evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v ‡jvPbv - BIDS

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 evwl©K msL¨v 1419
1| cUf~wg
evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
KvRx mvnveDwÏb *
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY we‡kl K‡i `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Lv`¨ wbivcËvi welqwU AZ¨š——
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| bxwZ wba©vi‡Ki Kv‡QI GwU GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| Lv`¨ wbivcËv ej‡Z †evSvq
GKwU ¯^v¯’¨Ki I Drcv`bgyLx ev Kg©gq Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v c~iYK‡í
†`‡ki mK‡ji Rb¨ mKj mg‡q ch©vß Lv‡`¨i jf¨Zv I cÖvwßi my‡hvM _vKv| GQvov Lv`¨
wbivcËv‡K RvZxq I e¨w³MZ †cÖwZ †_‡KI e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| RvZxq ch©v‡q Lv`¨ wbivcËv
gv‡b n‡jv Af¨š—ixY Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †`‡k ch©vß Lv`¨ gRỳ _vKv| Avi e¨w³ I cwievi ch©v‡q
Gi A_© mgv‡Ri mK‡ji Rb¨ Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi my‡hvM _vKv (Zv‡`i wbR¯^ Drcv`b †_‡K,
evRvi †_‡K A_ev miKv‡ii mieivn ev n¯—vš—i †_‡K)| Lv‡`¨i ch©vß jf¨Zv I Zv cÖvwßi
my‡hvM ev gZv Lv`¨ wbivcËvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq n‡jI ch©vß kZ© bq| GRb¨ Lv`¨ wbivcËvi
Z…Zxq Dcv`vb n‡jv Lv‡`¨i Kvh©Ki ‰RweK e¨envi, hv A‡bK¸‡jv welq †hgb cywó, wkv,
DbœZ Rb¯^v¯’¨ †mev I cq:wb®‹vkb, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`i Dci wbf©i K‡i| Lv`¨
wbivcËv wbwðZK‡í Lv`¨ wbivcËvi G wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb †hgb Lv`¨ jf¨Zv ev cÖvc¨Zv,
Lv`¨ cÖvwßi my‡hvM ev gZv Ges Lv‡`¨i Kvh©Ki e¨envi‡K Aek¨B ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK n‡Z
n‡e|
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywói DbœwZ Ges ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv BZ¨vw` †‡Î Lv`¨
wbivcËv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Lv`¨ I cywóMZ wbivcËvmn K…wl Dbœq‡bi Dci evsjv‡`k
miKvi m‡e©v”P ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Q| D”P djbkxj RvZ I Drcv`b cÖhyw³i `ª“Z cÖmv‡ii Kvi‡Y
Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨km¨ we‡kl K‡i avb Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k PgKcÖ` mdjZv †`wL‡q‡Q| Avwki
`kK †_‡K av‡bi Drcv`b wZb¸Y †e‡o‡Q| mˇii `k‡Ki ïi“‡Z 75 wgwjqb RbmsL¨vi
†`‡k Lv`¨ NvUwZ wQj cÖKU| eZ©gv‡b †gvU RbmsL¨v cÖvq 160 wgwjqb n‡jI †`k avb
Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡bi ØvicÖv‡š—|
Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi †‡Î evsjv‡`k avivevwnK mdjZv AR©b Ki‡jI GLbI A‡bK P¨v‡jÄ
i‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` (Rwg I cvwb) n«vm Ges Drcv`bkxjZvi AebwZ
BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y fwelr K…wl cÖe„w× Ges Lv`¨ I cywó wbivcËv ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| AwaKš‘ Rjevqy
cwieZ©‡bi weiƒc cÖfve, K…wl M‡elYvq AcÖZzj wewb‡qvM I K…wl m¤cÖmviY †mevi AebwZ AvMZ
`k‡K Lv`¨ I cywó wbivcËvi mgm¨v‡K AviI msKUgq K‡i Zzj‡e| mxwgZ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i
Dci RbmsL¨vi µgea©gvb Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y AwR©Z AMÖMwZ‡K a‡i ivLv µgkB KwVb n‡q co‡Q|
eb¨v, mvB‡K¬vb I Liv BZ¨vw`i Dci Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b GLbI eûjvs‡k
wbf©ikxj, hv cÖvqk Drcv`b n«vm I Ach©vß Lv`¨ jf¨Zvi KviY n‡q _v‡K| AwaKš‘ k‡m¨i
Drcv`b e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡`¨i cÖvc¨Zv ev‡owb| †`‡ki 30 kZvs‡ki †ewk †jvK
* cÖ‡dmwiqvj †d‡jv, weAvBwWGm|

2
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Lv`¨-†fvMwfwËK `vwi`ª¨ †iLvi wb‡P evm K‡i| Rxebhvc‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb
†gUv‡bvmn ˆ`wbK 2,122 wK‡jv K¨vjwi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi mvg_©¨ Zv‡`i †bB| Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi
†‡Î we`¨gvb K¨vjwi NvUwZ QvovI evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi ¯^vfvweK Lv`¨ AZ¨š— fvimvg¨nxb
A_©vr mylg bq (ch©vß Pwe©, †Zj I †cÖvwUb †fvMmn)| bvix I wkï‡`i cywógvbm¤úbœ Lv‡`¨i
cÖ‡qvRb †ewk nIqvq ZvivB me‡P‡q †ewk SzuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q| GB †cÖvc‡U evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl I
Lv`¨ wbivcËv †KŠk‡ji ch©v‡jvPbv ev cybg© ~j¨vqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G e¨vcv‡i Lv`¨ Drcv`b,
evRviRvZKiY, Avš—R©vwZK evwYR¨, mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wP I miKvwi Lv`¨ eÈb
m¤úwK©Z weivRgvb I bZzb mgm¨v †gvKvwejv BZ¨vw` wel‡q GKwU e¨vcKwfwËK cwiKíbv MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2007-08 mv‡j wek¦e¨vcx Lv`¨ msK‡Ui mgq Lv`¨km¨, R¡vjvwb I mv‡ii `vg
A¯^vfvweKfv‡e e„w× cvIqvq Lv`¨ Avg`vwbKviK †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k Zxeª Lv`¨
wbivcËvnxbZvi m¤§yLxb nq| GB cwi‡cÖw‡Z †`‡ki Amnvq `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Lv`¨
wbivcËvnxbZv mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í Af¨š—ixY Drcv`‡bi cÖe„w× Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv Ges we`¨gvb Lv`¨
msMÖn, ¸`vgRvZKiY I eÈb e¨e¯’v‡K kw³kvjx Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vcK g‡bvhvM †c‡q‡Q|
G cÖe‡Ü Lv`¨ wbivcËv we‡kl K‡i Lv`¨ jf¨Zv I Lv`¨ cÖvwßi my‡hvM m¤úwK©Z bxwZgvjvi
weKvk, cÖeYZv I Ae¯’v wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Av‡jvPbv †`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv
wbwðZ Ki‡Z weKí bxwZ I cÖ‡qvRbxq miKvwi c`‡c wPwýZKi‡Y mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
2| Lv`¨ jf¨Zv (Availability of Food)
2.1| Lv`¨k‡m¨i Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b
Lv‡`¨i jf¨Zv Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b I Avg`vwbi Dci wbf©i K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb
Lv`¨km¨ n‡jv avb, Mg, Avjy, Wvj, ˆZj exR, AvL, mewR, dj I gmjv| Gme Lv`¨ †`‡ki
†gvU Lv`¨ K¨vjwi I †cÖvwU‡bi cÖvq 80 kZvs‡ki †hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K| †gvU gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi‡Z
av‡bi Ae`vb 74 kZvsk, Ab¨w`‡K †gvU †cÖvwUb MÖn‡Y M‡gi Ae`vb 57 kZvsk| cÖavb Lv`¨
k‡m¨i Drcv`b aviv mviwY 2.1-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mviwY 2.1
cÖavb Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡bi `xN©‡gqvw` aviv: 1970-2010
Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b (000 Ub) cÖe„w×i nvi (%)
1970-72 1990-92 1999-01 2009-10 1971-2000 2001-2010
Lv`¨km¨ 10,504 19,143 25,933 32,876 3.10 2.68
avb 10,393 18,157 24,126 31,975 2.90 3.25
Mg 111 986 1,807 901 10.10 -5.01
Avjy 1,637 1,715 3,342 7,930 2.50 13.73
wPwb 1,367 991 995 585 -1.20 -4.12
Wvj 376 518 379 218 0.03 -4.25
‰ZjexR 250 466 382 377 2.30 -0.13
kvKmewR 1,120 1,354 1,794 2,993 1.40 6.68
Drm: †nv‡mb I †`e (2009); ms‡kvwaZ (updated)|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 3
D”P djbkxjb RvZ Avev‡`i Kvi‡Y avb Drcv`‡b Kvw•Z cÖe„w× AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| GUv
cÖavbZ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g z`ª †mP e¨e¯’v cÖmv‡ii Kvi‡Y| 1 Avwki `k‡K avb
Drcv`‡b cÖe„w×i nvi RbmsL¨v e„w×i nv‡ii mgZv‡j n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi ci †_‡K G nvi
RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi‡K D‡j−L‡hvM¨ gvÎvq Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek GjvKvq cÖhyw³i
Dbœqb Ges Zvi cÖmvi bv n‡j cÖe„w×i G nvi a‡i ivLv hv‡e bv| Mg Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k
AbyK~j K…wl AvenvIqv weivRgvb †bB, hv cÖavbZ †`‡ki DËi cwðgv‡j Drcvw`Z n‡q _v‡K
†hLv‡b kxZKvj `xN©Zi n‡q _v‡K| Zv m‡Ë¡I MZ wZb `k‡K M‡gi Drcv`b e¨vcKfv‡e
†e‡o‡Q─ 1971-2000 mgqKv‡j 10 kZvs‡ki †ewk nv‡i Drcv`‡b cÖe„w× N‡U‡Q| GKwesk
kZvãxi cÖ_g `kK †_‡K cÖe„w× D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e K‡g †M‡Q Ges †bwZevPK cÖe„w× AwR©Z
n‡q‡Q| †gvU Lv`¨ km¨ Drcv`‡b M‡gi Ae`vb 3 kZvs‡kiI Kg| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j f~Uªv M‡gi
RvqMv `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Gi KviY n‡jv M‡gi Zzjbvq f~Uªvi djb †ewk nq; GwUi djb
jvfRbK Ges GwU evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl-cÖwZ‡ek Dc‡hvMx| 2
Drcv`‡bi FZzwfwËK cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b A‡bKUv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
mnbxq n‡q I‡V‡Q| †`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËvq Gi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖfve i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b gvP©-Ryb mg‡q
†`‡k Drcvw`Z Lv`¨k‡m¨ †ev‡iv avb (Mgmn) Gi Ae`vb cÖvq 60 kZvsk| mˇii `k‡Ki
cÖ_g w`‡K †gvU Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡b Gi Ae`vb wQj 25 kZvs‡kiI Kg| 3 Drcv`‡bi
FZzwfwËK cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨g~‡j¨i FZzwfwËK IVvbvgv mnRZi (smoothening) nq
(mvnveDwÏb I †`e 2010)|
Wvj RvZxq km¨, ˆZjexR Ges Av‡Li Drcv`b GjvKv Kgv‡bvi gva¨‡g Lv`¨km¨
Drcv`‡bi `ª“Z cÖmvi AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Wvj RvZxq km¨ Ges ˆZjexR †cÖvwU‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
Drm, we‡kl K‡i Mwie‡`i Rb¨| Gme k‡m¨i Drcv`b n«vm RbM‡Yi cywói fvimv‡g¨ weiƒc
cÖfve †dj‡Q| Wvj RvZxq km¨, AvL Ges ‰Zjex‡Ri Drcv`b n«vm †c‡jI Avjy I mewRi
Drcv`b mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q (mviwY 2.1)| 4
gvQ Pv‡li Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k h‡_ó ˆRweK I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| cywói `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
†`L‡j RbM‡Yi Lv`¨vfv‡m gvQ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| gvQ Drcv`‡bi cÖe„w×, hv mˇii `k‡K
gš’i wQj, Avwki `k‡K EaŸ©Mvgx nq Ges mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j cyKz‡i gvQ Pv‡li `ª“Z cÖmv‡ii
Kvi‡Y AviI e„w× cvq| †cvjwUª wk‡íi cÖmvi m‡Ë¡I gvsm I `y‡ai Drcv`‡b cÖe„w× m‡š—vlRbK
bq| wKš‘ gvsm I `y‡ai Pvwn`v `ª“Z evo‡Q g~jZ RbM‡Yi Avq I RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y|
gvbm¤§Z cï Lv‡`¨i Afve, Gwfqvb d¬z I Ab¨vb¨ cï m¤úwK©Z †iv‡Mi Su zwK Ges `ye©j wecYb
KvVv‡gv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y cïcvjb I nuvmgyiwM cvjb Ges G‡`i cÖe„w× evavMÖ¯— n‡q‡Q
(mvnveDwÏb I Ab¨vb¨ 2012)|
1
Avev`K…Z †gvU Rwgi cÖvq `y-Z…Zxqvsk †m‡Pi gva¨‡g Pv‡li AvIZvq i‡q‡Q| AMfxi bjK~c Ges cvIqvi cv¤ú BZ¨vw`‡Z
†emiKvwi wewb‡qv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Gme †mP myweavi Dbœqb n‡q‡Q| avb Drcv`b GjvKvi cÖvq wZb-PZy_©vs‡k D”P djbkxj Rv‡Zi
avb Pvl Kiv nq| Mfxi eb¨v nq Ggb GjvKvq, nvIi GjvKvq Ges jeYv³ cÖeY DcK~jxq GjvKvq K…lKiv GLbI Kg
djbkxj Rv‡Zi avb Pvl K‡i _v‡K| avb Drcv`‡b †h cÖe„w× AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖvq 90 kZvsk avb Pv‡li †‡Î cÖhyw³i
Dbœq‡bi Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q|
2
mËi, Avwk I beŸB `k‡K f~Uªvi Drcv`b Kvh©Z cÖvq 3,000 U‡b w¯’i wQj| Z‡e †`‡ki †cvwëª Lvev‡ii µgea©gvb Pvwn`v
c~iY Ki‡Z 2001-2009 mgqKv‡j f~Uªvi Drcv`b D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e †e‡o hvq| †hgb f~Uªvi Drcv`b 2000-2001 mv‡ji
10,000 Ub †_‡K †e‡o 2005-06 mv‡j 522,000 †gwUªK U‡b Ges 2009-10 mv‡j 887,000 †gwUªK U‡b DbœxZ nq|
3
K…lKiv 4 †_‡K 5 gv‡mi g‡a¨ el©v †gŠmy‡gi Avgb avb †_‡K Zv‡`i wZ cywl‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| Av‡M G wZ cywl‡q wb‡Z
Zv‡`i‡K GK eQi A‡cv Ki‡Z n‡Zv|
4
2001-2010 mgqKv‡j Avjy I mewRi Drcv`‡b cÖe„w×i nvi wQj h_vµ‡g 13.73 I 6.68 kZvsk|

4
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
2.2| Lv`¨ Avg`vwb
RvZxq ch©v‡q Lv`¨ wbivcËv †Kej Af¨š—ixY Drcv`‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv; Avg`vwbi
(Ges ißvwbi) DciI wbf©i K‡i| 5 µgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvq mKj
ai‡bi Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi Dci †`k wbf©ikxj| mvaviYZ cÖwZeQi cÖvq cuvP jvL Ub Lv`¨km¨
Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq; Z‡e eb¨v I LivRwbZ Kvi‡Y †hme eQ‡i djb Kg nq †mme eQ‡i
Avg`vwbi cwigvY D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y †e‡o hvq| eb¨v ev Livi Kvi‡Y 1973-75 Ges
1998-99 mgqKv‡j evsjv‡`k 2 wgwjqb U‡bi †ewk Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb K‡i| 1998 mv‡j
fqven eb¨vi ci evsjv‡`k cÖvq 3 wgwjqb Ub Pvj Avg`vwb K‡i| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eQi
(1991,2000) ev¤úvi dj‡bi Kvi‡Y avb Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡bi †NvlYv †`qv n‡jI
µgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi µgea©bkxj Pvwn`vi Kvi‡Y miKvi‡K cieZx©Kv‡j Avg`vwb wbf©i n‡Z
nq (†nv‡mb I †`e 2009)| 6
Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b e„w× cvIqv m‡Ë¡I Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ n«v‡mi Kvi‡Y M‡gi evwYwR¨K Avg`vwb
ax‡i ax‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 7 Mg Avg`vwb mˇii `k‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© 1 wgwjqb Ub †_‡K †e‡o Avwki
`k‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© 1.2 wgwjqb U‡b Ges 2000-02 mgqKv‡j AviI e„w× †c‡q 1.4 wgwjqb U‡b
DbœxZ nq Ges Zv µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| 2009-10 mv‡j Mg Avg`vwbi cwigvY 2.5 wgwjqb U‡b
DbœxZ nq, hv g~jZ †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi †hgb ‰Zj,
Wvj, wPwb, `ya, dj BZ¨vw`i Avg`vwbI `ª“Z evo‡Q| Gme Avg`vwbi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki cÖPzi
‰e‡`wkK gỳ ªvi AcPq n‡”Q| Avg`vwbi Dci wbf©iZv Kgv‡Z km¨ eûgyLxKi‡Yi cÖmv‡i wewfbœ
c`‡c †bqv n‡”Q, hw`I Zv GLbI Avkvbyiƒc mvdj¨ jvf K‡iwb|
2.3| gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv Ges Lv`¨ Avg`vwb wbf©iZvi aviv
gv_vwcQy cÖvc¨Zv I Lv`¨k‡m¨i Avg`vwb wbf©iZv Ges MZ wZb `k‡K Zv‡`i cwieZ©‡bi
aviv mviwY 2.2 G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
Avwki `kK I beŸB `k‡Ki cÖ_gv‡aŸ© gv_vwcQy Lv`¨km¨ jf¨Zv 160 wK‡jvMÖv‡g w¯’i
wQj| Z‡e mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j we‡kl K‡i MZ `k‡Ki wØZxqv‡aŸ© gv_vwcQy jf¨Zvi cwigvY
D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e †e‡o‡Q| Lv`¨km¨ we‡kl K‡i av‡bi Dci Avg`vwb wbf©iZv Avwki `k‡Ki
Zzjbvq beŸB‡qi `k‡K I cieZ©xKv‡j n«vm cvq| Avi Zv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q avb
Drcv`‡b cÖe„w×i Kvi‡Y| Avwk I beŸB `k‡K Avg`vwbK…Z Lv`¨k‡m¨i †ewkifvMB wQj Mg
(Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ AvKv‡i cÖvß)| eZ©gv‡b M‡gi NvUwZ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq M‡gi wmsnfvM
†emiKvwi Lv‡Zi gva¨‡g Avg`vwb n‡q _v‡K| weMZ wZb `k‡K A`vbv`vi Lv`¨k‡m¨i gv_vwcQy
jf¨Zv mviwY 2.3-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
5
evsjv‡`k Aí wKQy msL¨K Lv`¨ `ªe¨ ißvwb K‡i _v‡K †hgb wngvwqZ Lv`¨ wPswo), cÖwµqvRvZ Lv`¨, nwU©KvjPvivj `ªe¨, mewR
Ges myMÜx Pvj|
6
Pvj Avg`vwb †e‡o hvIqvi Kvi‡Y mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Pvj Drcv`b wel‡q miKvwi Z‡_¨i h_v_©Zv wb‡q cÖkœ †`Lv †`q| 2005
mv‡j cwiPvwjZ RvZxq ch©v‡qi bgybv Rwic (National Level Sample Survey) †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, Avgb avb Drcv`‡bi
GjvKv evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡ivi evwl©K cwimsL¨vb MÖ‡š’ (Statistical Yearbook 2006) D‡j−wLZ cwigv‡Yi †P‡q 1 wgwjqb
†n±i Kg| hw` Rwi‡ci DcvË mwVK n‡q _v‡K Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU avb Drcv`‡bi cwigvY miKvwi cwimsL¨vb †_‡K cÖvß
cwigv‡Yi †P‡q 3 wgwjqb Ub Kg n‡e| Kvh©Ki bxwZ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKB Drm †_‡K cÖvß Dcv‡Ëi †‡Î †h AmvgÄm¨Zv
i‡q‡Q Zv wbimb Ki‡Z n‡e (†nv‡mb I †`e 2009)|
7
Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci cÖ_g K‡qK eQi †`‡k cÖKU
Lv`¨ NvUwZ wQj Ges G NvUwZi †ewkifvMB c~iY Kiv n‡Zv wcGj 480 Gi Aax‡b cÖvß Mg Avg`vwb †_‡K| 1975 Ges
1977 mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k 1.3 wgwjqb U‡bi †ewk Lv`¨km¨ G‡m‡Q, hv wQj †gvU Lv`¨km¨
Avg`vwbi 35 kZvs‡ki †ewk| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ K‡g hvIqvi KviY n‡jv M‡gi Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b †e‡o hvIqv,
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwbi †‡Î miKv‡ii mvg_©¨ e„w× cvIqv Ges Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv‡`¨i cwie‡Z© bM` A‡_©i wewbg‡q
KvR Giƒc Kg©m~wP cÖeZ©b Kiv|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 5
mviwY 2.2
evsjv‡`‡k `vbv`vi Lv`¨k‡m¨i (Pvj I Mg) gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv Ges
Avg`vwb wbf©iZv: 1980/81-2009/10
mgqKvj
gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv (†KwR) †gvU jf¨Zvi kZvsk wn‡m‡e †gvU Avg`vwb
(5 eQ‡ii Mo)
(5 eQ‡ii Mo)
1980/81-1984/85 164 11.3
1985/86-1989/90 162 11.2
1990/91-1994/95 163 8.4
1995/96-1999/00 178 11.9 (9.3)
2000/01-2004/05 198 9.5
2004/05-2009/10 224 8.9
Drm: gy‡Rix I mvnveDwÏb (2012)|
UxKv: eÜbxi †fZ‡ii msL¨v 1998/99 mvj ev‡` Mo Avg`vwbi cwigvY wb‡`©k Ki‡Q †Kbbv 1998 mv‡ji eb¨v I ZrRwbZ
k‡m¨i qwZi Kvi‡Y D³ eQ‡i 3.48 wgwjqb Ub Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb Kiv n‡qwQj |
mviwY 2.3
`vbv`vi km¨ ewnf©~Z Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨k‡m¨i gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv: 1980/81-2009/10
gvavwcQy jf¨Zv (†KwR)
mgqKvj
(5 eQ‡ii Mo)
Wvj †fvR¨ †Zj kvKmewR Avjy gmjv Pv wPwb djg~j
1980/81-1984/85 3.64 2.69 20.66 11.97 3.45 0.10 1.76 16.24
1985/86-1989/90 5.31 3.87 19.61 10.73 3.32 0.15 1.31 14.52
1990/91-1994/95 5.16 3.49 21.82 11.98 3.29 0.22 1.93 13.96
1995/96-1999/00 4.54 6.97 27.12 16.30 3.13 0.25 1.63 13.30
2000/01-2004/05 3.57 12.27 38.92 25.19 3.88 0.32 1.19 13.59
2005/06-2009/10 3.29 13.57 54.58 39.82 11.42 0.36 1.04 28.25
Drm: gy‡Rix I mvnveDwÏb (2012)|
Avwki `k‡Ki ïi“‡Z †fvR¨ †Z‡ji gv_vwcQy jf¨Zvi †‡Î EaŸ©Mvgx cÖeYZv j Kiv
hvq, Zvici †_‡K G jf¨Zvi cwigvY cÖvq 5 ¸Y †e‡o‡Q| Gi KviY n‡jv Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b
e„w× cvIqvi Zzjbvq Avg`vwb †e‡o hvIqv (mviwY 2.4)| Avwki `k‡K Wv‡ji gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv
†e‡o †M‡jI beŸB‡qi `kK I MZ `k‡K Gi wbæMvgx aviv j Kiv hvq| wPwbi gv_vwcQy
jf¨Zv Avwk I beŸB `k‡Ki cÖ_gv‡aŸ© IVvbvgv Ki‡jI beŸB `k‡Ki cÖ_gv‡aŸ© I MZ `k‡K
wbæMvgx aviv cwijwZ nq| Avwki `k‡K mewRi gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv wKQyUv n«vm †c‡jI beŸB
`kK I MZ `k‡K GKwU mȳ úó EaŸ©Mvgx cÖeYZv j Kiv hvq|
Avjyi gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv Avwki `kK I beŸB `k‡Ki cÖ_gvaŸ© ch©š— w¯’wZkxj wQj wKš‘
Zvici †_‡K EaŸ©Mvgx n‡q‡Q| Gi cÖavb KviY wQj Af¨š—ixY Drcv`‡bi avivevwnK cÖe„w×|
e¯‘Z Avjyi gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv MZ wZb `k‡K wZb ¸‡Yi †ewk †e‡o‡Q| gmjvi gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv
MZ wZb `k‡K Kvh©Z AcwiewZ©Z wQj Z‡e mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
wKQyw`b AvM ch©š— d‡ji gv_vwcQy jf¨Zv eûjvs‡k AcwiewZ©Z wQj| Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b e„w×i
Kvi‡Y 2005-2010 mgqKv‡j Gi jf¨Zv cÖvq wظY e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Pv Gi gv_vwcQy jf¨Zvi
†‡Î MZ wZb `k‡K EaŸ©gyLx cÖeYZv j Kiv hvq|

6
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
mviwY 2.4
`vbv`vi km¨ewnf©~Z Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨k‡m¨i Avg`vwb wbf©iZv: 1980/81-2009/10
Avg`vwb wbf©iZv (%)
eQi
(5 eQ‡ii Mo)
Wvj †fvR¨ †Zj Avjy gmjv wPwb djg~j
1980/81-1984/85 0.65 91.16 0.05 1.16 1.06 0.68
1984/85-1989/90 6.59 92.84 0.19 1.04 0.93 1.27
1990/91-1994/95 11.96 91.61 0.05 6.26 0.82 1.29
1995/96-1999/00 16.69 98.01 0.04 2.20 2.37 3.28
2000/01-2004/05 28.74 95.18 0.09 2.58 3.67 2.86
2005/06-2009/10 45.43 93.36 0.14 11.19 2.48 0.73
Drm: gy‡Rix I mvnveDwÏb (2012)|
UxKv: wewfbœ Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i †gvU jf¨Zvi kZvsk wn‡m‡e Avg`vwb wbf©iZvi wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k †fvR¨‡Zj Avg`vwbi Dci wecyjfv‡e wbf©ikxj| †`‡ki †fvR¨‡Z‡ji 90
kZvs‡ki †ewk Avg`vwb Kiv nq| MZ wZb `kK Ry‡oB G cÖeYZv cwijwZ n‡q‡Q| 8 †gvU
jf¨Zvq gmjv Avg`vwbi Ask I Avg`vwb wbf©iZv MZ wZb `k‡K cwigv‡Y Kg _vK‡jI
mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Zv †e‡o‡Q| †gvU jf¨Zvq dj Avg`vwbi Ask Kg n‡jI Avwk I beŸB `k‡K
EaŸ©Mvgx cÖeYZv wQj wKš‘ mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Zv e¨vcK n«vm †c‡q‡Q| weMZ wZb `k‡K Avjy
Avg`vwb wbf©iZv Aby‡j−L‡hvM¨ (GK kZvs‡ki Kg)| Gi KviY n‡jv G mgqKv‡j Avjyi
Drcv`‡bi avivevwnK cÖe„w×| Avwki `k‡K Wv‡ji †‡Î Kg Avg`vwb wbf©iZv j Kiv †M‡jI
cieZ©xKv‡j Zv e¨vcKfv‡e †e‡o‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki Wv‡ji Pvwn`vi cÖvq A‡a©K Avg`vwb Kiv
nq|
2.4| cÖavb P¨v‡jÄmg~n I m¤¢vebv
Lv‡`¨i jf¨Zv cÖavbZ Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b, evwYR¨ I gRy‡`i cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
RbM‡Yi µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †`‡k ch©vß Lv`¨ wbwðZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv Af¨š—ixY
Drcv`b e„w×, wek¦ Lv`¨ evRvi †_‡K Avg`vwb Ges Lv`¨k‡m¨i gRỳ Kivi gva¨‡g Ae¨vnZ
ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖhyw³MZ Aemv` (technology fatigue), Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi weiƒc cÖfve Ges
Ab¨wea Kvi‡Y Lv`¨k‡m¨i Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm ev ¯’weiZv BZ¨vw` †iva Kivi Dci †Rvi †`qv
GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb (b›`Kzgvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ 2010)|
K…wl †‡Î cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i µgms‡KvPb I Ae‡qi cwi‡cÖw‡Z †`‡ki `wi`ª
Rb‡Mvôxi Lvevi †hvMv‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K KwVb P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡”Q| †`‡ki Ab¨Zg
cÖavb Lv`¨km¨ avb| Avwki `kK †_‡K †m‡Pi gva‡g PvlK…Z D”P djbkxj †ev‡iv av‡bi Dci
µgea©gvb wbf©iZvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ Drcv`b D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e †e‡o‡Q| Z‡e cÖavb Ab¨
Rv‡Zi av‡bi (Avgb) djbI eb¨v I Livi Kvi‡Y axiMwZ‡Z evo‡Q|
K…wl km¨ bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q _v‡K| †`‡k j j cÖvwš—K I z`ª Pvlx
Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKvi Kvi‡Y km¨ eûgyLxKiY GL‡bv mxwgZ Ges cÖvK„wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y cÖvqk
Drcv`‡bi wZ mvwaZ nq| A‡bK GjvKvq f~wg/gvwUi Aeq I ex‡Ri wbægvb BZ¨vw` mgm¨v
8
†fvR¨ †Z‡ji Drcv`b 1980-81 mv‡ji cÖvq .20 jvL Ub †_‡K †e‡o 2009/10 mv‡j 1.45 jvL U‡b `uvwo‡q‡Q A_©vr weMZ
wZb `k‡K 1.25 jvL Ub e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K GKB mgqKv‡j †fvR¨ †Zj Avg`vwbi cwigvY †e‡o‡Q 17.42 jvL Ub
(1981/82 mv‡ji cÖvq 1.32 jvL Ub †_‡K †e‡o 2009/10 mv‡j 18.74 jvL U‡b DbœxZ nq) (weweGm 2011)|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 7
i‡q‡Q| cÖvwZôvwbK `ye©jZv, m¤ú‡`i AcÖZzjZv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq `Zvi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y bZzb
cÖhyw³i D¢veb Ges cÖmvi e¨vnZ n‡”Q| †ev‡iv av‡bi Pvl f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi gva¨‡g †m‡Pi Dci
eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj, hvi m¤¢vebv µgk mxwgZ n‡q Avm‡Q| AwaKš‘ †m‡Pi cvwbi e¨env‡ii Kg
`Zv Ges Rjevq~ cwieZ©b (climate change) km¨ Drcv`‡bi Dci weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q|
Rjevqy cwieZ©b fwel¨‡Z Gme †bwZevPK cÖfve‡K AviI Zxeª Ki‡e| 9
GB cwi†cÖw‡Z †hme GjvKvq f~-Dcwiw¯’Z cvwbi ch©vßZv i‡q‡Q †mme GjvKvq †ev‡iv
av‡bi Pvl cÖmvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Drcv`‡bi LiP Kg ivL‡Z Ges cÖvc¨ m¤ú‡`i h_vh_
e¨envi Ki‡Z f~-Dcwiw¯’Z cvwb e¨env‡ii c‡ A‡b‡KB gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Qb| cvš—‡i †h‡nZz
†ev‡iv avb we`¨gvb cÖhyw³i m¤¢vebvi mxgvq †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q †m‡nZz av‡bi Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b e„w×i
Rb¨ Avgb avb †_‡K djb m‡e©v”PKiYB n‡e cÖavb j¨| D”P djbkxj Avgb av‡bi Pvl
GjvKvi cwigvY evov‡bv m¤¢e we‡kl K‡i DcK~jxq A‡j, Z‡e GRb¨ cÖhyw³i Dbœqb, D¢veb,
cÖmviY Kiv Ges wecYb e¨e¯’v‡K cybM©Vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
D”P djbkxj Ges Liv, cvwb I jeYv³ mwnòy (salinity tolerent) RvZ D¢ve‡b K…wl
M‡elYv e¨e¯’v‡K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z n‡e| Gme RvZ Mfxicvwb (deepwater) GjvKvi
Dc‡hvMx n‡e Ges Aí mg‡qB cwic° (shorter maturity) n‡Z n‡e| †`‡k BwZg‡a¨ cÖwZK~j
K…wl cwi‡ek mwnòy wKQy D”P djbkxj RvZ D¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| Gme RvZ‡K `ª“Z RbwcÖq
Kivi cvkvcvwk Lv`¨ km¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ‡ek-wfwËK (ecology-specific) Dbœq‡b AviI
M‡elYv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov km¨ web¨vm (cropping pattern) G cwieZ©bmn gvwUi mgm¨v
(problem soils) i‡q‡Q Ggb GjvKvi Dc‡hvMx km¨ wPwýZ Kivi e¨vcv‡i AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z
n‡e|
`xN©‡gqvw` †cÖw‡Z mgwš^Z cvwb m¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbv Dbœq‡b wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi g~‡j
_vK‡e river basin development| GwU K…wl Dbœq‡b f~Dcwiw¯’Z I f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi mgwš^Z
e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡e| River basin development cvwb m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvÂwjK I
wØcvwK mn‡hvwMZv evov‡e|
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨k‡m¨i Drcv`b e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm cvq I Pv‡ji
mieivn Ach©vß n‡q c‡o| d‡j Lv`¨ g~j¨ A¯^vfvweKfv‡e †e‡o hvq I Mwie †jvK‡`i
RxebhvÎvq weiƒc cÖfve c‡o| cwiw¯’wZ †gvKvwejvq 1992-93 mvj †_‡K †emiKvwi LvZ‡K
Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi my‡hvM †`qv n‡q‡Q| Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨ ¯^íZvi mg‡q †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi gva¨‡g
Avg`vwb ‡`‡k Lv`¨k‡m¨i mieivn I Lv`¨ g~j¨‡K w¯’wZkxj ivL‡Z gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| 10 Avgb I †ev‡iv dj‡bi g~j¨vqb Ges wek¦ evRv‡ii we`¨gvb g~j¨‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡q ïé
nvi I fZ©ywK RvZxq ev‡R‡U w¯’i K‡i miKv‡ii ïé I fZ©ywK bxwZ cÖYqb Kiv DwPZ|
evsjv‡`‡ki evwYR¨ Askx`vi‡`i, we‡kl K‡i fvi‡Zi, K…wl evwYR¨ bxwZi wbqwgZ cwiexY
miKvi‡K mwVK evwYR¨ bxwZ cÖYq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e|
9
m¤cÖwZ GK mgxv evsjv‡`‡k avb Drcv`‡bi Dci Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi (Liv, eb¨v, jeYv³Zv) cÖfve cwigvc K‡i‡Q| †`Lv
†M‡Q, Rjevqyi weiƒc cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y 2030 mvj bvMv` eQ‡i 1.2 wgwjqb Ub avb Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e (hv evwl©K avb
Drcv`‡bi cÖvq 4%)|
10
2007-2008 mv‡ji Lv`¨ g~j¨ e„w× †_‡K cwijwZ n‡q‡Q †h, D`vixK…Z evwYR¨ e¨e¯’v Lv`¨k‡m¨i g~j¨ I Lv`¨k‡m¨i
†hvMv‡bi w¯’wZkxjZvi wbðqZv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| e¯‘Z hLb Af¨š—ixY evRv‡i NvUwZ _v‡K ZLb Lv`¨k‡m¨i Drm wn‡m‡e wek¦
evRv‡ii Dci Avi wbf©i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Lv`¨ Avg`vwbKviK †`‡ki Rb¨ ¯^wbf©iZv (selfreliance)
†_‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv (self-sufficiency) bxwZ ev †KŠkj MÖnY Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q (†`e I Ab¨vb¨ 2009)|

8
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
2.5| Lv`¨ jf¨Zv e„w×Ki‡Y miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡c
Lv‡`¨i jf¨Zv evov‡Z Af¨š—ixY Drcv`‡bi cÖe„w× Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv Ges Lv`¨ k‡m¨i Avg`vwb
evov‡Z miKvi c`‡c MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Drcv`b evov‡bvi g~j PvwjKvkw³ n‡jv DbœZ Rv‡Zi
km¨ D¢veb I G‡`i we¯—vi Ges Kvh©Ki cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv, we‡kl K‡i AMfxi bjK~‡ci cÖmv‡ii
gva¨‡g f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi mvnv‡h¨ †m‡Pi e¨e¯’vi cÖmvi| RvZxq K…wl M‡elYv e¨e¯’vq (NARS)
500 Gi †ewk DbœZ Rv‡Zi k‡m¨i D¢veb NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q, hw`I Lye Kg msL¨K RvZB †`‡ki
K…lK‡`i Kv‡Q RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q| Kg djbkxj Rv‡Zi cwie‡Z© Gme DbœZ RvZ Avev` Kivq
djb †e‡o‡Q, Drcv`b LiP K‡g‡Q Ges jv‡fi cwigvY †e‡o‡Q| d‡j weMZ wZb `k‡K K…wlR
`ª‡e¨i cÖK…Z g~j¨ (real price) K‡g‡Q|
†mP, eb¨v wbqš¿Y I cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’vi DbœqbK‡í miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewb‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡g cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avwki `k‡Ki †kl w`K †_‡K †m‡Pi
AvIZvaxb Rwgi GjvKv `ª“Z e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wW‡Rj Bwćbi Avg`vwb D`vixKiY Ges Avg`vwb
ïé n«vmKiY, z`ª †mP hš¿cvwZi, we‡kl K‡i AMfxi bjK~‡ci Dci †_‡K standardisation
msµvš— wbqš¿Y ev wewawb‡la cÖZ¨vnvi BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y z`ª †m‡P †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM e¨vcK e„w×
cvq| eZ©gv‡b †gvU †mPK…Z GjvKvi 70 kZvs‡ki †ewki †m‡Pi Drm n‡”Q AMfxi bjK~‡ci
gva¨‡g f~-Mf©¯’ cvwb m¤ú‡`i e¨envi| 11 cieZ©x‡Z †m‡Pi cvwbi GKwU evRvi (water market)
m„wó n‡q‡Q hv command GjvKvi msjMœ c−‡U †mP myweav cÖ`vb K‡i Ges z`ª I cÖvwš—K
K…lK‡`i ﮋ †gŠmy‡g †m‡Pi gva¨‡g †ev‡iv avb Avev‡`i Rb¨ †mP myweav †`q| Mfxi bjK~‡ci
e¨e¯’vcbv miKv‡ii nv‡Z †i‡L w`‡q‡Q, †Kbbv e¨w³ Lv‡Z Zv †Q‡o †`qv †ek KwVb| †m‡P
fZz©wK cÖ`vb Kiv nq we`y¨r I wW‡R‡ji gva¨‡g hv ﮋ †gŠmy‡g avb Pv‡li cÖavb DcKi‡Y
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
miKvi K…wli Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY †hgb exR I mv‡ii †‡Î bxwZi ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki ex‡Ri evRv‡i ‰ØZ KvVv‡gv i‡q‡Q─ cÖavb km¨ †hgb avb, Mg, cvU, Avjy I
AvL‡K †bvwUdvBW (notified) km¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme k‡m¨i D¢veb,
iYv‡eY, ¸YMZ gvb wbqš¿Y I mieivn BZ¨vw` KvR wewfbœ miKvwi ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvb
m¤úv`b K‡i| exR e¨emvq †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi f~wgKv bb‡bvwUdvBW (non-notified) k‡m¨i
mieiv‡n mxwgZ ivLv n‡q‡Q| 1999 mv‡j miKvi †emiKvwi LvZ‡K nvBweªW av‡bi exR
Avg`vwbi my‡hvM †`q| m¤cÖwZ wKQy †emiKvwi msMVb evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv Bbw÷wUD‡Ui
mv‡_ mg‡SvZv ¯§viK (MOU) ¯^vi K‡i‡Q| G ¯§viK Abymv‡i Zviv weªwWs exR msMÖn K‡i
weZi‡Yi Rb¨ av‡bi dvD‡Ûkb (foundation) Ges mvwU©dvBW (certified) exR Drcv`b Ki‡e|
d‡j D”P djbkxj Rv‡Zi av‡bi ex‡Ri evRvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
mvi, †mP Ges DbœZ exR K…wl Drcv`‡bi wZbwU Acwinvh© DcKiY| G¸‡jvi msMÖn I
weZiY GK mgq evsjv‡`k K…wl Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Dci b¨¯— wQj| Avwki `k‡Ki †Mvov
†_‡K bxwZ ms¯‹v‡ii j¨ wQj miKvwi n¯—‡c Kgv‡bv (†nv‡mb 1996)| mv‡ii wecYb
e¨e¯’vi †emiKvwiKiY ïi“ nq 1978 mv‡j Ges Avwki `k‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv
nq| 1987 mv‡ji RyjvB Gi ïi“ †_‡K †emiKvwi wWjvi‡`i‡K d¨v±wi n‡Z Ges weGwWwm
mieivn †K›`ª n‡Z n«vmK…Z g~‡j¨ mvi msMÖ‡ni AbygwZ †`qv nq| 1992 mv‡ji w`‡K weGwWwm
11
z`ª †m‡Pi Aš—f©y³ n‡jv AMfxi bjK~c, wWc †mU AMfxi bjK~c Ges Mfxi bjK~c (hv f~Mf©¯’ cvwb e¨envi K‡i) Ges
†jv-wjdU cv¤ú (hv f~Dcwiw¯’Z cvwb e¨envi K‡i)| Ab¨w`‡K e„nr †mP ej‡Z †evSvq f~Dcwiw¯’Z cvwbi Dci wbf©ikxj e„nr
AvKv‡ii †mP cÖKí |

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 9
cvBKvwi e¨emv †_‡K wb‡R‡K ¸wU‡q †bq Ges e¨w³ LvZ‡K mvi msMÖn, mvi Avg`vwb (BDwiqv
ev‡`) Ges Af¨š—ixY evRv‡i weZi‡Yi AbygwZ †`q| 1992 mv‡j cUvk I dm‡dU mv‡ii Dci
†_‡K fZz©wK Zz‡j †bqv nq| Z‡e 1995 mv‡ji †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g Af¨š—ixY evRv‡i mv‡ii Zxeª
msKU †`Lv †`qvi ci 1996 mv‡j mv‡i fZz©wK cybivq Pvjy Kiv nq| miKvi Kvh©Z e¨w³ LvZ
†_‡K cvBKvwi mieivn‡K wbR nv‡Z Zz‡j †bq Ges mv‡ii `vg w¯’wZkxj ivL‡Z evdvi ÷K
(buffer stock) M‡o †Zvjv ïi“ K‡i| m¤cÖwZ miKvi bb-BDwiqv mvi †hgb wUªcj mycvi
dm‡dU (TSP) Ges wgDwi‡qU Ae cUv‡ki (MP) Dci AwaK cwigv‡Y fZz©wK cÖ`vb Ki‡Q hv
gvwUi De©iZv ivi cÖ‡qvR‡b ivmvqwbK mv‡ii mylg e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
miKv‡ii M„nxZ Dc‡iv³ wewfbœ bxwZ I D‡`¨vM K…wl DcKi‡Yi evRvi m¤cÖmvi‡Y,
DcKi‡Yi g~j¨ w¯’wZkxjKi‡Y Ges DbœZ cÖhyw³i cÖmvi‡Y, we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki avb Drcv`‡b,
e¨vcK f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
3| Lv`¨ cÖvwß
3.1| Lv`¨ †fvM
cwievi ch©v‡q Lv`¨ cÖvwßi Av‡jvPbvq Mo gv_vwcQy ¯—‡i ev mvgwMÖK ch©v‡q Lv`¨ †fvM I
cywó MÖn‡Yi cwigvY e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Lv`¨ cÖvYkw³i (energy
requirement) GKgvÎ Drm Pvj I Mg bq; †gvU cÖvYkw³ MÖn‡Yi cÖvq 80 kZvs‡ki †hvMvb †`q
`vbv`vi km¨| d‡j †gvU cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ cÖvYkw³‡Z A`vbv`vi Lv`¨k‡m¨i Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi `xN©‡gqvw` aviv mviwY 3.1 G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 3.1
evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi `xN©‡gqvw` aviv: 1973/74-2010
(wK‡jv K¨vjwi/gv_vwcQy/‰`wbK)
eQi MÖvg kni RvZxq ch©vq
1973/74 1885.0
1945.0
-
(100.0)
(100.0)
1981/82 1905.3
(101.1)
2047.5
(105.3)
1925.2
(100.0)
1983/84 2112.6
(112.1)
2020.2
(103.9)
2109.9
(109.6)
1985/86 2203.4
(116.9)
2107.0
(108.3)
2192.2
(113.9)
1988/89 2216.8
(117.6)
2183.2
(112.3)
2215.3
(115.1)
1991/92 2266.8
(120.3)
2258.1
(116.1)
2265.6
(117.7)
1995/96 2251.0
(119.6)
2209.0
(113.6)
2244.0
(116.6)
2000 2263.0
(120.1)
2150.0
(110.5)
2240.0
(116.4)
2005 2253.2
(119.5)
2193.8
(112.8)
2238.5
(116.3)
2010 2344.6
(124.4)
2244.5
(115.4)
2318.3
(120.4)
Drm: †PŠayix I †Wj wb‡bœv (1998), weweGm (2000, 2007 I 2011)|
UxKv: eÜbxi wfZ‡ii msL¨v¸‡jv m~PK‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q 1973-74 mvj‡K wfwË eQi a‡i| RvZxq ch©v‡qi m~PKmg~n
1981-82 mvj‡K wfwË eQi a‡i wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q |

10
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
mviwY 3.1 †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, 1973-74 Ges 1991-92 mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ MÖvg I kni
GjvKvq gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY µgvMZ †e‡o‡Q hw`I gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY
1995-96 †_‡K 2005 mgqKv‡j mvgvb¨ K‡g‡Q| 2000 mv‡j MÖvg GjvKvq gv_vwcQy K¨vjix
MÖnY mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y evo‡jI kni GjvKvq D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y K‡g‡Q, hvi d‡j RvZxq
ch©v‡q K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY K‡g hvq| cvš—‡i 2005 mv‡j gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY
kni GjvKvq wKQyUv evo‡jI MÖvg GjvKvq K‡g‡Q, hv Avevi RvZxq ch©v‡q K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvÎv
Kwg‡q †`q| 2010 mv‡j kni I MÖvg Dfq GjvKvq gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY e„w× cvq
hvi d‡j RvZxq ch©v‡q K¨vjwii cwigvY e„w× †c‡q‡Q| myZivs gv_vwcQy Mo K¨vjwi MÖnY beŸB
`k‡Ki †Mvovi w`K ch©š— EaŸ©gyLx _vK‡jI Zvi ci †_‡K wKQyUv wbægyLx nq hv 2005 mvj
ch©š— Ae¨vnZ _v‡K (mvnveDwÏb 2010)| Z‡e mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j gv_vwcQy K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvÎv
†e‡o hvIqvq G Ae¨vnZ n«vm cÖeYZvi wPÎ e`‡j hvq|
Lv`¨ †fv‡Mi ch©vßZv
Mwie‡`i Li‡Pi GKwU eo Ask Lv`¨ µq Ki‡Z e¨q nq| Lvbv Avq I e¨q Rwic (HIES)
2005 Abymv‡i RbmsL¨vi `wi`ªZg 40 kZvsk Zv‡`i Av‡qi 70 kZvsk Lvev‡ii Rb¨ e¨q
K‡i| Zv m‡Ë¡I RbmsL¨vi GK weivU Ask w`‡b 1805 K¨vjwii Kg Lvevi MÖnY K‡i hv
b~¨bZg K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvÎvi †P‡q Kg| mviwY 3.2-G wewfbœ Lv`¨ †fv‡Mi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q Ges RvZxq cywó cwil` KZ…©K wb‡`©wkZ MocoZv gvby‡li Rb¨ b~¨bZg Lv`¨ Avek¨KZvi
mv‡_ †fv‡Mi cwigv‡Yi Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 3.2
wewfbœ Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i †fv‡Mi cwigvc: 1983-84 †_‡K 2005
(MÖvg/gv_vwcQy/ˆ`wbK)
Lv`¨`ªe¨ mylg cywói
MÖvg GjvKv
kni GjvKv
Rb¨ b~¨bZg 1983-84 1991-92 2000-01 2005 1983-84 1991-92 2000-01 2005
Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi
cwigvY
avb 390 421 481 479 477 351 416 383 389
Mg 100 65 42 18 12 79 55 40 28
mewR I 225 140 176 193 221 179 209 198 228
Avjy
Wvj 30 26 17 15 13 22 22 19 19
†Zj I Pwe© 20 7 9 11 11 11 16 18 18
gvQ 45 29 32 37 40 39 48 42 50
gvsm I wWg 34 10 12 14 18 22 20 34 32
`ya 30 22 18 29 32 34 23 32 36
Drm: weweGm, Lvbv Avq I e¨q Rwic (wewfbœ eQi); evsjv‡`k RvZxq cywó cwil` (BNNC)|
gv_vwcQy Pvj †fv‡Mi cwigvY MÖvg GjvKvq b~¨bZg †fvM gvÎvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk hw`I
wUDevi (tuber), kvKmewR I gv‡Qi †‡Î wKwÂr NvUwZ Ges gmjv, ˆZj I gvQ-gvsm RvZxq
Lv`¨`ªe¨ BZ¨vw`i †‡Î cÖPzi NvUwZ j Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv †cÖvwUb I gvB‡µvwbDwUª‡q‡›Ui
(micronutrients) eo Drm| kni GjvKvqI cÖvq GKB wPÎ cwijwZ nq| Z‡e e¨wZµg n‡jv
kni GjvKvq `vbv`vi k‡m¨i gv_vwcQy †fvM, we‡kl K‡i Pvj, MÖvg GjvKvi †P‡q Kg n‡jI
Ab¨vb¨ †ewki fvM Lv‡`¨i gv_vwcQy †fvM, we‡kl K‡i gvQ-gvsm RvZxq Lv`¨`ªe¨vw`i †fvM, MÖvg

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 11
GjvKvi †P‡q †ewk| Lv‡`¨i †fv‡Mi Dcv`vb †_‡K †`Lv hvq, MÖvg GjvKvi †P‡q kni GjvKvq
Lv`¨ Szwoi (food basket) ¸YMZ gvb A‡bK DbœZ (†nv‡mb I †`e 2009)|
Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi †‡Î FZzMZ I AvÂwjK cv_©K¨
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j wZbwU cÖavb †gŠmyg Ry‡oB K…wl Kg©KvÊ, we‡kl K‡i Lv`¨ Drcv`b,
P‡j| Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨ Drcv`b I †fvM Nwbófv‡e m¤úK©hy³| FZzwfwËK cv_©‡K¨i KviY n‡jv
Lv`¨ g~j¨ I Avq Df‡qi IVvbvgv| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j av‡bi, we‡kl K‡i †ev‡iv av‡bi cÖPzi
Drcv`b RyjvB gv‡m Lv`¨k‡m¨i g~j¨ EaŸ©MwZ‡K (peak) †ev‡iv dmj cieZ©x mg‡qi g~‡j¨i
wbæMwZ‡Z (trough) cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| 12 †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g kªwg‡Ki Pvwn`v †e‡o hvIqvq gRywi
AvqI G mgq †e‡o hvq| d‡j K…wl †‡Îi GB cwieZ©b G mg‡q Lv`¨ †fv‡Mi gvÎv iv
Ki‡Z Lv`¨ g~j¨ I Avq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
gvP©-GwcÖj I †m‡Þ¤^i-A‡±vei mgqKv‡j Lv`¨ g~j¨ A‡bK Pov _v‡K| Avgb dm‡ji c~e©
ch©š— Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y gRywi kª‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj MÖvg GjvKvi f~wgnxbiv
`y‡f©v‡Mi wkKvi nq| K…wl †‡Î cwieZ©‡bi d‡j kxZKvjxb k‡m¨i Drcv`b I djb cÖf~Z
cwigv‡Y e„w× cvq hv cywói Pvwn`vi Dci Pvc Kgvq| Z_vwc Avgb dm‡ji c~‡e© jxb wcwiqW
weivRgvb _v‡K Ges Avgb dm‡ji c~e© Ges cieZ©x mg‡q Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cwigv‡Y h‡_ó cv_©K¨
j Kiv hvq|
Lv`¨ †fv‡Mi †‡Î AvÂwjK cv_©K¨ weivR K‡i cÖavbZ f~wgi Drcv`bkxjZvi Dci wfwË
K‡i| weAvBwWGm cwiPvwjZ (†PŠayix 1995) cywóMZ Rwi‡ci djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Lv`¨
†fv‡M AvÂwjK cv_©K¨ †gŠmygwfwËK/FZzwfwËK cv_©‡K¨i †P‡q †ewk n‡q _v‡K| 13 Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi
cwigv‡Y wewfbœ A‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ GLbI e¨vcK Ges Giƒc AvÂwjK cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb
FZzwfwËK cv_©‡K¨i †P‡q †ewk|
3.2| Lv`¨ cÖvwßi my‡hvM ev gZv
GKwU cwiev‡ii Lv`¨ cÖvwß cÖavbZ wbf©i K‡i †m cwiev‡ii Av‡qi cwigv‡Yi Dci|
RvZxq Av‡qi axi cÖe„w× Ges RbmsL¨v D”P nv‡i e„w×i Kvi‡Y Avwki `k‡Ki †kl ch©š—
gv_vwcQy Avq A‡bKUv ¯’wei wQj| 1990 mv‡ji ci RvZxq Av‡qi cÖe„w× Z¡ivwš^Z n‡q‡Q─
mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z cÖe„w× 6.0 †_‡K 6.5 kZvs‡k †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i nviI K‡g‡Q─
mËi `k‡Ki 3.0 kZvsk †_‡K eZ©gv‡b 1.5 kZvsk| d‡j gv_vwcQy Avq eQ‡i M‡o cÖvq 4.5
kZvsk nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q| mv¤cÖwZK Lvbv Avq I e¨q Rwi‡ci (HIES) djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq,
Av‡qi †‡Î kni-MÖv‡gi ˆelg¨ µgea©gvb| Av‡qi ˆelg¨ e„w× Avwki `k‡K mnbxq ch©v‡q
wQj wKš‘ beŸB `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡KB MÖvg I kni Dfq GjvKvq GB ˆelg¨ cÖKU I ZxeªZi
n‡q‡Q| 14 d‡j `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi Dci Avq cÖe„w×i cÖfve mxwgZ i‡q †M‡Q|
12
mËi `k‡Ki Zzjbvq Avwk I beŸB `k‡K Lv`¨k‡m¨i g~‡j¨i †gŠmygx e¨eavb (seasonal price spread) D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e n«vm
†c‡q cÖvq A‡a©K n‡q‡Q| Avgb I AvDm av‡bi Zzjbvq †ev‡iv av‡bi djb e„w× cvIqvq n‡jv Lv`¨k‡m¨i g~‡j¨i †gŠmygwfwËK
cv_‡K©¨i KviY (Wim I mvnveDwÏb 1999)|
13
Drcv`‡bi fiv †gŠmy‡g (Avgb dm‡ji ci) MÖvg GjvKvq gv_vwcQy Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cwigvY 884.6 MÖvg, hv giv †gŠmy‡gi
cwigv‡Yi (736.9 MÖvg 1990-91 mv‡j) †P‡q cÖvq 20 kZvsk †ewk| Ab¨w`‡K RwicK…Z MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z gv_vwcQy Lv`¨MÖn‡Yi
†‡Î m‡e©v”P I me©wbæ cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨ cÖvq 65 kZvsk|
14
GwU cwigvcK…Z wRwb mn‡M (Gini Coefficient) cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q, hv 1983-84 mv‡ji 0.36 †_‡K †e‡o 1995-96 mv‡j
0.43 G DbœxZ nq Ges AviI †e‡o 2010 mv‡j 0.46 G DbœxZ nq| MÖvg I kni GjvKvq G e„w×i nvi 1983-84 mv‡j
h_vµ‡g 0.35 I 0.37, 1995-96 mv‡j h_vµ‡g 0.38 I 0.44 Ges 2010 mv‡j h_vµ‡g 0.43 I 0.45 (weweGm KZ…©K
Avq-e¨‡qi Lvbv Rwic wewfbœ mgqKv‡j)|

12
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
`wi`ª‡`i RxebhvÎvi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b wbY©‡q cÖK…Z gRywi nv‡ii cÖeYZv, we‡kl K‡i K…wl
kªg, cÖvqk weKí m~PK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| gRywi nvi Pig `wi`ª‡`i Av‡qi cwieZ©b‡K
cÖwZdwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ ga¨g/gvSvwi `wi`ª‡`i Av‡qi cwieZ©b‡K bq| ga¨g `wi`ªiv
cÖvwš—K I z`ª Pvlx‡`i g‡Zv Zv‡`i RxweKv Avq Ki‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b Pig `wi`ªiv Zv‡`i
Av‡qi eo Ask kªgevRv‡i AskMÖnY †_‡K cvq| 15 1983-1984 mvj †_‡K cÖK…Z gRywi
µgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡q‡Q; e¨wZµg †Kej ‰ewk¦K gỳ ªvùxwZi `y‡Uv eQi (2007 I 2008 mvj)
†Kbbv ZLb Pv‡ji `vg D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e †e‡o wM‡qwQj (mviwY 3.3)|
mviwY 3.3
evsjv‡`‡k cÖK…Z K„wl gRywii aviv: 1983-84 †_‡K 2008
eQi bvwgK gRywi nvi `vwi`ª¨ †iLv av‡bi g~j¨ cÖK…Z gRywi (UvKv/w`b)
(UvKv/w`b) wW‡d¬Ui
(2003=100)
wW‡d¬Ui(2003=100) `vwi`ª¨ †iLv
wW‡d¬Ui
av‡bi g~j¨
wW‡d¬Ui
1983-84 19.58 38.70 54.50 50.59 35.92
1988-89 32.71 55.70 72.60 58.73 45.05
1991-92 41.77 67.80 82.80 61.60 50.45
1995-96 45.58 78.20 103.00 58.29 44.25
2000 63.60 91.50 96.80 69.51 65.70
2003 72.23 100.00 100.00 72.73 72.73
2004 75.83 106.75 103.09 71.04 73.56
2005 84.42 - 117.36 - 71.93
2006 94.83 - 120.99 - 78.38
2007 109.50 - 147.82 - 74.08
2008 135.67 186.88 218.10 72.60 62.21
Drm: 1983-84 †_‡K 2003 Gi Rb¨ †nv‡mb I †`e (2009), 2004 †_‡K 2008 Gi Rb¨ weweGm †_‡K †bqv cÖK…Z gRywi
I av‡bi g~j¨ welqK Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ †jL‡Ki wbR¯^ wnmve; 2004 Ges 2008 mv‡ji `vwi`ª¨ †iLv Avq Gi wnmve
†nv‡mb I ev‡qm (2010) †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q |
cÖK…Z gRywii MwZaviv we‡ePbvq wb‡q cÖK…Z Av‡q cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv Ges Lv`¨ cÖvw߇K cixv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖK…Z gRywi welqK mgqµwgK Z_¨ mviwY 3.4 G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| cÖK…Z gRywii
mvaviY I LvZwfwËK m~PKmg~n Avwki `kK †_‡KB EaŸ©gyLx cÖeYZv †`Lv‡”Q| Z‡e K…wlLv‡Z
cÖK…Z gRywii m~P‡Ki cwigvc g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis I wbg©vY Lv‡Zi Zzjbvq Kg hw`I kªgkw³i
†ewkifvMB K…wlLv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
cÖK…Z gRywii MwZaviv hviv K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨| mvwe©K
A_©‰bwZK my‡hv‡Mi (economic acceessibility) wel‡q aviYv †c‡Z n‡j †`‡ki †eKvi‡Z¡i
nv‡ii w`‡K ZvKv‡bv `iKvi| †`‡k cÖ”Qbœ †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi 1989 mv‡ji 43.4 kZvsk †_‡K
K‡g 1999-2000 mv‡j 31.9 kZvsk n‡q‡Q Ges Zv cieZ©xKv‡j (2009 mv‡j) AviI K‡g
28.7 kZvs‡k `uvwo‡q‡Q| GwU MZ `yB `k‡KiI †ewk mgqKv‡ji A_©‰bwZK my‡hv‡Mi DbœwZ‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e cÖ”Qbœ †eKvi‡Z¡i n«v‡mi nvi c~e©eZ©x `k‡Ki Zzjbvq MZ `k‡K K‡g‡Q|
15 cÖK…Z gRywi cwigv‡c mwVK wW‡d¬U‡ii e¨env‡i wKQy mgm¨v i‡q‡Q|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 13
mviwY 3.4
cÖK…Z gRywi m~P‡Ki aviv (1969/70=100): 1980-2009
eQi mvaviY g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis wbg©vY K…wl
1980/81 87 79 94 86
1981/82 86 80 96 85
1982/83 88 82 99 82
1983/84 90 95 99 75
1984/85 86 91 91 75
Mo 87 85 96 81
1985/86 95 102 100 82
1986/87 102 109 106 89
1987/88 106 108 117 93
1988/89 107 110 120 92
1989/90 110 115 113 96
Mo 104 109 111 90
1990/91 107 114 107 95
1991/92 107 113 104 98
1992/93 113 119 109 105
1993/94 114 121 106 106
1994/95 111 121 100 103
Mo 110 118 105 101
1995/96 114 123 106 104
1996/97 120 130 111 109
1997/98 122 137 114 107
1998/99 118 131 113 102
1999/00 121 137 116 103
Mo 119 132 112 105
2000/01 125 142 118 107
2001/02 130 150 121 112
2002/03 141 169 127 118
2003/04 146 177 125 121
2004/05 149 181 124 123
Mo 138 164 123 116
2005/06 149 183 123 124
2006/07 150 184 124 125
2007/08 154 206 141 140
2008/09 174 243 171 169
Mo 157 204 140 139
Drm: evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxv (wewfbœ eQi), A_© gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k miKvi|

