0.2 Report - LGCDP

66
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g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿n]
k|fj[mlts ;|f]tx¿af6 /fh:j p7fpg]
xfnsf] k4ltaf/] Ps ;dLIffTds cWoog
g]kfn ;/sf/
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno (MoLD)
@)!!

g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿af6
/fh:j p7fpg] xfnsf] k4ltaf/] Ps ;dLIffTds cWoog
k|sfzsM
g]kfn ;/sf/
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd (LGCDP)
k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn
j]a;fO6M http://www.lgcdp.gov.np
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP)
jftfj/0f, pmhf{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g OsfO
o"Pg8LkL, g]kfn, hLkLcf] aS; g+= !)&, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
j]a;fO6M http://www.undp.org.np
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd (UNEP)
o"g]k Pl;of Kofl;lkms If]qLo s]Gb|
o"Pg ejg, bf];|f] tNnf, Ans P, /fhbDgg{ gf]s Pe]Go"
a}+ss !)@))), yfONof08
j]a;fO6M http://www.unep.org/
l8hfOg÷n]cfp6M efOsfhL /fhafxs
o; k|sfzgsf] ;jf{lwsf/ ;'/lIft 5 . k|sfzssf] cg'dlt glnO{ o; k|ltj]bgsf]
s'g} klg c+z s'g} klg pkfoaf6 k'gMk|sfzg ug{, e08f/0f ug{ tyf k|;f/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
kLO{cfO{ g]kfnsf] af/]df 5f]6f] hfgsf/L
g]kfndf ;~rflnt kLO{cfO{ -ul/ad'vL jftfj/0fLo kxn M Poverty-Environment Initiative- PEI) n] ul/ad'vL jftfj/0fLo tyf
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx¿nfO{ PsLs[t 9+un] ;dfof]hg u/L ljsf; of]hgf th'{df tyf cfly{s gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{ox¿sf
cfwf/df ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf k|of;x¿df ;xof]u ug]{ ub{5 . kLO{cfO{ Pp6f 5'§} kl/of]hgfsf] ¿kdf l8hfOg
ul/Psf] geO{, o;n] o"Pg8LkLdfkm{t\ g]kfndf ;~rfng eO/x]sf sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿df ul/a tyf jftfj/0fd}qL /fli6«o
Pj+ :yfgLo of]hgf lgdf{0f, ah]6 ljlgof]hg tyf ljleGg cfly{s lg0f{ox¿ lng] sfo{df sfo{qmdut 9fFrf k|bfg u/L ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . o; cGtu{t xfn vf;u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf cg'udg Ifdtf clej[l4 kl/of]hgf
-P;kLPd;L M PgkL;L_ / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t ;~rflnt :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd
-PnhL;L8LkL_ sf nflu ;xof]u k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . kLO{cfO{ cGtu{t /fli6«o txdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ul/ad'vL hnjfo' tyf
jftfj/0fLo ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f, ah]6 th' {df tyf cg'udg k|0ffnL;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf; ug{df ;xof]u
s]lGb|t 5 eg], :yfgLo :t/df vf;u/L u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf kxnx¿df s;/L ul/ad'vL hnjfo' kl/jt{g Pj+ jftfj/0fd}qL
k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ah]6 th' {df ug] { eGg] ljz]if sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno Pj+ s]xL 5flgPsf lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf kLO{cfO{sf] of] ;xof]u sfo{qmd #% dlxgf
-km]a| 'c/L @)!) b]lv l8;]Da/ @)!@ ;Dd_ rNg]5 . pko' {Qm b'O{ kl/of]hgfsf sfo{qmd b:tfj]hx¿df ul/ad'vL jftfj/0fd}qL
;jfnx¿ ;dfof]hg u/L jflif{s sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ;xof]uL -slDKnd]06/L_ e"ldsf lgefpg] g} kLO{cfO{ 9fFrfsf] d"n clek|fo xf] .
European Commission
DANIDA

;+If]kLs[t cª\u| ]hL zAbsf] lj:t[t ¿k
cf=j=
cfly{s jif{
ls=ld=
lsnf]ld6/
So"=lkm=
So" lkm6
uf=lj=;=
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
lhlj;
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
g=kf=
gu/kflnsf
?= ?k}ofF
lj=;+=
ljqmd ;Djt

ljifo–;"rL
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
i
!= e"ldsf !
!=! kl/ro !
!=@ /fh:j dfqf / jftfj/0fLo Ifosf] cg'dfg @
!=# d'Vo d'2fx¿ #
!=$ cWoogsf] dxŒj $
@= cWoogsf p2]Zox¿ %
\
#= cWoog ljlw &
#=! cWoogsf dxŒjk"0f{ tŒjx¿ &
#=@ cWoogsf d'Vo a' Fbfx¿
&
#=# cWoog If]q 5gf}6 / tYofÍ ;ª\sng &
#=$ tYofÍ k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f *
#=% tYofÍ k|zf]wg !)
#=^ tYofÍ ljZn]if0f !)
#=^=! pTvgg\ tl/sfx¿ !)
#=^=@ jftfj/0fLo d"Nofª\sg !!
#=^=# 5fofF d"No / ljQLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|ltkmnsf] ljZn]if0f !!
#=^=$ k|j[lQ (Trend) ljZn]if0f
!@
#=^=% ljt/0f;DaGwL ljZn]if0f !$
#=^=^ d"No clej[l4 >[ +vnf (Value chain) sf] ljZn]if0f !$
#=^=& cGt;{DaGw ljZn]if0f !$
#=^=* 36gf (Case) cWoog !$
#=& cWoogsf] ;Ldf (Limitation) !$

'
$= pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿ !%
$=! pkIf]qsf] P]ltxfl;s ;dLIff !%
$=!=! k/Dk/fut Joj:yf !%
$=!=@ cfly{s ;Dj[l4 / k|ljlw kl/jt{g !%
$=!=# dGbLsf] ;' '?jft !^
$=@ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿ / pgLx¿sf] a'emfO !^
$=# 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pkIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4 >[ +vnf
(Value Chain)
!&
$=$ /fh:j ;ª\sng Joj:yf !&
$=$=! :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ljQ Joj:yfsf] ;dLIff !&
$=$=@/fh:j k|zf;g — 7]Ssf / cdfgt Joj:yf
@@
$=$=# pkIf]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgLaf/] s]xL ;jfnx¿ @^
$=% 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] :yfgLo :t/ juL{s/0f @*
$=^ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] pkef]Qmf d"No k|j[lQ @(
$=& lhNnf–lhNnfaLrsf] km/s @(
\ { \ {
\
%= jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿ #!
%=! pTvgg\ ug] / pTvgg\ gug] sfo{sf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj #!
%=@ pTvgg\ / ljqmL ljt/0fdf ckgfOPsf k|rngx¿ #!
%=# jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] df]6fdf]6L cg'dfg #@
%=$ lhNnfsf jftfj/0fLo k|efj cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿ #@
\ {
^= k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f #&
^=! :yfgLo lgsfo #&
^=@ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] lhlj; cfDbfgLdf lx:;f #*
^=# vf]nf / af6f]5]p pTvgg\ ug] >ldsx¿ #*
^=$ lkm/lkm/] pBf]u $)
^=% qm;/ pBf]ux¿ $!
^=^ 9'jfgLstf{x¿ $@
^=& 7]s]bf/x¿ $@
^=* Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ gLltut l6Kk0fL $@

{
&= 9'·f, lu§L / afn'jf pBf]u;“u ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿ $%
&=! :jfldTj / 7]Ssf lbg] clwsf/df bf]xf]/f]kgf / åGå $%
&=@ ljleGg l:ylt, Pp6} gLlt $%
&=# 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf ;DaGwL pBf]udf dflkmoftGq $^
&=$ Ifltk"lt{sf] ;jfn $^
&=% pBf]usf] ul/ad'vL cj:yfdf x«f; $^
&=^ g]kfnL 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] lgof{t ;Defjgf $^
&=& ;|f]t vf]nfx¿df ;+/If0f nufgL ug' {kg] cj:yf $&
&=* g]kfnL 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] u'0f:t/ $&
&=( pBf]usf] lbuf]kgf $&
\
*= ;'emfj÷l;kmfl/;x¿ $(
*=! g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj $(
*=@ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;'emfj $(
*=@=! ;fwf/0f ;'emfjx¿ $(
*=@=@ vf; ;'emfjx¿ %!
*=# lhlj;nfO{ yk ;'emfj %!
*=$ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] ;'/lIft pTvgg\ ug{ ;'emfj %!
*=% pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;'emfj %@
*=^ cGo ;'emfjx¿ %@
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ %#
cg';"rLx¿ %%
\
tflnsfx¿
@=! cWoog 6f]nLsf] cWoogsf] k|d'v p2]Zo vf; vf; aF'bfx¿af/]sf] a'emfO ^
#=! tYofÍ÷;"rgfsf nflu ;Dks{ ul/Psf ;+:yfx¿ !)
#=@ jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efj d"NofÍg !!
#=# Jofj;flos 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pTvgg\ d"No clej[lå >+vnfsf] sfo{;"rL !@
$=! ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf, hf]lvd / ;f]rfO emNsfpg] k|ToIf tflnsf !*
$=@ b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg, cfDbfgL / vr{sf] t'ngfdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf]
cfDbfgL / vr{ (%) !(
$=# g]kfn M :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ -;g\ @))!–@))&_
-;j} :yfgLo lgsfosf] hDdf_
@)

