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n¨vÛeyK
Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges
`y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v

n¨vÛeyK
Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges
`y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v

n¨vÛeyK:
Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges
`y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
cÖKvk: wW‡m¤^i, 2012
¯^Ë¡: IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k
AvBGmweGb: 978-984-33-5147-3
mvwe©K ZË¡veavb
KvRx mvwn`yi ingvb
Avwid Avãyjøvn Lvb
nvwmbv Av³vi wgZv
M‡elYv I m¤úv`bv
Rvwn` †nv‡mb
W. †kL †ZŠwn`yj Bmjvg
†gv: iæûj Avgxb
mvweŸi †nv‡mb
mvwdbv bvRbxb
Gm. Gg. wknveyj Bmjvg
†g‡n`x nvmvb wkwki
Av‡jvKwPÎ
Rvwn` †nv‡mb
W. †kL †ZŠwn`yj Bmjvg
wWRvBb I wcÖ›U
AK©

cÖvK-K_b
†fŠ
‡MvwjK ˆewkó¨, Ae¯’vb I cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k AZ¨šÍ `y‡h©vMcÖeY †`k
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cÖwZ eQi wewfbœ `y‡h©v‡M gvby‡li m¤ú` I cwi‡mevi cÖPzi ÿwZ n‡q
_v‡K hv ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎv e¨vnZ Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K GK fqven `ỳ ©kvi g‡a¨ †d‡j †`q|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi wewfbœ iKg cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i GB `ỳ ©kvi gvÎv Av‡iv e„w× cv‡”Q| aiv n‡q
_v‡K †h, Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi KzcÖfve †h mKj †`‡k B‡Zvg‡a¨ cov ïiæ n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨
evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y †h mKj AeKvVv‡gvi ÿwZ nq Zvi g‡a¨ cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb
AeKvVv‡gv ev mieivn e¨e¯’v¸‡jv Ab¨Zg| †`Lv hvq eb¨v ev R‡jv”Q¡v‡m †Kvb GjvKvi
wUDeI‡qj¸‡jv me cvwb‡Z Zwj‡q hvq wKsev eb¨vi cvwb‡Z wUDeI‡qj ev cyKz‡ii cvwb `~wlZ
n‡q c‡o hvi d‡j gvbyl Awbivc` cvwb MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| †ewkifvM j¨vwUªb `ye©j I wbPyfv‡e
ˆZwi nIqvq G¸‡jv Lye mn‡RB †f‡½ c‡o| G‡Z RbmvaviY †Lvjv RvqMvq cqtwb®‹vkb Ki‡Z
eva¨ nq| cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi GB msKU mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v m¤ú~Y© e¨vnZ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve cvwb I evqyevwnZ †ivM-e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡iv evwo‡q
w`‡”Q| mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv e„w×i d‡j DcK‚jv‡j jeYv³Zvi nvi e„w× cv‡”Q| Gi d‡j webó
n‡”Q wbivc` cvwbi Avavi¸‡jv, Avi G‡Z gvbyl AvµvšÍ n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨vq|
wbivc` cvwbi Rb¨ Zv‡`i msMÖvg Ki‡Z n‡”Q cÖwZwbqZ|
IqvUviGBW GKwU AvšRÍ v© wZK †emiKvwi ms¯v’ hviv we‡ki¦ `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ wbivc` cvwb
mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© ceÖ Z© ‡b KvR K‡i| `‡y hv© M I Rjevqy cwieZb© mwnòy cvwb,
m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© i wewfbœ wbZ¨ bZby chÖ wy ³¸‡jv‡K wKfv‡e Av‡iv KvhK© i e¨e¯v’ cbvq Avbv
hvq I Zv wKfv‡e Av‡iv Qwo‡q †`qv hvq Zv wb‡q IqvUviGBW KvR Ki‡Q| ÒRjevqy cwieZb© Ges
`‡y hv© Mmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© Ó kxlK© n¨vÛeKy wU cYÖ qb Kiv n‡q‡Q Rjevqy cwieZb©
I `‡y hv© M Swuz KRwbZ cwiw¯w’ Z‡Z wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© wel‡q mswkóø ¯v’ bxq chv© ‡q
miKvwi I †emiKvwi cwÖ Zôvb, we‡kl K‡i, BDwbqb I IqvW© chv© ‡q `‡y hv© M e¨e¯v’ cbv KwgwUi
mÿgZv ew„ ×i Rb¨| GwU gj~ Z cwÖ kÿY Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv n‡e| n¨vÛeKy wU gvV chv© ‡qi Kgx© ‡`i‡K
Rjevqy cwieZb© I `‡y hv© MSwuz Ki †cÿÖ vc‡U cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© m¤úwKZ© ev¯eÍ
aviYv †`‡e Ges G wel‡q cwÖ kÿY cwiKíbv I cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ c‡Ö qvRbxq Z_¨vw` †RvMv‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î `‡y hv© M I Rjevqy cwieZb© RwbZ AwbðqZv †gvKv‡ejvq KvhK© i fw‚ gKv ivLvi j‡ÿ¨
IqvUviGBW- ÒRjevqy cwieZb© Ges `‡y hv© Mmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© Ó kxlK© GB
n¨vÛeKy wU ¯v’ bxq Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ cPÖ v‡ii cwiKíbv K‡i‡Q|
†gvt Lvqiæj Bmjvg
Kvw›Uª wi‡cÖ‡R‡›UwUf, IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
03

K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi
ev
sjv‡`‡k Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve I Gi d‡j †`‡k µgea©gvb `y‡h©v‡Mi K_v we‡ePbvq
†i‡L cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v‡K wKfv‡e Av‡iv mwnÂz I †UKmB Kiv hvq †m j‡ÿ¨
ÒRjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vÓ kxl©K n¨vÛeyKwU cÖYq‡b
wbivc`Õ‡K m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k‡K K…ZÁZv Rvbvw”Q| n¨vÛeyKwU
ˆZwii mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© w`‡q mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKfv‡e ab¨ev` Rvbvw”Q
Avwid Avãyjøvn Lvb, †cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi, IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k I Zvi mv‡_ Av‡iv ab¨ev`
Rvbvw”Q IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k Gi †cÖvMÖvg Awdmvi (†mvk¨vj †W‡fjc‡g›U) gvndyRyi ingvb
I mvwdbv bvRbxb‡K| n¨vÛeyKwU cÖYq‡b mve©ÿwYK mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Kbmvj‡U›U
Rvwn` †nv‡mb, W. †kL †ZŠwn`yj Bmjvg Ges †gvt iæûj Avgxb‡K AvšÍwiKfv‡e ab¨ev` Rvbvw”Q|
n¨vÛeyKwU cÖYq‡bi mgq wewfbœ Z_¨ I g~j¨evb gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g G‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨
cÖ`xcb Gi †cÖwm‡W›U †di‡`Šmyi ingv‡bi Kv‡Q wbivc` K…ZÁ| n¨vÛeyKwU cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`‡ki cvU©bvi GbwRI¸‡jvi gvVch©v‡qi Kg©x‡`i wb‡q ÔivBUkc IqvK©kcÕ
Av‡qvR‡b mvwe©K mnvqZvi Rb¨ K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ iƒcvšÍi, mykxjb I BDGmwU Gi cÖwZ|
n¨vÛeyKwU cÖYq‡bi mgq †`wk I we‡`wk wewfbœ ms¯’vi gwWDj, M‡elYvcÎ, n¨vÛeyK Ges
cÖKvkbvi mn‡hvwMZv †bqv n‡q‡Q, GB ms¯’v¸‡jvi cÖwZI Avgv‡`i we‡kl K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ|
m‡e©vcwi Avgiv K…ZÁ IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k Gi cvU©bvi GbwRI¸‡jvi cÖwkÿK‡`i cÖwZ Ges
Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯’vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖwZ hviv †kl ch©šÍ GB n¨vÛeyKwU gvV ch©v‡q e¨envi Ki‡eb|
KvRx mvwn`yi ingvb
wPd Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi, wbivc`
04
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v

m~PxcÎ
cÖvK-K_b
K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi
n¨vÛey‡Ki D‡Ïk¨, cwiwa I KvVv‡gv
cÖ_g Aa¨vq: evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©b
1.1. `y‡h©vM wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
1.2. Rjevqy cwieZ©b wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
wØZxq Aa¨vq: cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
2.1. wbivc` cvwb wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
2.2. m¨vwb‡Ukb wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
2.3. ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: evsjv‡`‡ki AÂjwfwËK cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
wel‡q cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM
3.1. DcK‚jxq AÂj
3.2. b`x AeevwnKv I Pi AÂj
3.3. cve©Z¨ AÂj
3.4. nvIi AÂj
3.5. e‡i›`ªf‚wg I gaycyi AÂj
PZz_© Aa¨vq: cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb Ges ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi Dci `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy
cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve
4.1. cwi‡ekMZ
4.1.1. jeY`~lY
4.1.2. giægqZv
4.1.3. ea©gvb Avc`cÖeYZv
4.1.4. Rjve×Zv
4.2. mvgvwRK cÖfve
4.2.1 eÂbv
4.2.2. ˆelg¨
4.2.3. `y‡f©vM
4.2.4. ¯’vbPz¨wZ
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n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
05

4.3. ¯^v¯’¨MZ
4.3.1. e¨w³MZ ¯^v¯’¨
4.3.2. Rb¯^v¯’¨
4.3.3. cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨
cÂg Aa¨vq: `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq
5.1. cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q evsjv‡`‡k cÖvwZôvwbK
e¨e¯’vcbv
5.1.1. miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡ I AskMÖnY
5.1.2. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvq Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi I BDwbqb
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi `vwqZ¡
5.2 cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q e¨e¯’vcbv †KŠkj
5.2.1. Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZv e¨e¯’vcbv †KŠkj
5.2.2. AwbðqZv e¨e¯’vcbvi g~jbxwZ
5.2.3. cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q we‡eP¨
5.2.4. m¤ú` mgv‡ek
5.3. Revew`wnZv
5.3.1. Revew`wnZv KvVv‡gv
cwiwkó: cwifvlv
MÖš’cÄx
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n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v

n¨vÛey‡Ki D‡Ïk¨, cwiwa I KvVv‡gv
Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vÓ kxl©K n¨vÛeyKwU iPbv
ÒKiv n‡q‡Q Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vM SzuwKRwbZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q mswkøó ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb, we‡kl K‡i, BDwbqb I
IqvW© ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi mÿgZv e„w×i Rb¨| GwU g~jZ cÖwkÿY Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv
n‡e| n¨vÛeyKwU gvV ch©v‡qi Kg©x‡`i‡K Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMSzuwKi †cÖÿvc‡U cvwb mieivn,
m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v m¤úwK©Z ev¯Íe aviYv †`‡e Ges G wel‡q cÖwkÿY cwiKíbv I
cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw` †RvMv‡e|
n¨vÛeyKwUi cÖavb welq n‡jv wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v| ZvB, Rjevqy cwieZ©b I
`y‡h©vMSzuwKi mv‡_ mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ welq, †hgb, RxweKvqb G‡Z AšÍf©‚³ Kiv nqwb| ZvQvov,
n¨vÛeyKwU cÖavbZ BDwbqb Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡ji †cÖÿvcU we‡ePbv K‡i iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b †`‡ki MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡k wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi mvwe©K wPÎ, mgm¨v I
Gme mgm¨v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki bMiv‡ji †cÖwÿ‡Z mswkøó
welq¸‡jv GB Av‡jvPbvq AšÍf©‚³ Kiv nqwb|
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMSzuwK msµvšÍ A‡bK mgxÿv, cÖwZcv`¨ I Z_¨-DcvË wb‡q m½Z Kvi‡YB
mswkøó gn‡j h‡_ó AwbðqZv I gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| GB n¨vÛey‡K Gme welq Av‡jvPbvKv‡j
gxgvsmvg~jK we‡køl‡Yi AeZviYv Kiv nqwb| G‡ÿ‡Î, evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cªvgvY¨ `wjj I
AvBwcwmwm KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ wi‡cv‡U© D‡jøL¨ Z_¨-DcvË I cÖwZcv`¨ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dciš‘,
cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afxó AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kg©cwiwa I Zv‡`i MÖnY ÿgZv we‡ePbv K‡i n¨vÛeyKwU cÖvÄj
I e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMSzuwK mswkøó wKQz welq Dc¯’vcbvq
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mijxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q; †hgb- ˆewk¦K Dòvqb wel‡q e¨vL¨v, Rjevqy cwieZ©b I
`y‡h©vMSzuwKi cvi¯úwiK cÖfve I †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek †f‡` evsjv‡`‡k AÂj wfwËK wefw³|
n¨vÛey‡K, mswkøó wel‡q Av‡jvPbv cvuPwU Aa¨v‡q fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g Aa¨vqt GLv‡b `y‡h©vMSuzwK I Rjevqy cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GB
Aa¨v‡qi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ n‡jv evsjv‡`k GKUv `y‡h©vMcÖeY †`k I `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y Rxeb, m¤ú` I
cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ nq; Avi Rjevqy cwieZ©b µgea©gvb AwbðqZv m„wó Ki‡Q I `y‡h©v‡Mi
cÖPÐZv evwo‡q w`‡”Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vM GKKfv‡e I mw¤§wjZfv‡e wbivc` cvwb mieivn,
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vcbv I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi KvVv‡gvi Dci weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q|
wØZxq Aa¨vqt GB Aa¨v‡q wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| G m¤úwK©Z †mev eZ©gv‡b gvbevwaKvi wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z; Z‡e G¸‡jv g~jZ Rb¯^v¯’¨ myiÿvi
mv‡_ RwoZ| Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vM wKfv‡e wbivc` cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v I
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vq weNœ NUvq Zv GB Aa¨v‡q Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
07

Z…Zxq Aa¨vqt GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q AÂjwfwËK Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMSzuwKi wfbœZv I
Zv wKfv‡e cvwbi cÖvK…wZK Drm I cÖPwjZ cÖhyw³ A‡K‡Rv K‡i †dj‡Q Ges wbivc` cvwb I
m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi †ÿ‡Î D‡ØM m„wó Ki‡Q|
PZz_© Aa¨vqt GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbvi g~j welq n‡jv Rjevqy I `y‡h©vM wKfv‡e cÖvK…wZK, mvgvwRK
I ¯^v¯’¨MZ cwi‡e‡ki Dci weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q Ges wKfv‡e Zv wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi †ÿ‡Î msKU m„wó Ki‡Q|
cÂg Aa¨vqt GLv‡b wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ we`¨gvb RvZxq
bxwZMZ KvVv‡gv I cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v Ges ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMSzuwKRwbZ
AwbðqZv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Aa¨v‡q mswkøó wel‡q
Kvh©µg MÖn‡Y g~jbxwZ I Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Revew`wnZv m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖ_g Aa¨vq:
evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©b
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb I ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k
1
AwZgvÎvq `y‡h©vMcÖeY| ZvQvov, AwaK RbNbZ¡
I e¨vcK `vwi‡`ªi Kvi‡Y RbmsL¨vi eo Ask
cÖvwšÍK GjvKvq emevm K‡i| G‡`i `y‡h©vM
wec`vcbœZv A‡bK †ewk| d‡j, So, eb¨v ev
b`xfv½‡bi g‡Zv Avc‡`i Kvi‡Y e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ
nq I Rb‡Mvôx wb`viæY `ỳ ©kvq †fv‡M|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y GKw`‡K
AvenvIqv RwbZ Avc‡`i †cŠbtcywbKZv I
cÖPÛZv e„w×i gva¨‡g qwZ ev‡o|
Ab¨w`‡K Rjevqy cwieZ©b mivmwi Rb‡Mvôxi
RxweKvi wech©q NUvq I Zv‡`i‡K Av‡iv †ewk
wec`vcbœ K‡i †Zv‡j|
Dciš‘, evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ SzuwK µ‡gB ¯úó n‡q DV‡Q- FZzPµ I AvenvIqvq
2
A¯^vfvweK †ni‡di †`Lv w`‡”Q| Gi Kvi‡Y, Rb‡Mvôxi RxweKvi my‡hvM msKzwPZ I RxebhvÎv
AwbwðZ n‡q co‡Q| Gfv‡e GKw`‡K Rb‡Mvôxi wec`vcbœZv evo‡Q; Ab¨w`‡K SoSÅv, eb¨v I
b`xfv½‡bi gZ Avc` †cŠbtcywbK I Zxeª n‡q DV‡Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZi
Kvi‡Y cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v ûgwKi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q|
`y‡h©vM mgvR ev Rb‡Mvôxi RxebhvÎvq Ggb gvivZ¥K e¨vNvZ (disruption) hv Rxeb, m¤ú` I
cwi‡e‡ki G‡Zv e¨vcK qwZ K‡i †h Rb‡Mvôx ev mgvR wbR¯^ m¤ú‡`i mvnv‡h¨ wU‡K _vK‡Z
cv‡ibv| `y‡h©vM, SzuwK cÖwµqvi GKUv AwfNvZ (shock)| Avc`, wec`vcbœZv I Ach©vß mgZv ev
SzuwKi weiƒc cÖfve †iva e¨e¯’vq NvUwZ mgwš^Zfv‡e `y‡h©vM m„wó K‡i|
-ISDR, Terminology: Basic terms of disaster risk reduction (Abyev`- wbivc`)
1.1. `y‡h©vM wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
`y‡h©v‡Mi AvNv‡Z Rxeb, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki gvivZ¥K ÿwZ nq, †mev e¨e¯’v, RxweKv I mvgvwRK
3
KvRK‡g© ¸iæZi weNœ N‡U Ges AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx kvixwiK, gvbwmK I mvgvwRKfv‡e `ỳ ©kvMÖ¯Í nq|
1
2
3
DMB (2010), National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-2015
MoEF (2009), Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
Bangladesh
NIRAPAD (2010), World Vision Training Handout Session
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
09

Avc`
wZ
Rxebnvwb
m¤ú`nvwb
cwi‡ek wech©q
`y‡h©vM
weNœ
†mevmg~n
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejx
mvgvwRK Kvh©vejx
`ỳ ©kv
kvixwiK
gvbwmK
mvgvwRK
Rxeb, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZ
Rxeb- AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôxi
A‡b‡KB gviv †h‡Z cv‡i
ev AvnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
m¤ú`- m¤ú`, †hgb-
A_‰© bwZK m¤ú`, Drcv`‡bi
DcKiY, dmj, cvÖYxm¤ú`,
Nievwo, `vjvb‡KvVv,
iv¯vÍNvU, cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb KvVv‡gv Ges
Ab¨vb¨ †fŠZKvVv‡gv
ÿwZM¯Ö Í n‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡ek- cwi‡ek wech¯© Í
n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb- ebfw‚ gi
MvQcvjv Dc‡o c‡o,
Rjvfw‚ g AveRb© vq f‡i hvq,
dmwj Rwg evwj Pvcv c‡o
I cvwbi cvÖ Kw… ZK Drm
jeYv³ I `w~ lZ n‡q hvq|
wZ
weNœ
`ỳ ©kv
Rxeb- cÖvYnvwb, A½nvwb
m¤ú`- †fŠZKvVv‡gv, A_©‰bwZK m¤ú`, Drcv`‡bi
DcKiY, dmj, cÖvYxm¤ú` I ˆZRmcÎ
cwi‡ek- MvQcvjv webvk, Rjve×Zv, jeY`~lY, dmwj
Rwg‡Z evjȳ Íi
†mev- cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb, we`¨yr weZiY,
†hvMv‡hvM, wPwKrmv, wkv
RxweKv- Pvlvev`, KjKviLvbv, nvUevRvi, †Kbv‡ePv
mvgvwRK KvRKg©- we‡bv`b, †Ljvayjv, Drme,
cvjvcve©Y, mvgvwRK Abyôvb
kvixwiK `ỳ ©kv- yav, wccvmv, AïwPZv, Amȳ ’Zv, Acywó
gvbwmK `ỳ ©kv- †kvK, mskq, D‡ØM, fq, welv`, welbœZv
mvgvwRK KvRKg©- ˆ`b¨`kv, †`bv`vq, ÎvY wbf©iZv,
civkÖqevm, wbivcËvnxbZv, gh©v`vnxbZv
†mev e¨e¯’v, RxweKv I mvgvwRK KvRK‡g© weNœ
†mev- cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v, we`ÿ r weZiY, †hvMv‡hvM, wPwKrmv‡K›`ª I ¯‹zj-
K‡jR APj n‡q c‡o|
cwi‡ek- ciRxweKv, †hgb- Pvlvev`, KjKviLvbv, nvUevRvi I †Kbv‡ePv eÜ n‡q hvq|
mvgvwRK KvRKg©- mvgvwRK KvRKg©, †hgb- we‡bv`b, †Ljvayjv, Drme, cvjvcve©Y I
mvgvwRK Abyôvb eÜ n‡q hvq|
10
cÖ_g Aa¨vq:evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©b

Rb‡Mvôxi `ỳ ©kv
kvixwiK `ỳ ©kv- m¤ú` DcvR©b I †mevmg~n bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y †gŠwjK I Riæwi Pvwn`v¸‡jv
†gUv‡Z cv‡ibv| d‡j ÿzav, wccvmv, AïwPZv, Amȳ ’Zv I Acywó‡Z Kó cvq|
gvbwmK `ỳ ©kv- msKU I RxebhvÎvq AvKw¯§K cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y gvbwmKfv‡e wech©¯Í n‡q
c‡o| d‡j †kvK, mskq, D‡ØM, fxwZ, nZvkv, welv` I welYœœZvq †fv‡M|
mvgvwRK `ỳ ©kv- m¤ú`, RxweKv I AvkªqnxbZvi d‡j ˆ`b¨`kv, †`bv`vq, ÎvY wbf©iZv,
Ac‡ii Avkª‡q emevm, wbivcËvnxbZv I gh©v`vnxb Kv‡R AskMÖnY ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z nq|
`y‡h©vM
mvB‡K¬vb wmWi 2007 mvj
mvB‡K¬vb AvBjv 2009 mvj
eb¨v 2004 mvj
eb¨v 2007 mvj
wZMÖ¯Í
Dc‡Rjv
200
64
265
263
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wZMÖ¯Í
N‡ii msL¨v
564,967
243,191
894,954
81,817
wbnZ †jv‡Ki
msL¨v
3,363
190
747
970
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
wZMÖ¯Í iv¯Ív
(wKwg)
1,714
2,233
14,271
3,705
wZMÖ¯Í evua
(wKwg)
1,875
1,742
3,158
88
Z_¨m~Î: DMB,http://www.dmb.gov.bd/
cÖwZ eQiB G‡`‡ki †Kvb bv †Kvb A‡j `y‡h©vM N‡U _v‡K| 1970 †_‡K 2010 mvj ch©šÍ
evsjv‡`‡k N~wY©So AvNvZ †n‡b‡Q 15 evi; G‡Z me wgwj‡q †`o j‡ÿiI †ewk †jvK wbnZ n‡q‡Q;
4
Avi GB GKB mg‡q eb¨v n‡q‡Q 24 evi, G‡Z cÖvq lvU jÿ Ni m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Q|
mv¤úªwZKKv‡j wmWi I AvBjvq fqven wech©q m„wó K‡iwQ‡jv| Gi d‡j AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôxi Ggb
fqven ÿqÿwZ n‡qwQ‡jv †h ÿwZ cywl‡q ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ cÖPzi gvbweK mvnvh¨
I cybe©vmb mnvqZv `iKvi n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Avc`
eb¨v: eb¨v GKwU wbqwgZ NUbv| mvaviY eb¨v †`‡ki 20 †_‡K 25 kZvsk GjvKv cøvweZ K‡i| Z‡e
eo AvKv‡ii eb¨v †`‡ki 60 kZvsk ev †ewk GjvKv cøvweZ K‡i _v‡K| 1987, 1988 ev 1998 mv‡j
G ai‡Yi fqven eb¨v n‡qwQ‡jv| 1998 mv‡ji eb¨vq †`‡ki `yB-Z…Zxqvsk GjvKv Wy‡e wM‡qwQ‡jv I
5 j evwoNi bó n‡qwQ‡jv, Avi G‡Z ev¯‘Pÿ Z n‡qwQ‡jv cÖvq 3 †KvwU †jvK|
Liv: evsjv‡`‡k Livi SyuwK i‡q‡Q| 1949 †_‡K 1991 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`k 24 evi Livi Ke‡j
c‡o‡Q| Gig‡a¨, 1951, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1972, 1975, 1981, 1984 I 1989 mv‡ji Liv
wQ‡jv LyeB gvivZ¥K| Z‡e †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Livq KLbI mviv †`k GK‡hv‡M AvµvšÍ nqwb| mvaviYZ
†h ai‡Yi Liv nq Zv‡Z †`‡ki kZKiv 47 fvM GjvKv Gi Ke‡j c‡o I 53 fvM gvbyl fy³‡fvMx nq
(WARPO, 2005)|
4
DMB, Past Disaster Information http://www.dmb.gov.bd/
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
11