14
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
mviwY 3.5
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ”Qbœ †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi, 1989-2009
eQi
cÖ”Qbœ †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi (kZvsk)
(10 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eqmx kªgkw³i g‡a¨)
1989 43.4
1990-91 42.8
1995-96 34.6
1999-2000* 31.9
2002-2003* 34.0
2005-2006* 24.5
2009* 28.7
Drm: kªgkw³ Rwic (wewfbœ eQi) Ges Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cwiexY mgxv 2009 (Monitoring of Employment Survey
2009), weweGm|
UxKv: *wPwüZ eQi¸‡jvi DcvË 15 eQi I Z`~aŸ© eqmx kªwgK‡`i Rb¨|
miKvwi Lv`¨ weZiY e¨e¯’v (Public Food Distribution System)
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k cÖvqk cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †hgb eb¨v, N~wY©So BZ¨vw`
AvNvZ nv‡b| Lv`¨ jf¨Zv evov‡bvi †‡Î evsjv‡`k mdj nIqv m‡Ë¡I Lv`¨ cÖvwß evov‡bvi
gva¨‡g Mwie‡`i Lv‡`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z miKvwi Lv`¨ weZiY I mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP
cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv Lv`¨ weZiY Kg©m~wP Pvjy i‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖwZwUiB wbR¯^ j‡¨i
cvkvcvwk wbw`©ó Uv‡M©U Rb‡Mvôx i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU ÎvY Kg©m~wP Av‡Q hv‡`i j¨
ÎvY mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y m„ó `y‡f©vM †_‡K RbMY‡K ZvrwYK
cwiÎvY †`qv| Ab¨ Kg©m~wP¸‡jviI mywbw`©ó Dbœqb j¨ i‡q‡Q| 16 Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv ÎvY mnvqZv cÖ`vb Z_vwc †ewkifvM Uv‡M©‡UW Kg©m~wP Îv‡Yi cwie‡Z© Dbœq‡b †ewk
¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Ki‡Q|
`wi`ª RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Lv`¨ weZi‡Yi we`¨gvb e¨e¯’v ms¯‹v‡ii c`‡c wn‡m‡e †ikwbs
(MÖvg I kni GjvKvq) e¨e¯’v wejyß Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY mwVKfv‡e ev¯—evq‡b G Kg©m~wP Pigfv‡e
e¨_© n‡q‡Q| weKí wn‡m‡e mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP †bqv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv Kv‡Ri
wewbg‡q Lv`¨, Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q wkv Ges fvjbv‡iej MÖ“c †W‡fjc‡g›U Kg©m~wP (VGD)|
miKvwi Lv`¨ weZiY e¨e¯’vi (PFDS) AvKvi I MV‡b MZ `k‡K A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q (mviwY
3.6)| wcGdwWGm Gi AvKvi n«vm †c‡jI Uv‡M©‡UW Lv`¨ mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Lv`¨km¨
weZi‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o‡Q| wcGdwWGm Gi †gvU Lv`¨k‡m¨i weZi‡Yi cÖvq `y-Z…Zxqvsk Gme
Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g weZiY Kiv n‡”Q| 17 Aewkó GK-Z…Zxqvsk wcGdwWGm Gi fZ©ywKK…Z weµq
P¨v‡b‡ji (monetised channels) gva¨‡g ewÈZ n‡”Q| fZz©wKK…Z weµq P¨v‡bj †_‡K Uv‡M©‡UW
P¨v‡b‡j DËi‡Yi d‡j wcGdwWGm Gi `Zvi mvwe©K DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Ges †`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv
cwiw¯’wZi Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡Q (Wim, mvnveDwÏb I dwi` 2004)|
16
†hgb cj−x AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb, cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i nvi Z¡ivwš^ZKiY Ges gvbe cyuwRi Dbœqb|
17
mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨k‡m¨i evwl©K weZi‡Yi cwigvY e„w×i cvkvcvwk DcKvi‡fvMxi msL¨vI †e‡o‡Q| †hgb
2008-09 mv‡j evwl©K weZi‡Yi cwigvY wQj 2.1 wgwjqb †gwUªK Ub Ges 2009-10 mv‡j cÖv°wjZ weZi‡Yi cwigvY wQj 2.7
wgwjqb †gwUªK Ub|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 15
weµq P¨v‡bj (Monetised Channel)
mviwY 3.6
evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi Lv`¨km¨ weZi‡Yi cwigvY
(Õ000 †gwUªK Ub, evwl©K Mo)
Kg©m~wP 1989/90-
1991/92
1992/93-
1996/97
2001/02-
2005/06
2006/07-
2009/10
mswewae× †ikwbs (SR) 187 11 0 0
cj−x †ikwbs (PR) 376 0 0 0
Ri“wi AMÖvwaKvi (EP) 145 172 231 126
Ab¨vb¨ AMÖvwaKvi (OP) 232 11 18 21
e„nr Kg©x†`i cÖwZôvb (LEI) 45 17 11 11
†Lvjv evRv‡i weµq (OMS) 137 200 152 295
b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨i KvW© 0 0 10 0
gq`vi wgj 235 39 49 0
cj−x PvKv 96 21 7 0
Ab¨vb¨/wbjvg 0.0 7 0 40
mve-†UvUvj 1,456
(63%)
weµq ewnf©~Z P¨v‡bj (Non-monetised Channel)
482
(33%)
478
(34%)
563
(31%)
Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨ (FFW) 471 444 302 263
†U÷ wiwjd (TR) 153 101 132 242
fvjbv‡iej MÖ“c †W‡fjc‡g›U (VGD) 214 167 194 245
MÖvUzBUvm wiwjd (GR) 0 30 42 38
Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q wkv (FEE) 0 154 40 0
fvjbv‡iej MÖ“c wdwWs (VGF) 0 0 111 359
Ab¨vb¨ 0 64 88 81
mve-†UvUvj 838
(37%)
me©‡gvU 2,294
(100%)
961
(67%)
1,443
(100%)
909
(66%)
1,387
(100%)
1,228
(69%)
1,791
(100%)
Drm: mvnveDwÏb I †`e (2010)&|
UxKv: eÜbxi wfZ‡ii msL¨v¸‡jv wcGdwWGm Gi AvIZvq weµq Ges weµq ewnf©~Z P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g weZiYK…Z Lv`¨k‡m¨i
kZvsk wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ cÖeYZv: A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv (Economic Accessibility)
mvaviYZ `wi`ªiv Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxb n‡q _v‡K| d‡j Lvbv ch©v‡q Lv`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZ
Ki‡Z `ª“Z I †UKmBfv‡e `vwi`ª¨ n«vm Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Lv‡`¨ RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv
†evSv hvq †`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ cÖeYZv †_‡K| `vwi`ª¨ cÖeYZv cwigv‡c evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq ch©v‡qi
wbf©i‡hvM¨ Dcv‡Ëi GKgvÎ Drm n‡jv weweGm cwiPvwjZ Lvbv Avq I e¨q Rwic| G Rwi‡ci
Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ cwigvcK…Z `vwi`ª¨ cÖeYZv mviwY 3.7-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

16
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
mviwY 3.7
evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ cÖeYZv: 1983-84 †_‡K 2010
eQi gv_v MYbv AbycvZ (%)
(Head Count Ratio)
`wi`ª †jv‡Ki msL¨v (wgwjqb)
MÖvg kni RvZxq ch©vq MÖvg kni RvZxq ch©vq
1983/84 59.6 50.2 58.5 50.3 5.6 55.9
1988/89 59.2 43.9 57.1 54.1 6.2 60.3
1991/92 61.2 44.9 58.8 57.6 6.3 63.9
1995/96 55.2 29.4 51.0 53.6 5.8 59.4
2000 53.0 36.6 49.8 53.4 9.3 62.7
2005 43.8 28.4 40.0 45.8 9.7 55.5
2010 35.2 21.3 31.5 38.7 7.6 46.3
Drm: gy‡Rix (2000) Ges weweGm (2007, 2011)|
UxKv: gv_v MYbv AbycvZ †evSv‡”Q D”P `vwi`ª¨ †iLvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix RbM‡Yi kZKiv nvi‡K (CBN c×wZ‡Z wnmve^K…Z)|
`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi (gv_v MYbv Abycv‡Zi wfwˇZ cwigvcK…Z) 1983-84 mv‡ji 58.5 kZvsk
†_‡K K‡g 2010 mv‡j 31.5 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| MÖvg I kni Dfq GjvKvq `vwi`ª¨ n«vm †c‡jI
kni GjvKvi †P‡q MÖvg GjvKvq `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi A‡bK †ewk| G cwigvc †_‡K `y‡Uv wecixZag©x
cÖeYZv j Kiv hvq| 1983-84 Ges 1995-96 G mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ MÖvgxY `vwi‡`ª¨i †P‡q
bMi `vwi`ª¨ `ª“Z nv‡i n«vm †c‡q‡Q─ 50.2 kZvsk †_‡K K‡g 29.4 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| G
mgqKv‡j MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ AwZ mvgvb¨ K‡g‡Q─ 1983-84 mv‡ji 59.6 kZvsk †_‡K K‡g
1995-96 mv‡j 55.2 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| cvš—‡i 1995-2010 mgqKv‡j MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y n«vm †c‡jI (1995-96 mv‡ji 55.2 kZvsk †_‡K 2010 mv‡j 35.2
kZvsk n‡q‡Q) bMi `vwi`ª¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK Kg nv‡i n«vm †c‡q‡Q (29.4 kZvsk †_‡K
K‡g 21.3 kZvsk n‡q‡Q)|
1984-2010 mgqKv‡j `wi`ª †jv‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq 10 wgwjqb K‡g †M‡jI †gvU RbmsL¨v
†e‡o‡Q cÖvq 52 wgwjqb| MÖvg GjvKvq `wi`ª †jv‡Ki msL¨v 1983-84 mv‡ji 50.3 wgwjqb
†_‡K K‡g 2010 mv‡j 38.7 wgwjqb n‡q‡Q A_©vr 11.6 wgwjqb K‡g‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K kni
GjvKvq `wi`ª †jv‡Ki msL¨v GKB mgqKv‡j †e‡o‡Q 2 wgwjqb (5.6 wgwjqb †_‡K †e‡o 7.6
wgwjqb n‡q‡Q)|
Pig `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ cÖvwßi my‡hvM ev gZv (Physical Accessibility)
Lv`¨wbivcËvi mwVK wPÎ jvf Kivi Rb¨ Pig `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ cÖvwßi my‡hvM ev
gZv wbiƒcY Kiv `iKvi| ¯’vqx `vwi‡`ª¨ emevmiZ Rb‡Mvôx cywóMZ w`K w`‡q Pigfv‡e
ewÂZ| cÖZ¨ K¨vjwi MÖnY c×wZ (DCI) AbymiY K‡i weweGm KZ…©K wewfbœ mg‡q cwigvcK…Z
`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi †_‡K cywóMZfv‡e Pig `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi GKwU cwigvc cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i (mviwY
3.8)|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 17
mviwY 3.8
gv_v MYbv Abycv‡Z cÖZ¨ K¨vjwi MÖnY c×wZ‡Z `vwi`ª¨ cÖeYZv: 1985-86 †_‡K 2005
Rwic eQi
RbMY
(wgwjqb)
`vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix RbM‡Yi msL¨v I kZKiv nvi
RvZxq ch©vq MÖvg kni
RbMY RbMY RbMY RbMY
(kZKiv nvi) (wgwjqb) (kZKiv nvi) (wgwjqb)
RbMY
(kZKiv nvi)
`vwi`ª¨ †iLv 1: `vwi`ª¨ (ˆ`wbK gv_vwcQy 2112 wK‡jv K¨vjwi Lv`¨ MÖnY)
2005 56.1 40.4 41.3 39.5 14.8 43.2
2000 55.8 44.3 42.6 42.3 13.2 52.5
1995-96 55.3 47.5 45.7 47.1 9.6 49.7
1991-92 51.6 47.5 44.8 47.6 6.8 46.7
1988-89 49.7 47.8 43.4 47.8 6.3 47.6
1985-86 55.3 55.7 47.4 54.7 7.9 62.6
`vwi`ª¨ †iLv 2: Pig `vwi`ª¨ (‰`wbK gv_vwcQy 1805 wK‡jv K¨vjwi Lv`¨ MÖnY)
2005 27.1 19.5 18.7 17.9 8.4 24.4
2000 24.9 20.0 18.8 18.7 6.0 25.0
1995-96 29.1 25.1 23.9 24.6 5.2 27.3
1991-92 30.4 28.0 26.6 28.3 3.8 26.3
1988-89 29.5 28.4 26.0 28.6 3.5 26.4
1985-86 26.7 26.9 22.8 26.3 3.9 30.7
Drm: weweGm (2001, 2007)|
`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi (†gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv KZfvM ˆ`wbK 2,122 K¨vjixi Kg Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i
_v‡K) 1985-86 mv‡ji 55.7 kZvsk †_‡K K‡g 2000 mv‡j 44.3 kZvsk Ges 2005 mv‡j
AviI K‡g 40.4 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| hw`I 1985-86 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 1988-89 Ges 1991-92
mgqKv‡j Pig `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi (†gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv KZfvM ˆ`wbK 1,805 K¨vjixi Kg
Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K) mvgvb¨ †e‡o‡Q, 2000 mv‡j Zv K‡g 20 kZvs‡k †cuŠ‡Q Ges 2005 mvj
ch©š— cÖvq GKB nv‡i w¯’i wQj| 18
cywóMZ eÂbv Ab¨Zg GKwU †gŠwjK eÂbv| 1981 mv‡j RvZxq cywó I Lv`¨ weÁvb
Bbw÷wUDU KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ RvZxqfv‡e cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj (nationally representative) Rwi‡c
†`Lv †M‡Q, e¨w³MZ ˆewkó¨ †hgb eqm I wj½ †f‡` cwiev‡i Acywói gvÎv wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| G
Rwic Abymv‡i GKwU MÖvgxY cwievi Zvi K¨vjwi Pvwn`vi 87 kZvsk c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wek
eQ‡ii Kg eqmx †Q‡j I †g‡q eqm MÖ“‡ci †KDB Zv‡`i K¨vjwi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Gme eqm MÖ“‡c eqm hZ Kg nq cywó NvUwZi cwigvY ZZ †ewk nq| cwiev‡i Lv‡`¨i ΓwUc~Y©
eÈb j Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ gv‡qiv I Aí eqmx mš—vbivB G ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡q _v‡K| 19
3.3| cÖavb cÖavb P¨v‡jÄ I m¤¢vebv
weMZ `yB `k‡K avb Drcv`b cÖf~Z cwigv‡Y e„w× cvIqvq Lv`¨k‡m¨i jf¨Zv mgm¨v
A‡bKUv K‡g‡Q| ZvB †`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv welqK Av‡jvPbvq eZ©gv‡b Lv`¨ wbivcËvi Ab¨ `y‡Uv
w`‡Ki─`wi`ª‡`i Avq mnvqZvi gva¨‡g Lv‡`¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Ges Lv‡`¨i ‰RweK e¨envi I
18
G‡‡Î MÖvg I kni GjvKvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` i‡q‡Q| 1985-86 Ges 2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ MÖvg GjvKvq `wi`ª I Amnvq Lv`¨
wbivcËvnxb †jv‡Ki msL¨v 4.1 wgwjqb n«vm †c‡jI kni GjvKvq G‡`i msL¨v 4.5 wgwjqb e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
19
1990-91 mv‡j weAvBwWGm KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ cywó Rwi‡cI cwiev‡i Lv`¨ e›U‡b ‰el‡g¨i wel‡q GKB wPÎ cvIqv †M‡Q|

18
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
cywó─†ewk ¸i“Z¡ cv‡”Q| `wi`ª‡`i Lv`¨ wbivcËvi wbðqZvweav‡b wcGdwWGm we‡kl K‡i
mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wPi f~wgKv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
wcGdwWGm Gi Kvh©KvwiZv evov‡Z miKvwi gRỳ e¨e¯’vcbv‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z n‡e| wcGdwWGm Gi i“wUb cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z miKvi‡K †ivwjs ÷K (rolling stock) Ges
Ges cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMKv‡j Lv`¨k‡m¨i Ri“wi weZi‡Yi Rb¨ b~¨bZg evdvi ÷K (buffer stock)
eRvq ivL‡Z nq| GRb¨ †h cwigvY Lv`¨km¨ gRỳ I weZiY Kiv n‡e Zvi Rb¨ myôz cwiKíbv
I e¨e¯’vcbv, ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi myweav m„wó Ges we`¨gvb gRỳ KiY e¨e¯’vi cwiexY †Rvi`vi
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Lv`¨g~‡j¨i FZzwfwËK cv_©K¨ nIqvi KviY n‡jv cÖavb dmjmg~‡ni djb D‡Ëvj‡bi
mg‡qi wfbœZv| FZzwfwËK g~‡j¨i IVvbvgv‡K wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z miKvi †h bxwZ nvwZqvi (policy
instruments) e¨envi K‡i _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv: (1) K…lK‡`i Rb¨ b~¨bZg g~j¨ (floor price)
eRvq ivL‡Z Af¨š—ixY msMÖn Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g evRvi †_‡K Lv`¨km¨ µq Kiv Ges (2)
Lv`¨k‡m¨i g~j¨ AZ¨waK †e‡o hvIqv †iv‡a †Lvjv evRv‡i weµq Kg©m~wP Pvjy Kiv| ev¤úvi
dj‡bi ci miKvi‡K evRv‡ii DØ„Ë Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq evRvi g~j¨‡K mnvqZv
cÖ`vb Ges K…lK‡`i Drcv`‡b cÖ‡Yv`bv †`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨| Lv`¨k‡m¨i mwVK msMÖn g~j¨
(procurement price) wba©viY, hv K…lK‡`i Drcv`‡b Drmvn †`q Ges GKBmv‡_ miKvwi e¨‡qi
mvkªq K‡i, GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ|
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, Avg‡bi †P‡q †m‡Pi gva¨‡g PvlK…Z †ev‡iv av‡bi Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
I g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© c~e©vfvl †`Iqv AwaKZi mnR| 1987 †_‡K 1999 mgqKv‡j 13 eQ‡ii g‡a¨
9 eQiB †ev‡iv avb msMÖ‡n j¨gvÎvi 80 kZvs‡ki †ewk AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Ges gvÎ GK eQi
j¨gvÎvi 60 kZvsk AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cvš—‡i Avgb msMÖ‡n 13 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ gvÎ 2
eQi j¨gvÎvi 80 kZvs‡ki †ewk Ges 12 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 8 eQi M‡o j¨gvÎvi 18 kZvsk
c~iY n‡q‡Q| 20 beŸB `k‡Ki †kl w`‡K †ev‡iv dm‡ji Rb¨ wba©vwiZ msMÖn g~j¨ 4 eQ‡ii g‡a¨
3 eQiB wQj AZ¨š— †ewk| Gi d‡j miKv‡ii AwZwi³ A_© LiP Ges hviv msMÖn †K‡›`ª weµq
Ki‡Z mg n‡qwQj Zviv jvfevb n‡qwQj| AwaKš‘ evRvi g~‡j¨i †P‡q cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq
AwaK msMÖn g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡j AwZwi³ gybvdv Kivi cÖeYZv (rent seeking behaviour) I
`yb©xwZ (Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ RwoZ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨) DrmvwnZ nq| Af¨š—
ixY Lv`¨ msMÖn Kg©m~wP mdj bv nIqvi GKwU KviY n‡jv fv‡jv dj‡bi eQ‡iI miKvi KZ…©K
AZ¨waK Avg`vwb Kiv| Gi d‡j ¸`vg¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨km¨ avi‡Yi †Kv‡bv RvqMv bv _vKvq
cieZ©x dm‡ji mgh Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn Kivi mvg_©¨ mxwgZ n‡q c‡o| msMÖn ‡K‡›`ª
(procurement center) K…lK‡`i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi mxwgZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y K…lKiv Kg `v‡g
e¨emvqx‡`i Kv‡Q Lv`¨km¨ weµx Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Lv`¨km¨ msMÖ‡ni GKUv eo AskB msM„nxZ
nq e„nr K…lK I e¨emvqx‡`i KvQ †_‡K; z`ª I gvSvwi K…lK‡`i KvQ †_‡K bq (mvnveDwÏb I
Bmjvg 1999)| miKv‡ii Rb¨ GKUv eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡jv Lv`¨k‡m¨i Af¨š—ixY msMÖn Kg©m~wP‡Z
K…lK‡`i we‡kl K‡i z`ª I gvSvwi K…lK‡`i AskMÖnY evov‡bv|
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mvdj¨ beŸB `k‡Ki ci †_‡K eQ‡i M‡o 1.5
kZvsk nv‡i `vwi`ª¨ n«vm Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| Z‡e mvwe©K `vwi`ª¨ nvi GL‡bv †ek DPu z‡Z
20 mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j cwiw¯’wZ †gvUvgywU GKB i‡q †M‡Q| 2000-2009 mgqKv‡j 10 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 8 eQiB †ev‡iv av‡bi msMÖ‡n
j¨gvÎvi 80 kZvs‡ki †ewk c~iY n‡q‡Q Ges ‡Kej 1 eQi (2007 mvj) j¨gvÎvi 60 kZvsk c~iY n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K
Avgb av‡bi †‡Î 10 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †Kej 2 eQi Avgb avb msMÖ‡n j¨gvÎvi 80 kZvs‡ki †ewk c~iY n‡q‡Q|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 19
i‡q †M‡Q| 2005 mv‡ji Lv`¨ `vwi`ª¨ cwigvc Abymv‡i †`‡ki GK-PZz_©vsk ‡jvK GL‡bv ch©vß
cwigv‡Y Lvevi †L‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯’vqxfv‡e Afy³ (chronically underfed) I Pig `wi`ª
Rb‡Mvôxi †Kv‡bv m¤ú` †bB hv w`‡q Zviv giv †gŠmy‡g (lean season) Lv‡`¨i Afve‡K ev
Amȳ ’Zv, eb¨v I Ab¨vb¨ `y‡h©v‡Mi AvNvZ‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Pig `wi`ª‡`i Lv`¨
wbivcËv e„w×i Rb¨ I RxweKvi (livelihood) my‡hvM evov‡Z mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP †Rvi`vi
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Mwie †jvK‡`i‡K mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi †‡Î
evsjv‡`‡ki h‡_ó AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q| wKQy wKQy Kg©m~wPi Kvh©µg ïi“ nq mËi `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS
ev G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi w`‡K| µgvš^‡q Gme Kg©m~wPi cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv I ev¯—evqb cÖwµqvq
A‡bK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b¸‡jv n‡jv ÎvY Kg©m~wPi Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z
DËiY, †ikb `v‡gi fZz©wK‡K Uv‡M©U Lv`¨ eȇb iƒcvš—i Ges wewfbœ mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx
Kg©m~wPi ev¯—evq‡b GbwRI I z`ª FY`vb cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv|
mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wPi †‡Î GL‡bv A‡bK P¨v‡jÄ I mgm¨v i‡q †M‡Q| cÖ_gZ,
`wi`ª‡`i GKwU z`ª Ask gvÎ we`¨gvb mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wPi AvIZvfy³| wØZxqZ,
†ewki fvM mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wP A_©‰bwZK AmnvqZ¡‡K cÖkgb K‡i| wkï, eq¯‹
Ges K¨vk ev Lv`¨wfwËK c~Z© Kg©m~wP‡Z (Public Works Programme) K‡Vvi kvixwiK kªg
Ki‡Z Ag‡`i Rb¨I mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx I e¨vcKwfwËK mvgvwRK myiv e¨e¯’v (social
protection system) _vKv AviI †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| †hme Kg©m~wP eq¯‹ I Ag †jvK‡`i mnvqZv
cÖ`vb Ki‡Q †mme Kg©m~wPi AvIZv I cwimi AZ¨š— mxwgZ Ges fvZv I Lv`¨ mnvqZvi
cwigvY AcÖZzj| Z…ZxqZ, bMi `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx †bB| 2000
Ges 2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ bMi `wi`ª‡`i msL¨v 4.3 wgwjqb †e‡o‡Q| `ª“Z bMivq‡Yi Kvi‡Y
bMi Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZv †gvKvwejvq eûwea c`‡c MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| bMi `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨
GKwU kw³kvjx mvgvwRK †eóbx ev mvgvwRK myiv e¨e¯’v Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q|
3.4| Lv‡`¨ cÖvwß evov‡Z miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡c
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 58wU Lv`¨ I bM` Avw_©K mnvqZv wfwËK mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx
Kg©m~wP Pvjy i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU Kg©m~wP‡K mywbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨i wfwˇZ (†hgb AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb,
`wi`ª‡`i‡K wkv cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ`vb, `y‡h©vMRwbZ cÖfve cÖkgb, ev myweavewÂZ MÖ“c †hgb eq¯‹ I
Ag‡`i RxweKvi my‡hvM cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`) †kªYxfvM Kiv hvq (Avn‡g` I Ab¨vb¨ 2010)|
mviwY 3.9-G 1990-91 †_‡K 2004-05 mgqKv‡j wewfbœ Uv‡M©‡UW Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ miKvwi
e¨‡qi aviv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, MZ 15 eQ‡i Gme Kg©m~wP‡Z miKvwi
e¨q wظ‡Yi †ewk e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 21 GwU g~jZ beŸB `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q
wkv Kg©m~wP cÖeZ©b Ges cieZ©xKv‡j GB Kg©m~wPi AvIZv I cwimi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q| mvwe©K †`kR Drcv`b (GDP) Gi kZvsk wn‡m‡e Uv‡M©‡UW Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ †gvU miKvwi
e¨q beŸB `k‡K †hLv‡b EaŸ©gyLx cÖeYZv wQj, cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z (2000/01-2004/05) Zv
n«vm †c‡q‡Q| 22
21 mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jvi Rb¨ DcvË cvIqv hvq Z‡e G¸‡jv Kg©m~wPi msÁvMZ cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Zzjbxq bq|
22 mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP‡Z miKv‡ii ev‡RU eivÏ †e‡o‡Q- 2007-08 mv‡ji 11467 †KvwU UvKv †_‡K †e‡o
2008-09 mv‡j 13845 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2009-10 mv‡j 15972 †KvwU UvKvq DbœxZ nq| 2008 mv‡j 100 w`‡bi Kg©ms¯’vb Kg©m~wP
(2007-08 mv‡ji Lv`¨ g~‡j¨i msKU cÖkg‡bi Rb¨) Ges nZ`wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó cÖKí cÖeZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP‡Z
miKv‡ii eivÏ MZ `yB eQ‡i h‡_ó e„w× †c‡q‡Q (Avn‡g` I Ab¨vb¨ 2010)|

20
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
eQi
mviwY 3.9
evsjv‡`‡k Uv‡M©‡UW Kg©m~wP‡Z miKvwi e¨‡qi aviv: 1990/91 †_‡K 2004/05
Kv‡Ri
wewbg‡q
Lv`¨
wRAvi/
wUAvi
(†KvwU UvKv)
wfwRwW wfwRGd GdGdB Ab¨vb¨ †gvU wRwWwc wRwWwci
kZvsk
wn‡m‡e
110520 0.73
(973.39)
119542 0.69
(962.49)
125369 0.51
(745.15)
135412 0.56
(845.09)
152518 0.85
(1384.44)
166324 0.74
(1226.78)
180701 0.90
(1578.18)
200177 0.89
(1633.24)
219697 0.99
(1920.25)
237086 0.81
(1631.63)
253550 0.78
(1674.96)
273200 0.61
(1376.95)
300580 0.52
(1251.03)
332970 0.50
1990/91 424.80 0 387.00 0 0 0 811.81
1991/92 432.77 393.82 0 0 0 0 826.59
1992/93 373.92 267.79 0 0 0 0 641.71
1993/94 384.36 302.58 0 0 68.32 0 755.26
1994/95 751.71 346.51 0 0 193.46 2.01 1293.69
1995/96 558.53 400.76 0 0 267.49 1.74 1226.78
1996/97 810.81 256.10 215.27 0 329.53 15.24 1626.95
1997/98 836.00 258.71 225.09 76.24 374.98 1.53 1772.55
1998/99 715.58 210.23 208.90 584.81 395.43 65.88 2180.83
1999/00 806.00 272.00 228.00 229.00 393.57 1.00 1929.57
2000/01 888.19 159.75 236.90 297.11 346.14 40.00 1968.08
2001/02 681.73 196.80 234.96 126.67 387.09 43.00 1670.24
2002/03 432.46 153.68 230.79 104.08 623.30 42.00 1586.31
2003/04 441.49 160.56 223.73 175.82 611.42 46.00 1659.02
(1255.88)
2004/05 541.62 182.72 217.53 108.76 652.52 50.00 1753.14
(1263.07)
370710 0.47
Drm: evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK Rwic (wewfbœ eQi), A_© gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k miKvi Ges evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b 1998/99 Ges
1999/2000, Lv`¨ bxwZ cwiexY BDwbU, evsjv‡`k miKvi|
UxKv: eÜbxi †fZ‡ii msL¨v¸‡jv 1995/96 mv‡ji w¯’i g~‡j¨ Uv‡M©‡UW Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi †gvU miKvwi e¨‡qi cwigvY/wnmve|
4| Lv‡`¨i Kvh©Ki e¨envi (Utilization of Food)
4.1| eq¯‹ I wkky‡`i cywó Ae¯’v
wewfbœ Drm †_‡K cÖvß cywóMZ Ae¯’v m¤úwK©Z Z_¨-DcvË †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖeYZv
cwijwZ nq (†nv‡mb I †`e 2009)| RvZxq cywó Rwi‡c (AvBGbGdGm KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ)
beŸB `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS ch©š— Lv`¨kw³ MÖn‡Yi (energy intake) cwigvY Ae¨vnZ n«v‡mi K_v
ejv n‡q‡Q| MÖvg GjvKvq RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Lv`¨kw³ MÖn‡Yi cwigvY 1962-64 mv‡ji 2251
wK‡jv K¨vjwi †_‡K K‡g 1975-76 mv‡j 2094 wK‡jv K¨vjwi, 1981-82 mv‡j 1943 wK‡jv
K¨vjwi Ges 1995-96 mv‡j AviI K‡g 1892 wK‡jv K¨vjwi‡Z `vuovq (mviwY 4.1)| †cÖvwUb
MÖn‡Yi (protein intake) †‡Î n«v‡mi cwigvY AviI †ewk| kni GjvKvq Aek¨ gv_vwcQz
Lv`¨kw³ Ges †cÖvwUb MÖn‡Yi cwigvY 1962-64 †_‡K 1995-96 ch©š— †gvUvgywU GKB Ae¯’vq

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 21
i‡q‡Q| cvš—‡i Lvbv Avq I e¨q Rwi‡c (HIES) †`Lv †M‡Q, Avwk I beŸB `k‡Ki
cÖ_gw`‡K MÖvg GjvKvi RbM‡Yi †‡Î gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY ax‡i ax‡i evo‡jI
gv_vwcQy `vbv`vi Lv`¨k‡m¨i †fvM Kgvi Kvi‡Y kni GjvKvq K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY K‡g‡Q|
1991-92 Ges 2000 mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ kni GjvKvq gv_vwcQy K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY cÖvq 5
kZvsk n«vm †c‡q 2,258 wK‡jv K¨vjwi †_‡K K‡g 2,150 wK‡jv K¨vjwi‡Z `uvovq| ZvB wewfbœ
Drm †_‡K †`‡k nutritional status Gi cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© †h wPÎ cvIqv hvq Zv wb‡q weZ‡K©i
AeKvk i‡q‡Q (†nv‡mb I †`e 2009)|
mviwY 4.1
evsjv‡`‡k wbDwUª‡q›U (nutrient) MÖn‡Yi cwigv‡Y cwieZ©b: RvZxq cywó
Rwicmg~n †_‡K †bqv wnmve
wbDwUª‡q›U MÖvg GjvKv kni GjvKv
1962-64 1975-76 1981-82 1995-96 1962-64 1995-96
Lv`¨kw³ (wK‡jv K¨vjwi) 2251 2094 1943 1892 1777 1779
†cÖvwUb (MÖvg) 57.5 58.5 48.4 46.4 49.7 49
Pwe© (MÖvg) 17.7 12.2 9.8 14.1 26.1 22.5
Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU (MÖvg) 476 439 412 395 327 345
K¨vjwmqvg (wgwjMÖvg) 304 305 260 328 239 363
Avqib (wgwjMÖvg) 9.7 22.2 23.4 11 8.7 12.7
wfUvwgb G (I.U) 1590 730 763 1571 1875 2017
bgybv Lvbvi msL¨v 1752 674 597 975 588 270
Drm: Rvnvb I †nv‡mb (1998)|
MZ `yB `k‡K A‡bK¸‡jv †‡Î evsjv‡`k D‡j−L‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q †hgb
wkï‡`i UxKv MÖn‡Yi nvi e„w×, Mo Avqy e„w×, wkï g„Zz¨ I †gvU cÖRbb nvi n«vm Ges wbivc`
cvbxq Rj e¨env‡ii my‡hvM e„w× (gvneye-Dj-nK gvbe Dbœqb †K›`ª 2008)| Gme AR©b
m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v GLbI nZvkvRbK| RbM‡Yi GK weivU Ask ch©vß I
gvbm¤§Z ¯^v¯’¨‡mev myweav jvf †_‡K ewÂZ| Acywói nvi we‡kl K‡i wkk~y Acywói nvi AZ¨š—
†ewk| ‡`‡ki 6 †_‡K 71 gvm eqmx mKj wkïi 50 kZvs‡ki †ewk Kg IR‡bi ev eq‡mi
Zzjbvq Kg IR‡bi| Zv‡`i cÖvq 50 kZvsk Le©Kvq ev eq‡mi Zzjbvq Kg D”PZvwewkó (mviwY
4.2)| 23 Pig I ¯’vqx Acywó (acute and chronic malnutrition) mvaviYfv‡e AZ¨š— †ewk|
†hgb †Q‡j I †g‡q Df‡qi cÖvq 20 kZvsk AZ¨š— Le©Kvq Ges cÖvq 12-14 kZvsk AZ¨š—
KgIRbwewkó|
wkï Acywói †‡Î kni I MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ ‰elg¨ cÖKU─kn‡ii †P‡q MÖv‡g cywónxb wkïi nvi
†ewk| MÖvg GjvKvi 50 kZvs‡ki †ewk wkï eq‡mi Zzjbvq Kg D”PZvi ev Kg IR‡bi, cÖvq
20 kZvsk KgD”PZv wewkó Ges cÖvq 13 kZvsk AZ¨š— Kg IR‡bi (mviwY 4.2)| we‡k¦ Kg
IR‡b (2500 MÖv‡gi Kg) Rb¥ †bqv wkïi nv‡ii †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg (†nv‡mb
I †`e 2009)|
23 b¨vkbvj †m›Uvi di †nj_ ÷¨vwUmwUKm Gi wb‡`©wkZ ÷¨vÛ©vW, hv GgwWwR j¨gvÎvi e¨eüZ ÷¨vÛvW© Gi g‡Zv GKB
ai‡bi, e¨envi K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, Kg IR‡bi wkïi nvi 1996 mv‡ji 60 kZvsk n‡Z K‡g 2007 mv‡j 46 kZvsk n‡q‡Q|
Stunting (eq‡mi Zzjbvq Kg D”PZv) µgvMZ n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges severe stunting GK `k‡K (1996-97 †_‡K 2007 mv‡ji
g‡a¨) 28 kZvsk †_‡K K‡g 16 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Kg IR‡bi wkïi nvi 33 kZvs‡k bvwg‡q Avbvi GgwWwR
j¨gvÎv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cywó Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b †Rviv‡jv D‡`¨vM cÖ‡qvRb (†mb I Ab¨vb¨ 2010)|

22
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Acywói Ae¯’v
mviwY 4.2
wkï Acywói (6-71 gvm) †‡Î MÖvg-kni e¨eavb, 2000
xY †`n
(wasted)
eq‡mi Zzjbvq Kg D”PZv
(stunted)
(%)
eq‡mi Zzjbvq Kg IRb
(underweight)
gvSvwi/Pig
MÖvg 11.9 50.7 52.8
kni 10.8 38.3 42.2
Pig
MÖvg 1.0 19.7 13.2
kni 1.8 15.1 9.6
Drm: wkï cywó Rwic, evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv (2000)|
4.2| ¯^v¯’¨ I cywói Dbœq‡b miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡c
¯^v¯’¨ I cywói DbœwZ n‡j Avq e„w× cvq; d‡j Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZv I `vwi`ª¨ n«vm cvq|
¯^v¯’¨MZ djvdj jv‡fi †‡Î evsjv‡`k cÖf~Z mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges †ek wKQy mvdj¨
e¨qmvkªqx (cost-effective) Dcv‡qi gva¨‡g AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| gvbm¤§Z ¯^v¯’¨, cywó I cwievi
Kj¨vY †mev (hv mKj bvMwi‡Ki Kv‡Q mnRjf¨ I MÖnY‡hvM¨) wbwðZ Ki‡Z miKvi
e×cwiKi| ¯^v¯’¨ Ae¯’vi DbœwZ weavb, mvgvwRK wbivcËv ej‡qi m¤cÖmviY Ges mnRcÖvc¨
†mevcÖ`vb e¨e¯’v DrmvwnZKi‡Yi Dci †Rvi ‡`qv n‡q‡Q| `wi`ª I bvRyK Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨
we`¨gvb myweavw`i AviI m¤cÖmvwiZ Kivi cvkvcvwk mymsnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv †Kej miKvwi
¯^v¯’¨ †mevq Zv‡`i cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z bq AwaKš‘ KwgDwbwU AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb| G †cÖw‡Z RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨ bxwZi cybg©~j¨vqb I cwigvR©b Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
4.3| DbœZ cywóMZ djvdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki Lv`¨ e¨envi
DbœZ cywóMZ djvdj jv‡fi Rb¨ Lv‡`¨i Kvh©Ki e¨envi wel‡q c`‡c MÖnY evsjv‡`‡ki
Rb¨ AZ¨š— Zvrch©en| `xN©‡gqvw` cywóMZ cÖeYZv Drmvne¨ÄK KviY GUv wb‡`©k K‡i †h wkï
I gvZ… cywónxbZvi g‡Zv RwUj mgm¨v †gvKvwejvq mvdj¨jvf m¤¢e| 1966 Ges 2007 mv‡ji
g‡a¨ eq‡mi Zzjbvq Kg D”PZv I gwnjv‡`i ‰`wnK fi m~PK ax‡i ax‡i n«vm †c‡jI Kg
IR‡bi †‡Î AMÖMwZ mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q k−_ n‡q †M‡Q Ges D”PZvi †P‡q Kg IRb ev K…kKvq
†`‡ni wkï I gv‡q‡`i msL¨v †e‡o hv‡”Q| 24 cywó cwi‡cvl‡Ki ev gvB‡µvwbDwUª‡q‡›Ui NvUwZ
wel‡q Z_¨-DcvË ch©vß bq| d‡j cywó cwi‡cvl‡Ki, bvix I wkï‡`i g‡a¨, NvUwZ wel‡q
RvZxqfv‡e cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj (nationally representative) Dcv‡Ëi msMÖn wbwðZ Kiv GKvš—
cÖ‡qvRb|
gv I wkï‡`i cywógvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¨ evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ bxwZ I †KŠkj MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv RvZxq cywó bxwZ Ges wkï wdwWs welqK RvZxq †KŠkj| G‡‡Î
cÖZ¨ n¯—‡‡ci Rb¨ cÖavb RvZxq bxwZ (†hgb Lv`¨ cwic~iK I wkï‡`i DbœZ `y» †meb
c×wZ wel‡q civgk© `vb) n‡jv RvZxq cywó Kg©m~wP (NNP)| Ab¨vb¨ ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó welqK
24
†hme c`‡c we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv n‡jv mš—vb f~wgó nIqvi ci ey‡Ki `ya cvb Kiv‡bv, eqm Dc‡hvMx cwic~iK
Lvevi †`qv, gvbm¤§Z, ˆewPΨgq I ch©vß cwigv‡Y Lvevi MÖnY, cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Pig Acywói wPwKrmv Ges ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z m¨vwb‡Ukb
e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 23
Kg©m~wP miKvwi ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v I †emiKvwi ¯^v¯’¨‡mevcÖ`vbKvix‡`i gva¨‡g ev¯—evwqZ n‡”Q|
beRvZK I Aí eqmx wkï‡`i wdwWs-Gi Dbœq‡b M„nxZ wewfbœ c`‡c eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ gvÎvq I
cwim‡i ev¯—evwqZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z †bqv A‡bK c`‡c ev Kg©m~wPi Ae¯’v †ek
fv‡jv| KwZcq c`‡‡ci mvdj¨ a‡i ivLv I Zv‡`i cwimi e„w× (90-100%) G‡‡Î cÖf~Z
cwigv‡Y mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k wkï cywó Dbœqb wel‡q †bqv cÖavb Kg©m~wPmg~n †_‡K
†`Lv †M‡Q, Gme Kg©m~wPi cwimi GL‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡bi 50 kZvs‡ki wb‡P| Avn‡g` I Avn‡g`
(2009) KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z GK mgxvq KZ¸‡jv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c`‡c wPwýZ K‡i †m¸‡jvi e¨vwß
e„w× Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`‡k h_vh_ cywógvb AR©‡bi (nutritional
outcome) Rb¨ G¸‡jvi ev¯—evqb GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb|
†`‡k cq:wb®‹vk‡bi (sanitation) we`¨gvb Ae¯’v wPš—vi welq| †`‡ki 95 kZvs‡ki †ewk
cwiev‡i gvbm¤§Z cvwb e¨env‡ii my‡hvM _vKv m‡Ë¡I gvÎ 25 kZvsk †jvK DbœZ cq:wb®‹vk‡bi
myweav e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cv‡”Q ev e¨envi Ki‡Q| 2008 mv‡ji †Mvovi w`‡K ¯^v¯’¨, cywó I
RbmsL¨v Kg©m~wPi (HNPSP) Dci GKwU ga¨‡gqvw` g~j¨vq‡b A‡bK¸‡jv welq Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q
†h¸‡jv G Kg©m~wPi ¯^v¯’¨ I cywóMZ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë we‡klfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb
(†mb Ges Ab¨vb¨ 2010)|
c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Lv`¨ †fv‡Mi †‡Î D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e Avš—Lvbv ˆelg¨ i‡q‡Q|
†Kej cwiev‡ii Lv`¨ cÖvc¨Zv e„w× I Lv`¨ cÖvwßi my‡hvM ev gZv evov‡bvi gva¨‡g h_vh_fv‡e
cywó mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hv‡e bv| cywó wkv, Lv`¨ †fRvj, cvwbi ¸YMZ gv‡bi Dbœqb,
cq:wb®‹vkb I Rb¯^v¯’¨ BZ¨vw` welq‡K Aš—fy©³ K‡i cywó welq‡K cÖZ¨fv‡e I e¨vcKfv‡e
†gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡e| MY‡hvMv‡hvM Z_v MYgva¨‡gi gva¨‡g cywó wel‡q m‡PZbZv ‰Zwi Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q gvbm¤§Z I wbivc` Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z miKvi‡K
AwaKZi g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|
5| Dcmsnvi
Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡b D‡j−L‡hvM¨ AR©b m‡Ë¡I Lv`¨ wbivcËv I cywói mgm¨v
GLbI eûjvs‡k i‡q †M‡Q| `wi`ª I Amnvq Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨vfve I ¯’vqx cywónxbZv mgvav‡bi
Rb¨ evsjv‡`k cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ wbivcËv GLbI AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Lv`¨ wbivcËv evov‡Z
†KŠkj I bxwZi cybg©~j¨vq‡bi cvkvcvwk mKj †÷K‡nvìv‡ii-miKvi, GbwRI, †emiKvwi LvZ
I cwiev‡ii- Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY cÖ‡qvRb| RbM‡Yi Lv`¨ cÖvwßi gZv evov‡bvi (Lv`¨ †Kbvi
Avw_©K mvg_©¨ e„w×i gva¨‡g) gva¨‡g Lv`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv GLbI evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKUv
eo P¨v‡jÄ| Gme P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ wb‡æv³ welq¸‡jv‡K Aš—fy©³ K‡i GKwU mgwš^Z
†KŠkj MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb (1) Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b I Avg`vwbi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni jf¨Zv
evov‡bv, (2) miKvwi Lv`¨ weZiY e¨e¯’v I mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wP m¤cÖmvi‡Yi
gva¨‡g Lv`¨ jv‡fi my‡hvM ev Lv‡`¨ cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv evov‡bv, Ges (3) Lv`¨ e¨env‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv
evov‡bv|
Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn, gRỳ KiY I weZi‡Y miKv‡ii m¤ú„³Zv A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I
ivR‰bwZK welq Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`k I we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡k GUv `vwi`ª¨ wbimb
I `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Lv`¨ wbivcËv evov‡bvi Dcvq wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| AZx‡Z evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨
km¨ weZi‡Y miKv‡ii f~wgKv †ewk wQj| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K K…wl I Lv`¨ evRv‡i
msNwUZ cwieZ©bmg~‡ni Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii n¯—‡‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I

24
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
miKvi‡K cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©MKv‡j Ri“wi ÎvY Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z nq, Uv‡M©‡UW Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g
`wi`ª RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Lv`¨ weZiY Ki‡Z nq Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Lv`¨k‡m¨i g~j¨‡K w¯’wZkxj
ivL‡Z c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| ‰ewk¦K msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ g~j¨ e„w× †c‡j Zvi AwfNvZ
†gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ miKvi‡K Zuvi f~wgKv evov‡Z n‡e Ges wcGdwWGm‡K ` I kw³kvjx
Kivi c`‡c wb‡Z n‡e|
K…wlLv‡Z cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i cwigvY I ¸YMZ gvb `ª“Z n«vm cvIqvi Kvi‡Y RbM‡Yi Lv`¨
†hvMv‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K A‡bK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡”Q| Avwki `k‡Ki ci †_‡K D”P
djbkxj Rv‡Zi av‡bi we‡kl K‡i †ev‡iv av‡bi Dci wbf©iZvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ km¨ Drcv`‡b
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ m‡Ë¡I K…wlkm¨‡K bvbvai‡bi P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| †hgb cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡M cÖvqk Lv`¨k‡m¨i Drcv`‡bi wZ mvab nq| A‡bK GjvKv Rwgi De©iZv n«vm,
wbægv‡bi ex‡Ri e¨envi BZ¨vw` mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q _v‡K| m¤ú‡`i AcÖZzjZv I cÖvwZôvwbK
`ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y cÖhyw³i Dbœqb I cÖmvi e¨vnZ nq| AwaKš‘ †m‡Pi cvwbi A` e¨envi I
Rjevqyi cwieZ©b K…wl Drcv`‡bi Dci weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q| fwel¨‡Z Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi
weiƒc cÖfve AviI cÖKU AvKvi aviY Ki‡e e‡j Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q|
Gme mgm¨vi mv‡_ mv‡_ Lv`¨km¨, R¡vjvwb I mv‡ii µgea©gvb g~j¨e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨
wbivcËv‡K P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb Ki‡Q| G Kvi‡Y miKvi ¯^wbf©iZvi gva¨‡g (self-reliance) Lv`¨
wbivcËv AR©‡bi cwie‡Z© Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zvi (self-sufficiency) gva¨‡g Lv`¨
wbivcËv AR©‡bi bxwZ MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Lv`¨ Drcv`b (¯^í, ga¨ I `xN©‡gqv‡`) evov‡bvi Rb¨
Lv`¨ wbivcËv †KŠkj Ges m¤úwK©Z bxwZgvjv I Kg©m~wP wb‡q AviI wPš—v-fvebv cÖ‡qvRb|
`vwi‡`ª¨i MwZ-cÖK…wZ Ges cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek (e¨vcK eb¨v I Liv), MÖvgxY Avq, F‡Yi evRvi
I cywói g‡a¨ †h Avš—ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q †m wel‡q mg¨K aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| msKUKv‡j Uv‡M©‡UW
Avq n¯—vš—i Kg©m~wP, FY Kg©m~wP Ges km¨exgv Kg©m~wP `vwi`ª¨ wbimb I Lv`¨ wbivcËvi Dbœq‡b
¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| Gme Kg©m~wP‡K GKUv e¨vcK mvgvwRK wbivcËv †KŠk‡ji
(social protection strategy) Ask wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
wewfbœ ai‡bi km¨ Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvg~jK myweav (comparative advantage)
i‡q‡Q| †m Abyhvqx km¨ eûgyLxKi‡Yi Rb¨ miKv‡ii mnvqZvg~jK c`‡c cÖ‡qvRb|
KvVv‡gvMZ mgš^q Kg©m~wPi (Structural Adjustment Programme) d‡j evsjv‡`‡k K…wl‡Z
miKvwi mnvqZvi cwigvY me©wbæ ch©v‡q †b‡g Av‡m| GQvov evsjv‡`k wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v
(WTO) KZ…©K wb‡`©wkZ ÒMÖxb e·Ó I Òe−y e·Ó Gi Aš—fy©³ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Rb¨I AwZ mvgvb¨
mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G‡‡Î cÖ‡qvR‡b miKvwi mnvqZv evov‡Z n‡e|
mxwgZ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dci µgea©gvb Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡bi cÖe„wׇK a‡i
ivL‡Z n‡j DbœZ Drcv`b cÖhyw³i D¢veb I cÖmvi Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e| Avš—R©vwZK M‡elYv
†K›`ªmg~‡n †h cÖhyw³MZ AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zvi myweav/my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K bZzb
exR I Drcv`b cÖhyw³ Avg`vwbi my‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k K…wl M‡elYvq
miKvwi wewb‡qvM fviZ, cvwK¯—vb, kªxjsKv I Ab¨vb¨ c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi Zzjbvq A‡bK
Kg| Avq e„w× I `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b K…wli ¸i“‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y K…wl M‡elYvq wewb‡qvM evov‡Z n‡e|
cywó mgm¨v wbim‡b GKwU mgwš^Z Kg©m~wP †bqv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z Aš—fy©³ _vK‡e cywó wkv,
Lv`¨ myivKiY, cvwbi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb, Rb¯^v¯’¨ BZ¨vw` welq| †Kej Lv`¨k‡m¨i jf¨Zv I

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 25
Lv`¨ cÖvw߇Z `wi`ª cwiev‡ii my‡hvM ev gZv evwo‡q †`‡ki cywó mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv h‡_ó
n‡e bv|
`vwi`ª¨ I Acywói nvi n«vm cvIqv m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k GL‡bv Lv`¨ I cywó wbivcËv P¨v‡j‡Äi
m¤§yLxb| `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 2005 mv‡ji 40 kZvsk †_‡K K‡g 2010 mv‡j 31.5 kZvsk n‡jI
†`‡ki cÖvq 5 †KvwU †jvK GL‡bv `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P i‡q †M‡Q| ïay cÖew„×i gva¨‡g Amnvq
`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡e bv| GRb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbxg~jK Kg©m~wPI wb‡Z
n‡e| Z‡e GK_vI mZ¨ †h, Kg©ms¯’vb I Avq-DcvR©‡bi my‡hvM e„w×i gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ wbimb I
zav wbg~©‡ji Rb¨ GKwU AwaKZi †UKmB mgvavb n‡jv D”P cÖe„w×| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k I
we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡k Abym„Z Aš—f©yw³g~jK Dbœqb (inclusive development) I `wi`ªevÜe cÖe„w×
(pro-poor growth) †KŠk‡ji mv‡_ GwU m½wZc~Y©|
`wi`ª RbM‡Yi Lv`¨ wbivcËv weavb evsjv‡`‡ki bxwZwba©vi‡Ki Kv‡Q AMÖvwaKvi †c‡q
Avm‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb, K…wl I AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡b wewb‡qvM Ges fZy©wKi gva¨‡g
Lv`¨k‡m¨i Af¨š—ixY Drcv`b e„w×i c`‡c †bqv n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ †Kv‡bv GKK cÖ‡Póv bq eis
Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK (synergy in partnership) cÖ‡Póv cÖ‡qvRb| G Askx`vwiZ¡ miKvi I
†emiKvwi LvZ ev mykxj mgvR msMVb, A_ev eûcvwK ms¯’vi g‡a¨ Ges wØcvwKfv‡e `y‡Uv
†`‡ki (Z_¨, cÖhwy³ I Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g) g‡a¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
MÖš’cwÄ
Ahmed et al. (2010): “Income Growth, Safety Nets and Public Food Distribution,” Paper
prepared for Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum held on 26-27 May
2010, Organised by the Ministry of Food, Government of Bangladesh.
Ahmed, T. and A. M. S. Ahmed (2009): “Reducing the Burden of Malnutrition in
Bangladesh,” British Medical Journal, 339:b4490.
BBS (2000): Statistical Pocketbook, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
———(2001): Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2000, Dhaka:
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
——— (2007): Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005, Dhaka:
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
———(2009): Monitoring of Employment Survey 2009, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
———(2011): Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010, Dhaka:
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
———(various years): Labor Force Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
Chowdhury, O.H. (1995): “Nutritional Dimension of Poverty,” In: H.Z. Rahman and M.
Hossain (eds), Rethinking Rural Poverty, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Chowdhury, O.H. and Carlo del Ninno (1998): “Poverty, Household Food Security and
Targeted Food Programmes,” FMRSP Working Paper No. 5, Food Management
and Research Support Project, Ministry of Food, Govt. of Bangladesh.
Deb, U. et al. (2009): “Rethinking Food Security Strategy : Self-sufficiency or Self-
Reliance,” Policy Brief No. 5, Prepared for the National Conference on “Market

26
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Volatility, Vulnerability and Food Security,” organised by the Bangladesh
Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) and the UK Department for
International Development (DFID) in April at Dhaka.
Dorosh, P. and Q. Shahabuddin (1999): “Price Stabilization and Public Foodgrain
Distribution Policy Options to Enhance National Food Security,” FMRSP
Working Paper No.12, Food Management and Research Support Project,
Ministry of Food, Government of the People’s Republic Bangladesh.
Dorosh, P., Q. Shahabuddin and N. Farid (2004): “Price Stabilization and Food Stock
Policy,” In: The 1998 Floods and Beyond: Towards Comprehensive Food
Security in Bangladesh, ed. P. Dorosh et al., Dhaka, Bangladesh and
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Research Institute.
GoB (2000): Child Nutrition Survey of Bangladesh, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics, Government of Bangladesh.
———(2009): National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction II (Revised) FY
2009-11, Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh.
———(various years): Bangladesh Economic Review, Ministry of Finance.
Hossain, M. (1996), “Agricultural Policies in Bangladesh : Evolution and Impact on Crop
Production”, Chapter 11 In: State, Market and Development, Essays in Honor of
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Bangladesh, A.H. Development Publishing House, Dhaka.
Hossain, M. and U.K. Deb (2009): “Food Security and Containing Price Escalation: Facts
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———(2010), “Volatility in Rice Prices and Policy Resources in Bangladesh,” In David
Dawe (ed), The Rice Price Crises: Markets, Policies and Food Security. London
and Washington DC: Earthscan.
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Series No. 16, Asian Development Bank.

mvnveDwÏb: evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 27
Rahman, M. (2010): Strengthening the Government’s Institutional Capacity for
Improving Food Security, Final Report submitted to Asian Development Bank
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General Economics Division, Planning Commission, Government of
Bangladesh.

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
MÖvnK nIqvi wbqgvejx
1| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi MÖvnK Puv`v wcÖ-†c‡g›UwfwËK| A_©vr †cÖwiZ Bbf‡q‡mi wecix‡Z e¨vsK
WªvdU/†PK cvIqvi ci MÖvnK‡K Kwc †cÖiY Kiv n‡e| †`kx-we‡`kx Dfq ai‡bi AW©v‡ii †‡Î
G wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
2| e¨vsK WªvdU ev †PK Aek¨B evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡bi AbyK~‡j †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| MÖvnK nIqvi mgq wb‡æv³ Z_¨vw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e:
(K) c~Y© mieivn wVKvbv|
(L) †h msL¨vi Rb¨ MÖvnK n‡Z B”QyK †m msL¨vi bv¤^vi I mvj|
(M) bevq‡bi †‡Î MÖvnK bv¤^vi|
(N) G‡R›U KZ…©K Zvi K¬v‡q‡›Ui c~Y© mieivn wVKvbv|
4| e¨vK ev cyi‡bv Bmÿ i Rb¨ mvewµckb AW©v‡ii †‡Î 25% Kwgkb cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| G‡‡Î
wgwms/wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwc `vex Kiv hv‡e bv|
5| MÖvnK Kwc †cÖi‡Yi mgq nviv‡bv ev †cÖiYKv‡j †cÖwiZ Kwc bó n‡q †M‡j RvY©vj cÖKvwkZ
nIqvi 3 gv‡mi g‡a¨ wgwms ev wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwci `vex Rvbv‡j wgwms ev wi‡c−m‡g›U Kwc (PvR©
wd«) mieivn Kiv n‡e|
6| MÖvnK Puv`v cwi‡kv‡ai mgq †P‡Ki mv‡_ bevqb/Bbf‡qm bv¤^vi I MÖvnK bv¤^vi (Rvbv _vK‡j)
D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| MÖvn‡Ki wVKvbv cwieZ©b n‡j cyi‡bv I eZ©gvb wVKvbv, MÖvnK bv¤^vi BZ¨vw` D‡j−Lc~e©K
AbwZwej‡¤^ cÖKvkbv kvLv‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q †iwRóvW© WvK‡hv‡M MÖvnK Kwc †cÖiY Kiv n‡e| WvK gvïj cÖKvkbv g~‡j¨i g‡a¨
Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e|
9| G‡R›U Kwgkb : 20%|
10| cwi‡kvwaZ MÖvnK Puv`v widv‡Ûi Rb¨ Av‡e`b MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
11| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi MÖvnK n‡Z n‡j MÖvnK Puv`v (mvemwµckb) dig c~iY K‡i (c~Y©
mieivn wVKvbvmn) WvK‡hv‡M ev d¨v·‡hv‡M AW©vi †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e| B-‡gBj †hv‡MI dig
c~iY K‡i (c~Y© mieivn wVKvbvmn) AW©vi †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e|
12| bgybv ev m¨v¤új Kwc weAvBwWGm-Gi I‡qemvBU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW Kiv hv‡e|

122
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
13| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvi mvemwµckb AW©vi, e¨vsK WªvdU BZ¨vw` wb‡æi wVKvbvq cvVv‡Z n‡e :
cÖavb cÖKvkbv Kg©KZ©v
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb
B-17 AvMviMuvI, †ki-B-evsjv bMi
XvKv -1207
†dvb:9143441-8 G·:237;8181505 (mivmwi)
d¨v·: 88-02-8113023
B‡gBj:publication@ bids.org.bd
I‡qemvBU: www.bids.org.bd
MÖvnK Puv`vi nvi
e¨w³ MÖvnK :
cÖwZôvb :
e¨w³ MÖvnK :
cÖwZôvb :
†`‡k
180 UvKv
250 UvKv
we‡`‡k
15 Wjvi
20 Wjvi

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 evwl©K msL¨v 1419
ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZi mvgÄm¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ
1| cUf~wg
†gv¯—dv Kvgvj gy‡Rix *
evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZ - DfqB bxwZwba©viK‡`i Kv‡Q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mvgwóK
nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| GB `yB bxwZi g‡a¨ †h ¯^vZš¿¨ Zv A‡bKvs‡kB cÖvwZôvwbK,
A_©‰bwZK bq| ev‡R‡Ui AvKvi, ev‡RU NvUwZ ev DØ„‡Ëi cwigvY Ges A_©vq‡bi c×wZi
gva¨‡g KvR K‡i ivR¯^bxwZ| Avi gỳ ªvbxwZ KvR K‡i gỳ ªv mieivn, FY I my‡`i nv‡ii Dci
Gi cÖfve Gi wfwˇZ| Z‡e Dfq bxwZB g~jZ mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi gva¨‡g
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg‡K wbqwš¿Z K‡i| †h‡nZz Dfq bxwZ GKB e¨vw߇Z KvR K‡i, ZvB wKQz wKQz
†‡Î G‡`i‡K weKí wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB aviYv †_‡K gỳ ªv I ivR¯^bxwZ‡K `y‡Uv bq,
eis GKwU nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv wKbv GKwU we‡kl j¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
e¨eüZ nq─ A_©bxwZi Drcv`b gZv e¨env‡ii Kvw•LZ cwieZ©b mvab| Z‡e GB `yB bxwZ
e¨env‡ii †‡Î wKQz Ôcvk¦© cÖwZwµqvÕ Av‡Q †h¸‡jv G‡Kev‡iB wfbœZi| †hgb A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×
Ges †jb‡`‡bi fvimv‡g¨i Dci G‡`i cÖfve| g~jZ GB ¯^Zš¿ cvk¦© cÖwZwµqvi Kvi‡YB GB
`y‡Uv bxwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv nq Ges cvk¦© cÖwZwµqvRwbZ c„_K j¨ AR©‡b wb‡qvM Kiv nq|
ev¯—‡e †h‡nZz ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZ‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ G‡K Ac‡ii weKí wn‡m‡e e¨envi
Kiv nq, †mRb¨ weZ‡K©i GKwU cÖavb welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq Zv‡`i Av‡cwK
djcÖm~Zv| weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z GB `yB bxwZi Av‡cwK gZv m¤úwK©Z `„wófw½i bvUKxq
cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| gỳ ªvbxwZi c„ô‡cvlK (monetarist) Ges ivR¯^bxwZi c„ô‡cvlK (fiscalist)─
GB `yB MÖ“‡ci `„wófw½i cv_©K¨ bxwZ`ywUi ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i g~j ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk K‡i| 1
2| ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZi aviYv
bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †‡Î ivR¯^bxwZ‡K Gfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq: ivR¯^bxwZ n‡jv Ô‡Kv‡bv
m¤úà v‡qi A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg‡K cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx cÖfvweZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ki e¨e¯’v, miKvwi
e¨q Ges miKvwi FY Kvh©µ‡gi e¨envi hv miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡`i eÈb
Ges w¯’wZkxjZv I cÖe„w× AR©‡bi j‡¨ cwiPvwjZÕ (†cÖgPuv` 1989)| GB msÁv ivR¯^bxwZi
GKwU msKxY© `„wófw½i ewn:cÖKvk e‡j g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i KviY G‡Z FY e¨e¯’vcbv‡K Aš—-
fz©³ Kiv nqwb, hv gỳ ªvbxwZi Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 2
* gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb|
1 we‡k−lY †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, GB `yB MÖ“‡ci g‡a¨ bxwZ msµvš— †ewkifvM cv_©K¨B wbf©i K‡i gỳ ªvbxwZ wKfv‡e cwigvc
Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Dci| gỳ ªvbxwZi ivR¯^aviYv D¢~Z (†KBbmxq) `„wófw½ HwZn¨MZfv‡e ¸i“Z¡ †`q my‡`i nvi wbqš¿Y‡K| Ab¨
w`‡K gỳ ªv D¢~Z (monetarist) aviYv A‡_©i cwigv‡Yi Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| ivR¯^bxwZ bv gỳ ªvbxwZ †KvbwU †ewk kw³kvjx
GB cÖ‡kœi DËi e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©i K‡i GB weKí gvb`‡Êi †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Dci|
2 G cÖm‡½ †cÖgPuv` (1989) D‡j−L K‡ib, Ô†Kv‡bv miKvwi Kvh©µg ZLwb cwic~Y© ivR¯^bxwZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e hLb A‡_©i
cÖvc¨Zvi wfwˇZ †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Dci miKvwi F‡Yi cÖfve wbi‡c n‡e| ev¯—‡e cwic~Y© ivR¯^bxwZi aviYv cvIqv `y®‹i
KviY ivR¯^ Avq I e¨‡q †h‡Kv‡bv cwieZ©b ev‡RU NvUwZ ev DØ„Ë A_©vq‡b cwieZ©b Avbqb K‡i hvi d‡j Zv gỳ ªvbxwZi mv‡_
RwoZ nq| FY e¨e¯’vcbv, AviI fv‡jvfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, FY MÖn‡Yi wewfbœ gva¨gmg~‡ni e¨envi, Zv‡`i Bmÿ i mgq Ges
Zv‡`i ¯’vqxZ¡─ G¸‡jv gỳ ªvbxwZi mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e RwoZÕ|