$=$ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL ;|f]tsf] agf]6 @!
$=% s}nfnL lhNnfsf] v'l6of vf]nfsf] 7]Ssf af]n saf]n laa/0f @$
$=^ dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf lhlj;n] /fh:j afF8\kmfF8 ug]{ tl/sf, cf=j= @)^^÷@)^& @&
$=& kfFr aif{ klxnf / clxn] 9'+uf, lu§L, afn'jfsf] d"No k|j[lQ @*
$=* lhNnf lhNnfaLrsf] km/s @(
%=! cWoog ePsf lhNnfx¿df jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] cg'dfg ##
%=@ lhNnf jftfj/0fLo cWoogx¿sf] ;f/f+z pknlAw #$
^=! ;'g;/L lhlj;sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgLsf] k|ltzt #&
^=@ lhlj;sf] s"n cfDbfgLdf 9'+uf, lu§L, afn'jfsf] k|ltzt #*
^=# lhlj;sf] s"n vr{df jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg vr{sf] k|ltzt #*
^=$ dsjfgk'/ lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ #(
^=% ?kGb]xL lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ #(
^=^ wflbË lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ #(
^=& ;'g;/L lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ $)
^=* xfn sfd ug]{ >ldsx¿sf] jflif{s cfDbfgL $)
^=( lkm/lkm/]sf] cy{zf:q $)
^=!)
cfwf/e"t pTkfbg / d"No;DaGwL kl/ldlt / cg'dfg -ljleGg ;fOhsf
qm;/sf] k|ltkmnsf nflu_ $!
^=!! ljleGg cfsf/k|sf/sf qm;/x¿af6 cfpg] k|ltkmn $!
^=!@ 9'jfgLdf tna vr{ -k|ltjif{_ $@
^=!# ^ kfª\u|] 6«s ;~rfngaf6 9'jfgL ubf{ x'g] jflif{s cfDbfgL / vr{sf] cg'dfg $#
*=! ;|f]t d"No tf]Sgfn] a9\g ;Sg] yk /fh:j %)
afs;x¿
$=! /f]d ;x/ hlQs} k'[/fgf] s/ Joj:yf @#
$=@ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf s/ k|0ffnL -l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] cg'ej_ @#
$=# l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] s/ v]tL kf]6nL (Package) @%
/]vf lrqx¿
$=! 9'+uf, lu§L, afn'jfsf] d"No clej[l4 >[+vnf dfkf+sg !(
$=@ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ -;g\ @))!–@))^_ @)
gS;f
#=! cWoog ul/Psf lhNnfx¿ b]vfOPsf] g]kfnsf] gS;f *

i
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
e"ldsf
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf / cGo vfgL ;|f]taf6 cfpg] k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ Kff}/fl0fs tyf
cfw'lgs b'j} } ;+;f/sf hux¿ x'g\ . ;+;f/sf ljleGg cfZro{hgs agf]6x¿ oL
;|f]tlagf ;Dea xF 'b}gYf] . tyflk, o; ;|f]t kl/rfngdf ePsf x]Nr]S|ofOFn] ljleGg
b]zx¿df dfgjLo tyf ef}lts ;DklQsf] ck"/0fLo Iflt klg ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnh:tf]
kxf8}kxf8 / vf]nfgfnfn] 9flsPsf] d'n'sdf 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] ckf/ ;|f]t 5,
h;sf] /fd|f] kl/rfng x'g ;s]df g]kfnsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4 rfF8} g} ;Dej
x'g;S5 . t/ xfn o;af/]df ;Gt'lnt ;f]rfO x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;df b'O{ k"/}
w| 'jLs[t ;f]rfO kfOG5g\ – klxnf]df jftfj/0fLo c;/ h] h:tf] ;'s} eP klg
o;sf] pkof]u u/L k};f sdfOxfnf} + eGg], / bf];|f] o;nfO{ k|fs[lts cj:yfdf g}
/xg lbg'k5{ / rnfpg' xF 'b}g eGg] .
o:tf] cj:yfdf Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;f]rfOsf] vfFrf] b]lvG5, h;n] b'O{ w' |jLo
;f]rfO– æl56f] / kmf]xf]/L -dgk/L_ pTvgg\\Æ / æpTvgg\\ g} gug]{Æ b'j}nfO{
æjftfj/0fLo ;fjwfgL / lgoGq0f;lxtsf] pTvgg\ \Æ n] k|lt:yfkg ug' {kg] { x'g;S5 .
o;sf nflu o; ljifodf cem /fd|f] / uxg cWoog x'g' h?/L 5 . xfnsf] of]
cWoog klg To;} k[i7e"lddf ;DkGg ul/Psf] ;dLIffTds cWoog xf] .
p2]Zo
o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xfn :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] 9'Ëf, lu§L, afn'jf / cGo
k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pTvgg\ \ / k|of]uaf6 /fh:j ;+sng ug] { qmddf ePsf
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx¿sf] cflwsfl/s k|df0f cyjf n]vfhf]vf
klxNofpg' xf] . To;kl5, o:tf k|df0fx¿sf cfwf/df :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ljQLo
;|f]t a9fpg] pko'Qm pkfox¿ l;kmfl/; ug] { xf] .

ii
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
cWoog ljlw
of] cWoog o; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|sfzg / k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIffaf6 ;'?
eof], h;sf] cfwf/df ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cWoognfO{ rflxg] cfjZos tYofÍx¿
hDdf ug{sf nflu k|ZgfjnLx¿ tof/ ul/of] . o; ljifo If]qnfO{ df]6fdf]6L?kdf
a'‰g / k|ZgfjnLx¿sf] :ynut k/LIf0f;d]t ug{sf nflu l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf]
b'O{ lbg] ko{j]If0f e|d0f ul/Psf] lyof] . d"n :ynut cWoogsf nflu % lhNnfx¿–
s}nfnL, ?kGb]xL, dsjfgk'/, wflbË / ;'g;/L 5flgPsf] lyof] . oL lhNnfx¿
5fGbf ef}uf]lns k|ltlglwTj / o; ljifoIf]qsf ljleGg d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] cfwf/
lnOPsf lyP . tL lhNnfx¿df o; ljifoIf]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;j} ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿–
pTvgg\ ug] {, 9'jfgL ug] {, k|zf]wg ug] {, pkof]u ug] { / /fh:j ;+sng ug] { cflb;Fu
e]6]/ pgLx¿;Fuaf6 ljleGg tYofÍ, ljrf/, ;Nnfxx¿ ;+sng ul/of] . x/]s
lhNnfsf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf ;j} ;DalGwt / ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm Pj+
clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fP/ sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿ klg ul/Psf] lyof] . uf]i7Lx¿df
o; ljifoIf]q;DaGwL tYofÍ / d'2fx¿df lj:t[t?kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
ltg} tYofÍ, ljrf/ / ;Nnfx ;'emfjx¿nfO{ gLltut lgisif{ lgsfNg / k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug{ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
/fh:j ;+sng / af“8kmf“8 Joj:yf
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ -lhlj;, uf=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf_
sf nflu ;g\ @))) b]lv dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t ePsf 5g\ . o:tf] x'gdf :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g, @)%% / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf 5 h;n] oL ;|f]tx¿dflysf] k"/} clwsf/ / :jfldTj :yfgLo lgsfonfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lhlj;n] 7]Ssf Joj:yfsf] k|of]u u/L 7]s]bf/dfkm{t\ o:tf] /fh:j
p7fO/x]sf 5g\ / o;sf] afF8kmfF8 ;j}nfO{ dfGo x'g] ;"qcg';f/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
lgodcg';f/ uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfx¿n] hDdf /fh:jsf] #% b]lv %) k|ltzt
kfpg] k|fjwfg 5 . ;fwf/0ftof ;j} uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfnfO{ Go"gtd a/fa/
efu lbg] / ;|f]t vf]nf ePsf, qm;/ pBf]u ePsf lgsfox¿nfO{ a9L ;|f]t
pknAw u/fpg] ;"q k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

iii
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
ha lghL If]qsf 7]s]bf/x¿ 7]Ssf lng OR5's x'Fb}gg\ tadfq lhlj;x¿n]
cdfgt Joj:yfcg';f/ cfkm}Fn] /fh:j ;+sng ub{5g\ . cdfgt Joj:yfcGtu{t
hlxn] klg sd /fh:j p7\g] x'gfn] of] Joj:yf lghL If]qn] lng gdfGbf dfq
k|of]u x'G5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, dsjfgk'/ lhNnf n] cf=j= @))(÷!) df ? *
s/]f8 !) nfv /fh:j 7]Ssf dfkm{t p7fof] eg], To; kl5sf] jif{df cdfgtaf6
p7fpFbf ! s/f]8 klg p7\g ;s]g . lu§L, afn'jfsf] lgof{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
@)^& k'; !* ut] -hgj/L @, @)!)_ sf] cfb]zcg';f/ aGb ul/Psf]n] lghL
If]qsf JolQmx¿ 7]Ssf lng pT;'s ePgg\ . ha xfn} o:tf] lgof{t lgif]w
x6fOof], lghL If]qsf oL 7]s]bf/x¿ km]l/ 7]Ssf lng pT;'s x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf]
5 .
cWoogsf] cfjZostf÷cf}lrTo
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;ldltn] lhlj;x¿nfO{ ;|f]t vf]nfx¿sf]
jftfj/0fLo cWoog (IEE/EIA) ug} {kg] { / o:tf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg of]hgf agfpg'kg] { afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;f] gu/L pgLx¿n]
pTvgg\ \ ug{, 7]Ssfk§f nufpg / lgof{t ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|fo
;j} of] pkIf]qdf sf/f]af/ ug] { lhNnfx¿n] o:tf] cWoog ;'? jf k"/f u/]sf 5g\ .
o; cWoogsf nflu 5flgPsf lhNnfx¿dWo] xfn;Dd ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] cWoog
k"/f x'g af+ FsL 5 .
lhlj;x¿n] jftfj/0fLo cWoog ubf{ u/fpFbf ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿ k|of]u
u/]sf] kfOof] . ;fy} lhNnfx¿sf] k|ltj]bgsf] u'0f:t/ km/s /x]sf] klg
kfOof] . s'g} lhNnfn] cfˆgf] k|fljlws k|of]u u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u/] eg],
c?n] aflx/L ;Nnfxsf/dfkm{t\ klg pQm sfd ;DdGg u/]sf 5g\ . jftfj/0fLo
cWoog ;DkGg / :jLs[t u/fpg] cjlw ;fwf/0ftof 8]9 -!=%_ jif{ nfUg]
b]lvPsf] 5 .

iv
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
:yfgLo lgsfosf] /fh:j cfDbfgLdf
9'·f, lu§L / afn'jfsf] dxŒj
;'g;/L lhNnfsf] pbfx/0faf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] tnsf] tflnsfn] lhlj;sf] cfDbfgLdf
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] slt dxŒj /x]5 eGg] bzf{pF5 .
tnsf] tflnsfcg';f/ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgLsf] lx:;f s"n ;|f]t k|of]u
s/sf] #@=% k|ltztb]lv $)=% k|ltzt /Xof] . To;}u/L lhNnfsf] s"n Ohfht
z'Nssf] *& b]lv ((=( k|ltzt /Xof] . lhlj;sf] s"n laqmLaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf]
(@=^ k|ltztb]lv (*=! k|ltzt /Xof]Ù s"n cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf] !&=! k|ltztb]lv
#^=! k|ltzt /Xof] / s"n lhlj; cfDbfgLsf] #=^ k|ltztb]lv &=& k|ltzt /Xof] .
oL tYofÍx¿n] s] b]vfpF5g\ eg] :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgLdf 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jfsf] lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 .
t/fO{ If]qdf kg] { lhlj;x¿n] lgof{t z'Ns ;d]t c;"n u/]/ kxf8L lhNnfx¿
eGbf a9L cfDbfgL lng ;Ifd eP . kxf8L lhNnfx¿df dsjfgk'/ lhNnfn] dfq
lgof{taf6 cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf] kfOof] . ;aeGbf a9L 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6
cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf] lhlj; ?kGb]xL xf] . o; lhNnfn] ] jflif{s @@ s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Dd
cfDbfgL u/]sf] kfOof] . dsjfgk'/ / t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿n] s"n pTkfbgsf] ()
k|ltzteGbf a9L ef/tdf lgof{t u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfpg] /fh:j
-;'g;/L lhNnfsf] s"n /fh:j;Fu bfFlhPsf] glthf_
afn'jf, lu§L, ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ a[l4b/
9'·f @))^÷)& @))&÷)* @))*÷)( @))(÷!) ;g\
jf:tljs jf:tljs cg'dfg cg'dfg @))^÷)& –
@))(÷!)
;|f]t k|of]udf s/ -Ü_ #@=% #$=* #*=% $)=$ @=*
Ohfht z'Ns -Ü_ (^=& *&=) (#=$ ((=( !=#
s"n las|Lsf] -Ü_ (@=^ ($=% (^=$ (*=! !=*
s"n cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf] -Ü_ !&=! @!=$ @^=^ #^=! ^=@
s"n cfDbfgLsf] -Ü_ %=! &=& ^=& #=^ –)=%

