf]an KnfG6 lSnlgssf /f]a xlnª af6 k'gM klxnf] 

df]8o'nsf] tflnd a'6jndf u/fPsf] kfOG5 / bf];|f] 

/ t];|f] df]8o'nsf] tflnd ndh'Ë lhNnfdf u/fPsf] 

kfOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno 

cGtu{t afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] ;g\ @)!! df 

cfP/ cfkm\gf clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/LxnfO{ o;sf] 

tflnd Uf/fPsf] kfOG5 . 

@= afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ lsg < 

afnL lajfdf /f]u, sL/f / cGo ;d:ofxsf] 

sf/0fn] ubf{ x'g] IfltnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] sl/j #) 

k|ltzt b]lv !)) k|ltzt ;Dd g} eO{ dflg;x 

ef]sd/Lsf] sf/0f dg{ afWo ePsf] Oltxf; klg 

5 . k|fo ;a} b]zxdf ls;fgxn] afnL lajfxsf 

;d:ofxsf] ;lx pkrf/ k|fKt ul//x]sf 5}gg\]; 

h;df afnL pkrf/ k|0ffnL / ck|efasf/L pkrf/

{ 





k|0ffnL b]lvg cfpFb5g\ . ls;fgx of t Pu|f]e]6xdf 

jf dx+uf afnL /f]u laz]if1xdf lajfsf] pkrf/sf 

nflu e/ kg' { kg] { b]lvG5 . cem} lhNnf s[lif lasf; 

sfof{no cGtu{t afnL ;+/If0f clws[t / s[lif ;]jf 

s]Gb| tyf pk s]Gb|xdf h]=l6= jf h]=l6=P=x df 

e/ k/]sf ls;fgxn] ;dod} / ;lx afnL pkrf/ 

kfPsf] b]lvb}g ;h;df Pp6f ;]jf s]Gb|n] w]/} 

uf=la=;=x x]g'{, lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf /x]sf] lhNnf 

s[lif lasf; sfof{no;Dd ls;fgx k'Ug g;Sg' kof{Kt 

1fg / l;ksf] cefjdf ;]jf s]Gb|af6 k|fljlws ;xof]u 

k'Ug g;Sg' h:tf sf/0fxn] ubf{ Psflt/ s[lif 

dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf lgsfoxaf6 ls;fgxn] 

;dodf / afnL lajfsf] /f]u, sL/f, df6f], kf]if0f 

tyf cGo sf/0fxn] x'g] ;d:ofx ;+alGw plrt 

;]jf ;Nnfx kfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] csf]{tkm{ 

ls;fg / If]lqo afnL ;+/If0f k|of]uzfnfx Pj+ lhNnf 

jf s]Gb|df /x]sf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf 

sfof{nolar ;dGjosf/L ;+:yfsf] cefa /x]sf 

5g\ . Pu|f]e]6af6 lbOg] ;]jf x]g]{ xf] eg] ls;fgn]] 

df}lvs -eg]sf]_ e/df / lagf s'g} lgl/If0f tyf 

k/LIf0faf6 laiffbLx lbOg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm laiffbL 

slt dfqfdf k|of]u ug]{ / s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] 

1fg l;ksf] cefjdf cGwfw'Gb laiffbL 5g]{ k|s[ofsf 

sf/0f Psftkm{ ls;fgxsf] nufgL v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 

eg] cs]f{tkm{ ;dodf g} ;d:of ;dfwfg gx'g' / 

laiffbLsf] k|of]un] dflg;, hLjhGt' / jftfa/0fdf 

gsf/fTds c;/ kg' { /x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ Pp6f kl/If0f 

tyf ;To tYodf cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ e/kbf] { afnL 

pkrf/ k2ltsf] cfaZostf 68\sf/f] 5 ;h;sf] 

;dfwfg eg]sf] afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ g} xf] . 

#= afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ s;/L ;+rfng ug]{ < 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ gofF ePsf]n] o;nfO{ laleGg 

b]zdf laleGg tl/sfaf6 ;+rfng ul/Psf] 

b]lvG5 . slxF afnL c:ktfn, slxF Pp6f Pu|f]e]6 

h:tf] kdf t slxF 3'lDt kdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] 

b]lvG5, h'g;'s} kdf ;+rfngdf cfP tf klg cGtt 

o;af6 lbOg] ;]jf eg] x/]s 7fpFdf k|foM Ps} 

lsl;dsf] x'G5 . afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng ug'{ 

eGbf klxn] o;sf] cfjZostf sxfF 5, slxn], s;/L 

;+rfng ug]{, ls;fgxnfO{ s;/L va/ ug]{, s] s] 

;fdfu|Lx cfjZos kb{5g\ / To;df s-s;sf] 

;xof]u cfjZos kb{5 cfbL af/] hfgsf/L kfpg' 

h/L b]lvG5 . h;sf af/]df o;kl5 la:t[t kdf 

a0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . 

#=! afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng ug'{ k"j{ 

s_ o;sf] cfaZostf s;/L yfxf kfpg] < 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng ug'{ eGbf klxn] 

;+rfng ul/g] 7fpFdf of] cfjZos 5 sL 5}g eg] 

;a] {If0f ul/g' plrt x'G5 . ;a] {If0f laleGg tl/sfxaf6 

ug{ ;lsG5, h:t}:pQm If]qdf /f]u, sL/f / cGo 

;d:ofx s:tf s:tf 5g\ / slt ulDe/ k|s[ltsf 

5g\ < To; 7fpFaf6 pTkflbt a:t'xdf /f]u, sL/f 

/ cGo ;d:ofx b]lvG5g\ sL b]lvb}gg\ < ls;fgxn] 

;d:ofsf] af/]df s] eGb5g\ jf ls;fg;+usf] cGtjf{tf 

< pQm If]qdf afnL lajfsf] /f]ux eofgs eP/ 

afnL lajf ;vfk x'g] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 ls 5}g 

jf ls;fgxn] afnL lajfdf ;d:ofx Eff]u]sf 5g 

sL 5}gg\ cflb . 

v_ lzlj/sf] of]hgf s;/L ug]{ < 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfngsf nflu of]hgf 

agfpFbf ;+rfng ul/g] 7fpF, ldlt, ;do, ;fdfu|Lsf] 

;+sng, k|rf/k|;f/ / lhDDf]jf/L afF8kmfF8 cflb af/] 

Wofg lbg' kb{5 . klxn] 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 eO;s]kl5 

pQm 7fpFdf sfof{/t cGo ;/sf/L jf u} |x| ;/sf/L 

;+:yfx;+u ;dGjo / ;Dk{s h/L kb{5 To; 

kZrft afnL lzlj/ ;+rfngsf nflu tflnd k|fKt 

k|flalwsx, lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] ;"rgfsf k|jfx, 

lzlj/sf nflu btf{, lSnlgs /lhi6/, k]|l:sK;g 

cflbsf] of]hgf ug'{ kb{5 . 

u_ ;dGjo / ;Dks{ s;/L ug]{ < 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfngsf nflu of]hgf 

agfO;s]kl5 ToxfF /x]sf cGo ;/f]sf/ jfnf 

lgsfox;+u ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug'{ kb{5; h;n] 

ubf{ pQm 7fpFdf lzlj/ ;+rfngsf nflu ;xof]u 

k'Ug'sf ;fy} k|efasf/L x'g hfG5 . pQm If]qsf 

;/f]sf/jfnfx;+u s;/L / s'g tl/sf ckgfP/ 

;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug{ ;lsG5 o; af/] ;f]Rg' 

kb{5 . 

3_ s'g 7fpFdf ug]{ < 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ laleGg 7fpFdf ;+rfng ug{ 

;lsG5 h:t}M :s"n, sn]h, ;fd'bflos ejg, ;xsf/L 

;+:yfsf] ejg, Pu|f]e]6, xf6 ahf/, a; kfs{, ofq' 

k|ltIffno cflb . 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ olb klxnf] k6s ;+rfng 

ug{ nfluPsf] xf] eg] ;+rfng ug] { 7fpF dflg;xsf] 

;lhn} / w]/} cfjthfjt x'g] eP;Dd xf6 ahf/ 

jf ahf/sf] glhs al9 pko'Qm x'G5, lsgsL ahf/ 

jf xf6 ahf/df ls;fgx al9 cfpg] / ahf/df 

lalqmsf] ;fy} lzlj/df klg ;d:ofo'Qm afnL lajf 

Nofpg ;lhnf] x'G5 ; h;n] ubf{ b'j} tl/sfaf6 

ls;fgx nfeflGjt x'g hfG5g\ . 

olb lzlj/ s''g} Ps 7fpFdf dfq ug]{ xf] eg] 

pQm :yfg ls;fgxnfO{ kfos kg]{ ahf/df x'g' 

cfaZos 5 ; h;n] ubf{ pgLx ahf/ ug' {sf ;fy} 

lzlj/ klg cfpg ;Sb5g\ . lzlj/af6 kms]{kl5 

klg lzlj/df l;kmfl/; ul/Psf a:t'x lsg]/ 3/ 

n}hfg ;Sb5g\ . 

3'lDt lzlj/ ;+rfng ug{ nfluPsf] xf] eg] of] 

ls;fgxsf] ufpF, 6f]n jf ;d'bfodf pko'Qm 

x'G5 . 3'lDt lzlj/ ;+rfnfgfy{ laz]if1x pQm 

7fpF;Dd hfg] x'gfn] ls;fgxnfO{ kfos kg]{ 7fpF 

/f]Hg' /fd|f] x'G5, h;n] ubf{ ls;fgxsf] ;dosf] 

art x'gfsf] ;fy} lzlj/af6 nfeflGjt ls;fgx 

klg al9 x'G5g\ . 

ª_ slxn] / sxfF ug]{ < 

lzlj/ ;+rfng ubf{ ;fj{hlgs labfsf] lbg kfg' 

clt pkof]uL x'G5, lsgsL ls;fgx cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf 

cGo ;b:oxnfO{ 3/, v]tsf] sfddf nufP/ cfkm' 

lzlj/ cfpg ;Sb5g\ . csf] {tkm{ cfkm} pkl:yt x'g 

g;Sg] ls;fgxn] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox klg 

lzlj/df k7fpg ;Sb5g\ . lzlj/df k'lu;s]kl5 

klg s]lx ;do cfkm\gf] kfnf] kv{g' kg] { x'gfn] pQm 

;do klg ls;fgxn] w}o{ ;fy lbg ;Sb5g\ . 

lzlj/ ;+rfng ug]{ 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ ls;fgnfO{ 

kfos kg] { ePdf al9 eGbf al9 ls;fgxn] To;af6 

kmfObf lng ;Sb5g\ . lzlj/sf] ;"rgf k|jfx ubf{ 

lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] :yfg, ldlt / ;do :ki6 kdf 

ls;fgxnfO{ lbg' kb{5 . 

r_ ls;fgnfO{ s;/L hfgsf/L lbg] < 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng ug' { k"j{ ls;fgxnfO{ 

hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 tadfq lzlj/ x'g nfu]sf] af/] 

ls;fgx hfgsf/ x'G5g\ / cfkm\gf ;d:ofx lnP/ 

ls;fgx pkl:yt x'G5g\ . lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] lbg 

eGbf hlt w]/} cufl8 ;"rgf lbg ;lsG5 Tolt /fd|f] 

x'G5 t/ nfdf] cjlw 5 eg] lar lardf klg 

;"rgf bf]xf]/\ofO{ /xg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftofM ! xKtf 

cuf8L lnlvt dfWod h:t}M kDn]6, kf]i6/ / xft] 

( !) 

krf{ dfkm{t lbOPsf] hfgsf/L cGo eGbf al9 

k|efjsf/L kfOPsf] 5 . lzlj/sf] af/] hfgsf/L w]/} 

lsl;dsf ;+rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u u/]/ ug{ 

;lsG5 . h:t}M lnlvt, df}lvs cflb . 

!= lnlvt ;+rf/sf] dfWoaf6 

s_ xft] krf{, kDn]6 / kf]i6/xsf] k|of]u u/]/ 

lzlj/ ;+rfng ug'{ k"j{ :yfg, ldlt / ;do 

lglZrt eO{ ;s]kl5 xft] krf{x, kDn]6 / kf]i6/x 

k|sfzg ug'{ kb{5 . k|sfzg ubf{ :yfg, ldlt / 

;donfO{ clns km/s / :ki6 b]lvg] /+uxsf] k|of]u 

u/]/ tof/ ug' { kb{5 ;fy} lzlj/df lajf jf afnL 

lajfsf efux NofpFbf s] s:tf efux Nofpg] 

eGg] ;"rgf klg To;df lbg' kb{5 . lzlj/ ;+rfng 

x'g' eGbf ! xKtf cufl8 g} tL krf{x, kDn]6 / 

kf]i6/x ;DalGwt :yfgdf lat/0f ug]{ jf 6fF:g] 

ul/ ;Sg' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ ls;fgx lzlj/df 

/f]u af]6 lajf Nofpg of]hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ . 

@_ df}lvs ;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 

d'vn] af]n]/ ul/g] ;+rf/sf dfWodx o;df 

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M dfOlsª, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 

JolQm, cflb . o;df d'Vo ofb ug'{ kg]{ s'/fxdf 

eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/fx :ki6 x'g' kb{5 .h:t}M dfOs 

jf :yflgo Pkm=Pd, /]l8of] / l6=le=sf] k|of]u ubf{ 

To;af6 k|zf/0f x'g] ;dfrf/ ;fdfGo efiffdf bf]xf]/f] 

cy{ gnfUg] / afnL pkrf/ lzlj/df s]-s] Nofpg 

;lsg], s:tf -s:tf ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg kfpg], 

pQm lzlj/ sxfF, slxn] / s'g ;dodf ;+rfng 

x'g] xf] :ki6 x'g' kb{5 . 

s_ dfOlsª u/]/ 

lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] :yfg, ;do / ldltaf/] 

dfOssf] k|of]u u/]/ hfgsf/L ug{ ;lsG5;h;sf 

nflu olb lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] :yfgaf6 ls;fgx 

glhs} 5g\ eg] lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] cl3Nnf] lbgdf 

/ clns 6f9f 5g\ eg] @ jf # lbg cuf8L 

hfgsf/L lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . o;df Ps JolQmn] lzlj/ 

;+rfng x'g] :yfg, ldlt / ;do ;fy} lzlj/df 

Nofpg ;lsg] afnL lajfx / Nofpg' kg] { efuxaf/] 

n]lvPsf] sfuh :ki6 kdf k9\g] ug' { kb{5 / lzlj/ 

;+rfng x'g] :yfg, ;do / ldltnfO{ w]/} k6s 

bf]xf]/fO{ k9\g' kb{5 . dfOs af]Sg] JolQm k}bn lx8]/, 

df]6/ ;fOsn, ;fOsn jf uf8L cflbaf6 ;+DalGwt 

7fpF ;Dd dfOlsª ub}{ hfg' kb{5 .





v_ :yflgo Pkm=Pd /]l8of] / l6=le af6 ;"rgf lbg] 

lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] :yfg, ;do, ldlt lzlj/df 

Nofpg ;lsg] afnL lajfx tyf o;sf efux 

/ o;sf] ;+sng ug]{ tl/sfsf] af/]df :yflgo 

Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] / l6=le=af6 ;"rgf jf ;"rgf d'ns 

hfgsf/L k|;f/0f ug'{ kb{5 . of] hfgsf/L k|;f/ 

ubf{ cfsif{s, ld7f] tyf ;/n efiffdf k|;f/0f ug'{ 

kb{5 . /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f ubf{ lzlj/af6 k|ToIf 

kmfObf lng] ls;fgxsf] ;d'bfodf ;'lgg] Pkm=Pd 

af6 k|;f/0f ug' { kb{5 / ;do ls;fgsf] km';{b jf 

/]l8of] / l6=le= ;'Gg] ;dosf ;fy} laxfg a]n'sfsf] 

g]kfnL ;dfrf/sf] cufl8 jf k5fl8 k|;f/0f ug'{ 

al9 k|efjsf/L x'G5 . tn lrqdf :yflgo Pkm=Pd= 

nfO{ afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfngsf nflu lbOPsf] 

;"rgf b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

u_ :yflgo :t/df /x]sf ;+3 ;+:yfx / ltlgxsf 

sd{rf/Lx dfkm{t ;"rgf lbg] . 