30
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
GRb¨ bxwZ we‡k−l‡Yi †‡Î miKvwi FY Kvh©µg Ges FY e¨e¯’vcbv GB `ywU welq ivR¯^
I gỳ ªvbxwZi ga¨Kvi †hvMm~Î ev cvi¯úwiKZv wbY©‡qi †‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
gỳ ªvbxwZ‡K A‡b‡K GKUv †gvUv `v‡Mi (blunt) nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib hv A_©bxwZi
me¸‡jv LvZ‡K GKBm‡½ cÖfvweZ K‡i; Aek¨ Zv wfbœfv‡e I cwieZ©bkxj cÖfv‡ei gva¨‡g|
Ab¨w`‡K ivR¯^bxwZi cwieZ©b wKQz wbw`©ó †Mvôx‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi j‡¨ Kiv nq †hgb, wbgœ
Av‡qi gvby‡li Rb¨ Mo-cixwZ (means tested) myweav evov‡bv, z`ª I gvSvwi cÖwZôv‡bi
†‡Î K‡ii nvi Kgv‡bv, wcwQ‡q cov AÂj¸‡jv‡Z ¯’vwcZ cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM fvZv
cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`| D`vniY¯^iƒc aiv hvK, RvZxq Avq GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY e„w×i Rb¨ gỳ ªv A_ev
ivR¯^bxwZ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU e¨env‡ii cÖfve wbiƒcY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡‡Î m¤úªmviYg~jK
gỳ ªvbxwZ my‡`i nvi n«vm Ki‡e hv †fv³v I w¯’i g~jab e¨q Df‡qiB e„w× NUv‡e Ges cÖKvivš—‡i
RvZxq Av‡qi e„w× n‡e| KviY wewb‡qvM e¨q e„w×i d‡j g~jab e„w× cvq hv fwel¨r Avq e„wׇZ
mnvqZv K‡i|
Aciw`‡K m¤úªmviYg~jK ivR¯^bxwZ (†hgb, miKvwi e¨q e„w×) mivmwi mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v
e„w× Ki‡e| wKš‘ hw` GB e¨q e„w×i A_©vqb e¨vsK e¨e¯’v †_‡K miKvwi F‡Yi gva¨‡g Kiv nq,
†m‡‡Î my‡`i nvi e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i hvi d‡j wewb‡qvM n«vm cvevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| †m‡‡Î bxU
djvdj (miKvwi e¨q e„w×i gva¨‡g) n‡e eZ©gvb Av‡qi e„w×| wKš‘ †h‡nZz wewb‡qvM e¨q Kg
n‡Z cv‡i, †m‡‡Î g~ja‡bi cwigvY hZUzKz n‡Z cviZ Zvi †P‡q Kg n‡e, dj¯^iƒc fwel¨r
AvqI Kg n‡Z cv‡i|
GwU e¨vcKfv‡e wek¦vm Kiv nq †h, hLb †Kv‡bv A_©bxwZ g›`vq Avµvš— nq, †miKg
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq I e¨q e„wׇZ gỳ ªvbxwZ mdj bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Ggb †‡Î Pvwn`v‡K
DÏxwcZ Kivi Rb¨ ivR¯^bxwZ †ewk mdj n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK A_©bxwZwe` Avevi G e¨vcv‡i
wØgZI †cvlY K‡ib| Zviv g‡b K‡ib †h, gỳ ªvbxwZ‡Z ¯^íKvjxb cwieZ©b †fv³v I e¨emvi
AvPiY‡K †ek `ª“Z I `„pZvi mv‡_ cÖfvweZ K‡i| Aciw`‡K wKQz wKQz cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mvaviY
‘Crowding out’ Ae¯’vi m„wó Kiv QvovI ivR¯^bxwZ h‡_ó Kvh©Ki bvI n‡Z cv‡i| fwel¨rgyLx
†fvMZË¡¸‡jv †_‡K G cÖm‡½ †h aviYv cvIqv hvq Zv n‡”Q †fv³viv wb‡R‡`i AvPiY
cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g miKvwi ivR¯^bxwZ‡K AKvh©Ki K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, miKvwi e¨q I FY
evo‡j fwel¨‡Z K‡ii †evSv evovi Avk¼vq RbMY †fvM e¨q e„w× bv K‡i eZ©gvb mÂq evwo‡q
w`‡Z cv‡i|
ivR¯^bxwZi Kvh©KvixZv hvPvB Gi †‡Î g~j mgm¨v n‡”Q ivR¯^bxwZ m¤úªmviYg~jK, bvwK
m‡¼vPbg~jK Zv w¯’i Kivi cÖwµqv| G‡‡Î ivR¯^ NvUwZ‡K ivR¯^ msµvš— Ae¯’vi (fiscal
stance) wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq bv, KviY ivR¯^ NvUwZ wb‡RB ciwbf©ikxj
(endogenous)| 3 beŸB‡qi `kK †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki ivR¯^ ÷¨vÝ wb‡q GKwU we‡k−l‡Y we‡ewPZ
17 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 11 eQiB ivR¯^bxwZ‡K Drcv`b fvimvg¨ webvkx (output destabilizing)
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q (wcGBD 2008)| `„k¨Z, †hme eQ‡i Drcv`b mvaviY avivi wb‡P
wQj, ivR¯^ KZ…©c gyj¨ùxwZi Pvc Ges/A_ev ˆe‡`wkK Lv‡Zi mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y m¤úªmviYg~jK
3 ivR¯^ ÷¨vÝ cwigv‡ci GKwU me©RbMÖvn¨ c×wZ n‡jv cÖK…Z ivR¯^ NvUwZ I PµvbyµwgKfv‡e wbi‡c (cyclically neutral)
ivR¯^ NvUwZi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ e¨envi Kiv| ivR¯^ ÷¨v‡Ý eQiµwgK cwieZ©bB n‡jv ivR¯^ Bgcvj&m (fiscal impulse)| GB
†‡Î GKwU ms‡KvPbg~jK ivR¯^ ÷¨v‡Ý AviI n«vm ev GKwU m¤úªmviYg~jK ivR¯^ ÷¨v‡Ý AviI e„w× Df‡qB GKwU abvZ¡K
ivR¯^ Bgcvj&m cwigvc K‡i| ivR¯^bxwZ‡K hw` Drcv`b fvimvg¨ Avbq‡b mnvqK Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j Drcv`b hLb mvaviY
avivi wb‡P _v‡K ZLb ivR¯^ Bgcvj&m‡K abvZ¡K n‡Z n‡e Ges Drcv`b hLb mvaviY avivi Dc‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb Zv
FYvZ¥K n‡Z n‡e|
30

gy‡Rix: ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZi mvgÄm¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 31
ivR¯^bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z m¤¢eZ Awb”QzK wQj| GKBfv‡e 17 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 15 eQiB g~j¨ùxwZi
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K ivR¯^bxwZ Aw¯’wZkxj wQj| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki ivR¯^bxwZi
cÖavb wbqvgK wn‡m‡e Drcv`b ev g~j¨ùxwZ †Kv‡bvwU‡KB e¨envi Kiv nq bv|
gỳ ªvbxwZi w`K †_‡K, g~j j¨ Ges djvd‡ji g‡a¨ ˆecixZ¨ evsjv‡`‡k weMZ
eQi¸‡jv‡Z †ek `„k¨gvb Ges A‡bKUv Aåvš—fv‡e wbqgvbyµwgK| d‡j Gai‡bi j¨
wba©vi‡Yi wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv I ev¯—weKZv wb‡q A‡b‡KB cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb| bxwZwba©vi‡Yi †cÖw‡Z
F‡Yi cÖe„w× mshZ Kivi †‡Î evsjv‡`k e¨vsK ev¯—‡e †Zgb †Kv‡bv mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb| AZxZ AwfÁZv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq miKvwi LvZ‡K FY †`qvi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k
e¨vs‡Ki wbqš¿Y A‡bKvs‡kB AKvh©Ki| 4 NvUwZ A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi `ywU cÖavb †`kR Drm
†_‡K FY †bqÑ e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v Ges e¨vsK ewnf©~Z Drm, hv Av‡m g~jZ RvZxq mÂq ¯‹xg
†_‡K| bxwZwba©vi‡Yi †‡Î GB `ywU Drm cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©nxb (mutually exclusive) wn‡m‡e
MY¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i KviY Av‡cwK wiUv‡b©i nv‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i †fv³viv Zv‡`i mÂq nq
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K Rgv iv‡L A_ev RvZxq mÂq ¯‹x‡g wewb‡qvM K‡i| 5 d‡j †h Drm †_‡KB FY
†bqv †nvK Zv †fv³vi mwÂZ A_© †_‡KB hvq| GRb¨ GUv ejv hvq †h, e¨vsK I e¨vsK ewnf©~Z
Dr‡mi g‡a¨ miKv‡ii †`kR F‡Yi eȇb †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi Zvi‡j¨i †‡Î
†Zgb †Kv‡bv eo cv_©K¨ m„wó bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡jv e¨vsK e¨e¯’v †_‡K
FY MÖn‡Yi KvVv‡gv| hw` mÂqx e¨vsK †_‡K FY bv G‡m cÖavbZ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK †_‡K Av‡m,
Z‡e A_©e¨e¯’vq D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigvY kw³kvjx gỳ ªv (high-powered money) mÂvwiZ n‡e hv
Zvi‡j¨i we¯—vi‡K A‡bKUvB cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| 6
Kvh©KvwiZvi `ª“ZZvi wfwˇZ gỳ ªvbxwZ Ges ivR¯^bxwZ wKš‘ GKwU Ab¨wUi †P‡q Avjv`v|
gỳ ªvbxwZ‡K AwaKZi bgbxq e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq GB Kvi‡Y †h, ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ gỳ ªvbxwZi
fw½ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Ab¨w`‡K ivR¯^bxwZi cwieZ©b (†hgb Ki nv‡ii cwieZ©b) Kvh©Ki Ges
ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z AwaKZi mgq jv‡M| †h‡nZz g~jab wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j fwel¨r cwiKíbv
cÖ‡qvRb, †m‡nZz my‡`i nv‡ii n«vm‡K ewa©Z wewb‡qvM e¨‡q iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡ZI †ek mgq jvM‡Z
cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K ewa©Z miKvwi e¨‡qi cÖfve ZLbB Abyf~Z n‡e hLb Zv e¨q Kiv n‡e| Avevi
cÖZ¨ I c‡iv Ki n«v‡mi cÖfve A_©bxwZ‡Z †ek `ª“Z Abyf~Z n‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ GKwU
miKvwi e¨q Kvh©µg MÖnY Kivi wm×vš— Ges GwU ev¯—evqb Kivi g‡a¨ †ek mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i|
4 †emiKvwi LvZ‡K FY †`qvi cÖe„w×i nv‡ii j¨gvÎv wQj 2011 A_©eQ‡i 16.5 kZvsk Ges 2012 A_©eQ‡i 18 kZvsk|
wKš‘ cÖK…Z cÖe„w×i nvi wQj h_vµ‡g 25.8 kZvsk Ges 19.7 kZvsk| miKvwi Lv‡Zi Rb¨ cÖe„w×i nv‡ii j¨gvÎv wQj 2011
A_©eQ‡i 25.3 kZvsk Ges 2012 A_©eQ‡i 28.1 kZvsk †hLv‡b cÖK…Z cÖe„w×i nvi wQj h_vµ‡g 33.6 kZvsk Ges 18.9
kZvsk| GKB iKgfv‡e msiwZ gỳ ªvi †‡Î 2011 A_©eQ‡i 15.2 kZvsk j¨gvÎvi wecix‡Z cÖK…Z cÖe„w×i nvi wQj 21
kZvsk Ges 2012 A_©eQ‡i 16 kZvsk j¨gvÎvi wecix‡Z wQj 9 kZvsk (GgwcwW 2012)|
5 GB Z_¨ †_‡K GwU `„k¨gvb nq †h, 2010 A_©eQ‡i e¨vsK ewnf©~Z Drm †_‡K miKvwi FY j¨gvÎv ev‡R‡U 38 wewjqb
UvKvi wecix‡Z ev¯—‡e AwR©Z n‡qwQj 122.6 wewjqb UvKv hLb RvZxq mÂq ¯‹x‡gi wiUvb© evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mÂq nv‡ii †P‡q
A‡cvK…Z †ewk wQj| wKš‘ 2011 A_©eQ‡i hLb evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki m‡qi nvi e„w× †cj, e¨vsK-ewnf©~Z Drm †_‡K bxU FY
wQj gvÎ 30.1 wewjqb UvKv| Aciw`‡K e¨vsK e¨e¯’v †_‡K miKv‡ii bxU FY 2010 A_©eQ‡i 2011 A_©eQ‡ii 193.8
wewjqb UvKvi Zzjbvq wQj -43.8 wewjqb UvKv| G‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, cÖK…Z †`kR FY wQj 2010 A_©eQ‡i 78.8 wewjqb UvKv
(ev‡R‡U 205.6 wewjqb UvKv cÖv°j‡bi wecix‡Z)| Ab¨w`‡K 2011 A_©eQ‡i cÖK…Z †`kR FY wQj 223.9 wewjqb UvKv, hv
ev‡R‡U cÖv°wjZ wQj 236.6 wewjqb UvKv|
6 D`vniY¯^iƒc, e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v †_‡K 2011 A_©eQ‡i miKv‡ii †bqv bxU FY 193.8 wewjqb UvKvi g‡a¨ 96.4 wewjqb UvKv
G‡mwQj evsjv‡`k e¨vsK †_‡K| G‡‡Î gỳ ªv ¸YK 4 Gi †ewk nIqvi d‡j kw³kvjx gỳ ªv GK BDwbU evo‡j we¯Z…Z gỳ ªv
(broad money) ev‡o Pvi¸‡Yi †ewk| GiKg wek` gvÎvi ev‡RU NvUwZi †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g A_©vqb gỳ ªvbxwZi KvVv‡gvi
mv‡_ mym½Z bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
31

32
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
djcÖm~ ÔÔPvwn`v e¨e¯’vcbvÓ - Gi Rb¨ ivR¯^bxwZ ev gỳ ªvbxwZ e¨env‡ii †ek wKQz wel‡qi
cÖwZ bxwZwba©viK‡`i j ivL‡Z nq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvgwóK A_©bxwZi wewfbœ bxwZi
g‡a¨ m¤¢ve¨ †UªW-Ad (trade-off) ev msNvZ wbiƒcY; bxwZ wba©viY e¨e¯’vq mgq‡cY
(D`vniY¯^iƒc, cwigvc, wm×vš— MÖnY, m¤úv`b Ges bxwZ cwieZ©‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv cwiweY);
Ges mwVK ai‡bi ivR¯^bxwZ wba©viY| GQvovI i‡q‡Q ivR¯^bxwZ msµvš— e¨q cÖZ¨ A_ev
c‡ivfv‡e Ab¨ e¨q‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv; ivR¯^bxwZ ev gỳ ªvbxwZi cwieZ©b
Ab¨ A_©‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨i cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡e wKbv †hgb wewbgq nvi, evwYR¨ fvimvg¨ Ges
miKvwi †mevi cÖvc¨Zv BZ¨vw`| wewb‡qvM hLb my‡`i nv‡ii cÖwZ †ewk ms‡e`bkxj nq, ZLb
ivR¯^bxwZ mvaviYZ `ye©j n‡q c‡o; Ab¨w`‡K gỳ ªvbxwZ `ye©j nq hLb †fv³viv my‡`i nvi Lye
Kg nIqv m‡Ë¡I A_© e¨q Kivi PvB‡Z AwaK cwigvY A_© mÂq Ki‡Z B”QzK nq|
2.1| gỳ ªvbxwZ I ivR¯^bxwZi mvgÄm¨ : we‡k−lYvZ¥K KvVv‡gv
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †`‡k ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZ DfqB ¯úóZ mvgwMÖK mvgwóK A_©bxwZi
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb| Dfq bxwZB Ab¨vb¨ bxwZi g‡Zv †`‡ki †gŠwjK j¨ AR©‡b KvR K‡i,
†hgb- mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi GKwU hyw³m½Z gvÎv iv, D”P A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Ges
`ª“Z `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb| GB me¸‡jv j¨ memgq †h mvgÄm¨c~Y© Ae¯’vq _vK‡e Zv wKš‘ bq|
ZvB bxwZwba©viK‡`i Rb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb P¨v‡jÄ n‡jv ivR¯^ I gỳ ªvbxwZi h_vh_ mgš^q mvab
wbwðZ Kiv †hb mvgwóK bxwZi cÖavb j¨ AR©b e¨vnZ bv nq|
ivR¯^ I gỳ ªvbxwZi m‡e©vrK…ó mgš^q cÖavbZ we‡k−lY Kiv n‡q‡Q weKí ‰e‡`wkK wewbgq
nv‡ii †cÖvc‡U| GKwU z`ª †`k, †hLv‡b g~jab cy‡ivcwi MwZkxj Ges †hLv‡b A-evwYwR¨K
(non-traded) c‡Y¨i Dcw¯’wZ †bB, †mLv‡b ivR¯^ I gỳ ªvbxwZi m‡e©vrK…ó wgkÖ‡Yi welqwU
cªvmw½K bq| Ggb GKwU ÔcvV¨cy¯—‡KÕ ewY©Z RM‡Z ivR¯^bxwZ Kvh©Ki n‡e hw` wewbgq nvi
w¯’i nq Ges gỳ ªvbxwZ Kvh©Ki n‡e hw` wewbgq nvi bgbxq nq| ev¯—e RM‡Z Aek¨
bxwZwba©viK‡`i Kv‡Q bxwZ cQ‡›`i welqwU GZUv mnR bq|
ev¯—‡e ivR¯^ I gỳ ªvbxwZi ¯^iƒc we‡k−lY Kiv hvq miKvwi F‡Yi †cÖvc‡U, we‡kl K‡i
ivR¯^ NvUwZi A_v©q‡bi weKí c×wZ¸‡jv evQvB‡qi ga¨ w`‡q, †hgb-eÛ A_©vqb Ges gỳ ªv
A_©vqb (ˆe‡`wkK A_©vq‡bi welqwU ev` w`‡q)| eÛ Bmÿ A_ev gỳ ªv m„wó †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU A_ev
Df‡qi mswgkÖ‡Yi gva¨‡g ivR¯^ NvUwZ A_©vqb Kiv hvq| eÛ Bmÿ A_© evRv‡i miKvwi F‡Yi
mÂvjb NUvq (†`kR A_ev we‡`kx evRv‡i A_ev Dfq †‡ÎB), gỳ ªv A_©vqb †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
KZ…©K miKvi‡K cÖ‡`q bxU F‡Yi cwieZ©b mva‡bi gva¨‡g Avw_©K wfwˇZ cwieZ©b Av‡b|
Dciš‘ ivR¯^ NvUwZi Giƒc A_©vqb n‡Z cv‡i evRvi wba©vwiZ nv‡i A_ev myweavRbK nv‡i, n‡Z
cv‡i Hw”QK ev A‰bw”QK, A_ev Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i|
G‡‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †h welqwU Zv n‡jv, ivR¯^ NvUwZ A_©vq‡bi cÖwZwU c×wZi wbR¯^ wKQz
mywbw`©ó djvdj i‡q‡Q hv gỳ ªvbxwZi fw½ (Stance) wb‡`©k K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †`kR F‡Yi
Dci miKv‡ii wbf©iZv †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Rb¨ FY cÖvc¨Zv, my‡`i nvi Ges Avw_©K wfwËi
cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aciw`‡K ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi Dci wbf©iZv ewn:¯’ Lv‡Zi e¨e¯’vcbvi
†‡Î cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| A‰bw”QK A_©vqb †emiKvwi Lv‡Z weiƒc cÖfve Avb‡Z cv‡i| G †_‡K
†`Lv hvq †h, ivR¯^ NvUwZ A_©vq‡bi gvÎv QvovI ivR¯^-gỳ ªvbxwZi mvgćm¨i welqwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
G †cÖw‡Z we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM †`qv `iKvi ivR¯^ NvUwZi cÖZ¨vwkZ A_©vq‡bi Kvg¨ mgš^q
wba©viY Kivi †‡Î hv mvgwóK w¯’wZkxjZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU eyS‡Z n‡e †h, miKvwi
32

gy‡Rix: ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZi mvgÄm¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 33
NvUwZi A_©vqb QvovI Zvij¨ m„wói Ab¨vb¨ AviI c×wZ e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb bxU
ˆe‡`wkK m¤ú‡`i m¤úªmviY, †Lvjv evRvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K nvwZqv‡ii
e¨envi|
2.2| evsjv‡`‡k A_© e¨e¯’vcbv
beŸB `kK †_‡K A_©bxwZi KvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©b cÖ‡Póvi AvIZvq gỳ ªvbxwZ KvVv‡gvi
`„k¨gvb cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| GKBm‡½ evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki gỳ ªv e¨e¯’vcbvq A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q
hv AviI Kvh©Ki gỳ ªv mÂvjb wbwðZ Kivi gva¨g m„wó K‡i‡Q| c~e©eZ©x mg‡q Avw_©K Lv‡Zi
ˆewkó¨ wQj LwÊZ, Avw_©K evRvi wQj AbybœZ Ges bxwZ ev¯—evq‡bi nvwZqvi wQj msL¨vq
AcÖZzj| ms¯‹vi cÖwµqvi ïi“ †_‡K KvVv‡gv I nvwZqvi Dfq †‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q hv
A_© e¨e¯’vcbv‡K evRvi e¨e¯’vi m‡½ A‡bK †ewk mvgÄm¨c~Y© K‡i‡Q| evRvi-evÜe gỳ ªvbxwZ
mywPwš—Zfv‡e c‡iv nvwZqv‡ii e¨envi‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| ms‡‡c ejv hvq †h, beŸB `k‡Ki
cieZ©x mg‡q gỳ ªvbxwZi cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q hv gỳ ªvbxwZi
cÖYqb I ev¯—evqb‡K AviI †ewk ¯^”Q K‡i‡Q, gỳ ªv wbqš¿‡Y cÖZ¨ A‡cv c‡iv nvwZqv‡ii
Dci wbf©ikxjZv A‡bK †ewk e„w× K‡i‡Q Ges g~j¨ùxwZ I †eKvi‡Z¡i ga¨Kvi wewbg‡qi
Abycw¯’wZ AviI cÖZ¨fv‡e bxwZgvjvq Aš—fy©³ K‡i‡Q|
GwU D‡j−L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, evsjv‡`k e¨vsK gỳ ªvbxwZ ev¯—evq‡bi gva¨g wn‡m‡e †i‡cv,
wifvm© †i‡cv Ges evsjv‡`k e¨vsK wej nvi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i _v‡K hv cÖZ¨vwkZ
g~j¨ùxwZ AR©b Kivi j‡¨ Avw_©K I cÖK…Z Lv‡Zi g~j¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| evwl©K Avw_©K
Kvh©µ‡g msiwZ gỳ ªv‡K (reserve money) e¨envwiK Uv‡M©U wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq Ges ga¨eZ©x
j¨ wn‡m‡e broad money ev we¯Z…Z gỳ ªv (M2) e¨eüZ nq| G‡‡Î †h AbywgwZwU cÖ‡qvM
Kiv nq Zv n‡jv, †`kR g~j¨¯—‡ii Dci Avw_©K mvgwMÖK PjK (†hgb M2) cÖe„w×i GKwU
cÖZ¨ cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ZvB mvgwMÖK gỳ ªvi cÖe„w× wbqš¿Y Kivi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k e¨vsK g~j¨
w¯’wZkxj Kivi j¨ MÖnY K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK msiwZ gỳ ªvi GKwU nvi wba©viY
K‡i †hwU‡K j¨K…Z g~j¨ùxwZi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GwU g‡b Kiv nq †h,
msiwZ gỳ ªvi cÖe„w× we¯Z…Z gy`ªvi (M2) Ggb GKUv cÖe„w× wbwðZ Ki‡e hv j¨K…Z g~j¨ùxwZ
Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z ch©vß Zvi‡j¨i mv‡_ mym½Z| wKš‘ hw` msiwZ gỳ ªv I M2-Gi ga¨Kvi
ms‡hvM `ye©j nq hv Avw_©K Lv‡Zi DbœwZ ev AviI ˆewPΨc~Y© Avw_©K m¤ú` cÖvwßi gva¨‡g n‡Z
cv‡i, ZLb gỳ ªvbxwZi bZzb aviv MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|
¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡KB g~j¨ w¯’wZkxj ivLv Ges cÖe„w× mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ A_©bxwZi
Drcv`bkxj LvZmg~‡n ch©vß F‡Yi cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Kiv gỳ ªvbxwZi GB wØwea D‡Ïk¨ evsjv‡`‡k
AcwiewZ©Z i‡q‡Q, hw`I cwiw¯’wZi Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ mg‡q Zv‡`i Av‡cwK ¸i“Z¡ wKQzUv
cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K gỳ ªvbxwZi mÂviY c×wZi Kvh©KvwiZvi DrKl© mva‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b
A_©-evRv‡ii ms¯‹vi mvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Aš—fz©³ wQj wbqš¿Y I AvBwb cwieZ©b,
cÖvwZôvwbK AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY, evRvi KvVv‡gv‡Z mymvgÄm¨ Avbqb Ges cÖhyw³ msµvš—
AeKvVv‡gvi Dbœqb| Aek¨ ms¯‹vi Kvh©µg GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e GLbI ejer Av‡Q|
GLv‡b D‡j−L¨ †h, gỳ ªvbxwZi mwVK Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ A_©evRv‡ii me¸‡jv cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jvi
fvimvg¨c~Y© Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Gi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv: (K) A_© evRvi, hv
gỳ ªvbxwZi cÖavb gva¨g; (L) FY evRvi, hv A_©bxwZi Drcv`bkxj Lv‡Z m¤ú` cÖev‡ni Rb¨
¸i“Z¡c~Y©; (M) g~jab evRvi, †hwU `xN©‡gqvw` g~ja‡bi †hvMvb`vZv; (N) miKvwi wmwKDwiwU
33

34
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
evRvi (government security market), hv SzuwKwenxb wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Avq †iLv (credible yield
curve) weKv‡ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸i“Z¦c~Y©; Ges (O) ˆe‡`wkK gỳ ªv evRvi, †hwU ewn:LvZ
e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wKš‘ ev¯—eZv n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ evRv‡i mvgÄm¨nxb Dbœqb
mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq n‡”Q Gme evRv‡ii mvgwMÖK Ges ms‡hvMc~Y© Dbœqb mvab Ges
GKBmv‡_ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi Kvw•Z †Rvi`viKiY|
3| evsjv‡`‡k ivR¯^ I A_©Lv‡Zi ga¨Kvi ms‡hvM
ivR¯^ I A_©Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mva‡bi †‡Î evsjv‡`‡k †ek wKQz gva¨g (channel) KvR
K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q miKv‡ii FYMÖnY Kg©m~wP miKvi KZ©„K FY M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb Ges Avw_©K
Lv‡Z miKvwi wewb‡qvM| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ miKv‡ii FY MÖnY Kg©m~wP A‡cvK…Z eo, †gvU I bxU
Dfq w`K †_‡KB| e¨vswKs LvZ miKvwi wmwKDwiwUi †ewkifvM AskB µq K‡i| AwaKš‘
ivR¯^-Avw_©K ms‡hvM we‡k−l‡Y NvUwZ A_©vq‡bi my‡hvM Ges eÛ A_©vqbI we‡ePbv Kiv `iKvi|
¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z ÔivR¯^ wbi‡cZvÕ-i (fiscal neutrality)
cwie‡Z© ÔivR¯^ AwZ-Kvh©KvwiZvÕ (fiscal activism) †ewk cwijwZ nq hvi d‡j D¢~Z e„nr
miKvwi FYMÖnY Kg©m~wPi Kvi‡Y ivR¯^ NvUwZi A_©vqb A‡bKvs‡k e„w× cvq| `yf©vM¨µ‡g GB
mg‡qi miKvwi LvZ PvwjZ Dbœqb c‡e© GB bxwZ Dbœq‡bi kw³kvjx Pµ m„wó Kivi cwie‡Z©
F‡Yi Avq I e¨‡qi g‡a¨ wekvj e¨eavb m„wó K‡iwQj| KviY Giƒc wecyj FYMÖn‡Yi d‡j m„ó
m¤ú` wQj AcÖZzj Ges Zv cÖZ¨vwkZ djvdj w`‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQj| A‡bK †‡Î g~jZ mnR
A_©vqb Ges F‡Yi ¯^í Kvi‡Y Ôbgbxq ev‡RU mxgve×ZviÕ (Ôsoft budget constraintÕ) D¢e
n‡qwQj hv `xN©‡gqvw` mvgwóK-fvimvg¨nxbZvi m„wó K‡iwQj| Gai‡bi ev‡RU e¨e¯’vcbv ivR¯^
wePYZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z Ag wQj| d‡j e„nr I `xN©‡gqvw` ivR¯^ NvUwZi Øviv gỳ ªvbxwZ
mxgve×Zvi †eovRv‡j Ave× n‡q c‡owQj| G †_‡K ejv hvq, G mg‡qi mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK
fvimvg¨nxbZv Aš—Zc‡ AvswkK n‡jI ivR¯^-Avw_©K Lv‡Zi ms‡hvM Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡qwQj|
ms¯‹vi cieZ©x hy‡M A_©bxwZi µgvMZ D`vixKiY Ges †`kR Avw_©K evRv‡ii Dbœq‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK I miKv‡ii ga¨Kvi m¤úK© GKwU bZzb †gvo †bq| 7 bxwZi j‡¨i
mȳ úóZv Ges gỳ ªvbxwZi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ nvwZqvimg~n e¨env‡ii AwaKZi ¯^vaxbZv AwR©Z
nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg KvVv‡gvI †ek cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k
ivR¯^ I Avw_©K Lv‡Zi ms‡hvM weKwkZ nIqvi †ek wKQz wPý GLb `„k¨gvb| Gi d‡j
ˆe‡`wkK Pvc †gvKv‡ejv I mvgwóK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLvi †‡Î evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZ h‡_ó
`„pZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z mg n‡”Q| Gme BwZevPK DbœwZ m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k e¨vsK‡K Avw_©K Lv‡Zi
mvwe©K KZ…©c wn‡m‡e mwVK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cÖwZôvbwUi A_©c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨ AviI cÖ‡Póv †bqv cÖ‡qvRb|
bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †‡Î Kvh©Ki ¯^vqËkvmb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mxgve×Zvi
cÖwZ `„wó †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ_gZ, ivR¯^bxwZi µgvMZ cÖvavb¨, hvi d‡j miKv‡ii Avq I e¨‡qi
g‡a¨ µgea©gvb AmvgÄm¨ cwijwZ nq Ges hv `~ixKi‡Y evsjv‡`k e¨vsK‡K A‡bK mgq
7 beŸB `k‡K m~ÎcvZ nIqv ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP‡Z †ek wKQz Kvh©µg Aš—fz©³ n‡qwQj †h¸‡jv ivR¯^-gỳ ªvbxwZi mvgÄm¨nxbZv `~i
Kivi mv‡_ RwoZ †hgb GWnK †UªRvwi wej Bmÿ i c×wZ Ges ¯^qswµq A_©vqb Gi cwie‡Z© GKwU evwl©K I MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ways
and Means Advances (WMA) c×wZ MÖnY Kiv hv‡Z Avq I e¨‡qi g‡a¨ mvgwqK AmvgÄm¨ `~i Kiv hvq, w¯’iK…Z my‡`i
nv‡ii cwie‡Z© evRviwfwËK my‡`i nv‡ii cÖeZ©b Kiv, wbweo †i‡cv Kvh©µgmn e¨vsK nvi I gy³evRvi Kvh©µg mwµq Kiv; Ges
c‡iv nvwZqvi e¨env‡ii Dci AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb Kiv|
34

gy‡Rix: ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZi mvgÄm¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 35
A‰bw”QK NvUwZ A_©vqb Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| wØZxqZ, ivóªvqË Avw_©K cÖwZôvb I A-Avw_©K
miKvwi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cÖvavb¨, hvi d‡j ïaygvÎ miKvi Ges miKvi KZ…©K wPwýZ miKvwi
Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ mȳ úó _v‡K bv| Z…ZxqZ, gỳ ªv evRv‡ii A‡cvK…Z AbybœZ e¨e¯’v hv
gỳ ªvbxwZi Kvh©KvwiZv‡K evavMÖ¯— K‡i| eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq evsjv‡`k‡K djcÖm~fv‡e ÔDb¥y³ A_©bxwZ
ÎvB‡jgvÕ (‘open economy trilemma’) †gvKvwejv Kivi mvg_©¨ AR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, hv D`vi
Avš—R©vwZK g~jab cÖevn, Kvh©Ki gỳ ªvbxwZ I w¯’wZkxj wewbgq nvi-GB wZ‡bi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK
†jb‡`b (trade-off)-Gi gva¨‡g D¢~Z nq| eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi †cÖvc‡U mȳ úó Kvi‡YB ivR¯^
gZvqb cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j we‡ewPZ| hw`I eZ©gvb ivR¯^ NvUwZi gvÎv evsjv‡`‡ki mnbkxjZvi
g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, wKš‘ AcÖZ¨vwkZ †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi gZv
AZ¨š— mxwgZ| mywbw`©ófv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, eZ©gvb ivR¯^ Kvh©µ‡gi cÖK…wZ †h‡Kv‡bv AcÖZ¨vwkZ
cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv, g~j¨ w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLv Ges cÖZ¨vwkZ g~j¨ùxwZ‡K mxwgZ ivLvi
†‡Î gỳ ªvbxwZi Kvh©KvwiZv‡K A‡bKvs‡k mxgve× K‡i‡Q|
`vwi`ª¨ n«v‡m f~wgKv ivLvi †‡Î ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZ Df‡qi mgZvi g‡a¨ GKUv
mywbw`©ó ¯^vZš¿xKiY cÖ‡qvRb| Avw_©K Lv‡Zi mvgwMÖK `Zv I ¯’vqxZ¡ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ `vwi`ª¨
we‡gvP‡bi †‡Î ïaygvÎ e¨vsK-†Kw›`ªK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci GKKfv‡e wbf©i bv K‡i eûgvwÎK
cÖvwZôvwbK Avw_©K KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK
eva¨evaKZv eÈb Kiv hyw³hy³ n‡e| Dciš‘ g~‡j¨i w¯’wZkxjZvmn gỳ ªvbxwZi Ab¨vb¨
D‡Ïk¨¸‡jvi AviI ` AR©b c‡ivfv‡e n‡jI `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡m mnvqZv Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K
ivR¯^bxwZ‡K `vwi‡`ª¨i †‡Î AviI cÖZ¨fv‡e e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb‡K AviI
†Rvi`vi Kiv m¤¢e| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gỳ ªvbxwZi µgea©gvb cÖvavb¨ †K›`ªxf~Z Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
Ggb GKUv Ae¯’vi m„R‡b hv‡K †WªR (Dreze) Ges †mb (Sen) ÔcÖe„w× m„ó wbivcËvÕ (growth
mediated security) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K ÔmnvqZv ZvwoZ wbivcËvÕ (support led
security) Gi g‡Zv cÖZ¨ `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb c`‡c A‡cvK…Z fv‡jvfv‡e AR©b Kiv m¤¢e
ivR¯^bxwZ I Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g |
4| Dcmsnvi
evsjv‡`‡k ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ wbwðZ Kivi †‡Î Ways and Means
Advances Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU mvgwMÖK KvVv‡gv MVb cÖ‡Póv we‡kl
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| gỳ ªvbxwZi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki ¯^vqËkvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z Z_v `xN©‡gqvw` g~j¨
w¯’wZkxjZv Ges Avw_©K Lv‡Zi mȳ ^v‡¯’¨i wbðqZv evov‡Z, AviI `ª“Z gvÎvi †UKmB Ges
DbœZgv‡bi, mvgwMÖK Avw_©K mgš^‡qi AwaKZi djcÖm~ cÖ‡Póv †bqv `iKvi| gỳ ªvbxwZi
Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ e¨vswKs Lv‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evov‡bv, Avw_©K evRv‡ii wewfbœ Lv‡Zi
ci¯úihy³ weKvkmvab Ges ivóªvqË e¨emv I cÖK…Z A_©bxwZi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× mva‡bi
D‡`¨vM‡K mg_©b cÖ`v‡bi wel‡q evsjv‡`k e¨vsK‡K AviI wbweofv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
GB †cÖvc‡U ` Avw_©K mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi Rb¨ FY evRv‡ii weKvk ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| we‡klZ
AeKvVv‡gv Lv‡Zi A_©vq‡b hv‡Z FY evRvi mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i †mw`‡K bRi †`qv `iKvi| FY
evRv‡ii Giƒc weKv‡ki Rb¨ c~e©kZ© n‡jv miKvwi wmwKDwiwUi Rb¨ GKwU `ª“Z weKvkgvb
evRvi hv my‡`i nv‡ii Rb¨ †eÂgvK© cÖ`vb K‡i| GwU gỳ ªvbxwZi mgwš^Z mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Kvh©Ki ivR¯^-Avw_©K mgš^q wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ivR¯^ wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi myiv
35

36
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
cÖ‡qvRb, hv e¯‘Z ivR‰bwZK-A_©bxwZi MwZkxjZvi GKwU ewn:cÖKvk| ivR¯^ wbqgvbyewZ©Zv
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ miKvi I evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ mgš^q cÖ‡qvRb| G‡‡Î evsjv‡`k
e¨vs‡Ki cÖ‡Póv n‡e GUv wbwðZ Kiv †h, ivR¯^ NvUwZ A_©vq‡bi c×wZ n‡e Ggb hv mvgwóK
A_©bxwZi MwZkxjZvi c‡_ me‡P‡q Kg weNœKvix Ges hv `ª“Z cÖe„w×i AbyK~j| GwU Aek¨B
Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ev¯—e Avw_©K cwiw¯’wZi cÖwZ ms‡e`bnxb gỳ ªvbxwZ cwiPvjbv Lye GKUv
Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i bv|
GwUI Dcjwä Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, ivR¯^ NvUwZi †Kv‡bv Av`k© gvÎv †bB Ges GB msµvš—
¸i“Z¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv n‡”Q: ivR¯^ NvUwZ Kxfv‡e A_©vqb Kiv n‡”Q Ges e¨qK…Z A_©
wK‡mi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q? G †‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e F‡Yi AvKvi wba©viY K‡i ivR¯^bxwZ;
Avi miKvwi FY gỳ ªvbxwZi mv‡_ me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| Aciw`‡K F‡Yi MVb
wba©vwiZ nq FY e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZi Øviv| F‡Yi Avw_©K cÖfve wbf©i K‡i †K FY enb Ki‡Q,
bxwZ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ GwU Kxfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q Ges mvgwMÖK Pvwn`vi Dci GB cwieZ©‡bi
cÖfve wKiƒc─ Gme wel‡qi Dci|
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †`‡k ivR¯^ I gỳ ªvbxwZ mgš^‡qi †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨ nIqv DwPZ mvgvwRK
Dbœq‡bi j‡¨ †gvU mvgvwRK Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iv Kiv| Gi Rb¨ ïay Pvwn`v
I †hvMv‡bi mvgwMÖK fvimvg¨B bq, eis Gi mv‡_ Pvwn`v I †hvMvb KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨I fvimvg¨
AR©b cÖ‡qvRb| A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Ges Df‡qi KvVv‡gv e¨e¯’vcbvi †‡Î
ivR¯^ I gỳ ªvbxwZi Kvh©Ki mgš^‡qi kw³kvjx gZv i‡q‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e gỳ ªvbxwZ e¨e¯’vcbvi
†K›`ªxq j¨ n‡”Q Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ mvgwMÖK fvimvg¨ myiv; Ab¨w`‡K ivR¯^bxwZi
†K›`ªwe›`y n‡”Q Df‡qi KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab hv‡Z `yB bxwZ G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB `ywU bxwZi mgš^q Dbœq‡bi AbyK~‡j nIqv DwPZ hv ïaygvÎ `ª“Z
Drcv`b cÖe„w× Øviv cwigvc Kiv †hŠw³K n‡e bv eis G‡‡Î A‡cvK…Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q
Drcv`b gZvi m¤úªmviY, A_©‡bwZK `Zv e„w× Ges fvimvg¨c~Y© A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv Dbœq‡b
mdjZv|
mvgćm¨i RwUj cÖK…wZi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ivR¯^ I gỳ ª&vbxwZi g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi KZ¸‡jv gvÎv
i‡q‡Q| mgwóMZ ch©v‡q Bmÿ wU n‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó ivR¯^-gy`ªvbxwZi mgš^q (D`vniY¯^iƒc,
ivR¯^ NvUwZi gvÎv, A_©vq‡bi cÖKvi, Avw_©KxKi‡Yi (monetization) we¯Z…wZ BZ¨vw` welq)
we`¨gvb mgwóK j‡¨i mv‡_ mym½Z wKbv| GKBfv‡e GwU wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †hb ivR¯^ I
Avw_©K KZ…©c‡i Kg©c×wZ (D`vniY¯^iƒc, FY I bM` e¨e¯’vcbv) mym½Z I cvi¯úwiK kw³
mÂviK nq|
ivR¯^ I gỳ ªvbxwZ Df‡qiB ci¯úi‡K mg_©b †`qv †hgb cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb Zv‡`i Av‡cwK
¯^vaxbZv iv KivUvI ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, we‡kl K‡i Zv‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv‡K kw³kvjx Kivi j‡¨|
mvaviYfv‡e gỳ ªvbxwZi mgš^q mva‡b †ewk mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Ab¨w`‡K ivR¯^bxwZi mgš^q
mvab cÖwµqv A‡cvK…Z ¯^í mgq mv‡c| G Kvi‡Y Dfq bxwZi mgš^q mva‡bi mvaviY j¨
nIqv DwPZ A_©bxwZi ¯^v¯’¨ I wbw`©ó mvgwóK-A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi ˆewkó¨ we‡ePbvq †i‡L Dfq
bxwZi myweav¸‡jv cwic~Y©fv‡e MÖnY Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Ges Zv ev¯—evqb wbwðZ Kiv hv‡Z
mvgvwRK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
36

gy‡Rix: ivR¯^bxwZ I gỳ ªvbxwZi mvgÄm¨ : evsjv‡`k †cÖwZ 37
MÖš’cwÄ
MPD (2012): Major Economic Indicators: Monthly Update, September 2012, Monetary
Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Dhaka.
PAU (2008): Monetary Policy Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, Policy Analysis Unit, Bangladesh
Bank.
Premchand, A. (1989): Government Budgeting and Expenditure Controls: Theory and
Practice, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C.
37

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 evwl©K msL¨v 1419
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L
GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
1| cUf~wg
wR Gg †mvnivIqv`©x *
Lye †ewk w`b nqwb Dbœq‡bi A_©‰bwZK ZË¡ wb‡q AbymÜvb I PP©v ïi“ n‡q‡Q| gvÎ GK
cÖRb¥Kvj Av‡M A_©bxwZi GKwU Dcaviv wn‡m‡e Zvi Rb¥ (†mb 1990); hw`I mß`k kZ‡KB
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj| G Av‡jvPbv
†Rviv‡jvfv‡e ïi“ nq wesk kZvãxi gvSvgvwS bvMv`, wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci, hvi cwiYwZ‡Z
ÔDbœqb A_©bxwZÕ bv‡g A_©kv‡¯¿i GKwU ¯^Zš¿ kvLv Rb¥ jvf K‡i| 1676 mv‡j m¨vi DBwjqvg
†cwU d«v‡Ýi A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× m¤ú‡K© wj‡LwQ‡jb (Bmjvg 2010)| Zvi wVK GKk eQi ci,
1776 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZi aª“c`x MÖš’ An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations †hLv‡b A¨vWvg w¯§_ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~j welq¸‡jv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z Kvj© gvK©‡mi †jLv‡ZI A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× wQj †K›`Öxq
welq| G mgq mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk ch©v‡jvPbvq gvK©m GKwU †gŠwjK, ‰eÁvwbK
we‡k−lY nvwRi K‡ib| Zvi Z‡Ë¡i weKí wn‡m‡e wek kZ‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb Kiv
nq, hvi g‡a¨ i‡÷vi ¯—i ZË¡ we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| 1960 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zvi iwPZ cȳ —K
The Stages of Economic Growth: a Non Communist Manifesto-†Z gvwK©b A_©‰bwZK
BwZnvmwe` Iqvë ûBUg¨vb i‡÷v (1916-2003) Zvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb welqK ¯—i ZË¡
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|
i‡÷v Zvi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g Bsj¨vÛmn mgmvgwqK KwZcq cyuwRev`x †`kmg~‡ni
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZaviv we‡k−lY K‡ib| G‡‡Î Bsj¨vÛ hw` wkí cyuwRev‡`i aª“cw` `…óvš—
n‡q _v‡K, Z‡e fviZe‡l©i Aaxb evsjv‡K Jcwb‡ewkK cyuwRev‡`i aª“cw` `…óvš— wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq (Bmjvg 2012)| 1947 mv‡j weÖwUk kvmb †_‡K gy³ nIqvi ci evsjvq
Jcwb‡ewkK cyuwRev‡`i iƒcvš—i cÖwµqv cvwK¯—vb ivóÖ KvVv‡gvi Aax‡b evavMÖ¯— nq, †`kwUi
Dci AveviI Jcwb‡ewkK ai‡bi RvwZMZ †kvlY †P‡c e‡m| †Kej 1971 mv‡j P~ovš—
ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ciB evsjv‡`‡k Jcwb‡ewkK cy uwRev‡`i ¯^vaxbZv DËi iƒcvš—i
cÖwµqv AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi †mB Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZwe`‡`i
nZvkve¨ÄK wVKywRi cvj−vq c‡o‡Q (Lvb 2011)| mˇii `k‡KB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ wb‡q
nZvkv e¨³ K‡ib biI‡qi A_©bxwZwe` dvj¨vÛ I weªwUk A_©bxwZwe` cviwKÝb| 1976 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ eB Bangladesh: Test Case for Development-G Zviv wjL‡jb, Ôhw` evsjv‡`‡k
Dbœq‡bi D‡`¨vM mdj Kiv hvq Z‡e G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM †h †Kv‡bv †`‡kB mdj Kiv hv‡e- G
Abygv‡bi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© m‡›`‡ni LyeB Kg AeKvk _vK‡e| GB A‡_©B evsjv‡`k n‡e Dbœqb
AwfÁZvi cÖvgvY¨ bwRiÕ| hw`I ‰bivk¨ev`x GB A_©bxwZwe`Øq 2007 mv‡j G‡m Zv‡`i
c~e©eZ©x Ae¯’vb wKQyUv n‡jI cwieZ©b Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Qb, ÔGB gyn~‡Z© wZb `kK Ges Zvi
†ewk mg‡qi mxwgZ I eY©vX¨ AMÖMwZi wfwˇZ g‡b nq evsjv‡`‡k †UKmB Dbœqb AR©b m¤¢e,
* M‡elYv cwiPvjK, cvwU©wm‡cUwi wimvP© GÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U †mvmvBwU, XvKv, evsjv‡`k|

40
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Zey G m¤¢vebv †gv‡UI wbwðZ bqÕ| ev¯—‡e ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ weMZ Pvi `k‡K A‡bK
mvdj¨ †hgb AR©b K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb Gi †ek wKQy e¨_©ZvI Av‡Q| mv`v †Pv‡L †`‡L g‡b nq, GB
†`‡ki GKwU Ask (AvKv‡i †QvU n‡jI) †hb DbœZ we‡k¦ †cŠu‡Q †M‡Q, Avi Ab¨ AskwU
(AvKv‡i †hwU †ek eo) Av‡M †h wZwg‡i wQj †mB wZwg‡iB i‡q †M‡Q|
GB †cÖvc‡U i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKv‡ki GKwU
ch©v‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü|
2| cÖe‡Üi †hŠw³KZv, D‡Ïk¨ I we‡k−lY KvVv‡gv
Dbœqb A_©bxwZwe`‡`i †KD †KD BwZg‡a¨ m‡›`n cÖKvk K‡i gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb †h, Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK weKvk i‡÷vi ewY©Z ¯—i¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv GKwUi mv‡_ Av‡`Š wPwýZ Kiv hvq
bv| †hme †`k Dbœq‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †ejvq G gš—e¨wU we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨,
KviY †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wel‡q GKwU †`k DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vq _vK‡jI DÇqb ¯—‡ii `y GKwU kZ©
c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr i‡÷vi eY©bv‡Z GB `yB ¯—‡ii ga¨Kvi mxgv‡iLv Lye ¯úó bq (Bmjvg
2010)| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi AwfÁZvi K_vB aiv hvK| wb:m‡›`‡n ejv hvq,
evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb A_©bxwZ i‡÷v ewY©Z Avw`g mgv‡R †hgb we`¨gvb †bB, wVK †Zgwb i‡÷vi
wb‡`©wkZ P~ovš— Dbœqb ¯—i Z_v D”P MY‡fv‡Mi Kv‡jI GL‡bv †cŠuQvqwb| wKš‘ GKUy Mfxifv‡e
`…wó w`‡jB †`Lv hv‡e GB `yB ¯—‡ii ‰ewkó¨mg~‡niB ÔAe‡klÕ (mbvZb mgv‡Ri) ev ÔcÖvi¤¢Õ
(D”P MY‡fv‡Mi Kv‡ji) eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z mxwgZ AvKv‡i n‡jI we`¨gvb|
Aciw`‡K gv‡Si wZbwU ¯—‡ii ‰ewkó¨mg~n AvcvZ`…wó‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki mv¤cÖwZK (wbKU AZxZ
I eZ©gvb) A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ bvbv gvÎvq mv`…k¨c~Y© g‡b nq| G‡‡Î iYkxj
A_©‰bwZK we‡k−lKiv nq‡Zv gš—e¨ Ki‡eb evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ GL‡bv DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vq i‡q
†M‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K AwZ Drmvnx A_©‰bwZK we‡k−lKiv nq‡Zv `vwe K‡i em‡eb G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ
BwZg‡a¨B c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv ïi“ K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K i‡÷v ¯^qs Zvi Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g †Kej
cvðv‡Z¨i DbœZ †`k¸‡jviB bq eis j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv (†hgb-Av‡R©w›Ubv) Ges GwkqviI
KwZcq Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki (†hgb-fviZ I Pxb) A_©‰bwZK MwZc_ ev Kvjce© wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
GB †cÖvc‡U eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q i‡÷vi Z‡Ë¡ D‡j−wLZ †Kv‡bv ¯—i w`‡q
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv Kvjce©‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq wKbv †mwU cixv Kiv|
cÖeÜwUi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki
BwZnv‡mi GKwU mswß ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwiµgvq i‡÷v wb‡`©wkZ mbvZb mgv‡Ri kZ©mg~n cixv
Kivi Rb¨ Avh©c~e© evsjvi A_©vr cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK weKvk †_‡K cÖvK-weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK
Kvj ch©š— mg‡qi mswk−ó Z_¨vbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mgqKvj‡K mijfv‡e `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq: Agymwjg kvmbvgj (Avh©c~e© mgqKvj, Avh©cieZ©x †eŠ× I wn›`y mgÖvU Ges ivRv‡`i
kvmbKvj- Øv`k kZK ch©š—) I gymwjg kvmbvgj| Avevi gymwjg kvmbvgj‡K (·qv`k
kZvãx †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãx ch©š—) `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: cÖvK-bevwe Avgj I bevwe Avgj|
DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vi ‰ewkó¨vejx cixv Kivi Rb¨ bRi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Jcwb‡ewkK (weªwUk) I
Avav-Jcwb‡ewkK (cvwK¯—vwb) kvmbvg‡ji w`‡K| GLv‡b weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK KvjI Avevi wØwefvwRZ:
†Kv¤úvwbi kvmbvgj (Aóv`k kZvãxi ga¨fvM n‡Z 1858 mv‡ji wmcvwn we‡`Övn
ch©š—) I weª‡U‡bi ivYxi mivmwi kvmb ce© (1858-1947)| DÇqbKv‡ji kZ©mg~n cixv
Kivi Rb¨ ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g `yB `kK Ges c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv- G ¯—‡ii ‰ewkó¨vejx
40

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 41
cixv Kivi Rb¨ wek kZ‡Ki beŸB‡qi `kK †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi MwZc_ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| i‡÷vi Dbœqb ¯—‡ii P~ovš— ce© Z_v D”P MY‡fv‡Mi
Kv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki †cŠuQy‡Z, i‡÷vi we‡ePbv AbyhvqxB, Aš—Z Aa© kZvãx jvM‡e| ZvB GB
¯—iwU‡K we‡k−l‡Yi evB‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q|
cÖwZwU ¯—‡ii Av‡jvPbvq cÖ_‡gB H ¯—‡ii AvIZvaxb mgqKv‡ji †hŠw³KxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q,
A_©vr †Kb wbw`©ó H mgqKvj‡KB H ¯—‡ii Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡jv Zvi e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gici g~j we‡k−lY c‡e© †mB wbw`©ó ¯—‡ii (i‡÷v wb‡`©wkZ) wewfbœ wb‡`©k‡Ki Øviv mgmvgwqK
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi MwZ-cÖK…wZ we‡k−lY K‡i †evSvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q wb‡`©kK¸‡jv KZLvwb
cÖvmw½K| cÖwZwU ¯—‡ii Av‡jvPbv †kl n‡q‡Q †mB wbw`©ó ¯—iwU evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi H wbw`©ó
Kvjce©‡K wK gvÎvq wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB Dcmsnvi †U‡b|
3| i‡÷vi ¯—i ZË¡
gvK©‡mi g‡Zv i‡÷vI Zvi we‡k−l‡Y A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cvuPwU ¯—‡ii K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb
Ges Zvi cȳ —‡Ki wk‡ivbvg †`‡L g‡b nIqv ¯^vfvweK †h, wZwb (i‡÷v) gvK©‡mi Z‡Ë¡i (†hwUI
GKwU ¯—i ZË¡) GKwU weKí cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb; hw`I wZwb gvK©‡mi ¯—img~‡ni
†hŠw³KZv, Awbevh©Zv ev mxgve×Zv wb‡q cÖkœ Zy‡j wb‡Ri ZË¡ wbg©v‡Yi †‡Î †Kv‡bviƒc ms¯‹vi
cÖqvmx nbwb| i‡÷vi we‡k−l‡Y GKwU A_©bxwZ †h mKj ¯—‡ii ga¨ w`‡q hvÎv K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
(1) mbvZb mgvR ev Traditional society, (2) DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’v ev Preconditions for take
off, (3) DÇqbKvj ev Take off, (4) c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv ev Drive to maturity Ges
(5) D”P MY‡fv‡Mi Kvj ev Age of high mass consumption (Rostow 1960)| ¯—i¸‡jvi
mswß eY©bv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
3.1| mbvZb mgvR
i‡÷v Traditional Society-†K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e, ‘As one whose structure is
developed within limited production functions based on pre-Newtonian science and
technology and as pre-Newtonian attitude towards the physical world’ (Avjg 2000)|
G‡‡Î i‡÷v mbvZb mgv‡Ri wbgœwjwLZ 6wU mywbw`©ó ‰ewk‡ó¨i D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb:
(1) A_©bxwZ g~jZ K…wlwfwËK; (2) cÖvPxb Ges AbybœZ cÖhyw³; (3) m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Ë¡I
Drcv`bkxjZv Kg; (4)wKQy wkí ¯’vwcZ n‡jI AbybœZ cÖhyw³i `i“b mxgve× Drcvw`Kv;
(5) †kÖYxwef³ mgvR Ges ‡K›`Öxf~Z gZv; Ges (6) gZvq Rwgi gvwjK‡`i cÖfve|
3.2| DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’v
i‡÷vi g‡Z, cÂ`k kZvãxi ‡k‡li w`‡K Ges lô`k kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K A_©vr
ga¨hy‡Mi †k‡li w`‡K Ges AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïi“i w`‡K weÖ‡Ub Ges cwðg BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~‡n
G ¯—i cÖ_g cwijwZ nq| †`k¸‡jvi G ¯—‡ii hvÎv ïi“ nq 4wU Ae¯’vi mv‡_ mv‡_| †m¸‡jv
n‡jv: (1) The new learning or Renaissance, (2) The new monarchy, (3) The new world
Ges (4) The new religion ev The reformation. GB ¯—i Avm‡j GKwU µvwš—Kvj, hLb GKwU
A_©bxwZ ¯^qsPvwjZ nevi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ AR©b K‡i| GB kw³ AR©‡bi †cQ‡b wb‡gœi
welq¸‡jv cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i-
(K) AvaywbK A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi Dc‡hvMx wkv
41

42
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
(L) e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi m„wó, Ges Zvi d‡j mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi myweav
(M) e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi
(N) AvaywbK wk‡íi weKvk
3.3| DÇqbKvj
i‡÷v A_©bxwZi †UK-Ad ev DÇqbKv‡ji msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ‘As an industrial
revolution, tied directly to radical changes in the methods of production, having their
decisive consequences over a relatively short period of time’ †Kv‡bv GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ
wb‡gœi kZ©mg~n cÖwZcvjb Ki‡j, i‡÷vi ZË¡vbyhvqx †m A_©bxwZ †UK-Ad ¯—‡i we`¨gvb e‡j
a‡i †bIqv hvq:
(K) (H A_©bxwZi) Drcv`bkxj wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi †e‡o ‡gvU RvZxq Av‡qi 10% ev Zvi
Dc‡i IVv
(L) Aš—Z GKwU ev ZviI †ewk msL¨K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wk‡íi weKvk Ges D”P nv‡i cÖe…w×
(M) Dchy³ ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o IVv, hv Dbœq‡bi cÖeYZv
Ges DÏxcbvi h_vh_ e¨envi K‡i cÖe…wׇK ¯^qsPvwjZ Ki‡e
i‡÷v wbgœwjwLZ mg‡q wewfbœ †`‡ki †UK-Ad n‡q‡Q e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb,
GB †UK-A‡di mgqmxgv n‡”Q b~¨bZg `yÕ`kK|
mviwY 1
wewfbœ †`‡ki †UK-A‡di mgqmxgv
†`k †UK-A‡di mgqmxgv †`k †UK-A‡di mgqmxgv
†MÖU weÖ‡Ub 1783-1802 Rvcvb 1878-1900
dÖvÝ 1830-1860 ivwkqv 1890-1914
†ejwRqvg 1830-1860 KvbvWv 1896-1914
hy³ivóÖ 1843-1860 Av‡R©w›Ubv 1935
Rvg©vbx 1850-1873 Zyi¯‹ 1937
myB‡Wb 1868-1890 fviZ Ges Pxb 1952
Drm: Avjg (2000)|
3.4| c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv
DÇq‡bi ¯—i mdjfv‡e AR©b Kivi ci GKwU A_©bxwZ cwic~Y©fv‡e weKvk jv‡fi (A_ev
cwic°Zv AR©‡bi) mgZv m…wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| c~Y© weKv‡ki ¯—‡ii msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q i‡÷v
AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb, ‘As the period when a society effectively
applied the range of (then) modern technology to the bulk of resources’ GwU mvaviYZ Pvi
`kK ch©š— we¯— …wZ jvf K‡i| GKwU A_©bxwZi G ¯—‡i †cuŠQvi Rb¨ i‡÷v wbgœwjwLZ kZ©mg~n
cÖ¯—ve K‡ib-
(K) A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gvÎv µgvMZ e…w× cvq hv RvZxq Av‡qi `k kZvsk †_‡K
†e‡o 20 kZvsk ch©š— n‡q hvq|
(L) bZyb cÖhyw³i mv‡_ mv‡_ bZyb bZyb wkí M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K, GKwU-`ywU †bZ…¯’vbxq
Lv‡Zi cwie‡Z© wkí weKv‡ki avivq ‰ewPΨ Av‡m|
42

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 43
(M) Avg`vwbi cwie‡Z© A‡bK cY¨B †`‡k Drcvw`Z nq, ißvwb Lv‡ZI bZyb bZyb cY¨
†hvM nq|
GB ¯—‡i Drcv`b e„w×i nvi RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi‡K Qvwo‡q hvq| GB ch©v‡q †cŠuQv‡Z GKwU
A_©bxwZi h‡_ó mgq jv‡M─ DÇq‡bi ¯—i mdjfv‡e AwZµg Kivi cÖvq Pwj−k eQi ci
†Kv‡bv A_©bxwZ c~Y© weKv‡ki ¯—‡i †cŠu‡Q| i‡÷v KwZcq A_©bxwZi †UKwbK¨vj g¨vPywiwUi
wbgœwjwLZ mgq D‡j−L K‡ib:
mviwY 2
wewfbœ †`‡ki †UKwbK¨vj g¨vPzwiwUi mgqmxgv
†`k mgq †`k mgq
†MÖU weÖ‡Ub 1850 myB‡Wb 1930
hy³ivóÖ 1900 Rvcvb 1940
Rvg©vbx 1910 ivwkqv 1950
dÖvÝ 1910 KvbvWv 1950
Drm: Avjg (2000)|
3.5| D”P MY‡fv‡Mi Kvj
†Kv‡bv GKwU ivóªxq A_©bxwZ hLb G ¯—‡i †cŠuQvq, i‡÷vi g‡Z, ZLb †m ivóÖwU Kj¨vY iv‡óÖ
(Welfare State) cwiYZ nq| †m mgq H A_©bxwZ‡Z wbgœwjwLZ cwieZ©bmg~n `…k¨gvb n‡q
I‡V-
(K) †`‡ki Rbmvavi‡Yi Avq †e‡o Ggb ch©v‡q †cuŠQvq hv‡Z Zviv Zv‡`i †gŠwjK Pvwn`v
wgwU‡q Ab¨vb¨ †fvM¨ cY¨ (we‡klZ: †UKmB cY¨) Ges †mev Lv‡Zi Rb¨ h‡_ó LiP
Ki‡Z cv‡i
(L) kÖgkw³i KvVv‡gv‡Z ¸YMZ cwieZ©b Av‡m, hvi d‡j GKw`‡K bMiwfwËK kÖwg‡Ki
Ask ev‡o, Ab¨w`‡K ` I eyw×e„wËi Dci wbf©ikxj kÖwg‡Ki AskI ev‡o
(M) AvaywbK cÖhyw³ weKv‡ki j¨ AwZµg K‡i mgvR `„wó wb‡c K‡i Kj¨vY I mvgvwRK
wbivcËvi Dci|
GKwU A_©bxwZ hLb D”P MY‡fv‡Mi ¯—‡i †cŠu‡Q ZLb H A_©bxwZi †bZ…¯’vbxq Lv‡Zi f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i †UKmB ‡fvM¨ c‡Y¨i wkí I †mev| HwZnvwmKfv‡e hy³ivóÖ G ¯—‡i †cŠu‡Q 1920
mv‡j, hy³ivR¨ 1930 mv‡j, Rvcvb I Rvg©vbx 1950 mv‡j Ges †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb ÷vwj‡bi
g„Zÿ i ci G ¯—‡i †cŠu‡Q e‡j i‡÷v wm×vš— †`b (Avjg 2000)|
4| i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ch©v‡jvPbv
mbvZb mgvR I DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’v GB `yB ¯—‡ii ch©v‡jvPbv eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki weï×
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi wbwi‡L we‡k−lY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| cvwK¯—vb c‡e©i AvM ch©š— A_©vr 1947
mvj ch©š— evsjv‡`k wn‡m‡e †ewkifvM †‡Î Awef³ evsjv‡KB (hvi g‡a¨ eZ©gvb cwðg
evsjvI Aš—f©y³) wb‡`©k Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q, KviY c„_Kfv‡e eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨ D‡j−wLZ
mgqKvj ch©š— weij| Aek¨ †hLv‡b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b c~e© evsjv Z_v eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k‡K
¯^Zš¿fv‡e †`Lv‡bvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
43