\
v
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
:yfgLo lgsfosf] cfDbfgL / jftfj/0fLo vr{
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] s"n cfDbfgL / jftfj/0fLo vr{sf] b]zel/sf] df]6fdf]6L
cg'dfg ug{ xfn cWoog ul/Psf % lhNnfx¿sf] hDdf c+znfO{ $ n] u'0ff ubf{
em08} ldNg cfpF5, lsgeg] !% j6f t/fO{sf lhNnf -wg'iff, /f}tx6, ;Kt/L, bfË
/ s~rgk'/afx]s_ / * kxf8L lhNnfx¿ -l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sfe| ]knf~rf]s, eQmk'/,
sf7df8f+ }, wflbË, g'jfsf]6, sf:sL, pbok'/_ n] dfq o;sf] Jofkfl/s txdf
sf/f]jf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . cWoogsf] nflu 5flgPsf % lhNnfx¿af6 cf=j= ;g\
@))*÷)( df @^ s/f]8 *) nfv ?k}ofF s/ p7fOPsf] lx;faaf6 g]kfnel/sf]
cg'dfg ! ca{ & s/f]8 ?k}ofF x'g cfpF5 . o; pkIf]q;Fu cfa4 pBf]ukltx¿sf]
cg'dfgcg';f/ pgLx¿n] jifl] {g @ ca{ %) s/f]8 ?k}ofF s/ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{
a'emfpF5g\, h'g cln a9fO{r9fO{ eg]h:tf] b]lvG5 .
jflif{s jftfj/0fLo x«f;sf] cg'dfg @) s/f]8 ^) nfv ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] ul/Psf]
5, h'g cfDbfgLsf] !* k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . oxfF Wofg lbg'kg] { Pp6f s'/f s] 5
eg], jftfj/0fLo x«f; s]xL jif{cl3;Dd w]/} lyof], t/ clxn] ljleGg k|efjsf/L
pkfox¿ h:t}– lu§L, afn'jf 5f]k]/ cf];f/k;f/ ug] {, kfgL emfb} { afn'jf cf];f/k;f/
ug{ gkfOg], OToflbn] ubf{ xfnsf jif{x¿df jftfj/0fLo x«f; sd x' Fb} uPsf] 5 .
cWoogaf6 Pp6f s'/f s] cfPsf] 5 eg], x/]s lhNnfsf] l:ylt km/s km/s 5 .
To;}n] x/]s lhNnfnfO{ ToxfFsf] ljlzi6 j:t'l:yltcg';f/ 5'§} lx;fan] lnOg'
kb{5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, dsjfgk'/, s}nfnL / ;'g;/Lsf w]/} vf]nfx¿df sd
pTvgg\ \sf sf/0f vf]nfsf] a]8 -;tx_ prfO{ a9]/ af9Laf6 x'g;Sg] gf]S;fgL a9L
x' Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ?kGb]xL / ;'g;/L lhNnfsf s]xL vf]nfx¿df a9L pTvgg\
ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] ;]ptL vf]nfdf ePsf] a9L pTvgg\ \n] sf]zL
/fhdfu{sf] Pp6f k'n vt/fdf k/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] eg], ;j} lhNnfx¿nfO{ Pp6} gh/n] x]/L gLltut lg0f{ox¿ ug] {
u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Ps lhNnf -pbok'/ lhNnf_ df ePsf]
jftfj/0fLo x«f;nfO{ x]/L To;s} cfwf/df ;j} lhNnfaf6 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf
lgof{t lgif]w ul/g' xf] . of] cWoogn] k'li6 ug{ vf]h]sf] tYo s] xf] eg] 9'Ëf, lu§L
/ afn'jfsf] 3/]n' pkof]u / lgof{t kmfObfhgs x'g;S5, t/ o;nfO{ jftfj/0fLo

vi
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
lx;fan] lgoGq0fsf pkfo cjnDag u/L ug{ ;lsG5 . of] cWoogn] xfnsf]
lgif]lwt lgof{t t'?Gt km'sfpg'kg] { l;kmfl/; ub{5 . t/ o;f] ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;ldltn] eg]sf] jftfj/0fLo cWoog / Joj:yfkgnfO{ eg] gsfg{
ldNb}g .
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] 7fpFx¿df g]kfnsf] blIf0f / k"j{sf
;Ldfkf/sf ef/tLo /fHox¿ pQ/f~rn, pQ/ k|b]z, laxf/ / klZrd a+ufn x'g\ .
o:tf] lgof{t % b]lv !) jif{;Dd ug{;Sg] b]lvG5 -ha;Dd ef/tLo a|f]8u]h /]Nj]
nfOg g]kfn ;Ldf;Dd lj:tfl/t x' Fb}g_ . g]kfnL ;Ldf;Dd a|f]8u]h /]Nj] nfOg
lj:tfl/t ePdf g]kfnL 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfn] ef/tLo pTkfbg;Fu d"No / u'0f:t/
b'j}df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . clxn];Dd g]kfnL 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf g]kfn ;Ldfaf6
ef/tsf] %) b]lv !%) lsnf]ld6/ leqdf ;Lldt 5 . olb g]kfnn] 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jf lgof{t ug' { 5 eg], pTvgg\ \sf nflu xft] k|ljlwaf6 dfq ;Dej x'g]
b]lvFb}g . o;sf nflu oflGqs -d]sflgsn_ zlQmsf] k|of]u h?/L x'G5 . t/
oflGqs k|ljlwn] ul/ax¿sf] /f]huf/Ldf c;/ kg] { x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/L
;'/Iffsf nflu s]xL 7fpF 5'6\ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] 7fpF ;fwf/0ftof
vf]nfsf] wf/ (Gradient) a9L ePsf] 7fpFdf 5'6\ofpg' pko'Qm x'G5, lsgeg] wf/
a9L ePsf] 7fpFdf oflGqs k|ljlwsf] pkof]u gf]S;fgbfoL x'g;S5 .
;|f]tsf] d"No
clxn];Dd jgsf] dWojtL{ -akm/_ If]qdf afx]s d'Vo ;|f]tsf] d"No sfod ul/Psf]
5}g / vfln s/ kf]i6af6 u'h|g] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf af]s]sf 6«s tyf l6«k/x¿af6
s/ c;"nLdfq ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;|f]tsf] jf:tljs pTvgg\ \ h;n] hlt dfqfdf klg
l;Q} + ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pTvgg\ \ k|ljlwdf lgoGq0f x'g g;sL jftfj/0fLo
k|efj g/fd|f] eO/x]sf] 5 . o;y{, of] cWoogn] ;|f]tsf] d"No tf]Sg l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
5, h'g ;'?df yf]/} dfq eP klg :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgL a9fpg] Pp6f
/fd|f] cltl/Qm ;|f]t x'g;S5 . o:tf] ;|f]tsf] d"No tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% df klg ul/Psf] 5, t/ of] k|fjwfgsf] k|of]u s]xL
k|zf;lgs cK7\Øf/fx¿n] ubf{ /fd|f];Fu pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . csf] {, ;|f]t– d"Nosf]

\
vii
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
pkof]u gug' {sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg], lhlj; / pBf]ukltx¿ 7fGb5g\ ls xfnsf] s/
Joj:yfdf ;|f]t–d"No ;d]t ;lDdlnt 5 / yk ;|f]t–d"No nufpg' g]kfnsf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds IfdtfnfO{ x«f; u/fpg' a/fa/ x'G5 . t/ ;|f]t–d"No tf]Sg' cfjZos
5, a? ;'?df yf]/} ;|f]t d"No - h:t} %) k};f k|lt So'ljs lkm6_ /fv]/ k|lt:kwf{Tds
IfdtfnfO{ w]/} sdhf]/ gkfg] { Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . To;} klg 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jfdf sfd ug] { k|foM ;j} d"No clea[l4>[ +vnf (Value Chain) df cfDbfgL
k|z:t ePsfn] yf]/} ;|f]tsf] d"Non] w]/} km/s kg] { 5}g . ;|f]tsf] d"No pTvgg\
Ohfht (Permit) sf] ?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds 7]Ssfsf] ?kdf lbg pko'Qm x'G5 /
jftfj/0f cWoogaf6 tf]lsPsf If]qx¿df kl/df0f / pTvgg\ \ ljlw tf]s]/ Ohfht
lbg'kg] { x'G5 . ;|f]t–d"No tf]s]kl5 Pp6f lhNnfn] sDtLdf klg !^ nfv ?k}ofF yk
/fh:j xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
nfut / cfDbfgL
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ \, k|zf]wg, cf];f/ k;f/ cflb ;j} dxTjk"0f{ >[ +vnfsf
sfdx¿df cfDbfgL lgs} /fd|f] b]lvG5 . vf]nfdf xft}n] 9'Ëf s'6\g] ul/ax¿afx]s
c? ;j}sf] nfutsf] t'ngfdf /fd|f] cfDbfgL 5 . o; pBf]uaf6 pBf]ukltx¿nfO{
eGbf klg b]z / ;dfhnfO{ cfDbfgL a9L 5, t;y{ /fHon] o:tf] pBf]unfO{
k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . ljleGg ;fOhsf qm;/x¿sf] cfGtl/s k|ltkmn b/ (IRR)
tn lbOPsf] 5 M
of] Joj;fo w]/}
gfkmfhgs eP/ g} o;df
dflkmoftGq k;]sf] 5
eGg'df cTo'lQm x'Fb}g .
a9L dflkmoftGq ePsf
lhNnfx¿df af/f, ;'g;/L,
dsjfgk'/, slknj:t' /
s}nfnL kb{5g\ .
ljleGg ;fOhsf qm;/ pBf]usf] cfGtl/s k|ltzt
pBf]u ljQLo cfGtl/s ;fdflhs cfGtl/s
k|ltkmn (FIRR) k|ltkmn (EIRR)
;fgf] qm;/ &$=$ *&=#
dWod qm;/ &@=! !!)=&
7"nf] qm;/ &^=) ()=@
7"nf] l8lh6n qm;/ &&=) ()=%