N~wY©So: MZ 10 eQ‡i †`‡ki `wYvÂj Kgc‡ 3 evi N~wY©S‡oi Ke‡j c‡o‡Q| Gig‡a¨ 2007
mv‡ji wmWi I 2009 mv‡ji AvBjv wQ‡jv LyeB fqven| wmW‡i cÖvq 5 nvRvi †jvK wbnZ ev wb‡LvuR
n‡q‡Q; Avi G‡Z 15 j Nievwo bó n‡q‡Q| GQvov 1970 I 1991 mv‡j DcK‚jxq AÂj fqven
N~wY©S‡oi Ke‡j c‡owQ‡jv; G‡Z h_vµ‡g 250,000 I 138,882 Rb gviv wM‡qwQ‡jv|
DMB, Past Disaster Information http://www.dmb.gov.bd/
b`xfv½b: b`xfv½b GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv| cÙv, eªþcyÎ, hgybv, †gNbv I K‡cvZv b`xi ZxieZ©x
GjvKvq cÖwZeQi cÖvq 10 j †jvK wZMÖ¯Í nq Avi G‡Z cÖvq 9 nvRvi †n±i Rwg b`xM‡f© P‡j hvq|
Z_¨m~Î: DMB (2010), National Plan for disaster Management 2010-2015
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vq ÿwZ
N~wY©So ev eb¨v cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i| N~wY©So Avi R‡jv”Q¡vm
GK‡hv‡M Av‡m| cÖej evZvm Avi cvwbi †Zv‡o Ni I Ab¨vb¨ mewKQzi mv‡_ cvqLvbv I bjK‚c
†f‡m hvq| eb¨vi mgq wbPz RvqMvi bjK‚c I cvqLvbv Wz‡e hvq| bjK‚‡ci cvwb `~wlZ n‡q c‡o;
cvqLvbvi KvVv‡gv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †f‡½ c‡o| G¸‡jv ZLb Avi e¨envi Kiv hvqbv|
DuPz RvqMvq †h bjK‚c ev cvqLvbv wU‡K _v‡K †m¸‡jvI mevB mn‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| KviY
iv¯ÍvNvU Wz‡e hvIqvq PjvPj Lye KwVb n‡q c‡o; A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq Zviv †mLv‡b †h‡Z
cv‡ibv| GQvov, N~wY©So ev eb¨vi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB wb‡Ri evwo‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡ibv| Giv euv‡ai Dci
ev iv¯Ívi cv‡k A_ev DuPz †Kvb LvmRwg‡Z Qvcov †eu‡a evm K‡i| Gme RvqMvq bjK‚c ev cvqLvbv
emv‡bvi my‡hvM _v‡Kbv| Dciš‘, G‡`i A‡b‡KiB ZLb bjK‚c ev cvqLvbv emv‡bvi UvKv _v‡Kbv|
`y‡h©vM, cwi‡e‡ki †h ÿwZ K‡i Zvi d‡j cvwbi g~j Drm ¯’vqxfv‡e bó ev `~wlZ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
2009 mv‡j AvBjvi R‡jv”Q¡v‡m euva †f‡½ mgy‡`ªi †h cvwb Xz‡KwQ‡jv Zv‡Z weivU GjvKvq f‚-Mf©¯’
cvwbmn me cvwb jeYv³ n‡q †M‡Q| GB cvwb GLb gvby‡li e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx bq| H GjvKvi
Rb‡Mvôx‡K GLb `~ieZ©x GjvKv †_‡K cvwb Avb‡Z n‡”Q|
evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`vb¸‡jv m~‡h©i Zvc a‡i †i‡L c„w_ex‡K gvby‡li evm‡hvM¨ K‡i iv‡L| cvwbPµ I
Kve©bPµ cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iv K‡i| ev®úxfeb, †gN I e„wócv‡Zi gva¨‡g cvwbPµ m¤úbœ nq|
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cÖvYxRMr Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek fvimvg¨ eRvq iv‡L| wKš‘
gvbyl Zvi Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g evqygÛ‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY e„w× Ki‡Q| d‡j evqygÛ‡ji
†h Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Zvc aviY Kivi gZv †ewk (†hgb, Kve©b), †m¸‡jvi cwigvY w`b w`b †e‡o hv‡”Q|
Gfv‡e evqygÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡”Q I cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q|
12 cÖ_g Aa¨vq:evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©b

1.2. Rjevqy cwieZ©b wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
Rjevqy n‡jv †Kvb GjvKv ev A‡ji 25-30 eQ‡ii AvenvIqvi Mo Ae¯’v| ÒGKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi
evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`vbmg~‡ni ¯^í K‡qKw`‡bi Mo ev 1 †_‡K 7 w`‡bi Mo dj‡K AvenvIqv ejv nq|
evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`vb ej‡Z evqyi Zvc, evqyi Pvc, evqy cÖev‡ni w`K I MwZ‡eM, evqyi Av`ª©Zv, †g‡Ni
cwigvY I †g‡Ni cÖKvi‡f` I e„wócvZ BZ¨vw`‡K †evSvq| Avi †Kvb ¯’v‡bi ev A‡ji `xN©Kv‡ji
(30 eQi ev ZviI †ewk mg‡qi) ˆ`bw›`b AvenvIqv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i evqygÛ‡ji †fŠZ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi
†h mvaviY Ae¯’v †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K IB ¯’v‡bi Rjevqy e‡jÓ|
- wmwWGgwc (2009), `y‡h©vM‡Kvl
Rjevqy cwieZ©b GKwU wbqZ cÖvK…wZK NUbv; Z‡e gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Û GwU e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv evo‡Q, hv ˆewk¦K Dòvqb bv‡g AwfwnZ| Rjevqy
cwieZ©b c„w_exi me RvqMvq †fŠZ, cÖvK…wZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZKmn Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb I
RxweKvi Dci cÖfve †dj‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k Rjevqy cwieZ©b
evsjv‡`‡k Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ SzuwK bR‡i Avm‡Q| b¨vkbvj G¨vWvc‡Ukb †cÖvMÖvg Ad G¨vKkb
(2009) ÔmvK© g¨vwUI‡ivjwRK¨vj wimvP© †m›Uvi (GmGgAviwm)Õ Gi eivZ w`‡q D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h,
1961-1990 mvj GB wZwik eQ‡ii Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y †`‡ki evwl©K Mo m‡e©v”P ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
5
cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡Q| AvenvIqv `߇ii iscyi †K‡›`ªi 1978-2002 mv‡ji msM„nxZ Z_¨,
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
13

evwl©K Mo m‡e©v”P I Mo me©wbgœœ ZvcgvÎv, mvaviYfv‡e, cÖwZ eQi h_vµ‡g 0.035 I 0.027 wWwMÖ
†mjwmqvm nv‡i e„w×i Bw½Z K‡i| GQvovI, mvgwMÖKfv‡e eQ‡i †gvU e„wócvZnxb w`‡bi msL¨v
6
e„w×i cÖeYZv I DcK‚j A‡j jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡ek e„w×i cÖeYZv †`Lv †M‡Q|
mv¤úªwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki DcK‚jxq A‡j Zzjbvg~jK mgỳ ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× msµvšÍ
GmGgAviwmÕi GK Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q †h, weMZ 22 eQ‡i mgỳ ª c„‡ôi Mo D”PZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q
(wniY c‡q‡›U cÖwZ eQi 4.0 wg.wg., Pi Pv½vq cÖwZ eQi 6.0 wg.wg. Ges K·evRv‡i cÖwZ eQi 7.0
7
wg.wg.) hv weMZ 100 eQ‡ii mgỳ ª c„‡ôi ˆewk¦K D”PZv e„w×i M‡oi †_‡K A‡bK ¸Y †ekx|
Rjevqy cwieZ‡© bi cfÖ ve
Rjevqy cwieZb © †`‡ki eZg© vb A‡bK mgm¨v I cvÖ Kw… ZK `‡y hv© M‡K evwo‡q w`‡e| Avk¼v Kiv hv‡”Q †h -
µgea©gvb msL¨vi N~wY©So, mv‡_ AwaK MwZ‡e‡Mi S‡ov nvIqv I R‡jv”Q¡vm, DcK‚jxq
AÂj¸‡jv‡Z Av‡Mi †P‡q †ewk q-wZ NUv‡e;
el©vKv‡j evsjv‡`kmn M½v-eª²cyÎ-†gNbv AeevwnKv A‡j Av‡Mi †_‡K fvwi I A¯^vfvweK
e„wócvZ NU‡e, hvi d‡j-
†ewk cwigv‡Y cvwb cÖev‡ni d‡j evua DcwP‡q ev †f‡½ bMi I MÖvgv‡ji we¯ÍxY© GjvKv
Ry‡o eb¨v m„wó Ki‡e;
b`x fv½b, hvi Kvi‡Y emZwfUv I Pv‡li Rwg b`xM‡f© P‡j hv‡e;
b`x¸‡jv‡Z AwaK gvÎvq cwj Rgv n‡e| d‡j cÖvK…wZK Rj-wb®‹vk‡b weNœ I Rjve×Zv
m„wó n‡e;
wngvj‡qi eid Mjvi Kvi‡Y eQ‡ii DòZi gvm¸‡jv‡Z b`x‡Z RjcÖevn e„w× Ges eid Mjv
†kl n‡j b`x‡Z RjcÖevn cÖevn nªvm I jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡ek e„w× cv‡e;
A¯^vfvweK I Kg e„wócv‡Zi d‡j †`‡k, we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki DËi I cwðg A‡j Liv e„w×
cv‡e;
mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i d‡j DcK‚jxq A‡ji wbPz GjvKv Wz‡e hvIqv Ges b`x I f‚-Mf©¯’
cvwbi ¯Í‡i jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡ek I my‡cq cvwbi NvUwZ; g¨vb‡MÖvf eb my›`ieb wZMÖ¯Í n‡e;
cvkvcvwk ivevu‡ai †fZ‡i Rjwb®‹vkb e¨e¯’v e¨vnZ n‡e hvi d‡j K…wl Lv‡Z †bwZevPK
cÖfve co‡e|
DòZi Ges AwaK Av`ª©Zvi Kvi‡Y †ivMe¨vwai cÖKvi I msµgY †e‡o hv‡e|
- MoEF (2009), Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), Government of
Bangladesh
5
6
7
MoEF (2009), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
Bangladesh
cÖv¸³
cÖv¸³
14 cÖ_g Aa¨vq:evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©b

Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZv
Òevsjv‡`k K¬vB‡gU †PÄ ÷ª¨v‡UwR G¨vÛ G¨vKkb cø¨vbÓ †h me mgm¨v ev Avc‡`i Avk¼v Ki‡Q Zv
we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, GKw`‡K Rjevqy cwieZ©b Avc‡`i †cŠbtcywbKZv I cÖPÛZv evwo‡q
†`q| Avc`¸‡jv n‡q D‡V AviI fqven I ÿwZKi| †cŠbtcywbK I cÖPÛ N~wY©So, A¯^vfvweK eb¨v
ev Zxeª b`x fv½‡bi †cŠbtcywbK AvNv‡Z cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb KvVv‡gv evievi ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K, Rjevqy cwieZ©b
mivmwi Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb RxweKv
wech©¯Í K‡i| †hgb, DcK‚j
GjvKvq jeYv³Zv I Rjve×Zvi
Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ K…wl cÖvq APj n‡q
co‡Z cv‡i| GB `yB Zidv
wech©‡qi d‡j `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ
eû¸Y †e‡o hvq I evievi †f‡½
cov KvVv‡gv cyb:wbg©vY Kivi
mgq, my‡hvM, m¤ú` ev mÿgZv
AwZ mxwgZ n‡q c‡o|
wngev‡ni eid Mjb
mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×
wbgœv‡j RjgMœZv I
jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡ek
Rb‡Mvôxi wec`vcbœZv e„w×
ZvcgvÎv e„w×
evqy Pvc I cÖev‡n A¯^vfvweK
ev®úxfeb e„w×
†cŠbtcywbK I Zxeª SoSÅv
cÖej el©Y, eb¨v, b`x fv½b
`y‡h©v‡Mi fqvenZv e„w×
AvenvIqv RwbZ `y‡h©v‡Mi SyuwK e„w×
Dciš‘, Rjevqy cwieZ©b mivmwi Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb I RxweKv, Z_v cvwb, cwi”QbœZv I ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci
weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡e‡ki gva¨‡g cvwbi cÖvK…wZK Drm `~wlZ n‡Z
cv‡i, ev LivcÖeY GjvKvq f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvIqv, A_ev Dò I Av`ª© AvenvIqvi
gva¨‡g †ivM RxevYy I RxevYyevnK KxUcZ‡½i esk we¯Ív‡i we‡kl mnvqK cwi‡ek m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
Rjevqy cwieZ©b GKwU wbqZ cÖvK…wZK NUbv n‡jI gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j Gi cÖfve Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
Avevi, `y‡h©v‡Mi GB cwieZ©b Av‡iv Z¡ivwš^Z n‡Z cv‡i| ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qI GUv n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb,
LivcÖeY A‡j AwZ D‡Ëvj‡bi Kvi‡Y f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi A‡bK wb‡P †b‡g †M‡Q| DcK‚jxq
GjvKvq wPswo Pv‡li Kvi‡Y jeYv³Zv AbycÖ‡e‡ki nvi A‡bK e„w× †c‡qwQ‡jv; AvBjvi d‡j
AwZ`ªæZ I ¯’vqxfv‡e H GjvKvi cvwb Ges gvwU jeYv³ n‡q c‡o|

wØZxq Aa¨vq:
cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v g~jZ Rb¯^v¯’¨ myiÿvi mv‡_ RwoZ| †ivMe¨vwai SzuwK
†_‡K gy³ Rxeb Avi †UKmB RxweKvi Rb¨ G¸‡jv LyeB Riæwi| wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb †gŠwjK
Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ c‡o| RvwZms‡Ni Ô64/292 †iRy‡jkb RyjvB, 2010Õ GwU‡K gvbevwaKvi wnmv‡e
MY¨ K‡i‡Q| ZvQvov, wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vq NvUwZ n‡j bvbvwea †iv‡Mi
we¯Ívi N‡U, AmyLwemy‡L gvby‡li Kó ev‡o, wPwKrmvi Rb¨ LiP ev‡o, Avi Drcv`b Kv‡R kªg
8
mieiv‡n weNœ N‡U|
2.1. wbivc` cvwb wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
†h cvwb‡Z wZKviK †ivM-RxevYy †bB Ges Ab¨vb¨ LwbR Dcv`vb mnbxq gvÎvq _v‡K, hw`I A‡bK
†‡Î ¯^v`, MÜ I eY©hy³ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡KB wbivc` cvwb e‡j|
wbivc` cvwbi ˆewkó¨mg~n n‡jv -
1. gqjv, AveR©bv, eR©¨ I RxevYygy³;
2. wZKi ivmvqwbK c`v_©mg~n gy³ ev mnbxq gvÎvi g‡a¨ (†hgb - Av‡m©wbK) I Ab¨vb¨
ivmvqwbK Ges LwbR c`v_©mg~n wbqwš¿Z gvÎvq _v‡K;
3. ¯^v`, eY© I MÜnxb; Ges
4. my‡cq|
Drm: IqvUviGBW
†h cvwbi g‡a¨ Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ ˆewkó¨ _v‡K bv, †mB cvwb‡K `~wlZ cvwb e‡j| `~wlZ cvwb cvb
Ki‡j wewfbœ †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †ivMRxevYy Øviv `~wlZ cvwb cvb Ki‡j K‡jiv, Avgvkq,
Wvqwiqv, UvBd‡qW I †ncvUvBwUm n‡Z cv‡i; ivmvqwbK ev LwbR Øviv `~wlZ cvwb cvb Ki‡j
Av‡m©wb‡Kvwmm, d¬y‡ivwmm, †jW cqRwbs cÖf…wZ †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi `~wlZ cvwbi ms¯ú‡k©
†_‡KI wKQz †ivM nq, †hgb- K…wg, †Lvm-cvuPov I bvbv ai‡Yi Pg©‡ivM| GB Kvi‡Y, LvIqv ev
M„n¯’vwj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ memgq wbivc` cvwb e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
8
Local Government Division (2005), National Sanitation Strategy; Ministry of MoLGRD&C, GoB
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
17

`~wlZ cvwbRwbZ †ivM
†ivMRxevYy ev ivmvqwbK ev LwbR Øviv cvwb `~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb †Kvb †ivM `~wlZ cvwb cvb Ki‡j
nq; Avevi `~wlZ cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j A‡bK ai‡Yi †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|
†ivMRxevYy Øviv `~wlZ cvwb cvb
Ki‡j †h me †ivM n‡Z cv‡i
K‡jiv, Avgvkq, UvBd‡qW,
c¨viv UvBd‡qW I †ncvUvBwUm
`~wlZ cvwbi ms¯úk© †_‡K †h
me †ivM n‡Z cv‡i
K…wg, †Lvm-cvuPov, PyjKvwb I
wewfbœ ai‡Yi Pg©‡ivM
ivmvqwbK ev LwbR`~l‡Y `yó
cvwb cvb Ki‡j †h me †ivM
n‡Z cv‡i
Av‡m©wb‡Kvwmm, d¬z‡ivwmm I
†jW cqRwbs
wbivc` cvwbi Drm
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b mvaviYZ †h mKj Drm †_‡K wbivc` cvwb cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv f~-Mf©¯’
cvwb, f‚-c„ô¯’ cvwb I e„wói cvwb|
f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb: f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb mvaviYZ RxevYygy³| bjK‚‡ci (Mfxi I AMfxi bjK‚c, wWc‡mU
cv¤ú, Zviv I Zviv †`e cv¤ú) mvnv‡h¨ f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| Z‡e, f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb LwbR
ev ivmvqwbK c`v_© †hgb, Av‡m©wbK Øviv `~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i ev jeYv³ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Ggb n‡j
bjK‚‡ci cvwb wbivc` _v‡Kbv| GB `~wlZ cvwb wbivc` Kivi c×wZ †ek RwUj I e¨qeûj|
cwievi ch©v‡q GwU Kiv m¤¢e bq ej‡jB P‡j| ZvQvov, eb¨vi mgq Wz‡e †M‡j bjK‚c †_‡K wbivc`
cvwb cvIqv hvqbv| bjK‚‡ci cøvUdg© DuPz n‡j eb¨vi mgq bjK‚c mPj ivLv m¤¢e|
f~-c„ô¯’ cvwb: f‚-c„‡ôi Dc‡ii b`x, cKzi ev Rjvkq †_‡K cvwb cvIqv hvq| f~-c„‡ôi Dc‡ii GB
cvwb AwaKvsk‡ÿ‡Î †ivMRxevYy Øviv `~wlZ| LvIqv ev _vjv-evmb †avIqvi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j
GB cvwb †kvab K‡i wb‡Z nq| GB cvwb dzwU‡q ev wdëv‡i †Qu‡K A_ev ivmvqwbK c`v_© e¨envi
K‡i RxevYygy³ Kiv hvq| f‚-c„ô¯’ cvwb RxevYygy³ Kivi Rb¨ wcGmGd e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU †ek
mnR I jvMmB cÖhyw³| Z‡e, cvwb jeYv³ ev ivmvqwbK c`v_© Øviv `~wlZ n‡j wcGmGd †_‡K
wbivc` cvwb cvIqv hvqbv| GQvovI GKwU ¯^”Q cøvw÷‡Ki †evZ‡j cvwb wb‡q Zv m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z 6
N›Uv †i‡L m¤ú~Y© RxevYygy³ Kiv hvq| GB c×wZ‡ZI cvwbi ivmvqwbK`~lY ev jeYv³Zv `~i Kiv
hvqbv|
e„wói cvwb: wbivc` cvwbi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ el©vKv‡j mivmwi e„wói cvwb msMÖn I msiÿY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| ZvrÿwYK e¨env‡ii Rb¨ GB cvwb LyeB wbivc` Z‡e A‡bKw`b †i‡L w`‡j Ges
h_vh_ wbqg cvjb bv Ki‡j G‡Z RxevYy `~lY †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| GB c×wZ‡Z mvaviYZ N‡ii Pvj
†_‡K e„wói cvwb msMÖn K‡i wbivc` cv‡Î cvwb msiÿY Kiv nq| GwU LyeB mij I mnRjf¨
cÖhyw³| †hme GjvKvq eQ‡i 1,600 wg.wg. e„wócvZ nq †mLv‡b GB c×wZ e¨envi Kiv hvq|
18
wØZxq Aa¨vq: cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v

GQvovI cve©Z¨ A‡j SY©v †_‡K cvwb cvIqv hvq| GB cvwb mvaviYZ wbivc`|
cvwb‡K wbivc` ivLvi Dcvqmg~n
Drm msMÖn enb msiÿY e¨envi
Pviw`K cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z
n‡e
DuPz RvqMvq bjK~c ˆZwi
Ki‡Z n‡e
wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ (Kgc‡
10 wgUvi) cvqLvbv
¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e
Kv‡Q †Kvb cPv †Wvev
MZ© ev gqjv AveR©bvi
¯‘c _vKv DwPZ bq
cvÎ cwi®‹vi n‡Z
n‡e
nvZ cwi®‹vi n‡Z
n‡e
†Kvb fv‡eB
cvwbi g‡a¨ nvZ
†`Iqv hv‡ebv
AvuPj w`‡q XvKv
hv‡ebv
XvKbv _vK‡Z n‡e
cv‡Îi gy‡Li †P‡q
eo ev mgvb XvKbv
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
Kj‡mi gy‡Li g‡a¨
†Kvbfv‡eB nvZ
†`Iqv hv‡ebv
ïKbv ¯’v‡b
cvwbi cvÎ
ivL‡Z n‡e
DuPz ¯’v‡b cvwbi
cvÎ emv‡Z n‡e
cvwbi cvÎ
XvKbv w`‡q
msiY Ki‡Z
n‡e
cwi®‹vi
cvÎ/Møv‡m
cvwb cvb
Ki‡Z n‡e
cwi®‹vi nv‡Z
Møvm ai‡Z
n‡e
Møv‡mi gy‡L
nvZ †`qv
hv‡ebv
Drm: IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB, wbivc` cvwbi e¨envi wbf©i K‡i Gi cÖvc¨Zvi Dci| bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ †h cvwb
cvIqv hvq Zv `~wlZ n‡q †M‡j A‡b‡KB cÖ‡qvRbgZ wbivc` cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| ZLb
†ivM-e¨vwai SzuwK †e‡o hvq| ZvB cvwbi `~lY †iva Kivi Rb¨ e¨e¯’v †bIqv DwPZ| m¨vwb‡Ukb
e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g cvwb`~lY I †ivMwe¯Ívi †iva Kivi †Póv Kiv nq|
2.2. m¨vwb‡Ukb wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
†ivM we¯Ív‡ii c_ eÜ Kivi Rb¨ gjg~Î, gqjv I AveR©bv Acmvi‡Yi mwVK Dcvq n‡jv m¨vwb‡Ukb|
Gi jÿ¨ n‡jv gjg~Î, gqjv cvwb I M„n¯’vwj AveR©bv Ggbfv‡e miv‡bv hv‡Z cwi‡ek ev cvwbi `~lY bv
N‡U| mvaviYfv‡e m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v ej‡Z gvby‡li gjg~Î Acmvi‡Yi †mev I my‡hvM †evSvq|
†hLv‡b †mLv‡b gjg~Î Z¨vM Ki‡j
Zv †_‡K cwi‡ek I cvwb `~wlZ n‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi, Awbivc` cvqLvbv
(†hgb, SzjšÍ cvqLvbv) e¨envi
Ki‡j ev cvwbi Dr‡mi Lye Kv‡Q
cvqLvbv ˆZwi Ki‡j Zv †_‡KI
cwi‡ek ev cvwb `~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Gfv‡e †ivM we¯Ívi n‡Z cv‡i|
100% m¨wb‡Uk‡bi ˆewkó¨
mevi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbvi e¨e¯’v ivLv
†KD †Lvjv RvqMvq cvqLvbv Ki‡ebv
mevB ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨envi Ki‡e
cvqLvbv e¨venv‡i h_vh_ cwi‡ek I iYv‡eY Kiv
IqvUvi wmj _vKv
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
19