44
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
4.1| mbvZb mgvR
mbvZb mgv‡Ri wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e i‡÷v ‡h QqwU ‰ewk‡ó¨i D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb Zvi A‡a©‡KiI
†ewk (we‡klZ A_©bxwZi K…wlwfwËKZv, mxgve× Drcv`bkxjZv, †kÖYxwef³ mgvR, †K›`Öxf~Z
gZv) GL‡bv wewfbœ gvÎvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi †‡Î wµqvkxj| ZvB e‡j G wm×vš— Uvbv
†gv‡UI MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv †h, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ GL‡bv i‡÷v ewY©Z mbvZb mgv‡Ri ¯—‡i
i‡q †M‡Q| i‡÷vi Z‡Ë¡i wØZxq ¯—i Z_v DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vi kZ©mg~‡ni w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡LB
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi mbvZb mgv‡R Ae¯’vb cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK Kvj ch©š— we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q
Ges mswk−ó kZ©mg~‡ni wbwi‡L ZrKvjxb A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ch©v‡jvPbv Aóv`k kZvãxi
ga¨fvM ch©š— mxgve× ivLv n‡q‡Q| mbvZb mgv‡Ri GB mxgv wba©vi‡Yi †‡Î wek kZ‡Ki
†miv A_©bxwZwe` Rb †gbvW© †KBb‡mi cÖvmw½K gš—e¨I Avgv‡`i cÖfvweZ K‡i| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb,
ÔcÖvPxbZg mgq hLb †_‡K wjwLZ cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡”Q, ai“b, L„÷ R‡b¥i `yÕnvRvi eQi Av‡M
†_‡K AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki ïi“ ch©š— c…w_exi mf¨Zvi †K›`Ömg~‡n mvaviY gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi
†Kv‡bv eo cwieZ©b nqwb| DVvbvgv n‡q‡Q wbðqB| †c−M, `ywf© Ges hy×I †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
KLbI G‡m‡Q †mvbvjx weiwZ| wKš‘ cÖMwZkxj †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b †`Lv hvqwbÕ (Lvb 2010)| G
†cÖw‡Z i‡÷v wb‡`©wkZ mbvZb mgv‡Ri ‰ewkó¨mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK evsjvi
A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q|
4.1.1| A_©bxwZ wQj g~jZ K…wlwfwËK
cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK evsjvq GKwU mymgwš^Z A_©bxwZ weivRgvb wQj| cÖvK-wkí hy‡Mi
Awfavq G‡`‡ki K…wl Ges Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i gvb h‡_ó DbœZ wQj| M½v Ges Gi kvLv cÖkvLvi
cwj gvwU R‡g G‡`‡ki gvwU wQj †ek De©i| cÖPyi e„wócv‡Zi d‡j G‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z Pvlvev`
n‡q D‡V mnR I jvfRbK| G Kvi‡Y ¯§iYvZxZKvj †_‡KB evsjvi A_©bxwZi wfwË wQj K…wl
(Bmjvg 2000)| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ K…wlwfwËK wKbv Zv H †`‡ki A_©bxwZi mywbw`©ó
wKQy ‰ewk‡ó¨i Ici wbf©i K‡i, hvi g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ ‰ewkó¨mg~n D‡j−L‡hvM¨-
1. wRwWwc‡Z K…wli Ae`vb A_©vr H A_©bxwZi evrmwiK †gvU Drcv`‡bi GKwU eo Ask
mivmwi K…wl †_‡K Av‡m|
2. Kg©ms¯’v‡b K…wli Ae`vb A_©vr †`‡ki †gvU Kg©g Rb‡Mvôxi e„n`vsk mivmwi
K…wlKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
3. K…wl ewnf©~Z A_©bxwZi K…wl wbf©ikxjZv A_©vr A_©bxwZi Ab¨ `ywU cÖavb LvZ Z_v wkí
LvZ I †mev LvZ cÖZ¨ ev c‡ivfv‡e K…wli Ici e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©ikxj _v‡K|
4. A_©bxwZi ewn:¯’ LvZ Z_v ißvwb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ gvÎvq K…wli Ici wbf©ikxj nq|
Gi evB‡iI K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZi AviI ‰ewkó¨ I wbY©vqK i‡q‡Q wbðqB; Z‡e Av‡jvPbvi
cwimi mxwgZ weavq G mKj ‰ewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡KB Avgiv cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK evsjv‡`‡ki
A_©bxwZi K…wlwfwËKZvi GKwU AwZ mswß ch©v‡jvPbv Kie|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ AvengvbKvj †_‡KB K…wlwfwËK| G cÖm‡½ MZ kZ‡Ki Avwki
`k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K cÖ`Ë W. Ave`yj−vn dvi“‡Ki gš—e¨ cÖwYavY‡hvM¨: Ô†h mgq ev KvjB
we‡ePbv Kiv †nvK, †`Lv hvB‡e, Drcv`‡bi w`K w`qv evsjv‡`k Avengvb Kvj nB‡ZB K…wl
cÖavb, GL‡bv K…wl cÖavbB iwnqv‡Q| mnmÖ ermi c~‡e© †h c×wZ‡Z km¨ Drcv`b Kiv nBZ,
AvRI †`‡ki AwaKvsk Rwg‡Z †gvUvgywU †mB GKB Ae¯’v Pwj‡Z‡QÕ (dvi“K 1983)|
44

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 45
evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi Ici iwPZ `yB aª“c`x MÖš’ The History of Bengal (THB) Ges ev½vjxi
BwZnvm DfqB dvi“‡Ki e³e¨ mg_©b K‡i; hw`I me©cÖ_g †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi nv‡Z G A‡j
K…wli m~Pbv n‡qwQj †m wel‡q D‡j−wLZ MÖš’؇qi iPwqZv‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| THB-i
g‡Z, evsjvq ÔK…wlwfwËK MÖvgÕ Gi cËb GKwU Avh©c~e© NUbv, Ges AwóÖKfvlx wblv‡`ivB wQj
†mme MÖv‡gi cÖwZôvZv| Ab¨w`‡K ev½vjxi BwZnvm Rvbvq †h, G A‡ji A_©bxwZ I e¯— yMZ
Rxe‡bi wfwË †h K…wl, Zv Avh©c~e© Kvj †_‡KB cÖPwjZ wQj, Ges Zv Avh©c~e© Rb‡Mvôx
†fÇxq‡`i ØvivB m~wPZ n‡qwQj| GB Rb‡MvôxI wQj Aw÷ÖKfvlx, hviv MÖvgwfwËK mf¨Zv M‡o
†Zv‡j| jv½jwfwËK K…wl Zv‡`i Rb¨ ch©vß Lv`¨ Drcv`b KiZ, hvi d‡j †Zgb Lv`¨vfve wQj
bv, Ges †jvK emwZI h‡_ó we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj (Bmjvg 2011)| ch©vß Z_¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi
Afv‡e aviYv K‡i GUyKz Aš—Z: ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, ZrKvjxb wRwWwcÕi Drcv`b I Rb‡Mvôxi
Kg©ms¯’vb- G `yÕ‡qi wbwi‡L Avh©c~e© evsjvi A_©bxwZ wb:m‡›`‡n K…wlwfwËK wQj|
L…óxq cÂg kZvãx‡Z G A‡j Avh©‡`i Dcw¯’wZ I cÖfv‡ei cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| G mgq
ewnivMZ‡`i msL¨v e„w× I D”P Rb¥nv‡ii Rb¨ GLv‡b Pvl µgk e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| mßg
kZvãx‡Z GB cÖ‡`‡ki AwaKvsk fv‡jv RwgB K…wlKv‡Ri AvIZvq P‡j Av‡m| mßg n‡Z Øv`k
kZvãx ch©š— G‡`‡k mvgš—Zvwš¿K Drcv`b e¨e¯’v envj wQj, †hLv‡b K…wlB wQj Drcv`‡bi
cÖavb gva¨g (dvi“K 1983)| Avh©-cieZ©x Avg‡ji wn›`y hy‡Mi †kl ch©š— (A_©vr Øv`k kZvãx
ch©š—) mg‡qi †Kv‡bv Zyjbvg~jK Z_¨ ev cwimsL¨vb Avgv‡`i nv‡Z bv _vK‡jI G mgqKvi
bvbv K…wlwfwËK wkí I ißvwb c‡Y¨i wewfbœ D‡j−L †_‡K G Dcmsnvi Uvbv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, †m
mgqKvi evsjvi A_©bxwZi K…wlwfwËKZv Avgv‡`i wba©vwiZ cÖ_g `ywU wb‡`©k‡Ki (wRwWwc I
Kg©ms¯’v‡b K…wli Ae`vb) cvkvcvwk cieZ©x `ywU wbY©vq‡Ki (wkí I ißvwb c‡Y¨i K…wl wbf©iZv)
wbwi‡LI cÖgvwYZ nq|
gymwjg Avg‡j G A‡j K…wlKvR h‡_ó we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖavb
RxweKv wQj K…wl| wKš‘ evsjvi Rb‡Mvôxi KZ kZvsk mivmwi K…wli Dci wbf©i K‡i RxweKv
wbe©vn KiZ Zvi †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Z_¨ Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †bB| Z‡e †`‡k Drcbœ Pvj ¯’vbxq
cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †h A‡bK †ewk wQj †mwU mȳ úó| KviY GB mg‡q cvk¦©eZ©x †`kmg~‡n, we‡klZ
wmsnj, gvjØxc, `wY fvi‡Z cÖPyi Pvj ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv e‡j cÖgvY Av‡Q| wK cwigvY Pvj †m
mgq Drcvw`Z n‡qwQj Zv wKQyUv c‡iv c×wZ‡Z aviYv Kiv hvq| mgÖvU AvKe‡ii mgq K…wli
Drcv`‡bi A_©vr av‡bi dj‡bi GK-Z…Zxqvsk Ki wn‡m‡e w`‡Z n‡Zv| †m mgq evsjvi (wenvi
I Dwol¨vmn) evrmwiK LvRbv wQj GK †KvwU UvKv| mgmvgwqK MÖvg evsjvq 1 UvKvq 5 gb Pvj
cvIqv †hZ| G wnmv‡e wenvi I Dwol¨v ev` w`‡q evsjv‡`‡kB cÖvq 8 †KvwU gb Pvj Drcbœ
n‡Zv| c~e© evsjvq 1947 mv‡j Pvj Drcbœ n‡Zv cÖvq 18 †KvwU g‡bi wKQy †ewk| AZGe 500
eQi Av‡M cÖvq GK-PZy_©vsk RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ 8 †KvwU gb Pvj wb:m‡›`‡n evowZ Drcv`b m„wó
K‡iwQj| gwiP, Av`v, njỳ GB cÖ‡`k n‡Z Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ A‡j, cvim¨ DcmvMixq
†`kmg~‡n, AvwdÖKv, g¨vwbjv I Pxb †`‡k ißvwb n‡Zv (dvi“K 1983)| cÂ`k I †lvok
kZvãxi evsjvi AvLRvZ wPwb (K…wlwfwËK wkí) `wY fvi‡Z, Avi‡e I cvi‡m¨ cÖPyi cwigv‡Y
ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv| AvKe‡ii gš¿x Aveyj dRj †lvok kZvãxi evsjv‡`‡k cvU n‡Z cÖ¯— yZ Kvco
I P‡Ui D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| †lvok kZvãx‡Z fv‡_©gv I `yqv‡Z© evi‡evmv (cZ©yMxR e¨emvqx) G
AÂj n‡Z cÖPyi cwigv‡Y jvv evB‡i ißvwbi welq D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| †m mgq XvKv, gqgbwmsn,
Kywgj−v, ivRkvnx, h‡kvni I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g h‡_ó Z~jvi Pvl n‡Zv (Bmjvg 2000)| G ch©v‡q
`ywU wel‡q †gvUvgywU wbivc` gš—e¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_gZ, gymwjg kvmbvg‡ji c~‡e© K…wl
KvuPvgv‡ji ißvwb †hgb †e‡o hvq, †Zgwb K…wl cÖwµqvRvZ cY¨ I K…wlwfwËK wkí c‡Y¨i
45

46
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Drcv`b I ißvwb e…w× cvq| wØZxqZ, GB AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj cÖvq AcwiewZ©Z GKwU K…wl
KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨, †Kbbv †gvMj K…wl e¨e¯’v Avm‡j c~e©eZ©x ZyK©x-cvVvb e¨e¯’viB AbyKiY, Avevi
ZyK©x-cvVvb e¨e¯’v †mb-cvj e¨e¯’vi AbyKiY| ZvB Avh©c~e© evsjv †_‡K gymwjg evsjvi mgv‡R
A‡bK †‡Î cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡jI A_©bxwZi K…wl wfwËKZv wQj Azbœ|
4.1.2| K…wl I wk‡í e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ wQj cÖvPxb Ges AbybœZ
Avh©-c~e© evsjvi K…wl cÖhyw³ wb‡q THB I ev½vjxi BwZnvm Gi g‡a¨ wØgZ i‡q‡Q|
ev½vjxi BwZnvm †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Avh©c~e© Kv‡j evsjvq GKwU mg…× jv½j K…wlwfwËK
MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ weivR KiwQj (Bmjvg 2011)| Aciw`‡K THB Rvbvq †h, ÔG‡`i (Avh©c~e©
evsjvi Awaevmx‡`i) K…wl wQj AZ¨š— cÖv_wgK ai‡bi| cvnv‡oi Mv‡q jvwV w`‡q MZ© Kivi
gva¨‡g Giv dmj djvZ|Õ A_©vr Avh©c~e© evsjvi K…wli g~j nvwZqvi wQj, THB-Gi g‡Z, ÔMZ©
Kivi Rb¨ jvwVÕ, jvOj bq| THB hv‡K MZ© Kivi Rb¨ jvwVwfwËK K…wl e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q,
BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbvq Zv‡K mvaviYZ hoe-agriculture ejv nq| evsjvq G‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i
ÔLywš— K…wlÕ| THB-Gi e³e¨ AwaK hyw³m½Z a‡i wb‡q bRi“j Bmjvg Rvbv‡”Qb, Drcvw`Kv
kw³i weKvk Ges †mB m~‡Î mgv‡Ri Ici AwfNv‡Zi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K jvOj-c~e© K…wli (A_©vr
Lywš— K…wli) e`‡j jvOj K…wli cÖeZ©b eZ©gv‡bi cï wbf©i K…wli e`‡j UÖv±i PvwjZ K…wli
cÖeZ©‡bi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk cÖfvekvjx wQj| Z‡e K…wl cÖhyw³ cieZ©x ch©v‡q Avi †Zgb weKwkZ
nqwb, hvi Rb¨ Ave`yj−vn dvi“‡Ki gš—‡e¨ nZvkv S‡i c‡o, ÔAvð‡h©i e¨vcvi GB †h, weMZ
cvuPkZ erm‡i K…l‡Ki e¨eüZ GB mKj hš¿cvwZi (Mi“i Øviv PvwjZ jvOj, Kv‡¯—) †Kv‡bvB
cwieZ©b nq bvB Ges AvR ch©š— kZKiv beŸBwU K…lKB GB cyivZb hš¿cvwZi ØvivB Rwgi Pvl
Kwiqv _v‡K| Bnv Avgv‡`i Rbmvavi‡Yi D¢vebx kw³i Afv‡ei GKwU D`vniYÕ (dvi“K
1983)| Avi G mgq Ry‡o wkí c‡Y¨ evsjvi wek¦ ‡Rvov L¨vwZ _vK‡jI Zv wQj g~jZ n¯—wkí|
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB n¯—wk‡íi cÖhyw³ mgKvjxb K…wl cÖhyw³i g‡ZvB ¯’weiZvq Avµvš— wQj|
4.1.3| m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Ë¡I A_©bxwZi Drcv`bkxjZv wQj Kg
†`‡ki †gvU Kg©g Rb‡Mvôxi eo GKwU As‡ki Kg©ms¯’vb hw` K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj nq,
Avi †m Zyjbvq †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡b Z_v wRwWwcÕ‡Z hw` K…wli Ae`vb Kg _v‡K, Zvn‡j a‡i
†bIqv ¯^vfvweK †h H A_©bxwZi K…wlLv‡Z QÙ †eKviZ¡ weivRgvb| GB welqwU evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl
A_©bxwZi †‡Î AvengvbKvj †_‡KB mwZ¨ wQj| A_©vr cÖvq me Kv‡jB evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©g
Rb‡Mvôxi eo GKwU Ask K…wlKv‡R m¤ú„³ †_‡K †gvU ‡`kR Drcv`‡b (Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Zyjbvq)
Kg Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| myZivs Kg©ms¯’vb-wRwWwcÕi Abycv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl A_©bxwZi
Drcv`bkxjZv AvengvbKvj †_‡KB wQj wbgœ ch©v‡qi| Gi cvkvcvwk K…wl‡Z cÖhyw³i weKvk bv
NUv, †m‡Pi g‡Zv fvwi K…wl DcKiY mieiv‡ni †‡Î e¨w³ ch©v‡qi mxgve×Zv, K…lK‡`i
evRv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvMnxbZv cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK K…wli Drcv`bkxjZv mxwgZ ivLvi †‡Î f~wgKv
†i‡L‡Q (Bmjvg 2000)| Aciw`‡K hš¿wk‡íi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z n¯—wkíwfwËK wkí A_©bxwZi
Drcv`bkxjZv AvU‡K wQj wbgœ¯—‡i| GKwU cÖvmw½K D`vni‡Y wkí A_©bxwZi GB wbgœ
Drcv`bkxjZv ¯úô n‡q D‡V| mviv gvm a‡i cy‡iv mKvj gvKy‡Z KvR Kivi ciI GKRb myZv
KvUvi †jvK m‡e©v”P gvÎ Avav †Zvjv cwigvY myZv KvU‡Z cvi‡Zv| Avi GKwU m~èZg ai‡bi
gmwj‡bi Aa©LÊ †evbvi Rb¨ GKRb ZvuZxi cÖ‡hvRbxq cwigvY myZv KvU‡Z jvM‡Zv cÖvq `yB
eQi| mgmvgwqK gRyi †kÖwYi gvby‡li wbgœ Avq wQj K…wl I wkí A_©bxwZi wbgœ Av‡qi
cÖwZdjb|
46

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 47
4.1.4| wKQy wkí ¯’vwcZ n‡jI AbybœZ cÖhyw³i `i“b Drcvw`Kv wQj mxgve×
K…wlwfwËK evsjv‡`‡ki Avw` evwm›`viv wk‡í I KvwiMwi‡Z `Zv AR©b K‡iwQj|
cÖvPxbKv‡j G‡`‡ki †h mKj wkí L¨vwZ jvf K‡iwQj Zvi g‡a¨ e¯¿, jeb, avZy, cv_i I KvV
†Lv`vB Ges g„r wkí we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| evsjvi me iKg n¯—wk‡íi g‡a¨ Kvc©vm e¯¿ wkí
wQj me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© (Bmjvg 2000)| L…óxq cÖ_g kZ‡Ki R‰bK †jL‡Ki iwPZ Ô†cwicvm
Ae w` GwiwÎqvb wmÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’, Mvw½wUwK bv‡gi †h gmwj‡bi D‡j−L cvIqv hvq Zvi Drm
m¤¢eZ c~e©e‡½| †ivgvb mvgÖv‡R¨i weËkvjx gwnjv‡`i Kv‡Q fviZxq (Z_v evsjvi) gmwjb wQj
Mfxi Abyiv‡Mi e¯— y| L…÷xq cÂg kZ‡K iwPZ †KŠwU‡j¨i A_©kv‡¯¿ Ôf½Õ ev Ôc~e© e‡½i wgwn
Kvc©vm e‡¯¿i D‡j−L cvIqv hvq| beg kZ‡Ki Avie cwieÖvRK †mvjvqgvb, ·qv`k kZ‡Ki
BZvjxq ch©UK gv‡K©v‡cv‡jv, ló`k kZ‡Ki i“jd wdrm Ges cieZ©xKv‡ji ågYKvix evwb©qvi
I U¨vfvwY©qvi mK‡jB evsjvi ‰Zwi m¯—v, nvjKv, RgKv‡jv I m~è e‡¯¿i cÖksmbxq eY©bv
w`‡q‡Qb| wkí cY¨ Ges ißvwb cY¨ wn‡m‡e evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡Z e‡¯¿i AvwacZ¨ cÖvK-
Jcwb‡ewkK Kvj ch©š— Ae¨vnZ wQj-ÔAvi mewKQy‡K Qvwo‡q evsjv n‡q I‡VwQj wewfbœ Rv‡Zi
Zyjv Ges wm‡éi ‰Zwi c‡Y¨i GK AmvaviY fvÊvi| G cY¨ ïay gnvb †gvMj‡`i mvgÖvR¨
wn›`ȳ —v‡bB e¨eüZ n‡Zv bv, G cY¨ †h‡Zv weÖ‡Ub Ges BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡kI| G cY¨¸‡jv
ïay †h PgrKvi gm„YZv Ges wgwn Kvi“Kv‡h©i Rb¨B L¨vZ wQj ZvB bq, Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e `v‡gI
wQj m¯—v| Gfv‡e cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK evsjvi wkí A_©bxwZ‡K mgKvjxb †h‡Kv‡bv DbœZ A_©bxwZi
mv‡_ Zyjbv Kiv hvq|Õ †MŠ‡oi †kl wn›`y ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvq †ik‡gi Drcv`b ïi“ nq| †ik‡gi
‰Zwi Kvco ZLb XvKv, †mvbviMvuI Ges mßMÖv‡gi g‡Zv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kni¸‡jv‡Z ißvwb Kiv
n‡Zv| gymwjg weR‡qi ci wKQy ag©xq wewawb‡l‡ai d‡j GB wkí wZMÖ¯— nq e‡U, wKš‘ `ª“Z
GB wk‡íi cybi“¾xeb N‡U| Ph©vc`, PÛxg½j, gbmvg½j Ges c~e© e½ MxwZKvi g‡Zv cÖ_g
w`‡Ki DcvL¨vb¸‡jv‡Z mgỳ ÖMvgx RvnvR I wekvj wekvj †bŠKv wbg©v‡Yi D‡j−L i‡q‡Q| evsjvi
`xN©, Mfxi, we¯— …Z DcK~j †iLv eivei jeb Drcbœ n‡Zv| †h‡nZy K…wl wQj cÖvPxbKv‡j GB
†`‡ki cÖavb †ckv, †m‡nZz Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, Kg©Kvi I avZywkí cÖ¯— yZKviK GKwU †kÖwYI
GLv‡b wQj| abxi wejv‡mi Rb¨ kn‡i Aj¼vi wbg©v‡Yi wkí cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z we`¨gvb wQj|
Kv‡Vi Kvi“Kv‡h©i wb`k©b hw`I Kvj‡mÖv‡Z aŸsmcÖvß n‡q‡Q, ZviciI Ggb wKQy wKQy cÖgvY
Av‡Q hv‡Z †evSv hvq ‡h gw›`i, evwo, AvmevecÎ, †bŠKv, RvnvR, Mi“i Mvwo BZ¨vw` cÖ¯— y‡Zi
wkí †mKv‡j we`¨gvb wQj (dvi“K 1983) | me wgwj‡q ejv hvq, G mgq evsjvi wkí wfwË
msKxY© wQj bv| Z‡e AbybœZ cÖhyw³i `i“b Drcv`b kw³ wQj mxwgZ, hv B‡Zvc~‡e©B D‡j−wLZ
n‡q‡Q|
4.1.5| mgvR wQj †kÖwYwef³ Ges gZv wQj †K›`Öxf~Z
evsjv‡`‡k Avh©c~e© mgvR †kÖwYwef³ wQj wKbv Zvi †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨ cÖgvY BwZnv‡m cvIqv bv
†M‡jI evsjvq Avh©Ki‡Yi g~j Av_©mvgvwRK cÖwZdj †h wQj eY© cÖ_vi (Z_v †kÖwY wefvRb)
we¯—vi †m wel‡q wb:m‡›`n n‡q THB Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡”Q, ÔAvh©Ki‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖ_g c`‡c wQj
GB A‡ji c~e©Zb Awaevmx‡`i Avh© mgvRKvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ Aš—f©y³ Kivi cÖqvm| ZviB cÖgvY
wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq †h, wewfbœ Avw`evmx †KŠg (tribe) †hgb fM©, mei, cywjÛ, wKivZ, cyÛÖ
cÖf…wZ‡K cÖvPxb DcvL¨v‡b wÎq wn‡m‡e †kÖwYfy³ Kiv n‡”Q| evsjvi wKQy gvbyl‡K †h eÖv²Y
wn‡m‡e D”P †kÖwYfy³ Kiv n‡qwQj, †m wel‡q m‡›`n †bB| ..... ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi e„n`vsk‡K
†klvewa k~`Ö †kÖwYfy³ Kiv nq (Bmjvg 2011)| THB AviI Rvbvq †h, mgv‡Ri me©wbgœ
ch©v‡qi ÔA¯ú„k¨Õ ev Ô‡¤−QÕ ‡`i (hv‡`i‡K g~j mgv‡Ri evB‡i fvev n‡Zv) ev` w`‡qI Dce‡Y©i
47

48
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
msL¨v wQj wecyj Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Avevi DËg, ga¨g I wbgœ- GB wZb †kÖwY wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e|
GB †kÖwY wefw³ GK‡PwUqvfv‡e weivRgvb wQj wn›`y Avg‡ji †kl ch©š—, gymwjg Avg‡j G‡m
Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq gymjgvb mgv‡Ri †kÖwY wefvRb| HwZnvwmK Avãyj Kwig (1959, 1960)
gymwjg kvmK‡`i Ges wn›`y mvavi‡Y¨ cÖPwjZ, Dfq m~‡Îi AvKi we‡k−lY K‡i GB Dcmsnv‡i
DcbxZ nb †h, evsjvi gymwjg mgvRI mvaviYfv‡e `yB fv‡M wef³ wQj- D”P †kÖwY I wbgœ
†kÖwY| wZwb AviI Rvbvb †h, GB `yB †kÖwY‡Z wef³ gymwjg mgvR cieZ©x‡Z Pvi †kÖwY‡Z
wef³ n‡q c‡o, †hgb-ÔAvkivdÕ (m¤£vš—), ÔAvZivd fv‡jv gvbylÕ (ga¨weË f`Ö‡jvK),
ÔAvZivdÕ (ga¨weË) Ges AviRvj (wbgœ †kÖwY)| gymwjg kvmbvg‡ji †kl w`‡KI mvgvwRK
¯—iweb¨vm wQj cÖKU|
cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK hy‡M gZv we‡K›`ÖxKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv AwfcÖvq kvmK‡Mvôxi wQj bv| ivR¯^
cÖkvmb Qvov †K›`Öxq cÖkvm‡bi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kvLvi we¯—viI Z…Yg~j ch©š— cÖmvwiZ wQj bv| Avi
gvK©m Kw_Z GwkqvwUK mgv‡Ri ‰ewkó¨ wb‡q evsjvi MÖvg¸‡jv wQj wew”Qbœ, Aš—Z †mB A‡_©
¯^wbf©i, ZvB MÖvgxY evsjvi c †_‡KI †K›`ªxq gZvi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv Kvh©Ki Pvwn`v
wQj bv|
4.1.6| gZvq Rwgi gvwjK‡`i cÖfve wQj wbi¼yk
Avh©c~e© evsjvq mvgvwRK gZvKvVv‡gvi kx‡l© Kviv wQj ev Av‡`Š wQj wKbv- G e¨vcv‡i
¯úó Dcmsnvi Uvbv hvqwb; eis e¨vcKfv‡e aviYv Kiv nq †h, MÖvgwfwËK mgv‡R GK ai‡bi
mvg¨ev` cÖPwjZ wQj †hLv‡b Rwgi e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv wQj Abycw¯’Z| Avh©‡`i AvMg‡bi ci
¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôx bZyb mgv‡Ri wbgœe‡M© Ae¯’vb †bq †h‡nZy Avh© cÖewZ©Z A_©bxwZ I ms¯‹…wZ
DbœZZi ¯—‡ii wQj (Bmjvg 2011)| Gw`‡K Avh© mgv‡RI Rwgi e¨w³MZ ev †kÖwYMZ
gvwjKvbvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvqwb| Z‡e Avh©-cieZ©x †eŠ× I wn›`y mgªvU I ivRv‡`i kvmbvg‡j
mgªvU ev ivRvivB wQ‡jb iv‡R¨i mKj Rwgi gvwjK| cÖRviv ÔivqZÕ wn‡m‡e mgªvU ev ivRvi
Rwg‡Z Pvlvev` Ki‡Zv Ges Drcv`‡bi GKwU Ask Zv‡`i‡K LvRbv wn‡m‡e cwi‡kva Ki‡Zv|
A_©vr G mgq (ivR‰bwZK) gZvq Rwgi gvwjK‡`iB (mgªvU ev ivRvi) GK”QÎ cÖfve wQj|
i‡÷v mbvZb mgv‡Ri †h mKj wb‡`©k‡Ki D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
weKv‡ki ÔmbvZb mgvRÕ c‡e© †m mKj ‰ewk‡ó¨i cÖvq cwic~Y© Dcw¯’wZ j Kiv hvq| Z‡e G
mKj ‰ewk‡ó¨i †ek wKQy cieZ©x eûKvj a‡iB we`¨gvb wQj Ges wKQy wKQy GLbI weivRgvb
i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ GLbI K…wlwfwËK, hw`I weMZ `yB `k‡K wRwWwcÕ‡Z K…wli
Ae`vb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ gvÎvq K‡g‡Q| K…wl I wkí Lv‡Z DbœZ cÖhyw³i Avwef©veI †ewk w`b Av‡Mi
NUbv bq| wkí wfwË ax‡i ax‡i cÖmvwiZ n‡jI K‡qK `kK Av‡MI wRwWwc‡Z wk‡íi Ae`vb
wQj bMY¨| i‡÷v ewY©Z mbvZb mgv‡Ri ¯—i †cwi‡q Avmvi ciI eû Kvj †`kxq A_©bxwZ wbgœ
Drcv`bkxjZv Øviv Avµvš— wQj, hvi `i“b wesk kZvãxi Avwki `k‡KI A_©bxwZi cÖe…w×i nvi
kZKiv Pvi fvM AwZµg Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| hw`I cieZx©‡Z beŸB `k‡K 4 fvM AwZµg K‡i
GKwesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g `k‡K 5-6 fv‡Mi Dci cÖe„w× AwR©Z n‡q‡Q, ZeyI mgv‡Ri †kÖwY
wefvRb K‡gwb, gZvI KywMZ i‡q‡Q gywó‡gq awbK †kÖwYi nv‡Z| gZvq Rwgi gvwjK‡`i
wbi¼yk cÖfv‡e nqZ wKQyUv cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q, KviY gZvi ej‡q Rwg QvovI bZyb bZyb
wba©vi‡Ki Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q| mvgwMÖKfv‡e GUv ejv A‡hŠw³K n‡e bv †h, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ
i‡÷vi ÔmbvZb mgvRÕ AwZµg K‡i G‡mI †mB mgv‡Ri Avw`gZvi wb‡`©kK¸‡jv hyM hyM a‡i
e‡q P‡j‡Q, nq‡Zv gvÎv K‡g‡Q, wKš‘ Dcw¯’wZ nvwi‡q hvqwb|
48

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 49
4.2| DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’v
i‡÷vi g‡Z, A_©bxwZi DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vq mgv‡R wKQy ‡gŠwjK I ¸YMZ cwieZ©b N‡U|
mbvZb mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv, ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Ges Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z G ai‡bi cwieZ©b
Av‡m (Bmjvg 2010)| AvcvZ`…wó‡Z Dcgnv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK gZv e„wUk‡`i n¯—MZ nIqvi
ci †_‡KB G A‡ji mgvR, ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ‡Z i‡÷v ewY©Z †gŠwjK I ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡bi
†Quvqv jv‡M, Gi †cQ‡b wQj mgmvgwqK e„wUk wkí wec−e I BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmvui cÖfve hv
bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv, e¨w³ AwaKvi I MYZ‡š¿i Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡iwQj| Z‡e M‡elK‡`i GKwU
Ask GB cwieZ©‡bi cwiYwZ BwZevP‡Ki ‡P‡q †bwZevPK Ges Dcwb‡e‡ki ¯^v‡_©i †P‡q
Jcwb‡ewkK iv‡óªi ¯^v‡_©i AbyK~‡j wM‡q‡Q e‡j AwfgZ †`b| Gg Gg AvKvk e‡jb,
ÔJcwb‡ewkK aŸsmjxjvi wecyj mgv‡iv‡ni gv‡S cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv AvaywbK BwZevPK
Dcv`vb¸‡jv DuwK gvi‡Z ïi“ K‡i|Õ Zvi g‡Z, weÖwUk‡`i wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bB †ijjvBb,
we`ÿ r, iv¯—vNvU, w÷gvi BZ¨vw`i cÖPjb n‡jI GmKj DbœZ cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi m~Î
a‡iB G‡`‡k AvaywbKZvi AbycÖ‡ek N‡UwQj (AvKvk 2004)| Avi cvwK¯—vb AR©‡bi ci GKwU
¯^Zš¿ ivóªxq KvVv‡gvq mgvR, ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ‡Z i‡÷v ewY©Z cwieZ©‡bi MwZ AviI ‡eMevb
nIqvi m¤¢vebv ‰Zwi nq| evOvwj RvZxq †PZbvi weKv‡ki BwZnv‡m AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki ga¨fvM
(evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbv) n‡Z wek kZ‡Ki mˇii `kK (¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki DÌvb)
ch©š— mgqKvj─ hv ÔDÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vÕ ¯—‡ii we‡k−l‡Yi AvIZvaxb─ we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| †mB
mg‡qi m¤¢vebv wQj †`kxq A_©bxwZi Rb¨ GKwU µvwš—Kvj nIqvi| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨ekZ cÖvq `yB
kZvãxi c~Y© Jcwb‡ewkK (weªwUk kvmb) I `yB `k‡Ki †ewk Avav Jcwb‡ewkK (cvwK¯—vwb
kvmb) †kvl‡Y evsjvi A_©bxwZi †mB m¤¢vebv (¯^qsPvwjZ nevi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ AR©b
Kiv) wKfv‡e A¼y‡i webó nq Zv cieZ©x Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úó n‡q DV‡e| Av‡jvPbvi cwimi
we‡ePbvq, wb‡gœi we‡k−l‡Y cvwK¯—vb c‡e©i Ici Lye GKUv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nqwb| KviY
cÖwZwµqv Ges djvd‡ji w`K †_‡K Avav Jcwb‡ewkK GB kvmbKvjwU Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©i c~Y©
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡ji GK ai‡bi cybive„wË| d‡j GB Abv‡jvKcvZ mswk−ó Dcmsnv‡ii
†‡Î †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖfve †dj‡e bv e‡j a‡i †bIqv hvq|
4.2.1| AvaywbK A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi Dc‡hvMx wkvi cÖmvi NUv
evsjvq AvaywbK A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖmvi †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡j hZUyKy we`¨gvb wQj,
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †Kv¤úvwb cieZ©x kvmbvg‡j Zv e„w× cvq| GmKj Kg©KvÊ h_v e¨emv-evwYR¨,
e¨vsK-exgv, Awdm, G‡RwÝ cÖf…wZ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GK`j wkwZ †jv‡Ki `iKvi nq|
BwZg‡a¨ wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯—i gva¨‡g weªwUkiv evsjvq Zv‡`i AbyMZ GK Abyrcv`bkxj f~¯^vgx
†kÖwYi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj| cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K Bs‡iwR wkvi we¯—v‡ii gva¨‡g G‡`‡k
Av‡iKwU wkwZ ga¨weË †kÖwY ev ¯—i M‡o †Zvjv nq| Z‡e GB bZyb my‡hv‡Mi m¤ú~Y© mبenvi
K‡i wn›`y ag©vej¤^x‡`i GKwU e„nËi cwiYZ I m‡PZb Ask, Ab¨w`‡K ivR¨nviv dvwm© fvlvq
wkwZ gymjgvbiv Awfgv‡b Bs‡iwR wkv wb‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i `~‡i m‡i _v‡K (ivRK~U 2010)|
GB mgq wn›`y K‡jR I Ab¨vb¨ wkv cÖwZôv‡b D‡j−wLZ wn›`y mgv‡Ri mš—v‡bivB Bs‡iwR cv‡V
g‡bvwb‡ek K‡iwQj| GivB c‡i eskvbyµ‡g GK mywkwZ Avgjv I †ckvRxwe ga¨¯—‡ii Rb¥
w`‡qwQj, hviv Jcwb‡ewkK A_©bxwZi wkwZ Kg©Pvixi (Officer) Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z f~wgKv
†i‡LwQj| Z‡e GUvI wVK †h Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ mn‡R G‡`‡k wkv `vb Ki‡Z Pvqwb| AvVvi
kZ‡Ki †k‡l hLb fvi‡Z wkv Lv‡Z e¨q eiv‡Ïi cÖkœ D‡V, ZLb weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi
49

50
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
wW‡i±iiv GB e‡j AvcwË Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb †h, †jLvcov †kLv‡bvi d‡j Av‡gwiKvi g‡Zv K‡jvwb
Zviv nvwi‡q‡Qb, fvi‡Z Avi Zvi cybive„wË Ki‡Z Pvb bv| 1813 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwb me©cÖ_g
fvi‡Z wkv we¯—v‡i A_© e¨‡qi AbygwZ cvq| Bs‡iR kvm‡Kiv G‡`‡k †h wkv cÖYvjx Dchy³
we‡ePbv K‡iwQ‡jb ZviB weewZ©Z iƒc‡K Avgiv mvaviY wkv ewj (Avwbmy¾vgvb 2000)|
mvaviY avivi wkv hviv (g¨vK‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AMÖMY¨) cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb, Zviv †f‡ewQ‡jb
GB wkv wdëv‡ii cÖYvjxi g‡Zv PyB‡q PyB‡q †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e mgv‡Ri DuPy ¯—i †_‡K wbPy ¯—i ch©š—|
¯úóZB cieZ©x †`ok eQ‡iI Zv‡`i GB D‡Ïk¨ wm× nqwb| ZviciI eû wbw›`Z Jcwb‡ewkK
wkv e¨e¯’v Ggb me gvbyl m„wó Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj, bvbv †‡Î hv‡`i Ae`v‡b G †`k mg„×
n‡q‡Q|
4.2.2| mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi myweavi Rb¨ e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi m„wó
†gvMj Avg‡j evsjvi µgm¤cÖmviYkxj ißvwb evwYR¨ I †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j e¨emvwqK
m¤cÖ`v‡qi Kvh©µg e„w×i d‡j UvKv cqmv †jb‡`‡bi Pvwn`v e„w× e¨vsK e¨e¯’v M‡o Zyj‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i (Bmjvg 2000)| cÖvPxb fvi‡Z cÖPwjZ Ges AveŸvwmq hy‡M Avie‡`i cÖewZ©Z
e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi mgš^‡q evsjvi e¨vsK e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V| AvVv‡iv kZ‡K evsjvi beve‡`i mg‡q
†`kxq e¨vsKviiv gỳ Öv Ges miKvwi A‡_©i Dci †h cÖfve AR©b K‡iwQj Zv weªwUk kvm‡bi cÖ_g
w`‡KI AUyU wQj| Bs‡iR‡`i †`Iqvwb jv‡fi ciI MÖvgv‡j GB †kÖwYwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| wKš‘ miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb hLb GKwU mvaviY e¨vsK
cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨vswKs ZrciZv ïi“ K‡i ZLb †`kxq e¨vsK¸‡jv weivU wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nq|
1773 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj †evW© Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi cwiKíbvi d‡j evsjv I
wenv‡i mvaviY e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq, hvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj KjKvZvq we‡ji gva¨‡g
ivR¯^ †cÖiY K‡i evsjvi MÖvgv‡j gỳ Övi cÖPjb AUyU ivLv Ges e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ kvLvi gva¨‡g
Avosmg~‡n e¨emvqx‡`i Rb¨ UvKv †cÖi‡Yi mnR I m¯—v Dcvq m…wó K‡i †`‡ki evwYwR¨K
fvimvg¨ iv Kiv| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki f~L‡Ê me©cÖ_g e¨vsK‡bvU cÖPwjZ nq m¤¢eZ 1785
mv‡j| †e½j e¨vs‡Ki ¯^Z¡vwaKvix R¨vKe ivBWvi I GWIqvW© †nÕi ¯^vihy³ 100, 500 I 1
†gvn‡ii †bvU H eQiB cÖPwjZ n‡qwQj (dvi“K 1983)|
1948 mv‡j ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k) evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki 111wU Awdm
wQj, hvi †ewkifvMB wQj fviZxq ev we‡`kx †Kv‡bv e¨vs‡Ki kvLv| µgk fviZxq e¨vsK¸‡jv
wb‡R‡`i e¨emv Zy‡j †bq I cvwK¯—v‡bi (Z_v c~e© evsjvi) wbR¯^ e¨vsK e¨e¯’v M‡o I‡V| ax‡i
ax‡i e¨vs‡Ki msL¨v I kvLv evo‡Z _v‡K| 1963 mv‡j ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b †gvU evwYwR¨K
e¨vs‡Ki kvLv wQj 369wU, 1968 mv‡j Zv †e‡o `uvovq 737wU‡Z|
4.2.3| e¨emv evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi NUv
1765 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Ô†`IqvwbÕ cÖvwßi mgq †_‡K ga¨ Dwbk kZK ch©š— A_©vr
†Kv¤úvwbi kvmbvg‡ji †kl ch©š— evsjvi Af¨š—ixY I ewne©vwYR¨ †ek e„w× cvq| Gmgq K…wli
evwYwR¨KxKi‡Yi d‡j cÖPyi K…wl c‡Y¨i †ePv‡Kbv n‡Zv| Av‡M †_‡KB we`¨gvb evsjvi Avw`
ewYK †kÖwYi mv‡_ hy³ nq we‡`kx we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iR ewYK (Bmjvg 2000)| AvVvi kZ‡Ki
gvSvgvwS evsjvi bMi¸‡jv wQj e¨emv evwYR¨ ev cÖkvm‡bi †K›`ª Z_v cxV¯’vb| bM‡i evm
KiZ AwaKmsL¨K KvwiMi, hv‡`i cv‡kB Ae¯’vb wQj e¨emvqx I e¨vsKv‡ii| XvKvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
e¨emvqxiv Zv‡`i e¨emv Pvwj‡q hvw”Qj Dwbk kZ‡Ki A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB| Gmgq fvi‡Zi
DËiv‡ji kni¸‡jv we‡kl K‡i †ebvim †_‡K gnvR‡biv evsjv‡`‡k †ek e¨emv K‡i‡Q|
50

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 51
AvVvi kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© evsjv‡`k †_‡K wPwb, km¨ I Kvc‡oi ißvwb †ek e…w× cvq|
evsjvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A‡j evm KiZ Ggb wKQy KvwiMi, hviv ißvwbi Rb¨ eqb KiZ
DbœZgv‡bi mywZ I †ikgx Kvco| AvVvi kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©B wb‡R‡`i ‰bc~‡Y¨i d‡j GB
eqbwkíxiv wek¦‡Rvov evRvi `Lj Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj| d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki myZvq ‰Zwi e¯¿
mvgMÖxi ißvwb 1765 mvj †_‡K Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g `kK ch©š— D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e e„w× cvq|
AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †ewki fvM mgq evsjv‡`‡ki cY¨ Avg`vwbi cwigvY ißvwbi †P‡q Kg wQj|
1793 †_‡K 1812 Gi g‡a¨ GB cwigvY wQj gvÎ GK-Z…Zxqvsk| 1813-Gi cieZ©x mg‡q
GB cwigvY †ek evo‡jI 1840-Gi `k‡Ki Av‡M GwU kZKiv cÂvk fv‡Mi Ici hvqwb|
evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡Z ZLb hyMvš—i mvwaZ n‡”Q| †`kxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Gmgq ißvwbKviK †_‡K
Avg`vwbKvi‡K iƒcvš—wiZ nIqvi cÖwµqv Pj‡Q| †Kv¤úvwbi Avgj †kl nIqvi Av‡MB G‡`k
e„wUk wkí c‡Y¨i Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o, ißvwbi g‡a¨ _v‡K ïay wKQy K…wl KuvPvgvj| 1815
mvj bvMv` weª‡U‡bi evRv‡ii GKwU eo Ask evsjvi mywZ e‡¯¿i Rb¨ eÜ n‡q hvq| Gi ci eÜ
n‡q hvq BD‡ivc, Av‡gwiKv I AvwdªKvi evRvimg~n| Gw`‡K B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K
eqbwkí, †ikg Ges je‡bi Drcv`‡bi Dci wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kivq Dwbk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS
mg‡qi g‡a¨ G mKj ¯’vbxq D‡`¨vMI e¨_© n‡q hvq (Bmjvg 2000)|
4.2.4| AvaywbK wk‡íi weKvk
c~e©eZ©x ¯—i A_©vr mbvZb mgv‡Ri Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv mn‡RB ejv hvq, e…wUk
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡ji Av‡MB evsjvq GKwU mg…× wkí wfwË M‡o D‡VwQj| hw`I Zv wQj n¯—
wkí, Z‡e Kvjµ‡g †mUviB hš¿ wk‡íi iƒcvš—‡ii m¤¢vebv wQj| M‡elK‡`i †KD †KD Ggb
gZI †`b, †m‡‡Î cÖ_g wkí wec−e weª‡U‡b bv n‡q, evsjv Z_v fviZe‡l©B n‡Zv| cieZ©x
mswß Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hv‡e wKfv‡e evsjvi mg„× wkí LvZ Jcwb‡ewkK †kvl‡Yi wbM‡o
cÖvq nvwi‡q †Mj|
ZuvZ wkí
evsjvi n¯—PvwjZ ZuvZwfwËK myZxe¯¿ wkí wQj mviv †`‡k we¯— …Z| ievU© Ii‡g G m¤ú‡K©
e‡jb, Ôevsjvq m`i iv¯—v ev †Kv‡bv cÖavb kni †_‡K wKQy `~‡i Aew¯’Z Ggb †Kv‡bv MÖvg cvIqv
KwVb wQj, †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K bvix, cyi“l Ges evjK-evwjKv GKLÊ Kvco ‰Zwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ †bBÕ
(Bmjvg 2000)| 1776 mv‡ji GK wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq ïay XvKv †Rjv‡ZB e¯¿eqb wk‡í RwoZ
wQj 1,46,751 Rb| 1825 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwb hLb Zvi e¨emv ¸wU‡q wb‡”Q †mB mgq mswk−ó
ZuvZx, Zyjv Drcv`K, Zš‘evq, †Wªmvi Ges bKkvKv‡ii msL¨v, †evW© Ad †Uª‡Wi wnmve g‡Z,
`uvovq 5 jv‡L| †h‡nZy Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb cÖ‡`‡ki ZuvZK‡ji gvÎ kZKiv 33 fvM
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv, 1825 mvj bvMv` G A‡ji 1.5 wgwjqb †jvK myZxe¯¿ Drcv`‡b mivmwi
wb‡qvwRZ wQj e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| †mmgq evsjv‡`‡k †gvU wK cwigvY myZxe¯¿ Drcvw`Z n‡Zv
Zvi †Kv‡bv wnmve cvIqv bv †M‡jI fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b I fvi‡Zi evB‡i e¯¿ ißvwbi wKQy
LÊ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| †hgb, XvKvi Avos¸‡jv †_‡K 1747 mv‡j Kvc©v‡mi ‰Zwi †hme cY¨
ißvwb nq, Zvi evwl©K g~j¨ wQj mv‡o AvUvk jvL UvKv| 1787 mv‡j GB A¼ †e‡o nq 50 jvL
UvKv| evsjvq ZvuZwfwËK ZyjvRvZ eqb wk‡íi AebwZi A‡bK¸‡jv KviY wb‡`©k Kiv hvq|
cÖ_gZ, kvixwiK wbh©vZb, Rwigvbv, c‡Y¨i Rb¨ nqivwb, m¤úwË `Lj BZ¨vw` e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g
†Kv¤úvwb A_© Av`vq Ki‡Zv| Gi d‡j A‡bK ZvuZx Zv‡`i †ckv cwiZ¨vM K‡iwQj| wØZxqZ,
ZrKvjxb weªwUk ivR¯^bxwZI GB wk‡íi AebwZi Rb¨ `vqx wQj| weª‡U‡bi myD”P ïé cÖvPxi e¯¿
51

52
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
c‡Y¨i ißvwb‡Z evav n‡q `uvovq| Z…ZxqZ, AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †klv‡a©i weªwUk wkí wec−e evsjvi
ZyjvRvZ c‡Y¨i Dci me‡P‡q K‡Vvi AvNvZ nv‡b| d‡j weª‡U‡bi ‰Zwi e¯¿ c‡Y¨i evRvig~j¨
GZ K‡g hvq †h, evsjv †_‡K e¯¿ c‡Y¨i Avg`vwb cÖvq eÜ n‡q hvq| PZy_©Z, Af¨š—ixY ïé
e¨e¯’vI evsjvi ZyjvRvZ eqbwk‡íi AebwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| cÂgZ, ¯’vbxq e¯¿ Drcv`K‡`i
eûKv‡ji c„ô‡cvlK AwfRvZ I eo Rwg`vi cwievi¸‡jvi cZb GB wk‡íi Ae‡qi Av‡iKwU
KviY| we‡`wk c‡Y¨i cÖwZ ¯’vbxq ga¨weË †kÖwYi Zxeª AvKl©YI G‡`‡k we‡jwZ c‡Y¨i cÖmv‡i
mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gfv‡e ZyjvRvZ eqbwkí ïay we‡`wk evRviB nvivqwb, eis 1813-14 mvj †_‡K
weª‡U‡bi e¯¿ c‡Y¨i AvMÖvm‡b wb‡Ri evRviI nvivq| 1824 mvj ‡_‡K ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨B jvL
jvL myZv KvUvi †jvK †eKvi n‡q c‡o, Zv‡`i Rxe‡b †b‡g Av‡m AeY©bxq `ỳ ©kv| hv †`‡L
ZrKvjxb Mfb©i †Rbv‡ijI gš—e¨ K‡ib, Ôe¨emv evwY‡R¨i BwZnv‡m G ai‡bi `ỳ ©kvi †Kv‡bv
bwRi †bB| ZyjvRvZ cY¨ Drcv`bKvix ZuvZxu‡`i Aw¯’‡Z fvi‡Zi gvwU mv`v n‡”Q|Õ †hme ZuvZx
GiciI GB †ckv Pvwj‡q hvq, Zviv ¯’vbxq gnvRb‡`i wbqš¿‡Y G‡m c‡o| KvR Pvwj‡q hvIqvi
g‡Zv KuvPvgvj (†hgb, myZv) †Kbvi Rb¨ GKRb Kvi“wkíxi †h ïay mPj g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb wQj
Zv bq, msiwZ g~ja‡biI cÖ‡qvRb wQj| KviY Drcvw`Z cY¨ evRv‡ii Afv‡e cÖvqB AweµxZ
c‡o _vK‡Zv, we‡kl K‡i hLb Pvwn`v wQj Kg| A_P G mgqI ZuvZx‡K Kv‡R wjß _vKvi Rb¨
myZv wKb‡Z n‡Zv| GB cy‡iv cÖwµqvq ZuvZxiv gnvR‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZK~j Pyw³‡Z Ave× n‡Zv,
†hLv‡b †Kbv‡ePv †_‡K †h jvf n‡Zv gnvR‡biv Zvi cy‡ivUvB wb‡RivB MÖnY Ki‡Zv Avi ZuvZxiv
†c‡Zv fiY‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨ wKQy A_©| Gfv‡e weªwUk kvm‡bi †kl ch©š— G wkí (hZUyKy Aewkó
wQj) mvaviYfv‡e gnvRb‡`i Là‡iB †_‡K hvq|
†ikg wkí
`xN©Kvj a‡i evsjv †_‡K †Kviv bv‡g GK ai‡bi †ikgx cY¨ ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv (Bmjvg
2000)| G¸‡jv weÖ‡U‡b Avg`vwb Kiv n‡Zv cÖavbZ Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges c‡i BD‡ivcxq Ab¨vb¨
†`‡k ißvwb Kivi j‡¨| Avmv‡gi gyMv †ikg w`‡q XvKvq Kvwm`v bv‡gi bKkv Kiv gmwjb
eqb Kiv n‡Zv, hv Avie I Zyi‡¯‹i †jvK‡`i Kv‡Q LyeB RbwcÖq wQj| ivmvqwbK c`v_© w`‡q
cwi‡kvwaZ Zyjv Ges Avmv‡gi †ikg w`‡q XvKvq AvwRwR bv‡gi evdZv e¯¿ Drcv`b Kiv
n‡Zv| GB e¯¿ ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv Ges Bûw`iv Zv cwiavb Ki‡Zv| 1890 mvj bvMv` GB e‡¯¿i
eqb †ek K‡g Av‡m| we‡`‡k ißvwbi Rb¨ Drcvw`Z e¯¿ QvovI †`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi †ikg
e‡¯¿i †ek Pvwn`v wQj| Lye `ª“Z †ikg wk‡íi Aeq N‡U| †hLv‡b 1901 mv‡j evsjvq †ikg
myZv KvUvq I eq‡b wb‡qvwRZ †jv‡Ki msL¨v wQj 50,393 Rb, †mLv‡b 1921 mv‡j GB msL¨v
†b‡g Av‡m 13,587 R‡b| †ikg wk‡íi AebwZi A‡bK¸‡jv Kvi‡Yi GKwU n‡”Q ¸wU‡cvKvi
Ici AZ¨š— welv³ I msµvgK e¨wai AvµgY| weª‡U‡b avh© Amg ïé G‡`‡ki †ikg wk‡íi
APj n‡q covi Av‡iKwU KviY| fvi‡Z AvbxZ e„‡U‡b Drcvw`Z †ikg mvgMÖxi Rb¨ †hLv‡b Ki
w`‡Z n‡Zv kZKiv 3.5 fvM, †mLv‡b fviZ †_‡K weª‡U‡b Avg`vwbK…Z †ikg mvgMÖxi Rb¨ Ki
w`‡Z n‡Zv kZKiv 20 fvM ev ZviI †ewk| evsjvq Drcbœ †ik‡gi †`vlΓwUI Gi AebwZi
Ab¨Zg KviY| BD‡ivcxq dvg©¸‡jv evsjvq KvuPv †ik‡gi †‡Î A_©jwMœKvwi, wkícwZ I
evRviRvZKvixi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ Zv‡`i e¨emv cÖZ¨vnv‡ii d‡j evsjvi †ikg wkíwU
Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e msKywPZ n‡q c‡o|
RvnvR wbg©vY wkí
AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K evsjvq RvnvR wbg©v‡Y ‰bcyY¨ I DrKl© Ggb ch©v‡q DcbxZ nq
†h, Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I‡q‡jmwj G e¨vcv‡i mcÖksm gš—e¨ K‡ib, Ôevsjvq BwZg‡a¨B RvnvR
52

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 53
wbg©vY †KŠkj DrK‡l©i †h ch©v‡q †cŠu‡Q‡Q (AviI `ª“Z DbœwZi m¤¢vebvc~Y© Ges Kv‡Vi cÖPyi I
µgea©gvb mieiv‡ni Øviv g``cyô), Zv †_‡K GUv wbwðZ †h, me mg‡qB G A‡ji
†emiKvwi e„wUk ewYK‡`i gvjvgvj jÛb e›`i ch©š— enb Kivi g‡Zv cÖ‡qvRbxq
aviYgZvm¤úbœ Rvnv‡Ri †hvMvb w`‡Z cvi‡eÕ (Bmjvg 2000)| †hme A‡ji mv‡_ evsjvi
mywe¯— …Z mxgv‡iLv i‡q‡Q, †mme AÂj n‡Z fv‡jv Kv‡Vi mieivn wQj cÖPyi| Lye m¯—v `‡i cÖPyi
msL¨K ¯’vbxq KvwiMi Ges kÖwgK mnRjf¨ wQj| G †`‡ki mgmvgwqK m¤cÖmviYkxj AvÂwjK
I DcK~jxq evwYR¨I wkíwU‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| gybvdvi D”Pnv‡ii Rb¨I wkíwUi weKvk N‡U|
Z‡e wkíwUi weKv‡ki cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv bv †c‡j GB wkí KL‡bvB
fvjfv‡e weKwkZ n‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| Dwbk kZ‡KB G A‡ji †emiKvwi Rvnv‡Ri gvwjK‡`i
nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨ ivi Rb¨ weªwUk RvnvR gvwj‡Kiv GKwU mymsNe× cvëv
AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡i| weªwUk miKvi GB ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi Pv‡ci Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges
fvi‡Zi m¤cÖmviYkxj A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê Zv‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi myweav e„w×i Rb¨ h_vh_ AvBb,
ixwZbxwZ I wewaweavb cvk K‡i| d‡j Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cÖwZK~j ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡k evsjvi
RvnvR wkí P~ovš—fv‡e weÖ‡U‡bi RvnvR wk‡íi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq|
Ab¨vb¨ wkí
Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© nv‡Z evbv‡bv KvMR wkí wmivRM‡Äi MÖvgv‡j †ek Pvjy Ae¯’v‡Z
wQj (dvi“K 1983)| wek kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K hvwš¿K wk‡í cÖ¯— yZ KvM‡Ri mv‡_ wUK‡Z bv
†c‡i ¯’vbxq KvMR wkí c~e© evsjvq cÖvq wb:‡kl n‡q wM‡qwQj| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki †bvqvLvwj I PÆMÖv‡gi mgỳ Ö DcK~‡j M‡o cÖwZ eQi 14 jvL gb jeb Drcbœ n‡Zv|
Z‡e Gi ci ciB gv`ªv‡R cÖ¯— yZ je‡bi mv‡_ g~j¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i evsjvi
jebwk‡í GK wech©q m„wó nq| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb m„wói cÖv°v‡j evsjv‡`‡k jeb wkí cÖvq
wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e Gi ciB evsjv‡`‡k jeb wkí cybivq msMwVZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges
cvwK¯—vb Avg‡ji †klw`‡K cÖvq ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡q I‡V|
A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki wØZxq ¯—‡i Z_v DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vq i‡÷v †h mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi
wPš—v K‡i‡Qb †mB cwieZ©b m~wPZ nevi †cQ‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L mvgvwRK g~jab (†hgb,
†ijc_, iv¯—vNvU BZ¨vw`) m…wó; i‡÷vi GB aviYvi mv‡_ wgj cvIqv hvq e„wUk Jcwb‡ewkK I
cieZ©x ¯^ívqy cvwK¯—vwb Avav-Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡ji mv‡_| i‡÷v g‡b K‡ib DÇqb
c~e©ve¯’vq RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi nÖvm †c‡Z ïi“ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k D‡j−wLZ mg‡qi wewfbœ c‡e©
(we‡klZ weÖwUk kvmbvg‡j) Avgiv †`wL RbmsL¨v nÖvm cv‡”Q, Z‡e hZUv bv gvby‡li m‡PZbZvi
Kvi‡Y Zvi †P‡q eû ¸Y †ewk `ywf©‡, Abvnv‡i| Z‡e cÖvK-DÇqb ¯—‡i i‡÷v A_©bxwZi †h
KvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©‡bi D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb A_©vr K…wli Zyjbvq wk‡íi AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡q IVv,
†mwU evsjvi mgKvjxb A_©bxwZi †‡Î mwVK wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ nqwb| G‡‡Î i‡÷vi mij
e¨vL¨vwU wQj Ggb, GB c‡e© †fv‡M e¨‡qi ci Av‡qi †h Ask DØ„Ë _v‡K Zv µ‡g mgv‡Ri
wewb‡qvMKvix †kÖwYi nv‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡Z _v‡K (Bmjvg 2010)| d‡j A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi
nvi evo‡Z _v‡K| cvkvcvwk gvby‡li a¨vbaviYvq cwieZ©b N‡U; wkv, cÖwkY BZ¨vw`i cÖwZ
AvKl©Y ev‡o| wewb‡qvM Ges gvbem¤ú`, `y‡UvB hLb e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K ZLb †gvU Drcv`‡b
K…wli Ask Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges wk‡íi Ask evo‡Z _v‡K| i‡÷vi GB Kvw•Z cÖwµqvwU evsjvi
A_©bxwZi †‡Î wµqvkxj n‡Z cv‡iwb g~jZ ivóª Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi wbM‡o Ave× _vKvq|
e¨q AwZwi³ Av‡qi DØ„Ë ch©vß AvKv‡i evovi my‡hvM cvqwb ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afv‡e|
gvby‡li a¨vbaviYvq cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g, axi j‡q| wkv, cÖwk‡Yi Kvh©Ki
53

54
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Pvwn`v m…wó n‡q‡Q, ZvI gš’i MwZ‡Z| XvKvq wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, evsjvi wkwZ
mgv‡Ri GKwU Ask Ôwe‡jZ †diZÕ Gi ZKgvavixI n‡q‡Qb; Z‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq gvbe m¤ú` M‡o
I‡Vwb| KviY †mB iv‡óªi D`vmxbZv, †Î we‡k‡l AbvMÖn| A‡bK †‡ÎB ivóª eis evav n‡q
`uvwo‡q‡Q, †hgbUv Avgiv BwZg‡a¨B j K‡iwQ weÖwUk ivR KZ…©K evsjvi HwZn¨evnx I
m¤¢vebvgq wkíLv‡Zi weKvk Aei“× Kivi NUbvejxi ga¨ w`‡q| GKB cÖeYZv Ae¨vnZ wQj
cvwK¯—vb c‡e©I| hvi d‡j, i‡÷vi ZË¡vbyhvqx, cÖvK-DÇqb c‡e© evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡Z wkí
¸i“Z¡c~Y© LvZ wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡Vwb| K…wl‡ZI cÖhyw³i weKvk N‡Uwb| d‡j Lv`¨ NvUwZ wQj
Awbevh© ev¯—eZv| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vi kZ©vbyhvqx †mB mgq evsjvi A_©bxwZi
Rb¨ µvwš—Kvj nqwb Ges evsjvi A_©bxwZ ¯^qsPvwjZ nevi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³I AR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb|
4.3| DÇqbKvj
†UK Ad ev DÇqb ¯—‡i †cuŠQvi Rb¨ GKwU A_©bxwZi we‡kl ÔDÏxcbvÕi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb i‡÷v| Zvi g‡Z, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©b¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z
PjvKv‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl ÔDÏxcbvÕ †c‡j Zv‡`i MwZ Z¡ivwš^Z nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e i‡÷v
D‡j−L K‡ib Dwbk kZ‡K Rvcv‡bi †gBwR cybR©vMiY Ges wek kZ‡K fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv I
Px‡bi wec−e| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki †‡Î GiKg GKwU ÔivR‰bwZK DÏxcbvÕ wQj
Õ71-Gi gyw³hy×| †mB wni¤§q mg‡qi Zvrch© dy‡U I‡V Avwbmyi ingv‡bi †jLvq, ÔA‡bK
kZvãxi msMÖv‡gi ci evOvwj GK fqven i³qx hy× K‡i ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q we‡k¦i `iev‡i Zvi
wb‡Ri cwiPq †`evi Rb¨| Pviw`‡K ¯^vaxbZvi D‡ËRbv, gvby‡li †Pv‡L gy‡L GK AmvaviY
`xwß, weRqM‡e© DbœZe gyw³‡hv×viv iv¯—vq Ny‡i †eov‡”Q|.....ÔmvZ †KvwU mš—vbÕ AvR Avi
ÔevOvwjÕ †bB, Zviv gvbyl n‡q‡Q| gvbyl n‡q GwM‡q Pjevi c_ LyuR‡QÕ (ingvb 2004)|
ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ci GB ÔGwM‡q Pjevi c_ †LvuRvÕ wQj evOvwji A_©‰bwZK gyw³i
A‡š^lY| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki †UK-Ad ¯—i cixv Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv †h Kvj ce©
cixv Kivi Rb¨ wb‡qwQ, †mB mgqKv‡ji G‡Kev‡i †kl cÖv‡š— Av‡iKwU we‡kl DÏxcbv (hw`I
e¨vw߇Z I cwiYwZ‡Z gyw³hy‡×i Zyjbvq A‡bK mxwgZ) wQj `xN© †`o `k‡Ki AMYZvwš¿K
kvmbe¨e¯’vi Aemvb NwU‡q beŸB Gi ÔMY Afÿ ÌvbÕ, hvi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi msm`xq
MYZ‡š¿ cÖZ¨veZ©b N‡U| i‡÷v DÇqb ¯—‡ii mgqKvj wn‡m‡e `yB `k‡Ki K_v D‡j−L
K‡i‡Qb| G we‡ePbvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi DÇqbKvj wn‡m‡e ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g `yB
`k‡Ki A_©‰bwZK weKvkKvj‡K we‡k−lY Kiv n‡q‡Q, DÇqb ¯—‡ii wZbwU k‡Z©i Av‡jv‡K|
4.3.1| Drcv`bkxj wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi †e‡o †gvU RvZxq Av‡qi 10% ev Zvi Dc‡i IVv
i‡÷v GLv‡b ÔDrcv`bkxj wewb‡qvMÕ ej‡Z K…wl ewnf©~Z wewfbœ Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM‡KB wb‡`©k
K‡i‡Qb e‡jB g‡b nq| †Kbbv K…wl LvZ‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡j GKwU AbybœZ A_©bxwZ‡ZI mvgwMÖK
wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi `k kZvsk Qvwo‡q hv‡e, †h‡nZy G ai‡bi A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wl LvZ kxl©¯’vbxq
e¨w³LvZ wn‡m‡e we`¨gvb| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z mˇii `k‡K miKvwi wewb‡qvMB wQj gyL¨
f~wgKvq, †emiKvwi ev e¨w³Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvM wQj bvggvÎ Avi we‡`kx wewb‡qvM wQj bv ej‡jB
P‡j| GiKgUv nIqvi g~j KviY wQj ¯^vaxbZvi Ae¨ewnZ ciB ZrKvjxb miKvi KZ©…K wkíe¨vsK-exgvi
ivóªxqKiY (AvKvk 2004)| hw`I mˇii `k‡Ki wØZxqv‡a©B GB bxwZ cwiZ¨vR¨
nq Ges weivóªxqKiY ïi“ nq| Avwki `k‡K wek¦e¨vsKmn `vZv‡Mvôxi wb‡`©wkZ KvVv‡gvMZ
ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq A_©bxwZi bvbvgyLx D`vixKiY Kg©m~wP ïi“ nq; †emiKvixKiY Kg©m~wP
54