viii
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
vf]nfsf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 hlt lhNnfx¿n] cfDbfgL u/]sf 5g\, To;sf]
sl/a #) k|ltzt vf]nf lgoGq0f ug{ / Joj;foaf6 jftfj/0fLo b'ik|efj em]Ng'
k/]sfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]df xfn;Dd To;sf] clnslt c+z
klg o:tf] sfo{df vr{ ul/Psf] 5}g . s]xL tf/hfnL / cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ vf]nf
lgoGq0fsf nflu clgof]lht tl/sfn] afFl8G5g\, t/ o; Joj:yfsf] nfe x'g]vfg]n]
dfq} kfPsf] b]lvG5 . dsjfgk'/, ;'g;/L / ?kGb]xL lhlj;x¿n] ev{/}b]lv s]xL
ah]6 o; p2]Zosf nflu 5'6\ofpg yfn]sf 5g\, t/ of] /sd cfDbfgLsf] ! b]lv
!% k|ltzt;Dd dfq 5 .
vf]nf lgoGq0fdf vr{sf] k|efjsf ;DaGwdf o:tf] nufgL ev{/b]lv / yf]/} dfqfdf
ePsfn] o:tf] nfufgLsf] c;/ vf; b]lvg] a]nf ePsf] 5}g . lhlj;x¿sf] d"n
k|fyldstf xfn ;8s lgdf{0f ePsfn] vf]nf lgoGq0fsf nflu ah]6 5'6\ofOP klg
o:tf] ah]6 ;8s lgdf{0fdf /sdfGt/ gxf]nf eGg ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g .
jftfj/0f cWoog k|ltj]bgcg';f/ s}nfnL lhNnfdf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu
!@ nfv *) xhf/ ?k}ofF nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] t'ngfdf 7]Ssfaf6
p7\g ;Sg] /sd sl/a ^@ nfv ?k}ofF x'g] cg'dfg 5 . t;y{, jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg
vr{ cfDbfgLsf] sl/a @! k|ltzt x'g] / sl/a !,))) -Ps xhf/_ JolQmn] jflif{s
/f]huf/L kfpg ;Sb5g\ . jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgcGtu{tsf sfo{x¿df gbL lgoGq0f,
vf]nf 5]pdf ?v /f]Kg], k'nd'lg lgsf; Joj:yfkg ug] { cflb kb{5g\ . t;y{
:yfgLo lgsfox¿n] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 lgs} rf]vf] cfDbfgL xfl;n ug{;Sg]
;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
of] cWoogn] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ \, k|of]u / lgof{t g]kfnsf nflu /fd|f]
x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] 5, t/ o; pBf]usf] jftfj/0fLo k|efjaf/] /fd|f] cg'udg eg]
x'g'kb{5 . x/]s vf]nfsf] nflu :yfgLo …vf]nf jf8] {gÚx¿ lgo'Qm ul/g' kb{5, h;n]
vf]nfdf eO/x]sf u}/sfg'gL sfo{x¿sf] tTsfn} lhNnf sld6LnfO{ l/kf]6{ ug] {5g\ .
cg'udgdf ePsf] vr{nfO{ vf]nfaf6 cfDbfgL ePsf] dWo]sf] lkmtL{ nufgL (Plough
- back investment) 7fGg' kb{5 . o;n] dfq of] pkIf]qaf6 lbuf]¿kdf cfDbfgL
lng ;lsG5 . of] pkIf]qsf] jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] plrt 9+uaf6 pTvgg\ \, pkof]u
/ lgof{t ug{ ;lsof] eg] b]znfO{ w]/} kmfObf x'g;Sg] y'k| } k|df0fx¿ lbg ;lsG5 .
h:t} M

ix
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
s_ vf]nf jf ;8s 5]pdf sfd ug] { ul/a sfdbf/afx]s o; pkIf]qsf] d"No
clej[l4 >[ª\vnfdf sfd ug] { ;j}sf] jflif{s cfDbfgL ;Defjgf w]/} a9L 5,
v_ pBf]u ;~rfnsx¿nfO{ eGbf ;dfh / b]znfO{ o; pkIf]qaf6 a9L nfe
eO/x]sf] 5,
u_ s}nfnL lhNnfsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 x'G5 ls o; pkIf]qaf6 cfDbfgL ;Defjgf
;+efljt jftfj/0fLo x|f;eGbf em08} % u'gf a9L x'g;S5,
3_ pTvgg\ \af6 vf]nfsf] ;tx lgoGq0f u/L af9L klx/f]sf] ;DefjgfnfO{ 36fpg
klg ;lsG5, /
ª_ o; pkIf]qaf6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLn] b]zsf] sl/a Ps ltxfO :yfgLo lgsfox¿n]
dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgLo ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
o; pBf]udf pRr k|ljlw / oflGqsLs/0f al9/x]sf]n] lxhf]cfh sd ul/ad'vL
e}/x]sf] 5 . To;}n], ;/sf/n] o; pBf]usf] cfDbfgLaf6 c? ul/ad'vL sfdx¿
u/fpg' kb{5 . t/ pTkfbg / lgof{t j[l4sf nflu oflGqsLs/0f h?/L x'G5 .
lsgeg] >d–ann] dfq of] sfd x'g ufx|f] 5 . lsgls, To;} klg xfn >d
pknlAw 3l6/x]sf] / Hofnfb/ al9/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] ef/t lgof{tnfO{ 5f]6f] / dWod cjlwsf] cj;/ 7fGg'kb{5 .
lsgeg] o;af6 v]/ uO/]x]sf] ;|f]taf6 cfDbfgL k|fKt x'G5 Ù a|f]8u]h /]n g]kfn
;Ldf;Dd cfP kl5 of] cj;/ u'D5Ù laxf/sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ 36]kl5 ef/tsf]
cfoft dfu klg 36\b5 . t;y{, xfn lgif]w ul/Psf] lgof{tnfO{ t'?Gt km'sfpg'kb{5 .
o;n] b]znfO{ jif] {lg em08} ! ca{ %) s/f]8 ?k}ofF gf]S;fg kl//x]sf] 5 .
lgof{t ubf{ ;f]em} sRrf kbfy{ lgof{t gu/L b]zleq} ;s];Dd w]/} d"No a9fP/,
k|zf]wg u/L lgof{t ug' {kb{5 .
cWoog ul/Psf % lhNnfx¿af6 jif] {lg @^ s/f]8 *) nfv ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] 7]Ssf
s/ / lgof{t z'Ns p7]sf] 5 . o; lx;fan] g]kfnel/sf] s/ / z'Ns ! ca{ &
s/f]8 ?k}ofF Iflt x'g cfpF5 . #) k|ltzt jftfj/0fLo vr{ 5'6\ofPkl5 afFsL &$
s/f]8 ?k}ofF ljsf; sfo{df vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

x
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;'/lIft tj/af6 pTvgg\ \ ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0f
xfn pTvgg\ \ eO/x]sf] kl/df0feGbf w]/} x'g;Sg] b]vfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0f:j?k,
s}nfnL lhNnfsf] k|ltj]bgn] xfn pTvgg\\ e}/x]sf] eGbf #) k|ltzt a9\tf
pTvgg\ \ x'g;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 . s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf pTvgg\ \ gugf{n] af9Lsf] a9L
k|sf]k ePsf] / k'nnfO{ vt/f h:t} nf]y/ vf]nf a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
o;afx]s pTvgg\ \ gu/]/ ePsf] gf]S;fgL klg csf] { dxTjk"0f{ 3f6f xf] .
d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿
o; cWoogn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf d'Vo a' Fbfx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ M
s_ g]kfn ;/sf/
u}/sfg'gL pTvgg\ \ sfo{ lgoGq0f ug{ s8f sfg'g agfpg] / To;nfO{
k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 sfof{Gjog ug] { .
:yfgLo dfusf nflu klg sf]6f Joj:yf ug] { .
k|lt PsfO cf];f/k;f/ d"No sd ug{ ;8sx¿sf] l8hfOg–:t/ a9fpg] .
v_ :yfgLo lgsfo
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ \, k|zf]wg, cf];f/k;f/ / laqmL, ljt/0fsf]
/fd|f] cg'udg ug] { -cg'udgdf :yfgLo JolQm÷;+:yfx¿ klg ;xefuL
u/fpg] / …vf]nf jf8] {gÚx¿sf] Joj:yf ug] {_ .
o; Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLsf] sl/a #) k|ltzt vf]nf lgoGq0f
sfo{df / jftfj/0fLo b'ik|efj k/]sfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbgsf nflu 5'6\ofpg] .
vf]nfsf] clwsf/ If]q (Right of Way) 5'6\ofpg] / jftfj/0f cWoog
k|ltj]bgn] cf} +NofPsf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjog ug] { .
vf]nfdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL ;fdflhs kl/rfng
ug]{ .
;|f]tsf] d"No tf]Sg] / k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df pTvgg\ \ Ohfht lbg] .

xi
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
u_
pBf]uLx¿
pBf]uaf6 jftfj/0fLo b'ik|efj kg{;Sg] :yfgLo ;d'bfo / ul/ax¿nfO{
;xof]u ug] { .
sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;'/Iff–;fwgx¿ pknAw u/fpg] / aLdf Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
:yfgLo ahf/sf] dfusf nflu s]xL pTkfbg 5'6\ofpg] .
3_ cGo ;'emfj÷l;kmfl/;x¿
s'g} klg gbL vf]nfsf] Pstkm{af6 dfq pTvgg\ \ gug] { .
pTvgg\ \ ubf{ tf]lsPsf k|fljlws l;4fGtx¿sf] pNnª\3g gug] { .
o; cWoogdf x'g uPsf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug] { x]t'n] o:t}
p2]Zosf] csf] { lj:t[t / nfdf] cjlwsf] cWoog ug] {, h;n] o; pkIf]qsf]
k"/} jflif{s rqm (annual cycle) sf] ;"rgf lbg ;sf];\ .