ZvB, m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †KŠkj n‡jv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨envi Kiv| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
†ivMwe¯Ívi Pµ †f‡½ †`Iqv I †ivMRxevYy Qov‡bv eÜ Kiv| G‡Z cÖavb welq n‡jvgjg~Î
GK RvqMvq MZ© K‡i
Ggbfv‡e R‡ov K‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z GwU Qwo‡q †h‡Z
bv cv‡i ev cwi‡ek `~lY bv
K‡i, we‡kl K‡i, cvwbi
Dr‡mi mv‡_ wgk‡Z bv
cv‡i|
gjZ¨v‡Mi RvqMv I gj
Rgv nIqvi M‡Z© †hb gvwQ
ev Ab¨ cZ½ cÖ‡ek K‡i
†ivMRxevYy Qov‡Z bv cv‡i|
g‡ji M‡Z© Drcbœ M¨vm `yM©Ü bv Qwo‡q †ei n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`k RvZxq m¨vwb‡Ukb †KŠkj 2005 (ms‡kvwaZ 7
†deªæqvix, 2010)- Gi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z j¨vwUª‡bi ˆewkó¨ Abymv‡i
wbgœœwjwLZ j¨vwUªb¸‡jv‡K ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z we‡ePbv Kiv hvqt
XvKbvmn MZ© j¨vwUªb
wd¬c/IqvUvi wmj hy³ wcU j¨vwUªb (mivmwi ev Ad‡mU)
IqvUvi wmjhy³ møø¨ve j¨vwUªb (mivmwi ev Ad‡mU wcU)
†eÛ wmjhy³ Ad‡mU wcU j¨vwUªb
B‡Kv-m¨vb/ K‡¤úvw÷s j¨vwUªb Ges
myq¨vi jvBb/ †mwÞK U¨v¼hy³ j¨vwUªb
9
eZ©gv‡b, evsjv‡`‡k, we‡kl K‡i MÖvg GjvKvq, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv wnmv‡e wis mø¨ve j¨vwUª‡bi
e¨vcK cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ‡Z gvwU‡Z GKwU Mfxi MZ© K‡i Zv‡Z evwj I wm‡g›U w`‡q ˆZwi
wis I mø¨ve ewm‡q j¨vwUªb wbg©vY Kiv nq| f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Í‡ii D”PZv we‡ePbv K‡i MZ©wU †Lvuov
nq| GB cÖhyw³wU †ek myjf I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z|
wis mø¨ve j¨vwU«b
gvwU‡Z GKwU MZ© K‡i Zvi
Dci GKwU mø¨ve ewm‡q
mn‡R I Aí Li‡P j¨vwU«b
evbv‡bv hvq| MZ© hv‡Z
†f‡½ bv c‡o †mRb¨
wm‡g‡›Ui wis e¨envi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| mø¨v‡ei mv‡_
Rjve× c¨vb I M‡Z©i M¨vm
†ei nIqvi Rb¨ †fw›U‡jkb
cvBc jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
9
cÖv¸³
20 wØZxq Aa¨vq: cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v

2.3. ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi g~j welq n‡jv Ávb I we‡ePbv Kv‡R jvwM‡q Ggbfv‡e cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v
e¨envi Kiv hv‡Z wb‡R‡K I Rb‡Mvôxi mevB‡K †ivMe¨vwai SyuwK †_‡K gy³ ivLv hvq|
†Kb ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi cÖmvi `iKvi
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †ivMe¨vwai nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ cwi”Qbœ _vKv I †ivMwe¯Ívi
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ cwi‡ek cwi”Qbœ ivLv| `y‡h©vMKv‡j †ivMRxevYyi `ªæZ eskwe¯Ív‡ii AbyK‚j cwi‡ek
m„wó nq Avi wbivc` cvwb I wbivc` j¨vwUªb e¨e¯’vi NvUwZ †`Lv †`q| d‡j Gmg‡q gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ I
Rxeb SzuwK‡Z c‡o|
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v cÖmvi Kx
¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© i cmÖ vi †ivMwe¯vÍ i cwÖ Z‡iv‡a Rb‡Mvôxi mÿgZv evovq| GwU wewae× Áv‡bi mnvqZvq
Rb‡Mvôxi Ávb, g‡bvfve I Af¨v‡m cwieZb© Avbvi GKwU cwÖ µqv hvi gva¨‡g cwiev‡ii m`m¨MY cvwb
e¨envi, eR¨© I gjgÎ~ AcmviY Ges cwi”QbZœ v msµvšÍ Swuz KcY~ © AvPiY cwinvi Ki‡Z mg_¨© nq|
Kvh©Ki ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v cÖmv‡ii cÖavb
Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv-
Z_¨ I Áv‡bi cvi¯úwiK Av`vb cÖ`vb;
mywbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Rb‡Mvôx‡K msNe×
Kiv;
cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx mieivn I my‡hvM m„wó
Kiv|
wZb ai‡Yi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v cÖmvi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
¯^v¯’¨ welqK SzuwKc~Y© Af¨vm Kgv‡bv;
my‡hvM I e¨e¯’vi h_vh_ e¨envi Ges
iYv‡eY;
Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnY evov‡bv|
-UNICEF, ROSA (2008), Behaviour Change Communication In emergencies: A Toolkit
¯^v¯’¨wewa cvj‡bi gva¨‡g
†ivMwe¯Ív‡ii c‡_ A‡bKfv‡e evav
m„wó Kiv hvq Ges Gfv‡e cvwb I
m¨vwb‡Ukb mswkøó †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve
Kgv‡bv m¤¢e nq| wKfv‡e †ivMwe¯Ívi
nq Ges wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi
gva¨‡g †ivMe¨vwai SzuwK Kgv‡bv hvq
Zv Rvbv I GB Ávb ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b
Kv‡R jvMv‡bvB ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi g~j
welq|
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi jÿ¨
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi me †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© jÿ¨ n‡jv-
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi mwVK e¨envi I iÿYv‡eÿY;
gjg~‡Îi wbivc` AcmviY;
†kŠPK‡g©i c‡i I Lvevi ˆZwii Av‡M nvZ †avIqv;
wbivc` cvwb e¨envi I Gi mwVK msiÿY;
gkv, gvwQ I Ab¨vb¨ RxevYyevnx †cvKvgvKo wbqš¿Y|
- WEDC, WHO 2011, Technical Notes
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
21

¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi Rb¨ wbivc` cvwb cvIqvi Dcvq, `~lY‡iv‡a gvbe eR¨© I M„n¯’vwj AveR©bv AcmviY
Kivi mwVK c×wZ Ges e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK I cwi‡ekMZ cwi”QbœZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z KiYxq¸‡jv
Rvbv `iKvi| ¯^v¯’¨ wkÿvi gva¨‡g Gme wel‡q Rvbv hvq|
cvwb
gj
gvwQ
gvwU
Lvevi
gyL
nvZ
gjg~Î †_‡K †hfv‡e †ivM Qovq
Avgv‡`i kix‡ii me eR©¨ I Lv`¨bvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z †ivMRxevYy g‡ji gva¨‡g †`‡ni evB‡i Av‡m| me
g‡j, GgbwK wkïi g‡jI †ivMRxevYy _v‡K| †Lvjv RvqMvq ev †Lvjv j¨vwU«‡b gjZ¨vM Ki‡j G †_‡K
†ivMRxevYy wewfbœfv‡e Qwo‡q c‡o| gkv, gvwQ, nvum, gyiMx, KyKyi, weovj ev evZv‡mi gva¨‡g GB
†ivMRxevYy cvwb‡Z, Lvev‡i, _vjvevm‡b ev Lvev‡ii RvqMvq Qwo‡q co‡Z cv‡i| Avevi gvby‡li kix‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡i Wvqwiqv, UvBd‡qW, †ncvUvBwUm ev K…wgmn A‡bK ai‡Yi †ivM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†ivMwe¯Ívi †iv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ_gZt ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z gjg~Î †_‡K cvwb I
gvwU †ivMRxevYy Øviv `~wlZ bv n‡q c‡o Avi gvwQ wKsev †cvKvgvKo hv‡Z gjg~Î †_‡K †ivMRxevYy
Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q bv †d‡j|
wØZxqZt j¨vwUªb e¨env‡ii c‡i Avi Lvevi ˆZwi ev LvIqvi Av‡M fv‡jvfv‡e I mwVK c×wZ‡Z nvZ
†avIqv hv‡Z nv‡Z †j‡M _vKv †ivMRxevYy Lvev‡ii mv‡_ kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| †mBmv‡_
Lvevi †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e; Gid‡j gvwQ ev †cvKvgvKo G‡m Lvev‡i em‡Z cvi‡ebv I Lvev‡i
†ivMRxevYy †gkv‡Z cvi‡ebv| Avi memgq LvIqvi I M„n¯’vwj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wbivc` cvwb e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
nvZ †avqv
nvZ †avqvi †KŠkj
1. cÖ_‡g nvZ Aí cvwb w`‡q wfwR‡q fv‡jv K‡i mvevb jvwM‡q
wbb|
2. Gici evg nv‡Zi Zvjyi Dci Wvb nv‡Zi Zvjy ivLyb|
3. Wvb nvZ w`‡q evg nv‡Zi Zvjyi Dc‡i Nlyb; GKBfv‡e nvZ
e`jvb|
4. Wvb nv‡Zi Zvjy w`‡q evg nv‡Zi Zvjyi wcQ‡b Nlyb|
5. evg nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jvi wfZ‡i Wvb nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jv
XywK‡q wb‡q Nlyb; GKBfv‡e nvZ e`jvb|
6. evg nv‡Zi Zvjy w`‡q Wvb nv‡Zi e„×v½yj Nlyb; GKBfv‡e
nvZ e`jvb|
7. evg nv‡Zi Zvjyi Dci Wvb nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jv GK RvqMvq
K‡i Nlyb; GKBfv‡e nvZ e`jvb|
8. me‡k‡l, GKwU cwi®‹vi MvgQv ev †Zvqv‡j w`‡q `yB nvZ
gy‡Q wbb|
nvZ †avqvi ¸iæZ¡
†ivM RxevYyi msµgY †_‡K iv cvIqv hvq
†c‡Ui AmyL †_‡K iv cvIqv hvq
cvwb I gjevwnZ RxevYy †_‡K iv cvIqv hvq
nvZ †avqvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgq
LvIqvi Av‡M
cvqLvbv †_‡K G‡m
Lvevi ˆZwi I cwi‡ek‡bi Av‡M
nvZ †avqvi DcKiY
nvZ †avqvi DcKiY wn‡m‡e ïaygvÎ mvevb I
wbivc` cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMRwbZ
weNœ
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi
d‡j m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki †h
ÿwZ nq I †mevmg~‡n †h weNœ
N‡U Zvi cÖfve cvwb I
m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv
hvq|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
23

AeKvVv‡gvi ÿqÿwZ - N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm ev b`x fv½‡b bjK‚c ev j¨vwUªb ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i;
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi KvVv‡gv¸‡jv †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i| eb¨vi cvwb‡Z bjK‚c I cvqLvbv Wz‡e †h‡Z
cv‡i| Ggb Ae¯’vq †jvKRb wbivc` cvwb cvqbv, ev Zv‡`i m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi my‡hvM _v‡Kbv|
eb¨vi cvwb Øviv `~lY we¯Ívi - eb¨vi cvwb‡Z j¨vwUªb Wz‡e †M‡j j¨vwUª‡bi gj PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q co‡Z
cv‡i Ges cwi‡ek I cvwbi Drm `~wlZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Lvjv gv‡V gj Z¨vM Ki‡j mn‡RB `~lY
Qwo‡q co‡Z cv‡i| SzjšÍ j¨vwUªb †_‡KI Gfv‡e `~lY Qov‡Z cv‡i| GiKg n‡j Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨
wbivc` cvwb cvIqv LyeB Kómva¨ n‡q c‡o|
¯’vbvšÍi I Ach©vß wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb - N~wY©So ev eb¨vRwbZ `y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ †jvKRb
wb‡Ri evwo †Q‡o Ab¨Î P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ nq| A¯’vqx Avev‡m wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi e¨e¯’v
†Zgb _v‡Kbv| Avevi, wbPz GjvKv RjgMœ n‡j GjvKvi Rb‡Mvôx emwZ †Q‡o ¯’vqxfv‡e Ab¨Î P‡j
†h‡Z eva¨ nq| G‡`i Rxeb I RxweKv Ggbfv‡e wech©¯Í nq †h †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î bZzb emwZ‡Z
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kivi m¤ú` I my‡hvM Zv‡`i _v‡Kbv|
f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv nªvm - Rjevqy
cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P
†b‡g †h‡Z cv‡i ev Rgv‡bv cvwb K‡g
†h‡Z cv‡i| LivcÖeY GjvKvq GwU N‡U
_v‡K| Z‡e Gi Rb¨ gvby‡li Kg©KvÛB
†ewk `vqx| mvaviYZ K…wlKv‡R Pvwn`v
†gUv‡bvi Rb¨ cvwb AwZ D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j
Ggb Ae¯’v m„wó nq| Ggb n‡j GjvKvi
Rb‡Mvôxi cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv K‡g Av‡m|
d‡j, Zviv cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv wbivc` cvwb
e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, †mBmv‡_, cvwbi
Dci wbf©ikxj ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbvI
e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡ek I cvwbi Drm `~lY - Avevi, jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y cvwbi cÖvK…wZK
Drm m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c e¨env‡ii Abyc‡hvMx n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i- †`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgv‡j AvBjv
cieZ©xKv‡j †hgb n‡q‡Q| GiRb¨I gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ eûjvs‡k `vqx| wPswo Pv‡li Rb¨ Pvlxiv
Zv‡`i †N‡i †bvbv cvwb XzwK‡qwQ‡jv| AvBjvi mgq `ye©j evua †f‡½ AviI †bvbv cvwb GjvKvq Xz‡K
c‡o I Rjve×Zv m„wó K‡i| GLb GB GjvKvq wbivc` cvwb GK`g †bB ej‡jB P‡j| d‡j,
GjvKvi †jvKRb cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv wbivc` cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv| †mBmv‡_, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z
cvqLvbvI e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
24 wØZxq Aa¨vq: cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v

†bvbv cwi‡ek I ¯^v‡¯’¨i ÿwZ - †bvbv
cvwb I †bvbv cwi‡ek ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨
Lye ÿwZKi| G †_‡K bvbv iKg
Pg©‡ivM n‡Z cv‡i| G iKg cwi‡ek
¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci, we‡kl K‡i, cÖRbb
¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci ÿwZKi cÖfve †d‡j|
d‡j G‡Z wK‡kvix I Mf©eZx bvix
†ewk fz³‡fvMx nq| GQvovI, Dò I
Av`ª© AvenvIqv †ivMRxevYy I
RxevYyevnK KxUcZ‡½i esk we¯Ív‡i
we‡kl mnvqK| d‡j GjvKvq
cvwbevwnZ I cZ½evwnZ †ivM,
we‡kl K‡i, Wvqwiqv, Avgvkq I
g¨v‡jwiqv, GgbwK K‡jiv †iv‡Mi
cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k Lvevi cvwb‡Z jeY `~lY
†ewkgvÎvq jeYv³ cvwb cvb Ki‡j D”P i³Pvcmn bvbvwea
¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| DcK‚j GjvKvi †ek eo
msL¨vq Mf©eZx bvixi ¯^v¯’¨ cixvq GKjv¤úwmqv,
wcÖGKjv¤úwmqv I D”Pi³Pvc aiv c‡o‡Q| †`‡ki `wYcwðgv‡ji
†bŠ-e›`‡i Aew¯’Z Pvjbv Dc‡Rjv †nj_
Kg‡cø‡·i MvB‡bvKjwR wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui 2007 mv‡ji
Rvbyqvwi-†m‡Þ¤^i gv‡mi Gw›U‡bUvj †PK-Av‡ci †iKW©
cixv n‡q‡Q| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, 16 †_‡K 40 eQi eqmx 561
Rb Mf©eZx bvixi g‡a¨ 118 Rb (21%) †Kvb bv †Kvb
ai‡Yi D”P i³Pvc RwbZ mgm¨vq fzM‡Q| DcK‚j GjvKvi
evB‡ii gvZzqvB‡j G ai‡Yi mgm¨vq fz³‡fvMx Mf©eZx
bvixi nvi kZKiv 2 †_‡K 6.5 fvM, hvi Zzjbvq GB nvi
A‡bK †ewk|
- Khan, A., & et. Al., The Lancet, Volume, 371, Issue 9610,
Page 385, 2 February 2008
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y ÿwZMÖ¯Í GjvKvq wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi
my‡hvM wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cvwbi bZzb Drm, †hgb- f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi e`‡j e„wói cvwb, A_ev bZzb
cÖhyw³, †hgb- cÖPwjZ bjK‚‡ci e`‡j jeYcvwb †kvab cÖhyw³, Lyu‡R †ei Kivi `iKvi n‡Z cv‡i|
welqwU †gŠwjK Pvwn`v wnmv‡e †`Lv we‡kl Riæwi Avi Gfv‡e †`L‡Z n‡j bxwZMZ wb‡`©kbv I
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
25

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq:
evsjv‡`‡ki AÂjwfwËK cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi ea©gvb cÖPÛZv cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v‡K ûgwKi gy‡L
†dj‡Q| AwZe„wó, Abve„wó, †cŠbtcywbK SoSÅv, weaŸsmx eb¨v, b`xfv½b, Rjve×Zv I
jeYv³Zvi AbycÖ‡ek cvwbi
cÖvK…wZK Drm Ges cvwb mieivn
I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v A‡K‡Rv
K‡i †dj‡Q| Rjvkq¸‡jv
ïwK‡q hv‡”Q| f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi
wb‡P †b‡g hv‡”Q| f‚-c„‡ôi
Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi cvwb `~wlZ n‡q
co‡Q| evievi Avc‡`i AvNv‡Z
AeKvVv‡gv †f‡½ co‡Q I
we`¨gvb cÖhyw³¸‡jv APj n‡q
co‡Q| d‡j wbivc` cvwb I
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vq cÖvc¨Zvi
msKU †`Lv w`‡”Q| Z‡e, cvwb
mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi
Dci Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vMRwbZ cÖfveK¸‡jv †`‡ki GK GK A‡j GK GKfv‡e cÖKvk
cv‡”Q|
3.1. DcK‚jxq AÂj
GjvKv I Ae¯’vb- mgy‡`ªi ZUeZ©x GjvKv
n‡jv DcK‚j GjvKv| mgy‡`ªi cÖavb wZbwU
cÖfve- †Rvqvi-fvUvi cÖfve, †bvbvcvwbi
AbycÖ‡ek I N~wY©So-R‡jv”Q¡vm, GB wZb
m~P‡Ki gvcKvwV‡Z wba©vwiZ †gvU 19wU
†Rjv (ev‡MinvU, ei¸bv, ewikvj, †fvjv,
Puv`cyi, PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi, †dbx,
†MvcvjMÄ, h‡kvi, SvjKvwV, Lyjbv,
j²xcyi, bovBj, †bvqvLvjx, cUzqvLvjx,
wc‡ivRcyi, mvZÿxiv, kixqZcyi) wb‡q
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi ea©gvb cÖPÐZv
cvwbi Dr‡m `~lY
Dr‡m cvwbi gRyZ n«vm
cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv n«vm
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vq weNœ
cwi‡ek `~lY I †ivM we¯Ívi
cÖhyw³MZ e¨_©Zv
m¨vwb‡Uk‡b weNœ
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
27

DcK‚j AÂj MwVZ| Gi g‡a¨ 12wU †Rjv e‡½vcmvM‡ii 710 wK.wg. ZU‡iLv msjMœ| ZUf‚wgi
MVb I cvwb cÖev‡ni MwZ cÖK…wZi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y G‡K †gvUv`v‡M wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e`i‡gvKvg †_‡K †dbx b`x ch©šÍ DcK‚j AÂj c~e©fvM, †dbx b`xi †gvnbv †_‡K †ZZzwjqv b`x
10
ch©šÍ ga¨fvM I †ZZzwjqv b`x †_‡K cwð‡g nvwoqvfv½v b`x ch©šÍ cwðgfvM |
Avc`mg~n - GB A‡ji cÖavb Avc`¸‡jv n‡jv N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, weivgnxb e„wó I †RvqviRwbZ
cøveb| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi jÿY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ZvcgvÎv e„w×, evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv e„w× I
†gNv”Qbœ w`‡bi msL¨v e„w×| †mB mv‡_ cvwb I gvwUi jeYv³Zv e„w×| S‡ovevZvm Avi R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi
`vc‡U bjK‚c, wcGmGd I j¨vwUªb¸‡jv evievi †f‡m hvq, Pzigvi n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov, jeY cvwb
Avi †bvbv evZv‡m wUb ev Kswµ‡U ˆZwi j¨vwUªb †UKmB nqbv|
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM - GjvKvi me †_‡K eo mgm¨v n‡jv jeY`~lY, we‡kl K‡i, DcK‚j
A‡ji cwðgfvM, GZ †ewk gvÎvq jeYv³ n‡q c‡o‡Q †h gvwUi Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi cvwbi cÖvK…wZK
Drm †_‡K wbivc` LvIqvi cvwb ev M„n¯’vwj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cvwb cvIqv hv‡”Qbv| d‡j
wbivc` cvwb mieiv‡n GjvKvi bjK‚c, cyKzi I wcGmGd¸‡jv Avi Kvh©Ki _vK‡Qbv|
DcK~jxq AÂj
Avc`mg~n
N~wY©So
weivgnxb e„wó
†RvqviRwbZ
cøveb
Rjevqy cwieZ©b RwbZ
cÖfveK
ZvcgvÎv e„w×
jeYv³Zv e„w×
evZv‡m Av`©ªZv e„w×
†gNv”Qbœ w`‡bi
msL¨v e„w×
cvwb mieivn msµvšÍ cÖfveK
jeY`~l‡Y `yó cvwbi Drm
wgVv cvwb mieiv‡n
wUDeI‡qj AKvh©Ki
wgVv cvwb mieiv‡n
wcGmGd AKvh©Ki
m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ cÖfveK
So-evZv‡m AeKvVv‡gv
†f‡½ cov
jeYv³Zvi Kvi‡Y
AeKvVv‡gvi ÿq
Mi‡gi Kvi‡Y wU‡bi j¨vwU«b
e¨env‡i Amyweav
3.2. b`x AeevwnKv I Pi AÂj
GjvKv I †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb - b`xi MwZc_ eivei ZxieZ©x †h GjvKvi e„wói cvwb Mwo‡q b`x‡Z
bv‡g †mB GjvKv wb‡q MwVZ nq H b`xi AeevwnKv| nvIi I cve©Z¨ GjvKv ev‡` evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖavb KÕwU b`x, †hgb- eªþcyÎ, hgybv, cÙv I †gNbvi ZxieZ©x we¯ÍxY© GjvKv Avi Gme b`xi g‡a¨
cwj R‡g M‡o DVv Pi wb‡q GB AeevwnKv I Pi AÂj aiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki gvS eivei
DËi †_‡K `wÿ‡Y we¯Í…Z| GB GjvKvq i‡q‡Q jvjgwbinvU, KzwoMÖvg, MvBevÜv, Rvgvjcyi, †kicyi,
ivRkvnx, cvebv, wmivRMÄ, Uv½vBj, gvwbKMÄ, dwi`cyi, †MvcvjMÄ, kixqZcyi, Pvù cyi I
Kzwgjøv †Rjv|
10
cvwb m¤ú` gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi (2005), DcK~jxq AÂj bxwZ
28
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: evsjv‡`‡ki AÂjwfwËK cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM

Avc`mg~n - el©vKv‡j wngvjq †_‡K DrmwiZ M½v I eªþcyÎ Ges Avmv‡gi mv‡_ †gNbv b`x w`‡q
we¯ÍxY© GjvKvi el©‡Yi cvwb GB GjvKvi Dci
w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| d‡j GB A‡j el©v †gŠmy‡g
cÖej eb¨v nq; †mB mv‡_ _v‡K Zxeª b`xfv½b|
Avevi el©vKv‡ji †k‡l ïiæ nq `xN© Abve„wó|
ZLb Liv ïiæ nq| b`xi aviv ÿxY n‡q Av‡m,
Rjvkq¸‡jv ïwK‡q hvq I f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi
wb‡P †b‡g hvq| ZLb bjK‚c¸‡jv Lye GKUv
Kv‡R Av‡mbv| b`x fv½‡bI A‡bK bjK‚c I
j¨vwUªb b`xM‡f© P‡j hvq| Avevi, eb¨vi mgq
bjK‚c I j¨vwUªb cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq| DuPz RvqMvi
j¨vwUªb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Wz‡e bv †M‡jI iv¯Ív Wz‡e
hvIqvi Kvi‡Y †jvKRb DuPz RvqMvi bjK‚c ev
j¨vwUªb mn‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| ZvQvov,
cvwbi ¯Íi Dc‡i D‡V Avmvi Kvi‡Y G †_‡K
wVKg‡Zv gj AcmviY nqbv| Dciš‘, Wz‡e
hvIqv j¨vwUª‡bi gj PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q cvwb I
cwi‡ek `~wlZ K‡i| d‡j eb¨vi mgq bjK‚c ev
j¨vwUªb Lye GKUv Kv‡R Av‡m bv|
Rjevqy cwieZ©b RwbZ D‡ØM - cÖPwjZ wis møø¨ve j¨vwUªb eb¨vi gvm¸‡jv‡Z m¨vwb‡Ukb Z_v cvwb I
cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a †Zgb Kv‡R Avm‡Q bv; Ô†ewk cvwb-Kg cvwbÕi P‡µi Kvi‡Y GjvKvq cÖPwjZ
bjK‚c eQ‡i Aí K‡qK gvm Qvov wbivc` cvwb mieivn Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
b`x AeevwnKv I Pi AÂj
Avc`mg~n
eb¨v
b`xfv½b
evjyKiY
Rjve×Zv
Liv
Rjevqy cwieZ©b RwbZ
cÖfveK
Zxeª Mig
AwZel©Y
evZv‡m Av`©ªZv e„w×
`xN© Abve„wó Kvj
cvwb mieivn msµvšÍ cÖfveK
f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P
†b‡g hvIqv
eb¨vq bjK‚c Wy‡e hvIqv
b`xfv½‡b bjK‚‡ci
ÿqÿwZ
bjK‚‡ci Kvh©KvwiZv n«vm
Rjve×Zvi Kvi‡Y
f‚-Dcwi¯’ cvwbi `~lY
m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ cÖfveK
eb¨vi Kvi‡Y AeKvVv‡gv
Wz‡e hvIqv
cvwb evovi Kvi‡Y j¨vwU«b
f‡i hvIqv
b`xfv½‡b AeKvVv‡gvi
ÿqÿwZ
Wz‡ev j¨vwU«‡bi gva¨‡g cvwbi
`~lY
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
29

3.3. cve©Z¨ AÂj
GjvKv I Ae¯’vb - †`‡ki `wÿY-c~e©
†Kv‡Y 13,295 eM© wK.wg. GjvKv Ry‡o
GB AÂj we¯Í…Z| GB cvnvwo A‡ji
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q iv½vgvwU, ev›`ieb I
LvMovQwo †Rjv| A‡bK¸‡jv cvnvo wb‡q
GB AÂj M‡o D‡V‡Q; †Kv_vI †Kv_vI
G¸‡jv m‡e©v”P cÖvq 4,000 dzU DuPz| GB
GjvKv w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡”Q mvZwU cvnvwo
b`x I Zv‡`i kvLv-cÖkvLv| Gi mv‡_
Av‡Q AmsL¨ SY©v Avi Qov| cy‡iv AÂj
e‡b XvKv; Z‡e wbwe©Pv‡i MvQ KvUvi Kvi‡Y
11
GLb Av‡Mi g‡Zv Nb bq |
Avc`mg~n - el©vKv‡j GB GjvKvq
AwZel©Y nq| eQ‡ii Ab¨ mg‡q
Abve„wói cÖ‡Kvc †`Lv †`q| GLv‡b cvwbi
cÖavb Drm n‡jv SY©v I Qov| cvnvwo
GjvKv e‡j f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb cvIqv hvqbv ev
bjK‚c e¨envi Kiv hvqbv| ﮋ †gŠmy‡g
GB Qov I SY©v¸‡jv ïwK‡q hvq| d‡j
cvwbi Afve †`Lv †`q| Avevi el©vKv‡j
cvnvwo iv¯Ív wcw”Qj n‡q c‡o ev
f‚wgaŸ‡mi Kvi‡Y wew”Qbœ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
ZLb Rb‡Mvôx mn‡R cvwb msMÖn Ki‡Z
cv‡ibv| cv_y‡i ev k³ gvwU‡Z cÖPwjZ wis
mø¨ve j¨vwUªb emv‡bv Kómva¨| ZvQvov
cÖej el©Y I cvnvwo X‡j j¨vwUªb fvwm‡q
wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Dciš‘, e„wói d‡j Xvj
†e‡q cvwbi †h Xj wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m Zv
A‡bK mgq cqteR¨©mn cv`‡`kxq
GjvKvq Qwo‡q c‡o †mLvbKvi
Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ SzuwK m„wó K‡i|
Chittagong Hilltracts
11
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU (2006), evsjvwcwWqv
30 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: evsjv‡`‡ki AÂjwfwËK cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM

Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM - Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq ﮋ †gŠmy‡g cvnvwo SY©v I Qov
ïwK‡q hvIqv Ges el©Ymwnòz I cvnvwo GjvKvi Dchy³ j¨vwUªb cÖhyw³i Afve|
cve©Z¨ AÂj
Avc`mg~n
cvnvwo Xj
f~wgaŸm
Rjevqy cwieZ©b RwbZ
cÖfveK
Mi‡gi gvÎv e„w×
AwZel©Y
`xN© Abve„wó Kvj
cvwb mieivn msµvšÍ cÖfveK
cvwbi cÖvK…wZK Dr‡m
¯^íZv
cvnvwo SY©v I Qov
ïwK‡q hvIqv
f‚-c„‡ôi ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y
bjK~‡ci AKvh©KvwiZv
m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ cÖfve
AwZ el©‡Y AeKvVv‡gvi
ÿqÿwZ
el©‡Yi d‡j wb¤œgyLx X‡ji
gva¨‡g cqteR©¨ Qwo‡q cov
I cv`‡`kxq GjvKvq `~lY
m„wó
3.4. nvIi AÂj
GjvKv I Ae¯’vb - nvIi¸‡jv Avm‡j
†gŠmywg Rjvf‚wg hv ﮋ †gŠmy‡g G‡Kev‡i
ïwK‡q hvq I dm‡ji Rwg wnmv‡e e¨envi
Kiv nq| mybvgMÄ, †b·Kvbv,
wK‡kviMÄ, wm‡jU, †gŠjfxevRvi Ges
eªvþYevwoqv †Rjv wb‡q evsjv‡`‡ki
nvIi AÂj MwVZ| hvi Dˇi †gNvjq
ce©Zgvjv (fviZ), `wÿ‡Y wÎcyivi
cvnvo (fviZ) Ges c~e© w`‡K gwYcy‡ii
(fviZ) D”Pf‚wg w`‡q †Niv| cÖvq 5,025
eM© wK.wg. AvqZ‡bi GB A‡j i‡q‡Q
cÖvq 47wU eo nvIi Ges wewfbœ gv‡ci
cÖvq 6,300wU wej| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖvq 3,500wU ¯’vqx I 2800wU A¯’vqx ev FZzwfwËK wej|
wm‡jU †Rjvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvIi¸‡jv n‡jv- kwbi nvIi, nvBj nvIi, nvKvjywK nvIi, Wv‡Ki
nvIi, gvKvi nvIi, QvBqvi nvIi, Uv½yqvi nvIi Ges KvIqv `xwN nvIi| myigv, Kzwkqvivi m‡½
mshy³ Ab¨vb¨ †QvULv‡Uv cvnvwo b`x, †hgb- gby, †LvqvB, hv`yKvUv, wcqvb, †gvMiv cÖf…wZ mshy³
12
n‡q‡Q nvI‡ii RjwbM©g cÖYvjxi m‡½ |
Avc`mg~n - GLvbKvi cÖavb Avc` n‡jv el©vi ïiæ‡Z AvKw¯§K eb¨v| el©vKv‡j nvIi¸‡jv cvwb‡Z
f‡i hvq; ZLb S‡ovevZvm, Zxeª‡mªvZ, Avi †XD Gi cÖ‡Kvc †`Lv †`q| AvKw¯§K eb¨v Avi †XD
12
Ministry of Water Resources, GoB (2012), Master Plan of Haor Areas
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
31

Gi cÖ‡Kv‡c bjK‚c I j¨vwUªb cvwb‡Z †f‡m †h‡Z cv‡i ev G¸‡jv †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi ﮋ
†gŠmy‡g f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvq, bjK‚c †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv cvwb cvIqv hvq bv|
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM - ﮋ †gŠmy‡g f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvIqv el©Ymwnòz j¨vwUªb
cÖhyw³i Afve|
nvIi AÂj
Avc`mg~n
AvKw¯§K eb¨v
Zxeª †mªv‡Zi cÖ‡Kvc
S‡ov evZvm I †XD
Rjevqy cwieZ©b RwbZ
cÖfveK
AwZ Mig
AwZel©Y
AwZ Av`©ªZv
cvwb mieivn msµvšÍ
cÖfveK
nvwU wKsev
nvZj¦K fv½‡b
bjK‚‡ci ÿwZ
m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ cÖfveK
AwZel©‡Y AeKvVv‡gvi
ÿqÿwZ
AwZ el©Y I †mªªv‡Zi gva¨‡g
cqteR©¨ Qwo‡q cov I `~lY
we¯Ívi
3.5. e‡i›`ªf‚wg I gaycyi AÂj
GjvKv I Ae¯’vb - Pvicv‡ki
cøveb f‚wg †_‡K c„_K cyivZb
cjj Øviv MwVZ e‡i›`ª f‚wgi
AvqZb cÖvq 7,770 eM© wK.wg.|
e„nËi w`bvRcyi, iscyi, cvebv,
ivRkvnx I e¸ov †Rjv Ry‡o G
AÂj we¯Í…Z| Avi gaycyi AÂj
Rvgvjcy‡ii `wÿYfvM †_‡K
bvivqYM‡Äi dZzjøv ch©šÍ
we¯Í…Z| cøvebf‚wg †_‡K cÖvq 10
wgUvi DuPz GB GjvKvi †gvU
13
we¯Ívi cÖvq 4,244 eM© wK.wg. |
Avc`mg~n - ¯^í‡gqv`x el©vKv‡ji Kvi‡Y GB `yB A‡j †gŠmygx Liv †`Lv †`q| G mgq b`x‡Z
cvwb K‡g hvq, Rjvkq¸‡jv ïwK‡q hvq Avi f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi A‡bK wb‡P †b‡g hvq| bjK‚c
†_‡K ZLb cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv cvwb cvIqv hvqbv| GLvbKvi gvwU k³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y wis mø¨ve j¨vwUªb
emv‡bv Kómva¨| ZvQvov, Xvj wewkó GjvKv nIqvi Kvi‡Y el©vKv‡j wbPz GjvKv¸‡jv RjgMœ nq|
G‡Z cqteR¨© R‡g I `~lY Qovq|
13
cÖv¸³
32 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: evsjv‡`‡ki AÂjwfwËK cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM

Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ D‡ØM - ﮋ †gŠmy‡g cvwbi NvUwZ I f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvIqv|
e‡i›`ª f~wg I gaycyi AÂj
Avc`mg~n
U‡b©‡Wv
Liv
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ
cÖfveK
ﮋ Mig evZvm
¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Mig
Abve„wó
cvwb mieivn msµvšÍ cÖfveK
f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P
†b‡g hvIqv
bjK‚‡ci Kvh©KvwiZv n«vm
f‚-Dcwi¯’ cvwbi Drm
ïwK‡q hvIqv
m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ cÖfveK
k³ g„wËKvi Kvi‡Y wis mø¨ve
j¨vwUªb ˆZwi Ki‡Z Amyweav
Xvj wewkó GjvKv nIqvi
Kvi‡Y el©vKv‡j wbPz GjvKvi
RjgMœZv I `~lY

PZz_© Aa¨vq:
cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb Ges ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi Dci
`y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I †cŠbtcywbK `y‡h©vM AÂjwfwËK cvwbi cÖvK…wZK Drm bó K‡i, cvwb I
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vcbvi †fŠZKvVv‡gv f½yi K‡i I mieiv‡n NvUwZ m„wó K‡i| Gi weiƒc cÖfve GKB
mv‡_ cwi‡ek, mgvR I ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci c‡o| G‡Z mgv‡R †mev cÖvc¨Zvq gvivZ¥K NvUwZ †`Lv †`q|
Rb‡Mvôxi c‡ÿ ZLb wbivc` cvwb cvIqv, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v e¨envi Kiv I ¯^v¯’¨ myiÿv Kiv
Kómva¨ n‡q c‡o|
4.1. cwi‡ekMZ
`y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ I Rjevqy cwieZ©b
µgea©gvbfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki Dci weiƒc
cÖfve †dj‡Q| †hgb, Rjve×Zv, jeY
`~lY I f‚Z¡‡Ki ﮋZv evo‡Q; f‚-Mf©¯’
cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hv‡”Q|
cwi‡ekMZfv‡e Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi
weiƒc cÖfve †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j wfbœ
wfbœfv‡e c‡o| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †`‡ki
e‡i›`ª A‡j fqven Liv I Zxeª kxZ;
nvIi A‡ji AwZe„wó I AvKw¯§K
eb¨v; cøvebf‚wg A‡ji `xN©¯’vqx eb¨v,
b`xfv½b, Rjve×Zv I DcK‚jxq
A‡ji So, R‡jv”Q¡vm I b`xfv½‡bi
†cŠbtcywbKZv I gvÎv e„w× Ges
cvkvcvwk jeYv³Zv e„w× BZ¨vw`i
D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GmKj cÖfve
mswkøó GjvKvi cwi‡ek Z_v my‡cq I
ˆ`bw›`b e¨envh© cvwbi Drm mg~n‡K
wewfbœfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i Ges
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v AKvh©Ki K‡i
†d‡j|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
35

4.1.1. jeY`~lY
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e Lyjbv, ewikvj I DcK‚jxq A‡ji wPivPwiZ Avc`, †hgb- So,
R‡jv”Q¡vm BZ¨vw`i †cŠbtcywbKZv I fqvenZv AZx‡Zi †P‡q A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q Ges w`b w`b
†e‡oB P‡j‡Q| hvi d‡j `y‡h©vMKv‡j AwZwi³ †bvbv cvwbi AbycÖ‡ek f‚wgi jeYv³Zv e„w× Ki‡Q|
Zv‡Z f‚-Mf©¯’ my‡cq cvwbi gRyZ bó n‡”Q I cv‡bi Abyc‡hvMx n‡q co‡Q| jeY`~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y
Ab¨vb¨ my‡cq cvwbi Drm, †hgb- b`x, Lvj, cyKzi BZ¨vw`i cvwbI ax‡i ax‡i `~wlZ n‡q co‡Q|
jeYv³Zv e„w×i Kvi‡Y j¨vwUªbmn m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi AeKvVv‡gv¸‡jvI `ªæZ †f‡½ co‡Q|
djkªæwZ‡Z cÖPwjZ cÖhyw³, †hgb- bjK‚c, wcGmGd, wis mø¨ve j¨vwUªb AKvh©Ki n‡q co‡Q Ges
Rb‡Mvôx `~wlZ cvwb cvb I A¯^v¯’¨Ki m¨vwb‡Ukb c×wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q|
Ò¸bvwi, Kvgxwbevwm I Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKv Ny‡i †`Lv †Mj, Pvwiw`‡K †Kej cvwb Avi cvwb| ZviciI
cvwbi Rb¨B gvby‡li nvnvKvi| Ggwb‡ZB DcK‚jxq gvbyl‡K hy× Ki‡Z nq mvM‡ii †bvbvcvwbi m‡½|
Zvi Dci, AvBjv AvNvZ nvbvi ci Zwj‡q †M‡Q Lvj-wej-†Wvev Avi cyKyi| wUDeI‡q‡ji cvwb‡ZI
GLb jeY| Lvevi cvwb †hvMvo Ki‡Z †mme GjvKvi gvbyl‡K DËvj wkemv b`x cvwo w`‡Z nq|
ZviciI †h cvwb cvIqv hvq Zv LvIqvi g‡Zv bq| G Kvi‡Y †ivM-e¨vwa †j‡MB _v‡K| Wvqwiqv,
K‡jiv I RjemšÍÍ †mB GjvKvi GL‡bv wbqwgZ e¨vcvi|Ó
- kvgxg Avj Avgxb; we‡kl cÖwZwbwa, P¨v‡bj Iqvb; ÔSo †_‡g‡Q Kvbœv _v‡gwbÕ; mvsevw`‡Ki mv¨-
AvBjv`yM©Z gvby‡li GK eQ‡ii Rxeb-hš¿Yv, 2010
4.1.2. giægqZv
†`‡ki e‡i›`ª A‡j Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi GKwU cÖfve wn‡m‡e Abve„wó‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Abve„wói Kvi‡Y Gme GjvKvq cÖvqkB Zxeª †gŠmygx Liv †`Lv †`q| G ai‡Yi Livi mg‡q Gme
A‡ji cÖvq me¸‡jv b`-b`x, Lvj-wej, nvIi I wgVv cvwbi Drm ïwK‡q hvq, cvkvcvwk f‚-Mf©¯’
cvwbi ¯Íi Zvi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vb †_‡K A‡bK wb‡P P‡j hvq| d‡j my‡cq cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv K‡g Av‡m|
G mgq AwaKvsk bjK‚‡cB cvwb _v‡Kbv, GgbwK Mfxi bjK‚‡cI A‡bK mgq cvwb cvIqv hvqbv|
ZvQvov, f‚-Dcwi¯’ cvwb ïwK‡q hvq e‡j G‡ÿ‡Î cyKzi cv‡o evwji wdëviI (wcGmGd) Kv‡R
Av‡mbv| ZvB Rb‡Mvôx eva¨ n‡q `~wlZ cvwb e¨envi K‡i I bvbvwea †ivMe¨vwa‡Z †fv‡M|
4.1.3. µgea©gvb Avc`cÖeYZv
hw`I AÂj‡f‡` Avc‡`i aiY wfbœ, †hgb- DcK‚j A‡j N~wY©So, nvIi GjvKvq AvKw¯§K eb¨v,
cøvebf‚wg‡Z †gŠmywg eb¨v; Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e †`‡ki cÖvq me A‡ji Avc`cÖeYZv w`b
w`b †e‡o P‡j‡Q| cÖvK…wZK Avc‡`i †cŠbtcywbKZv I cÖPÐZv Av‡Mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q|
Gme Avc‡`, we‡kl K‡i, So, eb¨v I b`xfv½‡bi Kvi‡Y `y‡h©vM KewjZ GjvKvi cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb KvVv‡gv e¨vcK ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv mg~‡j †f‡½ c‡o| G Ae¯’vq cÖPwjZ
cÖhyw³, †hgb- bjK‚c, wcGmGd ev wis mø¨ve j¨vwUªb BZ¨vw` cÖhyw³mg~n wbivc` cvwb mieivn ev
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v wUwK‡q ivL‡Z Kv‡R Avm‡Qbv|
36
PZz_© Aa¨vq: cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb Ges ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi Dci `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve

4.1.4. Rjve×Zv
gvÎvwZwi³ e„wócvZ I eb¨vi cvwb ch©vß
cwigv‡Y wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’vi Afv‡e
AcmvwiZ bv nIqvi d‡j Rjve×Zvi
m„wó nq| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve I
†cŠbtcywbK `y‡h©vM, †mB mv‡_ gvby‡li
`y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvmg~jK KvR (†hgb, evua
wbg©vY) I Dbœqbg~jK KvR (†hgb, iv¯Ív
wbg©vY) Gi d‡j †`‡ki A‡bK GjvKv
GLb Rjve×ZvcÖeY n‡q c‡o‡Q|
Rjve×Zvi m„wó n‡j Rb‡Mvôx‡Z bvbvwea `y‡f©vM †`Lv †`q I Riæwi †mev, we‡kl K‡i, wbivc`
cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ nq| Rjve×Zvi Kvi‡Y ÿwZMÖ¯Í GjvKvq
wbivc` cvwbi Afve †`Lv †`q| gvbyl ZLb LvIqv I M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R `~wlZ cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨
nq| d‡j bvbvwea †ivMe¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nq| ZvQvov, Rjve× GjvKvi j¨vwUªb¸‡jv cvwb‡Z Wz‡e
hvq, G¸‡jv Avi Kv‡R Av‡mbv| †jvKRb †Lvjv RvqMvq gjg~Î Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Gi d‡j
cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq I cvwbevwnZ †ivM Qovq| Rjve×Zv n‡j bvix I wK‡kvixi `y‡f©v‡Mi gvÎv
eûjvs‡k †e‡o hvq| Zviv e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv I cÖRbb¯^v¯’¨ welqK wewa wVKg‡Zv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡ibv| GQvovI gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ `~‡i ev †Lvjv‡gjv ¯’v‡b †h‡Z nq e‡j Zv‡`i †hŠb nqivwbi
SzuwK A‡bK †e‡o hvq|
A¯^vfvweK fvwi el©‡Y 2011 mv‡j †`‡ki `wY-cwðg A‡ji K‡qKwU †Rjvq (mvZxiv, Lyjbv,
h‡kvi) Rjve×Zv †`Lv w`‡qwQj| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv eÿ ‡iv, Lv`¨ I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv gš¿Yvj‡qi wnmve
Abyhvqx 25 AvM÷ 2011 ch©šÍ mvZxiv †Rjvi 800,000 gvbyl GB Rjve×Zvi Kvi‡Y wZMÖ¯Í
n‡qwQ‡jv|
- Emergency Capacity Building Project (ECB) 2011 Flooding & Prolonged Water-logging in South
West Bangladesh Coordinated Assessment Report
4.2. mvgvwRK cÖfve
`y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb RxweKv‡KB ïay ÿwZMÖ¯Í Ki‡Qbv, †`‡ki
mvgwMÖK mvgvwRK I Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡K µgkB `ye©j †_‡K `ye©jZi K‡i Zzj‡Q| d‡j
mvgvwRK ˆelg¨, eÂbv, AMÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I AwfMgb BZ¨vw` †e‡o hv‡”Q hvi weiƒc cÖfve wbivc`
cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv, m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi DciI co‡Q|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
37