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 55
e¨vcK MwZ cvq| wewb‡qvM KvVv‡gv‡Z †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi AskMÖnY ¯úó n‡Z _v‡K, `k‡Ki †kl
w`‡KB wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi RvZxq Av‡qi 10 kZvsk AwZµg K‡i|
4.3.2| GK ev GKvwaK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wk‡íi weKwkZ nIqv
mˇii `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wkí wQj cvU wkí| Avwki `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki wkíLv‡Z
PjwQj fv½vMovi cÖwµqv| gy³evRvi I A_©‰bwZK D`vixKi‡Yi Kg©m~wP ev¯—evwqZ nw”Qj
Ges Zvi mv‡_ cvU, e¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ cyi‡bv wkí m¼‡U c‡o msKywPZ nw”Qj (Bmjvg 2010)|
bZyb wkí Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ ‰Zwi †cvkvK wkí m‡egvÎ M‡o IV‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| 1972-73 †_‡K
1982-83 mgqKv‡j wkíLv‡Zi Av‡cwK weKvk ỳ ª, gvSvwi I e„nr wfwˇZ †f‡O †f‡O
†`L‡j †`Lv hvq, GB mg‡q ỳ ª wk‡íi wRwWwc‡Z Av‡cwK Ae¯’v‡bi †Kv‡bv DbœwZ nqwb eis
Zvi mvgvb¨ AebwZ †`Lv hvq, 5.50 †_‡K 5.42 kZvsk| wKš‘ GKB mgqKv‡j D‡j−L‡hvM¨
DbœwZ †`Lv hvq e„nr I gvSvwi wk‡íi †‡Î, cÖvq wظY n‡q hvq Gi Av‡cwK Ae¯’vb|
1972-73 mv‡j Gi AvbycvwZK Ae¯’vb wQj 2.40, 1982-83 †Z GwU `uvovq 5.71| 1982-i
ci e„nr I gvSvwi wk‡íi Av‡cwK Ae¯’vb hLb w¯’i Ae¯’v‡b `uvwo‡q Av‡Q, mvgvb¨ IVvbvgv
wb‡q, †mB mgqKv‡j Ab¨w`‡K ỳ Ö wk‡í †b‡g‡Q am| 1982 mv‡j ỳ Ö wk‡íi Av‡cwK
Ae¯’vb hv wQj 5.42, Zvi eo q nq Avwki `k‡KB, Zv †b‡g Av‡m 3.64 G| Avwki `k‡K
e„nr, gvSvwi I ỳ Ö me wk‡í AebwZ †`Lv hvq| D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †h, Avwki `kK n‡jv wek¦e¨vsK-
AvBGgGd-Gi Ôms¯‹viÕ Kg©m~wPi Ô¯^Y©-`kKÕ| evsjv‡`‡k G¸‡jvi mgwš^Z †Rvi`vi cÖ‡qvM
†`Lv hvq GB `k‡KB (gynv¤§` 2010)|
e¯— yZ ỳ Ö I KywUi wk‡íi cÖvq cy‡ivUvB †emiKvwi Lv‡Z| ivóªvqË Lv‡Zi Aš—f©y³ wkí
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv e„nr I gvSvwi wk‡íi KvZv‡i| ivóªvqË Lv‡Zi wkí cÖwZôvb hLb miKvwi wewfbœ
bxwZ I `yb©xwZi Kvi‡Y µgk i“Mœ n‡q‡Q, qcÖvß n‡q‡Q wKsev wbwðý n‡q‡Q, †mB GKB mg‡q
Avgiv †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi ỳ Ö I KywUi wkí¸‡jvi g‡a¨I q I am †`wL| Avwki `k‡K
†emiKvwi Lv‡Z †h ai‡bi ZrciZvi weKvk we‡klfv‡e jYxq †mwU n‡jv ißvwbgyLx KviLvbv,
we‡klZ ‰Zwi †cvkvK I ißvwbgyLx KviLvbv| 1982 mv‡ji w`‡K G †`‡k kÕLv‡bK Mv‡g©›Um
KviLvbv wQj, 1990 bvMv` GB msL¨v mvZkÕ AwZµg K‡i| Av‡jvP¨ mgqKv‡j wkíLv‡Zi
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cÖeYZv¸‡jv wQj wbgœiƒc:
1. mgMÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z wkíLv‡Zi †UKmB †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb m„wó nqwb|
2. GB mgqKv‡j eo, †QvU, gvSvwi KviLvbv eÜ n‡q‡Q| eÜ n‡q hvIqv KviLvbv¸‡jvi
GKwU Ask wQj ivóªvqË Lv‡Z| wKš‘ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ msL¨K †emiKvwi KviLvbvI G mg‡q
eÜ n‡q‡Q| A‡bK wkí i“Mœ n‡q c‡o‡Q| eÜ wKsev i“Mœ n‡q hvevi NUbvewji †cQ‡b
AeKvVv‡gv, A_©ms¯’vb, Avg`vwbgyLx bxwZ, Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ges ivóªxq meiK‡gi
‰elg¨g~jK bxwZ KvR K‡i‡Q|
3. Avwki `k‡K ißvwbgyLx wewfbœ KviLvbv we‡klZ Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv cÖwZwôZ nq
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ msL¨vq| ißvwbgyLx wkíLv‡Zi cÖwZ Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’vmg~‡ni bxwZgvjvi
m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L miKv‡ii fZ©ywK I myweav `v‡bi bvbv Kg©m~wP Ges m¯—v kÖgkw³i
†hvMvb GB weKvk m¤¢e K‡i‡Q|
4. mËi `k‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K ivóªvqË ms¯’v¸‡jvB wkíLv‡Zi cÖavb gyL¨ wQj| beŸB `k‡K
G‡m ivóªvqË ms¯’v¸‡jvi AskMÖnY kZKiv 80 fv‡Mi ¯’v‡b 40 fv‡M †b‡g Av‡m|
55

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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
5. mËi `kK ch©š— e„nr wkí¸‡jvB Drcv`b I Kg©ms¯’vb †‡Î gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Zv| †gwkb Uyjm d¨v±wi, PÆMÖvg w÷j wgj wQj G †`‡k wkívq‡bi Rb¨
Avek¨Kxq g~jabx cY¨ cÖwZôvb| Avwki `k‡K G‡m G¸‡jvi q I wejywßi cÖwµqv
¯úó nq|
6. GKw`‡K bZyb ißvwbgyLx cÖwZôv‡b bZyb Kg©ms¯’vb n‡q‡Q Ab¨w`‡K cyi‡bv wkí
cÖwZôvb eÜ ev i“Mœ n‡q hvIqvq Kg©ms¯’vb K‡g‡Q| Zvi A_© n‡jv GB Lv‡Z †h
msL¨K bZyb Kg©ms¯’vb m…wó n‡q‡Q wewfbœ Kg©m~wP‡Z Zvi †_‡K †ewk Kg©ms¯’vb webó
n‡q‡Q|
4.3.3| cÖe„w× mnvqK Dchy³ cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o IVv
†Kv‡bv A_©bxwZi Dbœqb ¯—‡i Ae¯’v‡bi Z…Zxq kZ©wU n‡”Q- †mB A_©bxwZ‡Z h_v‡hvM¨
ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o DV‡e, hv H A_©bxwZi Dbœq‡bi cÖeYZv
Ges DÏxcbvi h_vh_ e¨envi K‡i cÖe…wׇK ¯^qsPvwjZ Ki‡e| GB k‡Z©i `ywU Ask- Dchy³
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv Ges ¯^qsPvwjZ cÖe…w×| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x `yB `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k Dchy³
ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv hvqwb| ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi AeKvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e mvgvwRK,
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvI wQj †ek `ye©j| d‡j wbgœ cÖe„w× wQj Awbevh© cwiYwZ| Pvi kZvs‡ki
Av‡kcv‡ki cÖe„w×i nvi wb‡q ÔAvwki `kKÕ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK BwZnv‡m ¯’weiZvi `kK
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq|
DÇqb ¯—‡ii wb‡`©kKmg~‡ni wfwˇZ weMZ kZ‡Ki mËi-Avwki `k‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki
A_©bxwZi MwZc_ we‡k−lY Ki‡j AvcvZ`…wó‡Z g‡b n‡ZB cv‡i, GKwU wb‡`©kK Qvov evwK `ywU
wb‡`©kK w`‡q †mB mg‡qi evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K fv‡jvfv‡eB e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ges wm×vš—
†bqv hvq †h, Avwki `k‡Ki †k‡lB G †`‡ki A_©bxwZ DÇqb ¯—‡i †cuŠ‡Q wM‡qwQj| wKš‘ G
¯—‡ii P~ovš— g~j¨vq‡bi Av‡M Avgiv ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi, DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vq evsjv‡`‡ki
A_©bxwZi Ô¯^qsPvwjZ nevi Rb¨ †h kw³ AR©b Kivi K_v wQj, †mB kw³ mgKvjxb A_©bxwZ
AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| c~‡e©i ¯—‡ii GB Ac~Y©Zvi K_v ¯§iY ivL‡j Avwki `k‡Ki †k‡l
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi DÇqb ¯—‡i Av‡ivnY m½wZc~Y© g‡b n‡e bv| ZvQvov Avgiv hw` wZbwU
wb‡`©k‡Ki w`‡KB GKUy Mfxifv‡e ZvKvB, Zvn‡j ïf¼‡ii dvuwKwU ai‡Z cvie| †hgb, cÖ_g
wb‡`©kK Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k Kvw•LZ wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi AR©b K‡iwQj| GLb A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i
Rb¨ wewb‡qvM LyeB Ri“wi, Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| wKš‘ Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRb `
e¨e¯’vcbv, ` kÖwgK Ges Dbœqb cÖKí cÖYqb I ev¯—evq‡bi mgZv (Bmjvg 2010)| A‡bK
Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI GB Avbylw½K Dcv`vb¸‡jvi ¯^íZv †`Lv hvq| Avi
†m‡‡Î wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi e„w× m‡Ë¡I Drcv`b AvbycvwZK nv‡i e„w× cvq bv; Z…Zxq wb‡`©kKwU
we‡k−l‡Yi mgq Avgiv GB ev¯—eZvi cÖwZdjbB †`L‡Z cvB| wØZxq wb‡`©k‡K †h GK ev
GKvwaK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wk‡íi weKwkZ nIqvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, †m‡‡Î cÖkœ †Zvjv hvq, Avwki
`k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †bZ…¯’vbxq LvZ †KvbwU wQj? ev Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv †bZ…¯’vbxq LvZ
wQj wK bv? DËiwU ¯úóZB †bwZevPK n‡e|
4.4| c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv
i‡÷vi ¯—i web¨vm Abyhvqx GB cÖe‡Ü †hfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki Kvj ce©‡K
wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z 2031 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi c~Y© weKv‡ki ¯—‡i cÖ‡ek Kivi
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†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 57
K_v| GZ cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq (2012 mv‡j) GB ¯—‡ii Av‡jvPbv Acwic° nIqvB ¯^vfvweK| Z‡e
ch©v‡jvPbv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡j KwZcq gRv`vi ch©‡eY j Kiv hv‡e|
4.4.1| wewb‡qvM wRwWwcÕi 20 kZvsk ch©š— †cŠuQy‡e
i‡÷vi g‡Z A_©bxwZi c~Y© weKv‡ki ¯—‡i wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi wRwWwci 20 kZvsk ch©š—
†cuŠ‡Q| beŸB cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi µgvMZ e„w× †c‡q BwZg‡a¨B 20
kZvsk Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| 2010-11 mv‡j wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi wQj RvZxq Av‡qi 24-25 kZvsk, Ges
GB wewb‡qv‡Mi nviI eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡”Q bv| 2011-12
eZ©gvb A_©eQ‡i cÖe„w×i cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 7 kZvsk| GLb K¨vwcUvj- AvDUcyU AbycvZ hw`
4 nq, hv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z weivwRZ e‡j cyi‡bv wnmve-wbKvk e‡j, Zvn‡j 7 kZvsk
cÖe…w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ wRwWwci Kgc‡ 28 †_‡K 30 kZvsk wewb‡qvM cÖ‡qvRb n‡e (Avn‡g`
2011)| Kv‡RB c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvIqvi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM-wRwWwci †h AbycvZ i‡÷v AR©‡bi
K_v e‡j‡Qb Zvi †P‡q †ewk wewb‡qvM nvi GLbB evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡Q|
4.4.2| wkí weKv‡ki avivq ‰ewPΨ Avm‡e
G‡Kev‡iB m¼xY© wkí wfwË wb‡q †h †`kwUi hvÎv ïi“ n‡qwQj Pvi `kK Av‡M, Zvi mv‡_
Zyjbv Ki‡j ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki wkí weKv‡ki avivq ‰ewPΨ G‡m‡Q| bZyb wkí wn‡m‡e
D‡V G‡m‡Q nvév cÖ‡KŠkj wkí, K…wl cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí, we`ÿ r I R¡vjvwb LvZ, Ilya I
imvqb, Pvgov I cv`yKv, wm‡g›U wkí I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ LvZ| HwZn¨evnx e¯¿ LvZ ejvi g‡Zv
GKwU wfwËi Dci `uvwo‡q hv‡”Q, cvU Lv‡Zi cybR©xeb NU‡Q| e¨vsK, exgv, Avw_©K I wewb‡qvM
cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi weKvkI wkí Lv‡Z ‰ewPΨ Avbq‡b mnvqK n‡q‡Q|
4.4.3| Avg`vwb cÖwZ¯’vcb wkí M‡o DV‡e, ißvwb c‡Y¨i msL¨v e„w× cv‡e
m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡m‡e RvZxqZvev`x †cÖiYv †_‡KB evsjv‡`k Avg`vwb cÖwZ¯’vcb wkí
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i, hw`I G †KŠkj Kvw•Z mydj e‡q Av‡bwb| ZviciI evsjv‡`‡k Ggb
wKQy cY¨ Drcvw`Z n‡”Q †h¸‡jv GK mgq P~ovš— cÖ¯— yZ cY¨ wn‡m‡eB we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb
Ki‡Z nZ| wKQy eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb Av‡M †hgb Zvi Drm †`k †_‡K mivmwi wKQy cY¨ G‡`‡k
evRviRvZ Ki‡Zv, eZ©gv‡b Zviv G‡`‡kB c−v›U ¯’vcb K‡i †mme cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Q|
ißvwb DØy×KiY bxwZgvjv beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡KB ev¯—evwqZ n‡”Q| ißvwb SywoÕi
wZb-PZy_©vsk ‰Zwi †cvkvK `Lj K‡i ivL‡jI ax‡i ax‡i ißvwb c‡Y¨i msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|
wbqwgZ ißvwb c‡Y¨i en‡i AcÖPwjZ cY¨ †hvM n‡”Q|
c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎvi wb‡`©kKmg~‡ni Dc‡iv³ ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡K †KD hw` G wm×v‡š—
†cuŠ‡Qb, eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎvi KvQvKvwQ i‡q‡Q Ges wba©vwiZ
mgqmxgvi (A_©vr 2031 mvj) A‡bK Av‡MB G †`‡ki A_©bxwZ c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv ïi“
Ki‡e, Zvn‡j Zv‡K ccvZ`yó ejv hv‡e bv| wKš‘ G ch©v‡q Aš—Z wZbwU wel‡q AviI Mfxi
we‡k−l‡Yi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, i‡÷vi ¯^K…Z ch©v‡jvPbvaxb †Kv‡bv †`k GZ `ª“Z c~Y©
weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, †h mKj †`‡ki †ewki fvMB aª“c`x wkí wec−‡ei
AwfÁZvq mg„× wQj| wØZxqZ, c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎv ïi“i cÖv°v‡j GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ
hZUyKy ÔZ…ßÕ Ae¯’vq _vKvi K_v, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ †mB ÔZ…wßÕi Ae¯’vq GL‡bv †bB, A`~i
57

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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
fwel¨‡Z †mB Ae¯’v n‡e bv e‡jB g‡b nq| Aš—Z wZbwU ev¯—eZvi (GK-Z…Zxqvsk `wi`Ö Lvbv,
Av‡qi µgea©gvb AmgZv I wbiš—i cwi‡e‡ki Aeq) †cÖw‡Z G K_v ejvB hvq| Z…ZxqZ,
GB ¯—‡ii †kl `yBwU wb‡`©k‡Ki Awbw`©ó Ae¯’v ¯—iwUi e¯—ywbô g~j¨vq‡bi cwicwš’| †hgb, wkí
weKv‡ki avivq ‰ewPΨ Avm‡e, GLv‡b weKv‡ki aviv wbw`©ó Kiv nqwb| fvix wk‡íi avivq
‰ewPΨ Avmv Avi ỳ Ö wk‡íi avivq ‰ewPΨ Avmvi cÖfve A_©bxwZ‡Z wbðqB GK bq| fvi‡Z
†hgb HwZnvwmK fv‡e B¯úv‡Zi g‡Zv fvwi wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q, evsjv‡`‡k ejvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv
fvwi wkí M‡o D‡Vwb, hvi A_©bxwZ‡Z g~j¨ ms‡hvRb I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k G‡‡Î wb‡Ri mvg_¨© Abyhvqx ỳ Ö I gvSvwi wk‡íi weKv‡k g‡bv‡hvMx
n‡q‡Q| Z…Zxq wb‡`©k‡K Avg`vwb cÖwZ¯’vcb wkí M‡o DVvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q─ †Kvb ai‡bi, wK
cwigvY wkí M‡o Zyj‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv GB wb‡`©kK †_‡K cvIqv hvq bv| GKB
K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ ißvwb c‡Y¨i msL¨v e„w×i †‡Î|
5| Dcmsnvi
cÖeÜwUi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx GZY i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi BwZnv‡mi GKwU mswß ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| i‡÷vi ¯—i ZË¡ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK weKvk c‡e©i ÔmbvZb mgvRÕ‡K hZLvwb mwVK fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
¯—i‡K ZZLvwb mwVK fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| mbvZb mgv‡Ri wb‡`©kKmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZI †mB
¯—‡i mxgve× _v‡Kwb, eis †m¸‡jv ¯—i DËxY© n‡q cieZ©x ¯—img~‡n bvbv gvÎvq we`¨gvb wQj|
cieZ©x ¯—img~‡ni †ewki fvM wb‡`©k‡Ki †‡ÎI GKB Ae¯’v j Kiv hvq| Zvi A_© `uvovq,
GKB †`‡k GKB mg‡q i‡÷v ewY©Z GKvwaK ¯—‡ii ‰ewkó¨ weivR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avm‡j i‡÷vi
eY©bvq Dbœq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K wKQyUv mijxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e †h, GKwU †`k mvgwMÖKfv‡eB
GK ¯—i †_‡K Av‡iK ¯—‡i †cuŠ‡Q hvq| †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡ji g‡a¨ Ges A_©‰bwZK †kÖwYi g‡a¨
Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡Z cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i, G ai‡bi m¤¢vebvi K_v Zvi we‡k−l‡Y ¯’vb cvqwb|
i‡÷vi DÇq‡bi c~e©ve¯’vi wb‡`©kKmg~n w`‡q ZrKvjxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK weKvk‡K me‡P‡q
Kg e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, A_©vr mgKvjxb evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡Z GB ¯—‡ii wb‡`©kKmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZ wbgœ
gvÎvq we`¨gvb wQj| G †‡Î GLv‡b GKwU vaccum cwijwZ nq| †mB Zyjbvq DÇq‡bi
¯—‡ii wb‡`©kK¸‡jv w`‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g `yB `k‡Ki A_©‰bwZK MwZc_‡K GKUy †ewk
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| Avðh©RbK e¨vcvi n‡”Q, cieZ©x ¯—i Z_v c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎvi
wb‡`©kKmg~n AviI †ewk K‡i mgmvgwqK A_©bxwZ‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GK ch©v‡q g‡b
nq, i‡÷vi g‡W‡ji wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Av‡MB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ H ¯—‡i †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e| i‡÷vi
¯—i Z‡Ë¡i P~ovš— ch©v‡q A_©vr D”P MY‡fv‡Mi Kv‡j †cuŠQv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi AviI Aa©
kZvãx jvMvi K_v| A_P eZ©gv‡bB †mB ¯—‡ii wb‡`©kKmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZ wKQy gvÎvq cwijwZ
nq| †hgb, eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki Rbmvavi‡Yi GKwU As‡ki (D”P ga¨weË Ges D”PweË) Avq †e‡o
Ggb ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q hv‡Z Zviv Zv‡`i †gŠwjK Pvwn`v wgwU‡q Ab¨vb¨ †fvM¨ cY¨ (we‡klZ
†UKmB cY¨) Ges †mev Lv‡Zi Rb¨ h‡_ó LiP Ki‡Z cv‡i| kÖgkw³i KvVv‡gv‡Z ¸YMZ
cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q, hvi d‡j GKw`‡K bMiwfwËK kÖwg‡Ki Ask (eo AvKv‡i MÖvgxY kÖwg‡Ki
Dcw¯’wZi cvkvcvwk) †e‡o‡Q Ges Ab¨w`‡K ` I eyw×e…wËi Dci wbf©ikxj kÖwg‡Ki (†hgb,
Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z) AskI †e‡o‡Q| cÖwZ eQiB mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wPi Ici eivÏ
evo‡Q| Z‡e c~Y© weKv‡ki c‡_ hvÎvi KvQvKvwQ †cŠu‡Q hvIqv ev D”P MY‡fv‡Mi Kv‡ji
wb‡`©kKmg~‡ni mvgwqK Dcw¯’wZ †_‡K Lye †ewk cÖxZ nIqvi wKQy †bB| i‡÷vi g‡Z, fviZ
†mB cÂv‡ki `k‡KB DÇq‡bi ¯—i AR©b K‡iwQj| Zvici †cwi‡q †M‡Q Aa© kZvãxi †ewk
58

†mvnivIqv`©x: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK µgweKvk: i‡÷vi ¯—i Z‡Ë¡i wbwi‡L GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 59
mgq| i‡÷vi ZË¡ Abyhvqx GB mg‡q fvi‡Zi c~Y© weKv‡ki ¯—i †cwi‡q D”P MY‡fv‡Mi ¯—‡i
†cuŠ‡Q hvevi K_v| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e Zv N‡Uwb| mvgwMÖKfv‡e fvi‡Zi GKwU ỳ Ö AskI (msL¨vq
†ewk) evsjv‡`‡ki g‡ZvB D”P MY‡fv‡Mi ¯—‡i †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Rb‡Mvôxi GK weivU Ask
GL‡bv `vwi`Ö¨mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡ib, hv‡`i †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK wbivcËv †bB| †gvU K_v, i‡÷v
ewY©Z DÇq‡bi ¯—i AR©‡bi cÂvk eQi ciI fvi‡Zi A_©bxwZ mvgwMÖKfv‡e GLbI c~Y©
weKv‡ki c‡_B i‡q †M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki †‡ÎI †h GgbwU NU‡e bv, Zvi †Kv‡bv wbðqZv †bB|
cÖe‡Üi ïi“‡Z GB M‡elYvi †NvwlZ mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨wU wQj, i‡÷vi Z‡Ë¡ D‡j−wLZ †Kv‡bv
¯—i w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv Kvjce©‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq wKbv †mwU cixv
Kiv| mswß cixY †k‡l mij DËiwU n‡”Q, GK ev GKvwaK Kvj ce©‡KB wPwýZ Kiv hvq
Z‡e Lye weï× (Ges cwic~Y©) fv‡e bq|
MÖš’cwÄ
AvKvk, Gg Gg (2004): Ôevsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r,Õ Avwbmy¾vgvb (2000),
wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ, Ab¨cÖKvk, XvKv|
Avjg, Lyiwk` (2000): ÔDbœqbg~jK mgvRweÁvb,Õ wgbvf©v cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv|
Avn‡g`, Avey (2011) : Ôwewb‡qv‡Mi eZ©gvb Livq 7 kZvsk cÖe…w× AR©b m¤¢e n‡e bvÕ, Kv‡jiKÚ, 27
Ryb, XvKv|
Bmjvg, bRi“j (2011) : Ôevsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg: AZxZ I fwel¨r,Õ cÖ_gv cÖKvkb, XvKv|
———(2012): ÔAvMvgx w`‡bi evsjv‡`k,Õ cÖ_gv cÖKvkb, XvKv|
Bmjvg, wiRIqvbyj (2010): ÔDbœq‡bi A_©bxwZ,Õ w` BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm wjwg‡UW, XvKv|
Bmjvg, wmivRyj (2000): Ôevsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm 1704-1971/2q LÊ/ A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm,Õ evsjv‡`k
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, XvKv|
Lvb, AvKei Avjx (2010): Ôciv_©ciZvi A_©bxwZ,Õ w` BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm wjwg‡UW, XvKv|
———(2011): ÔAÜKv‡ii Drm n‡Z,Õ cvVK mgv‡ek, XvKv|
gynv¤§`, Avby (2010): Ôevsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM I `vwi`Ö¨Õ, bdnews24.com|
dvi“K, Ave`yj−vn (1983): Ôevsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK BwZnvmÕ, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq MÖš’ ms¯’v, XvKv|
ingvb, †gv: Avwbmyi (2004): Ôc‡_ hv †c‡qwQ wØZxq ce©,Õ A¨vWb© cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv|
ivRK~U, msL¨v 22, 16 Ryb, 2010, B÷ I‡q÷ wgwWqv MÖ“c wj:, XvKv|
†mb, AgZ¨© (1990): ÔRxebhvÎv I A_©bxwZ,Õ Avb›` cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv|
Anisuzzaman (2000): Nirbachito Probondoh, Anyaprokash, Dhaka.
Karim, A. (1959): Social History of the Muslims in Bengal down to 1538 A.D. Asiatic
Society of Pakistan, Dhaka.
Junankar, P.N. (1989): Marx’s Economics. Heritage Publishers. New Delhi.
Majumdar, R.C. (1943): The History of Bengal (Hindu Period), Vol.1, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka.
Parkinsm, J. and Parkinsm (1976): Bangladesh : Test Case for Development, Dhaka,
UPL.
Rostow, W. W. (1960): The Stages of Economic Growth: a Non Communist Manifesto:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roy, Nihar Ranjan (1949): Bangaleer Itihas (Adi porbo), Sasoto Prokashon, Kolkata.
59

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 Zg evwl©K msL¨v 1419
1| f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wkí: mgm¨v, m¤¢vebv I KiYxq
Gg Gg AvKvk *
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ißvwb Av‡q †cvkvK wk‡íi Ae`vb cÖvq 77 kZvsk| bxU ißvwb Avq
wnmve Ki‡j (A_©vr Avg`vwbK…Z KuvPvgv‡ji Ask ev` w`‡j) Zv n«vm †c‡q `uvov‡e 30 kZvs‡k
(hw` Avgiv a‡i †bB †h †gvU ißvwb g~‡j¨i 60 kZvsk e¨q nq Avg`vwbK…Z KuvPvgvj Z_v
Kvco I Ab¨vb¨ Avbylw½K `ªe¨vw` Avg`vwbi Rb¨) Z‡e GKmgq †cvkvK wk‡í cÖvq 80
kZvskB wQj Avg`vwb e¨q| gvÎ 20 kZvsk g~j¨ ms‡hvRb w`‡q GB †cvkvK wk‡íi hvÎv ïi“
n‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z G wkí‡K wN‡i ax‡i ax‡i bvbv ai‡bi ms‡hvM wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q| Zey
Abygvb Kiv nq †h, eZ©gv‡b M‡o †gvU ißvwb Av‡qi cÖvq 60 kZvsk cybivq evB‡i P‡j hvq|
20 kZvsk g~j¨ ms‡hvRb w`‡q ïi“ K‡i wÎk eQ‡i (1980 †_‡K 2010 mgqKv‡j) 40 kZvsk
g~j¨ ms‡hvR‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi cÖeYZvwU wb:m‡›`‡n BwZevPK|
†cvkvK wk‡íi cÖavb `ywU LvZ i‡q‡Q: I‡fb LvZ I bxUIq¨vi LvZ| bxUIq¨vi Lv‡Zi
cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj µgea©gvb nv‡i †`‡k ˆZwi n‡”Q Ges GRb¨ bxUIq¨vi ißvwb‡Z g~j¨
ms‡hvRb A‡cvK…Z †ewk| 2005 mv‡j †KvUv D‡V hvIqvi ci †h‡nZz G †`‡ki †cvkvK
Drcv`b I ißvwbi KvVv‡gv µgvMZ bxUIq¨vi Lv‡Zi w`‡K Su zK‡Q, †m‡nZz †gvU ißvwb‡Z
bxUIq¨vi Lv‡Zi Drcv`‡bi AskI evo‡Q| d‡j †cvkvK wk‡íi †gvU ißvwb‡Z Avg`vwbi
AskI n«vm cv‡”Q| GRb¨ †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h, mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j M‡o †cvkvK wk‡íi †gvU
Drcv`‡b Avg`vwbK…Z KuvPvgvj we‡kl K‡i Kvco/myZvi Rb¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY me wgwj‡q 50
kZvsk ev Zvi wb‡P †b‡g †M‡Q| GK_v mZ¨ n‡j, †cvkvK wk‡íi g~j¨ ms‡hvRb `uvovq 50
†_‡K 60 kZvsk Ges †gvU ißvwb‡Z bxU ißvwbi Ask `uvovq m‡e©v”P 46 kZvsk! †`‡ki †gvU
ißvwb‡Z 77 kZvsk ev bxU ißvwbi 46 kZvsk †Kv‡bvwUB Aby‡j−L‡hvM¨ bq|
†cvkvK wkí AZ¨š— kªgNb Ges cªavbZ gwnjviv GB wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb, hv wkíLv‡Z
†gvU wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk| PjwZ wnmv‡e `vwe Kiv nq †h, GB wk‡í cÖvq
30-40 jvL kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| weweGm-Gi GKwU AbycysL wnmve Gi wfwˇZ 2004
mv‡j Gme kªwg‡Ki †ckv-wj½-Avevmb web¨v‡mi GKwU PgrKvi PvjwPÎ cvIqv hvq| wnmvewU
cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj 2005 mv‡j AvBGjI KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ ÒAviGgwR BÛvw÷ª, †cv÷ GgGdG
†iRxg GÛ wW‡m›U IqvK©Ó [R.M.G. Industry: Post MFA Regime and Decent Work] kxl©K
MÖ‡š’i cwiwkó-L G| GKwU mg¨K aviYvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq Gi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Z_¨cwimsL¨vb¸‡jv
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
* Aa¨vcK, A_©bxwZ wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
G cÖeÜwU Ave`yj Mdzi ¯§viK e³„Zv dvÛ, weAvBwWGm Av‡qvwRZ Z…Zxq Ave`yj Mdzi ¯§viK e³„Zvq ‡jLK KZ…©K cwVZ
cÖe‡Üi wKQyUv cwiewZ©Z iƒc|

62
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
†cvkvK wk‡í A_ev G wk‡íi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq 9
ai‡bi †ckv j Kiv hvq| †evSvi myweavi Rb¨ Gme †ckvi g~j Bs‡iwR bvgB wb‡P D‡j−L Kiv
n‡jv:
1. Textile Fiber Preparation
2. Spinners and Winders
3. Weaving and Knitting Machine Setters and Pattern Card Preparation
4. Weavers
5. Knitters
6. Bleachers, Dyers and related Textile Finishers
7. Spinners, Weavers, Knitters, Dyers and related Workers, not Classified
Elsewhere
8. Pattern Makers and Cutters
9. Sewers and Embroiderers.
weweGm Gi wnmve †_‡K AviI Rvbv hvq-
• Gme †ckvq 2004 mv‡j cÖvq 18 jvL kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ wQj|
• Gme kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨ 38 kZvsk cyi“l kªwgK I 62 kZvsk gwnjv kªwgK| wbwUs KvRwU
A‡cvK…Z KwVb I fvwi weavq †mLv‡b cyi“l kªwgKivB msL¨vMwiô| cvš—‡i †mjvB
I GgeªqWvwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ‡`i cÖvq 80 kZvskB gwnjv kªwgK| wKš‘ me wgwj‡q GB
wk‡í gwnjv kªwgKivB msL¨vMwiô kªgkw³|
• GB wk‡íi (gwnjv+cyi“l) kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ 35 kZvs‡ki evwo kn‡i A_©vr kn‡iB
Zv‡`i ¯’vqx wVKvbv Ges 65 kZvsk kªwg‡Ki ¯’vqx wVKvbv MÖv‡g Ges MÖv‡gi m‡½
Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q wbweo I Nwbó †hvMv‡hvM|
myZivs kni I MÖv‡gi wbgœweË wekvj GK Rb‡Mvôxi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ GB wk‡íi we‡kl
¸i“Z¡ i‡q‡Q|
G Qvov wewfbœ M‡elYvq Ges B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖPwjZ wewfbœ I‡qe‡c‡R GB wk‡íi ¸i“Z¡
†evSv‡bvi Rb¨ †hme PjwZ m~PK e¨envi Kiv nq †m¸‡jv n‡”Q:
• †gvU wRwWwc‡Z GB Lv‡Z Drcv`b g~‡j¨i Ae`vb cÖvq 5 kZvs‡ki mgvb|
• g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis Lv‡Zi †gvU ms‡hvwRZ g~‡j¨ †cvkvK wk‡íi Ae`vb cÖvq 25 kZvsk|
• GB wk‡íi cÖe„w×i nvi mgMÖ wkí Lv‡Zi Ab¨ me wk‡íi †P‡q †ewk| myZivs GB wkí
cÖ_g †_‡KB mgMÖ wkí Lv‡Zi †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix LvZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| GKgvÎ wm‡g›U
62

AvKvk: evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wkí : mgm¨v, m¤¢vebv I KiYxq 63
wkí I Jla wkíB cÖe„w×i nv‡ii gvcKvwV‡Z G wk‡íi m‡½ Zzjbxq| B`vbxs RvnvR
wkí `ª“Z MwZ‡Z weKwkZ n‡”Q| jYxq †h, Gme †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix wk‡íi Ab¨Zg
ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Giv ißvwbgyLx wkí| myZivs wekvj wek¦evRv‡ii Kvi‡Y Gme wk‡íi
cÖe„w×i m¤¢vebv Amxg| ¯’vbxq evRv‡ii mxgve×Zv G‡`i cÖe„w×i jvMvg †U‡b ivL‡Z
cv‡i bv| Z‡e Giv kªgNb wkíI e‡U Ges kª‡gi `vg evsjv‡`‡k LyeB m¯—v e‡j Gme
kªgNb c‡Y¨i †‡Î Gme wk‡íi GKai‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK mgZvI we`¨gvb|
• Z‡e i¨vwW‡Kj A_©bxwZwe‡`iv g‡b K‡ib G ai‡bi wk‡íi Ae¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi †‡Î
DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi GK ai‡bi m‡PZb Avš—R©vwZK cwiKíbv i‡q‡Q| †mB cwiKíbv
Abyhvqx A‡cvK…Z kªgNb, †bvsiv I Su zwKc~Y© KvR¸‡jv Zviv nq cÖevmx kÖwgK‡`i Øviv
wb‡Ri †`‡k m¤úbœ Kivi †KŠkj MÖnY K‡i‡Q A_ev Gme we‡kl ai‡bi wk‡íi
Ae¯’vb‡K Z…Zxq we‡k¦i cÖvwš—K AÂj¸‡jv‡Z †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j Gme cÖvwš—K
†`k wPiKvj m¯—vq kªgNb cwi‡ek-cÖwZK~j Su zwKc~Y© cY¨¸‡jv ‰Zwi Ki‡e Ges
†K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z Zv ißvwb Ki‡e| Z`ycwi ïay G me wk‡íi evRvi bq Dciš‘ †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv †‡Î hš¿cvwZ I DbœZ ai‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq ga¨eZ©x cY¨¸‡jvi Rb¨I Gme
†`k‡K wPiKvj †K›`ª¸‡jvi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q _vK‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Gme †`‡ki
wkívqb KL‡bvB DbœZ †`‡ki g‡Zv cuywRNb wkívq‡bi ¯—‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
Zviv ¯’vqxfv‡e wbgœ Drcv`bkxjZv I D”P kªgNb‡Z¡i duv‡` AvU‡K _vK‡e| d‡j
Zv‡`i wkí¸‡jv AwaKvskB n‡e Òsweat shop” ev “footloose industry”|
2| Avkv-wbivkvi Ø›Ø
ev¯—e AwfÁZv, we‡kl K‡i `wY †Kvwiqv, ZvBIqvb, Pxb BZ¨vw` †`‡ki wkívq‡bi
AwfÁZv Dc‡iv³ nZvkvev`x wPÎwU‡K wKQzUv cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb K‡i‡Q| †jLK wb‡Ri AZxZ
gZwU‡KI GB bZzb AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨¯— Kiv DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| ÒcyuwRev`x
c‡_ weKvk Am¤¢eÓ ev ÒAcyuwRev`x c‡_ weKv‡ki m¤¢ve¨ZvÓ-i AZxZ ZË¡ `ywU‡K Aš—Z cybivq
LuywU‡q cixvi mgq G‡m †M‡Q|
1982 mv‡j †jLK Zvi wjwLZ Òciwbf©ikxj cuywRev‡`i g‡Wj I evsjv‡`kÓ kxl©K GKwU
cÖe‡Ü wj‡LwQ‡jb ÒcÖ_gZ, kªgwbf©i `ªe¨ ißvwbi bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡j mvgªvR¨ev‡`i AvšÍR©vwZK
kªgwefvRb Pµv‡šÍi Là‡i covi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| d‡j GKwU †`k wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ kªgwbf©i Ges
Drcv`‡bi cðvrc` A‡j cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| `wY †Kvwiqvi †‡Î eZ©gv‡b GB wec` LyeB
cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| 1978 mv‡j `wY †Kvwiqvi `ª‡e¨i †gvU Avg`vwb e¨‡qi 33
kZvskB e¨wqZ n‡q‡Q R¡vjvwbi Rb¨| Avevi Gme Avg`vwb `ª‡e¨i `vg †h nv‡i evo‡Q †m nv‡i
ißvwbi `vg evo‡Q bv d‡j Zv‡`i ißvwb wkí wec`MÖ¯— n‡”Q| m¯—v gRy‡ii Zzjbvg~jK myweav
hš¿cvwZ, †Kwg‡Kj I R¡vjvwbi µgea©gvb `v‡gi AvNv‡Z wech©¯— n‡q hv‡”Q| Gi †kªó D`vniY
n‡”Q †Kvwiqvi e¯¿ wkí| †Kvwiqvi e¯¿ wk‡í 1973-74-Gi Av‡M (A_©vr R¡vjvwb g~j¨ e„w× I
Z`bym„Z cuywRev`x we‡k¦i gỳ ªvùxwZi Av‡M) †gvU Drcv`b Li‡Pi 50 kZvskB wQj m¯—v
gRyi‡`i gRywi Znwej| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †gvU Li‡P gRywii Ask n‡”Q gvÎ 15 †_‡K 20 kZvsk|
63

64
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
myZivs †Kvwiqv c‡o‡Q kuv‡Li Kiv‡Z-Zv‡K e¯¿ wkí‡K †V‡j cyuwRwbf©i iƒ‡c mymw¾Z Ki‡Z
n‡”Q Avevi Zvi d‡j Zvi m¯—v kªg wbf©i cY¨ ißvwbi †h evRvi AZx‡Z wQj Zv AvswkKfv‡e
nviv‡Z n‡”Q| bZzb wek¦g~j¨ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Gme †`k‡K kªg-wbf©i cÖhyw³ †_‡K cuywRwbf©i
cÖhyw³‡Z †h‡Z nq A_P mvgªvR¨ev`x kªgwefvRb GLb Avi Zvi AbygwZ w`‡”Q bv (Gg Gg
AvKvk, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r,c¨vwcivm 2004, c„ôv 123)|Ó
1982-Gi GB †jLvi ci cÖvq 30 eQi AwZµvš— n‡q‡Q| GB mg‡q c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK
cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| mgvRZvwš¿K wkwe‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡q †b‡ni“i g‡Zv cÖ_‡gB cuywRNb Avg`vwb
cÖwZ¯’vcK wkímg~n cwiKwíZfv‡e ivóªvqË Lv‡Zi Aax‡b wbg©vY K‡i RvZxqZvev`x wkívqb
bxwZ a‡i G‡Mv‡bvi my‡hvM GLb A‡bK †ewk mxgve× n‡q †M‡Q| Z`ycwi Z`vbxš—b fviZmn H
ai‡bi ivóªvqË Lv‡Zi Aax‡b AcuywRev`x c‡_ AMÖmigvb †`k¸‡jvI GLb ÒUª¨vKÓ ev iv¯—v
cwieZ©b K‡i kªgNb ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi w`‡K nuvU‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| PxbI A‡bKw`b a‡i AwaKZi
fvimvg¨c~Y© `yB cv‡q nuvUvi bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Q| A_©bxwZwe`iv Px‡bi GB mdj †KŠkj‡KB
mwVK e‡j g‡b K‡ib| G‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z wb‡¤œv³ fvlvq eY©bv Kiv hvq: “Selective
Combination of Import Substitution and Export Combination,” A_©vr kªgNb Ges cuywRNb
Dfq †KŠkjB wkívq‡bi †‡Î GKB m‡½ GKB mg‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨| †`s Gi fvlvq, Av‡Mi g‡Zv
weovj Kv‡jv bv mv`v Zv †`L‡j Pj‡e bv| hLb †h weovj Bù zi gvi‡Z cvi‡e ZLb †m
weovjwU‡KB cyl‡Z n‡e─ GUvB n‡e †KŠkjMZ evwY‡R¨i g~j K_v|
AwfÁZv AviI †`wL‡q‡Q, A‡bK †`kB GK‡c‡kfv‡e msiwZ wkí wn‡m‡e Avg`vwb
cÖwZ¯’vcK wkí Mo‡Z wM‡q †`‡ki Avq eÈb AviI Amg K‡i †d‡j‡Q, †eKviZ¡ e„w×i
cvkcvwk bvbviKg fZ©ywK I †jvKmv‡bi fvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q, Rb¥ n‡q‡Q A` gv_vfvwi cÖkvmb
I A` wk‡íi| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K †hme †`k wb‡R‡`i kªwgK‡`i wkwZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q,
k„•Ljvi g‡a¨ G‡b Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q, kÖwgK-gvwjK-miKv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU
wÎcxq Pzw³i gva¨‡g kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ b~¨bZg RxebaviY gvb Azbœ ivL‡Z †c‡i‡Q A_©vr Abœ,
e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wkv I ¯^v‡¯’¨i g‡Zv †gŠwjK myweav¸‡jv wbwðZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv‡`i c‡ av‡c
av‡c kªgNb ißvwb †_‡K cuywRNb I `Zv wbf©i wkí I DbœZ cY¨ ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
ißvwbgyLx I Avg`vwb cÖwZ¯’vcK wk‡íi mgš^q NUv‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zviv| K…wl ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g
GKw`‡K ¯’vbxq evRv‡ii cÖmvi N‡U‡Q Ab¨w`‡K ißvwbi cÖmviI Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
†`k cY¨ ev †mev bq, mivmwi ` gvbem¤ú` ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi ab-m¤ú`/A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Q|
wek¦-A_©bxwZ‡ZI µ‡g µ‡g Gme †`k Zv‡`i cÖvwš—K Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i gvSvwi Av‡qi
†`‡k cwiYZ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Q Ges †mB m¤¢vebv µgk AvswkK ev cwic~Y© `„k¨gvb ev¯—eZvi
iƒc wb‡”Q| hw`I GB c‡_i c‡` c‡` cÖPzi evav ev cÖwZeÜKZvI i‡q‡Q|
GB bZzb m¤¢vebv‡K PgrKvifv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q GKwU iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g| G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q
“Flying Geese Model”| GB g‡Wj Abyhvqx fwel¨revYx Kiv nq †h, me‡P‡q DbœZ †`k¸‡jv
µgvMZ AwaKZi cuywRNb cY¨ ißvwb‡Z Su zK‡e, d‡j wVK Zv‡`i wb‡P †h †`k¸‡jv Av‡Q Zviv
Zv‡`i k~b¨¯’vb `Lj K‡i wb‡Z mg n‡e Ges GBfv‡e wb‡Pi mvwii †`k¸‡jv G‡K G‡K
64

AvKvk: evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wkí : mgm¨v, m¤¢vebv I KiYxq 65
cieZ©x av‡c DËiY NUv‡Z mg n‡e| Z‡e cÖ_g Ges wØZxq mvwii †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ؇›Ø
wØZxq mvwii †`k¸‡jvi weRq Ges GKavc Dc‡i IVvi gva¨‡gB GB cÖwµqvi “Multiplying
Effect” Pvjy n‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki Dc‡i †h †`k¸‡jv i‡q‡Q, †hgb Pxb I fviZ,
Zviv hw` wb‡P †b‡g evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ m¯—v †cvkvK Drcv`b I weµ‡qi †‡Î cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq
wjß nq, Zv n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Z…Zxq mvwii †`k¸‡jvi c‡ GB g‡W‡ji DËiY NUv‡bvi
m¤¢vebv K‡g Avm‡e ev bvKP n‡qI †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G K_v GLbB †KD wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z
cvi‡Q bv †h, me‡P‡q kªgNb wbgœ¯—‡ii †cvkvK Drcv`K evsjv‡`k wK †KvUv e¨e¯’v D‡V hvIqvi
ci Db¥y³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K †_‡K wb‡Ri Rb¨ GK avc DuPz‡Z we‡kl GKwU ¯’vb wek¦evRv‡i
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bvwK wbPz Drcv`‡bB AvU‡K _vK‡e bvwK AviI wb‡P †b‡g wM‡q msK‡U
RR©wiZ n‡q ci‡e|
nZvkvev`xiv Avk¼v K‡iwQj †h, 2005 mv‡j ÒGgGdGÓ D‡V hvIqvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki
†cvkvK wkí msK‡U co‡e| we‡kl K‡i 2008 mv‡ji ci Px‡bi m‡½ hLb Av‡gwiKvi evRv‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki jovB K‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡e ZLb evsjv‡`k †n‡i hv‡e, evRvi nviv‡Z _vK‡e Ges
cy‡iv †cvkvK wk‡í msKU I ‰bivR¨ m„wó n‡e| Zv wK Avm‡jB n‡q‡Q? cwimsL¨vb e‡j
A`¨vewa Zv nqwb| 2005 †_‡K 2010 ch©šÍ GB cuvP eQ‡i M‡o Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cvkvK
wk‡íi †gvU ißvwb g~j¨ cÖwZeQi 17.5 kZvsk nv‡i †e‡o‡Q| 2010-11 Gi cÖ_g bq gv‡mi †h
wnmve A_©‰bwZK Rwi‡c cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, MZ eQ‡ii cÖ_g Zzjbxq 9 gv‡mi
ißvwbi Zzjbvq †gvU ißvwb e„w× †c‡q‡Q M‡o cÖvq 40 kZvsk| Avi bxUIq¨vi Lv‡Z H GKB
mgq ißvwb e„w×i nvi n‡q‡Q 44 kZvsk Ges I‡fb Lv‡Z Zv n‡q‡Q 38 kZvsk| Z‡e DbœZ
we‡k¦ g›`v `xN©¯’vqx n‡j Ges `wY-`wY mn‡hvwMZv e„w× bv †c‡j GB cÖe„w× †UKmB n‡e bv!
3| †KvUvk~b¨ c„w_ex‡Z †cvkvK wkí
2005 mv‡ji 24 AvM÷ †cvkvKwk‡íi gvwjKc, kªwgKc Ges miKvic GKwU
wÎcvwK Av‡jvPbv mfvq wgwjZ nq| D³ mfvq Av‡jvP¨ welq wQj: “Enhancing
Employment, Global Competitiveness through Decent Work: Post M.F.A. Challenges
and Opportunities.” cieZx©‡Z “RMG Industry Post MFA Regime and Decent Work: The
Bangladesh Perspective” kxl©K GKwU MÖ‡š’ IB mfvq cwVZ cÖeÜvejx I Av‡jvPbvi aviv
weeiYx cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| 2006 mv‡j AvBGjI GB MÖš’wU cÖKvk K‡i| D³ MÖ‡š’ ewY©Z
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wm×vš— I Z_¨¸‡jv ms‡‡c wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
(K) kªwgK‡`i m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Rvbv †M‡Q †h, eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k kªwgK‡`i gRywi,
†UªW BDwbqb AwaKvi Ges mvgvwRK myiv (†hgb- evm¯’vb, wkv, ¯^v¯’¨, gvZ…Z¡ †mev,
we‡bv`b, `yN©Ubv exgv BZ¨vw`) LyeB wbgœ ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi AviI DbœwZ NUv‡Z n‡e|
(L) gvwjK‡`i m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Rvbv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k †KvUv c×wZi wejywß ci
I‡fb Lv‡Z AebwZ n‡jI †KvUvgyw³i Kvi‡Y bxUIq¨vi Lv‡Z AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q| mvgwMÖKfv‡e
†cvkvK wkíLv‡Z Drcv`b I Kg©wb‡qvRb K‡gwb| Z‡e e„w×i nvi cÖ_‡g wKQzUv n«vm †c‡jI Zv
65

66
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
cybivq `ª“Z Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i G‡m‡Q| gvwjK‡`i g‡Z, Zv‡`i KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK
`vm kªg A_ev wkï kªg †bB| gwnjv I cyi“l‡`i g‡a¨ GKB kª‡gi Rb¨ GKB gRywi cÖ`v‡bi
e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| Z‡e “Branded Item” ev DbœZ gv‡bi †cvkvK cÖ¯‘ZKviK eo KviLvbv¸‡jvi
c‡ kªwgK‡`i D”P gRywi Ges mvgvwRK myivi Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’v¸‡jv †h gvÎvq †`qv m¤¢e, †QvU
KviLvbv¸‡jvi c‡ †m gvÎvq Zv †`qv m¤¢e nq bv| D‡j−L¨ †h, GLb ch©š— wecyj msL¨K
KviLvbvB z`ª I gvSvwi KviLvbv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU Avevi eo KviLvbvi “Subcontractor”
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
(M) mvaviYfv‡e †KvUvgy³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡Y †cvkv‡Ki ißvwbg~j¨ wKQzUv n«vm †c‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi d‡j †cvkvK wkí AjvfRbK n‡q eÜ n‡q hv‡e bv| Z‡e gvwjKiv wK AviI
gRywi Kwg‡q bZzbfv‡e mgš^q K‡i gybvdv wVK †i‡L AMÖmi n‡e bvwK Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× K‡i
`Zvi m‡½ Drcv`‡bi eûgyLxKiY NwU‡q AviI DbœZ cÖe„w× I DbœZZi gRywii w`‡K hyMcr
AMÖmi n‡e─ GB cÖkœwU IB wÎcxq Av‡jvPbv mfvq †Rviv‡jvfv‡e wewfbœ c †_‡K DÌvwcZ
nq|
(N) wZb cB ¯^xKvi K‡i †bq †h, eZ©gvb Db¥y³ wek¦evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi
Rb¨ PviwU †‡Î DbœwZ NUv‡Z n‡e:
(1) c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb e„w× Kiv|
(2) c‡Y¨i `vg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ch©v‡q ivLv| A_©vr c‡Y¨i `vg mn‡R e„w× Kiv hv‡e
bv|
(3) wjW UvBg Kgv‡bv Z_v AW©vi †bqvi ci `ª“ZZg mg‡qi g‡a¨ AW©vi mvc−vB
wbwðZ Kiv|
(4) Avš—R©vwZK kªggvb I wW‡m›U IqvK© Gi “Standard” †g‡b Pjv| we‡kl K‡i DbœZ
†`‡ki †µZvivmn mviv we‡k¦B GLb kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ “compliance”-Gi †h K_v
ejv n‡”Q Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv| Zv bv cvi‡j evsjv‡`k wek¦evRv‡i wbgœgv‡bi
kªgNb cY¨¸‡jv †_‡K †ei n‡q “Branded Item” ai‡Z cvi‡e bv|
(O) wÎcxq mfv †_‡K GUvI ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv nq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk KviLvbv‡ZB
“Social Compliance” Abycw¯’Z| Gi KviY¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv nq h_vµ‡g:
(1) GL‡bv Kgc−v‡qÝ ÷vÛvW©¸‡jv wK gvwjK wK kªwgK Dfq c‡i AwaKvs‡kiB
ARvbv i‡q‡Q|
(2) “Brand Item” †µZviv hviv mvaviYZ Kgc−v‡qÝ Gi Rb¨ Pvc †`b Zv‡`i m‡½
msL¨vMwiô †QvU I gvSvwi KviLvbvi †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM †bB|
(3) A‡bK KviLvbvi Kgc−v‡qÝ iv Kivi g‡Zv AeKvVv‡gvMZ I Avw_©K mgZv
†bB|
(4) Kgc−v‡qÝ ivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii kªg wefvM †_‡K Z`š— I wbqwgZ gwbUwis Gi †h
D‡`¨vM _vKv `iKvi Zv Abycw¯’Z| hw` KL‡bv †Kv‡bv †Mvjgvj aiv c‡iI, Zv
wbim‡b Pvc cÖ‡qvM ev kvw¯—i e¨e¯’v GL‡bv Lye `ye©j|
66

AvKvk: evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wkí : mgm¨v, m¤¢vebv I KiYxq 67
(P) Aek¨ mKj cB †kl ch©š— GKgZ nb †h, GB wkí‡K ÒNv‡gi †`vKvbÓ evwb‡q ivLv
Pj‡e bv| kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek DbœZ Ki‡Z n‡e, kªwgK‡`i fvjfv‡e †eu‡P
_vKvi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv Qvov kªwgK‡`i Drcv`bkxjZvI e„w× Kiv hv‡e
bv Ges evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡Z fv‡jvfv‡e wU‡K _vKv hv‡e bv|
(Q) kªwgK‡`i c †_‡K GB wÎcxq mfvq 3wU `vwei Dci AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq:
(1) cÖ‡Z¨K kªwgK‡K Awdwmqvj wb‡qvMcÎ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
(2) kªwg‡Ki gRywi h_vh_ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv wbqwgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| myZevs
ewa©Z b~¨bZg gRywii `vexwU Ri“wi `vex wn‡m‡e DÌvwcZ nq| Aek¨ GLv‡b e‡j
ivLv fv‡jv †h, b~¨bZg gRywii cwigvYwU cÖK…Z As‡K wba©vwiZ bv n‡j Ges
g~j¨e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ ¯^qswµqfv‡e ms‡kvwaZ nIqvi e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j gRywi wb‡q
kªwgK Am‡š—v‡li Avwef©ve I cybivwef©ve n‡ZB _vK‡e|
(3) AvšÍR©vwZK kªg AvB‡bi †h aviv¸‡jv evsjv‡`k miKvi Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv
K‡Vvifv‡e Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e:
(K) Kb‡fbkb 29 (eva¨Zvg~jK kªg wbwl× Kiv)|
(L) Kb‡fbkb 87 (msMVb Movi ¯^vaxbZv)|
(M) Kb‡fbkb 100 (mgvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgvb gRywi)|
(O) Kb‡fbkb 182 (wkï kªg wbwl×KiY)|
Z‡e kªwgKiv me©vwaK ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib Kb‡fbkb 87-Gi Dci A_©vr msMVb Movi
¯^vaxbZvi Dci|
GB wÎcxq mfvi djvdj †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, Ò†KvUvk~b¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvÓ welqwU‡K ïay
GKwU nZvkv Ges msK‡Ui welq wn‡m‡e mswk−ó e¨w³iv †`L‡Qb bv| Zviv GUv‡K †`L‡Qb
GKwU bZzb P¨v‡jÄ Ges KiYxq G‡RÛv wn‡m‡e| hw` evsjv‡`k GB P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY K‡i
KiYxq¸‡jv `ª“Z m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †cvkvK wk‡í kvwš— eRvq †i‡L cÖe„w× eRvq ivL‡Z
cv‡i Zvn‡j †cvkvK wk‡íi fwel¨r D¾¡j| wKš‘ hw` G‡`‡ki cyuwRcwZiv †jvfx K…l‡Ki g‡Zv
¯^Y©wW¤^ cÖmwebx ivRnsmwU‡K †g‡i GKev‡i †ewk wWg cvIqvi †Póv K‡ib Zvn‡j GB wk‡íi
fwel¨r G‡Kev‡i AÜKvi| GB wk‡í ZLb SMov-weev`-ˆbivR¨ µgvMZ evo‡Z _vK‡e| Ges
†`k GKwU D¾¡j m¤¢vebv‡K Ae‡njvq nvwi‡q †dj‡e|
4| KiYxq cÖm½
†cvkvK wk‡í gvwjK‡`i GKwU wbe©vwPZ ms¯’v i‡q‡Q| †jL‡Ki Pjgvb M‡elYvi m~‡Î
Zv‡`i IB ms¯’vi GKRb cÖv³b mfvcwZi GKwU mvvrKvi wb‡Z n‡qwQj| †mLv‡b wZwb †h
KiYxq¸‡jvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb †mwU w`‡qB ïi“ Kiv hvK|
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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
cÖ_g wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb †h, I‡fb Lv‡Z GL‡bv cy‡ivcywi ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj e¨envi m¤¢e bq|
†mUv KivUvI LyeB e¨qeûj| AZUv cyuwRNb cÖhyw³‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gZvI AwaKvsk D‡`¨v³vi
†bB| wKš‘ bxU Lv‡Zi KuvPvgv‡ji 80 †_‡K 90 kZvsk AvgivB ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg| GKUz †Póv
K‡i GUv‡K kZfv‡M DbœxZ Kiv m¤¢e| †mUv Kivi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM evov‡Z n‡e|
Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb GjwWwm ÷¨vUvm BD‡iv‡ci evRv‡i wRGmwc myweavi AvIZvq ïégy³
cÖ‡e‡ki †‡Î Avgv‡`i AbyK~‡j mv‡c-ei wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| wKš‘ G myweav wPi¯’vqx n‡e bv|
ZvB `xN©‡gqvw` †U·UvBj wkí M‡o †Zvjvi weKí †bB|
Pxb, fviZ ev H ai‡bi †`k¸‡jv me‡P‡q kªgNb ißvwb †cvkvK¸‡jvi †‡Î Aš—Z
Avgv‡`i m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wRZ‡Z cvi‡e bv KviY Avgv‡`i kªwgK mieivn ch©vß Ges gRywiI
Pxb ev fvi‡Zi †P‡q GLbI Kg| †µZviv Pvq Kg `vg Ges GKm‡½ e„nr cwigvY ev Óevé
mvc−vBÓ| GB `y‡Uv c~iY Kivi gZv evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK cwigv‡Y Av‡Q| ZvB AvMvgx 15 †_‡K
20 eQi ch©š— evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkv‡Ki evRvi wb‡q fve‡Z n‡e bv| B‡Zvg‡a¨B wewfbœ gvSvwi
Av‡qi †`k †hgb Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv, fviZ BZ¨vw` evRv‡iI evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK m¯—v nIqvi
Kvi‡Y ißvwb n‡”Q|
DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Gme †`k cÖ_‡g ˆZwi †cvkvK wkí
w`‡q ïi“ K‡iwQj| wØZxq av‡c Zviv e¯¿ wkí M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| me †k‡l wM‡q †gwkb BÛvw÷ª ˆZwi
K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mvg‡bI IB GKB c_ †Lvjv i‡q‡Q|
Z‡e GB c‡_ G¸‡bvi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv AbyK~j bxwZ mg_©b `iKvi Ges †m¸‡jv n‡”Q:
(K) AbyK~j †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gv: e›`i, iv¯—vNvU, we`ÿ r BZ¨vw`i mye‡›`ve¯—|
(L) e¨vs‡Ki my‡`i nvi n«vm K‡i cÖwZ‡hvMx †`k¸‡jvi mgvb Kiv| cÖwZ‡hvMx †`k¸‡jv
Zv‡`i mgag©x LvZ‡K †hme my‡hvM-myweav w`‡q _v‡K, †mme my‡hvM-myweav Avgv‡`i
miKvi‡KI w`‡Z n‡e|
(M) †cvkvK wk‡í ` kªwg‡Ki Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjvq Dc‡Rjvq cÖwkY †K›`ª
¯’vcb Kiv `iKvi| Zv bvn‡j B‡Zvg‡a¨B GB Lv‡Z ` kªwg‡Ki †h NvUwZ j Kiv
hvq-Zv AviI cÖKU n‡e| ZvQvov eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki kªwgK‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv Ab¨
†`‡ki kÖwgK‡`i cÖvq A‡a©K, †mwU cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨I cÖwkY I bZzb h‡š¿i cÖ‡qvRb|
(N) †cvkvK wk‡íi Rb¨ Avjv`v Bwc‡RW ¯’vcb I cÖ‡qvRbxq Rwg ev GjvKv eivÏ Kiv
`iKvi|
gvwjK‡`i cvkvcvwk †jLK cÖL¨vZ kªwgK †bZvi mv‡_I Avjvc K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi
civgk©¸‡jvI GLv‡b D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv:
(K) 2006 mv‡j wba©vwiZ gvwmK 1,662 UvKv wbgœZg gRywi †Kv‡bvµ‡gB kªwgK‡`i Rb¨
MÖnY‡hvM¨ wQj bv| 2010-G G‡m kªwgK‡`i `vwe wQj gvwmK 5,000 UvKv b~¨bZg
gRywi Kiv| ZLb miKvi b~¨bZg gRywi e„w× K‡i 3,320 UvKv K‡ib| GBfv‡e
68

AvKvk: evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wkí : mgm¨v, m¤¢vebv I KiYxq 69
wkíLvZwU ˆbivR¨ I aŸs‡mi nvZ †_‡K ZLbKvi g‡Zv iv †c‡qwQj| wKš‘ Am‡š—vl
ZL‡bv cy‡ivcywi wg‡Uwb| `ªe¨g~‡j¨i mv‡_ mv‡_ evwo fvov evo‡Z _vK‡j gvwjKiv GB
gRywi w`‡q kªwgK‡`i mš‘ó ivL‡Z cvi‡eb bv| G wel‡q mgqg‡Zv e¨e¯’v bv wb‡j
Avevi wk‡í Akvwš— I msKU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
(L) GB Ae¯’vq gvwjK‡`i nq gybvdvi nvi Kwg‡q kªwgK‡`i D”PZi gRywii e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e A_ev miKvi‡K GwM‡q G‡m kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ m¯—vq †ikb I ¯^í fvovq evwoi
e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
(M) GB gyn~‡Z© miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© bv _vK‡j miKvi cÖPwjZ AvBb
Abymv‡i †cvkvK wk‡íi gvwjK‡`i gybvdvi 5 kZvsk kªwgK Kj¨vY Znwe‡ji Rb¨
Av`vq K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mUv w`‡q kªwgK‡`i ïay †ikb I evm¯’vb bq Dciš‘
wkv, wPwKrmv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK myivi e¨e¯’vI MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2009-10 mv‡j †cvkvK wk‡íi †gvU ißvwb Avq wQj 12496.72 wgwjqb Wjvi|
Avgiv hw` a‡i †bB †h, Gi 75 kZvskB e¨q n‡q‡Q ga¨eZx© Drcv`b LiP Lv‡Z,
Zvn‡j H eQi †cvkvK wkí Lv‡Z †gvU g~j¨ ms‡hvR‡bi cwigvY `uvovq gvÎ 3124.18
wgwjqb Wjvi| Avgiv hw` GUvI a‡i †bB †h, ms‡hvwRZ g~‡j¨i 88 kZvsk e¨q nq
kÖwgK I g¨v‡bR‡g›U mswk−ó Ab¨vb¨ LiP eve`, Zvn‡j gvwjK‡`i nv‡Z H eQi Rgv
gybvdvi cwigvY `uvovq g~j¨ ms‡hvR‡bi 12 kZvsk ev †gvU g~‡j¨i 3 kZvsk A_©vr
375 wgwjqb Wjvi| GB gybvdvi 5 kZvsk n‡”Q 18.75 wgwjqb Wjvi| eZ©gvb
wewbgq nv‡i Gi cwigvY `uvovq cÖvq 151 †KvwU UvKv| GB cÖv°j‡bi c~e©vbygvb¸‡jv
†cvkvK wk‡íi gvwjK‡`i m‡ev©”P Kb‡mkvb w`‡q Zuv‡`i m‡½ Wvqvj‡Mi gva¨‡gB
cÖYxZ| ZvB ejv hvq, me©wbgœ wnmv‡eI †`Lv hv‡”Q eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ AvBb Abymv‡i
†cvkvK wkí gvwjK‡`i Nv‡o mw¤§wjZfv‡e cÖwZ eQi b~¨bZg 150 †KvwU UvKv kÖwgK
Kj¨vY eve` e¨q Kivi Ac~Y© `vq we`¨gvb| GUv c~iY Ki‡jB D‡j−wLZ mgm¨v¸‡jvi
A‡bKLvwb myivnv n‡Z cv‡i|
(N) kªwgK‡`i †UªW BDwbqb MV‡bi AwaKvi evsjv‡`‡k ¯^xK…Z Ges Ab¨ wk‡í Zv Av‡Q|
GUv †cvkvK wkí‡KI w`‡Z n‡e| GUv bv w`‡q Òwkí cywjkÓ MVb K‡i ev ej cÖ‡qvM
K‡i kªwgK `g‡bi gva¨‡g GB wk‡í kvwš— iv m¤¢e n‡e bv| GgbwK †P¤^vi Ae
Kgv‡m©i mfvcwZI ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒBÛvw÷ªqvj cywjkÓ e¨e¯’vwU `xN©‡gqv‡`
†Kv‡bv †UKmB mgvavb n‡e bv (†`Lyb ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 24 †g, 2012)|
cÖe‡Üi Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, GB Dfq cÖwZwbwai e³e¨¸‡jv‡ZB hyw³ i‡q‡Q| miKv‡ii
DwPZ G¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv Ges ev¯—evq‡b GwM‡q Avmv|
69