1
e"ldsf
e"ldsf
1
!=! kl/ro
g]kfn vlghafx]ssf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿df wgL 5
eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . oL ;|f]tx¿dWo] 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jf klg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
P]g, @)%% / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ n] oL k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] :jfldTj / oL
;|f]tx¿af6 /fh:j xfl;n ug] { kl/rfng ljlwx¿
:ki6 kf/]kl5 oL ;|f]tx¿ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] /fh:j
;|f]tsf dxTjk"0f{ c+z ePsf 5g\ . o;n]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfwf/df :jfoQ clwsf/;DkGg
:yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ o:tf ;|f]taf6 /fh:j
kl/rfng u/L cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf; ug] {, ul/aL
36fpg] / ;xeflutfTds ;fd'bflos ljsf; k|j4{ {g
ug] {h:tf cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f / cem a9\bf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
sfo{qmdx¿n] b]zleq g} 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] dfunfO{
a9fPsf] 5 eg] vf;u/L g]kfnsf ;Ldf;Fu hf]l8Psf
l5d]sL b]z ef/tsf /fHox¿af6 ;d]t cfPsf] cfoft
sf]6fn] ubf{ oL ;|f]tx¿sf] dxTj emg\ a9fPsf 5g\ .
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf xfn g]kfndf vf]nfleq / vf]nf
5]paf6 lgsfNg] / pRr :t/Lo k|zf]wg ljlwaf6
k|zf]wg ul/Psf] ;fdfg clGtd pkef]Qmf (End User)
:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
hn;|f]t g]kfnsf] k|d'v k|fs[lts ;Dkbf xf] . g]kfndf
sl/a ^ xhf/ gbL gfnfx¿ 5g\, h;sf] s"n nDafO
sl/a $% xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ 5 . oL gbLgfnfx¿sf]
s"n lgsf; If]q ! nfv (! xhf/ ju{lsnf]ld6/ 5
/ o;dWo] g]kfndf &$ k|ltzt If]q kb{5 . jflif{s
aUg] axfj cfotg (Run off volume) sl/a !&)
c/a So'ljs ld6/ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . oL
gbLgfnfx¿sf] le/fnf]kgf sd ePsf] 7fpFdf 9'Ëf /
afn'jfx¿ hDdf x'G5g\ . oL k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ g]kfndf
k|z:t 5g\ . oL ;|f]tx¿ g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu
dxŒjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5g\ .
t/ ljutdf o:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pTvgg\ \ k|lqmof
k|foM c;'/lIft / u}/sfg'gL tl/sfaf6 x'g] ub{Yof] .
g]kfndf vf]nfleqaf6 ;f]em} sRrfkbfy{ lgsfNg
lgif]w ul/Ptf klg plrt cg'udgsf] cefjdf o:tf]
c;'/lIft pTvgg\ \ k|lqmof sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf kfOg] afn'jfdf dfOsfsf] dfqf rflxg]eGbf
a9L ePtf klg ;fwf/0ftof /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] ePsf]
dflgPsf] 5 .
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf vf]nfx¿df slt kfOG5 / slt
;'/lIft tj/n] pTvgg\ \ / k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
e/kbf] { tYofÍsf] cefj 5 . s]xL cWoogx¿n] o:tf]

\
2
e"ldsf
dfqf cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\, t/ tL tYofÍx¿nfO{ e/kbf] {
dfGg ;lsGg . o:tf] tYofÍ ;j} ;Defljt
vf]nfx¿sf] jftfj/0fLo cWoog k"/f eP kl5 cfpg]
laZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .
!=@
/fh:j dfqf / jftfj/0fLo
Ifosf] cg'dfg
9'Ëf, lu§L, afn'jfaf6 cfpg] /fh:j :yfgLo
lgsfox¿sf] ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ePtf
klg o;sf] xfn k|rlnt pTvgg\ \, k|zf]wg / 9'jfgL
ug] { ljlwn] ubf{ w]/} cjf~5gLo jftfj/0fLo k|efjx¿
k/]sf] klg kfOG5 . To;}n] o:tf] pTvgg\ \, k|zf]wg,
las|Laf6 b]znfO{ ;du|df kmfObf 5 ls 3f6f 5
eGg] s'/f PsLg ug{ ufx|f] ePsf]n] o; lsl;dsf]
cWoog k|:tfj u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds 7]Ssf k|lqmofaf6
of] cWoog ;DkGg ul/Psf] xf] .
clxn];Dd pTvgg\\, k|zf]wg, 9'jfgL / lgof{tdf
b]lvPsf cjfl~5t jftfj/0fLo k|efjx¿ lgDg
cg';f/ b]lvPsf 5g\ M
qm;/ pBf]uglhssf j:tLx¿df w"nf] / cfjfh
k|b"if0fn] k'¥ofPsf hg:jf:Yout ljs[ltx¿
pTvgg\ \sf unt k|ljlwx¿n] ubf{ ePsf pTvgg\
sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] d[To' jf ckfËtf
;f]em} vf]nfaLr ePsf] pTvgg\ \n] ubf{ vf]nfsf]
tx ulx/f] x'g uO{ l;+rfO Joj:yfdf k/]sf] b'ik|efj
vfN6f] agfO{ pTvgg\ \ ul/Fbf o:tf vfN6f]df k/L
dfgj tyf kz'x¿sf] d[To' ePsf 36gfx¿
a9L pTvgg\ \ / r'/] of r'/]glhs pTvgg\ \ eP/
af9L / klx/f] a9L eO/x]sf] cj:yf
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf unt tl/sfn] cf];f/ k;f/
ubf{ ;8s / ;8s j/Lkl/sf] If]qdf k/]sf]
k|efj . lr;f] afn'jfnfO{ kfgL / afn'jf v;fNb}
v'nf cf];f/ k;f/ ugf{n] ;j} eGbf a9L af6f]nfO{
Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 36gfx¿ kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
lu§L, afn'jfnfO{ g5f]kL cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ ;8s
5]p 5fpsf j:tLx¿df w"nf] k|b"if0f a9]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t
;ldltn] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] cf];f/k;f/af6
%&) ls=ld= ;8s / w]/} k'nx¿ k|efljt ePsf]
/ o;sf] ;'wf/sf nflu sl/a !! c/a ?k}ofF
nfUg] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ o; pkIf]qsf
pBdLx¿ of] tYofÍ dfGg t}of/ 5}gg\ . lsgeg],
c? klg w]/} 7"nf uf8Lx¿ ltg} ;8sdf rln/x]sf
5g\ . xfn}sf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ ;aeGbf a9L
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf cf];f/k;f/ x'g] ;8sx¿ -
bf]nfn3f6, sf7df8f}+, yfgsf]6 / dn]v'_ df
o:tf ;fdfg af]Sg] 7"nf uf8Lsf] k|ltzt @&
/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf ljleGg d'No clej[l4
>[ +vnf (Value chain) df gfkmfsf] k|ltzt a9L
ePsfn] o;df ck/fwLs/0f / 3';vf]/Lsf] dfqf
a9\b} uPsf] cg'ej klg ul/Psf] 5 . csf{tkm{
oL ;|f]tx¿sf] pTvgg\ \ gugf{n] k/]sf k|efjx¿
klg sd dxTjk"0f{ 5}gg\
pTvgg\ \ gugf{n] lrtjgsf] nf]y/, dsjfgk'/sf]
dgx/L / r'l/of k'nx¿ 6flng uO{ oL k'nx¿
af9Ln] n}hfg] vt/f lgs} a9L ePsf] 5
pTvgg\ \ gugf{n] vf]nfx¿sf] ;tx a9]/ l5d]ssf
afnL / hUufdf af9Lsf] k|efj jif] {lg a9\b} uPsf]
klg kfOPsf] 5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, @)%( ;fnsf]
?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] ltgfp gbLdf cfPsf] af9Ln]
a'6jn If]qsf] bfp/] 6f]n k"/} aufO{ ;of} + JolQmsf]
d[To' / s/f]8f} + ;DklQsf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . t/
kl5 pTvgg\ \dfkm{t\ vf]nf ulx/f] ePkl5 @)^%
;fndf cfPsf] @)%( ;fnsf] eGbf 7"nf] af9L
a'6jn gu/kflnsfleq k:g ;s]g
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pTvgg\ las|L, lgof{taf6
p7fPsf] /fh:jaf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/af6 k|fKt sd cg'bfgsf] kl/k| ]Iodf klg
a9L :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{s|dx¿ ug{ ;Ifd ePsf
5g\ .

{
{
{
3
e"ldsf
o;sf] ;f/f+z s] xf] eg], pTvgg\ / k"0f{ ;+/If0fsf
cf– cfˆgf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds kIfx¿ 5g\
/ oL kIfx¿ ljz]if cj:yf cg';f/ leGg leGg
(Context specific) 5g\ . To;}n] Pp6} :yfgsf] cj:yf
x]/L ;j} 7fpFdf Ps} k|sf/sf] gLlt, lgod nfu" ug'
pko'Qm x' +b}g .
dfly pNn]lvt ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf]
ef/sf ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd lj:t[t cWoog gePsfn]
o:tf] cWoog u/L o; pkIf]qnfO{ s;/L b]zsf] kmfObfsf]
nflu pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df of] cWoog
s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 .
!=# d'Vo d'2fx¿
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pkIf]q (Sub Sector) df :jfldTj,
pTvgg\ \, k|of]u, laqmL, lgof{t / gLlt;DaGwL w]/}
d'2fx¿ 5g\ h'g o; cWoogn] ;dfwfg ug] { af6fx¿
lgSof] {n ug' {kg] { x'G5 . d'Vo d'2fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
:jfldTj / pTvgg\ ug{ 7]s]bf/ lgo'lQm s;n]
ug] { eGg] Joj:yfdf bfxf]/f]kg / åGb /xg'
a9L pTvgg\ \ / unt tl/sfn] ul/g] pTvgg\ \n]
kg] { jftfj/0fLo b'ik|efa kg'
ljutsf] lgof{t–lgif]wn] kf/]sf] cfly{s k|efj
lhNnf lhNnfsf] aLrdf 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
pNvgg\, 9'jfgL, s/ k|0ffnLx¿df Ps ¿ktf 5
ls 5}g <
vf]nf÷;8s 5]pdf sfd ug] { ul/a sfdbf/x¿
k|ljlw ljsf;sf sf/0fn] lj:yflkt ePsf 5g\
ls 5}gg\ <
pTvgg\ \ / 7]Ssf Joj:yf lgoGq0fsf lx;fan]
If]q tf]Sg] / ;f] cg';f/ cg'udg ug] { Joj:yf
eP÷gePsf] <
ljutdf ePsf] lgof{t—lgif]wn] of] pBf]u /
b]znfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf¥of] <
a9L pTvgg\ \ / unt tl/sfn] ul/Psf] pTvgg\ \sf]
s:tf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 <
o; pBf]u÷pkIf]qdf dflkmoftGqsf] k|efj s:tf]
5 <
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] 9'jfgL Joj:yfn] ;8sx¿df
k/] ]sf] k|efj s:tf] 5 <
o; pBf]usf ljleGg sfo{x¿af6 3f6f a]xf]g'
k/]sf JolQm÷;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf
s:tf] 5 <
o; pkIf]q cGtu{t\ k|of]u ePsf gbL÷
vf]nfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf slQsf] nufgL e}/x]sf]
5 <
oL k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] d"NofÍg / d"No tf]Sg]
Joj:yf jf:tljs cfwf/df / ;fdflhs /
;Defljt jftfj/0fLo x|f; cg';f/ ePsf] 5 ls
5}g <
o; pkIf]qaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL ;dfg'kflts
lx;fjn] ljt/0f ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pBf]uaf6 s;n] a9L kmfObf
lnPsf] 5 / s;n] a9L 3f6f a]xf]g' { k/]sf] 5 <
s] of] ;|f]tsf] pTvgg\ \ Joj:yfsf] lgoGq0fsf
nflu /fd|f] cg'udg Joj:yf 5 <
s] of] If]qsf] jf:tljs d"NofÍgsf nflu e/kbf{
tYofÍ÷;"rgfx¿ pknAw 5g\ <
s] o; pBf]uaf6 ePsf jftfj/0fLo x|f;x¿sf]
oy]i6 Ifltk"lt{ ePsf] 5 <
xfnsf] pTvgg\ \ Joj:yf slQsf] lbuf] 5 < s]
eljiodf o; ;|f]tsf nflu vfgL Joj:yf
(Quarry) df hfg'kg] { cfjZostf x'g;S5 <
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] xfn / eljiosf] ahf/
;Defjgf -3/]n' / lgof{t_ s:tf] 5 <
o; pkIf]qdf Jofkf/sf nflu k|ltikwf{Tds l:ylt
s:tf] 5 <
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ \,
gbL÷vf]nfdf 7"nf d]l;g÷pks/0fsf] k|of]u /
lgof{taf/] s;/L ;f]lr/x]sf 5g\