;'j0f{ cj;/ Û ;'j0f{ cj;/ Û Û ;'j0f{ cj;/ Û Û Û 

s] tkfO{+n] nufpg' ePsf] t/sf/L, cGg, kmnkm"n 

tyf d;nf jfnLdf s'g} ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5< cyjf 

v]taf/Ldf /fd|f] pTkfbg x'Fb}g< sL/f, km6\of+u|f, nflx 

h:tf laleGg lsl;dsf sL/f, /f]u tyf ;d:ofxn] ubf{ 

pTkfbg x'g 5f8]sf] 5< olb 5 eg] ca lrGtf dfGg' 

kb}{g . tkfO{+nfO{ cfaZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofxsf] 

;dfwfgsf] nflu x/]s dlxgfsf] bf];|f] zlgjf/ lrtjgsf] 

ldngrf]sdf /x]sf] s[lif xf6df / rf}yf] zlgjf/ 

gf/fo0f3f6sf] SofDkfrf}/df /x]sf] s[lif xf6df afnL 

pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng eO{ /x]sf 5g\ t;y{ pQm 

lzlj/xdf cfkm\gf /f]uL lajfx NofO{ pkrf/ u/fO{ 

df}sfsf] kmfObf lng' x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ul/G5 . 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] :yfg, ldlt / ;do 

:yfg M lrtagsf] ldngrf]sdf /x]sf] s[lif xf6 

ldlt M x/]s dlxgfsf bf];|f] zlgjf/ 

;do M laxfg !!=)) ah]b]lv @=)) ah];Dd 

:yfg 

ldlt 

;do 

M gf/fo0f3f6sf] SofDkfrf}/df /x]sf] s[lif xf6 

M x/]s dlxgfsf rf}yf] zlgjf/ 

M laxfg !!=)) ah]b]lv @=)) ah];Dd 

cfof]hs 

AffnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, 

xl/x/ejg 

df}lvs ;+rf/ cGtu{t ls;fg ;d'bfodf lg/Gt/ 

;Dk{sdf /xg] laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx k|of]u 

u/]/ klg afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ x'g] :yfg, ;do, 

ldlt / lzlj/df Nofpg] afnL lajfxsf efux 

;+sng ug] { af/]df klg hfgsf/L x'G5 . cGo dfWod 

eGbf of] cem k|efasf/L b]lvPsf] 5 o;af6 x/]s 

ls;fgxnfO{ pgLxsf] ;d'x a}7s, cGo :yfg jf 

Ps Ps AoflQmnfO{ e]6]/ afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ s] 

xf] / To;af6 s;/L ls;fgx nfeflGjt x'g ;Sb5g\ 

eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbOg] / lzlj/df axfFxnfO{ 

cfdGq0f ul/g] x'gfn] afnL pkrf/ lzlj/af6 

nfeflGjt x'g] hg;+Vof a9\g hfG5 . 

3_ ls;fgnfO{ lajfsf] s'g efu, s;/L Nofpg] 

eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng ubf{ s] kfOof] eg] 

ls;fgxnfO{ lajfsf] s:tf efux Nofpg] eGg] 

;"rgf glbO{ lzlj/df cfPsf ls;fgxn] cf]OnfP/ 

d/]sf] lajfsf] 8fF7 dfq lnP/ cfPsf] kfOof], h;df 

gt s'g} kft, kmn / h/f g} lyP . h;n] ubf{ 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/df a;]sf k|flalwsxnfO{ ;d:of 

jf /f]usf] lg/fs/0f ug{ Hofb} ufx|f] kg'{sf ;fy} 

ls;fgn] klg plrt ;dfwfg kfpg g;s]/ k'gM 

gd"gf Nofpg kg{] afWotf klg eof] . o;nfO{ x]bf{ 

Psflt/ ;dosf] aaf{b eof] eg] csf{lt/ k"Flhsf] 

gf]S;fg eof] . t;y{ ls;fgnfO{ s:tf] gd"gfx 

lzlj/df Nofpg] eGg] hfgsf/L lzlj/ ;+rfng x'g] 

hfgsf/Lsf ;fydf lbFbf w]/} k|efasf/L kfOof] . 

ndh'ª lhNnfdf ;+rfngdf cfPsf o:tf lzlj/xaf6 

ls;fgnfO{ gd"gf ;+sng ug] { hfgsf/L lbO{ ;+rfng 

u/]sf lzlj/xdf /f]uL / lg/f]uL efu ;lxtsf] / 

laz]if u/L ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf nflu cfjZos 

lsl;dsf gd"gfx NofPsf] kfOof] . hlt /fd|f] gd"gf 

x'G5 plt g} ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f jf:tljs x'g] x'gfn] 

s:tf] gd"gf ;+sng s;/L ug] { eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L 

JolQmaf6 ubf{ Hofb} k|efasf/L x'g] kfOof] . 

@_ /f]uL lajf NofpFbf lg/f]uL / /f]u ePsf] 

b'a} kg]{ u/]/ Nofpg nufpg] 

s'g} sf/s tTjn] ;lhn} / :ki6 lsl;dsf nIf0f 

b]vfpFb5 h'g cg'ejL ls;fgxn] ;lhn} lrGg ;Sg] 

k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . h:t}M cfn'df nfUg] 89'af /f]un] 

ubf{ kftdf 89]sf] / sfFqmf], ux' Fdf nfUg] sfnf] kf]s], 

nflx ls/f cflb . To:t} ul/ ls;fgxn] cfkm\gf 

afnLdf ePsf afnL lajfsf] :jf:Yo lajf / /f]usf] 

sf/0f b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;lhn} b]lv/x]sf 

x'G5g\ . ctM gd"gf ;+sng ubf{ To:tf efux / 

:jf:Yo efu ;lxt ePsf] gd"gf ;+sng ug{ 

nufpg] . tn lrqdf cfn'df nfUg] 89'jf /f]usf] 

/ sfFqmf]df nfUg] v/fg] /f]usf] lrq b]vfOPsf] 5 

h;n] ubf{ ls;fgnfO{ a'em\g / gd"gf ;+sng ug{ 

;lhnf] kb{5 . lautsf] cg'eanfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] 

;'Gtnfhftdf nfUg] 8fn] /f]usf] nflu ls;fgnfO{ 

gd"gf b]vfpFbf ls;fgn] lzlj/df cfpFbf ;lhn} 8fn] 

/f]u nfu]sf] xfFuf lnP/ cfPsf] kfOof] . 

#_ s'g efu ;+sng ug]{ < 

olb ls;fgnfO{ s'g efu ;+sng ug]{ eg]/ 

hfgsf/L ePg eg] lzlj/df s] Nofpg] eGg] bf]wf/ 

x'g] s'/f cg'ejaf6 yfxf kfOof] t;y{ ;"rgf k|zf/0f 

ubf{ s'g efu s;/L Nofpg] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg' 

clt g} cfjZos x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;fwf/0ftofM ;"rgf 

lbFbf /f]u nfu]sf] efu xl/of] jf /f]u gnfu]sf] efu 

;lxt Nofpg'xf]nf egL lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . cem 

7'nf] 7'nf] vxsf] /f]u nfu]sf] efu dfq Nofpg'xf]nf 

egL hfgsf/L lbg' clt cfaZos x'G5 cGoyf 

ls;fgxn] lzlj/df 7'nf] / l;+uf] v NofPsf] klg 

kfOPsf] 5 . 

$_ s] s] efu ;+sng ug]{ < 

lzlj/df ;"rgf lbFbf s] s] efu ;+sng ug]{ 

eg]/ hfgsf/L glbOPsf ls;fgx;+u lzlj/df 

cfPkl5 cGtaftf{ lnFbf /f]uL lajfsf] s'g jf s] 

s] Nofpg' kb{5 eg]/ cfkm'nfO{ hfgsf/L gePsf]n] 

cK7]/f] k/]sf] / sltko ls;fgx Tolx sf/0f 

lzlj/df gcfPsf] klg kfOof] . t;y{ ls;fgxnfO{ 

;"rgf lbFbf /f]uL af]6, lajfsf] kft, 8fF7, xfFuf, 

kmn, lap, h/f / h/f a/Lk/Lsf] df6f] ;lxt NofpFbf 

pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lzlj/ ;+rfng 

x'g] @ jf # lbg klxn] lbg' clt h/L x'G5 . 

cg'ejdf s] b]lvof] eg] s] s] efu ;+sng ug]{ 

eg]/ hfgsf/L lbOPsf ls;fgxn] /fd|f] gd"gf 

NofPsf] t/ glbPsf ls;fgxn] Nofpg g;s]sf] 

b]lvof] . t;y{ /fd|f] gd"gfsf] nflu tnsf ;'emfjx 

laleGg JolQmxaf6 ls;fg ;d'bfodf k'/\ofpFbf lgs} 

k|efjsf/L kfOof] . 

%_ :ki6 nIf0f / /f]u b]lvg] efu ;+sng ug]{ 

slxn] sfFxL lajfsf] /f]u b]lvG5 t/ o;sf] sf/0f 

;"Id hLaf+0f' b]lvb}g h;n] ubf{ of] /f]u xf] sL 

xf]Og eGg]df z+sf x'g ;Sb5 . h:t} s'g} lajfsf] 

!! !@ 

8fF7df bfb h:tf] b]vf kb{5 t/ o;sf] s] efu 

gd"gfsf nflu lng] / sxfFaf6 lng] eGg] cGof]n 

ls;fgnfO{ x'g] ub{5 ctM klxn] Tof] bfb h:tf] efu 

5fGg], To;sf] aflx/L efu vf]Ng] jf af]qmf RofTg] 

To;kl5 leq /f]uL nfu]sf] / :jf:Yo b'a} efu b]vf 

kb{5 . tL b'a} -/f]u nfu]sf] / :jf:Yo_ efu kg]{ 

u/]/ ;fgf] gd"gf lng], h'g efu kl5 k|of]uzfnfdf 

klg kl/If0fsf nflu sfd nfUb5 . 

^_ nIf0f / sf/s km/s km/s 7fpFdf x'g] 

ca:yfdf 

sltko /f]usf] sf/s hLaf+0f' jf laiff+0f'x Ps 

efudf x'G5g\ eg] o;sf] nIf0f csf]{ efudf b]vf 

kb{5 . laz]if ul/ AofS6]l/of4f/f x'g] o'sflnK6; 

cf]Onfpg] ] /f]udf, km\o"hfl/od / /fOhf]S6f]lgof 9';L4f/f 

x'g] cf]Onfpg] /f]udf o; k|sf/sf] l:ytL b]vf 

kb{5 . oL hLaf+0f' tyf laiff+0f'x lajfsf] km]b / 

h/fdf x'G5g\ eg] hldg dflysf] lajfsf] efu 

cf]OnfPsf] / kx] +nf] ePsf] b]vf kb{5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf 

olb hldg dflysf] dfq efusf] gd"gf lnOPdf 

To;sf] lg/fs/0fdf ;d:of kb{5 . To;sf/0f h/f, 

km]b ;lxt lajfsf] gd"gf lng' kb{5 . 

&_ olb /f]usf] nIf0f :ki6 5}g eg] 

s'g} afnL lajfdf /f]u nfu]sf] x'G5 / lajfn] 

o;sf] nIf0f b]vfPsf] x'b}g jf :ki6 nIf0f b]lvb}g 

t/ pTkfbg 3l6/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf klxn] 

;d:of s;/L km}lnPsf] 5 x]g]{ To;kl5 ;d:of 

gePsf efux 5f8\g] / ;d:of u|:t efux Jff 

hxfF /f]u 5 h:tf] nfUb5 tL efux Dffq lng], 

h:t} lrqdf cfn'df nfUg] 89'jf /f]usf] z'sf] 

ca:yf, uxF'df nfUg] kx]nf] l;Gb'/] /f]usf] z'sf], 

af]8Ldf nfUg] efO/; /f]u / lnlrdf nfUg] dfO6 

gfds ls/fsf] nfu]kl5sf] ca:yf b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 

5 h'g kQf nfufpg ufx|f] x'g ;Sb5 t;y{ /f]u 

x'g ;Sg] efux 5fGg] / /f]uL / lg/f]uL b'a} efu 

kg]{ ul/ gd"gf lng] / lzlj/df Nofpg] . 

*_ SofG;/ jf bfb h:tf] aflx/ p7]sf] efu 

sL/f / dfO6\; ;lxt b]lvPdf 

slxn]sfFxL lajfdf bfb jf SofG;/ h:tf] aflx/ 

p7]sf efux b]vf kb{5g\ h'g sL/f / dfO6\; jf 

;fgf sL/f Tolx efudf /x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] ;d:ofx 

ePdf /f]uL / lg/f]uL efu b'a} kg] { / tL sL/f jf 

sL/f h:tf ;fgf dfO6\;x kg] { ul/ gd"gfsf nflu 

lajfsf efux ;+sng ug]{ .

{ 

{ 





(_ sL/f gb]lvg] t/ cGo sf/0fxn] ubf{ 

aflx/ p7]sf], bfb h:tf] jf ;fgf xfFufx 

knfpg] ePdf 

sL/f jf dfO6 gb]lvg] t/ cGo AofS6]l/of, 9';L 

/ kmfO6f]KnfHdf cflb sf sf/0fn] ubf{ lajfdf bfb 

h:tf] jf aflx/ p7]sf efux jf ;fgf y'k| } xfFufx 

knfpg] x'G5 . olb o:tf] b]lvPdf To:tf bfb jf 

afxl/ p7]sf jf ;fgf y'k|} xfFufx /f]uL / lg/f]uL 

efu b'a} kg]{ ul/ gd"gfsf nflu ;+sng ug]{ . 

ª_ ;d:ofxsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ 

lzlj/df NofOPsf gd"gfxnfO{ /fd|f];+u x]l/ 

;s]kl5 To;sf] plrt lg/fs/0f jf ;d:ofsf] sf/0f 

kQf nufpg' kb{5 ;h'g ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf 

xf] . ;a}eGbf klxn] tL ;d:ofx h}ljs tTjaf6 

ePsf, ch}ljs tTjaf6 ePsf jf b'a}af6 ;+o'Qm 

kdf ePsf x'g 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . laleGg sf/s 

tTjsf nflu ljleGg pkfox kQf nufpg' cfjZos 

x'G5, h:t} 9';Lsf] nflu lajfsf] efudf skf; 

h:tf] efu, tf]/Lsf] h:tf] bfgfx, kftdf kx]nf] efu 

eO{ To;df sfnf, lgnf :kf]/x b]Vg ;lsG5 eg] 

AofS6]l/ofsf] xsdf lg/f]uL lajf PSsf;L cf]OnfPsf] 

h:tf] b]lvg], cf]OnfPsf] efu 58\s] kf/]/ sf6]/ 

l;;fsf] lunf;df jf 6]i6 6\o"jdf kfgL /fv]/ s]lxa]/ 

To;df /fVbf ToxfFaf6 ;]tf] kfp8/ h:tf] kfgLdf 

cfO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ul/ efO/;sf] ;Gbe{df 

eGg] xf] eg] o;nfO{ tTsfn lg/fs/0f o;sf] nIf0fsf] 

cfwf/df ug]{ ul/G5 h:t} kx]nf] / xl/of] efu 

ldl:;P/ b]vf k/]df, kftx u'h'd'Hh ePsf] b]vf 

k/]df cflb . h"sf jf lgdf6f]8af6 ePsf] ;d:ofxdf 

x]g] {xf] eg] h/fdf ufF7fx b]vf kg] {, kftx a6fl/g], 

ux' Fsf bfgfx sfnf] x'g] / rfpl/g] cflb . ;d:ofxsf] 

lg/fs/0fdf xft] n]G;sf] k|of]u cem al9 k|efasf/L 

dflgG5, o;sf] k|of]un] /f]uL lajfsf] ;txdf /x]sf 

9';Lsf] :kf]/x klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . 

olb ;d:ofxsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] 

To;nfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf k7fpg' kb{5 k|of]uzfnfdf 

laleGg lalwx ckgfP/ ;d:ofxsf] lg/fs/0f ug] 

ul/G5 . afnL pkrf/ lzlj/df eg] lkmN8df b]lvg] 

nIf0f / ;+s]txsf] cfwf/df ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ 

;lsG5 . lrqdf laleGg /f]uxsf] nIf0fx b]vfPsf] 

5, h;nfO{ x]/]/ klg s] sf/0fn] ubf{ ePsf x'g 

eg]/ 5'6\ofpg / To;sf] ;dfwfg lbg ;lhnf] 

x'G5 . 

#=# afnL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;+rfng eP kZrft 

s_ lzlj/df lg/fs/0f x'g g;s]sf gd"gfx 

;'/lIft /fVg] 

afnL pkrf/ lzlj/df NofOPsf ;a} ;d:ofxsf] 

lg/fs/0f lzlj/ ;+rfng ug] { k|flalwsn] lbg ;Sg} 

kb{5 eGg] 5}g . slxn] sfFxL lrGg g;lsg], w]/} 

ls;Ldsf ;d:ofxn] u|:t x'g ;Sb5g\ . olb o:tf] 

ca:yf cfPdf ls;fgxnfO{ s]lx klg ;'emfj / 

;Nnfx glbg] pQm gd"gfnfO{ glhs}sf] k|of]uzfnfdf 

k7fpgsf] nflu Aoa:Yff ug] { ug' { kb{5 . k|of]uzfnfdf 

k7fpg' cl3 pQm gd"gfnfO{ klqsf jf Knfli6ssf] 

a§fdf ;'/lIft u/]/ /fVg' kb{5 . olb kft, 8fF7 

h:tf gd"gfx 5g\ eg] ltlgxnfO{ klqsfdf / 

kmnx 5g eg] Knfli6ssf] a§fdf kmdf{lngsf] emf]ndf 

8'jfP/ /fVg] . 

v_ ;'/lIft /flvPsf gd"gfxsf] gfdfs/0f ug] 

jf 6\ofu nufpg] 

k|of]uzfnfdf k7fpg /flvPsf gd"gfx k7fpg' 

cl3 To;nfO{ ;lhn} lrGg ;lsof]; / k|of]uzfnfaf6 

To;sf] lg/fs/0f cfO;s]kl5 To;sf] ;dfwfg 

;DalGwt ls;fgsf]df k'/\ofpg ;lsof];\ eGg] x]t'n] 

x/]s gd"gfxsf] /fd|f];+u gfdfs/0f jf 6\ofu nufpg' 

kb{5 . 6\ofu nufpFbf lgDg s'/fx To;df x'g' 

kb{5 / Tolx s'/f /lhi6/df klg n]v]/ /fVg' kb{5 

h;n] ubf{ kl5 Nofj af6 l/kf]6{ cfO;s]kl5 pQm 

l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt ls;fgnfO{ l;kmfl/; 

k7fpg ;lsof]; . 