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 evwl©K msL¨v 1419
1| f~wgKv
bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT)
gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv
cÖwZgv cvj-gRyg`vi *
me©‡‡Î bvix I cyi“‡li g‡a¨ mgZv AR©b Ges bvixi gZvqb evsjv‡`‡ki `ywU RvZxq
j¨| GB j¨ `ywU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q †`‡ki m‡e©v”P `wjj RvZxq msweav‡b Ges wewfbœ ¯^í,
ga¨ I `xN© †gqv`x cwiKíbvq| †RÛvi m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK mb` Aby‡gv`b K‡iI
evsjv‡`k GB j¨ `ywUi cÖwZ Zvi ¸i“‡Z¡i cªwZdjb NwU‡q‡Q| Gme j¨ AR©‡b RvZxq
ev‡R‡U cÖZ¨ eivÏ †hgb ivLv nq, †Zgwb bvix-cyi“l mgZv Ges bvixi gZvqb‡K Avg‡j
wb‡qB wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv‡K ¸i“Z¡ †`qv n‡”Q weMZ K‡qK eQi a‡i| G‡‡Î
`ywU cÖfvekvjx gš¿Yvjq n‡”Q weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq|
G‡ZvKvj a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq ev‡R‡U mvgvwRK wbivcËv (social safety net) cªK‡í
eivÏ e„w× K‡i Ges byZb wKQz wbivcËv cªKí MÖnY K‡i Ôbvixi gZvqbÕ AR©b Kivi cÖqvm
†bIqv n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK wbivcËv cªKí¸‡jv g~jZ Kj¨vYg~jK cÖKí †hLv‡b Charity-Gi
welqwUB cÖavb _v‡K| wKš‘ Charityi gva¨‡g KLbI gZvqb nq bv| ZvB Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³ Ges Z_¨ cÖvwßi wbðqZv n‡”Q mvnvh¨g~jK Kg©m~wPi evB‡i mePvB‡Z cÖfvekvjx †Î,
hvi gva¨‡g bvixi gZvqb Z¡ivwš^Z n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GB `ywU †‡Î bvixi cÖ‡ek KZUzKz N‡U‡Q
Ges †`‡ki RvZxq ev‡RU Gme wel‡q bvixi cÖ‡ek‡K KZUv mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q Zv LwZ‡q
†`Lvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU‡Z|
1.1| Z‡_¨i Drm I M‡elYv c×wZ
eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU Òevsjv‡`k bvix cÖMwZ m•NÓ bvgK GKwU †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb KZ©„K
cwiPvwjZ “Performance of the Annual Budget of the Ministry of Information and
Communication Technology and the Ministry of Information in Attaining
Government’s Mandate of Empowerment of Women” kxl©K M‡elYvi djvd‡ji
Dci wfwË K‡i iwPZ n‡q‡Q|1
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi †RÛvi bxwZ, GB gš¿Yvjq
`ywUi Kvh©µ‡gi myweav bvix KZUyKz †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb, GB gš¿Yvjq `ywUi ev‡RU eiv‡Ï
bvixi KZUzKz Ask Av‡Q, †RÛviwfwËK †Kv‡bv ev‡RU c`‡c MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw`
* wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv, weAvBwWGm|
1 D³ M‡elYvwU †jLK wb‡R m¤úv`b K‡i‡Qb|

72
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Z_¨ GB cÖe‡Üi cÖavb DcRxe¨| ZvQvov Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨
gš¿Yvj‡qi ga¨‡gqvw` ev‡RU KvVv‡gv (MTBF) Ges GB gš¿Yvjq `ywU KZ…©K cÖYxZ †RÛvi
ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`b (GBR)-Gi †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv we‡k−lY K‡iI bvixi gZvq‡b GB `ywU
gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv wbY©‡qi cÖqvm †bIqv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü|
eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü g~jZ MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡ii (2009-10, 2010-11 Ges 2011-12) RvZxq
ev‡R‡Ui Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| AwZ m¤cÖwZ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq weÁvb
gš¿Yvjq n‡Z c„_K n‡q GKwU ¯^Zš¿ gš¿Yvjq n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz MZ wZbwU A_©eQi mgqKv‡j
GB gš¿YvjqwU GKwU ¯^Zš¿ gš¿Yvjq wQj bv †m‡nZz GB wZbwU A_©eQ‡ii Rb¨ GB gš¿Yvj‡qi
†gvU ev‡RU eivÏ wnmve Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui cÖKí¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ wePvi K‡i
ICT gš¿Yvj‡q bvixi Rb¨ ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi GKwU aviYv cvIqvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Dbœqb ev‡R‡U M„nxZ Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jv †RÛvi mgZv Ges bvixi Av_©-mvgvwRK gZvqb
AR©‡b KZUv mg_© n‡q‡Q Zvi e¨vwß wbiƒcY Kivi Rb¨ Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jv‡K wb‡æv³ wZbwU fv‡M
fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q:
1. bvix AÜ cÖKí: GB cÖKí¸‡jv n‡Z GB g~û‡Z© bvix †Kv‡bv myweavB cv‡”Q bv|
2. †Kej bvix‡K j¨ K‡i MÖnY Kiv cÖKí: GB cÖKí¸‡jv n‡Z †Kej bvixivB myweav
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i;
3. †RÛvi ms‡e`kxj cÖKí: GB cÖKí¸‡jv Ggb cÖK…wZi hvi djvdj bvix cyi“l Df‡qB
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †‡Î bvixi Rb¨ Avjv`v eivÏ ev msiwZ
myweav _v‡K|
bvixi gZvq‡b Dc‡iv³ GB `ywU gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv wbY©qK‡í Dbœqb cÖKí e¨ZxZ RvZxq
ev‡R‡U gš¿Yvjq `ywUi M„nxZ ivR¯^ c`‡cI eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k bvix
cÖMwZ m•N KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwUi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv ¯—‡ii bvix‡`i m‡½ 5wU `jMZ Av‡jvPbv
(FGD) AbywôZ n‡qwQj| GB FGD’i Z_¨I GB cÖe‡Üi K‡qKwU ¯’v‡b we‡kl K‡i mycvwik
cÖ`v‡bi mgq e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1.2| cÖeÜwUi KvVv‡gv
†gvU cuvPwU As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖeÜwUi Av‡jvPbv mxgve× n‡q‡Q| G cÖe‡Üi cÖ_g As‡k f~wgKv
Ges Z‡_¨i Drm I M‡elYv c×wZ Ges wØZxq As‡k Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©KvÊ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GB gš¿Yvjq `ywU KZ…©K cÖYxZ ga¨‡gqvw` ev‡RU
KvVv‡gv (MTBF) Ges †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`b (GBR)-Gi †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv we‡k−lY Kiv
n‡q‡Q cÖe‡Üi Z…Zxq As‡k| MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡i (2009-10, 2010-11 Ges 2011-12)
RvZxq ev‡R‡U GB gš¿Yvjq `ywUi Rb¨ †gvU eivÏ Ges GB eiv‡Ïi KZUzKz bvix †c‡q‡Q Zvi
GKwU wnmve cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi PZz_© As‡k| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ
wKQz mycvwik Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q cÂg As‡k|
72

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 73
2| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Kvh©µg Ges bvixi Dci
GB Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve
2.1| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡q Kvh©µg Ges bvixi Dci GB Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³mn cÖhyw³ welqK M‡elYv, Dbœqb, cÖmvi Ges Gm‡ei mdj
cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki mvwe©K Av_©-mvgvwRK mg„w× AR©bB n‡”Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖavb j¨| GB gš¿Yvj‡qi bvix evÜe wKQz bxwZgvjv Ges Kvh©µg Av‡Q| †hgb,
RvZxq Z_¨ I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv 2009-Gi 9bs D‡Ïk¨wU n‡jv - weÁvb Ges cÖhyw³ welqK
mKj Kvh©µ‡g bvixi c~Y© Ges mg AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g bvixi gZvqb Zivwš^Z Kiv|
GB gš¿Yvj‡qi Kvh©µg bvixi gZvq‡bi Dci e¨vcK cÖfve i‡q‡Q †h‡nZz bvixi
gZvnxbZvi Rb¨ bvixi Z_¨eÂbv eûjvs‡k `vqx| ZvQvov AvR‡Ki GB wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M Z_¨
cÖhyw³‡Z mnR cÖ‡ek n‡”Q gZvq‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx Drcv`K| ZvB Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z
mnR cÖ‡ek wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv ¯—‡i †ek wKQz ICT †m›Uvi
¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| Z‡e Z_¨-cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kivi `Zv bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y MÖvgxY bvixMY, hviv
evsjv‡`‡ki bvix RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 80 kZvsk Ry‡o Av‡Q Zviv ICT †m›Uv‡ii my‡hvM¸‡jv MÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvQvov PjvP‡ji mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡YI Zviv ICT †m›Uv‡ii
my‡hvM¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Z‡e †gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³ bvix‡K Z_¨ RM‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki
weivU my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, †gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³ MÖvgM‡Äi bvix‡K
bvbvwea Z_¨ w`‡q mnvqZv Ki‡Q (Paul-Majumder 2009)| cÖ_gZ, †gvevBj †dv‡bi mnvqZvi
Kvi‡Y Zviv GLb we‡`‡k Kg©iZ AvZ¥xq¯^R‡bi cvVv‡bv †iwgU¨vÝ wb‡q cÖZvwiZ n‡”Qb bv|
†gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g Zviv mwVKfv‡e †R‡b hvq KLb, †Kv_vq Ges KZUvKv
¯^vgx/cyÎ/AvZ¥xq¯^Rb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q cvVv‡”Q| wØZxqZ, Zviv †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g Rv‡bb
†Kv_vq ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvIqv hvq, †Kv_vq bvwjk Rvbv‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw`| Dc‡iv³ M‡elYvwU †_‡K
AviI Rvbv hvq, MÖvgM‡Äi bvixiv †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g mePvB‡Z eo †h Z_¨wU cv‡”Q Zv
n‡jv K…wl m¤^Üxq Z_¨| e¸ovi Avjy Pvlx cwiev‡ii bvix m`m¨iv e‡j‡Q, †gvevBj †dv‡bi
gva¨‡g Zviv †R‡b hvq †Kv_vq fv‡jv mvi, fv‡jv exR, fv‡jv KxUbvkK Jla BZ¨vw` cvIqv
hvq| nuvmgyiwM cvjb m¤^‡ÜI cÖPzi Z_¨ Zviv †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g cvq| Ab¨ GKwU
M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡KI †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g GKRb PvKzwiRxwe gv cÖm~wZKvjxb
mg‡qI Zvi PvKzwi Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Ges PvKzwii e‡qv‡R¨ôZvq cyi“‡li mgvb _vK‡Z cv‡i
(Paul-Majumder 2008)|
AviI bvbvfv‡e Z_¨-cÖhyw³ Kg©wRwe bvixi gZvq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| AvR bvix†`i g‡a¨
GKwU D‡`¨v³v‡Mvôx M‡o D‡V‡Q hv‡`i bvbv Z‡_¨i cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| D‡`¨v³v bvixiv, hviv
Zv‡`i PjvP‡ji (mobility) cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y Ges Dchy³ Z‡_¨i Afv‡e Zv‡`i e¨emv‡K
jvfRbK Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv Zv‡`i‡K Z_¨ cÖhyw³ bvbvwea Z_¨ w`‡q mnvqZv Ki‡Q| GLb
D‡`¨v³v bvix GB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g jvfRbK evRv‡ii mÜvb QvovI †Kv_vq wKfv‡e Ges KZ
myj‡f KvuPvgvj †c‡Z cv‡i †mB Z_¨I †c‡q hvq|
73

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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
bvixi D”Pwkv MÖn‡YI Z_¨ cÖhyw³ D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv bvbv
mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK †‡ÎB bvix jvB‡eªix Ny‡i Ny‡i D”Pwkvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨vw` †RvMvo Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Zv‡`i GB cÖwZeÜKZv mn‡RB NywP‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
2.2| Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Kvh©µg Ges bvixi Dci GB Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Kvh©µ‡gi j¨ n‡jv wewfbœ MYgva¨‡gi mnvqZvq miKv‡ii Dbœqb
Kg©KvÊ, RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZ Ges RbKj¨vYg~jK Z_¨vw` m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K
AewnZ Kiv, m‡PZb Kiv, m¤ú„³ Kiv Ges DØy× Kiv| ZvQvov RbM‡Yi Z_¨ cÖvwßi AwaKvi
wbwðZ KivI GB gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU we‡kl j¨| GB j¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK gš¿Yvjq
KZ©„K Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB AvBb m¤^‡Ü RbMY‡K AewnZ I m‡PZb
Kiv GB gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU j¨|
bvixi gZvq‡bi Dci Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖfve Amxg| evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡`i †ewkifvM
AwkwZ I Aí wkwZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Z_¨ms‡hvMB GKgvÎ c_ hvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Kv‡Q wewfbœ
Z_¨ †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ wel‡q Zv‡`i‡K AwZ mn‡R wkwZ K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
evsjv‡`k †eZvi Ges †Uwjwfkb ¯^v¯’¨ iv Ges cywói Dci wewfbœ wkvg~jK †cÖvMÖvg cÖPvi
K‡i hv †_‡K MÖvgxY bvixiv h‡_ó DcK…Z nq| Av_©-mvgwRK Dbœq‡b bvix‡`i f‚wgKv wK - Zv
mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q Kvh©Kifv‡e Zz‡j ai‡e Z_¨ gva¨g| bvixi Dbœqb Ges gZvq‡bi welqwU m¤^‡Ü
mgvR‡K m‡PZb Kivi e¨vcv‡iI Z_¨gva¨g AwZ Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| bvix‡`i
¯¿x, gv Ges †mweKviƒcx mbvZbx fveg~wZ©i m‡½ m‡½ Zv‡`i Kg©Rxex fveg~wZ©, mgvR‡mex
fveg~wZ© GgbwK Zv‡`i ivRbxwZK fveg~wZ© mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivi e¨vcv‡iI MYgva¨g
Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| AwaKš‘ †iwWI, †Uwjwfk‡bi wewfbœ Abyôv‡b Ges
msev`c‡Îi mv‡_ mswk−ó wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ê gwnjv‡`i AskMªn‡Yi gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’vb I Avqea©K
Kg©Kv‡Ê Zv‡`i wb‡qvwRZ nevi my‡hvMI m„wó n‡e| GLv‡b bvixi Dbœqb Ges gZvq‡bi Dci
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨vcK cÖfve Abygvb Kiv hvq|
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qiI bvix evÜe wKQz bxwZgvjv Ges Kvh©µg Av‡Q| Aek¨ GB gš¿Yvj‡q
†Kej bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨ bxwZ †bB| Z‡e GB gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K cÖYxZ Z_¨ AwaKvi
AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv ev¯—evwqZ n‡j bvixiv, we‡kl K‡i Z_¨ewÂZ bvixiv DcK…Z n‡eb
bvbvfv‡e hv Zv‡`i‡K gZvq‡bi c‡_ A‡bK `~i wb‡q hv‡e| GB gš¿Yvj‡qi Ab¨vb¨ bxwZ,
Kvh©µgI bvixi Dbœqb Ges gZvq‡bi Dci e¨vcK cÖfve †dj‡e| †hgb, GB gš¿Yvj‡qi
bxwZ i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi Dbœqb P¨v‡bj ¯’vcb, †eZv‡ii GdGg m¤cÖmviY Ges
KwgDwbwU †iwWI-Gi Kvh©µg e„w× K‡i ag©xq Kzms¯‹vi, m¤úwˇZ bvixi AwaKvi, evj¨ weevn I
eûweevn I RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kzdj, `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© AvMvg mZK©Zv, BfwUwRs, bvix I wkï
AwaKvi BZ¨vw` wel‡q e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv| GB bxwZ ev¯—evwqZ n‡j evsjv‡`‡k bvixi
Dbœqb Ges gZvqb †eMevb n‡e|
evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii wewfbœ †K›`ª †_‡K cÖwZw`b 1:30 N›Uvi bvix Dbœqb m¤cwK©Z Abyôvb
mivmwi m¤cÖPvi Kiv nq| evsjv‡`k †UwjwfkbI cÖwZw`b 50 wgwbU ¯’vqx Ges cvwK AwZwi³
74

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 75
50 wgwbU ¯’vqx Abyôvb cÖPvi K‡i _v‡K| MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ßi bvix Dbœq‡bi Dci eQ‡i
1,600wUiI AwaK Pjw”PÎ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges Pjw”PÎ I cÖKvkbv Awa`ßi †_‡K cÖwZ eQi M‡o
cÖvq 50wU bvix welqK cÖeÜ Ges 4wU cÖvgvY¨wPÎ wbg©vY Kiv nq| Z_¨ Awa`ßi M‡o cÖwZ eQi
bvix Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z 260wU, †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU 200wU Ges evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’v 100 wU
wdPvi cÖPvi I cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| GB cÖwZwU Kvh©µgB bvixi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b
Ges bvix I cyi“‡li ˆelg¨ wbim‡b BwZevPK f‚wgKv ivL‡e|
3| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cÖYxZ ga¨‡gqvw` ev‡RU
KvVv‡gv (MTBF) Ges †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`b (GBR)-Gi †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv
MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡ii `ywU cÖfvekvjx †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj c`‡c n‡jv gš¿Yvjq¸‡jvi
Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v ga¨‡gqvw` ev‡RU (MTBF) Ges †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`b (GBR) cÖYqb
Kiv| MTBF-Gi we‡kl w`K n‡jv, `vwi`ª¨ I †RÛvi Dbœq‡bi Dci cÖwZwU cÖK‡íi wK cÖfve
co‡e Zv we‡k−lY K‡i Zvi weeiY A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi wbKU †cÖiY Ges cÖwZwU gš¿Yvj‡qi GBR
n‡jv mswk−ó gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z ev‡RUxq A‡_©i DcKvi‡fvMx‡`i †RÛvi wefvwRZ DcvË
Zz‡j aiv|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cÖYxZ ga¨‡gqvw` ev‡RU
KvVv‡gv (MTBF)Õi †RÛvi we‡k−lY n‡Z wb‡æv³ welq¸‡jv D‡V G‡m‡Q|
GB gš¿Yvjq `ywUi cÖavb cÖavb AR©‡bi Rb¨ mycwiKwíZfv‡e †h †KŠkj¸‡jv wbiƒcY Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z h‡_ófv‡e bvix‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv nqwb, †hLv‡b cÖvq cÖwZwU j¨B bvixi gZvq‡bi
Rb¨ Ri“wi| †hgb, Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi MTBF-G GKwU j¨ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †h †`‡ki
†MŠiegq BwZnvm I HwZn¨ iv I msiY Ki‡Z n‡e| GB j¨wU h_vh_fv‡e AR©b Kivi
Rb¨ Ri“wi cÖ‡qvRb wQj mycwiKwíZfv‡e GKwU †RÛvi †KŠkj MÖnY Kiv| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki
†MŠiegq BwZnvm I HwZn¨ m„wó‡Z bvixi wK Ae`vb wQj Zv Zz‡j a‡i evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb
Ges †iwWI‡Z bvbv †cÖvMªvg cÖPvi Ki‡j GB j¨wU AR©b †hgb h_vh_ n‡Zv †Zgwb bvixi
gZv AR©‡bi c‡_ †ek wKQzUv c_ GwM‡q hvIqvi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡Zv| †Kbbv evsjv‡`‡ki
BwZnv‡m GB †`‡ki bvixi †h †MŠieMuv_v Av‡Q Zv Zz‡j ai‡j mgv‡R bvixi gvb I m¤§vb e„w×
†c‡Zv, hv Zv‡`i gZvq‡b mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, Z_¨
cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi `ywU j¨ n‡jv `wi`ª I myweavewÂZ‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨cÖhyw³ cÖwkY cÖ`vb K‡i
` gvbe m¤ú` M‡o †Zvjv| wKš‘ GB j¨ `ywU AR©‡b GB gš¿Yvj‡qi MTBF-G †Kv‡bv
†RÛvi †KŠkj MÖnY Kiv nqwb|
GB `ywU gš¿Yvj‡qi AviI GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †RÛvi `ye©jZv n‡jv, G‡`i AvIZvfy³
Awa`ßi wKsev wefvM¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv AR©‡biB †Kv‡bv gender auditing †bB| ZvQvov MTBF-
Gi cÖYqb c×wZ‡Z `ye©jZv i‡q †M‡Q| †`Lv †M‡Q, bottom up c×wZ AbymiY K‡i MTBF
cÖYxZ nqwb| A_©vr †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv ev BDwbqb ch©v‡qi Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ GB gš¿Yvjq `ywUi
ev‡RU cÖYxZ nqwb| d‡j Z…Yg~‡ji RbM‡Yi Avkv, AvKv•v ev cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡Uwb
75

76
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
MTBF G| A_P cÖwZwU †Rjv Ges Dc‡Rjvi RbM‡Yi Avkv, AvKv•v, mgm¨v Ges m¤¢vebv
wfbœ|
GB `ywU gš¿Yvj‡qi †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©v‡`i m‡½ mvvrKvi †_‡K
†`Lv hvq, Zviv KLbI †Rjv ev Dc‡Rjv ¯—‡ii †Kv‡bv Z_¨ †K›`ªxq ¯—‡i cvVvbwb A_ev †K›`ªI
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi Z_¨ cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K wb‡`©k †`qwb| Zviv AviI e‡j‡Qb, †Rjv Ges
Dc‡Rjv ¯—‡i Pjgvb Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jvi Kvh©KvwiZvi Ae¯’v Zz‡j a‡i Zviv †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡e`bI
ˆZwi K‡ibwb| d‡j †Rjv Ges Dc‡Rjv ¯—‡i Pjgvb cÖKí¸‡jv †RÛvi mgZv AR©b Ki‡Q
wKbv Zv †evSvi Dcvq †bB| A_P cÖKí ev¯—evq‡bi gvSvgvwS‡Z †RÛvi AmgZv aiv co‡j
mgZv Avbq‡bi Rb¨ c`‡c MÖn‡Yi welqwU MTBF-G Av‡Q|
GB gš¿Yvjq `ywU KZ…©K cÖYxZ †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`b (GBR)-GiI bvbv `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q|
GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b wKQz cÖavb †‡Îi ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi DcKvi‡fvMx‡`i †RÛvi wefvwRZ DcvË Zz‡j
aiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GB DcvË †ewkifvM †‡ÎB Abygv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q,
cÖK…Z Ae¯’vi Dci wfwË K‡i bq| ZvQvov GB gš¿Yvjq `ywUi Aax‡b ev¯—evwqZ cÖwZwU cÖK‡íi
DcKvi‡fvMx‡`i †RÛvi wefvwRZ DcvË Zz‡j aiv nqwb|
m‡e©vcwi, GB `ywU gš¿Yvj‡qi Rules of Business and Allocation of Business-G bvixi
gZvqb Ges bvixi AwaKvi welqwU h‡_ófv‡e ¯’vb cvqwb| MTBF Ges GBR GB `ywU
cÖwZ‡e`‡bB ev‡R‡Ui †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZvi Mfxi I e¨vcK we‡k−lY †bB|
4| RvZxq ev‡R‡U Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ Ges †gvU
eiv‡Ï bvixi Ask
cÖwZwU gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU KZUv †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i H gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K
cÖYxZ MTBF Ges GBR-Gi ms‡e`bkxjZvi Dci| ev‡RU eivÏI A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i GB
`ywU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Dci| GB cÖe‡Üi c~e©eZ©x Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úó cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, GB `ywU
gš¿Yvjq bvixi gZvq‡b KZUv cÖfvekvjx Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv GB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖwZ‡e`b
`ywU‡Z h‡_ófv‡e Zz‡j aiv nqwb| d‡j GB `ywU gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ ev‡RU eivÏ Ges eiv‡Ïi
LvZ¸‡jv Kg †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
GKwU gš¿Yvj‡qi †Kej Dbœqb ev‡RUB bq ivR¯^ ev‡R‡UiI bvixi gZvq‡bi Dci
cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ZvB bvixi gZvq‡b weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv
we‡k−lY Kivi mgq GB `yB ai‡bi ev‡RU‡KB we‡ePbvq MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| gš¿Yvjq `ywUi †gvU
eiv‡Ï bvixi Ask wnmve Kivi Rb¨ wb‡æv³ welqvewji Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q :
K. G `ywU gš¿Yvjq Ges Gi A½ msMVb¸‡jvi Kvh©µg I wm×vš— MÖnY cÖwµqvq bvixi
AskMÖnY Ges ivR¯^ eiv‡Ï bvixi Ask;
L. G `ywU gš¿Yvj‡qi Dbœqb eivÏ Ges e¨‡q bvixi Ask Ges bvixi gZvq‡bi Dci
Zvi cÖfve|
76

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 77
4.1| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Gi A½ msMVb¸‡jvi wm×vš— MÖnY cÖwµqvq bvixi
AskMÖn‡Yi e¨vwß
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Zvi A½ msMVb¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Kg©KZ©v/
Kg©Pvwi‡`i GKwU wnmve wb‡q †`Lv †M‡Q, 2012 mv‡j wb‡qvwRZ †gvU Kg©KZ©v‡`i gvÎ 24.06
kZvsk bvix, hv 2011 mv‡j wQj 23.38 kZvsk| GK eQ‡i GK kZvs‡kiI (gvÎ 0.68
kZvsk) Kg nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q bvix Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v| Z‡e GKB mg‡q mwPevj‡qi Kg©KZ©v
ch©v‡q bvix Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM e„w×i nvi cÖvq 2.5 kZvsk| GivB wm×vš— MÖn‡Y mePvB‡Z †ewk
cÖfvekvjx f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b mwPe ch©v‡q wb‡qvwRZ †gvU Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÖvq 25
kZvsk Ges †gvU Kg©Pvixi cÖvq 18 kZvsk bvix| ZvB weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi ivR¯^
ev‡R‡Ui †h AskwU Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixi †eZbfvZv, †cbkb, cÖwf‡W›U dvÛ BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ e¨q nq
Zvi gvÎ GK cÂgvs‡ki Dci bvixi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
4.2| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi ivR¯^ c`‡c Ges bvixi Dci Zvi cÖfve
MZ K‡qKwU A_©eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡U M„nxZ Kw¤úDUvi I Kw¤úDUvi mvgMÖxi Dci k~b¨
ïé e¨e¯’vwU AZ¨š— †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj wQj| Pjgvb A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡UI GB †RÛvi
ms‡e`bkxj e¨e¯’vwU envj ivLv n‡q‡Q| GB ïé e¨e¯’v evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii †RÛvi welqK
A½xKvi Kvh©Ki Kivi e¨vcv‡i mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| k~b¨ ï‡éi Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii
myjf cÖvc¨Zv bvixi Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi e„w× K‡i Zv‡`i Z_¨ m¤ú‡` cÖ‡ek mnR Ki‡e|
ZvQvov Kw¤úDUvi Ávb Z_¨-cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z bvixi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY bvix‡`i Z_¨-cÖhyw³ wkvi my‡hvM †bB ej‡jB P‡j| KviY MÖvg¸‡jvi
†ewkifvM evwjKv we`¨vj‡qB Kw¤úDUvi †bB| evwjKv we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e
Kw¤úDUvi wkv cÖeZ©b Kivi Rb¨ mivmwi ev‡RU eivÏ `iKvi| MÖvgv‡j ICT center ¯’vcb
Kivi j¨ i‡q‡Q miKv‡ii| A‡bK BDwbqb cwil‡` B‡Zvg‡a¨ ICT center ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
Dc‡Rjv I †MÖv_ †m›Uv‡i wWwRUvj G·‡PÄ emv‡bvi KvR m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB cÖhyw³
`fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e bv hw` bvixiv Kw¤úDUvi wkvq wkwZ bv nq| KviY mviv c„w_ex‡Z
ICT center Ges Call centerG bvixivB †ewk nv‡i PvKzwi K‡ib| ZvQvov GB †m›Uvi¸‡jv
bvix‡K gZvwqZ Kivi e¨vcv‡i we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| †Kbbv bvbv mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y bvixi
PwjòzZv (mobility) mgm¨vm¼zj wQj e‡j Zv‡`i c‡ Z_¨ m¤ú` AR©b cÖvq Am¤¢e e¨vcvi
wQj| ZvQvov GB †m›Uvi¸‡jv bvixi m¤§y‡L Ly‡j †`‡e m¤¢vebvgq GK PvKzwii RMr|
evsjv‡`k miKvi 2009-10 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U †`‡k 2,000-3,000wU Call Centre
¯’vc‡bi wm×vš— MÖnY K‡iwQj Ges wKQz ivR¯^ cÖ‡Yv`bvI w`‡qwQj| wKš‘ GB wm×vš— ev¯—evwqZ
nqwb Ges Gi GKwU cÖavb Kvib wQj MÖvg I Dckn‡ii bvix‡`i g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi wkvi
Afve| Kj †m›Uvi (Call Centre)-Gi KvR AZ¨š— kªgNb Ges cxobg~jK (strenuous)| hvi
Rb¨ GB †m›Uvi¸‡jv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ ch©vß cyi“l Rbej cvIqv hvqwb| Z‡e bvixi ¯^fveRvZ
wKQy ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i PvKzwii evRvi mxwgZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y GB ai‡bi Kv‡R Zviv
77

78
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡eB GwM‡q Avm‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| wKš‘ bvixi g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi wkvi Afv‡ei
Kvi‡Y Zviv GwM‡q Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| MZ K‡qKwU A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m n‡Z g~mK
(VAT) cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB ivR¯^ c`‡c bvix‡K Z_¨ m¤ú` AR©‡b mnvqZv w`‡q‡Q
`vi“Yfv‡e|
4.3| weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU eivÏ Ges bvixi Dci Zvi cÖfve
MZ wZbwU A_© eQ‡iB Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GLv‡Z ev‡RU
eivÏ †Kv‡bv A_© eQ‡iB †gvU ev‡R‡Ui GK kZvsk AwZµg K‡iwb (mviwY 1)| ZvQvov
mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, RvZxq ev‡R‡U MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡i weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi
Ask GKBiKg †_‡K †M‡Q| A_P cÖwZ eQiB GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ¸i“Z¡ †e‡o‡Q| MTBF-G GB
gš¿Yvj‡qi †h mycwiKwíZ j¨¸‡jv avh© Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv GB ¯^í eivÏ w`‡q AR©b Kiv AZ¨š—
KwVb KvR|
A_©eQi
mviwY 1
weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ ev‡RU eivÏ (A_©eQi 2009/10-2011/12)
weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³
gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ
weÁvb I Z_¨
cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi
Rb¨ †gvU eivÏ
(ivR¯^ +Dbœqb)
ivR¯^
eivÏ
Dbœqb
eivÏ
2009-10 239 142 381
(100.0)
2010-11 280 170 450
(100.0)
2011-12 295 215 510
(100.0)
RvZxq ev‡R‡U
†gvU eivÏ
(UvKv †KvwU‡Z)
RvZxq ev‡R‡U
weÁvb I Z_¨
cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi
Ask (%)
103413 0.37
118113 0.38
139173 0.37
Drm: 1.Budget in Brief, various years, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
2. Budget Statement (various years), IMED, Ministry of Planning.
GB gš¿Yvj‡qi AvIZvq †h Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bvwUB bvix‡K
j¨ K‡i MÖnY Kiv nqwb| Z‡e GB gš¿Yvj‡qi A‡bK cÖK‡íi Kvh©µgB bvixi Dbœqb cÖfvweZ
K‡i| ZvB cÖK‡íi †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv wePvi K‡i weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨
gš¿Yvj‡qi Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jv‡K wZb fv‡M wef³ K‡i mviwY 2-G Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviwYwU n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡i †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj cÖK‡íi Dci eiv‡Ïi
cwigvY e„w× †c‡q‡Q jYxqfv‡e| GLv‡b aviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, bvix Dbœqb‡K RvZxq
Dbœq‡bi g~j †mªvZavivq m¤c„³Ki‡Yi bxwZ MÖnY Kivi d‡j bvixi Rb¨ Avjv`v cÖKí MÖnY bv
K‡i bvix‡K g~j †mªvZavivi cÖKí¸‡jvi m‡½ m¤c„³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wkv, ¯^v¯’¨, `Zv,
m¤ú` BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU †‡Î i‡q‡Q e¨vcK †RÛvi e¨eavb| cÖwZwU †‡Î cyi“‡li A‡bK †cQ‡b
c‡o Av‡Q bvix| hvi d‡j cyi“‡li m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i G RvZxq cÖKí n‡Z bvix AwZ
78

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 79
mvgvb¨ AskB AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| bvix‡K cyi“‡li mgK K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi Av‡MB Zv‡K
cyi“‡li m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq bvwg‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GB Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †n‡i †n‡i bvix
AviI GK avc †RÛvi ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡”Q| weÁvb I Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dbœqb ev‡R‡U M„nxZ
cÖKí¸‡jvi †RÛvi we‡k−lY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, †Kv‡bv cÖKí †_‡KB cyi“‡li mgvb myweav †fvM
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb bvix|
mviwY 2
weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jvi †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv Abyhvqx
ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi wefvRb: A_©eQi 2009/10-2011/12
Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jvi aib cÖKí msL¨v cÖK‡í eivÏK„Z A_© (UvKv †KvwU‡Z)
A_©eQi
A_©eQi
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
bvixi Dci †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨
cÖfve ‡bB Ggb cÖKí
20
(76.92)
19
(76.0)
17
(70.83)
155.23
(88.10)
165.78
(85.5)
181.89
(76.74)
†RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj
cÖKí
6
(23.08)
6
(24.0)
7
(29.17)
20.96
(11.90)
28.04
(14.5)
55.13
(23.26)
bvix evÜe cÖKí 0 0 0 - - -
†gvU cÖKí 26
(100.0)
25
(100.0)
24
(100.0)
176
(100.0)
193
(100.0)
237.02
(100.0)
Drm: Annual Development Programmes 2009-2010, 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, Planning Commission.
†bvU: Figures within parentheses indicate the share of various types of project in the total allocation earmarked
for the Ministry.
2009-10 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U 7wU wefv‡M Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡qi we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z Kw¤úDUvi
j¨ve ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cÖKí MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj| cÖKíwU AZ¨š— bvix-evÜe| wKš‘ GB cÖK‡í
eivÏ wQj AZ¨š— Kg| ZvQvov KqwU evwjKv we`¨vj‡q j¨ve ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv j¨
w¯’i Kiv nqwb| cieZ©x A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡UI GB †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj Dbœqb cÖKíwU Pvjy wQj|
wKš‘ evwjKv we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z j¨ve ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl †Kv‡bv †KvUv wQj bv| d‡j A‡bK
evwjKv we`¨vjqB GB cÖKí †_‡K †Kv‡bv DcKvi cvqwb| GB Kvi‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, A‡bK evwjKv
we`¨vj‡q weÁvb welqwUB cov‡bv nq bv| GB cÖK‡íi myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ evwjKv we`¨vj‡qi
Rb¨ wbw`©ó †KvUv _vKv Ri“wi wQj| †Zgwbfv‡e Kvwjqv‰Ki GjvKvq 231 GKi Rwgi Dci †h
nvB‡UK cvK© wbg©vY Kiv n‡”Q Zv‡Z bvixi cÖ‡ek wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ bvixi Rb¨ †KvUv _vKv
Ri“wi wQj| wKš‘ cÖKíwU‡Z Ggb †Kv‡bv †KvUv ivLv nqwb|
PjwZ ev‡R‡U M„nxZ Basic ICT Skills Transfer upto Upazila Level kxl©K Dbœqb cÖKíwU
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z AZ¨š— †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj| wKš‘ bvix‡K GB `Zv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ m‡PZbfv‡e
†Kv‡bv †KvUv ivLv nqwb| Zvi Dci cÖKíwU‡Z eivÏ AwZ bMY¨ (gvÎ 5 †KvwU UvKv)| ZvB
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GmKj cÖKí n‡Z bvix AwZ mvgvb¨ myweavB AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| PjwZ
ev‡R‡U M„nxZ Òe½eÜz †d‡jvwkc Ab GmAvBwmwUÓ kxl©K cÖKíwUI †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj| wKš‘
bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †KvUv bv _vKvq bvixiv GB †d‡jvwk‡ci †Kv‡bv myweav cv‡e wKbv
79

80
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
m‡›`n Av‡Q| Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb ch©v‡qi bvix‡`i m‡½ `jMZ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rvbv hvq Zviv
GB †d‡jvwk‡ci bvgI †kv‡bwb|
Avevi cÖK‡í bvixi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †KvUv _vK‡jI †hvM¨Zvi Afv‡e Ges bvbv Av_©-mvgvwRK
cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y bvix †mB cÖK‡íi myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| †hgb, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Movi j‡¨ 160wUiI AwaK KwgDwbwU B-†m›Uvi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU †m›Uv‡i GKRb
cyi“l I GKRb bvix Acv‡iUi eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e wb‡qvM `v‡bi bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘
†`Lv †M‡Q, bvixi g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi literacyÕi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y bvix Acv‡iUi wb‡qvM mnRmva¨
n‡”Q bv| GKBfv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, wewmwmÕi wefvMxq †K›`ª Ges ¯’vwcZ j¨vemg~‡n 1,100 R‡biI
AwaK wkK‡K ICT cÖwkY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖwkY cÖv߇`i gvÎ 18 kZvsk n‡”Q
bvix hw`I mgvb msL¨K bvix cyi“l GB cÖwkY MÖnY Ki‡e e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡qwQj|
Gfv‡eB †`Lv hv‡”Q, bvix‡`i g‡a¨ KvwiMwi wkvi Afve cÖKU| GB Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y
bvixiv Z_¨-cÖhyw³i myweav¸‡jv h_vh_ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| bvix‡K Z_¨-cÖhyw³‡Z `
Rbkw³ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Ges bvix cyi“‡li g‡a¨ e¨vcK `Zv dvivKwU Acmvi‡Yi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †KejgvÎ bvixi Rb¨ KvwiMwi wkv I cÖwkYg~jK Dbœqb cÖKí MªnY Kiv| wKš‘
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡R‡U GB j‡¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKí MªnY Kiv nqwb| hvi d‡j †`Lv †M‡Q,
miKvwi †h †fv‡Kkbvj Bbw÷wUDU¸‡jv Av‡Q Zv‡Z fwZ©K…Z Qv·`i g‡a¨ gvÎ 13 kZvsk n‡”Q
bvix| mvgvwRK iYkxjZv, we‡kl K‡i c`©v cÖ_vi Kvi‡Y Aí (adolesent) eq‡mi †g‡qiv
†Q‡j‡`i m‡½ GKB ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z cv‡i bv| KvwiMwi wkv Awa`ßi (Dircetorate of Technical
Education) gva¨wgK Ges D”P gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z Vocational I Computer †Kvm© Pvjy
K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ †`Lv †M‡Q, GB †Kvm© XvKv kn‡ii K‡qKwU evwjKv we`¨vjq Ges gwnjv K‡jR
Qvov Avi †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv evwjKv we`¨vjq ev gwnjv K‡j‡R Pvjy Kiv nqwb|
weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq 2011-12 A_©eQ‡ii me©‡gvU ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi KZ Ask
bvixi Rb¨ e¨q n‡e Zvi GKwU cÖv°wjZ wnmve Zvi †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`‡b Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| GB
wnmve Abyhvqx GB gš¿Yvj‡qi 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i ev‡R‡U me©‡gvU eiv‡Ïi gvÎ 20 kZvs‡ki
DcKvi bvix cv‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB wnmve g‡Z GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ivR¯^ e¨‡qi gvÎ
cÖvq 21 kZvsk Ges evwl©K Dbœqb e¨‡qi gvÎ 19 kZvsk bvix †Mvôxi Kj¨v‡Y e¨q Kiv n‡e
e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ gvV ch©v‡q DcKvi‡fvMx‡`i wnmve wb‡q †`Lv †M‡Q, †RÛvi
ms‡e`bkxj cÖKí¸‡jv n‡Z bvix †h Ask cv‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡qwQj ev¯—e‡‡Î bvix Zv
cvq bv| GKwU mgxvi djvdj n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q, MZ `k eQ‡i `Zv cÖwk‡Y †g‡q‡`i msL¨v
µgn«vmgvb (Paul-Majumder 2005)| Ab¨ GKwU mgxvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q, AwZ
†RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj cÖKí¸‡jv n‡ZI ev¯—e †‡Î bvix ¯^í Ask cvq (Paul-Majumder 2003)|
ZvB me©‡‡Î bvix cyi“‡li mgZv hZw`b AwR©Z bv n‡e ZZw`b ch©š— Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †‡Î bvixi
gZvqb Ges †RÛvi mgZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡R‡U †Kej bvix‡K j¨ K‡i
Dbœqb cÖKí MÖnY Kiv Ri“wi cÖ‡qvRb|
80

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 81
4.4| Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RUxq eivÏ Ges bvixi Dci Zvi cÖfve
weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi g‡Zv Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ eivÏI AwZ ¯^í| mviwY 3
n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, GB gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ †gvU eivÏ †Kv‡bv A_©eQ‡iB †gvU RvZxq eiv‡Ïi Avav
kZvskI AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| mviwYwU n‡Z AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, GB Ask MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡i
cÖvq mgvb †_‡K †M‡Q| GLv‡b Abygvb Kiv KwVb bq †h, GB ¯^í eivÏ w`‡q GB gš¿Yvjq
KZ©„K M„nxZ j¨¸‡jvi AwZ mvgvb¨B AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| GBm‡½ bvixi gZvq‡b GB
gš¿Yvj‡qi mgZvI mxwgZ n‡q ci‡e|
Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq 2011-12 A_©eQ‡ii me©‡gvU ev‡RU eiv‡Ïi KZ Ask bvixi Rb¨ e¨q n‡e
Zvi GKwU cÖv°wjZ wnmve GB gš¿Yvjq Zvi †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`‡b Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| GB wnmve
Abyhvqx GB gš¿Yvj‡qi 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i ev‡R‡U me©‡gvU eiv‡Ïi gvÎ 10 kZvs‡ki DcKvi
bvix cv‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB wnmve g‡Z GB gš¿Yvj‡qi evwl©K Dbœqb e¨‡qi gvÎ
19 kZvsk bvix †Mvôxi Kj¨v‡Y e¨q Kiv n‡e e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ZvQvov GB gš¿Yvj‡qi wm×vš— MÖnY cÖwµqvq bvixi Ask MÖnY AwZ mvgvb¨ Ges †mB m‡½
ivR¯^ eiv‡Ï bvixi AskI AwZ mvgvb¨| †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`‡b wm×vš— MÖnY cÖwµqvq bvix
cyi“‡li AskMÖn‡Yi GKwU wnmve Zz‡j a‡i‡Q Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq| GB wnmve Abyhvqx †`Lv hvq,
2010-11 A_©eQ‡i Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq I Gi Aaxb wewfbœ A½ msMVb¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Kg©KZ©v‡`i
g‡a¨ bvix‡`i msL¨v gvÎ 14.61 kZvsk| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i bvixi Ask mvgvb¨ e„w× †c‡q
15.67 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| GB gš¿Yvjq Ges GB gš¿Yvj‡qi wewfbœ A½ msMVb¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ
†gvU Kg©Pvix‡`i g‡a¨ gvÎ 11.83 kZvsk bvix, hv 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i wQj 7.45 kZvsk|
A_©eQi
mviwY 3
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ ev‡RU eivÏ (A_©eQi 2009/10-2011/12)
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ
ivR¯^ eivÏ
2009-10 265
(80.1)
2010-11 334
(76.1)
2011-12 391
(77.0)
Dbœqb^ eivÏ
65
(19.9)
105
(23.9)
117
(23.0)
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi
Rb¨ †gvU eivÏ
(ivR¯^+Dbœqb)
330
(100.0)
439
(100.0)
508
(100.0)
(UvKv †KvwU‡Z)
RvZxq ev‡R‡U RvZxq ev‡R‡U
†gvU eivÏ Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi
Ask (%)
103413 0.32
118113 0.37
139173 0.37
Drm: 1.Budget in Brief, various years, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
2. Budget Statement (various years), IMED, Ministry of Planning.
RbKj¨vYg~jK Z_¨vw` Ges RbM‡Yi Z_¨ cÖvwßi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K AewnZ Kiv,
m‡PZb Kiv, m¤ú„³ Kiv Ges DØy× Kiv GB gš¿Yvj‡qi mycwiKwíZ j¨ hv AR©‡b ivR¯^
81

82
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
ev‡R‡Ui GK we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GLbI †Kv‡bv D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ivR¯^ c`‡c GB
gš¿Yvjq MÖnY K‡iwb| ivR¯^ cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡q †Uwjwfk‡bi †emiKvwi P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡K bvixi Dci
Abyôvb, we‡kl K‡i bvixi Dci mš¿vm Ges †hŠb AZ¨vPvi e‡Üi Dci Abyôvb ˆZwi I cÖPv‡i
DrmvwnZ Kiv Ri“wi| †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖvB‡fU P¨v‡bj¸‡jv KZ©„K Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb m¤^‡Ü
RbMY‡K AewnZ Ges m‡PZb Kivi e¨vcv‡iI ivR¯^ cÖ‡Yv`bv kw³kvjx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| wKš— y GB j‡¨ †Kv‡bv ivR¯^ c`‡cB MÖnY Kiv nqwb GB gš¿Yvj‡q|
†Uwjwfk‡bi Dbœqb P¨v‡bj ¯’vcb, †eZv‡ii GdGg m¤cÖmviY Ges KwgDwbwU †iwWI-Gi
Kvh©µg e„w× Kiv GB gš¿Yvj‡qi AviI GKwU we‡kl j¨| GB j¨wU AR©‡bi Dci bvixi
gZvqb A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| †Kbbv ag©xq Kzms¯‹vi, wkv, ¯’vbxq mgm¨vmn N~wY©So,
mvB‡K¬vb cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Lei h_vh_fv‡e RbM‡Yi wbKU †cŠuQv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e GB
j¨wU AwR©Z n‡j| wKš‘ G ch©š— j¨ AR©b mxwgZ gvÎvq i‡q‡Q| GLbI bvixiv ag©xq
Kzms¯‹v‡ii wkKvi n‡q Rxeb w`‡”Q| miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi †‡Î Z_¨
gva¨g¸‡jv‡K wKQz ivR¯^ cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡q GB j¨ AR©b mnRmva¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
RvZxq ev‡R‡U Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ mxwgZ, AwaKš‘ eivÏK…Z Av‡qi cÖvq GK-
Z…Zxqvsk Ae¨wqZ †_‡K †M‡Q| Z‡e †Kej bvixi Rb¨ †h `ywU cÖKí MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi
eivÏK…Z Av‡qi AwaKvskB e¨wqZ n‡q‡Q| 2009-10 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U Òbvix I wkï Dbœq‡b
†hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µgÓ kxl©K cÖKíwU‡Z †h cwigvY A_© eivÏ Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖK…Z †‡Î Zvi cÖvq
wظY e¨q Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ eiv‡Ïi AwZwi³ Li‡Pi welqwU we‡ePbvq MÖnY K‡i cieZ©x
ev‡R‡U (2010-11 A_©eQi) GB cÖK‡í jYxqfv‡e AwaK eivÏ Kiv nqwb| 2009-10
A_©eQ‡i GB cÖK‡íi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj 4.45 †KvwU UvKv| wKš‘ H eQi GB cÖK‡íi Rb¨ cÖK…Z
LiP n‡qwQj 8.40 †KvwU UvKv| cieZ©x eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U GB cÖK‡íi Rb¨ eivÏ †`qv nq 5.80
†KvwU UvKv hv Avevi ms‡kvwaZ ev‡R‡U Kwg‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q 3.80 †KvwU UvKv| GB gš¿Yvj‡qi
Òbvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZv cÖwZ‡iv‡a †hŠ_ †cÖvMÖvgÓ kxl©K cÖKíwU bvixi gZvq‡bi Rb¨ AwZ
cÖfvekvjx| ZvB mg¯— †`kRy‡o GB cÖKíwUi ev¯—evqb Ri“wi| wKš‘ cÖKíwU‡Z AwZ mvgvb¨ A_©
eivÏ (gvÎ 0.78 †KvwU UvKv) Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB ¯^í A_© eivÏ w`‡q mgMÖ †`‡k GB cÖKíwUi
ev¯—evqb m¤¢e n‡e wKbv Zv‡Z m‡›`n i‡q‡Q|
bvixi ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v, we‡kl K‡i bvixi cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v, bvixi cywó mgm¨v BZ¨vw` bvixi
gZvqb‡K `vi“Yfv‡e Le© K‡i †i‡L‡Q| GB mgm¨v¸‡jvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q mgv‡Ri e¨vcK AÁZv,
we‡kl K‡i bvix‡Mvôxi GB mgm¨v¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü e¨vcK AÁZv| GB AÁZv `~i Kivi mnR Dcvq
n‡”Q †eZvi I †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó m¤^‡Ü bvbv iKg Abyôvb m¤cÖPvi Kiv|
wKš‘ MZ wZb eQ‡ii ev‡R‡U G m¤^Üxq †Kv‡bv Dbœqb cÖKíB MÖnY Kiv nqwb|
GBfv‡e MZ wZbwU A_©eQ‡ii ivR¯^ c`‡c, Dbœqb eivÏ Ges Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jv we‡k−lY
K‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q, Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq wKsevv Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq †Kv‡bvwUB bvixi gZvq‡b Kvw•Z
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| hvi d‡j Gme †‡Î †RÛvi mgZvI AwR©Z n‡q‡Q mvgvb¨B|
82

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 83
5| gš—e¨ Ges mycvwikgvjv
GB cÖe‡Üi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cwi®‹vifv‡e cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, bvixi gZvq‡b Ges
me©‡‡Î bvix cyi“‡li g‡a¨ mgZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ I Z_¨ cÖhyw³
gš¿Yvj‡qi Kvh©µg cÖf~Z cÖfvekvjx n‡jI GB `ywU RvZxq j¨ AR©‡b cÖfvekvjx f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb gš¿Yvjq `ywU| GB mxgve×Zvi †cQ‡b cÖavb KviY¸‡jv n‡jv: (1) GB `ywU
gš¿Yvj‡qi MTBF-G †RÛvi Bmÿ wU‡K h_vh_fv‡e Zz‡j bv aiv; (2) †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`‡b
†RÛvi wefvwRZ †h Z_¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q Zv cÖK…Z Z‡_¨i Dci wbf©i bv K‡i †Kej aviYvi
Dci wbf©i K‡i ˆZwi Kiv; Ges (3) †hme †‡Î e¨vcK †RÛvi e¨eavb i‡q‡Q †mme †‡Î
†RÛvi e¨eavb msKzwPZ Kivi Rb¨ †Kej bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ev‡RU c`‡c MÖnY bv Kiv| GB
KviY¸‡jvi Rb¨ RvZxq ev‡R‡U GB `ywU gš¿Yvjq ch©vß †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj c`‡c MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| †Kbbv MTBF Ges †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`b n‡”Q †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj ev‡RU
cÖYq‡bi GKwU wfZ| †RÛvi we‡ePbvq GB wfZwU h‡_ó k³ bq e‡j †`Lv †M‡Q, Z_¨ I Z_¨
cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi MZ wZbwU A_©eQi (†h wZbwU A_©eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui Dci wfwË K‡i
eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU iwPZ) Gi GKwU eQ‡iI †Kej bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKí MÖnY Kiv nqwb Ges
†RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj cÖKí¸‡jv‡Z bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †KvUvI ivLv nqwb| A_P GB
gš¿Yvj‡q cÖZ¨ bxwZ n‡jv Z_¨ cÖhyw³ welqK mKj Kvh©µ‡g bvixi c~Y© Ges mg AskMÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g bvixi gZvqb Zivwš^Z Kiv| bvixi cÖwZ BwZevPK ˆelg¨ K‡i †Kej bvixi Rb¨
†Kv‡bv ivR¯^ c`‡cI MÖnY Kiv nqwb| d‡j GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU eivÏ n‡Z bvix AwZ
mvgvb¨ myweav †fvM Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| ZvQvov mvgwMÖKfv‡e GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU eivÏI AwZ
mvgvb¨| †`Lv †M‡Q, †Kv‡bv A_©eQ‡iB GB eivÏ RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui †gvU eiv‡Ïi 1 kZvskI
AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GB ¯^í eiv‡Ïi Kvi‡YI †Kej bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKí MÖnY Kiv
m¤¢e nqwb| d‡j Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †‡Î bvix cyi“‡li g‡a¨ we`¨gvb e¨eavbwU msKzwPZ n‡q‡Q
mvgvb¨B Ges bvixi h_vh_ gZvqbI n‡q‡Q e¨vnZ|
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi †‡ÎI cÖvq Abyiƒc Ae¯’v cwijwZ n‡q‡Q| GB gš¿Yvj‡q †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨
bvix bxwZ bv _vK‡jI GB gš¿Yvj‡qi MTBF-G mycwiKwíZfv‡e †h j¨¸‡jv wba©viY Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖwZwU AZ¨š— bvix evÜe| ZvQvov cÖvq cÖwZwU A_©eQ‡iB GB gš¿Yvj‡qi Dbœqb
ev‡R‡U 2/3wU cÖKí †Kej bvixi Rb¨ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU
eiv‡Ïi AwZ mvgvb¨ Ask (gvÎ 10 kZvsk) †_‡K bvix myweav †c‡q‡Q| GLv‡b bvixi gZvq‡b
GB gš¿Yvj‡qi Ae`v‡bi e¨vwß mn‡RB aviYv Kiv hvq|
5.1| mvaviY mycvwikmg~n
Z_¨ I Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †‡Î bvix cyi“‡li mgZv AR©b Ges bvixi gZvq‡b GB `ywU
gš¿Yvj‡qi Ae`vb e„w× Kivi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ c`‡c¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv `iKvi:
1. GB A_©eQ‡iB eZ©gvb MTBF-Gi mgqKvj (2010/11-2012/13) †kl n‡e|
cieZ©x MTBF (2013/14-2017/18) cÖYq‡bi mgq †RÛvi Bmÿ wU‡K h_vh_fv‡e
we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e|
83

84
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
2. lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq Z_¨ Ges Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †‡Î †h †RÛvi j¨ wba©viY Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zvi Av‡jv‡K AvMvgx MTBF cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Z_¨ Ges Z_¨-cÖhyw³
†‡Î 2011-Gi bvix bxwZi j¨¸‡jv ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨I mycwiKwíZ †KŠkj cÖYqb
Ki‡Z n‡e AvMvgx MTB-G|
3. MTBF cÖYqb‡K wWwRUvBRW Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv Ges BDwbqb ¯—‡ii
bvix‡`i mgm¨v I cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZdjb nq Ges GKB m‡½ Z_¨ I Z_¨-cÖhyw³ wfwËK
Kg©KvÊ m„R‡b bvixi g‡a¨ ‡h m¤¢vebv Av‡Q Zvi cÖwZdjb nq|
4. MTBF cÖYq‡bi c~‡e© mviv †`‡ki gender need mapping m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wfbœ
wfbœ A‡ji wfbœ wfbœ gender need Gi cÖwZdjb nq|
5. †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖwZwU cÖK‡íi †RÛvi wefvwRZ cÖK…Z Z_¨ Zz‡j ai‡Z
n‡e|
6. ev¯—evqbvaxb Dbœqb cÖKí¸‡jvi Kvh©KvwiZv gwbUi K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z †RÛvi mgZv AR©b n‡”Q wKbv Zv †evSv hvq Ges †RÛvi AmgZv aiv co‡j
mgZv Avbq‡bi Rb¨ c`‡c MÖnY Kiv hvq|
7. †RÛvi ev‡RU cÖwZ‡e`‡b †h †h †‡Î †RÛvi dvivK †`Lv hv‡e c‡ii A_©eQ‡ii
ev‡R‡U †m †m †‡Î †RÛvi dvivK †gvP‡bi Rb¨ A_ev wb‡`b c‡ msKzwPZ Kivi
Rb¨ h‡_ó ev‡RUxq c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
5.2| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU‡K †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RU c`‡c
1. RvZxq ev‡R‡U Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi eivÏ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †‡Îi ev‡RU myweav¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ bvix‡K cÖwkwZ Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges GB j‡¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡R‡U h‡_ó eivÏ ivL‡Z n‡e|
3. bvix‡K Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †‡Î cÖwkwZ Kivi Rb¨ AvMvgx ev‡R‡U wb‡gœv³ c`‡c¸‡jv
MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e:
K. BDwbqb ¯—‡i †Kej bvixi Rb¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖwkY †K›`ª ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
Dbœqb cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GB j‡¨ “Cash for Education” kxl©K
safety net cÖKíwUi Av`‡j “Cash for Training on I” kxl©K †Kej bvixi Rb¨
GKwU safety net cÖKí MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
L. MÖv‡gi bvix‡K Kw¤úDUvi wkv cÖ`vb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ MÖvgv‡ji evwjKv
we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve ¯’vcb Ges Kw¤úDUvi wkK wb‡qvM wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. Kw¤úDUvi wkv‡K mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ MÖvgv‡ji evwjKv we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z
Bs‡iRx wkK wb‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
84

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 85
N. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †K›`ª¸‡jv ¯’vc‡bi mgq bvixi PjvPj (mobility) cÖwZeÜKZv‡K
we‡ePbvq MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
O. Basic ICT Skills Transfer upto Upazila Level kxl©K Dbœqb cÖKíwU‡Z eivÏ
e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GB cÖK‡í bvixi Aš—f©yw³ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
P. PjwZ ev‡R‡U M„nxZ Òe½eÜz †d‡jvwkc Ab GmAvBwmwUÓ kxl©K cÖKíwU‡Z bvixi
Rb¨ †KvUv wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi j‡¨ †h KwgDwbwU B-†m›Uvi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi
cÖwZwU‡Z GKRb cyi“l I GKRb bvix Acv‡iUi eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e wb‡qvM `v‡bi †h
bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi h_vh_ ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †‡Î †Kej bvix‡K j¨ K‡i Dbœqb cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
6. †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj cÖKí¸‡jv‡Z bvixi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †KvUv ivL‡Z n‡e|
Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †ÎwU‡K bvixi gZvq‡b mnvqK Ki‡Z n‡j †Kej Dbœqb ev‡R‡U c`‡c
MÖnY Ki‡jB n‡e bv ivR¯^ ev‡R‡UI h‡_ó c`c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GB j‡¨ wb‡gœv³ ivR¯^
c`‡c¸‡jv mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q:
1. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq Ges Zvi A½ msMVb¸‡jv‡Z bvix Kg©KZ©v Ges
Kg©Pvix‡`i wb‡qvM e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| GB e„w× †Kej ivR¯^ ev‡R‡U bvixi AskB e„w×
Ki‡e bv, e„w× Ki‡e GB gš¿Yvj‡qi wewfbœ wel‡q bvixi wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi gZv hv
Avevi GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU‡K †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡e|
2. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z bvixi mnR cÖ‡ek wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvMvgx RvZxq
ev‡R‡U wb‡gœv³ ivR¯^ c`‡c¸‡jv MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q:
K. bvix‡`i‡K, we‡kl K‡i MÖvgv‡ji bvix‡`i‡K ICT cÖwkY Ges ICT †mev
n«vmK…Z g~‡j¨ cÖ`v‡b †emiKvwi †‡Îi ICT e¨emvqx‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨
ivR¯^ cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡Z n‡e|
L. B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m n‡Z g~mK (VAT) cÖZ¨vnvi Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e|
M. Z_¨-cÖhyw³ †‡Î D‡`¨v³vi f~wgKv MÖn‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ bvix‡K wKQz
ev‡RU cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb, Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †‡Îi bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i wewfbœ
Tax break A_ev Tax holiday myweav w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov ICT e¨emv MÖn‡Y
bvix‡K mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ bvixi w`‡K m¤ú` cÖevn e„w× Kivi Rb¨ Ki
bxwZ‡Z bvixi cÖwZ BwZevPK ˆelg¨g~jK c`‡c wb‡Z n‡e|
85

86
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
5.3| Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU‡K †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RU c`‡c
1. Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi MTBF-G M„nxZ †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj j¨¸‡jv h_vh_ AR©‡bi Rb¨
RvZxq ev‡R‡U GB gš¿Yvj‡qi eivÏ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. †eZv‡ii GdGg m¤cÖmviY Ges KwgDwbwU †iwWI-Gi Kvh©µg †`‡ki cÖZ¨š— A‡j
e„w× Kivi Rb¨ ev‡R‡U eivÏ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. “Joint Programme to Address Violence Against Women” kxl©K cÖKíwU‡Z eivÏ
e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †`‡ki cÖZ¨š— AÂj ch©š— GB cÖK‡íi Kvh©µg †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv
hvq|
4. bvix‡`i Kg©Rxex fveg~wZ©, mgvR‡mex fveg~wZ© I ivRbxwZK fveg~wZ© mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q
Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. evsjv‡`‡ki †MŠiegq BwZnvm I HwZn¨ m„wó‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki bvixi f~wgKv Zz‡j aivi
Rb¨ Dbœqb cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBbwU m¤^‡Ü bvix‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vcK m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡¨ KwgDwbwU
†iwWI-Gi Kvh©µ‡g GB AvBb m¤^‡Ü m¤cÖPvi eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi Rb¨ ev‡RUxq
c`‡c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. Z_¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi †‡Î Z…Yg~j bvixi Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv we‡ePbvq MÖnY K‡i bZyb
bZyb Z_¨ cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Dc‡Rjv ¯—‡ii bvix‡`i m‡½ `jMZ Av‡jvPbv
(FGD)Õi Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡`i mgm¨v Ges cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³
c`‡c¸‡jv mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q:
K. bvix K…lK‡`i Dci GKwU †cÖvMÖvg †Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z m¤cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨
cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. K…wl m¤^Üxq hveZxq Z_¨ †hgb, †Kv_vq fv‡jv mvi, fv‡jv exR, fv‡jv KxUbvkK
Jla BZ¨vw` cvIqv hvq Zv †Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z m¤cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨ cÖKí
MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. K…wl cY¨, K…wl DcKiY Ges KzwUiwkíRvZ c‡Y¨i jvfRbK evRvi m¤^‡Ü Z_¨
mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e †Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWIi gva¨‡g|
N. nuvm-gyiwM cvjb m¤^‡Ü hveZxq Z_¨ m¤^wjZ K‡i cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv
†Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
O. †Kv_vq ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvIqv hvq, †Kv_vq bvwjk Rvbv‡bv hvq BZ¨vw` m¤^‡Ü Z_¨
†Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z avivevwnKfv‡e m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
P. jvfRbK bvixevÜe PvKzwi m¤^‡Ü Z_¨ †Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z
n‡e|
86

gRyg`vi: bvixi gZvq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) gš¿Yvjq Ges Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi f~wgKv 87
Q. we‡`‡ki †Kv_vq bvixi Rb¨ jvfRbK PvKzwii my‡hvM Av‡Q †m m¤^‡Ü Z_¨
†Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z Z_¨ m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
R. RvZxq ev‡R‡U bvixi Rb¨ wK wK c`‡c MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †m m¤^‡Ü Z_¨
†Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
S. bvixi AwaKvi Ges gvbevwaKvi m¤^‡Ü †Uwjwfkb Ges †iwWI‡Z Abyôvb m¤cÖPvi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡R‡U ivR¯^ c`‡c bvixi Z_¨ cÖvwß Ges Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ek‡K A‡bK myMg
Ki‡e Ges bvixi gZvq‡bI we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡e| ZvB Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi AvMvgx ev‡R‡U MÖnY
Kivi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ ivR¯^ c`‡c¸‡jvi mycvwik Kiv n‡”Q:
1. bvixi Dci †cÖvMÖvg, we‡kl K‡i bvixi Dci mš¿vm Ges †hŠb AZ¨vPvi e‡›×i †cÖvMvg
MÖn‡Y †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖvB‡fU P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK ivR¯^
c`‡c MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
2. byZb P¨v‡bj Aby‡gv`b †`Iqvi mgq bvixi gZvq‡bi Dci †cÖvMÖvg MÖn‡Yi kZ© Ry‡o
w`‡q Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ ivR¯^ cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡Z n‡e|
3. †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖvB‡fU P¨v‡bj¸‡jv KZ©„K Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb m¤^‡Ü mvaviY gvbyl‡K
AewnZ Ges m‡PZb Kivi e¨vcv‡i ivR¯^ cÖ‡Yv`bv †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
4. †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb‡K KwgDwbwU †iwWI-Gi †cÖvMÖvg MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ ivR¯^
cÖ‡Yv`bv Ges fZ©ywK mnvqZv †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
MÖš’cwÄ
Paul-Majumder, P. (2003): Reflection of Women's Voice and National Gender
Objectives in the National Budget of Bangladesh," Bangladesh Nari Pragoti
Sangha (BNPS), Bangladesh.
———(2005): National Education Budget of Bangladesh and Empowerment of Women,
Bangladesh Nari Pragoti Sangha (BNPS), Bangladesh.
———(2006): Role of National Budget in Development Entrepreneurship among
Women of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha and Institute for
Environment & Development.
———(2008): “Gender Dimension of Transport and Communication Needs in
Bangladesh,” In Murthy V.A. Bondada and R. Sivanandan (eds) Best Practices
to Relieve Congestion on Mixed-Traffic Urban Streets in Developing Countries,
Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai, India.
———(2009): “Gender Impact Assessment of the Business Services and ICT in the
Potato Sector,” a Component of the Study on “Impact Assessment of the
Katalyst Project” Sponsored by Development Alternatives, Inc (DAI).
87