4
e"ldsf
!=$ cWoogsf] dxŒj
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pkIf]q (SG&S Sub- Sector)
b]znfO{ k|fKt x'g;Sg] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] lx;fan]
jf b]zn] a]xf]g' {kg] { jftfj/0fLo Ifltsf] lx;fan] s]
s:tf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] uxg cWoog / d"NofÍg
ePsf] 5}g . To;}n] o; pkIf]qsf] tYoaf]wsf nflu
/fd|f] cWoogsf] vf‘ Frf] dx;'; ul/Psf] lyof] . h;n]
o; pkIf]qaf6 cfpg ;Sg] cfDbfgL, Joj:yfkg
kIf, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo k|efjx¿sf] /fd|f]
d"NofÍg / ljZn]if0f u/L cfjZos 7f]; gLltut /
cGo ;'wf/ ug' {kg] { kIfx¿ cf} +Nofpg], /fd|f kIfx¿sf]
lj:tf/ ug] { / g/fd|f kIfx¿ sd ub} { n}hfg] ;'emfjx¿
k|:t't ug{ ;sf];\ .

5
e"ldsf
2
cWoogsf p2]Zox¿
o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xfn :yfgLo lgsfox¿n]
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf / cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf]
pTvgg\ \ / k|of]u u/L /fh:j ;Íng ug] { qmddf
ePsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo k|efjx¿sf]
cfly{s k|df0f cyjf n]vfhf]vf klxNofpg' xf] .
To;sf cltl/Qm o:tf k|df0fx¿sf cfwf/df :yfgLo
lgsfox¿sf] ljQLo ;|f]t a9fpg] pko'Qm pkfox¿
l;kmfl/; ug] { xf] .
a' Fbfut lx;fan] o; cWoogsf p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/
5g\ M
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] pTvgg\\, k|of]u tyf
laqmLaf6 xfnsf] cfDbfgL k|fKt x'g] Joj:yfsf]
d"NofÍg .
o; pkIf]qaf6 ePsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] tn lbOPsf kIfx¿sf]
cfwf/df d"NofÍg M
• cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo nfutsf]
d"NofÍg
• ljleGg aflG5t / cjflG5t /Lltx¿sf]
klxrfg / o; Joj:yfaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf s;/L pkof]u
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] oyfy{ lrq0f ug] { .
o; pkIf]qaf6 x'g] cfDbfgL / To;sf] /fd|f]
afF8kmfF8 k|lqmofsf] s;/L ;'lglZrt ug] { eGg]
af/]df 7f]; ;'emfj lbg] .
o; cWoogaf6 cfPsf tYox¿nfO{ s]Gb|:t/df
;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf / gLlt lgdf{0fstf{x¿nfO{
xfnsf] Joj:yfsf alnof tyf sdhf]/ kIfsf]
hfgsf/L lbg] .
d'Vo p2]Zox¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
xfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 :yfgLo lgsfo÷
;+:yfx¿sf] /fh:j -cfDbfgL_ sf] :yfloTj
(Sustainability) sf pkfox¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug] { .
xfnsf] Joj:yfaf6 kg{ uPsf cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs k|efjx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug] { .
pknAw tYofÍ / ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df :yfgLo
lgsfox¿sf] bL3{sfnLg /fh:j lj:tf/
;Defjgfsf] PsLg ug] { .
o:tf] ;"rgf tNnf] lgsfo;Dd k|;f/0f ug] { .
of] cWoog 6f]nLnfO{ clxn]sf] l:ylteGbf /fd|f] ljQLo
Pj+ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yf ug{sf nflu lj:t[t pkfosf]
vf]hL ug{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . h; cGtu{t lgDg
a' Fbfx¿ kb{5g\ M

{
{
6
cWoogsf p2]Zox¿
s;/L a9L pTvgg\ \nfO{ lgoGq0f ug] { <
s;/L ;|f]tsf] d"NofÍg / d"No Joj:yf tf]Sg] <
s;/L jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ /fd|f] kfg{ k|ljlw tyf
cGo tl/sfnfO{ a9fpg k|f]T;fxghgs sfo{x¿ ug] { <
s;/L xfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/ ug] { <
dfly pNn]lvt afx]s o; cWoogn] lgDg ljifodf
klg Wofg lbPsf] 5 M
a9L pTvgg\ \ ug] { k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug] { .
;|f]tdf d"No tf]Sg]– h;n] ubf{ a9L pTvgg\ \
gxf];\ .
jftfj/0fd}qL pTvgg\ \ / k|zf]wg ug] {nfO{ s/df
Nofpg' kg] { Joj:yf .
s/ Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L j}1flgs agfpg] .
o; cWoogsf] k|d'v p2]Zo vf; vf; a' Fbfx¿ /
cWoog 6f]nLsf] o; af/]sf] a'emfO tnsf] tflnsf
-g+= @=!_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= @=! M cWoog 6f]nLsf] cWoogsf] k|d'v p2]Zo vf; vf; aF 'bfx¿af/]sf] a'emfO
p2]Zo
d"ne"t p2]Zo
cWoog 6f]nLsf] a'emfO
{
{ {
{
:yfgLo txdf 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'[jfaf6 cfDbfgL xfn 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf nufOPsf] :yfgLo s/
lng] Joj:yfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo k|0ffnLsf] clen]vg ug] {,
kIfsf] lx;falstfj k|:t't ug] / o; pkIf]qdf xfnsf] pNvgg\ / k|of]usf] k|efjsf] clen]vg ug]{,
x'g'kg] pko'Qm Joj:yfsf] k|:tfj l;kmfl/; ug] . of] ;|f]taf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] lbuf] lsl;dn]
cfDbfgL / To;sf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ tl/sf l;kmfl/;
ug] .
vf; vf; p2]Zox¿
!= xfnsf] pTvgg\ / k|of]usf] lbuf]kgsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ xfnsf] :yfgLo s/ k|0ffnLsf] lbuf]kgf d"NofÍg ug]
:yfgLo lgsfosf] o; pkIf]qaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLn]
k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgnfO{ s;/L k|efj kf/]sf] 5
eGg] d"NofÍg ug] .
@= xfnsf] cfDbfgL kfpg] Joj:yfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs d"ne"t p2]Zodf h:t} /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿sf]
/ jftfj/0fLo k|efj tnsf ljGb'x¿df hf]8 lbO{ klxrfg / clen]vg
d"NofÍg ug]
s/af6 p7]sf] cfDbfgLsf] nufgL k|0ffnL
5flgPsf :yfgLo lgsfo If]qx¿df k/]sf cfly{s
;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo k|efjx¿
xfnsf] Joj:yfsf /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿sf] klxrfg
s;/L o; pkIf]qaf6 cfPsf] cfDbfgL nufgL
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ljZn]if0f .
#= 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 bL3{sfnLg / lbuf] cfDbfgL a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] plrt pkfox¿sf] ;'emfj
lng / plrt afF8kmfF8sf nflu ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnf lbg]
;+:yf÷ JolQmx¿nfO{ dfGo x'g] pkfosf] ;'emfj lbg] . cfDbfgLsf] plrt pkof]u cyjf nufgL ug]
pkfox¿ ;'emfpg] .
$= cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ gLltut ;'emfjx¿ / k|rf/ ;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ ug]{ .
xfnsf] cfDbfgL pTkfbg / afF8kmfF8 ug]{ alnof
/ sdhf]/ kIfx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ .

{
7
cWoogsf p2]Zox¿
3
cWoog ljlw
#=! cWoogsf dxŒjk"0f{ tŒjx¿
of] cWoog :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;+o'Qm?kdf ljt/0f ul/Psf] s/f/
zt{ (TOR) adf]lhd to ul/Psf] 5 .
o; cg';f/ o; cWoogdf lgDg ljifox¿sf] af/]df
rrf{ x'g]5 .
!= 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pkIf]qsf] dxŒj >+ [vnfsf]
klxrfg
@= o; pkIf]qsf] pTkfbg, pkof]u, lgof{t / lgoGq0f
k|yfaf/] hfgsf/L
#= xfn;Ddsf pknlAwx¿ – vf;u/L s;n] a9L
kmfObf lnPsf] 5 / s;n] 3f6f a]xf]/]sf] 5 <
To;sf] ljZn]if0fdf ;f]em} b]lvg] / gfª\uf cfFvfn]
gb]lvg] ;j} kIf ;d]6]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
;fy} o;df cNksfnLgb]lv bL3{sfnLg;Ddsf
kmfObf a]kmfObfx¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
$= ljZn]if0fdf s;/L clxn]sf] Joj:yf cGtu{tsf
cknlAwx¿nfO{ c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 / olb pknlAw
;f]r]eGbf sd ePdf s:tf] Joj:yf ckgfpg'kg]
xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
%= olb s]xL kl/jt{g ug' {kg] { cj:yf b]lvPdf s:tf]
/ s] lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g cfjZos kg] { xf], ;f]sf]
klg rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
#=@ cWoogsf d'Vo a' “bfx¿
lj:t[t pkIf]q ;dLIff
cfwf/e"t pTvgg\ \, pkof]u, k|zf]wg, lgoGq0f
tyf lgof{t;DaGwL tYofÍ
a9L kmfObf lng] / a9L 3f6f a]xf]g] { kIfx¿sf]
klxrfg .
#=# cWoog If]q 5gf}6 /
tYof° ;°ng
of] cWoog o; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|sfzg
/ k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIffaf6 ;'? eof], h;sf] cfwf/df
ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cWoognfO{ rflxg] cfjZos
tYofÍx¿ hDdf ug{sf nflu k|ZgfjnLx¿ klg
agfOof] . o; ljifo If]qnfO{ df]6fdf]6L?kdf a'‰g /
k|ZgfjnLx¿sf] :ynut k/LIf0f;d]t ug{sf nflu
l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] b'O{ lbg] :ynut k/LIf0f
e|d0f klg ul/of] . d"n :ynut cWoogsf nflu
kxf8af6 @ lhNnf / t/fO{af6 # lhNnfx¿ 5flgPsf
lyP . lhNnf 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M
!_ lhNnfleq 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] dfqf,
@_ xfn lhNnfleq eO/x]sf] pTvgg\ \, pkof]u tyf
/fh:j ;Íngsf] dfqf,