!= gd"gfsf] g+Da/ 

@= afnLsf] gfd / hft 

#= afnLsf] s'g efu k7fOPsf] xf] 

$= gd"gf lnOPsf] lbgsf] ldlt 

%= gd"gf lnOPsf] 7fpF 

^= ls;fgsf] gfd, 7]ufgf, 6]lnkmf]g gDa/, ePdf 

O–d]n 7]ufgf 

&= /f]u u|:t efu / nIf0f 

*= af]6df /f]u s;/L km}lnPsf] 5, pNn]v ug]{ 

(= pQm afnL nufPsf] v]t jf af/Ldf /f]u s;/L 

km}lnPsf] 5 < 

!)= ;d:ofsf] Oltxf; -klxn] klg x'g] u/]sf] lyof] 

jf gofF ;d:of xf]_ 

!!= afnL pkrf/ lzlj/df s] lg/fs/0f ul/of] 

jf o;sf] sf/0f s] h:tf] nfUof] < 

!@= lzlj/df s]lx kl/If0f h:t} AofS6]l/ofsf] nflu 

6]i6 ul/Psf] lyof] eg] v'nfpg] 

!#= pQm gd"gf;+u ;DalGwt s]lx cGo hfgsf/Lx 

h:t} uf]8d]n, dn, To;eGbf klxn]sf] afnL, 

olb klxn] laiffbL k|of]u u/]sf] eP s] k|of]u 

u/]sf] lyof] cflb . 

u_ ;'/lIft gd"gfx lg/fs/0fsf nflu 

k|of]uzfnfdf k7fpg] 

lzlj/df lg/fs/0f x'g g;s]sf] gd"gfxnfO{ 

;'/lIft /fv]/, gfd 6ofu em'G8\ofP/ glhs}sf] 

k|of]uzfnfdf k7fpgsf] nflu Joa:Yff ug]{ ug'{ 

kb{5 . olb Nofa glhsdf 5}g eg] If]lqo afnL 

;+/If0f Nofj jf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] 

Nofjdf k7fpg] . olb ToxfF klg ;Dej ePg eg] 

Unf]an KnfG6 lSnlgssf] k|of]uzfnfdf k7fpg 

;lsG5, pQm k|of]uzfnfdf kl/If0fsf] z'Ns ltg'{ 

kb}g . 

3_ lg/fs/0f kl5 ls;fgsf nflu km\ofS6 

l;6 k7fpg] 

ha afnL pkrf/ lzlj/df lg/fs/0f x'g g;s]sf] 

gd"gfxnfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf k7fOG5; To;kl5 k|of]uzfnfn] 

To;sf] lg/fs/0f ul/;s]kl5 l/kf]6{ lbG5 ;f]xL 

l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df pQm ;d:of Nofpg] ls;fgnfO{ 

;dfwfg k7fpg' kg] { x'G5 . cg'ejdf s] b]lvof] eg] 

;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f lzlj/df gePkl5 pQm ;d:ofsf] 

;dfwfgsf] nflu ls;fgx lg/fz x'g] / s] eO 

/x]sf] 5 eg]/ a'em\g cfpg ;d]t 5f8\g] b]lvof] 

t;y{ oyf;So l56f] pQ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ls;fgsf]df 

k'/\ofpg kxn ug'{ kb{5 . olb l9nf] ePdf klg 

;dfwfg k7fpg] sfd ug'{ kb{5 h;n] ubf{ kl5 

csf] k6s nufpFbf ;dt pQm ;dfwfg sfd nfUg] 

x'G5 . 

k|of]uzfnfsf] l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df km/s km/s 

n]vs jf k|fljlwsxn] km/s km/s lsl;dsf km\ofs6 

l;6x tof/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] laz]ift: ls;fgnfO{ 

!# !$ 

Ps k|sf/sf] agfOG5 eg] lkmN8df sfd ug] { lasf;] 

sfo{stf{ jf k|fljlwsxsf] nflu csf]{ k|sf/sf] 

agfpg] ul/G5 . of]ltLg k|sf/sf x'G5g, klxnf] /f]u, 

sL/fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu, bf];|f] pTkfbg 

a9fpgsf] nflu / t];|f] ;d:ofsf] af/] hfgsf/L 

u/fpgsf] nflu . 

*n]vs sfo{s|d lgb]{zs, afnL ;+/If0f 

lgb]{zgfno, xl/x/ejg, nlntk[/. 

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx (Biblography) 

· Agrios, G.N. 1969. Plant Pathology. Academic 

Press, N.Y. 

· Jeffery, B. and E. Boa. 2004. Community Plant 

Health Clinic. Centro de Invesigacion Agricola 

and Global Plant Clinic 

· Boa, E. and R. Harling. 2008. Starting Plant Health 

Clinic in Nepal. Global Plant Clinic, CABI, 

Rothamsted Research and Central Science 

Laboratory. 

· Harling, R. 2008. Plant Health Clinic for Sierra 

Leone. Global Plant Clinics, CABI, Rothamsted 

Research and Central Science Laboratory. 

· hL=;L=M o'as Wjh / clgn rGb| g]pkfg], 

@)^^ . h}las laiffbL4f/f /f]u tyf sL/f 

lgoGq0f . jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, 

ndh'Ë, P=l8=lk=, ndh'Ë vfB ;'/Iff 

kl/of]hgf . 

· kGt lszf]/ k|;fb / clgn rGb| g]pkfg], 

@)^& . s[ifs :t/df t/sf/L pTkfbg 

k|lalw . jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, ndh'Ë, 

P=l8=lk=, ndh'Ë vfB ;'/Iff kl/of]hgf . 

· g]pkfgM clgn rGb| / zflns /fd clwsf/L, 

@)^& . vfBfGg afnLsf /f]u / ;d:ofxsf] 

;dfwfg . jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, 

ndh'Ë, P=l8=lk=, ndh'Ë vfB ;'/Iff 

kl/of]hgf . 

· g]pkfg] clgn rGb / zf]ef 9sfn, @)^^. 

uf]ne]+8f afnLdf nfUg] /f]ux / ;d:ofxM 

/f]syfd Pj+ lgoGq0f lalw. jN8{ lehg 

OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, ndh'Ë, P=l8=lk=, ndh'Ë 

vfB ;'/Iff kl/of]hgf .


kl/roM 

æ;'gufef÷;'gfv/L km"nÆ h;nfO{ c+u|]hL efiffdf 

æcls{8 -Orchid_Æ elgG5, Pp6f ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] 

km"n xf] . cG6f{l6sf -lx+pn] el/Psf] dxfb]z_ / 7"nf 

de"ld -h:tf] ;fxf/f_ afx]s ;+;f/sf ;a} e]sdf 

k|fs[lts kdf kfOg] of] km"n cls{8];L -Orchidaceae_ 

kl/jf/ cGt{ut kb{5 h'g k'ik hut s} ;a}eGbf 

7"nf] kl/jf/ xf] . o; ;'gufef÷;'gfv/L km"nsf] j+z, 

k|hftL tyf To;sf] k, /+u / j[l¢ :jefjdf hlt 

lalawtf c s'g} klg km"ndf kfO{+b}g . o;sf] 

km"nxdf olt lalawtf / ljlzi6tf x'G5 ls xfdLn] 

sNkg} gu/]sf] k, /+u klg xfdL o;df e]6fpg 

;S5f}+ . o;} sf/0f o;sf s'g} j+z -Genus_ Pj+ 

k|hftL -Specie_ nfO{ ærGb|df -Moon_ / tf/f 

-Star_Æ h:tf], s'g}nfO{ æk'tnL -Butterfly_Æ h:tf] 

/ s;}nfO{ ædlxnfsf] h'tL -Lady’s slipper_Æ h:tf] 

eGg] cg]sg pk–gfdn] klg lrlgG5 -x]g{'xf]; lrq 

tn_ . To;}n] o; km"nsf] kl/jf/ cls{8];LnfO{ 

ækm"nsf] /fh kl/jf/ -Royal family of flower_Æ g} 

dflgG5 . ;'gufef÷;'gfv/L l;+ufk'/sf] /fli6«o km"n 

klg xf] . o;sf] v]tL @,%)) jif{ eGbf cl3 b]lv 

g} rLg af6 z' ePsf] 7flgG5 eg] cfw'lgs 

k|ljlwaf6 v]tL ug] { k|rng rflx O+un}08 af6 @&% 

jif{ eGbf s]xL cl3 b]lv ePsf] xf] . 

ax'jlif{o o; km"nsf] lajfsf] cfsf/ # ld=ld= 

b]lv !@=@ ld6/ ;Ddsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] lajf 

kfto'Qm jf kft /lxt klg x'g ;S5 . k|foM ;bfaxf/ 

-Evergreen_ tyf zflso -Herbaceous_ :jefjsf 

w]/} h;f] ;'gufefsf ;'lGgPsf jf ufgf] h:tf xf+ufx 

-Swollen stems/Pseudo-bulbs_ x'G5g\ eg] s]xLdf 

ufgfx -Rhizomes/Tubers_ g} x'G5g\ . o;} ul/ 

w]/}sf cfsif{s afSnf -Succulent_ kftx tyf xfjfdf 

em'nL /xg] Psgf;sf df]6f h/fx -Aerial roots_ 

x'G5g eg] s]xLsf, vf; ul/ e" +O{df x's{g] ;'gufefsf 


;'gufef÷;'gfv/L (Orchid) M Pp6f ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] km"n 

cG6f{l6sf -lx+pn] el/Psf] dxfb]z_ / 7"nf de"ld -h:tf] ;fxf/f_ afx]s 

;+;f/sf ;a} e]sdf k|fs[lts kdf kfOg] of] km"n cls{8];L -Orchidaceae_ kl/jf/ 

cGt{ut kb{5 h'g k'ik hut s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kl/jf/ xf] . o; ;'gufef÷;'gfv/L 

km"nsf] j+z, k|hftL tyf To;sf] k, /+u / j[l¢ :jefjdf hlt lalawtf c 

s'g} klg km"ndf kfO{+b}g . 

vu]Gb| k|;fb zdf{* 

df6f] d'gL dl;gf h/fx x'G5g . xfjfdf em'Ng] 

h/fxn] xfjf Pj+ jiff{÷kfgL af6 cfjZos vfB 

tTjx Zff];]/ lajfnfO{ pknAw u/fpF5 . cfkm\gf] 

jf;:yfg /x]sf] v lajfaf6 o;n] vfg] s'/f 

vf]:b}g cyf{t of] k/lhjL lajf xf]Og . ;'gufefsf] 

km"nsf] cfsf/ klg s]xL ld=ld= b]lv #% ;]=dL= 

;Dd Aof; ePsf] x'G5 . k|foM tLg j6f kqbnx 

-Sepals_ / tLg j6f k'ikbnx -Petals_ ldn]/ aGg] 

w]/} h;f] ;'gfv/L km"ndf Pp6f cf]7 -Lip/Labellum_ 

h:tf] b]lvg] laz]if lsl;dsf] k'ikbn -Highly modified 

petal_ x'G5 . km"nsf] efn] Pj+ kf]yL c+ux cfk;df 

ldn]/ Pp6} c+u agfpFb5g\ h;nfO{ snd -Column_ 

elgG5 . o;}ul/ o;sf] km"n Pp6} /+usf] dfq geP/ 

b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L /+ux ldl;P/ ag]sf] x'G5 

;fy} s'g}df wf/L jf yf]Knfx klg x'G5g\ . s'g} 

jf:gf lbg] / s'g} jf:gf glbg] klg x'G5g\ . 

;'gufef÷;'gfv/L km"nsf ljZje/ *)) j+zx 

-Genera_, @%,))) k|hftLx -Species_ / !,!),))) 

eGbf a9L btf{ ePsf j0f{ z+s/ hftx -Hybrid 

varieties_ 5g\ . cr]n xfdLn] ahf/df b]Vg] / lsGg 

kfOg] k|foM ;a} ;'gufef km"nx Dfflg;n] agfPsf 

j0f{ z+s/ hftx x'g\ cyf{t h+unL xf]Ogg\ / logsf] 

;+Vof jif]{gL a9L /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf 

klg o;sf (& j+zx / #*% k|hftLx 5g elgG5 

h;sf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g u/L To;af6 j0f{ 

z+s/ hftxsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] k|z:t cfly{s 

kmfObf lng ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . 

k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ g]kfnL ;'gfv/L km"nsf] 

;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf ag:klt laefu -jg tyf 

e"–;+/If0f dGqfno_ laut s]xL bzsb]lv g} ;+nUg 

/x]sf] 5 eg] xfn sf7df08f} + pkTosf leq km\nf]l/sNr/ 

Pzf]l;ozg g]kfn -Floriculture Association Nepal/FAN_ 

df cfa4 Ps bh{g eGbf a9L k'ik g;{/Lxn] o;sf] 

Aoj;flos pTkfbg / sf/f]jf/ ul/ /x]sf 5g 


Moon orchid Butterfly orchid Lady's slipper orchid 

(Phalaenopsis) (Oncidium) (Paphiopedilum) 

ls;Ld M 

k|fs[lts jf;:yfgsf] cfwf/df M d'Vo u/]/ @ 

ls;Ldsf x'G5g . 

!= e"+O{ -df6f]_ df x's{g] ;'gfv/L -Terrestrial 

Orchids_ M 

o; ls;Ldsf ;'gfv/L km"nx k|fs[lts kdf 

h+undf e"+O{÷df6f]df tyf cf]l;nf] 7fp+df x'ls{/x]sf 

x'G5g\ . pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]q (Temperate 

region) df kfO{g] w]/} h;f] ;'gufefx o;} ju{ 

cGtu{t kb{5g\ . xfdLn] eg] lognfO{ kfgL ghDg] 

anf}6] jf lk6o'Qm df6f] (Peat soil), em\ofp (Moss), 

;'s]sf kft kltË/, sDkf]i6 dn / O{6f, sf]Onf, 

vsf] af]qmf jf sf7sf] 6'qmf ld;fP/ agfPsf] 

dfWoddf x'sf{pg' kb{5 . h:tf] Cypripedium, 

Phaius/Paphiopedilum cflb j+zsf orchids . 

Phaius tankervilleae 

@= vdf x's{g] ;'gfv/L -Epiphytic Orchids_ M 

o:tf ;'gfv/L km"nx k|fs[lts kdf h+undf 

vsf] xf+uf la+ufxdf x'ls{/x]sf kfOG5g\ . r§fgxdf 

!% !^ 


x's{g] ;'gufefxnfO{ klg k|foM o;} ju{ cGtu{t 

/flvG5 . o; lsl;dsf ;'gfv/L km"nx a9L h;f] 

pi0f (Tropical) Pj+ pkf]i0f (Sub-tropical) xfjfkfgL 

ePsf If]qxdf e]l6G5g . s[lqd kdf o;nfO{ 

x'sf{pg df6f]sf] ;§f O{ +6f, sf]Onf, gl/jnsf] vf]:6f, 

vsf] af]qmf jf sf7sf] 6'qmfxsf] cfjZoStf 

kb{5 . o; ju{df kg] { ;'gufefsf km"nx t'ngfTds 

kdf a9L /+uLg, cfsif{s / 7"nf x'G5g\ eg] ;+;f/df 

kfOg] ;'gufefx dWo] logsf] ;+Vof klg a9L 

5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Catteleya, Dendrobium, 

Phalaenopsis / Vanda cflb j+zsf orchids . 

Cattleya 

Vanda

{ 





k'gZrM z'¢ kdf kfgL jf de"lddf dfq x's{g] 

;'gufef kfOPsf] 5}g . 

x's{g] afgLsf] cfwf/df M o;sf] cfwf/df klg 

;'gufef km"nx @ ls;Ldsf x'G5g . 

!= nx/f ghfg] ;'gfv/L -Sympodial or 

Determinate Orchids_ M 

o:tf] ;'gufefsf] hftsf] lajf Pp6f lglZrt 

;do kl5 a9g 5f]8\5 / km"n km"N5 . bfof+ afof+ 

lt/af6 eg] gof+ xf+ufx lg:sg] tyf k'ikx jf 

k'ikqmdx -flowers or inflorescences_ nfUg] qmd rln 

/xG5 . pbfx/0fM Catteleya, Dendrobium, Cymbidium 

/ Phalaenopsis cflb j+zsf orchids . 

Dendrobium 

Cymbidium 

Dendrobium Cymbidium 

@= nx/f hfg] ;'gfv/L -Monopodial or 

Indeterminate Orchids_ M 

o; lsl;dsf] ;'gfv/Lsf] lajf lg/Gt/ a9L 

/xG5 / k|foM Pp6} xf+uf x'G5 . k'ikx÷k'ikqmdx 

To;} xf+ufsf] 5]p5fpaf6 dfq lg:sG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] 

nflu Vanda , Ascocenda / Mokara cflb j+zsf 

orchids . 