4.2.1. eÂbv
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y wbivc` cvwbi mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev wbwðZ Kiv w`b w`b
KwVb n‡q co‡Q| Rb‡Mvôxi mK‡j cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv wbivc` cvwb I h_vh_ m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi my‡hvM
cv‡”Qbv| d‡j bvbvwea eÂbvi m„wó n‡”Q|
cÖ_gZ, `y‡h©v‡Mi AvNv‡Z cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v †cŠbtcywbKfv‡e †f‡½ co‡Q| †f‡½
cov †mev KvVv‡gv cybivq mPj Kiv mgq mv‡cÿ| GB µvwšÍKv‡j Rb‡Mvôx †mev †_‡K ewÂZ
_vK‡Q| `y‡h©v‡Mi †cŠbtcywbKZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i eÂbvKvj evievi wd‡i Avm‡Q| †hgb, wmW‡ii
c‡i AvBjvi Kvi‡Y GKB ai‡Yi eÂbv cybivq †fvM Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
wØZxqZ, Drm `~wlZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y wbKU ¯’vb †_‡K wbivc` cvwb msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Qbv| †hgb,
AvBjv KewjZ GjvKvq Avi Av‡Mi g‡Zv cÖwZ emwZ‡Z bjK‚c ewm‡q wbivc` cvwb wbwðZ Kiv
hv‡”Qbv| mevB‡K GLb `~ieZ©x GjvKv †_‡K cvwb msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| A‡b‡Ki c‡ÿB, we‡kl K‡i,
bvixi c‡ÿ, `~ieZ©x ¯’vb †_‡K cvwb msMÖn Kiv Lye Kómva¨ e¨vcvi|
Z…ZxqZ, `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y wbivc` cvwb mieivn e¨e¯’vcbvi LiP A‡bK¸Y
†e‡o †M‡Q| †hgb, jeY`~lY GjvKvq wbivc` cvwb mieiv‡ni Rb¨ cÖPwjZ bjK‚c ev wcGmGd
Gi e`‡j wifvm© Am‡gvwmm †gwkb (jeY gy³KiY cÖhyw³) `iKvi| Gi `vg bjK‚c ev wcGmGd
Gi `v‡gi †P‡q A‡bK¸Y †ewk| m¤ú` NvUwZi Kvi‡Y Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi ev gvbweK
mvnvh¨ ms¯’v¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K wifvm© Am‡gvwmm †gwkb emv‡Z cvi‡Qbv| d‡j Rb‡Mvôxi
A‡b‡KB SzuwKc~Y© cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q|
AvBjv G¨v‡mm‡g›U
GbwRI I wWwcGBPB wg‡j cÖvq 300 wU wUDeI‡qj ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jv wKš‘ G¸‡jv Avevi cvwb‡Z Wz‡e
hvq, ZvQvov f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi jeYv³ n‡q hvIqvq G¸‡jv †Kvb Kv‡R Avm‡Qbv| GLb bvix‡`i w`‡b
4-5 N›Uv e¨q K‡i 2-3 wK‡jvwgUvi `~i †_‡K cvwb Avb‡Z n‡”Q| A‡b‡KB G‡Zv Kó Kivi e`‡j
SzuwKc~Y© cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Q| Av‡M †hLv‡b cvwbi Rb¨ cwievi wcQz ˆ`wbK M‡o 4-5 UvKv LiP n‡Zv,
GLb †mLv‡b M‡o 15-20 UvKv jvM‡Q| euv‡ai Dci A¯’vqx Avkªq‡K‡›`ª †h KqUv j¨vwUªb emv‡bv
n‡qwQ‡jv Zv †Kej kZKiv 12 fvM †jv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZ `k cwiev‡ii Rb¨ GKUv
j¨vwUªb e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ mevB‡K jvB‡b `vuov‡Z nq| jvB‡bi mvg‡b cyiæliv _v‡K e‡j bvix I
wK‡kvixiv j¨vwUªb e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
- ECB (2009), In-depth Recovery Needs Assessment of Cyclone Aila Affected Areas
38 PZz_© Aa¨vq: cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb Ges ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi Dci `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve

4.2.2. ˆelg¨
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j wbivc` cvwbi m¼U m„wó n‡j ewa©Z Pvwn`v I wbivc` cvwbi
`y®úªvc¨Zvi Kvi‡Y GK ai‡Yi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| d‡j wbivc` cvwb msMÖn Ki‡Z
¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq, hv `y‡h©vMKvjxb mK‡ji c‡ÿ m¤¢e n‡q
D‡Vbv| hv‡`i †m mvg_©¨ _v‡K ZvivB †Kej wbivc` cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e
ÿwZMÖ¯Í j¨vwUªb I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v cybtwbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB ai‡Yi wPÎ cwijwÿZ nq| ïay
mvg_©¨evb cwiev‡ii c‡ÿB `y‡h©vMKvjxb wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e nq|
Gi d‡j mgv‡R GKwU AmgZv ev ˆel‡g¨i m„wó nq|
Òhv‡`i `y-†ejv LvIqvi cvwb †Rv‡Ubv Zv‡`i Avevi cov‡kvbv!Ó K_vwU Lye mwZ¨| AvBjv ïiæ nIqvi
ci †_‡K Mveyiv, Avkvïwbi gvbyl¸‡jv wVKg‡Zv cvwbI cvqwb| MÖvgiv evua †f‡½ mvM‡ii †bvbv cvwb
Xy‡K covq GLb Mfxi bjK‚‡ci cvwb‡ZI jeY, †bvbv ¯^v`| IB †jvK¸‡jvi GLb cyKy‡ii cvwbI
wjUvi `‡i wK‡b wb‡Z nq| wjUvi `‡k‡Ki GK Kjm cvwb wKb‡Z ¸Y‡Z nq 8 †_‡K 10 UvKv| hv‡`i
wb‡Ri †bŠKv Avi A‡bK¸‡jv Kjm Av‡Q ZvivB ïay †bŠKvq K‡i evwo evwo cvwb w`‡q hvq|
- cvš’ ingvb, wmwbqi ÷vd K‡imc‡Û›U, P¨v‡bj AvB, mvsevw`‡Ki w`bwjwc‡Z ÔAvBjv Kó!Õ; mvsevw`‡Ki mv¨-
AvBjv`yM©Z gvby‡li GK eQ‡ii Rxeb-hš¿Yv, 2010
4.2.3. `y‡f©vM
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfv‡e m„ó wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi msKU †gvKv‡ejvq
Rb‡Mvôxi cwievimg~n‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e bZzb GKwU e¨e¯’vcbvi e‡›`ve¯Í Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, jeY`~lY ev eb¨vi Kvi‡Y cwiev‡ii wbR¯^ bjK‚c I j¨vwUªb bó n‡q
†M‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e weKí e¨e¯’vcbv wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii m`m¨, we‡kl K‡i, bvix m`m¨‡`i `~‡i
†_‡K A_ev A‡b¨i bjK‚c †_‡K cvwb msMÖn Ki‡Z nq, j¨vwUªb e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI A‡b¨i gyLv‡cÿx
n‡Z nq wKsev A¯^v¯’¨Ki I †Lvjv‡gjv ¯’v‡b †h‡Z nq| ZvrÿwYKfv‡e M„nxZ GmKj
e¨e¯’vcbvmg~n A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ nqbv| d‡j wbivc` cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb NvUwZi Kvi‡Y Rb‡Mvôx‡K bvbvwea mgm¨vq co‡Z nq|
2007 mv‡ji eb¨v
kZKiv 90-100 fvM j¨vwUªb cvwb‡Z Wz‡e †M‡Q| cÖvq mevB †Lvjv RvqMvq gjg~Î Z¨vM K‡i, ïay Aí
K‡qKRb cÖwZ‡ekxi evwo‡Z †h K‡qKUv j¨vwUªb Wy‡ewb †m¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i| Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bvixi Rb¨
†Zgb †Kvb e¨e¯’v †bB| bvix I wK‡kvix‡`i A‡b‡KB cøvw÷‡Ki e¨v‡M gj Z¨vM K‡i Zv jywK‡q iv‡L I
mܨvi c‡i evB‡i †d‡j w`‡q Av‡m|
- DER, 2007, Bangladesh Flood 2007 DER Post Disaster Needs Assessment Report Summary
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
39

4.2.4. ¯’vbPz¨wZ
`y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Rb‡Mvôxi A‡bK ÿwZMÖ¯Í cwievi ev cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wbR
Avevm¯’j †Q‡o Ab¨Î P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ nq| Zv‡`i G ¯’vbPz¨wZ KL‡bv mvgwqK Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv
¯’vqx| Z‡e, GB ¯’vbPz¨wZ mvgwqK ev ¯’vqx hvB †nvK bv †Kb, mvaviYZ, ev¯‘Pz¨Z cwievi¸‡jv
kn‡ii ew¯Í‡Z ev NbemwZ †Kvb ¯’v‡b evm K‡i| Gme GjvKvq cÖwZwU cwiev‡ii Rb¨ c„_K
cvqLvbv wbg©vY Kivi Dc‡hvMx ¯’vb cvIqv m¤¢e nqbv| d‡j ¯’vbvšÍwiZ cwievi ev cwiev‡ii
m`m¨MY cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v¯’¨wewa PP©v Ki‡Z ev ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
mvB‡K¬vb AvBjvq 76,478 cwievi ¯’vbPz¨Z n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 25,928 cwievi Kqiv I `v‡Kv‡c
evu‡ai Dci Avkªq wb‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk cwievi wewfbœ evua, iv¯Ív ev †Kvb DuPz ¯’v‡b A¯’vqxfv‡e Avkªq
wb‡q‡Q| G‡`i Ae¯’v G‡ZvB Lvivc †h Zviv kn‡i P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q|
- Cyclone Aila Joint UN Multisector Assessment & Response Framework, June 2010
4.3. ¯^v¯’¨MZ
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y ÿwZMÖ¯Í GjvKvq ¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ wel‡q we‡kl †bwZevPK cÖfve
c‡o| `y‡h©vMKvjxb Rjve×Zv, RjgMœZv I jeYv³Zv e„w×i Kvi‡Y wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb
e¨e¯’vi Afv‡e Rb‡Mvôx‡Z bvbvwea †ivMe¨vwai cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv †`q| d‡j ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôx‡Z
e¨w³MZ ¯^v¯’¨, Rb¯^v¯’¨ I cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ bvbvwea mgm¨v m„wó nq|
4.3.1. e¨w³MZ ¯^v¯’¨
`y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y KewjZ GjvKvq ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB wbivc` cvwbi Drm¸‡jv ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| Rjve×Zv,
RjgMœZv I jeYv³Zvi Kvi‡Y wbivc` cvwbi Afve †`Lv †`q hvi d‡j `y‡h©vMKewjZ Rb‡Mvôx‡Z
cwievimg~‡ni wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR, †hgb, ivbœvevbœv, nuvwo-cvwZj †avqv, †Mvmj Kiv, Kvco †avqv
BZ¨vw` Kv‡R `~wlZ cvwbi e¨envi †e‡o hvq| GgZve¯’vq Zv‡`i c‡ÿ e¨w³MZ ¯^v¯’¨wewa PP©v Kiv
I cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLv m¤¢eci n‡q D‡Vbv| G Kvi‡Y Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi cvwbevwnZ †ivM,
†hgb-Wvqwiqv, Avgvkq, K‡jiv, RwÛm, UvBd‡qW, c¨viv UvBd‡qW, †ncvUvBwUm, †LvmcvuPov I
bvbvwea Pg©‡ivM mn Ab¨vb¨ cvwbevwnZ †ivMe¨vwa‡Z †fv‡M|
4.3.2. Rb¯^v¯’¨
`y‡h©vM, we‡kl K‡i, So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v, I b`x fv½‡bi Kvi‡Y `y‡h©vMKewjZ GjvKvi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z
cvqLvbv¸‡jv Wz‡e hvq ev †f‡½ hvq; jeYv³Zvi Kvi‡Y wbivc` j¨vwUª‡bi KvVv‡gv¸‡jv `ªæZ bó
n‡q hvq d‡j m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq ev AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| AcÖZzj
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y Rb‡Mvôxi c‡ÿ b~¨bZg ¯^v¯’¨wewa †g‡b Pjv m¤¢e
n‡q D‡Vbv| GQvovI ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv bv _vKvq hÎZÎ gjg~Î Z¨vM I gqjv AveR©bv †djvi
40 PZz_© Aa¨vq: cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb Ges ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi Dci `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve

d‡j cwi‡ek I cvwb `~lY N‡U hvi d‡j bvbvwea †ivMe¨vwai msµgY ev‡o I Rb‡Mvôxi mK‡ji
¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci ÿwZKi cÖfve c‡o| m‡e©vcwi ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi myAvPiY Rvwi _v‡Kbv|
mvB‡K¬vb AvBjv‡Z hviv ev¯‘Pz¨Z n‡q ew¯Í‡Z G‡m evm Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i cÖwZ Pwjøk Rb‡K
GKwU j¨vwU«b e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡”Q| d‡j, Zv‡`i m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi wec`vcbœZv AvBjv AvµvšÍ GjvKvi
Zyjbvq we›`ygvÎ cwieZ©b nqwb| kZKiv 58 fv‡Mi e¨w³MZ ¯^v¯’¨ I Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ SyuwKc~Y©|
kZKiv 21 fvM j¨vwU«‡bi IqvUvi mxj fv½v Ges c¨vb I mø¨ve gvwQ‡Z fwZ©| A‡bK j¨vwUªb Avevi
†Wª‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ Ges GLv‡b cv‡ki †bvsiv cvwb‡Z gj fvm‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|
- Mehedi, H., Nag, A. K., & Farhana, S. (2010) Climate Induced Displacement Case Study of Cyclone
Aila in the Southwest Coastal Region of Bangladesh, Humanitywatch, Khulna.

4.3.3. cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨
`y‡h©v‡Mi mg‡q wbivc` cvwbi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y wK‡kvix I cÖvß eq¯‹ bvix‡`i FZzKvjxb ¯^v¯’¨vf¨vm
PP©vq mgm¨v nq| d‡j Zv‡`i‡K bvbvwea ¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ RwUjZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| Mf©eZx
gv‡q‡`i c‡ÿ G mgq e¨w³MZ ¯^v¯’¨wewa PP©v I cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLv m¤¢e nqbv| GQvovI jeYv³
cvwbi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨nvwb N‡U I Zviv Pg©‡iv‡M †fv‡M| cvkvcvwk `y‡h©vMKvjxb cwievi cÖwZ
c„_K cvqLvbv bv _vKvq wK‡kvix, bvix I Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i Ab¨Î A‡b¨i cvqLvbv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq
A_ev A‡cÿvK…Z A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k ev †hLv‡b †mLv‡b gj-g~Î Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Z nq hv
Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv Df‡qi Rb¨B GKwU eo ûgwK|
evsjv‡`‡ki `wY-cwðgv‡j Rjve×Zvi Kvi‡Y †Mvmj Kiv I cwi”Qbœ _vKvB Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ me
†_‡K eo mgm¨v n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| cÖvq me¸‡jv bvix `j Rvwb‡q‡Q †h e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv iv Kiv
hv‡”Qbv| G¨v‡mm‡g›U wUg Rvwb‡q‡Q †h e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZvi DcKiY, cvwb Avi wbivc` ¯’vb bv
_vKvi Kvi‡Y bvixi c‡ FZzKvjxb cwiPh©v wVK g‡Zv Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Qbv| GKwU wUg Rvwb‡q‡Q †h,
kZKiv wZb Rb bvix gqjv cvwb e¨envi Kivi Kvi‡Y Bb‡dKk‡b †fv‡M I Zv‡`i‡K nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q
†h‡Z nq|
- Emergency Capacity Building Project (2011) Flooding & Prolonged Water- logging in South West
Bangladesh Coordinated Assessment Report

cÂg Aa¨vq:
`y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn,
m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq
evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq ch©v‡q wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev AwaKvi wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z I †gŠwjK Pvwn`v
wnmv‡e MY¨| ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î g~jZ Rb¯^v¯’¨ myiÿvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mswkøó wel‡q Pvwn`v wbiƒcY I †mev
e¨e¯’vcbv wba©viY Kiv nq| GB †mev cÖ`v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †h RvZxq bxwZ I †KŠkj ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi
PvwjKvq i‡q‡Q mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv I lô cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv| Z‡e wbivc` cvwb I
m¨vwb‡Ukb A_©‰bwZK c‡Y¨i AvIZvq c‡o| ZvB, RvZxq bxwZ I †KŠk‡ji Afxó n‡jv wbivc`
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb myweav mnbxq g~‡j¨ mK‡ji bvMv‡j Avbv| GB †mev Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi
I ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g †`Iqv n‡e, cvkvcvwk G‡Z evwYwR¨K I †¯^”Qv‡mex
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv h‡_ó gvÎvq Ask †b‡e|
5.1. cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q evsjv‡`‡k
cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’vcbv
mnmªvã Dbœqb
j¨gvÎv
lô cÂevwl©Kx
cwiKíbv
bxwZgvjv I Kg©‡KŠkj
wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb
msµvšÍ RvZxq bxwZgvjv 1998
Av‡m©wbK mgm¨v wbim‡b RvZxq
bxwZgvjv 2004
evsjv‡`‡ki cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb Lv‡Z
`wi`ªevÜe †KŠkj 2005
RvZxq m¨vwb‡Ukb †KŠkj 2005
D‡Ïk¨
mnbxq g~‡j¨ wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb myweav mK‡ji
bvMv‡j Avbv
Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i gvb Dbœqb I DbœZ cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kiv
ev¯Íevqb †KŠkj
¯’vbxq miKvi I Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖnY
myjf g~‡j¨ †mev cÖ`vb I e¨qfvi enb
AÂjwfwËK jvMmB cÖhyw³ e¨envi
myweavewÂZ Rb‡Mvôx ev GjvKvi AMÖvwaKvi we‡ePbv
Dbœqb mn‡hvMx
A_© I KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb-
bxwZgvjv cÖYqb
cÖKí ev¯Íevqb
M‡elYv I g~j¨vqb
cÖwkY I `Zv e„w×
†¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’v
cÖKí ev¯Íevqb
MYm‡PZbZv m„wó
M‡elYv I g~j¨vqb
cÖwkY I `Zv e„w×
m¨vwb‡Ukb mvgMÖx Drcv`b I weZiY
evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb mvgMÖx - Drcv`b I weZiY
Rb‡Mvôx‡Z †mev cÖevn
Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii gva¨‡g cvwb mieivn I eR¨© AcmviY
¯’vbxq miKvi ms¯’v‡K `ªe¨ mvgMÖx I KvwiMwi mnvqZv
cÖ`vb
M‡elYv I D¢veb Ges Ávb I `Zvi cÖmvi
bxwZgvjv I Kg©‡KŠkj cÖYq‡b civgk© cÖ`vb I
AskMÖnY
¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb
cqtwb®‹vkb I eR¨© AcmviY
cvwbmieivn
cvwbmieivn KvVv‡gv wbg©vY
cvwbi Drm msiY I e¨e¯’vcbv
Rb‡Mvôxi m‡PZbZv m„wó
cvwbmieivn mvgMÖx weZiY
m¨vwb‡Ukb mvgMÖx weZiY
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
43

5.1.1. miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡ I AskMÖnY
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vcbvi w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`Iqv I RvZxq Kvh©µ‡gi cwiwa wba©vi‡Yi
Rb¨ K‡qKwU bxwZgvjv cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| Gi PvwjKvq i‡q‡Q mnvmªv‡ãi Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv I lô
cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv| GB bxwZgvjv¸‡jv mswkøó wel‡q miKv‡ii Afxó mvwe©K ivóªxq `vwqZ¡ I
Kg©m~wPi iƒc‡iLv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q| Gig‡a¨ g~L¨ n‡jv RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb bxwZ 1998 I Gi cwic~iK Av‡m©wbK mgm¨v wbim‡b RvZxq bxwZgvjv 2004| mywbw`©ó
Kvh©µg wba©vi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K Ôevsjv‡`‡ki cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb Lv‡Z `wi`ªevÜe
†KŠkj 2005 I ÔRvZxq m¨vwb‡Ukb †KŠkj 2005Õ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
RvZxq bxwZ
RvZxq bxwZi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mnbxq g~‡j¨
wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb myweav
mK‡ji bvMv‡j Avbv| bxwZMZfv‡e
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb †gŠwjK Pvwn`v
wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cvwb GKwU
A_©‰bwZK m¤ú`, †mev cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î
Gi Drcv`b LiP †mevg~j¨ wnmv‡e
e¨enviKvixi KvQ †_‡K Dmyj Kiv
n‡e| †mev cÖ`v‡b †emiKvwi I
†¯^”Qv‡mex LvZ hy³ _vK‡e| Avi GKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡jv, G‡Z Dbœqb
mn‡hvMxi AskMÖnY| Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj
Awa`߇ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mn‡hvMxiv
n‡jv wek¦e¨vsK, Gwkqvb †W‡fjc‡g›U
e¨vsK, BmjvwgK †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK,
RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb bxwZ
1998 Gi mywbw`©ó j¨ n‡jv-
mK‡ji Rb¨ b~¨bZg cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb myweavi
mve©Rbxb cÖvc¨Zv;
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb wel‡q RbM‡Yi AvPiYMZ
cwieZ©b;
cvwbevwnZ †ivM-e¨vwai cÖv`yf©ve nªvm;
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq
¯’vbxq miKvi I Rb‡Mvôxi `Zv e„w×;
†UKmB cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb myweav cÖmvi;
f‚-Dcwi¯’ cvwbi Dchy³ msiY, mwVK e¨envi
I `~lY †iva;
e„wói cvwb msiY I e¨env‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v|
WvwbWv, RvBKv, wmWv, wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v, BDwb‡md, GbwRI †dvivg I IqvUviGBW| Giv bxwZgvjv
cÖYqb, cÖKí ev¯Íevqb, M‡elYv I g~j¨vqb Ges `ÿZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î A_© I KvwiMwi mnvqZv w`‡q
_v‡K| cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ †¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’v¸‡jv mvaviYZ `vZv‡`i A_© mnvqZvq
cÖKí ev¯Íevqb, MYm‡PZbZv m„wó, M‡elYv I cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi KvR K‡i| Zviv GB KvR¸‡jv
mivmwi Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ K‡i; Avevi, KLbI KLbI BDwbqb cwil‡`i gva¨‡g K‡i|
Dciš,‘ A‡bK GbwRI evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ m¨vwb‡Ukb mvgMxÖ , †hgb- ¯v^ ¯¨’ m¤§Z cvqLvbvi Rb¨ wis I
m¨ø ve ˆZwi Ges weZiY K‡i| cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev mPj ivL‡Z evRvi GKUv ¸iæZc¡ Y~ ©
fw‚ gKv iv‡L| e¯Z‘ , GB †mev c`Ö v‡b hZ iK‡gi mvgMxÖ ev DciKiY `iKvi nq Zvi cvÖ q meUvB
evwYwR¨K cwÖ Zôv‡bi gva¨‡g ˆZwi nq| G¸‡jv cPÖ wjZ evRvi e¨e¯v’ i gva¨‡g Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q
44 cÂg Aa¨vq: `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq

†cŠQu vq| GgbwK, GbwRI, Awa`ßi I ¯v’ bxq miKvi ms¯v’ †hme mvgMxÖ fZwz© K ev evRvi`v‡g weZiY
K‡i †m¸‡jvI evwYwR¨K cwÖ Zôv‡bi KvQ †_‡K †Kbv|
cÖvwZôvwbK e‡›`ve¯Í
wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb bxwZgvjv ev¯Íevq‡bi mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ ¯’vbxq miKvi I cjøx
Dbœqb Ges mgevq gš¿Yvj‡qi| gš¿Yvjq GB `vwqZ¡ ¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi Dci b¨¯Í K‡i‡Q|
¯’vbxq miKvi wefvM cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukbm¤úwK©Z mvgwMÖK cwiKíbv, cÖKí wba©viY I
e¨enviKvixch©v‡q †mev cÖ`vb Gi AvIZvaxb cvwb mieivn I cqtwb®‹vkb KZ©…cÿ (Iqvmv) XvKv,
PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv I ivRkvnx, Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi (wWwcGBPB), ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖ‡KŠkj
Awa`ßi (GjwRBwW) I ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
Gme ms¯’vi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbR `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i; ¯’vbxq miKvi wefvM mswkøó ms¯’v¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ
GKwU †dviv‡gi gva¨‡g Pjgvb Kvh©µ‡gi mgš^q, cwiexÿY I g~j¨vqb Ki‡e I fwel¨r
Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i| wWwcGBPB †g‡Uªv‡cvwjUb kni ev‡` †`‡ki evwK me GjvKvq cvwb
mieivn I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| G wel‡q wWwcGBPB Gi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv †cŠimfv, wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikb I ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv I KvwiMwi
mnvqZv †`Iqv| Gi cvkvcvwk MÖvg I kni Dfq ¯’v‡bB wWwcGBPB †emiKvwi I †¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’vi
mv‡_ m¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡j| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wWwcGBPB Gi Dc‡Rjv ch©šÍ mKj ¯Í‡i KvVv‡gv I
Rbej i‡q‡Q|
2009 mv‡ji ¯’vbxq miKvi (BDwbqb cwil`) AvBb Øviv cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev cÖ`vb I
Gi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ BDwbqb cwil‡`i Dci Ac©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e BDwbqb cwil‡`i G
wel‡q `ÿZv ev mÿgZv †Zgb M‡o D‡Vwb| d‡j, wWwcGBPB GLb ch©šÍ BDwbqb ch©v‡q cvwb
mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vcbvq gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q|
5.1.2. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvq Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi I BDwbqb `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi `vwqZ¡
`y‡h©vMKv‡j Lvevi cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev mPj ivLv Av‡iv Riæwi n‡q c‡o| GB †mev
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡j `y‡h©vMvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx †ivMe¨vwai Ke‡j co‡Z cv‡i I G‡Z Zviv AviI †ewk
`y`©kvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o| GmIwW Gi gva¨‡g Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvm msµvšÍ wKQz
`vwqZ¡ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| `y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M, `y‡h©vMKv‡j I `y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i SzuwKnªvm, cÖ¯‘wZ I Riæwi
†mev I cybe©vmbg~jK †h KvR¸‡jv Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii `vwq‡Z¡i AvIZvq c‡o Zvi g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q -
`y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M- KwgDwbwU KÝvj‡Uk‡bi gva¨‡g GB Lv‡Z SzuwK¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv| Ab¨ miKvwi I
†emiKvwi ms¯’vi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e SzuwKnªvm cwiKíbv Kiv| `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq m¤¢ve¨ Riæwi Kv‡Ri Rb¨
cÖ¯‘wZg~jK e¨e¯’v †bIqv; †hgb- hš¿cvwZ, cvwb weï×KiY U¨ve‡jU, weøwPs cvDWvi I A¯’vqx
Avkªq‡K‡›`ªi Rb¨ bjK‚c I j¨vwUª‡bi gRyZ ivLv|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
45