{
8
cWoog ljlw
#_ lgof{tsf] dfqf,
$_ sf7df8f} +h:tf] w]/} dfu ePsf] lhNnfnfO{ cfk"lt{
ug] { lhNnf,
%_ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] sf/f]jf/df w]/} ;d:of
ef]lu/x]sf] lhNnf /
^_ ef}uf]lns k|ltlglwTj .
dfly plNnlvt cfwf/x¿af6 s}nfnL -cfwf/ ! /
^_, ¿kGb]xL -cfwf/ @, # / ^_, ;'g;/L -cfwf/ #, %
/ ^_ u/L # j6f t/fO{sf lhNnf 5flgP eg] kxf8tkm{
wflbË -cfwf/ @, $, % / ^_ / dsjfgk'/ -cfwf/ @,
# / ^_ u/L @ j6f lhNnf 5flgP .
oL lhNnfx¿df o; ljifoIf]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;j}
;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿ – pTvgg\ ug] {, 9'jfgL ug] {,
k|zf]wg ug] {, pkof]u ug] { / /fh:j ;+sng ug]
cflb;Fu e]6]/ pgLx¿ ;Fuaf6 ljleGg tYofÍ, ljrf/
;Nnfxx¿ ;Íng ul/of] . x/]s lhNnfsf lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltdf ;j} ;DalGwt JolQm Pj+
clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fP/ uf]i7Lx¿ klg
cfof]hgf ul/of] . h;df ljifo If]q;DaGwL tYofÍ
/ d'2fx¿df 5nkmn u/fOPsf] lyof] . oL tYofÍ,
ljrf/ / ;Nnfx ;'emfasf cfwf/df gLltut lgisif{
lgsfNg / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{df pkof]u ul/Psf]
5 .
#=$ tYof° k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f
o;afx]s cGo rfv nfUbf 36gf / ;"rgfx¿sf]
klg ;Íng / ;dLIff ul/Psf] lyof] .
l/klAnsf k|sfzg -;'Gwf/f_ / sflGtk'/ k|sfzg
-;'ljwfgu/_ tyf cGo kqklqsfdf 9'Ëf, afn'jfaf/]
k|sfzg ePsf n]v /rgfx¿ ;Íng u/L ;|f]tsf
¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} cGo ;"rgfx¿df M
h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f;, af6f]3f6f]sf] gf]S;fgL,
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj / k|b"if0f, hUufsf]
u'0f:t/df lu/fj6 / cGo .
;fdflhs -hUuf / ;Dkltsf] gf]S;fg, afnL /
kz'wgsf] gf]S;fg, ;'/lIft hghLljsf_ .
ljQLo -s;/L lgoGq0f Joj:yfn] kl/0ffdnfO{
c;/ ub{5

\
9
cWoog ljlw
pTvgg\ \ kl/0ffd
ljQLo gfkmf gf]S;fg
pTvgg\ \ k|ljlw, cflb .
;|f]t—vf]nfx¿sf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL cWoog ¿kGb]xL
lhNnfafx]s c? $ lhNnfsf] tof/ ePsfn] tL
cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;dLIff ul/of] / To;af6
pknAw tYofÍx¿sf] pkof]u u/L ;'/lIft pTvgg\
ug{ ;lsg] dfqf lgwf{/0f ul/of] .
cfDbfgL a9fpg], h;af6 ul/aL lgjf/0f /
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgdf nufgL ug{ ;lsof];\ /
;fwf/0f ah]6 nufgLdf ;xof]u ug{ ;lsof];\ .
k|b"if0f lgoGq0fsf nflu pGgt k|ljlwx¿ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsof];\ .
:jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ vf]nfdf sfd ug] { / ltgLx¿sf]
kl/jf/ / :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ k'¥ofpg ;lsof];\ .
vf]nfdf sfd ug] {, pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/ / :yfgLo
afl;GbfnfO{ :jR5 kfgL / ;/;kmfO{ ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ ;lsof];\ .
;'/lIft tyf ;kmf ef}lts jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{
;lsof];\ .
o; k|ltj]bgdf gLltut ;'emfjsf ¿kdf ljleGg
ljQLo pkfox¿ klg k|:tfj ul/Psf 5g\, h'g g]kfnsf]
l:yltdf pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ M
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pTvgg\ \df s/
;|f]t pTvgg\ \ ljGb'df s/ nufpg,] h;n] ubf{
rflxPeGbf a9L pTvgg\ \ x'g gkfcf];\ .
xfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLn] wfGg g;s]sf] jftfj/0fLo
x|f;sf] kl/k"lt{ ug] { .
o;/L pTkflbt cfDbfgLaf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,
:jf:Yo / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;lsof];\ .
jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw k|of]u ug] {nfO{ s/ 5"6 .
s/ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ / j}1flgstf Nofpg] .
!_ pkIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4 >[ +vnf sf] ;dLIff /
klxrfg sfd, / sfd ug] { JolQmx¿ —d"No
clej[l4 >[ +vnf sf] s'g ljGb'df s;n] s]
sfd ub{5 eGg] PsLg klxrfg
@_ pTkfbg, pkef]u / lgoGq0f;DaGwL cfwf/e"t
tYofÍ Joj:yf
pTkfbg / k|zf]wg -k|ljlw, ahf/_
pkef]u
ahf/ Joj:yf / d"No
lgoGq0f Joj:yf
;|f]tsf] :jfldŒj Joj:yf
k|of]u, pTvgg\ \ / pkof]udf s/ Joj:yf
cfDbfgL k|jfx, /fh:j k|zf;g
hl/jfgf / Ogfd Joj:yf
#_ pknlAwx¿ -lhTg]÷xfg] { kIf_
?kGb]xL lhlj;df ul/Psf]
sfo{zfnf uf]i7L
xl/ofnL jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;'g;/L lhlj;aLr
dWo:ytf ug{ ul/Psf] a}7s
:yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿;“u ePsf] 5nkmn

10
cWoog ljlw
tflnsf #=! M tYofÍ÷;"rgfsf nflu ;Dks{ ul/Psf ;+:yfx¿
;+:yf
5nkmn ePsf] ljifo
g]kfn ;/sf/ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno e"ldsf, gLlt cflb
:yfgLo ljsf; ljQLo ;ldlt
ljQLo k|fjwfgx¿
pBf]u dGqfno
gLlt, lgoGq0f Joj:yf
jfl0fHo dGqfno
Æ
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
Æ
cy{ dGqfno
gLlt, ljQLo tYofÍ
vfgL ljefu
;|f]t tYofÍ
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
gLlt / ;d:of
pRr :t/Lo cfof]u
/fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;ldlt gLlt, lgoGq0f Joj:yf
/fhg}lts bn
gLlt / ;d:of
:ygLo ;+:yf÷;+u7gx¿ :yfgLo lgsfo ;+u7gx¿ gLlt / ;d:of
(ADDCN, NAVIN, MUAN)
pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿
jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3
lgdf{0f If]q sfdbf/x¿, cfk"lt{stf{x¿, 9'jfgLstf{x¿, pTkfbg / pkef]u ;DaGwL
Jofkf/Lx¿, 7]s]bf/xa? / pkef]Qmfx¿
u|fdL0f ;dfh ufpFn]x¿ -dlxnf, k'?if_ k|efjx¿ / ;d:of
ljsf; ;xof]uLx¿
ljZj >d ;+u7g, x]Ne]6f;, 8L=Pkm=cfO=8L=,
lh=cfO{=h]8, ljZj a}+s / PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s
cGo jftfj/0fljb\x¿, ;|f]t JolQmx¿ / kqsf/x¿ gLlt / tYofÍ
Æ
Æ
5f]6f] cjlwdf
pTkfbgstf{x¿ cfk"lt{stf{x¿ — cfDbfgL, vr{
/ cj;/ d"No (Opportunity cost)
pkef]Qmf — k};f cg';f/sf] ;]jf eP gePsf]
lgoGq0f Joj:yf / lgoGqsx¿
jftfj/0fLo c;/ -e"–Ifo, af9L, klx/f], h}ljs
ljljwtf x|f; cflb_ .
#=% tYof° k|zf]wg
;j} 7fpFaf6 ;Íng ul/Psf] tYofÍ / ;"rgfnfO{
sDKo"6/ k|zf]wgdfkm{t\ ;"rgfdf kl/0ft ul/of] .
#=^ tYof° ljZn]if0f
#=^=! pTvgg\\ tl/sfx¿
:yfgLo lgsfox¿n] cfDbfgL ug]{ qmddf u/]sf
sfo{x¿nfO{ b'O{ ljwfdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
oL sfo{x¿ jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] /fd|f of g/fd|f
x'g ;S5g\ . /fd|f] sfo{ Tof] xf] h;n] jftfj/0fnfO{
ls t ;'wf5{ / g;'wf/] klg yk gf]S;fg ub}{g .
To;}u/L g/fd|f sfo{ tL x'g\ h;n] :yfgLo
jftfj/0fnfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofp‘5g\ . xfgL a]xf]g'{
k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg' klg /fd|f] sfo{sf]
?kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