Vanda 

Ascocenda 

Vanda Ascocenda 

dxTj M 

– ;'gufefsf] km"n cg]s k / /+udf kfOg] 

ePsf]n] o;n] ;a}nfO{ nf]Eofp“5 . 

– km"n l6sfp x'G5 -slDtdf gsf6]sf] ! dlxgf 

/ sf6]/ kfgLdf /fv]sf] !% lbg l6S5_ . 

– Ps k6s nufPkl5 To;} lajfaf6 jiff} +;Dd 

km"n km"nfO{ /xg ;lsG5 . 

– o; km"nsf] lajfxnfO{ hft cg';f/ udnf, 

6f]s/L / sf7sf] d'8fdf tyf au}rfsf] Sof/L 

Pj+ 5]p5fpdf ;d]t nufpg ;lsG5 . cyf{t 

Cut flower, Pot plant / Bedding plant 

;a} kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

– km"n]sf] km"n ;lxtsf] udnf 3/ / sfof{nosf] 

a}7s sf]7fdf /fvL ;hfp+bf To;n] laz]if 

zf]ef / cfgGb lbG5 tyf To:tf] km"n]sf] lajf 

s'g} vf; cj;/df s;}nfO{ pkxf/ lbg 

;lsG5 . 

– df6f] lagf g} x'ls{a9L km"Ng ;Sg] ;'gufefsf 

k|hftLx -Species_ Pj+ hftx -Varieties_ 

pknAw ePsfn] 3gfj:tL ePsf zx/L If]qxsf 

nflu ljz]if u/L pko'St x'G5 . 

– o;sf] lajf k|;f/0f ug{ tGt' k|hgg\ 

k|of]uzfnfx -Tissue culture labs_ tyf km"nsf] 

v]tL Pj+ To;sf] a]rlavg ug{ s[ifs, g;{/L 

wgL / k'ik Aoj;foLxn] sfd kfpF5g\ . 

ufgf]x af6 klg k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . 

– Cut flower sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] s]xL ;'gfv/L 

km"n h:tf] Cymbidium orchid nfO{ k|lt /f]kgL 

@,))) lajf nufpg ;lsg] / To;af6 t]>f] 

jif{df #,))) k'ik b08x (Cut flowers / 

spikes) pTkfbg u/L sl/a = !,%),))).– 

;Dd cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . To; kl5sf 

jif{xdf cem pTkfbg / cfDbfgL a9b} 

hfG5 . 

– ;'gufefsf] km"ndf w]/} lalawtf -Diversity_ 

kfOg] ePsf]n] o;sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg / 

ljsf;sf] sfo{ lg/Gt/ rln /xg] tyf To;df 

w]/} AolQmx ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] . 

– s]xL ;'gufefsf lajfx cf}iflwo u'0fo'Qm 

x'G5g . pbfx/0fsf nflu pi0f tyf pkf]i0f 

If]qdf kfOg] Flickingeria macraei / lztf]i0f÷lxdfnL 

If]qdf kfOg] Dactylorhiza hatagirea 

cflb . 

– laleGg >[uf/ / vfB ;fdfu|Lxdf jf:gf 

-Vanilla essence_ sf] nflu klg s]xL ;'gufefsf] 

k|of]u x'G5 . h:tf]– Vanilla planifolia 

orchid . 

– jftfj/0f /d0fLo / :jR5 agfpg ;xof]u 

k'¥ofp“5 . 

sdhf]/Lx 

· Aoj;flos kdf v]tL ug{ z'df nufgL a9L 

rflxg] -lajf vl/bdf a9L vr{_ . 

· v]tL z' u/] b]lv klxnf] k6s cfDbfgL lng 

#–% jif{ nfUg] . 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] æPs ufp“ Ps pTkfbg 

sfo{qmdÆ cGtu{t 

;'gfv/L -l;lDal8od_ km"n 

· sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf] :yfg M al8v]n uf=la=;=, 

lhNnf–nlntk'/ 

· sfo{qmdsf] cjlw M # jif{ -@)^$÷^% b]lv 

@)^^÷^&_ 

· sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo M 

-!_ :yflgo s[ifsxsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;'gfv/L 

km"n v]tLsf] If]q lj:tf/ u/fp+b} pgLxsf] 

cfo / hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] . 

-@_ ;'gfv/L km"n v]tLnfO{ lgof{td"vL Aoj;fo 

agfpg ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] . 

· sfo{qmdsf] nIo M 

-!_ # jif{ leq M km"Ng] lajf !!,%)) / tGt' 

k|hgg af6 t}of/ lajf @(,))) 

s[ifsxnfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf laqmL lat/0f 

ug]{ . 

-@_ t]>f] jif{ b]lv jflif{s kdf slDtdf !),))) 

s6 Înfj/ -k'ik b08Lx_ pTkfbg ug]{ . 

· ;xof]uL lgsfox M Înf]l/sNr/ Pzf]l;ozg g]kfn 

-FAN_, s[lif pBd s]Gb|÷g]=p=af=d=;+=, nlntk'/ 

p=af=;+=,lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, nlntk'/, 

k'ik ljsf; s]Gb|, uf]bfj/L, lh=lj=;=, nlntk'/ / 

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb -NARC_ . 

· sfo{qmd af6 k'/\ofOPsf] ;xof]u M s[ifs ;d"x 

u7g tyf kl/rfng, pGgt hftsf] u'0f:t/Lo 

lajf lat/0f -%) Ü cg'bfgdf_, ;]8 xfp; Pj+ 

kf]nL xfp; lgdf{0f, udnf / s[lif cf}hf/ lat/0f, 

dnvfb, l;+rfO{ Pj+ /f]u ls/f Aoj:yfkg cflb . 

· ah6 vr{ M klxnf] @ jif{df = #(,#),))).– - 

g]kfn ;/sf/_ 

· sfo{qmdsf] pknlAw M @( s[ifs kl/jf/ tyf %)–^) 

hgf HofdLx k|ToIf nfeflGjt, #),))) eGbf 

a9L lajf /f]kL If]q la:tf/ ePsf], jflif{s !),))) 

eGbf a9L s6 km\nfj/ pTkfbg eO{ /x]sf], lajf 

Pj+ km"n k|fKtLdf ;xhtf cfPsf] tyf ;'gfv/L 

km"nsf] ufpFsf] kdf al8v]n lrlgg yfn]sf] 

>f]tM km\nf]l/sNr/ Pzf]l;ozg g]kfn -FAN_, 

6]s', sf7df08f} . 

!& !* 

g]kfndf o;sf] ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx M 

;DefjgfM 

· k|fs[lts kdf g]kfndf ;'gufef km"nsf (& 

j+zx / #*% k|hftLx kfOPsf 5g\ eg] 

cem} a9L klg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . !) 

lsl;dsf k|hftLx g]kfndf dfq} /x]sf 

5g\ . 

· g]kfnL ;'gufefsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da{¢g / v]tL 

k|ljlw ljsf; u/L lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] . !& 

j6f j+zsf #( j6f k|hftLx lgof{t x'g ;Sg] 

klxrfg ul/Psf] . 

· g]kfnsf] sl/a %,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df 

;'gufefsf km"nx e]l6Psf tyf dWo b]lv 

pRr kxf8L If]qdf logsf] pkl:ylt a9L 

b]lvPsf] . 

· laleGg g]kfnL tyf lab]zL ;'gfv/L km"nsf 

k|hftL / hftx aLr qm; -k/;]rg_ u/]/ 

j0f{ z+s/ hftxsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] . 

· k"jL{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{df udL{ vKg] -Tropical_ 

k|hftL / hftx tyf k|foM ;a} dWo kxf8L 

/ s]xL pRr kxf8L If]qdf lr;f] vKg] -Sub- 

Tropical and Temperate_ k|hftL/hftx 

nufpg ;lsg] . 

· laleGg ;'gufefxnfO{ Cut flowers / Pot 

plants sf] kdf v]tL Pj+ Aoj;fo u/]/ klg 

cfly{s nfe lng ;lsg] . 

· udnfdf nufP/, 6f]s/Ldf em'08fP/, Sof/L jf 

au}rfsf] 5]p5fpdf /f]k]/ tyf jf6f]sf] 5]pdf 

nx/} nufPsf lajfxsf d"n sf08df c8\ofP/ 

o; km"nsf] pkof]u ug{ / cfgGb 

lng ;lsg] . 

· o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da{¢gdf jg:ktL ljefu, 

uf]bfj/L -jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno_ tyf 

k|rf/–k|;f/ / sf/f]jf/df km\nf]/LsNr/ Pzf]l;ozg 

g]kfn -lghL If]q_ / k'ik ljsf; s]Gb|, uf]bfj/L 

-s[lif ljefu_ ;+nUg /x]sf . 

r'gf}tLx M 

· g]kfnL ;'gufefxsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ 

clgolGqt jg km8fgL, ag cltqmd0f tyf u}/ 

sfg"gL tj/n] x'g] ;'gufefsf]] ;+sng / 

Jofkf/df nufd nufpg' kg]{ cGoyf :jb]zL 

;'gufefsf km"nx nf]k x'g ;Sg] . 

· ;'gufef km"n vf; u/L g]kfnL ;'gufef af/]

' 


g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/L lhDd]jf/L af]w 

u/fpg' kg] { . clwsf+z hgtf o; af/] cgle1 

/x]sf 5g\ . 

· g]kfnL ;'gufefsf] lgoldt tyf k|efjsf/L 

cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljsf; u/L To;nfO{ 

pkof]udf Nofpg' kg]{ . ;/sf/sf] o; tkm{ 

k|ofKt Wofg hfg g;s]sf] . 

· g]kfndf o; km"n ;DalGw hfgsf/L /fVg] bIf 

hgzQmLsf] ljsf; ug{ ' kg] { . bIf hgzQmLsf] 

Hofb} sdL 5 . 

· ;Lldt >f]t ;fwg af6 nufgL a9fpg' kg]{ 

tyf k"jf{wf/ -k|of]uzfnf, lzt u[x, ;+sng 

s]Gb| / ahf/ cflb_ sf] ljsf; ug{' kg]{ . 

· :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;'gufefx af6 j0f{ z+s/ 

hftx -Hybrid varieties_ sf] ljsf; ug{' 

kg]{ . ljZj ahf/df o; km"nsf] k|foM j0f{ 

z+s/ hftx -Hybrid varieties_ sf] dfq} 

laqmL lat/0f eO{ /x]sf]df g]kfndf o; tkm{ 

k|of; g} z' x'g g;s]sf] . 

· k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf a9fO{ :jb]zL ahf/df afXo 

;'gufefxsf] Psflwsf/ x'gaf6 hf]ufpg' 

kg] { . cfGtl/s :jb]zL ahf/ klg afXo b]zsf 

;'gufefxn] lng ;Sg] 8/ 5 . 

gf]6M /fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o lgod -The 

Convension on International Trade in 

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 

/ CITES-1975_ cg';f/ k|fs[lts kdf h+undf 

/x]sf ;'gfv/Lsf k|hftLx -lajfx_ nfO{ lemSg 

/ ;f]em} pkof]u ug{ kfO{b}g t/ cWoog, cg';Gwfg 

åf/f To;sf] ljsf; u/L pkof]u ug{ kfOG5 . 

……;'gufef÷;'gfv/L km"n k|s[ltsf] Pp6f cg'kd 

pkxf/ tyf h}ljs lalawtfsf] Pp6f pTs[i6 gd"gf 

xf], o;nfO{ nf]k x'g af6 arfpg ;a}n] ;r]t eO{ 

of]ubfg k'/\ofcf}+ .Æ 


*n]vs al/i6 d;nf jfnL -afujfgL_ ljsf; 

clws[t, /fli6«o d;nf jfnL ljsf; sfo{qmd, v'dn6f/, 

nlntk'/ 

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx M 

· Floriculture Association Nepal/FAN, 2006. Status 

and Prospects of Cymbidium Orchid Production 

and Trade in Nepal. 

· Orchid Society of South East Asia, 1993. Orchid 

Growing in the Tropics. Times Editions Pt. Ltd., 

New Industrial Road, Singapore, 202 pp. 

· Pradhan, U.C. and Pradhan, S., 1997. 100 

Beautiful Himalayan Orchids and How to Grow 

Them. Primulanceae Books, Abhijit Villa, 

Kalimpong 734301, Daejeeling Gorkha Hill 

Council, West Bengal, India, 132 pp. 

· Rai, K.R., 2006. Cymbidium King of Orchid 

Flowers (In Nepali). Floriculture Trade Fair 2006, 

Souvenir, Floriculture Association Nepal, 60 pp. 

· Rajbhandari, K.R. and Bhattarai, S., 2001. 

Beautiful Orchids of Nepal. Kissor Offset Press 

(P.) Ltd., Thamel, Kathmandu, Nepal, 220 pp. 

· Sharma, K.P., 2008. Effects of Harvesting Stages 

and Preservative Solutions on Vase-life of Mokara 

Madame Panne Cut Orchid. Thesis for MS 

(Horticulture) degree. Maejo University, Thailand. 

· Sheehan, T.J., 2003. What is an orchid Orchids 

(April): 274-283. 

· Small Grant Fund and Love Green Nepal, 2006. 

A study on Orchids in Nepal- An Introduction 

(In Nepali). Small Grant Programs of UNDP 

World Environment Fund (WEF). 

· Stewart, J., 1988. Orchids, Kew Gardening 

Guides. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 

Association with Collingridge Books, London, 

England, 124 pp. 

· Trade Promotion Centre, 1989. Cut Flowers and 

Orchids for Export Availability Study, P. 11-12. 


xfd|f] b]zdf :yflgo s'v'/f kfngn] k|fo u/L 

u|fld0f If]qdf lhlasf]kfh{gsf nflu d'Vo e"ldsf 

v]Nb5 . laleGg hftsf Joj;flos s'v'/fxsf] lasf; 

ePtfklg clkm|sf dxfb]zdf s'n s'v'/f ;+Vofsf] tLg 

rf}yfO{ efu :yflgo s'v'/fn] 9fs]sf] 5 . g]kfndf 

s[ifsxn] s'v'/f kfng k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ub}{ cfPsf] 

ePtf klg Joj;flos kdf lasf; ePsf] sl/a 

#%÷$) aif{ htL ePsf] kfO{G5 . g]kfnsf] s'n 

s'v'/f ;+Vofsf] %$Ü htL u|fld0f s'v'/f kfngn] 

cf]u6]sf] kfO{G5 . g]kfndf kfO{g] :yflgo s'v'/f 

;flvgL, 3f+6] v'O{n] / Kjf+v pN6] x'g\ . 

:yflgo s'v'/fsf] laif]ztf 

:yflgo s'v'/fsf] Dff;' / km'n Joj;flos s'v'/fsf] 

eGbf a9L :jflbnf] x'G5 lsgsL lasl;t s'v'/fdf 

h:tf] logLxsf] l56f] l56f] u/L zfl//Ls a[l4 

x'+b}g . oL s'v'/fxnfO{ :yflgo :t/df v]/ uPsf 

a:t'x k|of]u u/]/ jf 3/df v]/ uO{/x]sf lrhx 

Vffg lbP/ ;lhn} ;+u kfNg ;lsG5 . oL hftLsf 

s'v'/fx laifd kl/l:ytLdf vKg / ;lhn} /f]uxaf6 

aRg ;Sb5g\ . o;sf] zl// ;fgf] x'g] ePsfn] 

o;nfO{ :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . oL 

s'v'/fx #^ xKtfdf dfqf ao:s x'G5g\ . o;sf] 

km'n @% b]lv $% u|fd x'G5 . km'n Ps k6sdf 

!% uf]6f x'G5 . Ps k6s km'n kf/] kl5 csf]{ 

km'n kfg{ l9nf x'G5 . ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf km'naf6 

rNnf sf]/Ng] k|ltzt klg w]/} x'G5 . o; Joj;fonfO{ 

z' ug{ vf;} u/L vr{ nfUb}g jf sd nfUb5 . 