`y‡h©vMKv‡j- Riæwi wfwˇZ bjK‚c †givgZ Kiv, Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bjK‚c I j¨vwUªb emv‡bv, cvwb
weï×KiY U¨ve‡jU I weøwPs cvDWvi mieivn I Riæwi wfwˇZ cvwb mieiv‡ni e¨e¯’v Kiv|
`y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i- `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v
¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ cybe©vm‡bi KvR| Gig‡a¨ bjK‚c †givgZ, bZzb bjK‚c I
j¨vwUªb emv‡bv I cwi”QbœZvi Rb¨ weøwPs cvDWvi mieivn c‡o|
Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii `vwqZ¡ I KvR
XvKv, bvivqYMÄ I PÆMÖvg kni ev‡` †`‡ki evwK me MÖvg I bMiv‡j (wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, †cŠimfv,
Dc‡Rjv BZ¨vw`) cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vcbv (gj-g~Î AcmviY, cvwb wb®‹vkb I eR¨©
e¨e¯’vcbv)|
bMiv‡j GKKfv‡e A_ev †cŠimfvi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev cÖ`vb|
cvkvcvwk †cŠimfv I wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i I
KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K (wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, †cŠimfv, BDwbqb cwil` BZ¨vw`) cvwb mieivn
I m¨vwb‡Ukb Kvh©µg Pvjy ivLv I AeKvVv‡gv iYv‡e‡Y KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb myweav Ges AeKvVv‡gvmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq I †UKmB e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨
Rbm¤ú` wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g h‡_ó msL¨K cÖwkY cÖvß Ges ` Rbkw³ mieivn wbwðZ Kiv|
mK‡ji Rb¨ wbivc` cvwb wbwðZ Ki‡Z me ¯Í‡i cixvMvi ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g †`ke¨vcx cvwbi
¸Yv¸Y cwiexY I wbixY e¨e¯’v kw³kvjx Kiv|
wbivc` cvwbi Drm (f‚-Dcwi¯’ I f‚-Mf©¯’) Lyu‡R †c‡Z Rj-f‚ZË¡xq AbymÜvb cwiPvjbv|
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi myôy e¨e¯’vcbv Ges ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v DrmvwnZ Kivi j‡¨ Rbm‡PZbZv
e„w×|
Av‡m©wbKKewjZ AÂj I Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v KÈwKZ GjvKvi (jeYv³ AÂj, cv_y‡i GjvKv, cvnvwo
GjvKv) Rb¨ wbivc` cvwb mieiv‡ni h_vh_ cÖhyw³ †ei Kiv|
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi †jvKR c×wZmn jvMmB I mvkÖqx Dcvq Lyu‡R †c‡Z M‡elYv I
Dbœqbg~jK KvR Kiv|
`y‡h©vM I `y‡h©vM cieZ©x mg‡q cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev wbwðZ Kiv|
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ RvZxq Z_¨‡K›`ª cÖwZôv Kiv |
cÖhyw³, Z_¨ I cÖwkY cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Rb‡Mvôx, GbwRI, †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb wel‡q `Zv e„w×|
¯^v_© mswkøó‡`i ( GbwRI Ges bvbvwea †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb) Kvh©µg cwiexY I mgš^q Kiv|
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb Lv‡Zi mvwe©K e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbv|
Z_¨m~Î: Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi http://www.dphe.gov.bd
46 cÂg Aa¨vq: `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq

BDwbqb `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvm I `y‡h©v‡M mvov cÖ`vbg~jK
KvR| Gi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb, RxweKv I m¤ú‡`i ÿqÿwZ Kgv‡bv, †mev¸‡jv
Pjgvb ivLv, AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôxi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v¸‡jv †gUv‡bv I Zv‡`i `ỳ ©kv jvNe Kiv| GiRb¨
GB KwgwU SzuwK we‡kølY Ki‡e I SzuwK wbimbg~jK Kg©m~wP †b‡e; `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ wbiƒcY Ki‡e
Ges ÎvY I cybe©vmb Kv‡R Ask †b‡e| `y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M, `y‡h©vMKv‡j I `y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i GB KwgwU †h
KvR¸‡jv Ki‡e Zvi g‡a¨ wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ `vwqZ¡¸‡jv n‡jv-
`y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M- KwgDwbwU ch©v‡q SzuwK we‡køl‡Yi mgq cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi SzuwK¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e
wPwýZ Kiv I mswkøó SzuwKnªvm KvR¸‡jvi cwiKíbv Kiv| Rb‡Mvôx‡Z cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi SzuwK
Ges SzuwK wbimb AvPiY wel‡q MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Kiv| `y‡h©vMKv‡j cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb
mPj ivLvi Rb¨ Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR Kiv|
`y‡h©vMKv‡j- ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`v
wbiƒc‡Yi mgq cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ ÿwZ I
Pvwn`v¸‡jv wbiƒcY Kiv| Rb¯^v¯’¨
cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii mnvqZvq Riæwi
wfwˇZ bjK‚c †givgZ Kiv,
Avkªq‡K‡›`ª bjK‚c I j¨vwUªb emv‡bv,
cvwb weï×KiY U¨ve‡jU I weøwPs
cvDWvi mieivn I Riæwi wfwˇZ
cvwb mieiv‡ni e¨e¯’v Kiv|
`y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i- Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj
Awa`߇ii mnvqZvq cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq
wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ cybe©vm‡bi KvR|
†hgb- bjK‚c †givgZ, bZzb bjK‚c
I j¨vwUªb emv‡bv I cwi”QbœZvi Rb¨
weøwPs cvDWvi mieivn Kiv|
BDwbqb cwil‡`i cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb welqK
Kvh©vejx
†Mvei I iv¯Ívi AveR©bv msMÖn, AcmviY I e¨e¯’vcbv
wbwðZ Kiv|
Kyqv, cvwb †Zvjvi Kj, Rjvavi Ges cvwb mieiv‡ni
Ab¨vb¨ Dr‡mi e¨e¯’vcbv I msiY|
Lvevi cvwbi Dr‡mi `~lY †iva Ges Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨
wZKi m‡›`nhy³ K‚c, cyKyi ev cvwb mieiv‡ni Ab¨vb¨
¯’v‡bi cvwb e¨envi wbwl× Kiv|
Lvevi cvwbi Rb¨ msiwZ K‚c, cyKyi ev cvwb mieiv‡ni
Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b ev wbKUeZ©x ¯’v‡b †Mvmj, Kvco KuvPv ev
cï †Mvmj Kiv‡bv wbwl× ev wbqš¿Y Kiv|
cyKyi ev cvwb mieiv‡ni Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vb ev wbKUeZ©x ¯’v‡b
kb, cvU ev Ab¨vb¨ MvQ wfRv‡bv wbwl× ev wbqš¿Y Kiv|
Z_¨m~Î: evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³, A‡±vei 15, 2009, wØZxq Zdwmj,
BDwbqb cwil‡`i Kvh©vejx
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
47

5.2 cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q e¨e¯’vcbv †KŠkj
Rjevqy cwieZ©b cvwb,
m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi
†ÿ‡Î AwbðqZv m„wó Ki‡Q, Avi
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e
`y‡h©vM AviI †ewkgvÎvq I
†cŠbtcywbK ÿqÿwZ Ki‡Q|
f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi Dci Avi wbf©i
Kiv hv‡”Qbv| bjK‚c µ‡gB
APj n‡q co‡Q; cÖPwjZ wis
mø¨ve j¨vwUªb A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB Kv‡R
Avm‡Qbv| cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb
µ‡gB e¨qeûj n‡q DV‡Q|
mK‡ji Rb¨ wbivc` cvwb I
m¨vwb‡Ukb wbwðZ Kiv GLb
Av‡Mi Zzjbvq KwVb n‡q DV‡Q|
Rbwkv I MYm‡PZbZv m„wói Kv‡R ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| GwU IqvW© wfwËK `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv
KwgwU (WDMC)-Gi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR| G‡‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq¸‡jv n‡jv-
bZyb cÖhyw³ hw` `iKvi nq Zvn‡j Zvi e¨enviwewa †kLv‡bv I
Gi e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv; †hgb, bjK~‡ci e`‡j
e„wói cvwb e¨envi n‡j Zv †Kgb K‡i Ki‡Z n‡e †kLv‡bv
A_ev cvB‡ci gva¨‡g cvwb mieiv‡ni e¨e¯’vcbv Kx n‡Z
cv‡i †m wel‡q m‡PZb Kiv|
cieZx© cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vq e¨w³MZ AvPi‡Y Kx
cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e Zv †kLv‡bv; †hgb, wKfv‡e ¯^í cvwb
e¨env‡i e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv iv Kiv hvq|
mvgvwRK AvPi‡Y Kx cwieZ©b `iKvi n‡e †m wel‡q
Rb‡Mvôx‡K m‡PZb Kiv; †hgb, Nb emwZ GjvKvq
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z j¨vwU«‡bi KvVv‡gv ev Ae¯’vb Kx n‡Z cv‡i|
5.2.1. Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZv e¨e¯’vcbv †KŠkj
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbwðZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wbivc` cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v I
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v mPj ivLvi Rb¨ †h †KŠkj †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-
Dchy³ I Kvh©Ki cÖhyw³ e¨envi- GB cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
wbwðZ Ki‡Z GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv Dchy³ I Kvh©Ki cÖhyw³ Lyu‡R cvIqv| cvwbi eZ©gvb Drm
I we`¨gvb cÖhyw³¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
AwbðqZv e¨e¯’vcbvi †KŠkj
KZUzKz KvR Ki‡e Zv Rvbv `iKvi| cvwbi eZ©gvb
Drm hw` e¨env‡ii A‡hvM¨ n‡q c‡o Avi cÖPwjZ Dchy³ I Kvh©Ki cÖhyw³ e¨envi;
cÖhyw³ hw` Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv nvwi‡q †d‡j Zvn‡j †mevg~‡j¨i gva¨‡g e¨qfvi eÈb;
bZzb Drm I Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Dchy³ cÖhyw³ MYm‡PZbZvi gva¨‡g Pvwn`v m„wó;
Lyu‡R †c‡Z n‡e| Z_¨, Ávb I M‡elYvi gva¨‡g `wi`ª I myweavewÂZ‡`i Rb¨ fZ©ywK;
bZzb cÖhyw³ Lyu‡R cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| bZzb cÖhyw³
Revew`wnZv I Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖnY;
mieivn I weZi‡Yi mv‡_ Gi Drcv`b msµvšÍ
ÔmiKvwi-†emiKvwi-†¯^”Qv‡mexÕ
KvwiMwi `ÿZv I A_©‰bwZK welq RwoZ| ZvQvov,
Aswk`vwiZ¡|
Gi e¨enviwewaI Rb‡Mvôx‡K wk‡L wb‡Z n‡e|
48 cÂg Aa¨vq: `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq

†mevg~‡j¨i gva¨‡g e¨qfvi eÈb- `y‡h©vM SzuwK I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j cÖvq Awbevh©fv‡e wbivc`
cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mevi e¨qfvi †e‡o hv‡e| e¨qfvi eÈb Qvov GB †mev wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e
†`Iqv m¤¢e n‡ebv| †mevg~‡j¨i gva¨‡g e¨qfvi eȇbi e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
MYm‡PZbZvi gva¨‡g Pvwn`v m„wó- cvwb I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi LiP e„w× cwievi I e¨w³ ch©v‡q Pvwn`vi
Dci cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i, Kg m”Qj cwiev‡ii †ÿ‡Î GB Pvwn`v AMÖvwaKvi nviv‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB, Rbwkÿv I MYm‡PZbZvi gva¨‡g mKj‡K wbivc` cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨env‡i AvMÖnx
K‡i †Zvjv I Gi Pvwn`v m„wó Kiv we‡kl Riæwi|
`wi`ª I myweavew‡Zi Rb¨ fZ©zwK- `wi`ª I myweavewÂZ †kªYxi Rb¨ GB e¨q enb Kiv
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Kómva¨| ZvB bZzb cÖhyw³ cÖeZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ mK‡ji cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi welqwU
†`LvI Riæwi| ZvB Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi cv_©K¨ we‡ePbvq wb‡q GB †mevi g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv
Riæwi| Ggb e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y GB †mev †_‡K
ewÂZ bv n‡q c‡o| `iKvi n‡j `wi`ª I myweav ewÂZ cwievi¸‡jv‡K fZ©zwK g~‡j¨ ev webvg~‡j¨
†mev †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov, bvix I cyiæ‡li Pvwn`v I cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi cv_©K¨ we‡ePbv Kiv
Riæwi| cÖhyw³MZ RwUjZv ev weZiY e¨e¯’vi `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y bvix I cyiæ‡li cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvq †hb
ˆelg¨ bv N‡U|
Revew`wnZv I Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖnY - wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb KvR
n‡jv:
K) Kvh©Ki cÖhyw³, `iKvi n‡j bZzb cÖhyw³ wb‡q Avmv
L) mieivn I weZiY e¨e¯’v wbiwew”Qbœ ivLv Ges
M) Rbwkÿv I MYm‡PZbZv m„wói Rb¨ Kvh©µg Pvjv‡bv|
Gme Kv‡R ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e fv‡jvfv‡e cwiKíbv cÖYqb I
ev¯Íevqb Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖnY _vK‡Z n‡e| GwU RvZxq ch©v‡qi KvR; Rb¯^v¯’¨
cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii `vwqZ¡| Z‡e, G wel‡q IqvW© wfwËK `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU (WDMC)
we`¨gvb cÖhyw³i Amyweav¸‡jv I bZzb cÖhyw³i wbY©vqK Kx n‡e Zv Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq
miKvi cÖwZôvb‡K Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡Z n‡e|
miKvwi-†emiKvwi-†¯^”Qv‡mex Aswk`vwiZ¡- Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb‡K mieivn Ges weZiY Kv‡R Ask wb‡Z n‡e|
`y‡h©vM SzuwK I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y G‡ÿ‡Î A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj I e¨qeûj cÖhyw³ `iKvi
n‡q co‡Q| mK‡ji Rb¨ gvbm¤§Z I cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó wewb‡qvM,
iÿYv‡eÿY Ges mieivn †PBb wbwðZ Kiv †Kvb GKK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ `yiƒn| d‡j miKvwi-
†emiKvwi-†¯^”Qv‡mex Aswk`vwi‡Z¡i gva¨‡g GB cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv Riæwi|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
49

IqvUviGBW G¨v‡cÖvP
Rjevqy cwieZ©b Awf‡hvRb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb
wbivc` cvwb, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z m¨vwb‡Ukb Ges
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c KwgDwbwU wfwËK eUg-Avc c×wZ,
cwi”QbœZv I ¯^v¯’¨ wbivcËvi Dci Rjevqy
G‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi gyL¨ f‚wgKv cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e m„ó SzuwK wbiƒcY mnvwqKv
GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK SzuwK wbiƒcY c×wZ
_v‡K| we`¨gvb ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv‡Z Rjevqy
cwieZ©b Awf‡hvRb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GB
ai‡Yi †Kvb mywbw`©ó cÖwZôv‡bi e¨e¯’v †bB| d‡j
Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi Pvwn`v I cÖwZK‚jZv
cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nqbv| ZvQvov,
KwgDwbwUwfwËK Kvh©µg ¯^í‡gqvw` cÖKíwfwËK
n‡q _v‡K, G¸‡jv `xN©‡gqvw` ev †UKmB e¨e¯’v
wb‡Z cv‡ibv| Gme we‡ePbv K‡i, bZzb G¨v‡cÖv‡P
IqvW© ch©v‡q KwgwU MV‡bi Dci †Rvi †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q; GB KwgwU Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ `y‡h©vM
e¨e¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e| GB KwgwUi bvg
n‡e IqvW© `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU; cÖKí e¨e¯’vcbvq GB KwgwU Pvj‡Ki f‚wgKv MÖnY Ki‡e|
IqvW© `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi cvkvcvwk Bbdg©vj KwgDwbwU MÖæc (†hgb, gv`vm© K¬ve, G‡Wvwj‡m›U
K¬ve, BD_ K¬ve, cÖ‡dkbvj K¬ve BZ¨vw`) MVb Kiv n‡e I G¸‡jvi mv‡_ IqvW© `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi
m`m¨iv hy³ _vK‡eb| GBme K¬v‡ei KvR n‡e Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ SzuwK m¤ú‡K© MYm‡PZbZv m„wó
Kiv, bZzb Ávb cÖPvi Kiv I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v cÖmvi Kiv| GQvovI, Giv IqvW© `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU‡K
cÖKí wbe©vPb, ev¯Íevqb I gwbUwis G mnvqZv †`‡e| IqvW© `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Iqvm
mvwf©m Kfv‡iR g~j¨vq‡bi c×wZ wnmv‡e Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ wgwjZfv‡e cvwU©wm‡cUwi Iqvm
fvjbv‡iwewjwU G¨v‡mm‡g›U (wcWweøDwfG) cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| cÖPwjZ cvwU©wm‡cUwi iæivj G¨vcÖvBRvj
I cvwU©wm‡cUwi fvjbv‡iwewjwU G¨v‡mm‡gÈ Gi wfwˇZ wcWweøDwfG ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| H `yÕwU c×wZi
mgš^‡q wcWweøDwfG, ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi `„wó‡Kv‡Yi e`‡j Rb‡Mvôxi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Iqvm cwiw¯’wZi
g~j¨vqb K‡i| cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv wcWweøDwfG, ZvB cÖK‡íi cÖv_wgK Kvh©vewj‡Z
wcWweøDwfG G AšÍf©‚³ _v‡K| D`vniY ¯^iƒc- Rb‡Mvôx‡K Iqvm †mev `vex Kiv I †Kv_vq m¤ú`
e¨envi Kiv n‡e Zv wba©viY Kivi GLwZqvi †`Iqv nq| G¨v‡mm‡g›U cÖwµqv Rb‡Mvôx‡K Rjevqy
cwieZ©bRwbZ SzuwK m¤úwK©Z Ávb Av`vbcÖ`vb Kivi my‡hvM †`q| G‡Z cÖwµqv I djvd‡ji Dci
Rb‡Mvôxi gvwjKvbv M‡o I‡V, d‡j cwievi I Rb‡Mvôx Kvh©µg wba©vi‡Y †ewk `vwqZ¡kxj nq|
Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q †h, wbivc` cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi Dci Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi SzuwK
we‡ePbv K‡i WweøDwWGgwm Awf‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ Kg©cwiKíbv Ki‡e| mswkøó wel‡q WweøDwWGgwmi
mgZv M‡o †Zvjvi e¨e¯’v GB cÖwµqvi AšÍf©‚³ n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K BDwWGgwm Zv‡`i bqwU Iqv‡W©i
wec`vcbœZv we‡køl‡Yi wfwˇZ Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡e| GB Kg©cwiKíbv‡Z Kv‡Ri we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY,
`vwqZ¡ eÈb, m¤ú` msMÖn I mgqm~wP D‡jøL _vK‡e| Gfv‡e, BDwbqb I IqvW© ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv
KwgwU¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv I mgš^‡qi my‡hvM m„wó n‡e|
50 cÂg Aa¨vq: `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq