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 evwl©K msL¨v 1419
evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c cÖPwjZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv:
wbg©vY I ¯’vcbv Lv‡Zi Av‡jv‡K GKwU we‡k−lY
1| f~wgKv
Zvn&wib Zvn&ixgv †PŠayix *
A_©bxwZ‡Z mÂq I wewb‡qvM `ywU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb hv mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
MwZaviv wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| mvgwóK A_©bxwZi MwZ-cÖK…wZi w`K wb‡`©kbvq mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi
cÖfve mỳ ~icÖmvix| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi h_v_© I cÖZ¨vwkZ gvÎv A_©‰bwZK
cÖe„w×i j¨gvÎv AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| Avevi ch©vß wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq ch©vß mÂq|
mvgwóK A_©bxwZi Ab¨Zg `ywU cÖavb wbqvgK wn‡m‡e mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi wbf©i‡hvM¨
cÖv°jb I cwigvc cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖvc‡U 2015 A_©eQ‡ii g‡a¨ M‡o
evwl©K 8 kZvsk nv‡i wRwWwc cÖe„w× AR©‡bi j‡¨ mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖZ¨vwkZ gvÎv AR©b
Kiv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi (2011-2015) cÖv°jb Abyhvqx 2015
A_©eQ‡i wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi cÖ‡qvRb wRwWwcÕi 32.5 kZvsk, hv eZ©gv‡b gvÎ 25 kZvsk|
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi e¨eavb cwijwZ nq| evsjv‡`kI
Gi e¨wZµg bq| wKš‘ G e¨eavb mnbxq gvÎv AwZµg Ki‡j A_ev Zv µgea©gvb nv‡i e„w×
†c‡j Zv wPš—vi welq|
wPÎ 1 n‡Z 1999-00 †_‡K 2010-11 mgqKv‡j †gvU RvZxq mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi
cv_©‡K¨i MwZaviv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| wPÎwU n‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq 1999-00 mv‡j mÂq I
wewb‡qv‡Mi cv_©K¨ wQj wRwWwci 4.09 kZvsk, hv 2002-03 ch©š— µgvš^‡q n«vm †c‡q 3.45
kZvs‡k `uvovq| Zvici †_‡K µgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡q 2008-09 mv‡j 14.11 kZvs‡k `uvovq|
2009-10 mv‡j G e¨eavb n«vm †c‡jI 2010-11 mv‡j Zv e„w× †c‡q 11 kZvs‡k `uvwo‡q‡Q|
mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi G µgea©gvb e¨eav‡b wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Z‡e
G e¨eav‡bi gvÎvMZ h_v_©Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖK…Z cwigvc AZ¨vek¨K| wewb‡qvM
cwigv‡ci c×wZ ΓwUc~Y© n‡j mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK MwZ-cÖK…wZi Z‡_¨ weåvwš— †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qv‡Mi me‡P‡q eo LvZ n‡jv wbg©vY LvZ| †`‡ki †gvU wewb‡qv‡M G Lv‡Zi
Ae`vb cÖvq 75 kZvsk| myZivs wbg©vY Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvM cwigv‡ci c×wZ ΓwUc~Y© n‡j
mvgwMÖKfv‡e †gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖK…Z cwigvY mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv KwVb| evsjv‡`‡ki wbg©vY I
¯’vcbv Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvM cwigv‡ci c×wZ m¤ú‡K© we‡k−lYagx© Av‡jvPbv ev mgxv AcÖZzj, †bB
ej‡jB P‡j| Dciš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU g~jab MVb c×wZi mv‡_ SNA-2008 Abymv‡i †gvU
g~jab MVb c×wZi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ †gvU g~jab MVb
c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ ΓwU i‡q‡Q|
* wimvP© G‡mvwm‡qU, weAvBwWGm|

90
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cv_©K¨
(wRwWwc -†Z kZKiv fvM)
mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cv_©K¨
(wRwWwc -†Z kZKiv fvM)
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2002-03
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
wPÎ 1: mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cv_©K¨ (wRwWwc‡Z kZKiv fvM)
G cÖe‡Ü g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU g~jab MVb cwigvc c×wZi mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖe‡Üi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi `ywU
cÖavb LvZ Z_v wbg©vY I ¯’vcbv Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvM cwigvc c×wZi mxgve×Zv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
cÖe‡Üi wØZxq As‡k SNA-2008 Abymv‡i †gvU g~jab cwigvc c×wZ Ges Z…Zxq As‡k
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU g~jab MVb c×wZi mv‡_ SNA-2008 Abymv‡i g~jab MVb c×wZi GKwU
Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖe‡Üi PZz_© As‡k wbg©vY Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvM cwigvc cÖwµqv
Ges cÂg As‡k wewb‡qvM cwigvc c×wZi mvgwMÖK mxgve×Zv I mycvwik ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
2| SNA 2008 Abymv‡i †gvU g~jab cwigvc
2008 mv‡j RvwZmsN KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ System of National Account (SNA)-G †Kv‡bv
A_©bxwZi †gvU g~jab MVb (Gross Capital Formation) cwigvc c×wZ m¤ú‡K© D‡j−L Kiv
n‡q‡Q hv we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb eÿ ‡iv (weweGm) KZ©„K
g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki g~jab MVb cwigvc Kiv nq| G‡‡Î weweGm †h c×wZ AbymiY K‡i Zvi
mv‡_ SNA 2008-G D‡j−wLZ cwigvc c×wZi Zzjbvg~jK we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ
weweGm c×wZi mxgve×Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| G D‡Ï‡k¨ SNA 2008-G D‡j−wLZ
‡gvU g~jab MVb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv `iKvi|
SNA 2008 Abymv‡i †gvU g~jab MVb cwigv‡c 3wU Dcv`v‡bi †gvU g~j¨ we‡ePbv Kiv
nq| G wZbwU Dcv`vb n‡jv:
(1) †gvU w¯’i g~jab MVb (Gross Fixed Capital Formation ev wRGdwmGd)
(2) †gvU gRy‡`i cwieZ©b (Changes in inventories/stock)
(3) g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i †gvU msiY (Acquisitions less disposals of valuables)
†gvU g~jab MVb = †gvU w¯’i g~jab MVb + †gvU gRy‡` cwieZ©b + g~jab `ªe¨vw`i †gvU msiY
90

‡PŠayix: evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c cÖPwjZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv 91
SNA 2008 Abymv‡i wRGdwmGd cwigv‡c e¨eüZ Dcv`vbmg~n n‡jv:
1) evm¯’vb/emev‡mi Rb¨ evwo
2) Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv Ges AeKvVv‡gv
- evm¯’vb e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ feb/evwo
- Ab¨vb¨ AeKvVv‡gv
- f~wgi ms¯‹vi/Dbœqb (Land Improvement)
3) †gwkbvwi Ges Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY
- cwienb
- Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
4) A¯¿ miÄvg (Weapons System)
5) PvlK…Z ˆRweK m¤ú` (Cultivated Biological Resources)
- cïR m¤ú`, ebR m¤ú` Ges cybd©j‡b mg Ggb MvQcvjv (Animal resources, tree
crop and plant resources yielding repeat products)
6) Abyrcv`K m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—iRwbZ e¨q (Costs of ownership transfer on
non-produced assets)
7) -eyw×e„wËK m¤ú`
-M‡elYv I Dbœqb
-LwbR m¤ú` AvniY Ges D‡Ëvjb
-Kw¤úDUvi md&UIq¨vi I Z_¨wfwË
-we‡bv`b, wkv ev ˆkwíK (artistics) m¤ú`
3| weweGm Ges SNA 2008 Abymv‡i g~jab MVb cwigvc cÖwµqvi Zzjbvg~jK
Av‡jvPbv
weweGm KZ…©K e¨eüZ c×wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki wRwmGd cwigv‡c †Kej wRGdwmGd MYbv
Kiv nq, Ab¨ `ywU Dcv`vb A_©vr †gvU gRy‡`i cwieZ©b Ges g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i msiY we‡ewPZ
nq bv| Kv‡RB weweGm Abym„Z c×wZ‡Z cÖvß wRwmGd-Gi cwigvc A_©bxwZi cÖK…Z wRwmGd
A‡cv Kg nevi m¤¢vebvB †ewk|
3.1| cÖPwjZ c×wZi †gvU g~jab wRwmGd wK Avm‡jB cÖK…Z wRwmGd‡K cÖKvk K‡i?
weweGm-Gi †gvU g~jab cwigvc c×wZ‡Z †gvU gRy‡`i cwieZ©b Aš—fy©³ _vKvi K_v
D‡j−L _vK‡jI †gvU gRỳ cwieZ©b wel‡q †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv| †h‡nZz g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i
msiY wRwmGd cwigv‡c Aš—fy©³ nq bv, †m‡nZz cÖPwjZ c×wZi wRwmGd g~jZ †`‡ki
wRGdwmGd Gi mgvb| A_©vr w¯’i g~jab MVb‡KB †gvU g~jab MVb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
n‡”Q|
3.2| weweGm c×wZ‡Z wRGdwmGd cwigvc KZUzKz hyw³m½Z?
c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, weweGm c×wZi wRwmGd g~jZ †`‡ki wRGdwmGd-Gi
mgvb| Avevi wRGdwmGd cwigv‡c weweGm †hme Dcv`vb e¨envi K‡i †m¸‡jv SNA 2008
91

92
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
Abymv‡i wRGdwmGd cwigv‡ci we‡eP¨ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq Kg| D‡j−L¨, SNA 2008 Abymv‡i
wRGdwmGd cwigv‡c †h me Dcv`vb e¨eüZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb †mme Dcv`v‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv
weweGm KZ…©K e¨eüZ nq bv| SNA 2008-G D‡j−wLZ 7wU Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †Kej 3wU Dcv`vb
(evm¯’vb, Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv I AeKvVv‡gv Ges †gwkbvwi I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY) e¨eüZ nq| myZivs
†`Lv hv‡”Q, cÖPwjZ weweGm c×wZi wRGdwmGd †`‡ki cÖK…Z wRGdwmGd‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Q bv
eis Underestimation n‡”Q| Gfv‡e cÖPwjZ weweGm c×wZ‡Z †gvU g~jab MV‡b cwigv‡c `yB
ai‡bi mxgve×Zv‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq:
cÖ_gZ, gRy‡`i cwieZ©b Ges g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i msiY Aš—fy©³ nq bv e‡j wRwmGd
cwigv‡c Aeg~j¨vqb n‡”Q Ges wRGdwmGd‡K wRwmGd wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q|
wØZxqZ, wRGdwmGd ‡`‡ki cÖK…Z wRGdwmGd‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Q bv| KviY SNA 2008-
G D‡j−wLZ 4wU Dcv`vb evsjv‡`‡ki wRGdwmGd cwigv‡c Aš—fy©³ n‡”Q bv|
SNA 2008
†gvU g~jab
MVb MVb
=
†gvU w¯’i g~jab MVb
+
†gvU gRy‡`i cwieZ©b
+
g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i
†gvU msiY
evm¯’vb/emev‡mi Rb¨ evwo
+
Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv Ges AeKvVv‡gv
†gvU w¯’i g~jab MVb = †gvU w¯’i
g~jab MVb
(weweGm c×wZ)
+
†gwkbvwi
+
A¯¿ miÄvg
+
PvlK…Z ˆRweK m¤ú`
+
m¤ú‡`i gvwjKbv n¯—vš—iRwbZ e¨q
weweGm c×wZ‡Z Aš—
fy©³ bq
eyw×e„wËK m¤ú`
+
wPÎ 2: SNA 2008 I weweGm c×wZ Abymv‡i g~jab MVb cÖwµqvi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ
92

‡PŠayix: evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c cÖPwjZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv 93
4| wbg©vY I ¯’vcbv Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvM cwigv‡ci eZ©gvb cÖwµqv
evsjv‡`‡k †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY wbY©‡q wZbwU Dcv`vb‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq: (1)
wbg©vYLvZ, (2) †gwkbvwi `ªe¨ I hš¿cvwZ, Ges (3) cwienb|
G wZbwU †‡Î miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dfq ch©v‡q g~jab MVb c„_Kfv‡e cwigvc Kiv nq|
wbg©vY Lv‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q g~jab MV‡b wewfbœ DcLvZ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki
†gvU g~jab MV‡bi LvZIqvwi wefvRb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
†gvU g~jab MVb
wbg©vY LvZ
‡gwkbvwi I Ab¨vb¨
hš¿cvwZ
cwienb
miKvwi
‡emiKvwi
cvKv wbg©vY
(evm¯’vb I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv)
f~wg ms¯‹vi
KuvPv wbg©vY
cvKv wbg©vY (evm¯’vb I
Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv)
K…wl ms¯‹vi
‡mP c×wZ
wPÎ 3 : evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU g~jab MV‡bi LvZIqvwi wefvRb
mviwY 1 G evsjv‡`‡ki wewb‡qv‡Mi mgqvbyµwgK MwZaviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mviwY †_‡K
†`Lv hv‡”Q, †gvU wewb‡qv‡M wbg©vY Lv‡Zi Ae`vb 75%| GRb¨ wbg©vY Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM
cwigv‡ci c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv mxgve×Zv _vK‡j †gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY wbY©q ΓwUhy³ nIqvi
mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
mviwY 1
†gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi LvZIqvwi wefvRb, 1999-2006
eQi wbg©vY hš¿cvwZ I †gwkbvwi hvbevnb hš¿cvwZ Ab¨vb¨
1999-00 74.35 14.2 11 0.3
2000-01 76.5 15.3 7.9 0.3
2001-02 77.7 14.7 7.4 0.2
2002-03 76.1 15.4 8.3 0.2
2003-04 74.1 18.1 7.6 0.2
2004-05 74.8 17.6 7.4 0.2
2005-06 75.6 17 7.3 0.2
Drm: weweGm|
(kZKiv nvi)
93

94
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dfq †‡ÎB wbg©vY wewb‡qvM Aš—fy©³| wbg©vY Lv‡Zi †‡Î miKvwi
I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q wewfbœ DcLvZ we`¨gvb| miKvwi ch©v‡q wbg©vY Lv‡Z miKvwi wewb‡qvM
cwigv‡c cvKv Ges Avav cvKv wbg©vY Aš—fy©³, wKš‘ KuvPv wbg©v‡Y wewb‡qvM Aš—fy©³ Kiv nqwb|
ZvQvov f~wg ms¯‹vi G Lv‡Zi Aš—fy©³| Avevi Avav cvKv wbg©v‡Yi †gvU g~j¨ c„_Kfv‡e cwigvc
Kiv n‡jI Zv cieZx©‡Z cvKv wbg©v‡Yi ‡gvU g~‡j¨i mv‡_ hy³ nq|
†emiKvwi ch©v‡q wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c KuvPv wbg©vY QvovI K…wl ms¯‹vi (Land Development
& Agricultural Construction) Ges †mP e¨e¯’vq wewb‡qvM Aš—fy©³|
4.1| cvKv ¯’vcbv wewb‡qvM g~j¨
cvKv wbg©vY wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c wm‡g›U, iW, w÷j I Ab¨vb¨ wbg©vY mvgMÖxi g~j¨ e¨envi
Kiv nq, Ab¨w`‡K Avav cvKv wbg©vY wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigv‡c ïay wm‡g›U I GgGm iW e¨eüZ nq|
G g~j¨ wbiƒc‡Y e¨eüZ wewfbœ fi I AbycvZ mviwY 2-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mviwY 2
cvKv ¯’vcbv wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c e¨eüZ fi I AbycvZ
cvKv
Avav cvKv
wm‡g›U AbycvZ 0.15 0.1575
wm‡g›U fi 0.625 0.075
GgGm iW AbycvZ 0.1375 0.0475
GgGm iW 0.83 0.17
Drm: weweGm|
Dch© y³ mKj fi I AbycvZ Private Construction Survey in Urban and Rural Areas of
Bangladesh 1993-94 †_‡K wbiƒcY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbg©vY Kv‡R e¨eüZ wm‡g›U, †jvnv, w÷‡ji
†gvU g~j¨ Ges cÖPwjZ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi fi I AbycvZ e¨envi K‡i wbg©vY Lv‡Zi †gvU
wewb‡qvM g~j¨ cwigvc Kiv nq|
cÖPwjZ AbycvZ Ges fi Gi Dci wfwË K‡i wbiƒwcZ 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki
cvKv wbg©vY wewb‡qvM g~j¨ mviwY 3-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mviwY 3
evsjv‡`‡ki cvKv wbg©vY wewb‡qvM g~j¨, 2009-2010
2009-10
(wgwjqb UvKv)
wbg©vY Kv‡R e¨eüZ wm‡g›U 101,121
wbg©vY Kv‡R e¨eüZ †jvnv I w÷j 183,597
1. cvKv wbg©vY g~j¨
i) cvKv wbg©v‡Y e¨eüZ wm‡g‡›Ui g~j¨
ii) cvKv wbg©v‡Y e¨eüZ †jvnv I w÷‡ji g~j¨
62,576
152,386
cvKv wbg©v‡Yi ‡gvU g~j¨ ([1(i) + 1(ii)/(0.15+0.1375) 747,692
2. Avav cvKv wbg©vY g~j¨
i) Avav cvKv wbg©v‡Y e¨eüZ wm‡g‡›Ui g~j¨
ii) Avav cvKv wbg©v‡Y e¨eüZ GgGm i‡Wi g~j¨
Avav cvKv wbg©v‡Yi †gvU g~j¨
[2(i) + 2(ii)/(0.1575+0.0475)
Drm: weweGm|
37,545
31,212
335,400
94

‡PŠayix: evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c cÖPwjZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv 95
mxgve×Zv/mgm¨v
(1) cvKv wbg©vY cwigv‡c e¨eüZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| wm‡g‡›Ui e¨envi wbY©‡q
weweGm wm‡g›U Avg`vwbi †h Z_¨ e¨envi Ki‡Q, Zvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`k wm‡g›U
g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis G‡mvwm‡qkb-Gi e¨eüZ wm‡g›U Avg`vwb msµvš— Z‡_¨i mvgÄm¨
cvIqv hvq bv|
weweGm (ivR¯^ †evW© †_‡K msM„nxZ) DcvË Abymv‡i wm‡g›U Avg`vwbi cwimsL¨vb mviwY
4-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mviwY 4
wm‡g›U Avg`vwb I Drcv`b, 2006-2010
(wgwjqb UvKvq)
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
wm‡g›U Avg`vwb 29262 39947 45972 55344
wm‡g›U Drcv`b 51283 66842 75498 90554
Drm: weweGm|
mviwY 4 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †`‡k D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y wm‡g›U Avg`vwb nq| Aciw`‡K
evsjv‡`k wm‡g›U g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi Z_¨ Abymv‡i, evsjv‡`k P~ovš— e¨env‡ii
Rb¨ (Final good) †Kv‡bv wm‡g›U Avg`vwb K‡i bv| Avg`vwbK…Z wm‡g›U g~jZ ga¨eZx© `ªe¨
wn‡m‡e wm‡g›U Drcv`b cÖwµqvq e¨eüZ nq |
mviwY 5
wm‡g›U Drcv`b, ißvwb I gRỳ , 2009-10
Drcv`b ‡gvU Drcv`b g~j¨ ißvwb ißvwb g~j¨ †gvU gRỳ gRỳ gyj¨
(jvL †g. Ub) (wgwjqb UvKv) (jvL †g. Ub) (wgwjqb UvKv) (jvL †g. Ub) (wgwjqb UvKv)
180 1324800 20 91200 40 294400
Drm: evsjv‡`k wm‡g›U g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis G‡mvwm‡qkb (BCMA)|
†bvU: ißvwb I gRy‡`i cwigvY BCMA n‡Z cÖvß|
gvwmK cwimsL¨vb ey‡jwUb (†deª“qvwi 2009) n‡Z cÖvß wm‡g‡›Ui LyPiv g~‡j¨i Dci wfwË K‡i †gvU Drcv`b
g~j¨, ißvwb g~j¨ I gRỳ g~j¨ wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 5 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †`‡k †gvU 180 jvL †g. Ub wm‡g›U Drcvw`Z nq| †`kR
e¨envi (120 jvL †g. Ub) I ißvwbi (40 jvL †g. Ub ) ci †gvU gRỳ _v‡K 40 jvL †gwUªK
Ub| wm‡g›U ißvwb I gRy‡`i cwigvY †_‡K ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k P~ovš— `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e wm‡g›U
Avg`vwb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
G ai‡bi Z_¨ weåvwš—i Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e ga¨eZx© I P~ovš— `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e wm‡g‡›Ui
e¨envi‡K we‡k−lY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr weweGm †h me wm‡g›U P~ovš— `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e MYbv
K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv hw` cÖK…ZB ga¨eZx© `ªe¨ n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j weweGm Gi wm‡g›U Avg`vwbi
Z‡_¨i h_v_©Zv wb‡q cÖkœ _vK‡Z cv‡i|
(2) mKj ai‡bi cvKv wbg©v‡Yi PjwZ g~j¨‡K w¯’i g~‡j¨ cÖKv‡ki †‡Î m~PK wn‡m‡e
weGgwcAvB (Building Material Price Index) e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e G m~PK e¨env‡i
wKQz mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| weGgwcAvB m~P‡K wm‡g›U, w÷j, iW I Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi g~j¨
e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ wm‡g›U I w÷‡ji `vg cwieZ©‡bi nvi Gi g‡a¨Kvi e¨eavb A‡bK|
95

96
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
G Rb¨ Gi gvb mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk cvq bv| weweGm-Gi mycvwik Abyhvqx, wm‡g›U Ges
w÷‡ji `vg‡K Avjv`vfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i bZzb m~PK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
4.2| KuvPv evwo wbg©vY g~j¨
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó eQ‡i KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Yi †gvU g~j¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z H eQ‡i wbwg©Z bZzb KuvPv
evwoi msL¨v Ges KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Yi Mo e¨q e¨envi Kiv nq|
KuvPv evwo †gvU wbg©vY g~j¨ = (bZzbfv‡e wbwg©Z KuvPv evwoi msL¨v × KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Yi Mo
e¨q)
D‡j−L¨, weweGm †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q bZzbfv‡e wbwg©Z evwoi msL¨v wbg©v‡Yi †‡Î Private
Construction Survey of Premier Consultant Ltd.Gi wi‡cvU© Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K Mo e¨q wbY©‡q cÖwZ 600 eM©dzU KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Yi Mo e¨q 54,462 UvKv avh©
K‡i wnmve Kiv nq| KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Y e¨eüZ `ªe¨mvgMÖxi (gvwU, wUb, Lo, kªwgK) m~PK
wba©viY K‡i 1998 mv‡j KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Yi Mo e¨q 54,462 UvKv wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQj| G
Mo e¨q‡K cieZx©‡Z g~j¨ m~PK e¨envi K‡i cieZx©‡Z eQi¸‡jvi Mo e¨q wbY©q Kiv nq|
D‡j−L¨, MÖvg I kni †f‡` Mo e¨‡qi wfbœZv _vKv ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ G †‡Î MÖvg I kn‡ii
me KuvPv evwoi wbg©vY g~j¨ cwigv‡c GKB Mo e¨q e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| wbg©vYKv‡R e¨eüZ wewfbœ
Abycv‡Zi fi I AbycvZ e¨envi K‡i H eQ‡ii KuvPv wbg©v‡Yi †gvU g~j¨ wbiƒcY Kiv nq|
KuvPv wbg©v‡Yi g~j¨ wbiƒc‡Y e¨eüZ DcKi‡Yi fi I AbycvZ mviwY 6-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mviwY 6
KuvPv wbg©vY wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c e¨eüZ fi I AbycvZ
fi
euvk 0.33
wUAvBwkU 0.39
KvV 0.15
gRywi 0.13
Drm: weweGm|
cÖPwjZ fi I Abycv‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i †gvU KuvPv wbg©v‡Y wewb‡qv‡Mi
cwigvY mviwY 7-G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mviwY 7
KuvPv wbg©vY wewb‡qvM g~j¨
GKK 2009-10
bZzb wbwg©Z evwoi msL¨v wgwjqb 0.9612
Mo wbg©vY e¨q UvKv 99435
bZzb evwoi †gvU g~j¨ (PjwZ g~j¨) wgwjqb UvKv 95579
bZzb evwoi †gvU g~j¨
(w¯’i g~j¨)
wgwjqb UvKv 51180
Drm: weweGm|
96

‡PŠayix: evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c cÖPwjZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv 97
cÖPwjZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv I mgm¨v
1. weweGm Gi National Account Wing- Gi g‡Z, eZ©gv‡b bZzbfv‡e wbwg©Z †gvU KuvPv
evwoi msL¨v mwVK bq| bZzbfv‡e KuvPv evwoi msL¨v wba©vi‡Y weKí †Kv‡bv c×wZ
cÖ‡qvRb|
2. KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Y Mo e¨q wn‡m‡e 54,462 UvKv mwVK bq| D‡j−L¨, KuvPv evwo wbg©v‡Y
e¨eüZ wewfbœ KuvPvgv‡ji fi (weight) 1980-81 mv‡j wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| mg‡qi
mv‡_ mv‡_ wbg©v‡Y e¨eüZ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi e¨env‡ii cwieZ©b n‡jI KuvPv wbg©v‡Y
e¨eüZ fi I Abycv‡Zi nvjbvMv` cwieZ©b Kiv nqwb| 1980-81 mv‡j wba©vwiZ fi
I AbycvZ GLbI e¨eüZ n‡”Q| GRb¨ bZzbfv‡e fi wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv
w`‡q‡Q|
4.3| †mP Kv‡R wewb‡qvM
†mP Kv‡R wewb‡qvM g~jZ †emiKvwi Lv‡Z n‡q _v‡K| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó eQ‡i †mP Kv‡R
wewb‡qvM wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ H eQ‡i bZzbfv‡e ¯’vwcZ Mfxi bjK~c, AMfxi bjK~c, †jv-wjd&U
cv¤ú Gi msL¨v Ges G‡`i Mo e¨q e¨eüZ nq|
‡mP wewb‡qvM = (bZzbfv‡e ¯’vwcZ Mfxi bjK~c msL¨v ×Mo Lbb e¨q) +(bZzbfv‡e ¯’vwcZ
AMfxi bjK~c msL¨v × Mo Lbb e¨q)+ (bZzbfv‡e ¯’vwcZ †jv-wjd&U cv¤ú
msL¨v × Lbb e¨q)
mviwY 8
†mP Kv‡R wewb‡qvM g~j¨
2009-10
bZzb ¯’vwcZ bjK~c (msL¨v)
Mfxi bjK~c 317
AMfxi bjK~c 21263
†jv-wjd&U cv¤ú 2813
Mo Lbb e¨q (UvKv)
Mfxi bjK~c 73840
AMfxi bjK~c 28252
†jv-wjd&U cv¤ú 547
†gvU Lbb e¨q (wgwjqb UvKv)
Mfxi bjK~c 23
AMfxi bjK~c 601
†jv-wjd&U cv¤ú 2
†gvU gvU Lbb e¨q (PjwZ g~j¨) 626
†gvU Lbb e¨q (w¯’i g~j¨) (wgwjqb UvKv) 361
mxgve×Zv
G‡‡Î ïaygvÎ bZzbfv‡e ¯’vwcZ bjK~c‡K Aš—fy©³ Kiv nq; cyiv‡bv bjK~‡ci AePqRwbZ
LiP cwigvc Kiv nq bv| AePqRwbZ LiP Aš—f©y³ nq bv e‡j wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖK…Z cwigvc
cvIqv m¤¢e nq bv|
97

98
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
4.4| K…wl ms¯‹vi Ges f~wg ms¯‹vi
KuvPv I cvKv wbg©vY QvovI K…wl ms¯‹vi I f~wg ms¯‹viI Aš—fy©³|
K…wl †‡Î wewb‡qvM g~jZ †emiKvwi ch©v‡q n‡q _v‡K| G †‡Î †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi
cwigvY I Mo e¨q wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c e¨eüZ nq| GQvov miKvwi ch©v‡q f~wg ms¯‹vi I Dbœq‡b
wKQz wewb‡qvM n‡q _v‡K|
5| evsjv‡`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwigvc c×wZi mvgwMÖK mxgve×Zv I mycvwik
c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q, †gvU g~jab MV‡b gRy‡`i cwieZ©b Ges g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i msiY Aš—
fy©³ nq bv e‡j mvgwMÖKfv‡e wewb‡qvM cwigvc c×wZi mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| wewb‡qv‡Mi ΓwUc~Y©
cwigvc c×wZ †gvU RvZxq Avq cwigv‡c cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZ (Statistical Discrepancy)
m„wó‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci `yÕwU cÖavb c×wZ n‡jv
†gvU †`kR Drcv`b (wRwWwc) I †gvU †`kR e¨q wRwWwc| ‡gvU RvZxq Av‡qi msÁvbymv‡i,
†Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó eQ‡i wRwWwc I wRwWB Gi cwigvY mgvb n‡e| ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b I
‡gvU †`kR e¨q Gi cwigvYMZ e¨eavb‡K cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| wPÎ
4-G cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZ Gi mv¤cÖwZK aviv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
weweGm c×wZ Abymv‡i wRwWwc‡Z cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZi fvM µgvš^‡q e„w× cv‡”Q|
cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZ 2001-02 mv‡j wQj -0.89%, hv 2008-09 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q `uvovq
2.52%| 2009-10 I 2010-11 mv‡j G wePz¨wZi cwigvY n«vm †c‡jI Zv w¯’wZkxj ch©v‡q
†cuŠQvqwb|
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
1999-00
wRwWwc-†Z cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZi fvM
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
wPÎ 5 : cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZi mv¤cÖwZK MwZaviv
wRwWwc-†Z
cwimsL¨vbMZ wePz¨wZi
fvM
98

‡PŠayix: evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c cÖPwjZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv 99
wRwWB cwigv‡ci 3wU cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv †fvM (Consumption), wewb‡qvM (Investment)
Ges bxU ißvwb (Net Export)| G wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY wbY©‡q
ΓwU _vK‡j Statistical Discrepancy †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwigvc
c×wZ ΓwUc~Y©, †m‡nZz Zv Statistical Discrepancy m„wó‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j aviYv Kiv
hvq|
5.1| wewb‡qvM cwigvc c×wZi mvgwMÖK mxgve×Zv
evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c we`¨gvb cÖavb cÖavb ΓwU I mxgve×Zv wb‡gœ D‡j−L Kiv
n‡jv:
1. cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ m~PK c×wZi AbycvZ, cÖv°jb I fi eû cyiv‡bv
Dcv‡Ëi Dci wbf©i K‡i e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| PjwZ mg‡qi DcvË e¨envi Ki‡j
AwaKZi ev¯—e djvdj jvf Kiv m¤¢e| wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖK…Z cwigvY wbY©‡q ZvB cÖPwjZ
c×wZi cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb|
2. ¯’vbxq miKvi, ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb, †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖvß
Dcv‡Ë Am¤ú~Y©Zv i‡q‡Q| d‡j miKvwi wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c Aeg~j¨vqb
(underestimation) n‡”Q|
3. AbvbyôvwbK LvZ (informal sector)-Gi wewb‡qvM m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv mvwe©K DcvË
†bB| A_P AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY A‡bK|
4. g~jab gRy‡`i cwieZ©b (change is inventories)-Gi Z_¨-DcvË Abycw¯’Z|
5. g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i msiY m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv|
5.2| gRỳ cwieZ©b (Stock Change ) Gi m¤¢ve¨ cwigvY wbY©q
evsjv‡`k g~jab gRỳ cwieZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv DcvË †bB| Dciš‘ g~jab gRỳ cwigv‡c
weweGm gRỳ cwieZ©b cwigv‡ci †Kv‡bv c×wZ e¨envi K‡i bv| wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖK…Z cwigvY
wbY©‡q weweGm KZ…©K gRỳ cwieZ©b cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q|
BbcyU-AvDUcyU †Uwej †_‡K gRỳ cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| BbcyU-AvDUcyU
†Uwej 2006-07 Abyhvqx †gvU Pvwn`v Ges †gvU mieiv‡ni g‡a¨Kvi cwigvcMZ cv_©K¨ wQj
132,949 wgwjqb UvKv, hv †gvU wRwWwci 2.8 kZvsk| Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni GB AmgZvi
GKwU Ask gRỳ cwieZ©b wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
2006-07 mv‡j †gvU wRwWwci 0.7% gRỳ cwieZ©b wn‡m‡e cwigvc Kiv nq| A_©vr
gRỳ cwieZ©‡bi cwigvY `uvovq 33,073 wgwjqb UvKv (2006-07 A_©eQ‡i †gvU wRwWwc wQj
47,24,772 wgwjqb UvKv)|
5.3| g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw`i msiY (Acquisition less disposal of valuables) Gi m¤¢ve¨
cwigvY wbY©q
SNA 2008 Abymv‡i g~j¨evb `ªe¨ †hgb: †mvbv, iƒcv, Ab¨vb¨ iZ¥ Ges Ab¨vb¨ g~j¨evb
avZz wRGdwmGd Gi GKwU Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e ms‡hvwRZ n‡e| Gme m¤ú` Drcv`b Kv‡R
mivmwi e¨eüZ nq bv, wKQz g~j¨gv‡bi msiK (store of value) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
99

100
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
weweGm Gme g~jevb `ªe¨vw`i †Kv‡bv Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y wRwmGd GCF
cwigv‡c G Dcv`vbwU Aš—fy©³ nq bv| Z‡e Foreign Trade Statistics †_‡K Gme g~j¨evb
`ªe¨vw` Avg`vwbi cwimsL¨vb cvIqv hvq| D‡j−L¨, Avg`vwbK…Z g~j¨evb `ª‡e¨i m¤ú~Y© Ask
store of value wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i bv, wKQz Ask ga¨eZx© `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e wkí-KviLvbvq e¨eüZ
nq|
2008-09 A_©eQ‡i g~j¨evb `ª‡e¨i †gvU Avg`vwb wQj 987.714 wgwjqb UvKv| G mKj
Avg`vwbK…Z `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ ga¨eZ©x e¨envi ev` w`‡q P~ovš— e¨env‡ii (hv g~jZ g~j¨gv‡bi
msiK) D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ `ªe¨vw`‡K store of value wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| Dcmsnvi
wbg©vY I ¯’vcbv Lv‡Z ΓwUc~Y© cwigvc evsjv‡`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwigvc c×wZ‡Z cÖfve we¯—vi
Ki‡Q| G Kvi‡Y †gvU wewb‡qvM cwigv‡c we`¨gvb Ab¨vb¨ mxgve×Zv AviI NYxf~Z n‡”Q|
evsjv‡`k hZB gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, †gvU RvZxq Av‡q ‰e‡`wkK Av‡qi Ae`vb
ZZB e„w× cv‡e| ˆe‡`wkK Av‡qi G µge„w× †gvU †`kR mÂq I †gvU wewb‡qvM‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡e| AZGe wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖK…Z cwigvY wbiƒc‡Y wewb‡qvM cwigvc c×wZi Av‡jvwPZ
mxgve×Zvi †cÖw‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
MÖš’cwÄ
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS): Statistical Yearbook, Various Years.
United Nations Statistical Commision (2008): System of National Accounts (SNA).
Bangladesh Cement Manufacturing Association (BCMA) (2011): Annual Report.
100

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 evwl©K msL¨v 1419
1| †nv‡Uj Ges nZvkv
wek¦vqb, `wi`ªZv Ges evsjv‡`k
Ave`yj ev‡qm *
gvneye †nv‡mb **
dvinvbv †mnixb ***
g¨vbnvUvb QvqvQwe‡Z DwW G¨v‡j‡bi PwiÎwU bvwK GKUv †nv‡U‡j Xy‡K fqvbK cuPv Lvev‡ii
mÜvb cvq| wKQzY Gw`K Iw`K ZvKvevi ci å“uKzwÂZ DwW G¨v‡jb weoweo K‡i e‡j:
ZvI‡Zv †`LwQ Lye †ewk †bB| A_©vr cuPv Lvevi hw` †ewk _vK‡Zv, DwW G¨v‡j‡bi nq‡Zv g›`
jvM‡Zv bv| g‡b nq, eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb I wek¦vqb we‡ivax‡`i Ae¯’vb A‡bKUv DwW G¨v‡jb
Pwi‡Îi g‡ZvB| GKw`‡K ejv n‡”Q †h, wek¦vqb Mwie †`‡ki Rb¨ me©bvk †W‡K Av‡b,
Aciw`‡K †hvM Kiv n‡”Q †h DbœZ †`k¸‡jv bvbv evnvbvq AbybœZ †`‡ki c‡Y¨i cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv
mxgve× K‡i ivL‡Q| wKsev Awf‡hvMUv GiKg †h, AbybœZ †`‡ki cÖ‡qvRb _vKv m‡Ë¡I
ÔAwbóKviKÕ eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Hme †`‡k †h‡Z Pvq bv| Avevi GgbI †`Lv †M‡Q,
c‡ ev wec‡ hyw³¸‡jvi †ewki fvM Av‡eM-ZvwoZ A_ev ïaygvÎ ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZi
Av‡jv‡K cÖwZwôZ| Z‡e mePvB‡Z wec¾bK wePz¨wZ n‡”Q, A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡Kv‡Yi Aeg~j¨vqb
Kivi KvRwU| A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡Kv‡Yi cÖwZ D`vmxbZv Ges h_vh_ c×wZ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
A_©‰bwZK jvfvjv‡fi wnmv‡ei cÖKU Abycw¯’wZ ïay †e`bv`vqK bq, eo ai‡bi wecwËiI Drm
n‡Z cv‡i| G wb‡q A‡bK NUbvi K_v D‡j−L Kiv hvq, Z‡e Lye ms‡‡c GKwU NUbvi K_v
ej‡Z n‡”Q| divwm †cÖwm‡W›U d«uv‡mv wg‡Zivi A_©‰bwZK Dc‡`óv wQ‡jb wewkó eyw×Rxwe †RKm
AvUvwj| A_©‰bwZK wel‡q Zuvi †Kv‡bv AvMÖn wQj e‡j g‡b nq bv| eB‡qi ZvK m‡gZ GK
†`qv‡ji mvg‡b `uvov‡bv wg‡Ziv‡K GKevi GK divwm †Uwjwfkb †_‡K wR‡Ám Kiv n‡qwQj:
GB †h G‡Zv eB Avcbvi †kj‡d, Zvi g‡a¨ A_©bxwZi †Kv‡bv eB wK Av‡Q? wg‡Ziv Zuvi
e:¯’j mvg‡b evwo‡q bv ivLvi Avb‡›` e‡j‡Qb: GKwUI bv| Ges Zvi K‡qK mßvn c‡iB
d«vÝ GK A_©‰bwZK msK‡Ui m¤§yLxb nq| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z, A_©bxwZ GKRb M„wnYxi g‡Zv,
Zuv‡K AeÁv Kiv gv‡b wb‡R‡K wec`Mª¯— Kiv| m¤¢eZ A_©‰bwZK m~θ‡jv‡K AeÁv Kivi
Kvi‡Y R¨vgvBKvi †g‡bwj, Nvbvi bµygv, wgm‡ii bv‡mi Ges B‡›`v‡bwkqvi †mv‡qdvb cÖgyL eo
gv‡ci †`k‡cÖwgK †bZv nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i evg-†Nlv A_©‰bwZK bxwZgvjv mdj nqwb| myZivs
wek¦vqb‡K †`L‡Z n‡e A_©bxwZi `„wó‡Z (fMewZ 2004)| hvK †m K_v| Avgiv mevB Rvwb †h,
‰ewk¦KiY ev wek¦vq‡bi ¯—i I gvÎv AwZ `ª“ZMwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡”Q, Ges Avgiv GI Rvwb †h,
A_©‰bwZK ALÊZvi my‡hv‡M †`k¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii Lye KvQvKvwQ P‡j Avm‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q|
wek¦vq‡bi G cÖeYZv bZzb †Kv‡bv NUbv bq; Ggb wK kZ eQi c~‡e©I RvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
A_©‰bwZK †hvMm~ÎZvi K_v †kvbv hvq, hw`I Zv eZ©gv‡bi g‡Zv G‡Zv Mfxi I eûgyLx wQj bv|
* Aa¨vcK, A_©bxwZ wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq|
** wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, eª¨vK|
*** cÖfvlK ,gv‡K©wUs wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq|

102
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
mvgwóK A_©bxwZi Ab¨Zg `ywU cÖavb wbqvgK wn‡m‡e mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖv°jb I
cwigvc cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖvc‡U 2015 A_©eQ‡ii g‡a¨ M‡o evwl©K 8
kZvsk nv‡i wRwWwc cÖe„w× AR©‡bi j‡¨ mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖZ¨vwkZ gvÎv AR©b Kiv GKvš—
cÖ‡qvRb| lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi (2011-2015) cÖv°jb Abyhvqx 2015 A_©eQ‡i
wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi cÖ‡qvRb wRwWwcÕi 32.5 kZvsk, hv eZ©gv‡b gvÎ 25 kZvsk|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, AZx‡Zi Zzjbvq B`vbxs AcªZ¨vwkZfv‡e cY¨ I Avw_©K evRv‡i ms‡hvM
†e‡o P‡j‡Q (m¤¢eZ eZ©gv‡b HwZnvwmK m‡ev©”P D”PZvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q)| wbw`©ó K‡i ej‡Z
†M‡j, Av‡Mi PvB‡Z eZ©gv‡b cuywR I cY¨ evRvi AwaKZi †eMevb n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, AviI
wZbwU Kvi‡Y eZ©gvb wek¦vqb 100 eQ‡ii Av‡Mi wek¦vq‡bi PvB‡Z wfbœZi: evwYR¨K…Z cY¨
Drcv`‡bi GKUv eo Ask Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q, †mevg~jK c‡Y¨i evwYR¨ e„w×
cv‡”Q, Ges Drcv`b I we‡kl K‡i evwY‡R¨ eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ e¨vcK nv‡i
e„w× †c‡q‡Q| eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi AvMgb cÖm‡½ g‡b ivLv `iKvi †h, 100 eQi †Kb 300
eQi c~‡e© B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi AvMgb cÖK…Zc‡ weª‡Ub‡K fviZ Avwe®‹v‡ii c_ myc_
w`‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K WvP B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z cÖejfv‡e cÖfve †i‡LwQj| hv
†nvK, ms‡hvM‡K Av‡Mi PvB‡Z AviI e¨q-mvkªqx Kivi Rb¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ cwienb LiP
e¨vcKfv‡e K‡g †h‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| †hgb, wbDqBqK© †_‡K jÛ‡b wZb wgwb‡Ui †Uwj‡dvb Kj
PvR© 1930 mv‡ji 230 Wjvi †_‡K K‡g eZ©gv‡b K‡qK †m›U‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| B›Uvi‡bU †mev
cÖ`vbKvix ms¯’vi msL¨v 1986 mv‡ji 5,000 †_‡K †e‡o eZ©gv‡b K‡qK †KvwU n‡q‡Q (fMewZ
2004)| Gi †cQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb, we‡kl K‡i wegvb I RvnvR cwienY †‡Î
mvwaZ Af~Zc~e© AMÖMwZ| myZivs wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡Y ïay Avš—:‡`kxq evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi NU‡Q bv, †m
evwYR¨ Avevi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„wׇK Dc‡ii w`‡K †V‡j w`‡”Q| cÖe„w×i Dci evwY‡R¨i cÖfve
cwimsL¨vbMZfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y© Ges A_©ˆbwZKfv‡e A_©‡evaK n‡q DV‡Q GB A‡_© †h, hw`
evwYR¨ wRwWwci AbycvZ 20 kZvsk c‡q›U e„w× cvq, Zvn‡j cÖwZ eQi cÖe„w× ev‡o 0.5-1
c‡q›U (†evi‡`v I Ab¨vb¨ 2009)| †nKmvi-Inwjb ZË¡ Abyhvqx evwY‡R¨i d‡j kª‡gi `vg
e„w× cvq Ges cÖhyw³MZ D¢ve‡bi †cÖvc‡U Avg`vwb D`vwiKi‡Yi DcKi‡Yi cÖvwš—K
Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× cvq (wcUjvK 2006)|
2| wek¦vqb I `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx
wek¦vqb `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ Avkx©ev` bv Awfkvc G cÖvmw½K cÖkœwU AvR me©Î Av‡jvwPZ| hviv
wek¦vqb‡K Awfkvc wn‡m‡e †`‡L, Zv‡`i hyw³¸‡jv †gv‡UI AMªvn¨ Kievi g‡Zv bq| Rjevqy
cwieZ©‡bi K_v aiv hvK| Rjevqy cwieZ©b‡K wek¦vq‡bi GKUv weiƒc cÖfv‡ei cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Avi G Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k bvwK 10 kZvsk Drcv`bkxjZv
n«vm cvq, hvi gv‡b cªvq 40 jvL †gwUªK Ub (evRvi g~j¨ 250 †KvwU Wjvi ev wRwWwci 2-3
kZvsk) Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡g hvq (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 13 AvM÷ 2012)| myZivs G †‡Î †KD hw`
wek¦vq‡bi wei“‡× Ae¯’vb wb‡q Zv‡K wK †`vl †`qv hvq? Z‡e wek¦vqb wb‡q DbœZ I AbybœZ
Dfq we‡k¦B cÖPzi weZK© i‡q‡Q| mePvB‡Z gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, GgbwK abx we‡k¦iI †KD †KD
g‡b K‡i †h ˆewk¦Ki‡Yi d‡j abx †`k¸‡jv wZMª¯— n‡”Q| †hgb, AbybœZ we‡k¦ m¯—v kª‡g ˆZwi
102

ev‡qm, †nv‡mb I †mnixb: wek¦vqb, `wi`ªZv Ges evsjv‡`k 103
c‡Y¨i cÖevn Zv‡`i Av‡cwK myweav‡K SuywKi g‡a¨ †d‡j w`‡q‡Q e‡j Awf‡hvM D‡V‡Q| ejv
n‡”Q †h, Zv‡`i †`‡ki A` kªwgKiv PvKwi nviv‡Z e‡m‡Q| hyw³ZK© †k‡l K_v GKUvB, Avi
Zv n‡”Q ˆewk¦KiY µgea©gvbfv‡e MÖvm Ki‡Q Mwie‡`i‡K| myZivs g~j K_v n‡jv wek¦vqb †_‡K
†ewo‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Gi wecix‡Z wek¦vq‡bi mg_©K‡`i hyw³ n‡”Q, †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi
µgea©gvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y, we‡kl K‡i Pxb I wf‡qZbv‡g, `vwi`ª¨ e¨vcK nv‡i n«vm
†c‡q‡Q| BD‡iv‡ci A‡cvK…Z `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡K BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbq‡bi †Uª‡b D‡V wb‡R‡`i
Avq e„w×i, mvg_©¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki wKQz †`‡ki Rb¨I Zv Avkvi Av‡jv
†`Lv‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| Z‡e GUv mZ¨ †h, hw`I wek¦evRv‡ii we¯Z…wZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki R‡b¨
fv‡jv Kivi cÖwZkÖ“wZ w`‡”Q wKš‘ †h mg¯— wbqgKvbyb ev wewawb‡la †cwo‡q DbœZ †`‡ki evRv‡i
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z nq Zv‡Z †m D‡Ïk¨ †Zv mdjZv cvq bv, Ggb wK A‡bK †‡Î Zv wZi KviY
n‡q `uvovq| G wel‡q GKUv PgrKvi e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb iWwiK (2002): ÒCaught between
WTO requirements, World Bank Strictures, IMF conditions and the need to maintain the
confidence of financial markets, developing countries are increasingly deprived of the
room they need to devise their own paths out of povertyÓ| A_©vr wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Pvwn`v,
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki K‡Vvi wbqgvbyewZ©Zvg~jK wb‡`©k, AvBGgGd-Gi kZ©, Ges A_©evRv‡ii Av¯’v
AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv G mKj eûgyLx †eovRv‡j c‡o Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv `vwi`ª¨ †_‡K †ewo‡q
Avmevi R‡b¨ Zv‡`i wbR¯^ c_ I cv‡_q cÖYqb Kivi AeKvk †_‡K µgea©gvbfv‡e ewÂZ
n‡”Q| myZivs †`LvB hv‡”Q †h, ˆewk¦Ki‡Yi wei“‡× hyw³¸‡jv mgm¨v mgvav‡b `wi`ª †`‡ki
Amvg_©Zv Ges A‡bK †‡Î `vZv †`k¸‡jvi fyj Dc‡`‡k wbwnZ| Gi d‡j †K‡›`ª _vKv
(Center) I †K›`ª †_‡K `~‡i _vKv (Periphery) †`k¸‡jv‡i ga¨Kvi e¨eavb µgk e„w× cv‡”Q|
Z‡e, Avgiv g‡b Kwi Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Mwie‡`i Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve g~j¨vq‡b h‡_ó
mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ| KviY wek¦vqb †hgb eûwea, †Zgwb `wi`ª gvbylI †Kv‡bv mgRvZxq
†Mvôx bq| wj½, AÂj, †ckv, Rwgi gvwjKvbv, evm¯’vb, wkv, AeKvVv‡gvMZ my‡hvM Ges
GgbwK cwi‡aq ev †cvkvK cwi‡”Q‡`i †‡Î `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ cÖKU wefvRb j Kiv
hvq| myZivs GUvB ¯^vfvweK †h, wek¦vqb wewfbœ †Mvôxi Dci wewfbœ Dcv‡q I wewfbœ gvÎvq
cÖfve †dj‡e| Avevi wek¦vq‡bi †Kv‡bv GKUv Dcv`vb DcKvwi n‡jI Ab¨wU AcKvwiI n‡Z
cv‡i| wØZxqZ, wek¦vqb GKgvwÎK †Kv‡bv aviYv bq| wewfbœ Dcv`vb wb‡q ‰ewk¦KiY cÖevwnZ
†hgb, evwYR¨, A_©, ms¯‹…wZ, cÖhyw³MZ †mev BZ¨vw`| AwaKš‘ GUv g‡b ivLv `iKvi †h, GgbwK
A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡KI wek¦vq‡bi eû gvÎv i‡q‡Q─evwYR¨, `xN©‡gqvw` cÖZ¨ wewb‡qvM,
¯^íKvjxb †cvU©‡dvwjI wewb‡qvM cÖevn BZ¨vw`| Avevi Gi mv‡_ Av‡Q ‰ea I A‰ea Awfevmb
Ges cÖhyw³ n¯—vš—i| G¸‡jv mvs¯‹…wZK ev †hvMv‡hvMRwbZ wek¦vqb †_‡K Avjv`v cªfve wb‡q
nvwRi nq, hw`I mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vqb A_©‰bwZK wek¦vqb Øviv cÖfvweZ Ges †hvMv‡hvMRwbZ
wek¦vqb A_©‰bwZK wek¦vqb‡K MfxiZi K‡i (fMewZ 2004)|
me‡k‡l †`k-wfwËK wi‡MÖkb †_‡K G hver mvaviYfv‡e †h gš—e¨¸‡jv G‡m‡Q Zv wbZvš—B
wek¦vqb I `vwi‡`ª¨i ga¨Kvi AbyeÜ (Correlation), Kvh©Ki AbyNUK bq (Causation)|
wek¦vqbev`xiv g‡b K‡i, mv¤cÖwZKKv‡ji e¨vcK A_©‰bwZK ALÊZvi d‡j Pxb I fvi‡Z
`vwi‡`ª¨i cÖ‡Kvc †ek K‡g‡Q| wKš‘ Gi †cQ‡b †h Af¨š—ixY wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb AeKvVv‡gvi
103

104
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
we¯— …wZ A_ev 1978 mv‡ji eogv‡ci f~wgms¯‹vi, cj−x †_‡K bM‡i Awfevm‡bi Dci wewawb‡la
wkw_jKiY, meyR wec−e, mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb wKsev `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~wP (we‡kl K‡i fvi‡Z)
eo f~wgKv iv‡Lwb †mUv †Rvi w`‡q ejv hv‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K wek¦vqb we‡ivax‡`i e³e¨ n‡”Q,
GKB kZvwã‡Z mve-mvnviv Avwd«Kvq †Kv‡bv Dbœqb N‡Uwb eis `vwi`ª¨ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘
GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h Gi †cQ‡b wek¦vq‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖfve †bB, cÖfve Av‡Q hy×-weMÖn,
Aw¯’wZkxjZv A_ev e¨_© ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbvi †hme Kvi‡Y wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve `ye©j n‡q c‡o
(ea©b 2004)| GUv mZ¨ †h, me †‡ÎB ˆelg¨, gZvq‡bi cwieZ©b Ges mvs¯‹…wZ msKU
Awek¦vm m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q, Z‡e Gi mv‡_ wVK †Kvb AskwU `wi`ª‡`i euvPvi wei“‡× KvR Ki‡Q
Zv kbv³ Kiv KwVb KvR| Z…ZxqZ, ˆewk¦KiY I `vwi`ª¨ Dfq hw` eûgvwÎK nq, Zv n‡j Zv‡`i
ga¨Kvi ms‡hvMwUI eûgvwÎK †_‡K hv‡”Q| †hgb, gvbe m~P‡Ki gvÎvq GKUv †`‡ki DbœwZ n‡Z
cv‡i, wKš‘ zav I Acywói gvÎvq †m †`kwUi AebwZ n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs wek¦vq‡bi g~j¨vqb
†hgb Av‡jv †_‡K AÜKv‡i cwZZ nevi K_v e‡j, Avevi GKB mv‡_ AÜKvi †_‡K Av‡jv‡Z
DËi‡Yi MíI †kvbvq|
3| wek¦vqb I MYZš¿
MYZš¿ I mykvmb cÖe„w× evov‡Z Ges `vwi`ª¨ Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡jI
wek¦vqb Ges ivR‰bwZK I cÖvwZôvwbK gvb-Gi ga¨Kvi †hvMm~ÎZv cÖkœwe× †_‡K hv‡”Q|
wek¦vq‡bi f³‡`i g‡Z, Aeva evwYR¨ I cuywRcÖevn cÖe„w× I Drcv`bkxjZv AR©‡b mnvqZv
w`‡q‡Q, hvi d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb ga¨weË †kªwY jvfevb n‡q‡Q †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K Zvi mv‡_
ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi, MYZš¿ I mykvm‡bi Pvwn`v e„w× †c‡q‡Q| cvš—‡i wek¦vqb we‡ivax‡`i
e³e¨ n‡”Q, wek¦vqb `vwi‡`ª¨i cÖ‡Kvc I Avq ˆelg¨ evovq, msKU m„wó K‡i Ges mgv‡Ri GKUv
As‡ki nv‡Z gZv cywÄf~Z K‡i Ab¨ Ask‡K `ye©j Kivi †Î ˆZwi K‡i| Gi d‡j MYZvwš¿K
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o|
cÖv‡qvwMK ch©‡eY †`Lvq †h, wek¦vq‡bi d‡j µgea©gvb Z_¨ cÖevn I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y
wewfbœ †`‡k MYZš¿ DrmvwnZ nq| cieZx©‡Z ch©vqµ‡g G cÖZ¨vkv ˆZwi nq †h, MYZš¿vq‡bi
w`‡K hvevi cÖeYZv `yb©xwZ I mnPvwiZvi (cronyism) Dci Pvc m„wó Ki‡e, bvMwiK mgv‡Ri
f~wgKv e„w× cv‡e Ges AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Dci Ae¨vnZ Pvc m„wó Ki‡e| G meB `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨
Dc‡hvMx KviY ZvivB Rb‡Mvôxi eo Ask| ZvQvov A‡cvK…Z gy³ msev` cÖevn wewkó ¯^vaxb
I MYZvwš¿K †`‡k †Zgb wech©qKi `ywf© †`Lv †`qwb| †gvU K_v, cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB A_©‰bwZK
cÖe„w× NU‡Z _vK‡j GKUv ga¨weË †kªwY Rb¥ †bq hviv ch©vqµ‡g ivRbxwZ‡Z MYZš¿vq‡bi
Kvh©Ki Pvwn`v m„wó K‡i| GB bZzb eyRy©qv †Mvôx GKUz †gvUv gvwbe¨vM c‡K‡U wb‡q ïaygvÎ
c‡Y¨i evRv‡i bq, ivRbxwZi evRv‡iI cÖfve †dj‡Z Pvq| ågY, wfwWI, †iwWI I
†UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g B`vbxs GB †kªwY we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ mgv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i‡Q|
Avi MYZ‡š¿i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z `ywf©‡i m¤¢vebv Kg _vKvi K_v BwZc~‡e© AgZ©¨ †mb e‡j‡Qb| †hgb
ejv n‡”Q MYZš¿ _vK‡j wkkyi AcywóRwbZ mgm¨v n«vm cvq (fMewZ 2004, †mb 1999,
1984, w¯§_ I nvÏv` 2000)| hv‡nvK, wek¦vq‡bi wec‡ Ab¨Zg †Rviv‡jv hyw³ GB †h,
wek¦vqb cÖ_vMZ g~j¨‡eva‡K Le© K‡i, AwaKš‘ wek¦vqb cÖm~Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× bMivqb m„wó K‡i
104

ev‡qm, †nv‡mb I †mnixb: wek¦vqb, `wi`ªZv Ges evsjv‡`k 105
I MÖvgxY mgvR‡K AeÁv K‡i| G‡‡Î wek¦vq‡bi MwZkxjZv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©: A‡cvK…Z ax‡i
ax‡i wek¦vqb nIqv gv‡b cÖ_vMZ cÖwZôvb I cÖPwjZ g~j¨‡eva Lvc LvIqv‡bv ev Awf‡hvR‡bi
my‡hvM cvq (w÷MwjUR 2003)|
4| evsjv‡`k I wek¦vqb
evsjv‡`‡ki `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve g~j¨vq‡bi Av‡M Avi GKUv welq
cwi¯‹vi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Avi Zvn‡jv ïaygvÎ evwYR¨ D`vixKi‡Yi †‡Î (hv wek¦vq‡bi GKUv
Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb) evsjv‡`k †ek wKQzUv G‡Mv‡Z †c‡i‡Q, d‡j †gvU Avg`vwb I ißvwb g~‡j¨i
Ask wRwWwc‡Z 40 fv‡M `uvwo‡q‡Q| beŸB `k‡Ki AvM ch©š— hv wQj 20-25 fvM| Z‡e
we‡`wk wewb‡qv‡Mi K_v we‡ePbv Kiv n‡j (hv wek¦vq‡bi Ab¨Zg ¯—¤¢) wPÎwU ZLb †ek
nZvkve¨ÄK| evsjv‡`‡k eQ‡i M‡o 1 wewjqb Wjv‡ii g‡Zv we‡`wk wewb‡qvM Av‡m, hv fviZ,
wf‡qZbvg I Px‡bi Zzjbvq AZ¨š— Kg| G‡`‡k †cvU©‡dvwjI wewb‡qv‡Mi AvMgb GK cÖKvi
†bB ej‡jB P‡j| Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZ nvRvi gvby‡li g‡a¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui my‡hvM jf¨Zv †eva Kwi
c„w_ex‡Z me© wb‡gœ; †gqvw` cuywR cÖev‡ni cwigvY †Zgb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ bq| e¯‘Z mvwe©K A‡_©
wek¦vqb ej‡Z hv wb‡`©k K‡i evsjv‡`k †m iKg wek¦vq‡bi gy‡LvgyLx GL‡bv n‡Z cv‡iwb|
GgbwK wek¦vq‡bi my‡hv‡Mi gvcKvwV‡Z Ges Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †`‡ki Zzjbvq
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb †ek wb‡Pi w`‡K| wbw`©ó K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j, `wY Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi
Ae¯’vb m~P‡Ki me©wb‡gœi GK-Z„Zxqvsk †`‡ki g‡a¨ (Bmjvg 2004)| ZviciI wek¦vq‡bi
Ab¨Zg `yÔ†Uv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb h_v evwYR¨ D`vixKiY Ges cÖhyw³MZ cÖev‡ni cÖfve wb‡q
`yÕGKUv K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
5| wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve
5.1| A®úó cÖfve
ïi“‡ZB evsjv‡`‡ki Pig `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi K_v aiv hvK| G †Mvôxi Ggb wKQz cv_©K¨m~PK
ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q †h Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i `y‡f©v‡Mi R‡b¨ wek¦vqb‡K †Zgb GKUv `vqx Kiv hvq bv| G
ai‡bi `wi`ª evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgxY Lvbvi cªvq GK-cÂgvsk Ges Gme Lvbvq cÖvq 3 †KvwU gvbyl
evm K‡i (Gi g‡a¨ nZ-`wi`ª‡`i msL¨v cÖvq 1 †KvwU)| Zv‡`i Rxeb-RxweKvi w`‡K j Ki‡j
†`Lv hv‡e †h, G‡`i `„k¨ I A`„k¨gvb m¤ú‡`i cwigvY AZ¨š— bMY¨; ˆ`wbK KvwqK kª‡g
msmvi P‡j (K…wl, AK…wl ev A‡b¨i evwo‡Z KvR Kiv); Rb¥ †bqv wkï‡`i cÖvq A‡a©K cÖ_g
eQ‡iB gviv hvq Ges cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek wKsev AeKvVv‡gvMZfv‡e `ye©j A‡j evm K‡i e‡j
A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê Zv‡`i †Zgb AskMÖnY †bB| GK A‡_© Pig `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx `vwi‡`ª¨i duv‡`
Ae¯’vb K‡i †hLv‡b `vwi`ª¨ cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥vš—i ¯’vbvš—ixZ nq| Zv‡`i A‡b‡K Avevi
`xN©¯’vqx `wi`ª| G †Mvôxi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Lvbvi ˆ`wbK gv_vwcQz K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi cwigvY
1,805 wK‡jv K¨vjix (A_©vr 2,122 K¨vjixi 85 kZvsk) Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Lvbvq 1,600
wK‡jv K¨vjix (Awewgkª `wi`ª †iLvi 75 kZvsk)| Giv Zv‡`i †gvU AwR©Z Av‡qi 60-70 fvM
e¨q K‡i Lv`¨ µ‡q (we‡kl K‡i †`‡k Drcvw`Z †gvUv Pvj) Ges evKx 40-30 fvM e¨q K‡i
†`kxq DcKiY I Drcv`‡b|
105