!( @) 


:yfgLo s'v'/f kfngnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L kfNg] tl/sf 

8f= s0ff zdf{* 

s'v'/fnfO{ Vf'nf 5f8]/ kfn]sf] cj:yfdf r/]/ cfkm\gf] 

bfgf cfkm} vf]Hg] ePsfn] bfgfsf] klg Tolt cfjZostf 

kb}{g . :yflgo s'v'/fsf] km'n tyf df;'sf] nflu 

ahf/sf] ;d:of kb} {g . o;af6 dlxnfxnfO{ k]jfsf] 

kdf klg cfo cfh{gsf] af6f] ePsf]5 . vf; u/L 

Uf|fld0f :t/df e]6]/Lg/L ;'ljwf, cf}iflw / vf]ksf] 

Joj:yf cfjZoQmf cg';f/ k|fKt gx'g] ePsfn] klg 

u|fld0f s'v'/fnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L kfng ug{ plrt 

b]lvG5 . oL u|fld0f s'v'/fsf] pTkfbg a9fpg ;s]sf] 

cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] clxn] ;Ddsf] l:ytL x]bf{ ahf/sf] 

;d:of kb}{g h:tf] b]lvG5 . 

lsg ;'wfl/Psf] Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZotf < 

oL s'v'/fx ;'wf/ u/L kfn]sf] cj:yfdf %÷^ 

s'v'/f k|To]s !) s'v''/fdf arfpg ;lsG5 . ;fy} 

km'n dfq a]Rg' eGbf klg rNnf sf8]/ a]Rbf & 

u'0ff a9L sdfpg ;lsG5 . 5/ l5d]s ldn]/ ;a} 

rNnfx Ps} rf]6Ldf sf]/Ng] of]hgf agfpbf Pp6} 

vf]kaf6 klg w]/} s'v/'fnfO{ Ps} k6sdf lbg 

;lsG5 . obL Ps} rf]6Ldf vf]k lbg g;Sg] ePdf 

l5d]sL ;+u ldn]/ jf @÷$ hgf ;fgf s'v'/f kfns 

s[ifsx ;+u ldn]/ vf]k nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ o;f] 

ug{sf nflu ;a} hgf Pp6} 7fp+df hDdf eP/ Ps} 

rf]6Ldf vf]k ug{ ' kg] { x'G5 . o;/L vf]k v]/hfgaf6 

/ ;:tf]df vf]k ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps k6sdf of] vf]k 

;a} k|of]u ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ gi6 ug{ 

kb{5 . lsgsL vf]knfO{ Ps k6s 3f]nL ;s] kl5 

@ 306f ;Dd dfq k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To; kl5 

k|of]u ubf{ vf]kaf6 s'v'/fnfO{ x'g' kg]{ ;'/Iff 

x'b}g . ;fy} bz} ltxf/, lajfxsf] nug ePsf] a]nfdf 

jf a9L vkt x'g] a]nfdf pTkfbg a9fpg ;s]sf] 

v08df df;'sf] efp klg /fd|f] kfpg ;lsG5 . 

dfpm, km'n kfg{] s'v'/fnfO{ cf]yf/f]] a:g gkg]{ / 

rNnfnfO{ a' |l8Ë ug{ gkg] { ePdf s'v'/fn] l56} km'n 

kfg{ z' ub{5 . tLg dlxgfsf] ;f6f] @! lbgdf 

g} s'v'/fn] km'n kfg{ z' ub{5 . 

o;sf] z'jft s;/L ug]{ < 

olb oL :yflgo s'v'/faf6 rNnf lgsfNg] ePdf 

bz kf]yL s'v'/fsf] nflu Pp6f efn] /fVg' kg]{





x'G5 . km'nsf] nflu dfq /fVg] ePdf efn] geP 

klg sfd rnfpg ;lsG5 . t/ cl3 dfyL eg] 

em} km'n a]Rg' eGbf rNnf sf9]/ a]Rbf a9L k};f 

lng ;lsg] ePsfn] ;kmf kfgL / rf/f] lbgsf] nflu 

efF8f]sf] Joj:yf ug] { . /ftL af; a:gsf] nflu a:g] 

7fpFsf] Joj:yf ug]{ o;n] ubf{ cGo kz' kG5Laf6 

x'g ;Sg] cfqmd0faf6 / IftL x'gaf6 arfpg 

;lsG5 . km'n kfg{sf]] nflu uF'8sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . 

;fwf/0f tl/sfaf6 klg u'0f agfpg ;lsG5 h:t} 

kmf6]sf] 8f]sf]df k/fn /fv]/ jf cGo s'g} klg a:t' 

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sfuhsf] afs; h'g kmnkm'n 

cyjf cGo a:t' Kofs ug{ k|of]u ul/G5, h'6sf] 

af]/f klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . olb /f]u nfu]sf] 

cj:yfdf cf}iflwsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / /f]u gnfUb} 

/f]uaf6 arfpg vf]ksf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf 

w]/} dfqfdf /f]unfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . 

vf]k / cf}ifwLsf] Joj:yf 

Joj;flos s'v'/fdf dfq geP/ :yflgo s'v'/f 

kfng ubf{ klg laleGg y/Lsf] /f]uxsf] ;d:of 

b]lvg] ePsf]n] /f]usf] ;+s|d0fnfO{ /f]Sg vf]k nufP/ 

kfng ubf{ /f]uaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} /fgLv]tsf] 

vf]k, s'v'/fsf] lakm/ / uDaf]/f] vf]k nufpg] . 

s'v'/fnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fwf/0f cf}iflwxsf] klg 

;f]r u/]/ /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . 

Effn] / kf]yLsf] 5gf}6 

:yflgo s'v'/fx hltklg clxn] xfdLn] ufpF3/, 

5/ l5d]sdf b]Vb5f}, ;a} alnof] / /f]u vKg ;Sg] 

ePsfn] g} clxn] ;Dd afr]/ cfPsf x'g\ eGg'sf] 

tfTko{ oL s'v'/f /f]u vKg ;Sg] / h'g ;'s} 

aftfa/0fdf klg afRg ;Sg] ePsfn] g} clxn] ;Dd 

oL hftLx b]lvPsf x'g\ . Vff; u/L kf]yL 5gf}6df 

xfdLn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . kf]yL rfxL w]/} km'n 

kfg]{, rNnfsf] :ofxf/ ug]{, km'n gn'sfpg] vfnsf] 

5fGg' kb{5 . efn]sf nufpgsf nflu /fv]sf] efn] 

rfxL :j:y, lg/f]uL, alnof] x'g' kb{5 . 

Vff]/sf] agf}6 

:yflgo s'v'/fnfO{ klg :yflgo :t/sf] ;fdfgx 

k|of]u u/L ;fwf/0f vf]/ agfpg ;lsG5 h:t} 

sfuhsf] afs;sf] 3/ h'g hf8f] / udL{df klg 

;lhn} ;dfNg ;lsG5 . Vff]/ leq xfjf k|z:t v]Ng] 

x'g' kb{5 . ;fgf] rNnfsf] nflu af+;af6 ag]sf] 

;fdfg k|of]u u/L vf]/ agfpg ;lsG5 . s'v'/fsf] 

vf]/ hldg eGbf s]xL dfyL cnL prflnPsf] 7fp+df 

x'g' kb{5 . 

@! 

;'wfl/Psf] Joj:yfkg 

:yflgo s'v'/fnfO{ aflx/ rg{ dfq g5f]8]/ s]xL 

dfqfdf eP klg bfgf, ds} jf s]xL cGg lbgx'F 

lbP/ kfNg ;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfDbfgL a9fpg ;lsG5 

. u|fld0f If]qdf o;/L s'v'/f kfng ubf{ s'v'/fn] 

/fd|f] pTkfbg lbg ;Sb5 . s'v'/fnfO{ lbgx" ;kmf 

efF8f]df kfgL vfg lbg' kb{5 . ufpF 3/df k|fKt 

x'g] a:t'x h:t}M h8La'6Lx k|of]u u/]/ klg s'v'/fsf] 

pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L :yflgo s'v'/fnfO{ s]xL 

x]/rfx u/L kfNg ;s]sf] cj:yfdf pTkfbg a9fP/ 

a9L kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 . 

lrq @ :yflgo hftsf s'v'/f 

3f+6] v'O{n] 

Kjf+v pN6] 

t/sf/Lsf :j:y j]gf{ pdfg{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx 

g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z xf] . s[lif g]kfnLsf] 

cy{tGqsf] d]b08sf] kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf s'n 

vfBfGg pTkfbg &^,%^,))) d]=6g 5 eg] t/sf/L 

pTkfbg @!,*#,))) d]=6g 5 . t/sf/L v]tL g]kfndf 

!,(),))) x]= hldgdf nufOb} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L 

x]bf{ t/sf/L v]tLsf] pTkfbsTj !!=% d]=6g k|lt 

x]S6/ b]lvG5 . 

tfhf t/sf/Lsf] ;]jgaf6 dfgj z/L/ :j:y / 

tGb':t /xG5 . z/L/df rflxg] kf}li6s tTjxsf] 

k"lt{ x'g le6fldg / vlgh tTjxsf] u|x0fsf] nflu 

t/sf/Lsf] pkof]u ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

;fwf/0fto Ps ao:s JoltmnfO{ ;Gt'lnt cfxf/sf 

nflu sl/j &% b]lv !@% u|fd kft vfOg] t/sf/L 

jfnLx, *% u|fd h/] tyf ufF7] t/sf/Lx / *% 

u|fd cGo t/sf/L jfnLxaf6 tf}n u/L sl/j @$% 

u|fd b]lv @(% u|fd t/sf/L k|lt lbg k|of]u ug{ 

cfjZos kb{5 . 

;a} t/sf/L jfnLsf] nflu Pp6} df};d cg's'n 

xF'b}g . ljleGg df};ddf ljleGg t/sf/Lx nufpg' 

kb{5 . h:t} nx/] t/sf/L l3/f}nf , lrlrG8f , 

nf}sf, kml;{ h:tf t/sf/Lx udL{ tyf jif{]ofddf 

pTkfbg ul/G5 eg] sfpnL, jGbf, j|f]sfpnL, d'nf, 

cflb jfnLx lxpFb ofddf nufOG5 . t/sf/Lxsf] 

dxTj j[l4;Fu} jhf/df ;fne/ o:tf t/sf/Lxsf] 

dfu eO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] sfpnL, ;fu , uf]ne]8f 

h:tf t/sf/Lx cg's'n k|fs[lts cj:yf, ;|f]t / 

;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L k|lts'n df};ddf klg 

pTkfbg u/L cfk"lt{ ug{] sfo{nfO{ j]df};dL t/sf/L 

v]tL eGg] ul/G5 . 

t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ s'g} t/sf/L jfnLx ;f]em} 

v]tjf/Ldf /f]k]/ ToxLFaf6 t/sf/L kmnfP/ pTkfbg 

lnOG5 eg] s'g} t/sf/L jfnLx rfxLF 5'§} g;{/Ldf 

j]gf{ x's{fP/, ;fg{ nfos ePkl5 :yfoL 7fpFdf ;f/]/ 

pTkfbg lnOG5 . o;/L j]gf{ ;f/]/ kmnfOg] t/sf/L 

jfnLxdf sfpnL , jGbf, /fof] cflb kb{5g\ . ;f]em} 

v]tjf/Ldf /f]k]/ jf 5/]/ pTkfbg lng] jfnLxdf 

d'nf, l;ld, rD;'/ cflb kb{5g\ . 

@@ 

b]j/fh uf}nL* 

g;{/Ldf j]gf{ tof/ kf/L v]tjf/Ldf ;f/]/ kmnfpFbf 

x'g] d'Vo kmfObfx lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ . 

· jLpsf] /fd|f] ;b'kof]u x'g' . 

· l56f] / ;lhnf] t/Lsfn] j]gf{ x's{g' . 

· j]gf{sf] x]/rfx / ;'/Iffdf ;lhnf] x'g' . 

· k|lts'n df};ddf klg j]gf{ tof/ kfg{ ;lhnf] 

x'g] . 

· hUufsf] k'/fk'/ ;b'kof]udf d4t k'Ug', 

cflb . 

g;{/L Jof8df ;kmntfk"j{s :j:y j]gf{ pTkfbg 

ug{' Pp6f dxTjk"0f{, hl6n sfo{ / snf klg 

xf] . ;kmn t/sf/L v]tLsf]] of] g} ;'jft klg 

xf] . o;sf]nflu w]/} s'/fdf /fd|f] ljrf/ k'¥ofOPsf] 

v08df dfq j]gf{ :jR5 / :j:y pTkfbg u/L /fd|f] 

cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 . g;{/L Jof8 /fVbf ljrf/ 

k'ofpg' kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ M 

· k|z:t dlnnf] k|fufl/s kbfy{ ePsf], jnf}6] 

jf bf]d6 df6f] ePsf] l;+rfO{ sf] ;'ljwfsf 

;fy} kfgL lgsf;sf] /fd|f] k|jGw ePsf] / 

v, sfGnf jf 3/, uf]7 cflb s]xLsf] klg 

5xf/L gkg{] 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ug{'kb{5 . 

· v]tL ul/g] 7fpFsf] xfjfkfgL / df};d ;'xfpFbf] 

t/sf/L jfnL / ltgsf hftxsf] 5gf}6 u/L 

ltgsf] c;n / :j:y jLpsf] dfq k|of]u 

ug{'kb{5 . jLp 5g{' eGbf klxn] lgkmgL # 

— & ldg]6 ;Dd 3fddf ;'sfO{ 7"nf bfgf 

5fgL ;f] dfq /f]Kg'kb{5 . 

· jLpnfO{ j]leli6g @ uf|d k|lt s]=hL sf b/n] 

pkrf/ u/]/ dfq jLp /f]Kg'kb{5 . 

· ;se/ @ — # jif{ t/sf/L v]tL gul/Psf] 

7fpFdf g;{/L Jof8 agfpg' /fd|f] x'G5, g;{/L 

Jof8 ;s];Dd v]tdf agfpg'kb{5 . 

· 5gf}6 ul/Psf] hUuf afFhf] eP sDtLdf Ps 

dlxgf cuf8L g} ulx/f] u/L vghf]t ug{] / 

k|lt ju{ld6/ % lsnf]sf b/n] kfs]sf] uf]a/





dn /fvL !) — !@ lbg klxn] cfjZos 

vghf]t ug' {kb{5 . Jof8nfO{ 8Nnf tyf emf/kft 

/lxt a'a'{/fpFbf] kf/]/ dfq jLp hdfpg' 

kb{5 . 

· jLp 5g{ ' eGbf # — $ lbg cl3 /f;folgs 

dn ^=% u|fd o'l/of , ^=% u|fd l8= P=lk 

/ % u|fd kf]6f; k|lt ju{ ld6/sf b/n] 

/fVg'kb{5 . 

· g;{/Lsf] rf}8fO{ sl/a ! ld6/ / nDafO{ 

cfjZostf cg';f/ jgfpg ;lsG5 . Ps 

/f]kgL t/sf/L jfnLsf] nflu # b]lv !) ju{ 

ld6/;Ddsf] g;{/L cfjZos kb{5 . 

· jLp hdfpg hldg tof/ u/]kl5 Jof8df 

r'Rr]s'6f]n] ^ — * ;]lG6ld6/ sf] km/sdf 

@ — # ;]lG6ld6/ ulx/fO{df w;f{ agfO{ x/]s 

w;f{df # — $ ;]lG6ld6/sf] km/sdf jLp 

v;fNg'kb{5 . To;kl5 w;f{df jfn'jf, v/fgL 

jf w'nf] sDkf]i6 jf df6f]n] k'/]/ xNsf xftn] 

lyRg'kb{5 . o;/L jLp hdfPkl5 g;{/LnfO{ 

k/fn jf ;'s]sf] 3fF; cflbn] 5f]kL l;+rfO{ 

ul/lbg' kb{5 . jLpaf6 c+s'/ cfpg yfn]kl5 

5fkf] nfO{ a]n'sfsf] ;dodf lgsfNg' kb{5 . 

· g;{/Ldf lr:ofg cfjZostf kl//xg] x'Fbf 

cj:yf x]/L x/]s lbg jf s]xL lbg lj/fP/ 

xhf/Ln] Psgf; kfgL lbg'kb{5 . 

· j]gf{ b'O{ kft] ePkl5 jf pd|]sf] !) – !@ 

lbgdf !) u|fd o'l/of k|lt ln6/ kfgL ldnfO{ 

5/]df ljjf xnSs a9\5 .o;/L o"l/of 5g{ 

k|lt /f]kgL @) – #) ln6/ kfgLsf] cfjZostf 

kb{5 . 

· Jof8df emf/kft b]lvg] ljlQs} pv]nL x6fpg] 

/ r'Rr] s'6f]n] Jof8 xNsf;Fu vf];|L Ps–b'O{ 

k6s j]gf{ uf]8\g'kb{5 . 

· Jof8df /; r';L gf]S;fg ug{ ] ls/fn] cfs|d0f 

ug{ ;Sb5g \. To:tf] nIf0f b]lvPdf /f]u/ @ 

ld=ln k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ Ps /f]kgLdf 

5s{g'kb{5 . To;}u/L kft vfg] ls/fn] cfs|d0f 

u/]df g"efg @ ld= ln k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 

ldnfO{ 5s{g'k5{ . 

· g;{/Ldf j]gf{sf] km]b s'lxg] /f]u nfUg ;Sg] 

ePdf g;{/L /fVg] 7fpFsf] 5gf}6df /fd|f] ljrf/ 

k'ofpg'sf ;fy} Jof8 cUnf] agfO{ ;/;kmfOdf 

Wofg lbg' kb{5 ;fy} jLp klg kftnf] 5/L 

@# 

Jof8 w]/} lr;f] /fVg' x'b}g . To;}ul/ 8fOy]g 

Pd= $% eGg] ljiffbL @ — # u|fd k|lt ln6/ 

kfgLdf ldnfO{ Ps /f]kgLdf #) ln6/sf b/n] 

5s{g'kb{5 . 

· j]gf{ k|foM $ — ^ xKtfdf ;fg{ tof/ x'G5g\ 

. cuf}6] sfpnL # xKtfdf j]gf{ ;fg{ tof/ 

x'G5 eg] e]8]v';f{gL / Kofhsf j]gf{] sl/j 

@ dlxgfdf ;fg{ tof/ x'G5g\ . 