5.2.2. AwbðqZv e¨e¯’vcbvi g~jbxwZ
`y‡h©vM SzuwK I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbv
†KŠk‡ji bxwZKvVv‡gvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv n‡jv-
`xN‡© gqv`x `w„ ófw½ - `‡y hv© MSwuz K I Rjevqy cwieZb © RwbZ AwbwðZ cwiw¯w’ Z‡Z Pjgvb cKÖ í ev
we`¨gvb e¨e¯v’ AvMvgx‡Z KZUv KvhK© i _vK‡e Zv mwy bw`ó© Kiv m¤e¢ n‡”Qbv| ZvB cvwb mieivn I
m¨vwb‡Ukb m¤úwKZ© Kvhµ© g Abo ev ¯v’ qx n‡j Pj‡ebv| Avewk¨K I Riæwi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨
†hme cwiKíbv †bIqv n‡e Zv `xN‡© gqv`x `w„ ó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi wfZi
cwieZb© kxjZvi Dcv`vb _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Awbav© wiZ cwieZ‡© bi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqv m¤e¢ nq|
wewea Drm ev cÖhyw³i mgš^q - Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB cÖPwjZ cvwbi Drm ev
cÖhyw³ Zv‡`i Kvh©KvwiZv nviv‡”Q| †hgb, f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi µgk wb‡P †b‡g hv‡”Q| G¸‡jv Avi
KZw`b wbf©i‡hvM¨ _vK‡e Zv AwbwðZ; Ges GK e¨e¯’v †_‡K Ab¨ e¨e¯’vq iƒcvšÍi mgq mv‡cÿ|
ZvB, GKKfv‡e cvwbi †Kvb Dr‡mi Dci mvgwMÖKfv‡e wbf©ikxj bv n‡q eûwea Drm e¨envi Kiv
evÃbxq; †hgb, ïaygvÎ f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi Dci wbf©i bv K‡i, Gi mv‡_ e„wói cvwbI e¨envi Kiv;
Abyiƒcfv‡e, bjK‚‡ci mv‡_ mv‡_ wifvm© Am‡gvwmm †gwkb (jeY gy³KiY cÖhyw³) e¨envi Kiv
A_ev cÖPwjZ wis mø¨ve j¨vwUª‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ ai‡Yi j¨vwUªb e¨envi Kiv|
bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨envi - Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi weiƒc cÖfv‡e †Kvb †Kvb eûj cÖPwjZ cÖhyw³ GLb Avi
Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z cvi‡Qbv; †hgb, jeY`~lY GjvKvq cÖPwjZ bjK‚c ev wcGmGd| GB cwiewZ©Z
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨, cyi‡bv ev cÖPwjZ cÖhyw³‡Z AviI wewb‡qvM bv K‡i, h_vh_
cÖhyw³ I bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv †ewk Kvh©Ki| †hgb, jeY `~lY GjvKvq cÖPwjZ bjK‚c ev
wcGmGd Gi e`‡j wifvm© Am‡gvwmm †gwkb (jeY gy³KiY cÖhyw³) A_ev e„wói cvwb msMÖn K‡i
my‡cq cvwbi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
AÂj wfwËK e¨e¯’v - `y‡h©vM SzuwK I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ mgm¨v¸‡jv AÂj wfwËK wfbœiƒ‡c †`Lv
w`‡”Q; †hgb, DcK‚j A‡j jeY`~lY, b`x AeevwnKv I Pi A‡j Kg cvwb-†ewk cvwbi Pµ|
d‡j, †Kvb GKK cÖhyw³ (†hgb- bjK‚c) ev cvwbi we‡kl †Kvb cÖvK…wZK Drm mKj A‡ji Rb¨
Kv‡R Avm‡ebv| ZvB, AÂj wfwËK Dchy³ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
mK‡ji Rb¨ my‡hvM - Rjevqy cwieZ©b I †cŠbtcywbK `y‡h©vM cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mevi
†ÿ‡Î †h NvUwZ m„wó Ki‡Q Zvi d‡j cÖvc¨Zvi †ÿ‡Î eÂbv I ˆelg¨ evo‡Q| †gŠwjK Pvwn`v
†gUv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡Yi eÂbv ev ˆelg¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| ZvB, cÖhyw³ ev weZiY e¨e¯’v Ggbfv‡e
M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mK‡jB cvwb †c‡Z cv‡i I m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvwb
msMÖ‡n bvixi †hb †Kvb iK‡gi SzuwK bv _v‡K; Ges cÖwZeÜx, Mf©eZx, wkï ev e„× †hb mn‡RB
cÖ‡qvRbgZ cvwb †c‡Z cv‡i ev m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov `yM©g I cÖvwšÍK
GjvKvq evmiZ Rb‡MvôxI †hb GB †mevi AvIZvq Av‡m|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
51

mK‡ji µqÿgZvi g‡a¨ - cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev †gŠwjK Pvwn`v n‡jI Gi A_©g~j¨ i‡q‡Q|
RvZxqfv‡e A_©g~‡j¨i wewbg‡q GB †mev weZi‡Yi bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy
cwieZ©b mwnòz Kivi Rb¨ AeavwiZfv‡e cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb †mevi LiP †e‡o hv‡e Ges
GB ewa©Z e¨‡qi fvi e¨enviKvixi DciB eZ©v‡e| ZvB, weZiY e¨e¯’v I †mevi g~j¨ Ggbfv‡e
wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z nZ`wi`ª I myweav ewÂZ cwievi¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRbgZ cvwb †c‡Z cv‡i ev
m¨vwb‡Ukb †mev e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ `iKvi n‡j †kªYxwfwËK †mevg~j¨ wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
mvgvwRK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv - eûj cÖPwjZ ev cÖ_vMZ †Kvb †Kvb cÖhyw³ ev e¨e¯’v GLb Avi †Zgb Kv‡R
Avm‡Qbv, †hgb- Nb emwZ GjvKvq wis mø¨ve j¨vwUªb| ZvB, Rjevqy cwieZ©b I `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq
wbivc` cvwb Ges m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi Rb¨ †h e¨e¯’v †bIqv n‡e Zvi mvgvwRK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb, cvwb weZiY‡K›`ª Ggb¯’v‡b n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †mLv‡b hvIqv bvixi Rb¨
gh©v`vnvwbKi bv nq; A_ev bZzb cÖhyw³i cvqLvbvi KvVv‡gv I e¨enviwewa Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
mK‡ji Kv‡QB G¸‡jv MÖnYxq nq| Z‡e, ˆelg¨g~jK ev †bwZevPK †Kvb cÖPwjZ cÖ_v hw` mgm¨v
mgvav‡b mwVK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Y evav n‡q `vuovq, Zvn‡j cÖ_‡gB Rbwkÿvi gva¨‡g Zv mK‡ji Kv‡Q
MÖnYxq K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|
Revew`wnZv - `y‡h©vMSzuwK I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvi Kvi‡Y eZ©gvb wewb‡qvM ev Pjgvb
cÖKí fwel¨‡Z KZUv jvf ev ÿwZ e‡q Avb‡e Zv mywbw`©ófv‡e wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov,
ev¯Íe Kvi‡Y Pjgvb cÖK‡í cwieZ©b Avbv `iKvi n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB, cÖK‡íi mdjZv-wedjZvi
`vqfvi Ges cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ Kvi Kx `vwqZ¡ Zv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨
Revew`wnZvi KvVv‡gv I cÖwµqv _vKv we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb|
5.2.3. cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v wel‡q we‡eP¨
cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v msµvšÍ e¨e¯’vcbvi g~jbxwZi cvkvcvwk, †ÿÎ we‡k‡l
wKQz we‡eP¨ welq i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
wbivc` cvwb
cvwbi ¸Yv¸Y I gv_vwcQz cwigvY wba©viY I Zv wbwðZ Kiv cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq| cvwb
Aek¨B wbivc` n‡Z n‡e, A_©vr gqjv, AveR©bv, ÿwZKi LwbR I ivmvqwbK c`v_©gy³ Ges
m‡e©vcwi RxevYygy³ n‡Z n‡e; Avi Gi mieivn e¨e¯’v n‡Z n‡e Ggb hv‡Z mK‡j
cÖ‡qvRbgZ cvwb cvq|
cvwb msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ bvix‡K †hb †ewk `~‡i bv †h‡Z nq ev Zvi Kv‡Ri †evSv †ewk †e‡o bv hvq
Zv wbwðZ Kiv Riæwi| ZvQvov, cvwb msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ bvix †hb †Kvb nqivwbi wkKvi bv nq
Ges †m †hb wb‡Ri gh©v`v eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i|
52 cÂg Aa¨vq: `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq

Lvevi cvwbi b~¨bZg Pvwn`v
(cvb I ivbœvi Rb¨)
†gŠwjK ¯^v¯’¨wewa cvj‡bi Rb¨
ivbœvi Rb¨
cvwbi mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cvwbi b~¨bZg Pvwn`v
2.5 †_‡K 3 wjUvi/cÖwZw`b/ RbcÖwZ
2 †_‡K 6 wjUvi /cÖwZw`b/ RbcÖwZ
3 †_‡K 6 wjUvi /cÖwZw`b/ RbcÖwZ
7.5 †_‡K 15 wjUvi/cÖwZw`b/RbcÖwZ
wbf©i K‡i ¯’vbxq Rjevqy I kvixwiK
MV‡bi Dci
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖ_vi Dci
wbf©i K‡i
Lv‡`¨i aiY, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK
cÖ_vi Dci wbf©i K‡i
Z_¨m~Î: gvbweKZvi †NvlYvcÎ I `y‡h©v‡M mvov †`qvi b~¨bZg gvb (wùqvi cÖ‡R±), 2011
m¨vwb‡Ukb
cÖhyw³ I AeKvVv‡gv Avi G‡`i cÖ‡qvM c×wZ Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cwi‡ek `~lY †iva nq I
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi e¨envi †ivM-we¯Ívi †iva K‡i|
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v mK‡ji Rb¨ myjf; ms¯‹…wZMZfv‡e MÖnYxq I e¨enviKvixi gh©v`v iÿv,
we‡kl K‡i, bvixi gh©v`v iÿvi welq¸‡jvI we‡ePbv Kiv Riæwi |
cÖhyw³ I AeKvVv‡gv †UKmB Avi Gi †givgZ I iÿYv‡eÿY cwiev‡ii bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ _vKv
`iKvi|
jÿ¨gvÎv wnmv‡e cwievi wcQz GKwU j¨vwUªb| Nb emwZ GjvKvq GB jÿ¨gvÎv AR©‡bi Rb¨
`iKvi n‡j jvMmB cÖhyw³ Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
¯^v¯’¨wewa PP©vi gyL¨ welq n‡jv my-AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g †iv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K euvPv‡bv Avi
†ivMe¨vwai we¯Ívi †iva Kiv| G m¤ú‡K© wewae× Ávb Rvbv I mKj‡K Rvbv‡bv Ges Gi
wfwˇZ e¨w³MZ I mvgwóK AvPiY cwieZ©b K‡i †ivMe¨vwai cÖ‡Kvc Kgv‡bv| Rbwkÿv I
m‡PZbZv evov‡bvi gva¨‡g GUv Kiv m¤¢e|
5.2.4. m¤ú` mgv‡ek
m¤ú` ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e A_© ev UvKv-cqmv †evSvq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvgMÖx,
cÖhyw³ Avi gvbe m¤ú`| A‡_©i wewbg‡q G¸‡jv msMÖn Kiv nq| Z‡e A‡bK mgq UvKv-cqmv
_vK‡jI cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú` mgqgZ †RvMvo Kiv hvqbv| GB Kvi‡Y Kx m¤ú` cÖ‡qvRb I
†Kgbfv‡e cvIqv hv‡e Zv mywbw`©ófv‡e Rvbv we‡kl `iKvi|
cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb wel‡q ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡jv MYm‡PZbZv m„wó
Kiv| GB KvR Kivi Rb¨ m¤ú` jvM‡e| Avi GB m¤ú‡`i eo AskB n‡jv gvbe m¤ú`|
cwigvYMZfv‡e gvbe m¤ú` ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi gvS †_‡K msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Rb‡Mvôx
†_‡K mivmwi `ÿ gvbe m¤ú` cvIqv hvqbv| cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Gi `ÿZv m„wó Ki‡Z nq| Gi
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
53

Rb¨ `iKvi n‡e wKQz e¯‘MZ m¤ú` I cÖhyw³| GwUI ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj
Awa`ßi ev GB Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ GbwRIi Kv‡Q PvB‡Z cv‡i| Avw_©K mnvqZv †c‡Z n‡j GKwU
mywbw`©ó cwiKíbv _vK‡Z n‡e| GB cwiKíbvq KvR¸‡jv Kx Avi †Kvb Kv‡Ri Kx cwigvY I Kx
ai‡Yi m¤ú` jvM‡e Zv ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL _vK‡e|
GB Lv‡Z †hme miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’v RwoZ Zviv Avw_©K mnvqZv w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB me †_‡K
Riæwi welq n‡jv G‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv I Zv‡`i wek¦¯ÍZv AR©b Kiv| G‡`i KvQ †_‡K
mnvqZv †c‡Z n‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb‡K LyeB ¯úó K‡i †`Lv‡Z n‡ecvwb
mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewa PP©vi KvR¸‡jv Kx Ges cÖ‡`q A_© ev m¤ú` †Kvb Kv‡R I
wKfv‡e e¨envi n‡e|
cÖ¯ÍvweZ KvR¸‡jv ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi GLwZqv‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Avi GwU Kivi Rb¨ Zvi
h‡_ó mÿgZv i‡q‡Q|
¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx h‡_ó ¯^”Q I Revew`wnZvg~jK|
5.3. Revew`wnZv
Revew`wnZv n‡jv `vwqZ¡kxjZvi mv‡_ ÿgZv e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi e¨e¯’v| Revew`wnZvi g~j welq
n‡jv mKj‡K Kvh©µg I Gi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡bv, mK‡ji gZvgZ †bIqv Ges Awf‡hvM MÖnY
I Zvi wb®úwË Kiv|
Revew`wnZvi j¨gvÎv
Z_¨ mieivn
Avw_©K welqmn, Kg©m~wP m¤úwK©Z me Z_¨ Ggbfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hv‡Z bvix-cyiæl ev wkvMZ
†hvM¨Zv wbwe©‡k‡l ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi mevB Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i|
cÖZ¨ I c‡iv LiPmn mKj Z_¨ avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv; wbqwgZ Kvh©µ‡gi AMÖMwZi
cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Kiv; Ges Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ¯’vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv
Kiv|
AskMÖnYg~jK wm×všÍ MÖnY
¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôx wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y gyL¨ f~wgKv †b‡e I cÖK‡íi Askx`vwiZ¡ Abyfe Ki‡e|
bvixmn `wi`ª I cÖvwšÍK †jv‡Ki Pvwn`v Avg‡j †bIqv n‡”Q wKbv Zv LwZ‡q †`Lv|
wewfbœ †Mvôxi g‡a¨Kvi weev` ev `jv`wj we‡ePbvq †bIqv I mK‡ji c‡ MÖnY‡hvM¨ c×wZ‡Z
Zvi wggvsmv Kiv|
54 cÂg Aa¨vq: `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ AwbðqZvq cvwb mieivn, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v e¨e¯’vcbvi we‡eP¨ welq

wdWe¨vK cÖYvjx
¯’vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ggbfv‡e gZvgZ I Awf‡hvM MÖnY e¨e¯’v I c×wZ
wba©viY Kiv hv‡Z bvix I cÖvwšÍK †jvKRb wbf©‡q Awf‡hvM Ki‡Z ev gZvgZ Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|
¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb wbqwgZ Rb‡Mvôxi mš‘wói gvÎv gwbUi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AvPiY
¯’vbxq cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©PvixMY Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I m¤§v‡bi wfwˇZ m¤úK© M‡o
Zyj‡e|
RbM‡Yi mv‡_ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM I Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g bZyb bZyb my‡hvM I m¤¢vebv Lyu‡R †`Lv
n‡e|
m~Ît The Listen First Framework: http://www.listenfirst.org/materials; Handout, ALNAP Training - Leadership in Action
5.3.1.Revew`wnZvi KvVv‡gv
Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j Gi
GKwU KvVv‡gv I cÖwµqv _vK‡Z n‡e|
Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq
miKvi cÖwZôvb hv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv-
¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni
Pjgvb I fwel¨Z Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K©
mevB‡K Rvbv‡bv| ¯’vbxq miKvi
cÖwZôv‡bi cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I
¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v m¤úwK©Z Kg©m~wP Kx
Ges G‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb
I Rb‡Mvôxi Kx f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q Zv
Rvbv‡bv| GQvov, Kg©m~wP
ev¯Íevqb I Gi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K©
Rb‡Mvôx‡K Rvbv‡bv; †hgb-
KvR¸‡jv Kx I G¸‡jv Kivi
cÖwµqv Kx n‡e I KZw`b Pj‡e,
G‡Z Kx m¤ú` e¨envi n‡e ev
Rb‡Mvôx‡K
Rvbv‡bv
Rb‡Mvôxi
KvQ †_‡K
Rvbv
gZvgZ I
Awf‡hvM
MÖnY
Revew`wnZvi KvVv‡gv
Kx Z_¨ †`Iqv n‡e
KLb KLb Z_¨ weZiY Kiv n‡e
Z_¨ weZi‡Yi gva¨g I cÖwµqv Kx n‡e
Kviv Z_¨ cv‡e
Kgm© w~Pi †Kvb †Kvb chv©‡q Zv‡`i‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e
†Kvb †Kvb wel‡q Rvbv‡Z n‡e
Kvi gva¨‡g Rvbv‡Z n‡e
Rvbv‡bvi c×wZ I cÖwµqv Kx n‡e
cÖvß Z_¨ wKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i
Kg©m~wPi †Kvb †Kvb ch©v‡q Awf‡hvM MÖnY
Kiv n‡e
†Kvb †Kvb wel‡q Awf‡hvM Kiv hv‡e
Awf‡hvM Kivi c×wZ Kx n‡e
wKfv‡e Awf‡hvM Avg‡j †bIqv I wb®úwË
Kiv n‡e
Awf‡hvM wb®úwË m¤ú‡K© wKfv‡e wdWe¨vK
†`Iqv n‡e
KZ LiP n‡e Avi GB m¤ú` †Kv_v †_‡K Ges wKfv‡e †RvMvo n‡e ev n‡q‡Q; Kvh©µ‡gi
AMÖMwZ KZ`~i Ges G‡Z Kx evav-wecwË †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
Rb‡Mvôxi KvQ †_‡K cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯v^ ¯¨’ wewaPPv© m¤úwKZ© mgm¨v I Pvwn`v¸‡jv Rvbv|
GQvovI, Kvhµ© ‡gi mKj chv© ‡q, †hgb- Ae¯v’ we‡klø Y, mgm¨v wPwýZKiY, cwiKíbv cYÖ qb,
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
55

ev¯eÍ vqb I gj~ ¨vq‡b Rb‡Mvôxi gZvgZ I civgk© †bIqv| ¯v’ bxq miKvi cwÖ Zôvb Gi Rb¨
AskMnÖ Ygj~ K c×wZ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi Gi cwÖ µqv Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Rb‡Mvôxi
me ¯‡Í ii I me †kwª Yi †jvK AskMnÖ ‡Yi m‡y hvM cvq| we‡kl K‡i G‡Z bvix, cwÖ ZeÜx I
mwy eavewÂZ †kwª Yi †jv‡Ki AskMnÖ ‡Yi e¨e¯v’ _vKv Riæwi|
Awf‡hvM MnÖ ‡Yi I Zv Avg‡j †bIqv Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Acwinvh|© Kvhµ© g I Gi
AMMÖ wZ m¤ú‡K© Kv‡iv †Kvb gZvgZ ev G wel‡q †Kvb Awf‡hvM _vK‡j Zviv †hb Zv Rvbv‡Z
cv‡i, GiRb¨ GKwU e¨e¯v’ _vK‡Z n‡e| Rb‡Mvôxi †h †KD gZvgZ w`‡Z ev Awf‡hvM Rvbv‡Z
cvi‡e Ges †Kvb gZvgZ ev Awf‡hvM cvIqv †M‡j Zv Avg‡j †bIqv n‡e|

cwiwkó: cwifvlv
Awf‡hvRb
Awf‡hvRb n‡”Q cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Lvc LvIqv‡bv| Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y gvby‡li
Rxeb I RxweKvi Ici †h †bwZevPK cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, †m cwiw¯’wZ DËi‡Y M„nxZ †KŠkj‡K
Rjevqy SuywK Awf‡hvRb ejv nq|
AvKw¯§K eb¨v
DRv‡b AwZ e„wói d‡j cvnvwo Xj ev b`xi cvwbi D”PZv nVvr K‡i †e‡o †h eb¨vi m„wó nq Zv‡K
AvKw¯§K eb¨v ev Flashflood e‡j| mvaviYZ ˆekvL-ˆR¨ô (GwcÖj-†g) gv‡m evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I
DËiv‡j AvKw¯§K eb¨v †`Lv †`q|
Avc`
Avc` GKwU A¯^vfvweK NUbv, hv cÖvK…wZK, gvbe m„ó ev KvwiMwi ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y NU‡Z cv‡i Ges hv
gvby‡li Rxeb I RxweKvi e¨vcK ÿwZ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cÖvK…wZK Avc‡`i g‡a¨Ñ
mvB‡K¬vb, eb¨v, f‚wgK¤ú, mybvwg, Liv, b`xfv½b; gvbem„ó Avc‡`i g‡a¨Ñ febaŸm, †bŠ-`yN©Ubv,
AwMœKvÛ, moK `yN©Ubv; I KvwiMwi Avc‡`i g‡a¨Ñ cvigvYweK `yN©Ubvi bvg ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
ÔAvc` `y‡h©vM bq, eis `y‡h©v‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ KviYÕ| f‚wgK¤ú GKwU Avc`, Gi Kvi‡Y cÖvYnvwb mn
Ab¨vb¨ AeKvVv‡gv aŸs‡mi gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| g„`y-f‚K¤úb Avc` wKš‘ G‡Z `y‡h©vM
†`Lv †`qbv|
AvenvIqv
GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`vbmg~‡ni ¯^í K‡qK w`‡bi Mo ev 1 †_‡K 7 w`‡bi Mo dj‡K
AvenvIqv ejv nq| evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`vb ej‡Z evqyi Zvc, evqyi Pvc, evqy cÖev‡ni w`K I Zvi
MwZ‡eM, evqyi Av`ª©Zv, †g‡Ni cwigvY I †g‡Ni cÖKvi‡f` Ges e„wócvZ BZ¨vw`‡K †evSvq|
Av‡m©wbK
Av‡m©wbK n‡jv GK ai‡Yi welv³ ivmvqwbK c`v_©| Av‡m©wbK me mgqB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i
m‡½ †hŠM iƒ‡c weivR K‡i| GKw`‡K Aw·‡Rb, MÜK, †K¬vwib, Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi m‡½ Ges
Ab¨w`‡K wmmv, cvi`, †mvbv I †jvnvi m‡½ †hŠM iƒ‡c Av‡m©wbK Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖK…wZi cÖvq me©ÎB,
†hgbÑ gvwU, cvwb, evZvm, mvgyw`ªK gvQ, Lv`¨km¨, kvK-mwâ BZ¨vw`‡Z wewfbœ gvÎvq Av‡m©wbK
_v‡K| KwVb Ae¯’vq Gi eY© mv`v ev nvjKv a~mi e‡Y©i nq Ges Lye mvgvb¨ imy‡bi MÜ _v‡K| wKš‘
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq Av‡m©wb‡Ki †Kv‡bv eY©, MÜ ev ¯^v` _v‡Kbv|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
57

Av‡m©wbK`~lY
wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi gvb Abyhvqx LvIqvi cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wb‡Ki MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv n‡jv cÖwZ wjUv‡i 0.01
wgwjMÖvg| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Av‡m©wb‡Ki mnbxq gvÎv aiv n‡q‡Q 0.05 wgwjMÖvg| cÖ‡Z¨K †`k wbR
wbR †`‡ki mnbxq gvÎv wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| Av‡m©wbK hLb wbw`©ó gvÎvi †P‡q †ewk nq ZLb Zv‡K
Av‡m©wbK`~lY e‡j| we‡klÁ‡`i wewfbœ g‡Zi GKwU n‡”Q cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK`~l‡Yi cÖavb KviY
AwaK gvÎvq f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvjb| cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Av‡m©wbK AvKwiK wn‡m‡e Ab¨vb¨ c`v‡_©i m‡½
hy³ _v‡K Ges Zv evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g gy³ n‡q cvwb‡Z
wg‡k hvq| AwZgvÎvq f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi µgk wb‡P †b‡g hv‡”Q|
hvi d‡j gvwUi KYvi ÿz`ª MnŸi¸‡jv‡Z †h duvKv ¯’v‡bi m„wó n‡”Q †mB duvKv ¯’vb‡K `Lj Ki‡Q
evqy| evqy cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j IB ¯Í‡i mwÂZ Av‡m©‡bvcvBivBU Ges Av‡m©wbK hy³ cvBivBU evqyi
Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q Av‡m©wbK‡K f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q w`‡”Q| Av‡iKwU gZ n‡”Q, wkí-
KviLvbv¸‡jvi eR©¨ c`v‡_©i gv‡S Av‡m©wbK Av‡Q Ges Avgv‡`i †`‡k b`x‡Z IB eR©¨ wb®‹vkb Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| d‡j IB cvwbi gva¨‡gI Av‡m©wb‡Ki msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i|
Liv
Liv GKwU gvivZ¥K cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM| `xN©Kvjxb ﮋ AvenvIqv I Ach©vß e„wócv‡Zi Kvi‡Y Liv
Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| ev®úxfeb I cÖ‡¯^`‡bi cwigvY e„wócv‡Zi PvB‡Z †ewk n‡jB GgbwU N‡U|
RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c evQ-wePviwenxb Dbœqb cÖwµqv, e„ÿ wbab Ges evqỳ ~l‡Yi d‡j evqygÛj µgk
iæÿ I ﮋ n‡q DV‡Q| G‡Z evrmwiK e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY K‡g †M‡Q, hv Livi g~j KviY| weªwUk
AvenvIqv weÁvbxiv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi cwim‡i avivevwnKfv‡e e„wócvZ k~Y¨Zv‡K Livi gvb`Û
wn‡m‡e a‡ib| mv¤úÖwZKKv‡j ¯úvi‡mvi GKRb weÁvbx evsjv‡`‡k e„wócvZ K‡g hvIqvi Rb¨ `vqx
K‡i‡Qb c~e© cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii †giæ A‡j m„ó Gjwb‡bv‡K (El-Nino)| DËivÂjxq †Rjvmg~‡ni
mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ †gvUvgywU cÖwZ `yB eQi cici Liv Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| GRb¨
AvenvIqv weÁvbxiv DËiv‡j giæ cÖwµqv we¯Ív‡ii Avk¼v Ki‡Qb| Liv cxwoZ AÂj Zß n‡q
I‡V Ges Kzqv, Lvj, wej ïwK‡q hvIqvq e¨envh© cvwbi Afve N‡U| b`x cÖevn n«vm cvq, f‚Mf©¯’ Rj
¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvq I gvwUi Av`ª©Zvq NvUwZ †`Lv †`q, †ÿ‡Zi dmj ïwK‡q km¨ wech©q N‡U Ges
Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ msKU †`Lv †`q| Lvevi cvwb, Pvlvev` I cï cvj‡bi †ÿ‡Î mivmwi e„wói Ici
wbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Liv GKwU eo mgm¨v|
Lvc LvB‡q †bqv
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvq Lvc LvB‡q †bqv ev Coping n‡jv aviv ev ixwZ †hLv‡b gvbyl m¤ú` e¨env‡ii
gva¨‡g cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx djvdj AR©b K‡i| N~wY©SocÖeY GjvKvi gvbyl Ni ˆZwii mgqB Pv‡ji
m‡½ ÔUvbvÕ †eu‡a iv‡L, hv‡Z evZv‡m N‡ii Pvj Dwo‡q wb‡Z bv cv‡i| wbPz A‡ji gvbyl Ni ˆZwii
†ÿ‡Î me mgq Av‡M wfUv DuPz K‡i _v‡K| f‚wgK¤úcÖeY GjvKvi Nievwo ev ¯‹zj M„‡ni aiY Ab¨
GjvKv †_‡K LvwbKUv wfbœ| `y‡h©v‡Mi m‡½ jovB K‡i hviv esk ci¤úivq wU‡K _v‡Kb Zviv
58
cwiwkó: cwifvlv