106
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
e· 1 : Av‡eM Ges eyw× (Hearts and Heads)
BD‡iv‡ci A‡bK cyivZb GKUv ePb GiKg: 30 eQi eq‡mi c~‡e© hw` †KD mgvRZš¿x bv nq
ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e e¨w³wUi Av‡eM e‡j wKQy †bB| Avi 30 eQi cvi nevi ciI hw` †m mgvRZš¿x
_v‡K, ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e Zvi eyw× e‡j wKQz †bB| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j M‡o IVv ˆewk¦Ki‡Yi wei“‡×
Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖw‡Z IB ePbwU GKUz Nywi‡q Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ˆewk¦Ki‡Yi d‡j hv NU‡Q
Zvi meUvB my›`i Ges mg_©b‡hvM¨ GgbwU fvevi AeKvk †bB| Avcwb hw` Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv
†`‡ki cY¨ µq K‡ib, †Zv wbwðZ Rvb‡eb GUv ZvivB ˆZwi K‡i‡Q hv‡`i gRywi cwðgv †cÖw‡Z
LyeB Kg, Ges m¤¢eZ fqvbK cwi‡e‡k ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| GiKg welq¸‡jv hv‡`i‡K Aš—Z wKQz mgq
wPwš—Z ev DwØMœ K‡i bv, ej‡Z n‡e Zv‡`i ü`q e‡j wKQz †bB| wKš‘ Gi A_© GB bq †h,
cÖwZev`Kvix‡`i e³e¨ mwVK| eis hviv g‡b K‡i wek¦ `vwi`ª¨ †_‡K DËi‡Yi DËi n‡”Q ïaygvÎ wek¦
evwY‡R¨i wei“‡× we‡lv`Mvi, Zv‡`i eyw× †bB A_ev eyw× _vK‡jI Zv LvUv‡Z cQ›` K‡i bv| wek¦vqb
we‡ivaxiv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zv‡`i wZ Ki‡Q †ewk hv‡`i e¨vcv‡i Zviv mPivPi †mv”Pvi| GKUv wkï
Ng©kvjvq (Sweatshop) KvR Ki‡Q Gi PvB‡Z †e`bv`vqK `„k¨ Avi wK n‡Z cv‡i? 1993 mv‡ji
K_v| evsjv‡`‡ki wkï kªwgK Iqvjgv‡U©i R‡b¨ Kvco ˆZwi Ki‡Q Ges wm‡bUi Ug nviwKb Kg-eq¯‹
Kg©x‡`i e¨enviKvix AÂj †_‡K cY¨ Avg`vwb wbwl× Kivq cÖ¯—ve †ck Ki‡jb| Gi cÖZ¨ dj
n‡jv GB †h, evsjv‡`‡k e¯¿ KviLvbv¸‡jv wkï kªwgK †bqv eÜ K‡i w`j| wKš‘ PvKwi nviv‡bv IB
wk︇jv wK ¯‹z‡j wM‡q‡Q? eis PvKwiPÿ Z wkïiv AviI weiƒc cwi‡e‡k KvR Ki‡Q A_ev iv¯—vq c‡o
_vK‡Q, Ges Zv‡`i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask cwZZvj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| myZivs Kviv g›` †jvK? KzB‡eK
kn‡i Av‡›`vjbiZ wek¦vqb we‡ivax Kg©xiv Ggb fve †`Lv‡”Qb †h, †bZviv wbivcËvi `y‡M© e‡m Av‡Qb
Avi nvRvi nvRvi cywjk evB‡i _vKv we‡ivax‡`i †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K wbivcËv w`‡Z e¨¯—| wKš‘y cÖwZ”Qwe
A‡bK mgq cÖZviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i| k³ †eov w`‡q †Niv `y‡M©i †fZ‡i hviv Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb Zv‡`i
A‡b‡K we‡k¦i `wi`ª‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi R‡b¨ Avš—wiK cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡”Qb, Avi g‡b nq †eovi evB‡i c_
AvU‡K e‡m _vKv Av‡›`vjbiZ‡`i, Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ hvB _vKzK, me©cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Q `wi`ª‡K `wi`ªZi
Kivi R‡b¨|
Drm: Paul Krugman, The New York Times, April 22, 2001|
G †cÖw‡Z m¤¢eZ g‡b Kiv hvq †h, ˆewk¦Ki‡Yi †XD GB †Mvôxi Zx‡i G‡m †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡i
bv hw` bv wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi †h Awf‡hvM GKUz Av‡M D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv
mwZ¨ mwZ¨ N‡U _v‡K| ZvQvov Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i Lv`¨g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZ Ges †`kxq Drcv`‡bi
e¨vcK n«vm hLb Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i `vg evwo‡q †`q, ZLb Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i EaŸ©gyLx cÖeYZv Zv‡`i‡K
AvNvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q, GB Rb‡Mvôxi evm¯’vb, e¯¿ I Lvevi-`vevi g~jZ
†`kR `ª‡e¨ ˆZwi| Zv‡`i g~j mgm¨v m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv| gvbe I †fŠZ cuywR (†hgb wkv, ¯^v¯’¨
AeKvVv‡gv, we`ÿ r, weï× cvwb, ¯^v¯’¨MZ cqwb®‹vkb, MY †mev BZ¨vw`) wbg©v‡Yi my‡hvM Lye
Kg| G¸‡jv‡Z my‡hvM Lye mxwgZ e‡j Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY †_‡K Zviv µgk ewÂZ
n‡”Q| GgbwK miKv‡ii M„nxZ wbivcËvRvj Kg©m~wP Zv‡`i‡K †U‡b Zzj‡Z e¨_© n‡”Q Ges Kx
Kvi‡Y Zv Avgiv mevB Rvwb| myZivs Ggb GK `„k¨c‡U Zv‡`i Ae¨vnZ Pig `ỳ ©kvi R‡b¨
wek¦vqb‡K `vqx Kivi A_© `uvovq RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Y miKv‡ii e¨_©Zv, A`Zv I
Ae¨e¯’vcbv‡K cvk KvwU‡q hvIqv| myZivs `vwi‡`ª¨i ¸nv †_‡K Pig `wi`ª‡`i Zz‡j Avb‡Z n‡j
`iKvi ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qvmn mywPwš—Z bxwZgvjv I Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK cÖKí ev¯—evqb c×wZ MÖnY|
†gvÏv K_v, GB †Mvôxi `vwi`ª¨ cÖ‡Kv‡ci Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve cÖvq Abycw¯’Z; Zv‡`i KóKi
RxweKv Lye KgB ewne©vwY‡R¨i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z, †mRb¨ G‡`i Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖwZK~j cÖfve †bB
ej‡jB P‡j|
106

ev‡qm, †nv‡mb I †mnixb: wek¦vqb, `wi`ªZv Ges evsjv‡`k 107
G cÖm‡½ m¤ú` ¯^‡Z¡i KvVv‡gv I my‡hv‡Mi KvVv‡gvi ga¨Kvi weivRgvb e¨eav‡bi cÖm½
D‡j−L bv Ki‡jB bq| GKUv D`vniY w`‡q Zv ¯úó Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi wKQz
wKQz †`k e¨vcKfv‡e A_©bxwZ Db¥y³ K‡i †`evi ciI †Lvjv A_©bxwZi dmj cÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e
†ZgbwU N‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡Q bv| A_P c~e© I `wY Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv †Lvjv A_©bxwZi my‡hvM
†c‡q e¨vcKfv‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b I `vwi`ª¨ n«vm NwU‡q‡Q| jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jv
cvi‡Q bv KviY Zv‡`i Av‡cwK myweav wbwðZ i‡q‡Q †Kej A` kªg-wbweo cY¨ Drcv`‡b|
A_P Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i ` kªg-wbweo cY¨ I †mevi e¨vcK Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q| myZivs ` kªgwbweo
Drcv`‡b `wi`ª‡`i cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv †h‡nZz Kg, †m‡nZz G ai‡bi †Lvjv A_©bxwZ †_‡K Avmv
myweavI Zv‡`i R‡b¨ Kg _vKeviB K_v| e¯‘Z `wi`ªZg Rb‡Mvôxi mgm¨v n‡”Q Zv‡`i †`q
m¤ú` ¯^‡Z¡i KvVv‡gv weivRgvb my‡hvM KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ Lvc Lvq bv| evsjv‡`k Gi e¨wZµg bq
(Imgvbx 2009)|
j Kiv †M‡Q †h, `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi †ewki fvM ¯^-Kg©ms¯’vb (wb‡Ri z`ª Lvgv‡i A_ev
†`vKv‡b wKsev A-cÖvwZôwbK †Kv‡bv dv‡g©) wKsev gyRwi K‡g© wbhy³| G †‡Î Zv‡`i mvg‡b
cÖavb evav¸‡jv n‡jv F‡Yi Afve, evRviRvZKiY mgm¨v, bZzb cÖhyw³ I m¤úªmviY †mevi
Afve, AeKvVv‡gvMZ `ye©jZv Ges mywPwš—Z miKvwi bxwZgvjvi Afve| myZivs GLv‡b Af¨š—ixY
bxwZgvjvi †‡Î ˆec−weK cwieZ©b mva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| GUv bv K‡i wek¦vq‡bi wei“‡×
we‡lv`Mvi Kiv A_©nxb| Avevi ïaygvÎ we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKvix I e¨emvqx‡`i Ici †`vl Pvcv‡j
Pj‡e bv; †Kbbv A‡bK mgq we‡`kx wewb‡qvM I e¨emv wewfbœfv‡e G mg¯— mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Y
mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡KÑ †hgb bZzb cÖhyw³ wb‡q Avmv, cÖwk‡Yi gva¨‡g ` kªwgK m„wó Kiv BZ¨vw`
(ea©b 2005)|
5.2| abvZ¡K cÖfve
wek¦vq‡bi Ab¨Zg w`K n‡”Q GB †h, GUv `~ieZ©x A‡j emevmiZ gvby‡li g‡a¨
wew”QbœKiY fvebv‡K `~i Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Zviv fv‡e, we‡k¦i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM e„w× nq‡Zv
Zv‡`i Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi n‡e| wecixZ w`K †_‡K †`L‡j g‡b n‡e, we‡k¦i mv‡_ wew”QbœZvB Zv‡`i
`vwi`ª¨ msµvš— †e`bv`vqK cwiYwZi R‡b¨ `vqx| G mg¯— †`k mvaviYZ f~-‡ewóZ (Landlocked)
Ges G‡`i †ewki fvMB Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z| ejv evûj¨, ˆewk¦KiY eZ©gv‡b
GKRb wbgœ Av‡qi gvbyl‡K Ávb, we‡bv`b I Ab¨vb¨ †mevi fvÊv‡i cª‡e‡ki †h my‡hvM K‡i
w`‡q‡Q, Zv 100 eQi c~‡e© GKRb e„nr m¤ú`kvjxi c‡ Zv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| 1 GgbwK
wek¦vqb-we‡ivax c‡i Kvh©µ‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi (we‡kl K‡i B›Uvi‡bU my‡hv‡Mi) f~wgKv A‡bK
eo hv Avevi wek¦vq‡bi myev‡` cÖvß| Avevi, aiv hvK, R¨vgvBKv Zvi `y» evRvi Ly‡j w`‡j
`y»RvZ c‡Y¨i Avg`vwbi d‡j Zvi ¯’vbxq wkí wZMª¯— n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ GKB mv‡_ GB
Avg`vwbi d‡j `wi`ª wkï‡`i R‡b¨ A‡cvK…Z Kg `v‡g `ya mieivn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GUv
1 Rb wW iK‡djv‡ii (1839-1937) †h m¤ú` wQj Zvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ n‡e 200 wewjqb Wjvi- eZ©gvb Av‡gwiKvi kxl© abx
wej †MUm Gi m¤ú‡`i cÖvq wظY| Zv m‡Ë¡I iK‡djv‡ii †Uwjwfkb †`Lv wKsev wfwWI †Mgm †Ljvi my‡hvM wQj bv|
AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜzev܇ei mv‡_ K_v ejvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dv‡bi e¨envi wQj bv| Avi Amȳ ’ n‡j Gw›Uev‡qvwUKmn Avqy ea©bKvix
A‡bK Ilya †m mgq cvIqv †hZ bv| K_vq e‡j, eZ©gv‡bi GKRb mvaviY Av‡gwiKvb 100 eQi c~‡e©Kvi kxl© abxi PvB‡Z
†ewk abx|
107

108
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
AvR ARvbv bq †h, wek¦vwqZ c„w_exi Ab¨Zg ¯—¤¢ ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i d‡j A‡bK †`k DcK…Z
n‡q‡Q (†hgb †mP, wkv I ¯^v¯’¨ cÖK‡í cÖ`Ë mvnv‡h¨i Øviv)| ZvQvov ms‡hv‡Mi my‡hv‡M bZzb
we‡`kx †Kv¤úvwbi AvMgb ¯^í‡gqv‡` miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wZ mvab K‡i,
wKš‘ cÖhyw³-cÖ`xß G mg¯— we‡`kx cÖwZôvb A_©bxwZi R‡b¨ †h g½j e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i †m
welqwUI we‡ePbvq _vKv cÖ‡qvRb (w÷MwjUR 2003)|
cÖhyw³i cÖm‡½ ej‡Z nq, eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq `yB-ZzZxqvsk Lvbvq gy‡Vv‡dvb i‡q‡Q,
2005 mv‡j hv wQj gvÎ 12 kZvsk| MÖvgv‡j cÖvq 57 kZvsk Lvbvi gy‡Vv‡dvb i‡q‡Q, hv
2005 mv‡j wQj 6 kZvsk (weweGm 2011)| GB gy‡Vv‡dvb Kxfv‡e I wK Kv‡R `wi`ª Lvbv¸‡jv
e¨envi K‡i †m Z_¨ Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †bB, Z‡e wiKkv/f¨vb PvjK wKsev gvwU KvUvq wb‡qvwRZ
kªwgK‡`i hLb gy‡Vv‡dv‡b K_v ej‡Z †`Lv hvq, ZLb Abygvb Ki‡Z Kó nq bv †h wek¦vq‡bi
Kj¨v‡Y cÖhyw³wU `wi‡`ªi †`Ši‡Mvovq †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q (e· 2)| G †‡Î wb:m‡›`‡n ‰ewk¦Ki‡Yi
abvZ¡K cÖfve c‡o‡Q `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jvi Dci| Iqvjw÷ªU Rvb©v‡j cªKvwkZ GK cÖwZ‡e`‡b
†`Lv hvq, fvi‡Zi Kgjvcyi Mªv‡gi mqvweb Pvlx †gvnv¤§v` Avwid (24) g‡b K‡i †h Kw¤úDUvi
Avmvi d‡j wb‡R‡`i `ª‡e¨i Dci Pvlx‡`i wbqš¿Y †e‡o †M‡Q| A‡bK mgq we‡kl K‡i Mwie
K…lK evRv‡ii KvimvwR‡Z cÖZvwiZ nq A_ev we`¨gvb evRvi `‡i `ªe¨ wewµ Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|
Kw¤úDUvi Avmvi d‡j K…lKiv GLb evwo‡Z e‡mB wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡i Ges g~j¨e„w× bv nIqv
ch©š— cY¨ a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| G meB wek¦vq‡bi mydj|
G hver evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYvq Ges DbœZ djbkxj avb exR D¢ve‡b †h mdjZv I L¨vwZ
AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv‡K wek¦vq‡bi dmj ej‡j †eva Kwi AZz¨w³ n‡e bv| wek¦vq‡bi gva¨‡g Lv`¨
NvUwZ †gUv‡Z cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k hvq| e¯ÍyZ wek¦vq‡bi m`c© I mie
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z g¨vj_v‡mi fwel¨revYx wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ n‡Z P‡j‡Q| wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK M‡elYv
ms¯’vi mv‡_ (†hgb ÔBwiÕ) G †`kxq M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡bi †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b cÖksmbxq
mvdj¨ G‡b w`‡q‡Q| GKw`‡K gvbe m¤ú` m„wó I Ab¨w`‡K K…wl Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivLvi d‡j
wek¦vqb †_‡K evsjv‡`k jvfevb n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k Avg`vwb D`vixKiY bxwZi abvZ¡K cÖfve
n‡”Q A‡cvK…Z m¯—v `v‡g z`ª †mP hš¿ µ‡qi my‡hvM| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †gvU PvlK…Z Rwgi
cÖvq Pvi-cÂgvsk †m‡Pi AvIZvaxb| 1988 mv‡j †hLv‡b 0.20 †n±i ch©š— Pvl K‡i Ggb
Lvbvi 37 kZvsk †mP myweav †c‡q‡Q, 2008 mv‡j Zv 86 kZvs‡k `uvwo‡q‡Q| Avi Zv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q Avwki `k‡K M„nxZ D`vi Avg`vwbbxwZ I †mP hš¿vsk Avg`vwb‡Z ïé n«vm I ïé Zz‡j
†`qvi Kvi‡Y| ejvevûj¨, †mP h‡š¿i cvwb Lv‡`¨ cªvq ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡b weivU f~wgKv
†i‡L‡Q| Ges eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki Mwie Pvlx‡`i cÖvq wZb-PZz_©vsk †m‡Pi gva¨‡g AvaywbK avb
Pvl K‡i _v‡K (†nv‡mb I ev‡qm 2009)| Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„w× GB Mwie Lvbv¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨
wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i‡Q|
Gevi ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwbi K_v aiv hvK| †`Lv †M‡Q gv_vMYbv m~PK 2000-2005 mv‡j
`vwi`ª¨ n«vm †c‡q‡Q 9 kZvsk c‡q›U| Ab¨vb¨ wKQz welq AcwiewZ©Z i‡q‡Q a‡i wb‡j GB mgq
†iwgU¨vÝ LvZ I ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb e„w× Ae¨vnZ bv _vK‡j `vwi`ª¨ Kg‡Zv 6.5 kZvsk
c‡q›U|
108

ev‡qm, †nv‡mb I †mnixb: wek¦vqb, `wi`ªZv Ges evsjv‡`k 109
e· 2: gwRi“wχbi gy‡Vv‡dvb
gwRi“wÏb (60) cvebv †_‡K mvfvi G‡m‡Qb kªwg‡Ki KvR Kivi R‡b¨| ˆ`wbK 180 UvKvi
wewbg‡q wZwb Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq K¬ve msjMœ cyKz‡i gvwU KvUvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| gvwU KvUvi
KvR mvaviYZ Lye `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx K‡i| we‡kl K‡i g›`v †gŠmy‡g µq gZv e„w×K‡í miKv‡ii †bqv
wewfbœ Dbœqb cÖK‡í Giv KvR K‡i| hv‡nvK, mvivw`b gvwU KvUv †k‡l gy‡Vv‡dv‡b K_v ej‡Z ej‡Z
gwRi“wÏb Zvi wVKv`v‡ii Kv‡Q hvw”Q‡jb m¤¢eZ w`b †k‡l gRywi cvevi Avkvq| wR‡Ám K‡i Rvb‡Z
cvwi, Zvi gy‡Vv‡dvb wZwb cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Qb| gy‡Vv‡dv‡b GB gvÎ Rvb‡jb
†h, Zvi cvVv‡bv A_© evwo‡Z h_vmg‡q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| ZvQvov mvfvi GjvKvq †h kªwg‡Ki Pvwn`v Av‡Q †m
LeiwUI wZwb cvebv †_‡K †c‡q‡Qb Zvi cÖwZ‡ewki gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g| cvebv‡Z wZwb kªwg‡Ki
KvRB Ki‡Zb, Z‡e Rvb‡Zb bv †h mvfvi A‡j A_© DcvR©‡bi my‡hvM †ewk| gwRiywÏb GLb
evwo‡Z UvKv cvVvb Ges †m UvKv Avevi †cŠuQv‡jv wKbv Zvi †LuvR †bb gy‡Vv‡dv‡b|
Avn‡g` †nv‡m‡bi evwo wmivRMÄ| b`x fv½b KewjZ `wi`ª cwievi †_‡K Avmv Avn‡¤§` GLb
Rvwe K¨v¤úv‡m wiKmv Pvjvb| wiKmvq DV‡ZB ïwb Gqvi‡Uj Gi †mB my‡ijv myi| Avwg wKQz †f‡e
IVvi c~‡e©B †m Zvi jyw½i fuvR †_‡K gy‡Vv‡dvb †ei K‡i K_v ejv ïi“ K‡i †`q| wR‡Ám Kijvg,
Kvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡jb? DËi G‡jv, ÔeD‡K KBjvg mܨvq AvBmv evRvi KigyÕ| Avn‡g` †nv‡mb
K¨v¤úv‡mi Av‡kcv‡k evmv wb‡q‡Qb| `wi`ª n‡jI Zvi `yÕ‡Uv gy‡Vv‡dvb: GKUv wb‡R wK‡b‡Qb, Ab¨wU
k¦ïi evwoi Dcnvi| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k †_‡K Avg`vwbK…Z gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi wbgœMvgx g~j¨ †hb Mwie‡`i
`yqv‡i G Ag~j¨evb hš¿wU †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q‡Q ˆewk¦Ki‡Yi Dcnvi¯^iƒc|
Avevi ïaygvÎ †iwgU¨vÝ cÖevn ZZUv bv n‡j `vwi`ª¨ n«vm †c‡Zv 7.4 kZvsk c‡q›U| A_©vr
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb I †iwgU¨vÝ e„w× `vwi‡`ª¨i Dci abvZ¡K cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
wecixZ c‡ †iwgU¨vÝRwbZ av°vi (Remitance Shock) Kvi‡Y, gv_vMYbv m~P‡K, `wi`ªZv 1.6
kZvsk Ges ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwbRwbZ av°vq AviI cÖvq 1 kZvsk c‡q›U e„w× cvq (L›`Kvi I
ivqnvb 2009)| mePvB‡Z eo K_v, ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb I †iwgU¨vÝ †_‡K cÖvß ˆe‡`wkK gỳ ªv
†Kej †`‡k wiRv‡f©i cwigvY e„w× Ki‡Q Zv bq, ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©jkxiZv n«vm
Ki‡Q Ges Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z weivU Ae`vb ivL‡Q| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q Kg bq eis †ewk
wek¦vqb `vwi‡`ª¨i Rb¨ fv‡jv| wek¦evRv‡i ißvwb c‡Y¨i cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi R‡b¨ Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ †h
ZrciZv Pvwj‡q hvw”Q Zv AwaKZi wek¦vq‡bi Pvwn`viB cÖwZdjb|
‰ewk¦Ki‡Yi d‡j wewfbœ Lv‡Z (†hgb, e¯¿, RyZv, cyZzj BZ¨vw`) we‡`kx wewb‡qvM e„w× †c‡Z
cv‡i c‡ivfv‡e| G ai‡bi wewb‡qvM cÖZ¨fv‡e ev c‡ivfv‡e `wi‡`ªi Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó K‡i
`vwi`ª¨ n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i (e· 3)| ZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM Pvi fv‡e `vwi`ª¨ ¯—
i‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i: Kg©ms¯’vb, gvbecuywR mÂqb, Dc‡P cov Ávb Ges miKvwi ivR¯^
e„w×| kªg-Nb wk‡í ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM NU‡j A` kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó K‡i `vwi`ª¨
Kgv‡Z cv‡i| Avevi hw` cuywR ev Ávb wbf©i wk‡í wewb‡qvM nq, Zvn‡j `vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎv evo‡ZI
cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K miKvwi ivR¯^ e„w× cv‡e hLb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv K‡c©v‡iU Ki w`‡Z ïi“ Ki‡e|
me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡jv, `xN©‡gqvw` ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM bZzb wewb‡qv‡M Drmvn †`‡e Ges m¤§yL
I cðvrgyLx ms‡hvM Kg©ms¯’vb QvovI ivR¯^ e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| †mB AwZwi³ ivR¯^‡K
MwiegyLx cÖK‡í e¨envi K‡i `vwi`ª¨ Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡‡i (GwWmb I gvf‡ivUvm 2004)|
mg‡qi weeZ©‡b A‡cvK…Z Kg †Lvjv A_©bxwZi PvB‡Z AwaKZi ewngy©Lx A_©bxwZ‡Z gRywi nvi
wظY e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| GUv Ab¯^xKvh© †h, kªg-Nb c‡Y¨i R‡b¨ Pxb I
109

110
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
wf‡qZbvg wek¦evRv‡i †ek k³ Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q, Ges ˆewk¦KiY m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e IB †`k¸‡jv‡Z
`vwi`ª¨ Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q (wek¦ e¨vsK 2002)|
e· 3: evsjv‡`k : †hLv‡b wek¦vq‡bi weKí †bB
evsjv‡`‡ki mvg‡b RxebKv‡j GKevi (Once in a life time) GKUv †mvbvjx my‡hvM A‡cv
Ki‡Q| AZx‡Zi `ye©jZv I A`Zv KvwU‡q BwZnv‡m GB cÖ_g 8-10 kZvsk nv‡i cÖe„w× AR©‡bi
nvZQvwb| GB A‡jŠwKK NUbv Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i †ek wKQz Dcv`vb, Ges we‡klZ AwaKZi wek¦vqb
ev A_©‰bwZK ALÊZv| †kvbv hvq, gRywi µgea©gvb nv‡i e„w×i Kvi‡Y Pxb GLb kÖg-wbweo cY¨
Drcv`‡b (†hgb, Mvwo I †gvUi mvB‡K‡ji hš¿vsk, RyZv, AvmevecÎ, e¯¿, ˆZwi †cvkvK, †Ljbv
BZ¨vw`) Zvi HwZn¨MZ Av‡cwK myweav nviv‡Z e‡m‡Q| hw` a‡i †bqv hvq †h, evsjv‡`k Px‡bi
185 wewjqb Wjv‡ii ˆZwi †cvkvK Ges e¯¿ evRv‡ii (we‡k¦i †gvU mieiv‡ni GK-Z…Zxqvsk) GK-
`kgvsk KivqË Ki‡Z mg, Zvn‡j G Amvgvb¨ mvd‡j¨i m~‡Î ißvwb Avq wظY n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
†m‡‡Î eZ©gv‡bi 10-12 kZvs‡ki wecix‡Z ißvwb evov‡Z n‡e 30-35 kZvsk nv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖavb myweav GB †h, GLv‡b gRywii nvi A‡cvK…Z Kg, ˆ`wbK 1.5- 2.0 Wjvi; B‡›`v‡bwkqvq Gi
cwigvY cÖvq 5 Wjvi| ZvQvov cÖwZ‡ewk †`k †_‡K m¯Ívq we`ÿ r Avg`vwb I UªvbwRU †_‡K cÖvß myweav
†Zv Av‡QB| evsjv‡`k cÖwZ eQi 10 jvL †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb m„Rb K‡i| hw` kÖg-wbweo ißvwb c‡Y¨i
cÖmvi N‡U, Zv n‡j 35 jvL †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb n‡Z cv‡i Ges Kg©ms¯’vb ¸YK 2 ai‡j †gvU
Kg©ms¯’vb `uvov‡e 70 jvL| GKevi Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó n‡j miKvwi ivR¯^ evo‡e Ges AeKvVv‡gv I
wbg©vY Lv‡Z AviI Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói my‡hvM n‡e| ¸YK Ges ms‡hvM cÖwZwµqvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Ggb
GK cÖe„w×i c‡_ cv co‡e hv G †`‡ki gvbyl †Kv‡bv w`b KíbvI K‡iwb| †hgb, eZ©gv‡b 10 jv‡Li
cwie‡Z© hw` 30 jvL †jvK Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Ê hy³ n‡Z cv‡i, Av‡qi we‡ePbvq A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×
evo‡e 1 kZvs‡k, UvKvi As‡K hv 1 wewjqb Wjvi| d‡j e„w× cv‡e gRywi I n«vm cv‡e `vwi`ª¨|
Rbeûj evsjv‡`‡ki R‡b¨ Gi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| †Kbbv jvL jvL †jvK fv‡jv KvR bv †c‡j ïay
A_©‰bwZK AcPq n‡e bv, wbwðZfv‡e †`k‡K AÜKvi MnŸ‡i †V‡j †`‡e| cj †mgÿ qvjmb e‡j‡Qb:
mgm¨vUv Ggb bq †h cÖwZ †Rvov nv‡Zi mv‡_ Lvwj †cU Av‡m; eis IB nv‡Zi mv‡_ Zxè KbyB hy³
_v‡K| hv‡nvK, gvÎ 2 eQ‡i 35 jvL Kg©ms¯’vb ¸YK cÖfv‡ei (¸YK 2 a‡i) gva¨‡g 70 jvL gvby‡li
A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv hvq| †gvUvgywUfv‡e, we`ÿ r I M¨vm Lv‡Z Ges kªg-wbweo
g¨vby‡dKPvwis Lv‡Z ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi ch©vß cÖevn `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡m weivU f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| Ges
G †‡Î wek¦vq‡bi weKí Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv|
Drm: G. Papanek (2010): Bangladesh Labor Force and Foreign Private Investment-Major Asset or Bigger
Problems.? A keynote presentation Organized by the Bangladesh Board of Investment (BOI) and
Policy Research Institute (PRI), April.
5.3| FYvZœK cÖfve
wek¦vqb †h Avevi †e`bv`vqK n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Zvi †ek wKQz cÖgvYI cvIqv hv‡e nq‡Zv|
wek¦vq‡bi Kzdj †`L‡Z wM‡q Avg`vwb weKí wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ `wi`ª Kg©Rxex‡`i K_v ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i †hgb wPwb, e¯¿, cvU wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ A_ev K…wl cY¨ cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Y wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK|
Af¨š—ixY evRvi hw` Ly‡j †`qv n‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e we‡`k †_‡K Avmv A‡cvK…Z m¯—v cY¨
Aev‡a cÖ‡ek K‡i †`kxq wk‡íi R‡b¨ ûgKx n‡q `uvov‡e| G‡Z Kj-KviLvbv eÜ n‡q hvq,
kªwgK PvKwi nvivq Ges `vwi‡`ª¨i cÖ‡Kvc e„w× cvevi mg~n m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| gy³ evwY‡R¨i
wecix‡Z †`qv hyw³¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Òwkï wkíÓ hyw³wU cÖavbZ Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †_‡K
†`kxq wkí KviLvbv‡K iv Kivi K_v e‡j| Z‡e G‡‡Î †ek mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z
110

ev‡qm, †nv‡mb I †mnixb: wek¦vqb, `wi`ªZv Ges evsjv‡`k 111
n‡e| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h, evwYR¨ D`vixKi‡Yi c~‡e©B wkí BDwbU¸‡jv i“Mœ wQj Ges
D`vixKiY †mB Ae¯’vi AebwZ NwU‡q‡Q gvÎ| Avevi GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h, mgm¨v¸‡jv
wbZvš—B mvgwqK, hv `xN©‡gqv‡` KvwU‡q D‡V wU‡K _vKv m¤¢e (Bmjvg 2004)| hv‡nvK, c~e©
Gwkqv I jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi wKQz †`k wek¦vq‡bi weiƒc cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y Avw_©K msK‡U cwZZ
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Lv‡Zi †Mvj‡hvM| G‡‡Î †ewk wek¦vq‡bi PvB‡Z Kg wek¦vqb A‡cvK…Z fv‡jv| cÖv‡qvwMK
ch©‡eY †_‡K Rvbv hvq, Avš—R©vwZK evwY‡R¨i d‡j m„ó A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ Ges ˆewk¦Ki‡Yi
Kvi‡Y A‡bK †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ †e‡o †M‡Q| G‡‡Î Mwie †`k¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK myiv Kg©m~wP Kg
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wek¦vq‡bi †XD LyeB wec¾bK, Avi A_©‰bwZK AvenvIqv Lvivc _vK‡j †mB †XD AviI
†ewk wnsmª n‡q D‡V| †mvRv K_v, GB †XD‡q mdjZvi mv‡_ muvZvi KvUv mnR KvR bq| Gi
R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb gvbe I †fŠZ cyuwR m„wó‡Z eo AvKv‡ii wewb‡qvM| ZvQvov wek¦vq‡bi mydj †c‡Z
n‡j weivRgvb bxwZgvjv I cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’vq eo ai‡bi SvKzwb †`evi `iKvi Av‡Q (wcUjvK
2006)| Pxb †h GLb Avš—R©vwZK evwY‡R¨ AvMÖvmx Zvi cÖavb KviY gvbe cuywR‡Z Px‡bi
cÖvavb¨| wek¦evRvi `L‡j fviZ ebvg Pxb hy‡× Px‡bi eo myweav Gi DcKi‡Yi Drcv`bkxjZv
Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avbylvw½K welq (†mb 1999)| evsjv‡`‡ki `wi‡`ªi `y:mn hš¿Yvi R‡b¨ hw`
KvD‡K Awfkvc w`‡Z nq Z‡e Zv wek¦vqb‡K bq, w`‡Z n‡e kvmK †Mvôx‡K| hviv Zv‡`i
Rb‡Mvôx‡K A_©‰bwZK nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| wek¦vq‡bi †XD‡q muvZvi
KvU‡Z n‡j `iKvi fv‡jv A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbv Z‡e Zv †Kej Ki AeKvk I fZz©wK w`‡q bq|
fv‡jv e¨e¯’vcbv gv‡b `yb©xwZ n«vm, h_vh_ wewagvjv cÖYqb Ges m¤úwËi AwaKvi wbwðZKiY|
me‡k‡l `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi GKvi c‡ Ges weivRgvb Amg gv‡V †Lj‡Z †M‡j mydj bvI
Avm‡Z cv‡i| abx †`k¸‡jvi DwPZ n‡e wb‡Ri †`‡ki we‡kl †Mvôxi ¯^v‡_© bv `uvwo‡q
Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki `wi`ª‡`i c‡ K_v ejv (iWwiK 2002)| eZ©gvb ‰ewk¦KiY ALÊZv a‡i
ivL‡Z n‡j (wKsev Zivwš^Z Ki‡Z †M‡j) evwYR¨ †evSvcovi bZzb Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv Ki‡Z n‡e
Avi †m †‡Î DbœqbMvgx †`k¸‡jvi R‡b¨ †ewk †¯úm †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i
Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ wek¦vq‡bi weKí AvcvZZ †bB (e· 3)|
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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
LÊ 30 evwl©K msL¨v 1419
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb: ¯^vaxbZvi ci 40 eQi
1
AvmRv`yj wKewiqv *
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Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z Ges Zv wb‡q nv-û‡Zvw¯§ Ki‡Z A‡bK †ewk cQ›` Kwi| †h AR©b¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i nIqv DwPZ wQj ev Kiv m¤¢e wQj, †m¸‡jv bv nIqv ev LwÊZfv‡e nIqvi Rb¨ GB
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we‡k−lY-we‡ePbvi `iKvi †bB| eis †hLv‡b mdj nIqv †Mj bv, †mLv‡bB g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e
AvMvgx‡Z mvdj¨ Avbq‡bi Rb¨|
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we¯— „Z| msev`c‡Îi Kjvg, mvgwqKx‡Z cÖeÜ-wbeÜ Avi †Uwjwfk‡b UK‡kv ch©v‡jvPbvq GB
cÖfv‡ei welqwU ¯úó n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e MfxiZi I we¯— „Z eyw×e„wËK PP©vi cÖwZdjb wn‡m‡e
Avgiv hLb eB‡K †e‡Q †bB, ZL‡bv GB cÖfve †_‡K gy³ nIqv wKQyUv KwVb nq ˆe wK| eB‡qi
cÖwZcv`¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb cwiµgv A_ev mgvR KvVv‡gv A_ev ivR‰bwZK DÌvb-cZb A_ev
A_©bxwZ †hUvB †nvK bv †Kb, Zv‡Z GB `„wófw½wU we‡ePbvq wb‡Z nq|
GB †MŠiPw›`ªKvwU Ki‡Z n‡jv ÔmvwnZ¨ cÖKvkÕ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I
Dbœqb: ¯^vaxbZvi ci 40 eQiÕ kxl©K eBwU nv‡Z wb‡q| †`‡ki Ab¨Zg A_©bxwZwe` i“wk`vb
Bmjvg ingvb iwPZ GB eBwU‡K wN‡i GB wbe‡Üi hveZxq Av‡jvPbv AvewZ©Z n‡e| i“wk`vb
Bmjvg ingvb evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm) Gi M‡elYv cwiPvjK| wZwb
`xN©w`b a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q we‡k−lY, ch©v‡jvPbv I M‡elYv K‡i hv‡”Qb
wbijmfv‡e| Zuvi Kv‡R AMÖvwaKv‡ii ZvwjKvq i‡q‡Q kªg evRvi I kªwgK, MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ Ges
K…wl I wkíLvZ| Gme wel‡q wewfbœ mg‡q Zuvi M‡elYvg~jK cÖeÜ-wbeÜ wewfbœ †`kx-we‡`kx
Rvb©vj, eB‡qi Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e Ges cÎ-cwÎKvq G‡m‡Q|
Ôevsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb: ¯^vaxbZvi ci 40 eQiÕ bv‡gi eBwU A_©bxwZ welqK
GKwU eB| G‡K Dbœqb welqK eBI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi wk‡ivbvg †_‡KI GUv cwi®‹vi †h,
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Pvi `k‡Ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwiµgv‡K ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b|
KvRwU †h kªgmva¨ Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| we‡kl K‡i M‡elYvwbf©i Kv‡Ri Ici wfwË K‡i
* evwYR¨ cvZv m¤úv`K, cÖ_g Av‡jv|

114
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
eBwU iwPZ| †m Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ wel‡q cÖKvwkZ eB¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GwU g~j¨evb
ms‡hvRb wn‡m‡e ¯’vb K‡i †bIqvi `vwe iv‡L|
2
†gvU 12wU e„nËi Aa¨v‡q eBwU mvwR‡q‡Qb i“wk`vb Bmjvg ingvb| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi ga¨ w`‡q wZwb eBwUi mvgwMÖK cUf~wg
¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z av‡c av‡c wewfbœ welq wb‡q Z_¨-cwimsL¨vb mn‡hv‡M
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki wkíLvZ, K…wlLvZ, z`ªFY, Kg©ms¯’vb I †eKviZ¡,
`vwi`ª¨, wkv, AvÂwjK ˆelg¨, RbmsL¨v e„w× Ges wkíLv‡Z bvix kªwgK wel‡q we‡k−lY I
ch©v‡jvPbv ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q †jwLKv ms‡‡c ÔDbœqbÕ aviYv‡K †evSv‡bvi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| wKQy ev¯—e
`„óvš— Zz‡j a‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb Dbœq‡bi eûgvwÎKZv| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: ÔG †`‡ki gvbyl GUv cÖwZwôZ
K‡i‡Q †h Zviv Dbœqb Pvq| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z hv‡`i g‡b n‡e cÖvwš—K Ae¯’v‡b, fv‡M¨i nv‡Z
mgwc©Z, ZvuivI hy× Ki‡Q cÖK…wZi weiƒcZvi mv‡_, cwikªg Ki‡Q cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i nv‡Z
Lv`¨ Zz‡j †`Iqvi Rb¨| hv‡`i wbZ¨m½x wQj Kzms¯‹vi, AvaywbKZvi cÖwZ wQj hviv weiƒc,
Zv‡`i gvbwmKZvq G‡m‡Q cwieZ©b| ... wkï‡`i wUKv †`qvi Rb¨ wK‡kvix gv, wbii
gvZvgnxiv wfo K‡i Avm‡Qb, Lvevi m¨vjvB‡b cÖvY euvPv‡”Qb KZ wkïi, N~wY©S‡oi c~e©vfvm
†c‡j Qy‡U hv‡”Qb Avkªq‡K‡›`ª, †mLv‡bB Rb¥ wb‡”Q bZzb wkï| wkí kªwgK EaŸ©k¦v‡m †nu‡U
hv‡”Qb Kg©¯’‡j|Õ (c„-19)| A_©vr Dbœqb‡K eyS‡Z n‡j †h RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ
w`K‡K eyS‡Z n‡e, LuywU‡q †`L‡Z n‡e †QvU †QvU wewfbœ AMÖMwZ I cwieZ©b‡K, †mUvB †hb Aí
K_vq ¯úó K‡i w`‡jb †jwLKv|
wØZxq Aa¨v‡q G‡m mvgwóK A_©bxwZi MwZ-cÖK…wZi Ici Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb Z_¨cwimsL¨vb
mn‡hv‡M| 40 eQ‡ii †gvU †`kR Drcv`†bi (wRwWwc) cÖe„w×i nvi, gv_vwcQy Avq,
mÂq I wewb‡qvM cwiw¯’wZ I g~j¨ùxwZi cÖeYZv ms‡‡c Zz‡j a‡i K‡qKwU ev¯—em¤§Z SuywK I
AvksKvi K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| h_vixwZ ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi cÖkœwU GLv‡b G‡m‡Q cÖ_g I
cÖavb D‡ØM ev SuywK wn‡m‡e| Avm‡j ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi welqwU evsjv‡`‡ki Kvw•Z
Mš—‡e¨ GwM‡q hvIqvi †‡Î GK b¤^i kZ© wn‡m‡e RvqMv K‡i wb‡qwQj eû Av‡M †_‡KB|
mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Gi gvÎvMZ wKQy cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q gvÎ| G‡‡Î `yb©xwZi welqwU D‡j−L Kiv
hvq| †jwLKvI GwU D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, Ô`yb©xwZcivqYZv I ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv
weivR bv Ki‡j cÖe„w×i nvi D”PZi n‡Z cviZ| GB A‡ji fviZ, kªxj¼v GgbwK
cvwK¯—v‡bi D”PZi gv_vwcQy Avq I cÖe„w×i nvi Gi Zzjbv †_‡KB Zv cÖZxqgvb nq|Õ (c„-35)|
†hŠw³Kfv‡eB wZwb Gi cvkvcvwk Rwgi AcÖZzjZv I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vv‡Mi K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb|
hw`I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKvwejvq evsjv‡`‡ki GKUv ¯^Kxq mgZv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q, Zey ˆewk¦K
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kv‡jv †g‡Ni we¯—v‡i Zv wbZvš—B AcÖZzj e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq|
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wKewiqv: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb : ¯^vaxbZvi ci 40 eQi 115
†klvs‡k G‡m GLv‡b †jwLKv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi cÖe„w×i nvi 8 kZvs‡k DbœxZ Kivi
welqwU wb‡q G‡m‡Qb| m¤cÖwZKv‡j wewfbœ gnj †_‡K 8 kZvsk cÖe„w×i GKUv ZvwM` ˆZwi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Rbgvb‡m GUv‡K GKUv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© j¨gvÎv wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q 6ô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv `wj‡j I †cÖwZ cwiKíbvi Kvh©c‡Î| mvgwóK
A_©bxwZi m~Î †g‡b GB 8 kZvsk cÖe„w×i Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi wRwWwci 32 kZvs‡k †h DbœxZ
Ki‡Z n‡e, †m K_vwUI eiveiB ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`Iqv n‡”Q| G‡‡Î i“wk`vb Bmjv‡gi
ch©‡eYwU Zvrch©c~Y©| wZwb eZ©gv‡bi 24 kZvsk wewb‡qvM nvi `ª“Z 30 ev 32 kZvs‡k DbœxZ
Kivi ev¯—eZv wb‡q wKQyUv m‡›`n †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| G‡‡Î wZwb eis Ômn‡hvwMZvg~jK
ivR‰bwZK-mvgvwRKÕ avivi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z AvMÖnx| Zvi hyw³wU GiKg †h, mvgvwRKfv‡e
Drcv`bkxjZvq cwieZ©b Avbv †M‡j Zvi BwZevPK cÖfve cÖe„w×i nvi‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K Zzj‡Z
mnvqZv Ki‡e| wZwb wewb‡qvM nvi evov‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Qb bv, Z‡e
AwZgvÎvq Gw`‡K g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z m¤§Z nb| †Kbbv GRb¨ †h cwigvY K‡g©v‡`¨vM cÖ‡qvRb, Zvi
wKQyUv hw` mvgvwRKLv‡Z AweiZfv‡e eRvq ivLv hvq, Zvn‡jI h‡_ó BwZevPK dj cvIqv
hv‡e| Aek¨ G wb‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbvi AeKvk _vK‡jI †jwLKv †mw`‡K AMÖmi nbwb| wKš‘
GKwU wfbœ wPš—vi m~Î ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg n‡q‡Qb hvi Ici wfwË K‡i eo KvR n‡Z cv‡i|
Z…Zxq Aa¨vqwU mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q wkíLv‡Zi weKvk wb‡q| hviv ms‡‡c evsjv‡`‡k
wkíLv‡Zi weKvk m¤ú‡K© wKQy †gŠwjK aviYv †c‡Z Pvb, Zviv GB Aa¨vqwU †_‡K DcK…Z
n‡eb| h‡_ó Z_¨-cwimsL¨vbI e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b K‡qKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖkœ DÌvcb
K‡i‡Qb i“wk`vb hvi ga¨ w`‡q Avgv‡`i wkí welqK bxwZi mxgve×ZvI wPw ýZ n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb,
z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi ev GmGgB-i msÁv wba©viY| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h G‡KK miKvwi
ms¯’v G‡KK msÁv e¨envi Ki‡Q| Avevi Zv cwieZ©b Ki‡Q mgš^qnxbfv‡e| d‡j GmGgB
wb‡q m¤cÖwZKv‡j †h ûRyM ˆZwi n‡q‡Q, Zv A‡bK‡‡ÎB Aš—:mvik~b¨Zvi w`‡K avweZ n‡”Q|
Z‡e GB Aa¨v‡q wkíbxwZ wb‡q wKQy Av‡jvPbv ev we‡k−lY cÖ‡qvRb wQj|
PZz_© I cÂg Aa¨v‡q i“wk`vb Bmjvg Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb K…wlLv‡Zi wewfbœ w`‡Ki
Ici| Zv‡Z K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlLv‡Zi wel‡q GKUv ¯^”Q aviYv cvIqv hv‡e| wKQy wel‡q
we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb: K…wl cÖhyw³|
lô Aa¨v‡q AK…wlLvZ I MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ wb‡q bvwZ`xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb i“wk`vb| GB
Aa¨vqwU wPËvKl©K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki QuvqvXvKv-KzûWvKv MÖv‡gi mbvZbx wPÎwU‡Z
K‡ZvUv e`‡j †M‡Q Zvi wKQy Avfvm cvIqv hv‡e GB Aa¨vq †_‡K| RwUjZvI wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb
AK…wlLvZ wbY©‡qi †‡Î| wj‡L‡Qb: Ô....A‡bK †‡Î K…wl I K…wl cÖwµqvRvZKiY c„_K Kiv
KwVb| †hgb †KD Mi“ cvjb K‡i `ya weµq K‡ib, GUv K…wl KvR| wKš‘ wZwb †Nvj evwb‡q
wewµ Ki‡j †mUv AK…wl- GB wefw³KiY KwVb| †Zgwb †KD avb wK‡b fvw½‡q Pvj LyP‡iv wewµ
Ki‡j Zvi g‡a¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY I e¨emv `ywUB _vK‡Q|Õ(c„-119)| GB Aa¨v‡q z`ªF‡Yi
Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| z`ªFY wb‡q weZK© I Av‡jvPbv GLb evsjv‡`‡k bZzb gvÎv
†c‡q‡Q| AvMvgx‡ZI welqwU Av‡jvPbvq _vK‡e| GLv‡b z`ªF‡Yi my‡`i nvi ev †mevgvïj
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(mvwf©m PvR©) wb‡q ‡h we‡k−lYwU †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, Zv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| GB Pv‡R©i nvi wb‡q wewfbœ hyw³cvëvhyw³
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †jwLKv Dcmsnv‡i †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb: ÔAvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi Rb¨ mvwf©m
Pv‡R©i nvi bv evwo‡q GgGdAvB‡`i FY Kvh©µ‡gi e¨qfvi Kwg‡q Avbvi †PóvUvB AwaKZi
mydj`vqK n‡e| mvwf©m Pv‡R©i wKQyUv †h‡nZz †Uªwbs I Ab¨vb¨ mvwf©m †`qvi e¨q †gUvq, †mme
c`‡c AviI †hŠw³K Kiv I AvswkKfv‡e g~j¨ Av`vqmv‡c‡ mieivn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme
†Uªwbs ev Ab¨vb¨ mvwf©‡mi Pvwn`v Avm‡j †h KZUv i‡q‡Q, †m wel‡q wKQyUv m‡›`n †`Lv w`‡”Q|
†m¸‡jvi g~j¨vqb K‡i wKQy KvUQuvU Kiv Ges e¨q ms‡KvPb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (c„-133)|Õ
mßg Aa¨v‡q †eKviZ¡ I Kg©ms¯’vb wb‡q GKwU mvgwMÖK ch©v‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q| GB welqwU
i“wk`vb Bmjv‡gi wbweo M‡elYvi Aš—M©Z| GLv‡b †eKvi‡Z¡i msÁv wb‡q †`‡k †h eo ai‡bi
weåvwš— Av‡Q †m wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡jI Zv †hb wKQyUv Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K †M‡Q| A_©vr G
welqwU wb‡q AviI we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv ev we‡k−lY cÖ‡qvRb wQj| †hgb, †`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi
gvÎ mv‡o Pvi kZvsk- GB miKvwi cwimsL¨vb Rbgvb‡m weivU cÖkœ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| GiKg AviI
wKQy weåvwš— ev A¯úóZv i‡q‡Q| Aek¨ GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K AvswkK †eKviZ¡, QÙ
†eKviZ¡, †gŠmygx †eKviZ¡ Ges gRywi wb‡q †h Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡Z A‡bK cÖPwjZ fyj
aviYvi Aemvb NU‡e|
Aóg Aa¨v‡q G‡m `vwi`ª¨ wb‡q wKQy we‡k−l‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Qb i“wk`vb| GLv‡b `vwi‡`ª¨i
gvbwPÎ wb‡q GKUz Av‡jvPbv Kivi AeKvk wQj| Avevi µqgZvi mgZvwfwËK (wcwcwc) GK
Wjvi cwigv‡ci `ye©jZvi w`KwUI Av‡iKUz we¯—vwiZ Kiv †h‡Zv| †hgb, GK wcwcwc Wjv‡i
Avm‡j K‡Zv evsjv‡`wk UvKv? 17/18 UvKv? Zvn‡j G‡Zv bMY¨ A_© wKfv‡e `vwi`ª¨ cwigv‡ci
Avš—R©vwZK gvb`Ê n‡Z cv‡i? Gme cÖkœ B`vbxs †ek †Rv‡i‡kv‡i D”PvwiZ n‡”Q| cÖe„w×i m‡½
`vwi‡`ª¨i m¤úK© LuyR‡Z wM‡q †jwLKv hv †c‡q‡Qb, Zv n‡jv: Ôme wgwj‡q evsjv‡`‡ki †‡Î
`vwi`ª¨ n«vm I wRwWwc cÖe„w×i †hvMm~ÎwU `ye©j|Õ Avgv‡`i bxwZ-wba©viKiv Aek¨ mn‡R GB
Awfg‡Zi m‡½ GKgZ n‡Z PvB‡eb bv!
Lye †QvU n‡jI Ôwkv †‡Î ˆelg¨ I Zvi cÖfveÕ kxl©K 9g Aa¨vqwU Zvrch©c~Y©| G
welqwU wb‡q cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ KvR Kivi h‡_ó my‡hvM Av‡Q| Avi hviv evsjv‡`‡ki wkv
wb‡q KvR Ki‡Qb, Zviv GLvb †_‡K wKQy mnvqK m~Î cv‡eb| wkv †Kb `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b mnvqK
f~wgKv ivL‡Q bv?- GB cÖ‡kœi DËi LuyR‡Z wM‡q ‡kl ch©š— hv cvIqv †Mj, Zv n‡jv: Ô...wkvi
¸YMZ gvbI A‡bKUv `vqx| wkvi ¸YMZ gvb Ges Zv Kg© my‡hvM m„wó‡Z KZUv mvgÄm¨c~Y©
†mw`‡K j ivLv Ri“wi|...(c„-203)|Õ
c‡ii Aa¨vq A_©vr 10g Aa¨vqwU‡Z GjvKvwfwËK ev AvÂwjK ˆelg¨ wb‡q mswß
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b K…wlR Kg©Kv‡Êi Av‡jv‡K ˆel‡g¨i ¯^iƒc wbY©‡qi cÖ‡PóvwU
Zvrch©en|
GKv`k Aa¨v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v I RbwgwZK DËiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q| RbmsL¨v
e„w×i welqwU AveviI evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb weZ‡K© GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Bmÿ n‡q D‡V‡Q| GB weZ‡K©
116

wKewiqv: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb : ¯^vaxbZvi ci 40 eQi 117
im` †RvMv‡bvi Dcv`vb wgj‡e GB Aa¨vq †_‡K| cvkvcvwk RbwgwZK jf¨vsk (†W‡gvMÖvwdK
wWwf‡WÛ) wb‡qI †h GLb Av‡jvPbv n‡”Q, †m wb‡q wKQy K_vevZ©v _vK‡j fv‡jv n‡Zv|
Øv`k Aa¨vqwU‡K wKQyUv ¯^vZš¿¨c~Y© ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b wkíLv‡Z bvix kªwg‡Ki Ae¯’vb
wb‡q ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv I ev¯—ewPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki wkíLv‡Z bvix kªwgK ej‡j
cÖavbZ ˆZwi †cvkvK LvZ mvg‡b P‡j Av‡m| GB Aa¨vq †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Ab¨vb¨ wkíLv‡ZI
bvix kªwgK mwµq| Z‡e we¯—vwiZ †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbv †bB| eis GKwU aviYv †`Iqvi cÖqvm
Av‡Q|
3
mvwe©Kfv‡e i“wk`vb Bmjv‡gi MÖš’ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb: ¯^vaxbZvi ci 40 eQiÕ
m¤ú‡K© AíK_vq K‡qKwU K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ_gZ, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I Dbœq‡bi Ici M‡elYvwbf©i I we‡k−lYag©x MÖš’ wn‡m‡e GwU
GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRb| cÖPzi Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi mgvnvi I cÖvmw½K we‡k−lY ïay M‡elK‡`i
Rb¨B bq, eis A_©bxwZi QvÎ-wkK‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨š— mnvqK n‡e| Dbœqb wb‡q hviv KvR
K‡ib, Zv‡`i Kv‡QI GB ai‡bi eB‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh© n‡e|
wØZxqZ, eB‡qi fvlv h‡_ó cÖvÄj| evsjvq A_©bxwZi wewfbœ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbvq fvlvMZ
AvoóZv I mxgve×Zv †`Lv †`q| i“wk`vb Bmjvg †mB mxgve×Zv AwZµg Ki‡Z mg_©
n‡q‡Qb| hw`I wKQy wKQy †‡Î cwifvlvMZ RwUjZv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †mUv GB †jwLKvi GKK
mgm¨v bq|
Z…ZxqZ, eB‡qi GKwU mxgve×Zv n‡jv mvgMÖxK Dbœqb `k©‡bi welqwUi Abycw¯’wZ|
A_©bxwZ cwiPvjbv I Dbœqb cÖwµqvq evsjv‡`k GLb gy³evRvi bxwZi GK Pig iƒc bqv-
D`viZvev`x (wbI-wjev‡iwjRg) a¨vb-aviYv‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z PvB‡Q| bqv-D`viZvev‡`i ev
Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡K G‡K `„pfv‡e cÖw_Z n‡”Q| mgvRZvvwš¿K `k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K hvÎv ïi“ Kiv
evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZvi 40 eQi ci AvR †mB `k©b †_‡K A‡bK A‡bK `~‡i m‡i G‡m‡Q| Z‡e
Zvi Qvqv wKQyUv i‡q †M‡Q| ZvB RbKj¨vY I iv‡óªi f~wgKv wb‡q gv‡S-g‡a¨ ˆn‰P I‡V,
miKvi¸‡jvI wew”Qbœ wKQy RbZzwóg~jK c`‡c wb‡q Rbgvb‡m GB aviYv w`‡Z Pvq †h Zviv
evRv‡i n¯—‡c Ki‡Q|
PZz_©Z, †QvULvU wKQy gỳ ªY ΓwU Av‡Q QvcvLvbvi f~‡Zi Kvi‡Y| GK ch©v‡q G‡m Z_¨m~‡Îi
µgf½ n‡q †M‡Q|
Dcmsnvi Uvb‡Z PvB GB e‡j †h, 40 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki GwM‡q hvIqv I wcwQ‡q covi
Qwe AvuK‡Z wM‡q †h mywe¯—…Z K¨vbfvm cÖ‡qvRb, Zv GKKfv‡e Kv‡iv c‡ fwi‡q †`Iqv m¤¢e
bq| G‡KKRb G‡KKwU Ask f‡i Zzj‡eb| Avi †m¸‡jv wgwj‡qB GKwU ewY©j K¨vbfvm
†Pv‡Li mvg‡b dz‡U DV‡e| i“wk`vb Bmjvg h_vh_fv‡eB GKwU Ask fwi‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|
117

evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
†jLv cvVv‡bvi wbqgvewj
Ôevsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxvÕ evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ GKgvÎ evsjv RvY©vj|
GwU eQ‡i GKevi cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq we‡kl msL¨v wn‡m‡eI cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K|
cÖe‡Üi welqe¯‘ Abyhvqx cÖwZwU cÖeÜ `yÕRb wiwfDqvi KZ…©K wiwfD Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wiwfDqvi KZ…©K
QvoK…Z cÖeÜB cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K| Ag‡bvbxZ †jLv †diZ †`Iqv nq bv|
1| cÖe‡Üi cÖwZwU jvB‡bi gv‡S Wvej †¯úm ‡i‡L A4 mvB‡Ri KvM‡Ri GK c„ôvq (Dfqw`‡K 1 BwÂ
gvwR©b †i‡L) Sutonny MJ Font-G UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖe‡Üi 2wU Kwc soft copy mn Rgv
w`‡Z n‡e|
2| cÖwZwU cÖeÜ m‡e©v”P 30 c„ôv Ges m‡e©v”P 30wU UxKvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡Z n‡e|
3| †jL‡Ki cÖvwZôvwbK cwiwPwZ ZviKvwPýmn cÖ_g c„ôvq cv`UxKvq _vK‡Z n‡e|
4| cÖe‡Üi Kfvi c„ôvq wb‡æv³ Z_¨ _vK‡Z n‡e:
- cÖeÜKv‡ii bvg I cÖvwZôvwbK cwiwPwZ
- cv`‡`‡k K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi (hw` _v‡K)|
5| cÖe‡Üi g~jcv‡V (Text) †idv‡i‡Ýi D‡j−L n‡e GiKg: (Lvb, 1976)| g~j †idv‡iÝ Drm
Bs‡iwR‡Z _vK‡j Zv Bs‡iwR‡Z D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb, (Khan, 1976)| we‡`kx †jL‡Ki bvg
Bs‡iwR‡Z _vK‡j Zv Bs‡iwR‡Z D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e| g~j cv‡V wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK cÖwZôvb, msMVb,
Pzw³, †NvlYv BZ¨vw` Bs‡iwR‡Z _vK‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z D‡j−L Kiv hv‡e| †Kv‡bv Bs‡iwR kã‡K †jLK
bZzbfv‡e evsjv Ki‡j Bs‡iwR kãwU eÜbxi g‡a¨ w`‡Z n‡e| Abbreviation e¨envi Ki‡j
eÜbxi g‡a¨ ms‡wcZ kãwUi cy‡iv bvgwU w`‡Z n‡e cÖ_g e¨env‡ii mgqB|
6| cv`UxKv (Footnote) cÖwZ c„ôvi cv`‡`‡k mwbœ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cv`UxKvi m~PK msL¨v GKB
avivevwnKZvq wb‡`©k Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| DׄwZ (Quotation) bvwZ`xN© nIqv evÃbxq| g~j cv‡V Bs‡iwR DׄwZi g~j fvl¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e| Z‡e g~j fvl¨ †_‡K M„nxZ DׄwZi evsjv Abyev` ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡‡Î h_vh_ Drm
wb‡`©k Avek¨K|
8| cÖe‡Üi †k‡l c„_K c„ôvq MÖš’cwÄ ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
eB/g‡bvMÖv‡di †‡Î cÖ_‡g Avm‡e iPwqZvi bvg Ges eÜbxi g‡a¨ cÖKvkbvi eQi, Zvic‡i n‡e
h_vµ‡g MÖ‡š’i wk‡ivbvg, cÖKvkK Ges cÖKvkbvi ¯’vb (kn‡ii bvg) |
msKjb †_‡K M„nxZ cÖe‡Üi wk‡ivbv‡gi ci m¤úv`K ev msKj‡Ki bvg Ges g~j MÖ‡š’i wk‡ivbvg
n‡e|
MÖ‡š’i GKvwaK ms¯‹iY _vK‡j ms¯‹iY D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvgwqK cÎ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Üi D‡j−‡L cÖ_‡g cÖeÜKv‡ii bvg, Zvic‡i n‡e h_vµ‡g
cwÎKv/mvgwqKxi bvg, el©/LÊ msL¨v, cÖKvk ZvwiL (w`b, gvm, mb) Ges mvgwMÖK c„ôvsK D‡j−L
Avek¨K|

120
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
cÖe‡Ü GKvwaK fvlvi MÖš’/cÖeÜvw` e¨env‡ii †‡Î MÖš’cwÄ fvlvwfwËK web¨vm AbymiY Ki‡Z
n‡e| A_©vr cÖeÜwU‡Z evsjv fvlvi MÖš’cwÄ me©cÖ_g ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e, Zvic‡i n‡e Bs‡iwR
fvlvi MÖš’cwÄ| MÖš’cwÄ MÖš’vKv‡ii bv‡gi eY©vbyµ‡g n‡Z n‡e|
GKB MÖš’vKv‡ii GKvwaK iPbv ms‡L‡c MÖš’vKv‡ii bvg cybi“‡j−L bv K‡i bv‡gi cwie‡Z© GKwU
†QvU mgvš—ivj jvBb †hvM K‡i iPbv¸‡jv cÖKvkKvj Abyµ‡g ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvgwqKxi bvg ms‡wcZ A_©vr abbreviated Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgb, Eco.Sc. Rev.
bgybv MÖš’cwÄ
†mb, AgZ©¨ (1990): Rxeb hvÎv I A_©bxwZ, KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©|
Lvb, Avãyj AvDqvj I Av‡bvqviyj AvwRg Avwid (1990): evsjv‡`‡k e¨e¯’vcbv, XvKv: Avexi
cvewj‡Kkb|
Avjg, Gg †Lvi‡k` (1403 e½uvã): ÒevRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z Dbœqb cwiKíbvi f~wgKvÓ, evsjv‡`k
Dbœqb mgxv, 14k LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, XvKv: weAvBwWGm, c„ 15-34|
—— (1402): ÒAskx`vwiZ¡g~jK †cÖwZ cwiKíbv: KwZcq cÖvmw½K Bmÿ Ó, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb
mgxv, 13k LÊ, evwl©K msL¨v, XvKv: weAvBwWGm, c„ 15-34|
Imgvbx, wmwÏKzi ingvb ( 1997): ÒA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I `vwi`ª¨ †gvPb: G‡`i m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc wb‡q
wKQy fvebv,Ó i“wk`vb Bmjvg ingvb (m¤úvw`Z) `vwi`ª¨ I Dbœqb: ‡cÖvcU evsjv‡`k,
XvKv:weAvBwWGm|
9| cÖeÜKvi 10wU AdwcÖ›Umn Rvb©v‡ji 2wU Kwc webvg~‡j¨ cv‡eb|
10| cwiwkó (Appendix) Avjv`v c„ôvq MÖš’cwÄi c‡i ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
11| cÖeÜ wb‡æv³ wVKvbvq cvVv‡Z n‡e|
m¤úv`K
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxv
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb
B-17 AvMviMuvI, †ki-B-evsjv bMi
wRwcI e· bs 3854
XvKv -1207
E-mail: nahmed@bids.org.bd
120