· k|lts'n df};ddf eg] dflysf tl/sf ckgfP/ 

dfq ;kmntfsf ;fy j]gf{ tof/ ug{ ;lsb}g, 

lxpFbdf v'nf g;{/L j]gf{ pTkfbg ubf{ kxf8L 

If]qdf hf8f]sf sf/0fn] ubf{ jLp gpd|g] jf 

l9nf] pd|g] / j]gf{ a9\g klg nfdf] ;do 

nfUg] x'bfF Knfli6ssf] u'df]h agfP/ j]gf{ 

pdfg{'kb{5 . To:t} jiff{ ofddf a9L jiff{tn] 

ubf{ jLp pd|g / j]gf{ x's{g ufx|f] kg{] x'bfF 

o:tf] cj:yfdf klg u'df]h leq j]gf{ pTkfbg 

ubf{ ToxfFsf] tfkqmd / cfb|ftf j9L x'g hfgfn] 

/f]usf] ;d:of j9\gsf;fy} u'df]hleqsf] tfkqmdn] 

j]gf{ 89\g ;Sb5 . To;f] x'gaf6 hf]lug jiff{ 

ofddf cw{u'df]hsf] k|of]u ug{ 'kg{ ]x'G5 . To;}ul/ 

sfFs|f] , kml;{, cflbsf j]df};dL v]tLsf nflu 

j]gf{x Knfli6ssf] y}nfdf tof/ u/]/dfq v]tdf 

;fg{'kb{5 . 

o;/L Knfli6s u'df]h leq j]gf{ pdfbf{ jLp 

5/]kl5 j]gf{ gpd|g] a]nf;Dd Knfli6sn] @$ ;} 

306f Jof8nfO{ jf Knfli6ssf] y}nf]nfO{ 5f]Kg] . jLp 

pd|g yfn]kl5 ljxfg 3fd nfUgyfn] b]lv a]n'sf 

3fd gc:tfP;Dd Jof8af6 Knfli6s x6fpg] . kfgL 

k/]df Jof8nfO{ 5f]Kg'kb{5 . t/ j]gf{ pv]Ng'eGbf 

cufl8 cyf{t\ @%— #) lbg ePkl5 eg] :yfO{ kdf 

Knfli6s x6fpg] . o;f] ubf{ j]gf{ s8f x'g uO{ 

v]taf/Ldf /f]k]kl5 ljjf sd dg{] x'G5 . 

sfFs|f, kml;{, nf}sf , s/]nf, cflbsf] j]df};dL 

v]tL ug{sf] nflu Knfli6s y}nf]df j]gf{ pdfg{ 

dlnnf] ;se/ v]tL gul/Psf] :yfgsf] df6f] @ efu, 

/fd|/L s'lxPsf] uf]j/ dn @ efu / lrD6\ofOnf] 

df6f] y}nf]df eg"{kb{5 . o;/L df6f] / dn y}nf]df 

el/;s]kl5 Psgf;n] hldgdf 7f8f] x'g] u/L rfË 

nufO{ , @ –@ bfgf jLp kg{] u/L /f]k]/ pQm 

y}nfxnfO{ 708L / jiff{tsf] kfgLaf6 hf]ufpg 

Knfli6ssf] u'df]hn] 5f]Kg'kb{5 . o;/L agfO{Psf] 

Knfli6ssf] y}nf]sf] tNnf] efudf @— $ j6f Kjfn 

klg agfpg' kb{5 . o;/L Jof8 jf Knfli6s y}nf]df 

j]gf{ :j:y pdfg{sf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . 

Jof8 jf Knfli6s y}nf]df j]gf{ :j:y pdfg{sf 

nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx M 

· Jof8 3/ glhs dlnnf] df6f]df agfO{ k|z:t 

s'lxPsf] uf]j/ dn lbg] / ePdf v/fgL klg 

ld;fpg] . 

· Jof8nfO{ lbgsf] sDtLdf ! k6s 

lgl/If0f ug{] . 

· Jof8nfO{ kfgL , 3fd / 708Laf6 hf]ufpg 

Knfli6s u'df]h agfpg] . 

· jLp /fd|f];Fu 5fgL kftnf] 5g{] . 

· jLp ;se/ 8\ofË ePsf] Jof8 agfO{ 5g{] , 

8\ofËsf] prfO{ Ps 8]9 laTtf cUnf] 

agfpg] . 

· jLp 5/]kl5 klxnf] kN6 pld|Psf] j]gf{n] j9L 

pTkfbg lbg] ePsf]n] Jof8df kl5 pld|Psf 

j]gf{nfO{ pv]n]/ kmflnlbg] . 

· j]gf{ pld|Pkl5 t'Gt} 5fkf] lgsfnLlbg] / t'Gt} 

Ps u|fd j]leli6g / b'O{ u|fd 8fOy]g Pd 

$% jf g'efg ! Pd= Pn k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf 

b/n] j]gf{ / df6f] leHg] u/L 5g{] . of] 

ljiffbL * —!) lbgdf km]/L Ps k6s 

bf]xf]¥ofpg] . 

@$ 

· Jof8d} sdhf]/, n'nf, kx]+nf] kft ePsf / 

/f]uL b]lvPsf j]gf{ pv]n]/ kmfnL lbg] . 

· 3fF; / emf/kft ;fg} cj:yf b]lvg} lgsfnL 

/xg] . 

· slxF –slxF sfpnL / jGbfsf] j]gf{ klxnf] 

Jof8af6 pv]nL km]l/ bf];|f] Jof8df ;fg{ ] rng 

klg 5 , t/ /fd|f] k|ljlw ckgfO{Pdf bf]xf]¥ofP/ 

;fg{ jf h/v/\ofpg" eg] kb{}g . 

· Jof8sf] j]gf{df # —$ kft ePkl5 ;fg{ ] j]nf 

l7s eof] eg] a'emL hUuf tof/ ug{'kb{5 . 

· ;Dej ePdf Jof8df @ k6s z"Id tTj 

-dlN6Kn]S;_ # Pd= Pn= k|ltln6/ kfgLdf 

xfNg] . 

· j]gf{nfO{ /f]u ;xg] zlQm k|bfg ug{ k]G;Ljfjsf] 

t[tLo k':tfsf] k|ljlw ! Pd= Pn k|lt % 

ln6/sf b/n] 5g{] / O{= Pd= @ Pd= Pn 

k|lt ln6/sf b/n] !) lbgsf] km/sdf j]gf{ 

/ df6f] ;d]t leHg] u/L 5bf{ j]gf{ w]/} :j:y 

x'G5g\ . 

*n]vs, s[lif ;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb| 

xl/x/ejgdf k|fljlws ;xfos kbdf sfo{/t 

x'g'x'G5 .





s[lif Joj;foLs/0fdf ahf/Ls/0f Ps emns 

k[i7e"dLM 

g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z xf] . ^^ k|ltzt eGbf 

al9 hgtf s[lifdf lge{/ 5g\ t/ clwsf+z eGbf 

al9 s[lif k|0ffnL lgaf{xd'vL g} ePsf] kfOG5 . 

g]kfnsf] lgjf{xd"vL s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ Joj;flos/0fd"vL 

gjgfP;Dd gt o;df cfl>t ax';+Vos hg;+Vofsf] 

hLjg:t/ p7g ;S5 ,gt ck]lIft s[lif cfly{s 

j[l4b/ g} k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfg'k xfnsf 

jif{xdf g]kfnsf] s[lif lgltdf Jofks kl/jt{g cfPsf] 

5 . o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfGotf lbb} + ljleGg bft[;+:yfxn] 

;d]t s[lifsf] Joj;flos/0f k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] 

k|lqmofdf cfˆgf] ;lqmotf a9fpg yfn]sf 5g\ . olx 

jf:tlastfnfO{ a'dm]/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg s[lif 

Joa;flos/0f ;DaGwL laleGg cfof]hgfx Hf:t} 

Joa;flos s[lif lasf; cfof]hgf (CADP), Joa;flos 

s[lif tyf Aofkf/ cfof]hgf (PACT) ;+rfng ub]{ 

cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf s[lif ahf/ lasf;sf] z'jft 

rf}yf] k~r alif{o of]hgf -!(&)–!(&%_ sfndf 

s[lif dGqfno cGt/ut vfB tyf s[lif ahf/ ;]jf 

ljefusf] :yfkgf eP kZrft ePsf] kfO{G5 . lautdf 

;/sf/L] >f]t ;fwg pkof]u s[lifsf] pTkfbg a9fpg 

tkm{ dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] sf/0faf6 ahf/ lasf;sf] 

sfo{qmd cuf8L a9\g ;s]g . ;aeGbf al9 hg;Vofsf] 

d'Vo Joa;fosf] kdf /x]sf] s[lif Joa;fo Ps 

lgjf{xd'vL k]zfsf kdf dfq s]lGb|t x'g k'Uof] . 

elgG5 , pTkfbg eg]sf] cfly{s lasf;sf] 9f]sf 

xf] eg] ahf/ eg]sf] ptm 9f]sf sf] rfaL xf] . 

To;}n] s[lif Aoa;foLs/0fdf ahf/sf] cxd e'ldsf 

x'G5 . 

ahf/Ls/0fM 

jhf/Ls/0f Pp6f Joj;flos k|lqmof xf] / o;n] 

ls;fg, oftfoft Joj;foL, Jofkf/L, k|zf]wgstf{, 

cflbnfO{ gfkmf lbg ;Sg' k5{, gq ltgLx Joj;fodf 

l6Sg ;Sb}gg\ . To;sf/0f jhf/Ls/0fdf lgDg s'/f 

;dflji6 x'G5g\ . 

Ø vl/bstf{sf] klxrfg ul/g' k5{ . 

Ø pTkflbt j:t'sf] kdf ltgLx s] rfxG5g\ 

@% 

s[i0f k|;fb ltlD;gf* 

/ ltgLxsf] cfk"tL{ s;/L ul/g' k5{ eGg] 

a'em\g' k5{ . 

Ø l7s ;dodf l7s j:t' pknJw u/fpg], 

pTkfbg–jhf/ ;fFªnf]sf] ;+rfng ug{'k5{ . 

Ø ahf/ ;+rfng ul//fVg kof{Kt gfkmf 

x'g'kg{] . 

jhfl/s/0f / pTkfbg k/:k/ lge{/ x'G5g\ . 

pTkfbsx cfkm" Joj;flos kdf pTkfbg ug{ nfUg' 

cl3 pgLxnfO{ of] ljZjf; x'g' h/L 5 ls 

pTkfbgsf] plrt d"No kfO{g] ahf/ 

cl:tTjdf 5 . 

s[lif jhf/ Joj:yfdf cfO{ kg]{ r'gf}tLx 

s[lif jhf/ Joj:yfdf cfO{ kg]{ r'gf}tLx jf 

sdhf]/Lx lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M 

!_ sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ 

kof{Kt oftfoft ;'ljwf eGg] Hofb} g} dxTjsf] 

laifo xf] . ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpg ldNg] pko'Qm 

;8s ljgf nfdf] b'/Ldf ul/g] 9'jfgLsf] nfut wfGg 

g;lsg] x'G5 / o;n] jhf/sf] cfsf/nfO{ l;ldt 

ul/lbG5 . s[lif jhf/sf] ljsf;sf] k|;Ëdf ljz]if 

k|sf/sf] k"jf{wf/sf] k|fjwfg :jtM cfpF5 . dfG5] 

hDdf x'g, vl/b lalqm ug{ / pTkfbgnfO{ e08f/0f 

ug{ ejgxsf] cfjZostf kb{5, / lzt e08f/0f 

h:tf cem j9L ljz]if lsl;dsf ;'ljwfx klg 

cfjZos kg{ ;Sb5 . 

@_ pTkfbss]f ;f}bf ug] { -df]ndf]nfp ug] {_ sdhf]/ 

l:ylt 

s[lif jhf/ eGgf;fy o;sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ;+/rgfdf 

kmf}jGhf/xsf] ;+VofeGbf pTkfbs ls;fgsf] ;+Vof 

w]/} g} a9L x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ vf; pTkfbg ug]{ 

ls;fgsf] ;f}bf ug]{ - df]ndf]nfp ug]{ _ l:ytL 

sdhf]/ x'g hfG5 . 

#_ pTkfbsdf ;"rgfsf] sdL 

ls;fgsf] ;f}bf ug]{ -df]ndf]nfp ug]{_ IfdtfnfO{ 

xfnsf] jhf/ d"No, km;n s:tf] s:tf] x'G5 eGg] 

cg'dfg, cfbL ;DjlGw ;"rgfsf] cefjn] cem sdhf]/ 

ul/lbPsf] x'G5 . 

$_ dfu / cfk"tL{ 

pTkfbgsf] d"No ;fdfGotf dfu / cfk"tL{n] 

lgwf{/0f ub{5 . dflg;x s'g d"Nodf ;fdfg cfk"tL{ 

ug{ tof/ 5g\ / pTkfbgsf] nflu dflg;x s'g 

d"No ltg{ tof/ 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;Gt'ng jGg 

hfG5 . d"No a9\of] eg] cfk"tL{ kl/df0f a9\5 / 

dfu kl/df0f 36\5, To:t} d"No 36\of] eg] cfk"tL{ 

kl/df0f 36\5 / dfu kl/df0f a9\5 . o;sf] af/]df 

s[ifs ;d'bfodf Tolt 1fg ePsf] kfO{b}g.t/ o;sf] 

af/]df 1fg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . 

%_ df};dL d"No kl/jt{g 

:ki6 kdf df};d kl/jt{g x'g] d'n'sdf jfnL 

leq\ofpg z' ug]{ cj:yfdf cfk"tL{ sd x'G5 / 

d"No j9L x'G5 . d'Vo pTkfbg If]qdf jfnL kfSg] 

cj:yfdf d"No ;aeGbf 36L x'G5 . clGtd cj:yflt/ 

km]/L cfk"tL{ 36\g uO{ d"No a9\5 . a]df};ddf 

;fdfGotof d"No ;jf{lws x'G5 ha yf]/} ls;fg 

dfq v]tL ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . l56f] jf l9nf] df};d 

jfnL pTkfbg ug{ ;+efJo If]qx -h:t} M kxf8 jf 

lxdfnL If]q_ sf ls;fgx jfnL lng] ;do cufl8 

Nofpg ;lsg] tl/sf h:t} Knfli6s 6g]n, jf 

xl/tu[xsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd ls;fgx cuf8L jf 

k5f8L x'g] pRr d"Nosf] kmfObf lng ;Sb5g\ .To;}u/L 

l;+lrt If]qdf v]tL ubf{ a]df};dL jfnL pTkfbg u/L 

pRr d"No ePsf]j]nf cfk"tL{ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ 

o;sf] af/]df s[ifs ;d'bfodf 1fg x'g' cfjZos 

x'G5 . 

dfyL pNn]lvt r'gf}tLnfO{ larf/ ubf{ pTkfbg 

of]hgf agfO{ ;fd'lxs ahfl/s/0f / ahf/ ;+hfn 

lgdf{0f4f/f s[lif Aoj;fonfO{ s]lx xb;Dd Aoj;flos 

agfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5. 

;fd'lxs ahfl/s/0f (Collective Marketing) g} 

lsg 

Af:t'xsf] ;fd'lxs jf ;+:yfut kdf laqmL 

lat/0f ul/g' g} ;fd'lxs ahfl/s/0f xf] . ;fd'lxs 

ahfl/s/0fn] lgDgfg';f/sf kmfO{bf k'U5 . 

– ahf/ nfut 36\g] tyf ;fd'lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] 

lasf; eO{ d'gfkmf:t/ a9\g hfG5. 

@^ 

– ;'rgfsf] kx' Fr, yf]s cfk'lt{, ;+o'tm Joa:yfkg 

/ ;xdlt ug]{ Ifdtfsf] lasf; x'G5. 

– ;/sf/L ;]jfx ;lhn} k|fKt ug{ . 

– d'No >[v+nfsf stf{xsf lardf ;'d'w'/ ;DaGw 

sfod /fVg . 

– pTkfbg pk/fGt ug{'kg]{ s[lif pkhxsf] 

Joa:yfkgdf ;'wf/ NofO{ Iflt sd ug{. 

– ;fd'lxs hdfgLsf cfwf/df ;xh kdf C0fsf] 

Joa:yf ug{ . 

– yf]/} s[ifsxsf] :f+DnUgtfdf w]/} ;fdfgx 

Afhf/;Dd k'¥ofpg] Joa:yf ul/ ahf/ Joa:yfkg 

vr{ 36fpg . 

– s[ifsxsf pTkfbgnfO{ ;fd'lxs kdf HfDdf 

u/L :f:tf] Df'Nodf 9'jfgL ug{. 

– clu|d s/f/nfO{ a8fjf ul/ d'gfkmf 

j[l4 ug{ . 

– plrt pTkfbg of]hgf / ahf/ Aoj:yfkg 

u/]/ pkef]Tfmf ;dIf s[lif pkhxsf] lgoldt 

cfk'lt{ ug{ . 