wb‡RivB Luy‡R †ei K‡i‡Qb `y‡h©v‡Mi nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i iÿv Kivi Rb¨ AvMvg mZK© Kievi
c×wZ Ges ÿqÿwZ Kgvevi †KŠkj| esk ci¤úivq gvbyl Zv †g‡b P‡j|
wMÖbnvDm M¨vm
wewfbœ M¨vm w`‡q ˆZwi c„w_exi G evqygÛj| Zvi g~j Dcv`vb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb| G¸‡jv
QvovI bMY¨ cwigv‡Y Kve©bWvB-A·vBW, wg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW Av‡Q| AviI Av‡Q Rjxq ev®ú
I I‡Rvb| evqygÛ‡ji †MŠY M¨vm¸‡jvB wMÖbnvDm M¨vm| cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó M¨vm QvovI gbyl¨ m„ó
wmGdwm, GBPwmGdwm, n¨v‡jv‡Rb BZ¨vw` M¨vmI evqygÛ‡j hy³ n‡q‡Q|
wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqv
kxZ cÖavb †`‡k mvaviYZ GK ai‡Yi ¯^”Q Kuv‡Pi N‡i Zwi-ZiKvwi I kvK-mwâi Pvl Kiv nq|
dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ K…wÎg Dcv‡q Gme N‡ii AvenvIqv cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Mig ivLv nq| Gme
Ni‡KB e‡j wMÖbnvDm| m~‡h©i Av‡jv I Zvc Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡qB N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i wKš‘ wewKi‡Yi mgq
mgỳ q Zvc †ei n‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ibv| d‡j evB‡ii Zzjbvq N‡ii †fZ‡i DòZv AwaK eRvq _v‡K|
m~‡h©i Av‡jv f‚-c„ô‡K DËß K‡i †Zv‡j| wewKiY cÖwµqvq GB Zvc Avevi Ea©vKv‡k wd‡i †h‡Z
Pvq| GB wewKwiZ Zv‡ci wKQz Ask evqygÛ‡j †_‡K hvq| hvi d‡j evqygÛj Z_v f‚-c„ô Dò _v‡K
Ges Rxe‡bi †eu‡P _vKvi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó nq| Gfv‡e wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqv cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB
N‡U| evqygÛ‡j we`¨gvb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb QvovI bMY¨ cwigv‡Y Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm Av‡Q| G
ai‡Yi M¨vm¸‡jv n‡”Q Kve©bWvB-A·vBW, wg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW, †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡ivKve©b, I‡Rvb
BZ¨vw`| Gme M¨vmB G ai‡Yi Zvc a‡i iv‡L| weMZ 200 eQ‡i wkí wecøe-DËi Kv‡j gvby‡li
Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j evqygÛ‡ji M¨vm¸‡jvi AbycvZ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| GKvi‡Y evZv‡mi ZvcgvÎv
µgvš^‡q e„w× cv‡”Q| evqygÛ‡j Gme M¨v‡mi cwigvY evo‡Q e‡j wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvi m„wó n‡”Q
ev ZvcgvÎvi ZxeªZv †e‡o hv‡”Q|
N~wY©So
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q mvB‡K¬vb ev N~wY©So| N~wY©So n‡jv MÖx®§gÛjxq So ev
evqygÛjxq GKwU DËvj Ae¯’v, hv evZv‡mi cÖPÛ N~Y©vqgvb MwZi d‡j m„wó nq| N~wY©S‡oi Bs‡iwR
cÖwZkã (Cyclone) wMÖK kã ÔKvB‡K¬vmÕ (kyk-los) †_‡K G‡m‡Q| KvB‡K¬vm k‡ãi A_© KzÛjx
cvKv‡bv mvc| ¯’vbxq fvlvq N~wY©So‡K Zzdvb ejv nq| AZ¨waK Mig I Zxeª †iv‡`i Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv
¯’v‡bi evZvm nvjKv n‡q Ic‡i D‡V †M‡j IB ¯’v‡b evZv‡mi Pvc K‡g duvKv n‡q hvq Avi †mB
duvKv RvqMv `Lj Ki‡Z Zxeª †e‡M Pviw`K †_‡K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Qz‡U Avmv fvwi evZvm N~wY©S‡oi m„wó
K‡i| N~wY©So m„wó nq Mfxi mgy‡`ª Avi Zvi Rb¨ `iKvi mgy‡`ªi 27 wWwMÖ †m. ev Zvi †P‡qI †ewk
ZvcgvÎv| †h mKj mgỳ ªc„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv 27 wWwMÖ †m. Kg †m mKj mgy‡`ª Lye GKUv N~wY©So m„wó
n‡Z †`Lv hvqbv| evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZ el©v †gŠmy‡gi Av‡M I c‡i DòZvi Kvi‡Y mvM‡i wbgœPvc
m„wó nq| Avi wbgœPvc †_‡KB N~wY©S‡oi Rb¥ nq|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
59

Rjevqy
f‚-c‡ôi †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi `xN© mg‡qi ˆ`bw›`b AvenvIqvi mvaviY ev Mo Ae¯’v‡K Rjevqy e‡j|
Rjevqyi Dcv`vbmg~n n‡jv ZvcgvÎv, Av`ª©Zv, evqy, †gN, e„wócvZ, ZzlvicvZ, evqyPvc BZ¨vw`|
GKwU †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Ges cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v †m †`‡ki Rjevqy wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| †Kv‡bv
¯’v‡bi ev A‡ji `xN©Kv‡ji (30 eQi ev ZviI †ewk mg‡qi) ˆ`bw›`b AvenvIqv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
evqygÛ‡ji †fŠZ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †h mvaviY Ae¯’v †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K IB ¯’v‡bi ev A‡ji Rjevqy
e‡j|
Riæwi Ae¯’v
GwU Ggb GK cwiw¯’wZ, hv †gvKv‡ejvq Riæwi n¯Í‡ÿc ev Riæwi mnvqZv Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o|
Riæwi Ae¯’v abx‡`i Zzjbvq `wi`ª gvbyl‡K †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges Gi d‡j A‡bK gvbyl `wi`ª
†_‡K `wi`ªZi n‡q c‡o| hLb ¯’vbxq †gvKv‡ejv †KŠkj †f‡O c‡o ev AvµvšÍ gvby‡li mvg‡_©¨i
Afve †`Lv †`q ZLbB Riæwi Ae¯’vi m„wó nq|
Riæwi mvov
Avc‡`i wPwýZ SuywK e¨e¯’vcbv Ki‡Z Avgiv mKj cÖ‡Póv †bIqvi ciI A‡bK mgq `y‡h©vM Gov‡bv
m¤¢e nqbv| SuywK e¨e¯’vcbvi mg‡q Zv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejvi Kvh©Ki cÖ¯‘wZ
_vKv Ges `y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx‡K Riæwi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kvh©Ki mnvqZv †`qvi Rb¨ mswkøó ms¯’v,
Rb‡Mvôx Ges e¨e¯’v‡K mPj ivLvB n‡jv `y‡h©v‡M Riæwi mvov|
R‡jv”Q¡vm
†hLv‡b N~wY©So m„wó nq †mB N~wY©So‡K›`ª ev Pÿz GjvKvq evZv‡mi Pvc Kg _v‡K| d‡j N~wY©So-
†K‡›`ªi KvQvKvwQ A‡j mgy‡`ªi cvwb dz‡j D‡V, G‡KB R‡jv”Q¡vm e‡j| S‡o mgy‡`ªi ey‡K †h
†XD‡qi m„wó nq Zvi m‡½ †Rvqv‡ii cvwb e„w× †c‡q mgỳ ª DcK‚‡j AvNvZ nv‡b| N~wY©S‡oi Zxeª
evZv‡m m„ó mgy‡`ªi †XD ¯^vfvweK †Rvqv‡ii †P‡q A‡bK †ewk nq| Avi Zv hw` Agvem¨v ev c~wY©gvi
mgq nq, Zvn‡j G R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi D”PZv AviI A‡bK †ewk n‡q fq¼i iƒc aviY K‡i| cÖPÛ
N~wY©S‡oi †XD 45 dzU ch©šÍ DuPz n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|
†Rvqvi-fvUv
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mgy‡`ªi cvwbi wbqwgZ dz‡j DVv‡K †Rvqvi e‡j Ges †b‡g hvIqv‡K fvUv e‡j| Mfxi mgy‡`ª
†Rvqvi-fvUvi ga¨eZx© D”PZvi e¨eavb 2 dz‡Ui †ewk bq| wKš‘ AMfxi GjvKvq GB D”PZv 20
dz‡UiI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i|
60 cwiwkó: cwifvlv

SzuwK
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Dcv`v‡bi †bwZevPK mswgkÖ‡Yi d‡j (Interaction) ÿwZKi cÖfv‡ei m¤¢vebv‡K Sw zuK e‡j| A_©vr
mn‡R ej‡j †Kv‡bv Avc` NUvi m¤¢vebv I gvÎv Ges Zvi d‡j wbw`©ó Rb‡Mvôxi ÿwZi m¤¢vebv GB
`yB‡qi cvi¯úwiKZvB SzuwK|
SzuwK = Avc` m¤¢vebv x wec`vcbœZv
`y‡h©vM
`y‡h©vM n‡jv GKwU gvivZ¥K cwiw¯’wZ hv cÖK…wZ ev gvbe m„ó Avc‡`i d‡j †`Lv †`q| GB cwiw¯’wZ
Pjgvb mgvR Rxeb‡K Mfxifv‡e e¨vnZ K‡i Ges gvbyl, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki GZ ÿwZ mvab K‡i
hv †gvKv‡ejvq GKwU mgvR‡K we‡kl c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z nq Ges ÿqÿwZi cwigvY GZ †ewk nq
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GKÎ n‡jB Zv‡K `y‡h©vM cwiw¯’wZ ejv nq| ÿqÿwZi cwigvY I m„ó cwiw¯’wZ `y‡h©vM wKbv Zv
wba©viY GKwU mgv‡Ri mvg‡_©¨i Ici wbf©i K‡i|
wbivc` cvwb
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A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ¯^v`, MÜ I eY©hy³ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡KB wbivc` cvwb e‡j|
cwi‡ek
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†fŠZ Ae¯’v, Rjevqy I cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Ab¨vb¨ Rxe I ˆRe Dcv`vb‡K cwi‡ek (Environment)
e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k 1995 mv‡j cwi‡ek msiÿY AvBb cvm n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Rbwe‡ùviY, ebv‡ji
Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I cwienY wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi Afv‡ei `iæb †`‡ki cwi‡ek GK RwUj
Ae¯’vi w`‡K hv‡”Q|
c~e© mZK©Zv
c~e© mZK©Zv n‡jv †h‡Kv‡bv `y‡h©vM AvNvZ nvbvi c~‡e©B e¨w³ ev RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q evZ©v cÖPvi ev Z_¨
cÖ`vb Kiv| c~e© mZK©Zvq mvaviYZ Avc`mg~n, Sw zuK, Sw zuKi Dcv`vb, cwi‡ek, wec‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges
wec` cÖwZ‡iva, wec` Gov‡Z A_ev ÿqÿwZ Kgv‡Z Kx Kiv hvq †m m¤^‡Ü Z_¨ cÖPvi Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
61

cÖ¯‘wZ
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cÖ¯‘wZ g~jK Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ AvMvg mZKx©KiY, D×vi I ¯’vbvšÍi cwiKíbv, m¤ú` mgv‡ek I
msiÿY, cvwievwiK cÖ¯‘wZ, mvsMVwbK I cÖvwZôvwbK cÖ¯‘wZ Ges mswkøó bxwZgvjv cÖYqb, `y‡h©vM
cÖ¯‘wZ gnov, cÖwkÿY Ges m‡PZbZv g~jK Kvh©µg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
eb¨v/evb/cøveb
mvaviYfv‡e eb¨v ej‡Z †evSvq A¯^vfvweK cvwbi cÖevn, hv cøvebgy³ f‚wg‡K cøvweZ K‡i Ges Rvb
I gv‡ji ÿwZ mvab K‡i| Rj weÁv‡bi g‡Z, Òeb¨v n‡jv Ggb GKwU Av‡cwÿK D”PZv ev cÖevn,
hv GKwU wbw`©ó D”PZv ev cÖevn‡K AwZµg K‡iÓ| wm‡j‡Ui nvIi GjvKv eQ‡i 4-5 gvm cvwb‡Z
Wz‡e _v‡K, †mUv‡K eb¨v ejv hv‡ebv|
wec`vcbœZv
†Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi (Community) ev Zvi †Kv‡bv As‡ki (e¨w³ ev cwievi) GK ev GKvwaK mywbw`©ó
Avc` Øviv AvµvšÍ nevi m¤¢vebv Ges H Avc` msNU‡bi d‡j AvµvšÍ mgvR I e¨w³i Rxeb
hvc‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ÿqÿwZi m¤¢ve¨ gvÎv‡K wec`vcbœZv ejv nq|
ˆewk¦K Dòvqb
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡”Q hv ˆewk¦K Dòvqb bv‡g AwfwnZ| GB DòZv
`ªæZ MwZ‡Z evo‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ A‡bK †`k Ges Gi RbMY Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfv‡e `y‡f©vM †cvnv‡”Q| ˆewk¦K Dòvqb evsjv‡`kmn mvivwe‡k¦i AvenvIqvi aiY Ges
FZz‰ewPΨ cv‡ë w`‡”Q| Gi d‡j cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †hgb, AwZe„wó, eb¨v, N~wY©So, mvgyw`ªK
R‡jv”Q¡vm BZ¨vw` NUvi m¤¢vebv I ÿwZi cwigvY †e‡o hv‡”Q| GBme `y‡h©v‡M kZ kZ gvby‡li g„Zÿ
NU‡Q Ges †KvwU †KvwU UvKvi m¤ú`nvwb n‡”Q hvi cÖfve co‡Q jvL jvL gvby‡li RxweKvi Dci|
wMÖbnvDm M¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ MZ kZvãx‡Z Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o‡Q 25%, bvBUªvm
A·vB‡Wi cwigvY 19% Ges wg‡_‡bi cwigvY 100% †e‡o‡Q (PZz_© mgxÿvcÎ, AvBwcwmwm) hv
ˆewk¦K Dòvq‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY|
f‚wgK¤ú
f‚-Av‡jvo‡bi d‡j f‚-c„‡ôi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv As‡k AvKw¯§K K¤ú‡bi m„wó n‡j Zv‡K f‚wgK¤ú ev
Earthquake e‡j| f‚-Af¨šÍi¯’ wkjvi w¯’wZ¯’vcK fvimvg¨ bó n‡j f~Z¡‡Ki wePz¨wZi gva¨‡g
wbtmwiZ w¯’wZ webóKvix kw³i Øviv GB K¤ú‡bi DrcwË nq| Giƒc K¤úb cÖPÛ, gvSvwi ev g„`y
AvKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| c„w_ex‡Z M‡o eQ‡i cÖvq Qq nvRvi f~wgK¤ú msNwUZ nq| Aek¨ Gi †ewki
fvMB g„`y AvKv‡ii nq weavq mvaviYfv‡e Zv Abyf‚Z nqbv|
62 cwiwkó: cwifvlv

jeYv³Zv
Rwg‡Z je‡Yi cwigvY e„w×i Øviv mKj cÖKvi f~wg Aebgb‡K jeYv³Zv e‡j| mxwgZ A‡_©,
Rwg‡Z gy³ jeY mÂqb I mwWwd‡Kkb‡K (hv‡K ÿvixqKiYI ejv n‡q _v‡K) AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq|
mwWwd‡Kkb n‡jv wewbgq Kg‡cø‡· †mvwWqv‡gi cÖvavb¨ NUv| AZ¨waK cwigv‡Y f~-Mf©¯’ cvwb
D‡Ëvj‡bi Kvi‡Y I mgy‡`ªi jeYv³ cvwbi DcK‚jxq g„wËKv‡Z AbycÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM m„wó nIqvi d‡j
jeYv³Zvi m„wó nq| evsjv‡`‡k jeYv³Zvi d‡j m„ó f~wg Aebgb Ab¨Zg cÖavb cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM|
mgỳ ª c„ô
mgy‡`ªi †Rvqvi-fvUvi gvSvgvwS Zj ev D”PZv, hv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi f‚wg DÌvb Ges gnvmvMixq
MfxiZv cwigvcK wb‡`©kK †iLv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡K mgỳ ª c„ô e‡j| ZvwË¡Kfv‡e a‡i
†bqv hvq †h, mgỳ ª c„ô w¯’i Ges gnv‡`‡ki w`‡K gyL K‡i Aew¯’Z ¯’vqx Avbyf‚wgK GKUv c„ô| wKš‘
wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi wµqvKjv‡ci djvd‡j mgỳ ª c„ô ¯’vb‡f‡` K‡qK wgUvi ch©šÍ Kg †ewk n‡Z
cv‡i| †Rvqvi-fvUvi DVv bvgv, Rjivwki ZvcgvÎv I jeYv³Zvi cwieZ©b, FZz cwieZ©b, EaŸ©wbtmiY,
b`-b`xi mieiv‡ni cwieZ©b cÖf…wZi cÖfv‡e mgỳ ª c„‡ôi D”PZvi cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©b n‡q
_v‡K| mgỳ ª c„‡ôi D”PZvi µgk e„w×i d‡j wek¦ Rb‡Mvôx ÿwZMÖ¯Í nIqv, Z_v wbgœ D”PZv wewkó
e-Øxc AÂjmg~n cøvweZ nIqvi Avk¼v DcK‚‡j GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwi‡ek wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
aviYv Kiv n‡”Q, evsjv‡`kI ÿwZMÖ¯Í †`kmg~‡ni ZvwjKvi AšÍf©©~³| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wewfbœ cøveb gvÎvq
2050 mvj bvMv` RbmsL¨v, f‚wg e¨envi Ges RvZxq Av‡q m¤¢ve¨ ÿqÿwZ wbiƒcY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mgỳ ª c„‡ôi 144-209 †m.wg. D”PZv e„w×i d‡j evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq 16-18% evm‡hvM¨ f‚wg cøvweZ
nIqv Ges eZ©gvb †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 13-15% I †gvU RvZxq Av‡qi (wRwWwc) cÖvq 13% ch©šÍ
ÿwZMÖ¯Í nIqvi Avk¼v i‡q‡Q|
mvg_©¨
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mvwe©K mÿgZv| A_©‰bwZK, Ávb I `ÿZv, mvgvwRK m¤úK©, KvwiMwi mÿgZv I †fŠZ m¤ú‡`i
AwfMg¨Zv me¸‡jvi wgwjZ iƒcB mvwe©K mÿgZv|
¯^v¯’¨wewa PP©v
mȳ ^v¯’¨ I mȳ ’ Rxeb iÿv Kivi Rb¨ Rb‡Mvôx KZ©…K wbiƒwcZ I †g‡b Pjv Kvh©wewamg~n‡K ¯^v¯’wewa
ejv nq| AvaywbK wPwKrmvweÁvb wfbœ wfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©vi GKwU wbw`©ó gvcKvwV m„wó
K‡i‡Q, hvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv RvwZ, ms¯‹…wZ, wj½ BZ¨vw`i Ici wbf©i K‡i|
m¨vwb‡Ukb
m¨vwb‡Ukb ej‡Z g~jZ gvbe‡`‡ni wewfbœ eR¨©mg~n, we‡klZ gj-g~Î ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e wb®‹vk‡bi
myôz I wbivc` e‡›`ve¯Í ev e¨e¯’vcbv‡K †evSvq| wek¦Ry‡o AcÖZzj m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v †ivM-e¨wa
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
63

Qov‡bvi GKwU Ab¨Zg KviY Ges m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’vi DbœZKiY Kiv n‡j Zv cvwievwiK I
Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Ici jÿYxq BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j| GQvovI gqjv, AveR©bv I eR¨© c`v_© myôz I
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e wb®‹vk‡bi gva¨‡g mȳ ^v¯’¨wewaPP©v KivI m¨vwb‡Ukb Gi AvIZvf~³|

MÖš’cÄx
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DER (2007), Bangladesh Flood 2007 DER Post Disaster Needs Assessment Summary
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DMB (2010), National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-2015
DMB, Past Disaster Information http://www.dmb.gov.bd/
ECB (2011), Flooding & Prolonged Water-logging in South West Bangladesh Coordinated
Assessment Report
ISDR, Terminology, Basic terms of disaster risk reduction
Local Government Division (1998), National Policy for Safe Water Supply & Sanitation;
MoLGRD&C, Government of Bangladesh.
Local Government Division (2005), National Sanitation Strategy; Ministry of MoLGRD&C,
GoB
Mehedi, H., Nag, A. K., & Farhana, S. (2010) Climate Induced Displacement Case Study
of Cyclone Aila in the Southwest Coastal Region of Bangladesh. Humanitywatch. Khulna.
MoEF (2009), Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, Government of
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MoEF (2009), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Government of
Bangladesh
MoFDM (2010), Standing Order on Disaster, Government of Bangladesh
Ministry of Water Resources (2012), Master Plan of Haor Areas, Government of
Bangladesh
NIRAPAD (2010), World Vision Training Handout Session
The Listen First Framework: http://www.listenfirst.org/materials; Handout, ALNAP
Training - Leadership in Action
UNDP (2010), Cyclone Aila Joint UN Multisector Assessment & Response Framework
UNICEF ROSA (2008), Behaviour Change Communication In emergencies: A Toolkit
WaterAid, Technology notes, www.wateraid.org
WEDC, WHO (2011), Technical Notes on Drinking-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in
Emergencies
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU (2006), evsjvwcwWqv
Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi, http://www.dphe.gov.bd
cvwb m¤ú` gš¿Yvjq (2005), DcK‚jxq AÂj bxwZ, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi
n¨vÛeyK: Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges `y‡h©vMmwnòz cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I ¯^v¯’¨wewaPP©v
65

cvš’ ingvb (2010), P¨v‡bj AvB, mvsevw`‡Ki w`bwjwc‡Z ÔAvBjv Kó!Õ; mvsevw`‡Ki mvÿ¨-
AvBjv`yM©Z gvby‡li GK eQ‡ii Rxeb-hš¿Yv
wmwWGgwc (2009), `y‡h©vM‡Kvl
wùqvi cÖ‡R± (2011), gvbweKZvi †NvlYvcÎ I `y‡h©v‡M mvov †`qvi b~¨bZg gvb
kvgxg Avj Avgxb (2010), we‡kl cÖwZwbwa, P¨v‡bj Iqvb; ÔSo †_‡g‡Q Kvbœv _v‡gwbÕ;
mvsevw`‡Ki mv¨- AvBjv`yM©Z gvby‡li GK eQ‡ii Rxeb-hš¿Yv
evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³ msL¨v (A‡±vei 15, 2009), wØZxq Zdwmj, BDwbqb cwil‡`i
Kvh©vejx
66 cwiwkó: cwifvlv

Av‡iv Z‡_¨i Rb¨ wb‡Pi wVKvbvq †hvMv‡hvM Kiæb
IqvUviGBW Bb evsjv‡`k
evwo# 97/ we, †ivW# 25
eøK- G, ebvbx, XvKv 1213, evsjv‡`k|
†dvb: +880 2 8815757
B‡gBj: info@wateraidbd.org
www.wateraid.org/bangladesh
wbivc`
19/13 (wbPZjv), evei †ivW, eøK- we
†gvnv¤§`cyi, XvKv- 1207, evsjv‡`k|
†dvb: +880 2 8143729
B‡gBj: nirapad@nirapad.org
www.nirapad.org