– s[ifssf] nflu cfjZos s[lif ;fdfu|Lx Psd'i7 

7'nf] dfqfdf vl/b sf/f]af/ u/]/ / Psd'i7 

9'jfgL u/]/ ;fdfu|Lxsf] vl/b d'No / nfut 

36fpg . 

ahf/ ;+hfn lgdf{0f (Market Network 

Formation) g} lsg 

Ps ahf/sf] csf] { ahf/l;t ;DaGw sfod u/L 

ahf/df laqmL x'g] a:t'xdf pQm ahf/sf] dfueGbf 

a9L x'g] a:t'xnfO{ dfueGbf sd cfk'lt{ x'g] ahf/df 

;lhn} l;t cfbfg k|bfg (Smooth Flow of Commodity) 

ug{ ;lsg] k|s[of nfO{ g} ahf/ ;+hfn (Market 

Network) elgG5 . o;df a:t'xsf] cfbfgk|bfg 

nufot ahf/ ;"rgfb]vL cGo cfjZos tYof+sxsf] 

;d]t Ps cfk;df hfgsf/L x'g] ub{5 . xfd|f] h:tf] 

ef}uf]lns ljljwtf ePsf] b]zdf laleGg 7fFpdf 

vf]lnPsf ahf/xdf pkef]Qmfxsf] dfu cg';f/sf 

;a} a:t'x :yfgLo ahf/n] dfq cfk'lt{ ug{ g;Sg] 

x' Fbf o:tf a:t'sf] al9 cfk'lt{ x'g] ahf/x 7fFpaf6 

sd cfk'lt{ x'g] ahf/xdf Nofpg ahf/ ;+hfnn] 

7'nf] dxTj /fVb5 . ahf/ lasf;sf] qmddf ahf/ 

;+hfn lgdf{0fdf lgDgfg';f/sf ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg 

ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .


— Ps ahf/df :yfgLo dfu eGbf a9L ePsf 

a:Tf'x csf] { sd cfk'lt{ ePsf] ahf/df ;lhn} 

l;t cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] . 

— ahf/ ;"rgfsf] k|jfx ;a} ahf/df pknAw 

x'g] . 

— a:t'xsf] cfbfgk|bfg lg/Gt/ eO{ /xg] . 

— s'g} ahf/df a:t'xsf] (Over Supply) a9L 

cfk'lt{ / s'g} ahf/df sd cfk'lt{ (Under 

Supply) sf] ;d:of g/xg] . 

— ;dli6ut ahf/ lasf; lgdf{0fdf 7'nf] d4t 

k'¥ofpg] . 

— ;fgf ls;fgx h;n] 7'nf ahf/x;Dd cfkm\gf] 

u|fxsx :6« ]j]/L lsGb} 

@& 


;fdfg k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g o;af6 7'nf] kmfObf 

lng ;Sg] . 

— gofF gofF ahf/sf ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ 

o;n] d4t ug]{ . 

— ahf/ Ifdtf lasf; (Market Efficiency 

Development) df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] . 

— pkef]Qmf, pTkfbs, Jofkf/L h:tf nlIft au{x 

nfO{ ahf/ ;"rgf af/] cfjZos hfgsf/L x'g 

;Sg] . 

*n]vs g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbdf j}1flgs 

kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . 


nK;L g]kfnsf] lrgf/L 

nK;Lsf] kmnaf6 Sof08L, df8f, crf/, lttf}/f cflb agfpg ;lsG5 eg] kmnleqsf] 

u]8fnfO{ cfuf] afNg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] l5lKk;s]sf] af]6nfO{ xNsf kmlg{r/ 

lgdf{0fsf] nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 . ;fy} nK;L cf}ifwL agfpg klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

nK;L g]kfnsf] Ps df}lns kmnkm"n xf] . of] 

g]kfnsf] @( kxf8L lhNnfsf] #)! uf=lj=;=df 

km}lnPsf] 5 . ;fdfGotof nK;L g]kfnsf] k"j{ b]lv 

klZrd;Dd *%) ld6/b]lv @))) ld6/ ;Ddsf] 

prfOdf kfOG5 . rLg, leotgfd / ef/tsf] s]xL 

efudf kfOPtfklg kmnsf] nflu eg] o;nfO{ g]kfndf 

dfq} v]tL ul/G5 . nK;Lsf] kmnaf6 Sof08L, df8f, 

crf/, lttf}/f cflb agfpg ;lsG5 eg] kmnleqsf] 

u]8fnfO{ cfuf] afNg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] 

l5lKk;s]sf] af]6nfO{ xNsf kmlg{r/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu 

/fd|f] dflgG5 . ;fy} nK;L cf}ifwL agfpg klg k|of]u 

ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ le/fnf] / cGo 7fpFdf klg 

v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] e"–;+/If0fdf klg /fd|f] e'ldsf 

lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] nK;L xfd|f] kl/k|]Ifdf 

ax'pkof]uL 5 eGg ;lsG5 . 

g]kfndf Joj;flos nK;L v]tLsf] ;'jft @)^#÷^$ 

b]lv eQmk'/ lhNnfaf6 ePsf] xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ 

/ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;+o'Qm ;xof]udf 

…Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg (OVOP) sfo{qmd cGtu{t 

eQmk'/df nK;L v]tL ;' ul/Psf] xf] . xfn;Dd 

pQm lhNnfdf *!) hgf ls;fg ;xefuL eO{ @)@ 

x]S6/ If]qkmndf nK;L v]tL lj:tf/ e};s]sf] 5 . 

xfd|f] df}lns kmnk"mn ePsfn] o;nfO{ sd 

d]x]gtdf klg /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . sndL 

j]gf{ af6 x'sf{OPsf] nK;Ln] t;|f] jif{af6 g} kmn 

lbg ;' u/]klg ^÷& jif{ kl5 dfq /fd+f] pTkfbg 

lbG5 . ;'sf s]xL ai{f;Dd af]6 /fd|f];Fu k}mln;s]sf] 

x' Fb}g / o; lardf cGt{ {jfnLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ 

;lsG5 . cGt{jfnL nufpbf 5fofF ;xg;Sg] jfnL 

5fGg' kb{5 . h:t}M cb'jf, j];f/, lk+8fn', w]/} nx/f 

ghfg] sf]z]jfnL cflb . nK;Ldf c kmnk"mnsf] 

t'ngfdf /f]u / ls/fsf] ;d:of klg sd b]vf k/]sf] 

kfOG5 . clxn];Dd b]lvOPsf]df PGYo|fsgf]h g} o;sf] 

d'Vo /f]u xf] h;sf] /f]syfd ;xh 5 . kft emg{] 

a]nfdf / kfn'jf knfpg ;' ePkl5 jf]8f{] ld>0f 

agfO{ af]6 leHg] u/L 5/]df o;sf] /f]syfd 

x'G5 . cGo /f]udf af]6 cf]Onfpg] /f]u lj/n} b]lvPsf] 


z'/]z l3ld/]* 

5 . h;sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu 9'lifgf;s ljiffbL 

j]leli6g # u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ km]b leHg] 

u/L /fVg'kb{5 . ls/fn] o;nfO{ vf;} gf]S;fg u/]sf] 

kfOPsf] 5}g . 

c b]zdf nK;LnfO{ kmnsf] pTkfbgsf] nflu 

v]tL gul/g] ePsfn] o;sf] kmnaf6 agfOPsf ljleGg 

kl/sf/sf] lgof{t ;DefJotf Psbd a9L 5 . xfdLn] 

u'0f:tl/o nK;L kmnfpg ;SofF } / To;af6 u'0f:t/Lo 

kl/sf/ agfpg ;Sof} F eg] nK;L g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;fd' 

lrgfpg] Pp6f /fd|f] dfWod aGg ;S5 . u'0f:t/Lo 

kmn lbg af]6 :j:Yo / alnof] x'g'kb{5 h;sf] nflu 

vfB tTj Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg'kg{ ] x'G5 . nK;Ldf 

jif{sf] Ps k6s k';–df3df h/fnfO{ c;/ gkg{{] 

u/L dn xfNg' kb{5 / df6f] ;'Vvf 5 eg] dn 

/fvL ;s]kl5 l;+rfO ug{' kb{5 . 

xfd|f] df}lns kmnk"mn ePklg clxn];Dd xfdLn] 

o;sf] j[l:tt kdf cWoog–cg''Gwfg ug{ afFsL 

5 . o;sf] pTkfbg a9fpg pko'Qm xfjfkfgL, df6f]sf] 

cfwf/df ks]6 If]q lgdf{0f u/L pQm 7fpFdf v]tL 

ug{' kb{5 h;sf] nflu cg';Gwfg ug{' clgjfo{ 

x'G5 . o;sf] k'mNg], kmNg] afgL, /f]u / ls/f, cGo 

;DefJo ;d:of klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf] nflu klg 

cg';Gwfg ug{ ' h/L 5 . aLpaf6 pd| ]sf] lajfxdf 

efn], kf]yL 5'6\ofpg s]xL cfwf/x lgdf{0f ul/Ptfklg 

o;df ce}m cg';Gwfg u/]kl5 dfq 9'Ss x'g] l:ytL 

5 . xfdL sxfF w]/} k|sf/sf nK;Lx jgdf k}mlnPsf] 

kfOG5 . tL dWo] u'bL w]/} / u]8f ;fgf] x'g], a9L 

:jflbnf], w]/} kmNg], k'i6 / cfsif{s kmn ePsf 

af]6x 5fgL lj:tf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;/L 

cg';Gwfg u/L af]6x 5fgL, hft ljsf; u/L 

l;kmfl/; u/]df eljiodf o;sf] pTkfbg a9\g] / 

s[ifsx klg ;lhn} cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} 

;'jftsf s]xL jif{ ;Dd ls;fgn] pTkfbg gkfpg] 

ePsfn] cGt/{jfnL, dn / cGo s[lif ;fdfu|Ldf 

@* 

;DalGwt lgsfon] ;xof]u ug{ ] xf] eg] o;sf] lj:tf/n] 

;lhn} ult lng ;Sg] b]lvG5 . s[lif If]qdf sfd 

ug] { g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ / cGo u}/ ;/sf/L





;+3 ;+:yfn] o;sf] lj:tf/sf] nflu tTsfn cg';Gwfg 

;' ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

lgisif{df eGg'kbf{ nK;L g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;fd' 

lrgfpg 7"nf] ;DefJotf af]s]sf] xfd|f] df}lns kmnk"mn 

xf] . yf]/} nufgLdf / cGo v]tL nufpg c;'ljwf 

x'g] le/ kfvfdf klg o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . 

clxn];Ddsf] l:ylt x]bf{ o;df /f]u / ls/fsf] ;d:of 

klg vf;} b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] xfdLn] /f;folgs 

ljiffbLsf] k|of]u gu/L of sd u/L o;sf] pTkfbg 

s[lif lut 

lng ;lsG5 . nK;Laf6 agfOPsf k/Lsf/sf] cfGtl/s 

dfu /fd|f] 5 h;nfO{ xfdL ljb]z;Dd klg lj:tf/ 

ug{ ;S5f}F . To;sf] nflu u'0f:t/df ljz]if Wofg 

lbg' kb{5 . ;fy} nK;L ;DjGwL cg';Gwfgsf sfdx 

lgs} sd ePsfn] ;DaGwLt lgsfon] ljz]if rf;f] 

/fVg' kg{] b]lvG5 . 

*n]vs Msc.Ag. 2nd year cWoog/t jfujfgL 

ljsf; clws[t, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, eQmk'/ 

/f;folgs laiffbLsf] k|of]u / c;/sf af/]df 

laiffbL g5/f} ToxL klg s8f km// . 

zq' t ls/f d5{g g} ldq' t y// .. 

klxnf] rf]6L w]/} g} d5{g To;kl5 

sd} d5{g\ 

zq'n] t xfgL u5{g\, ldq'n] ub}{gg\ . 



zq'sf c08f, nfef{ / Ko'kf ldq'sf 

vfgf x'g\ 

emfFu / emf8L afnL / gfnL logsf 

af; x'g\ 



k|lt/f]w Ifdtf a9L;s]k5L lo 

ls/f db}{gg\ 

;+Vof a[4L e};s]k5L lo 6]b}{ 6]b}{gg\ 



ljiffbL k|of]u u/]sf] cGg vfg' x'Fb}g 

:j:5 cGg vfPsf] z/L/ /f]un] 5'Fb}g . 



b'uf{ k|;fb e§/fO{ 

rGb|u9L emfkf 

cN;/, SofG;/, x'G5 x} x]/ laiffbL vfPdf 

3/]n' ljiffbL k|of]u u/f}+ 3/glhs kfPdf 



zq'sf] eGbf ldq'sf] ;+Vof a9L 5 ;+;f/df 

;xof]u u5{g ldq'n] x]/ k/fu ;]rgdf 



afFr' / afrpm eGf] of] ld7f] 5f]8\b5f}+ ;Gb]z 

kof{j/0f hf]ufO{ /fVg' xfd|} xf] st{Ao 



;kmntfsf] syf 

k|ultzLn s[ifs rgs rf}w/L 

s}nfnL lhNNff 

demufpF e'ldlxg 

s[ifsx dWo]sf 

## jlif{o rgs 

rf}w/L klg Ps 

x'g\ . pgsf] kl/jf/ 

!# hgfsf] 5 . 

s[ifs rgs rf}w/L cfdf j'jf, # efO{ 

Ps jlxgL dfOnf 

efO{ / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ ;lxt % hjfg 5f]/f5f]/L 

5g\ . oqf] kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0fsf] nflu g t hUuf 

hldg g} 5 g t sg} cfo >f]tg} . pkfo Pp6} 

lyof] Hofnf dhb'/L s]jn 5fs 6fg{sf] nflu . ;f/} 

sl7g lyof] rgs rf}w/Lsf] hLjgofkg . 

s]lx ;do klxn] e"ldlxg s[ifsxsf] nflu 

;/sf/n] % s7\7f hUuf lbof] . hUuf % s7\8f, 

kl/jf/ ;+Vof !# hjfg To;sf] cfo >f]t pAhgLn] 

hLjg wfGg ;f/} d':sLn kYof]{ . Tolx ;/sf/n] 

lbPsf] % s7\7f hUufdf v]tL ug] { s'g} gf}nf] pGgt 

tl/sf klg yfxf lyPg . plx k'/fg} tl/sfn] wfg, 

ds}, ux'F o:t} jfnLdfqf, o:tf] yf]/} pJhgL tyf 

Hofnf dhb'/L u/]/ 5fs 6fg{' kg]{ ePkl5 efO{, 

jlxgL, tyf 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] k9fO{ x''g] t s'/} 

ePg . csf]{ s'g} klg rf8 kj{ cfP eg] cefjn] 

ubf{ 3/df ;w}+ emu8f, slrpn x'g] uYof]{ cfdfn] 

of] rflxof] p rflxof] k};f Nofp eGg], j'jfn] 

sfxfFaf6 Nofpg] ;w}+ o:t} ul/ lbg ljTb} lyof] . 

@)^# ;fnsf] s'/f xf] k|fS6Lsn PS;g, 

lnj{8 / l8=8Jn'=cf]= eGg] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf 

k|ltlgwLx cfP/ ;+o'Qm ;fem]bf/Ldf, pxfFxsf] ;Nnfxn] 

!) hjfgsf] ;xefuLtfdf k|ultzLn s[ifs ;d'x 

u7g u/L t/sf/L v]tL z' ul/of] . ;j}n] Ps 8]9 

sfdf t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ pTkfbg /fd}| eof] / 

ghLs}sf] xf6 jhf/df tyf wgu9L jhf/ nu]/ 

cfDbfgL /fd}| eof] . xfdL !) hjfg ;b:oxn] 

u/]sf] t/sf/L v]tLsf k|efjn] ;d'xdf ;b:osf] ;+Vof 

klg ylkof], clxn] xfd|f] k|ultzLn s[ifs ;d'xdf 

!% hjfg ;b:o ePsf 5f}| . 

@( #) 

dbg s'df/ ;'j]bL 

cfkm"n] u/]sf] t/sf/L v]tLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL 

x'g yfn]kl5 xf};nf klg a9b} + cfof] . clg % sf 

k'/} hUufdf ;do cg';f/ lxpFb jif{ jfx|} dlxgf 

pGgt k|ljlw ckgfP/ t/sf/L v]tL ug{ yfNof}+ . 

@)^% ;fnaf6 xfdLn] lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no 

wgu9Ldf ;Dk{s /fvL t/sf/L v]tL jf/] a9L eGbf 

j9L k|fljlws hfgsf/L tyf tflnd klg lnof}+ . 

h;n] ubf{ xfdLn] jfx| } dlxgf df};dL tyf j]df};dL 

t/sf/L v]tL u/L emg} /fd|f] pTkfbg lng yfNof} 

kmn:jk cfo cfh{gdf w]/} /fd|f] eof] / xfd|f] 

lhJfgofkg klg ;xh jGb} cfof] . sfG5f] efO{, 

jlxgL tyf dfOnf] efO{sf # j6f 5f]/f / 5f]/Ln] 

/fd|f] :s'ndf k9g\ yfn] . 

o;/L ;do v';L / ;'v ;u+ ljTb} lyof] . t/ 

jfjf / cfdfn] l/;fP/ eGg' eof], eP e/sf] hUufdf 

t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ vfnL ;fu / t/sf/L dfq 

vfg] < cGgsf] v]tL ug'{ kb}{g eg]/ t/ clxn] of] 

;d:of klg 5}g . 8]9 ljufxf hUuf clwofFdf lnP/ 

cGg jfnLsf] v]tL klg u/]sf 5f} + h:n] ubf{ kl/jf/sf] 

nflu rflxg] vfBfGg pknJw 5 . ;fy} % sf 

hUufdf nufPsf] t/sf/L j]r]/ k};f klg /fd| } cfDbfgL 

ePsf] 5 . 

clxn] t 3/ klg /fd|f] jfgfPsf 5f}+ Ps xn 

uf] / ufO{ klg kfn]sf] 5f} . lxpFbdf 6df6/, 

v';f{gL, sfpnL, jGbf h:tf t/sf/Lsf] v]tL ul/G5 

eg] aif] { jfnLsf kdf sfFqmf, km;L{, nf}sf, lw/f} +nf, 

jf]8L, l;dL / leG8L h:tf t/sf/Lsf] pGgt tl/sfn] 

v]tL ug] { u/]sf 5f} + . clxn] t s'g} ;do klg xfd|f] 

hldg vfnL /xFb}g s'g} g s'g} t/sf/L v]tLn] hUuf 

9fs]s} x'G5 . d]xgt ug'{ k5{ xfd|f] v]tjf/Lsf] 

df6f]df ;'g kmnfpg ;lsG5 eGg] egfO{ ;fy{s 

u5f}{+ . clxn] af–cfdfn] klg of] t/sf/L v]tL g} 

ug' {k5{ o:nfO{ 5'6fpg x' Fb}g eGg' x'G5 . t/sf/Lsf] 

pTkfbg /fd|f] 5 . j9L pTkfbg ePsf] ;dodf 

wgu9L jhf/sf] cnfjf cQl/of jhf/df klg cfkm\gf] 

pTkfbg nu]/ ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf s'/f s[ifs 

rgs rf}w/L jtfpF5g\ . pTkfbg ug'{k5{ jhf/sf] 

s'g} ;d:of 5}g s[ifs jtfpF5g\ . cl3Nnf] jif{ olx 

t/sf/L v]tLjf6 Hofnf vr{ s6fP/ ! nfv k}of

' 





kmfO{bf ePsf] jtfpFb} xl;Fnf] cg'xf/df pgL 

eGb5g\ M /fd|f] nufpg / ld7f] vfg s'g} ;d:of 

5}g clxn] . of] jif{ sfG5f] efO{ !! df, jlxgL 

gf} sIff / dfO{nf efOsf] # 5f]/L / cfkm\gf @ 

5f]/f 5f]/L /fd|f] :s'ndf k9\b} 5g\ . pgLxsf] k9fO 

klg /fd|f] 5 . of] jif{ d+l;/, kf}if / df3df dfq 

6df6/ v]tLaf6 %% xhf/ sfpnL, !% xhf/ 

vf];f{gLaf6 #))) xhf/ cfDbfgL ePsf] / To;} 

ul/ c t/sf/L jfnLaf6 klg /fd| ]f cfDbfgL ePsf] 

syg s[ifs rgs rf}w/Lsf] /x]sf] 5 . 

xfdLn] rgs rf}w/LnfO{ k|Zg u/]sf lyof}+ . 

cfufdL lbgdf s] ug] { ;f]r 5 eg]/ < pgsf] hjfkm 

lyof], 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] lzIff lbg], yk hUuf 

lsGg] / lg/Gt/ kdf ;do cg';f/ s[lif ljz]if1sf] 

;Nnfxdf /fd|f] / pGgt t/sf/L v]tLsf] ;fy} cGg 

tyf gub]jfnLsf] v]tL ug]{, clg hLjg cfgGb;+u 

hLpg] . gub]jfnLsf] kdf d}n] o;} jif{ b]lv lhNnf 

s[lif ljsf; sfo{fnosf] ;xof]udf sGo] Rofp v]tLsf] 

yfngL u/]sf] 5' . h;af6 pTkfbg klg /fd|f] eof] 

/ cfDbfgL klg /fd|f] eof] . ;fy} v]tjf/Lsf] df6f] 

;'wfg{ sDkf]i6 tyf k|f+uf/Ls dn k|of]u ug[ {k5{ eGg] 

s'/fsf] 1fg ePsf]n] u8\of}nL sDkf]i7 dn klg 

tof/ ub}{5g\ s[ifs rgs rf}w/L . 

lxhf];Dd b}lgs u'hf/sf] nflu csf]{sf] dhb'/L 

ub}{ lx8\g] s}nfnL deFmufpFsf s[ifs rgs rf}w/L 

cfh cGo s[ifssf nflu ;d]t k|]/s JolQm jg]sf 

5g\ . 

-h]=l6=P= / a'l9 cfdf_ 

jftfj/0f -j'l9 cfdf jf/Laf6 ;fFemsf] nflu sfpnL 

NofFpb} l5g\ . lk9Ldf sf]xL ukm ub{}5g\ . To;}a]nf 

h]=l6=P= cfOk'U5g\_ 

h]=l6=P M gd:sf/ cfdf . cf/fd x'g'x'G5 < 

j'l9 cfdf M cf]xf] h]=l6=P afa', gd:sf/ . w]/} 

lbgkl5 cfpg'eof] lg afa' . sxfF 

x'g'x'GYof] < dnfO{ t Gof;|f] kf] nfYof] 

t . 

h]=l6=P M d a]zL;x/df lhNnf:t/Lo tflnd 

lng uPsf] lyP cfdf . To;}n] 

tkfO{xsf] ;]jfdf cfpg kfO{g . 

dnfO{ lg Gof;|f] nfu]/ slxn] e]6f} +nf 

h:tf] ePsf] lyof] cfdf . 

j'l9 cfdf M x}g s] ljifodf tflnd lng hfg' 

ePsf] xf] lg afa' < 

h]=l6=P M cfO{= lk= Pd v]tL k|ljlwdf 

cfdf . 

j'l9 cfdf M of] cfO{= lk= Pd v]tL k|ljlw eg]sf] 

rflxF s] xf] lg afa' < cfhef]ln ;a} 

o;}sf] s'/f u5{g\ . 

h]=l6=P M of] cfO{= lk= Pd v]tL k|ljlw eg]sf] 

xfdLn] klxn] ug{} u/]sf] /f;folgs 

ljiffbL sf] k|of]u gu/L ug{} v]tL 

k|ljlw xf] cfdf . 

j'l9 cfdf M klxn] /f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] 

k|of]u gubf{ pTkfbg lgs} sd eof] 

eg]/ k|of]udf NofPsf] clxn] lsg 

gNofpg] eg]sf] t afa' < 

h]=l6=P M To;f] x}g cfdf, klxn] jfNfLxsf] 

pTkfbsTj lgs} sd x'g] ub{Yof] 

To;}n] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj PSsf;L 

a9fpg gfgfy/L ljiffbL k|of]u 

uof}{+ . o:tf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{ 

s:tf j]kmfObf x'G5g\ eg]/ Tolt yfxf 

lyPg . dflg;xn] qmlds kdf 

cTolws ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug{ 

#! #@ 

cfO{= lk= Pd= v]tL k|ljlw 

j'l9 cfdf 

h]=l6=P 

j'l9 cfdf 

h]=l6=P 

j'l9 cfdf 

h]=l6=P 

;dL/ 1fdL du/* 

yfn] . lj:tf/} To;af6 pTkGg x'g] 

cju'0fxsf] af/]df klg yfxf x'Fb} 

uof] . To;}n] clxn] cfO{= lk= Pd= 

v]tL k4lt ckgfpg' kbf{]/x]5 eg]/ 

o;sf] z'jft ePsf] xf], cfdf . 

M clg of] cfO{= lk= Pd= v]tL k4lt 

ckgfpFbf s] kmfObf x'G5 t afa' < 

M cfO{= lk= Pd v]tL k4ltaf6 w]/} 

kmfObf x'G5 cfdf . of] k4ltdf 

v]tjf/Ldf /flfolgs ljiffbLsf] ;f6f] 

cfkm\g} vf]tjf/Ldf kfOg] emf/kftxnfO{ 

k|fËfl/s dn, lrofdnsf] kdf k|of]u 

ug{ ;lsG5 ,h;n] ubf{ df6f]sf] 

/f;folgs , ef}lts u'0fdf ;'wf/ eO{ 

df6f]sf] pj{/f zltm a9\g hfG5 . 

cfkm\gf] 3/ j/k/sf] jftfj/0f b'lift 

x'g kfpFb}g ;fy} cfkm\g} v]tjf/Ldf 

kfOg] emf/kftxsf] ;lx ;b'kof]u 

klg x'G5 . 

M clg of] dn rflxF s;/L agfpg 

;lsG5 t afa' < 

M ufx|f] 5}g cfdf, oL ;a} em/kft-c;'/f], 

ltt]kflt,jgdf;f, c+u]/L ,l;:gf] cfbL_ 

sf] kftnfO{ dl;gf] u/L sf6\g], h'6sf] 

af]/fdf kf]sf] kf/L ufO{ e};Lsf] lk;fadf 

8'afpg], Ps 8]9 dlxgfdf kftx 

s'lxP/ lk;fadf ldl;G5 / s|dzMafSnf] 

x'Fb} hfG5 . lemSg eGbf cufl8 

/fd|f];Fu rnfO{ ptm emf]nnfO{ !% 

efu kfgL ld;fO{ jfnLdf 5ls{lbg] . 

M clg o;/L /f;folgs ljiffbL g} k|of]u 

gubf{ jfnLsf] pTkfbg 36\b}g 

t afa' < 

M 36\b}g cfdf, a slxn] 3l6 slxn] 

a9L geO{ Psktf cfpF5 . o;sf 

;fy} 3/]n' kmf]x/ h:t} t/sf/Lsf 

af]qmf cflb klg k|of]u ug{ ;S5f}+ .





o;n] Psflt/ jftj/0f :jR5 /fVg 

d2t u5{ eg] csf{lt/ xfdLnfO{ 7"nf] 

dfqfdf emf/kftxaf6 sDkf]i6 dn 

sf] >f]t klg k|fKt x'G5 . 

j'l9 cfdf M /f]uls/f lg afa' < 

h]=l6=P M 3/]n' ljiffbLn] lg cfdf, jfnLgfnLdf 

nfUg] /f]uls/fsf] k|sf]k 36fpF5 . 

o;n] ldq' ls/f h:t} df}/L,af3] 

vk6],ufOg] cflbnfO{ c;/ ub{}g . 

dflg; tyf kz'k+IfLsf] z/L/df klg 

s'g} c;/ ub{}g . 

j'l9 cfdf M of] ljlwaf6 v]tL ul/Psf pkhx 

;lhn} ljlqm x'G5g\ t afa' < 

h]=l6=P M cfdfn] Psbd} l7s k|Zg ug{' 

eof] . ;'Gg'xf];\ cfdf, o;/L pTkfbg 

u/]sf] jfnLgfnLsf] ahf/df a9\bf] 

dfu 5, o;sf] kmfObf ;a}n] a'em]sf 

5g\ . 

j'l9 cfdf M nfut lg afa' < 

h]=l6=P M sd x'G5 cfdf . xfdLn] /f;folgs 

ljiffbLsf] ;§f of] ljlwaf6 ljiffbL 

k|of]u ubf{ k};f lt/]/ lsGg' gkg]{ 

x'Fbf nfut aRg hfG5, x}g / 

cfdf < 

j'l9 cfdf M xf] t lg afa' . nf} ca Psl5g\ 

a; . d vfgf agfpF5' vfP/ 

hfpm x} < 

h]=l6=P M x}g cfdf ev{/} vfP/ lx+8]sf] . kNnf] 

6f]ndf s[ifs ;d'xsf] a}7s 5 , 

ukm ubf{ub}{ l9nf e};s]5 . 

uO{xfN5' . gd:sf/ . 

j'l9 cfdf M nf} t afa', /fd|/L hfpm . 

xl/z/0fd . 

*lhNNff s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, ndh'Ë, a]zL;x/, 

h]=l6=P k|lzIffyL{ 

kf7s d~r 

‘s[lif’ å}df;Ls klqsfdf ‘kf7skq’ lsg 5fKg] < 

cfhef]nL k|fo h'g;'s} klqsfn] klg kf7skqxnfO{ 

/fd|f] :yfg lbPsf] kfO{G5 . kf7s;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw 

sfod ug{ kf7ssf lrx yfxf kfpg, kf7sx 

s:tf ;dfrf/, l/kf]6{ jf n]vx k9\g dg k/fpF5g\ 

jf k|sflzt ;fdfu|L k|lt s:tf k|ltlqmof lbG5g\ 

eGg] cToGt rf;f] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . klqsfx kf7ssf] 

lr / OR5f cg';f/ -ljifo j:t' efiffz}nL / 

;hfj6_ k|:t't ug{ rfxfG5g\ . kf7s;Fu bf]xf]/f] 

;DaGw /flv cfˆgf] uNtL sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/]/ 

cl3 a9\g' ;/fxlgo kIf xf] . To;}n] klqsfxn] 

kf7sk|ltlqmofnfO{ 5'6\6} :tDesf] kdf k|:t't 

u5{g\ . o;nfO{ kf7s k|ltlqmof, kf7skq, kf7sd~r, 

;DkfbsnfO{ lr7L kqd~h';f cflb ljleGg gfd 

lbOPsf] 5 . 

;j{k|yd uf]/vfkqjf6 cf}krf/Ls kdf kf7sk|ltlqmof 

JoQm ug{] rng cfPsf] xf] . cfh clwsf+zn] 

kf7skqnfO{ dxTj lbP/ 5fKg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ 

ljut $& jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ k|sflzt x' Fb} cfPsf] "s[lif" 

å}dfl;sn] eg] kf7s k|ltlqmofnfO{ s'g} :yfg lbPsf] 

kfO{b}g . kf7s k|ltlqmof :tDejf/] hfgsf/L gePsf] 

xf] jf cGo sf/0fn] o:tf] ePsf] x'g ;S5 . klqsfdf 

k|sflzt n]v, ljrf/, kmf]6f] lj1fkg / o;n] ;d6]sf] 

ljifoj:t', efiff z}nL / ;hfj6 af/] kf7ssf ljrf/ 

/ l6Kk0fL /fo ;'emfj JoQm ug{] ! dfq dfWod 

kf7s kq :tDe x'g;S5 . 

oltdfq geO{ klqsf s'g 7fpFdf s;–s;sf] 

xftdf k'Ubf] /x]5 eg]/ klg hfgsf/L kfpg 

;lsG5 . kf7skq :tDe dfkm{t klqsfsf ljifoj:t'n] 

kf/]sf] k|efj a'‰g ls lj:t[t cg';Gwfg ug'{k5{ 

ls cgf}krf/Ls kdf kf7skq dfkm{t yfxf kfpg 

;lsG5 s]lx xb;Dd . 

cf}krf/Ls cg';Gwfg vlr{nf] w]/} ;do nfUg] 

x'G5 kf7s k|ltlqmofsf] t'ngfdf klqsfsf] k|efj 

s:tf] 5 eg]/ s]lx xb;Dd of] :tDen] ;3fpF5 . 

kf7s kqn] :j+o n]vs, k|sfzs, ;Dkfbsxn] 

cfˆgf uNtL, sdhf]/L, q'l6 yfxf kfO{ ;'wf/ u/]/ 

cuf8L a9\g] df}sf kfpF5g . of] :tDedf ;Dkfbsn] 

cfkm'n] u/]sf uNtL ;'wfg{ klg k|of]u u5{g\ . o;}n] 

n]vs, kf7s, lj1, s[ifs, s[lif k|fljlws, j}1fgLs 

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nufot ;/f]sf/jfnf ;j}sf] ;femf d~rsf] kdf 

kf7skq :tDe /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

kf7sxn] klg k|sflzt ljifoj:t' ;Fu} cGo 

;fGble{s t/ n's]/ /x]sf ;jfndf jx; 5nkmn 

u/L ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ emsemsfpg] sfd x'G5 . 

kf7sxn] cfkm'n] n]v]sf] s'/f k|sflzt x'Fbf n]Vg] 

/ k|ltlqmof /fo ;Nnfx ;'emfj JoQm ug{] k|]/0ff 

ldN5 . nuftf/ /fo ;'emfj -Tof] klg lgz'Ns kdf_ 

lbO{ cfˆgf] bfloTj k'/f u/]sf x'G5g\ . kf7sxn] 

;j}sf] ;l/s ljrf/ l6Kk0fL / k|ltlqmof a'‰g] Pp6} 

dfWod kf7s k|ltlqmof x'g;S5 . x'g t kf7s 

k|ltlqmofsf klg cfˆgf l;df x'G5g\ . ;j} kf7snfO{ 

;d]6\g c;Dej x'G5 t/ ;Dkfbsn] rfx]sf] v08df 

kf7ssf d'Vo efj ;d]6\g] u/]/ ;Dkfbg ul/ kf7s 

kq÷kf7sk|ltlqmof 5fKg ;lsG5 . 

-k|bLk kf}8]n jL=P= t];|f] jif{ -kqsf/Ltf_ 

s[lif cWoog/t s[lif k|lt rL /fVg] 

;Dk{s kmf]g=g+= (*$!)#$$^$





n]vxsf] k|sf/ / kfl/>lds 

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df}lns cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] glthf / vf]h]sf] cfwf/df s[lif 

ljsf;sf] ljleGg kIfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] n]v 

;Gbe{sf] cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] n]v 

cg'ej Pj+ ;kmntfsf] cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] n]v 

h]=l6=P=/ a"9L cfdf 

sljtf, s] tkfO{ yfxf 5 < s[lif ultljlw / cGo 5f]6f n]vx 

k'l:tsf 

kmf]N8/ 

krf{ 

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s[lif å}–dfl;s klqsfsf] u|fxs aGgsf] nflu 

s[lif å}–dfl;s klqsfsf] u|fxs aGg rfxg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb| 

xl/x/ejgdf jf lhNnfl:yt lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no jf kz' ;]jf sfof{no dfkm{t u|fxs aGg 

;lsg] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 . 

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