{
{
11
cWoog ljlw
#=^=@ jftfj/0fLo d"Nof°g
jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efj d"NofÍg b'O{ lx;fan]
ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 —
s_ cfDbfgLdf ePsf kl/jt{gsf] lx;fan,] /
v_ sdfOdf ePsf] x|f;sf] lx;fan] .
klxnf] lx;fa ;sf/fTds kIf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg]
bf];|f] kIf gsf/fTds c;/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;nfO{
b'O{ kIfaf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 —
s_ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efj
-;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j}_, /
v_ jftfj/0faf6 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿dfly k/]sf]
k|efj .
o;nfO{ #=@ sf] tflnsfdfkm{t\ yk k|i6 kfg{
;lsG5 M
Jfftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0f k|foM lhNnfsf jftfj/0f
k|ltj]bgx¿ (District IEE/EIA reports) df cfwfl/t
5g\ .
#=^=# 5fof“ d"No / ljQLo Pj+
;fdflhs k|ltkmnsf] ljZn]if0f
k|ltkmn ljZn]if0fn] s'g} Joj;fo slQsf] gfkmfd"ns
of gf]S;fgd"ns 5 eGg] b]vfp‘5 . o;nfO{ d"NofÍg
ug{ ;DalGwt Joj;fodf ul/Psf] l:y/ tyf cl:y/
nufgL / To;af6 pknAw x'g] cfDbfgLsf] jflif{s
tflnsf #=@ M jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efj d"NofÍg
k|jfxsf] tYofÍ k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf] lx;fa klxn]
eO;s]sf] tYofÍaf6 klg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] x'g af‘sL
nfut / cfDbfgLsf] cg'dfg cyjf eO;s]s]f
jf:tljs cfDbfgL vr{ / x'g af‘sL cfDbfgL vr{sf]
cg'dfgsf] ld>0faf6 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|ltkmnsf] d"NofÍg b'O{ lsl;dn] ul/G5 — s_
;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] kfpg] k|ltkmn h;nfO{ ljQLo
cfGtl/s k|ltkmn (FJRR) elgG5 , / v_ ;dfh jf
b]zn] kfpg] k|ltkmn, h;nfO{ cfly{s k|ltkmn (EIRR)
elgG5 . klxnf]df ;j} k|of]u ePsf >d cyjf
;fdu|Lx¿sf] ahf/ d"Nodf d"NofÍg ul/G5 eg]
bf];|f]df 5fof‘ d"No (Shadow price) cyjf cj;/
d"No (Opportunity cost) sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f:j¿k, Ps >dlbgsf] Hofnf ahf/ d"No
xf] t/ ;w} + sfd kfpg ;s]g eg] >dsf] cj;/
d"No ahf/ d"NoeGbf sd x'G5 . To;}u/L s'g} sfo{n]
cfDbfgL klg lbg] / jftfj/0f klg ;'wf/ ug] { ePdf
To; sfo{sf] d"No ahf/ d"NoeGbf a9\tf x'G5 .
ahf/ d"NonfO{ 5fof‘ jf cj;/ d"Nodf kl/jt{g
ug{ lgDg ;dfof]hgx¿ ug' { ub{5 M
!_ s/ 36fpg] / cg'bfg hf]8\g]
@_ cfoft / lgof{t ;dfof]hg ug]
#_ 5fof‘ / cj;/ d"Nosf] k|of]u ug]
$_ cy{tGqsf] hf]lvdnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug] {,
o;df :t/Lo kl/jt{g efHo (Standard Conversion
Factor - SCF) sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] xfnsf]
cy{tGqdf o;sf] efHo )=(% cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
c;/÷k|efj ;sf/fTds÷/fd|f] gsf/fTds÷g/fd|f]
jftfj/0faf6 /fd|f] jftfj/0faf6 :jf:Yodf x'g] nfe pTvgg\ ug]{x¿sf] d[To' jf ckfËtf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;f}Gbo{–ljifos dxŒj ;fwf/0f JolQmx¿sf] ;DklQ gf]S;fg
;j}nfO{ sfd ug]{ cj;/
\
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 gbL s6fg /f]Sg gbL lgoGq0f sfo{ k'nglhs} u}/sfg'gL pTvgg\
jftfj/0fnfO{

{
{
12
cWoog ljlw
k|ltkmnsf] d"NofÍgdf cfDbfgL vr{sf] cg'kft
(Benefit/Cost Ratio) / cfGtl/s k|ltkmn b/ (Internal
Rate of Return: IRR) b'j} x]g{ ;lsG5 . oxL ahf/
d"Nodf d"NofÍg u¥of] eg] cfGtl/s k|ltkmn b/
ljQLo (FIRR) x'G5 / To;}nfO{ 5fof‘ jf cj;/
d"Nodf x]¥of] eg] Tof] cfly{s (EIRR) x'G5 . cfDbfgL
vr{sf] cg'kft lgsfNbf a§fb/ (Discount rate) sf]
k|of]u ug' { kb{5 . a§fb/ eGgfn] s'g} d]xgt gu/L
k};fsf] k|ltkmn slt cfpF5 eGg] xf] / o;df a} +sx¿n]
lbg] Jofhb/nfO{ lnOG5 . o; cWoogdf * k|ltzt
a§fb/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^=$ k|j[lQ (Trend) ljZn]if0f
k|j[lQ ljZn]if0fdf ;s];Dd w]/} jif{sf] tYofÍ k|of]u
u/L jflif{s kl/jt{g b/x¿ x]l/G5 . o:tf] k|j[lQ b/
tnsf ljifo If]qx¿df cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 M
:yfgLo lgsfox¿n] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfdf u/]sf]
jflif{s cfDbfgL / vr{
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ \ dfqf
jflif{s jftfj/0fLo ;'wf/ jf x|f; Ifltk"lt{;DaGwL
Joj:yf eP gePsf] klg o;} cGtu{t x]l/Psf]
5 .
tflnsf #=# M Jofj;flos 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pTvgg\ \ d"No clej[lå >+ [vnfsf] sfo{;"rL
]
{
kIfx¿ pTkfbg ljt/0f pkef]u
pTvgg\\ k|zf]wg yf]s 9'jfgL v'b|f 9'jfgL
tl/sf xft] >lds ;kmf ug{ pTkfbg :ynaf6 pTkfbg :yn ;8s agfpg
(process) cf}Bf]lus vfgL d]l;g jf yf]s ahf/df jf yf]s 3/ agfpg
;~rfng xftn] s'6\g] 9'jfgL ahf/af6
lgdf{0f :yndf
9'jfgL
k|lalw cbIf >dn] rfNg', kf]v/L 6«s, l6k/, 6«s, l6k/, xftn] ld>0f
;fwf/0f Hofjn ;fgf Hofjn 6«ofS6/ 6«ofS6/ ug]
k|of]u ug] qm;/ >lds d]l;gn] ld>0f
7"nf d]l;gn]
-s' 'NnL_ ug]
vGg]
:yfg gbL leqaf6 gbLleq u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]q lgdf{0f :ynx¿
(location) gbL 6]/];af6 gbL 6]/]; ;x/L af6fx¿
cGoq
sfddf k:g >d / ;fdfg >d / ;fdfg k'+hL >d / ;fdfg k'+hL
(entry) sf k'+hL k'+hL d]l;g k'+hL d]l;g
nflu d]l;g d]l;g d]l;g
cfjZostf
d"Vo sfd :yfgLo ufp‘n] :yfgLo ufp‘n] pBdL pBdL pBdL /
ug] {x¿ pBdL u}/:yfgLo ;x/L 7]s]bf/x¿
(actors) ufp‘n] sfdbf/x¿ 3/jfnfx¿
pBdL
u}/>lds k|zf]wgsf nflu yf]s 9'jfgL ug{ k|zf]lwt ;fdfg lsGg] a]Rg]
;fdu|L ahf/ sRrf kbfy{ lgdf{0f:ynsf nflu k|zf]lwt ;fdfg lsGg] a]Rg]
lsGg] a]Rg]

13
cWoog ljlw
\ \
\
{ {
\
{
\ {
\ {
7fp“ pTkfbg ljt/0f pkef]u
cg';f/ pTvgg\\ k|zf]wg yf]s 9'jfgL v'b|f 9'jfgL
;'rgfsf]
cfjZostf
;fdu|L d"No >d k|lt >d k|lt >d k|lt >d k|lt
k|lt PsfO 3gld6/ 3gld6/ 3gld6/ 3gld6/
;+rfng vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ;+rfng vr{
k|lt 3gld6/ k|lt 3gld6/ k|lt 3gld6/ k|lt 3gld6/
cGo vr{ cGo vr{ cGo vr{ cGo vr{
k|lt 3gld6/ k|lt 3gld6/ k|lt 3gld6/ k|lt 3gld6/
ef8f s/ kx'‘r cyaf kx'‘r cyaf kx'‘r cyaf kx'‘r cyaf
z'Ns k:g (entry) k:g (entry) k:g (entry) k:g (entry)
sf nflu sf nflu sf nflu sf nflu
lsga]rsf lsga]rsf ;8s k|of]u ;8s k|of]u
nflu nflu s/ s/
cGo cGo lsga]rsf lsga]rsf
nflu
nflu
cGo
cGo
d"No pTvgg\ :yndf pTvgg\ :yndf k|zf]lwt dfnsf] ahf/df d"No
afn'jf, lu§Lsf] afn'jf, lu§Lsf]
d"No
d"No
l;hg pTvgg\ :yn k|zf]wg\ :yn 9'jfgL 9'jfgL pkef]u
cg';f/ ;fg]
;fg]
kl/df0fdf kl/df0fdf kl/df0fdf
pTkfbg, pTvgg\ k|zf]lwt km/s km/s km/s
pkef]u kl/df0fdf kl/df0fdf
k|0ffnL km/s km/s
k|efa pTvgg\ k|zf]wg 9'jfgL ;~hfnsf] jftfj/0f
:yndf :yndf Dfn y'kfg] 7fp‘df k|efj
dfly dfly lgdf{0f :yndf k|efj
tn
tn
cb[Zo vr{ pTvgg\ :ynsf k|zf]wg :ynsf dfn y'kfg] / 9'jfgL
nflu nflu nf]l8Ësf] dfqf
l;hg cg';f/sf] l;hg cg';f/sf] cGo
;x'lnotsf ;x'lnotsf
nflu
nflu
cGo
cGo
cfly{s pTvgg\ :ynsf k|zf]wg\ :ynsf dfn y'kfg] / 9'jfgL
;x'lnot nflu nflu nf]l8Ësf] dfqf
l;hg cg';f/sf] l;hg cg';f/sf] cGo
;x'lnotsf ;x'lnotsf
nflu
nflu
cGo
cGo

14
cWoog ljlw
#=^=% ljt/0f;DaGwL ljZn]if0f
o;cGtu{t lhNnfx¿sf] cfDbfgL / vr{ k|j[lQ / cfDbfgLsf]
af‘8kmf‘8;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^=^ d"No clej[l4 >[ +vnf
(Value chain) sf] ljZn]if0f
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pkIf]qnfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'‰g o;
pkIf]qdf ;+nUg ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] >[ +vnf
kl/eflift ul/G5 . o:tf] d"No clej[l4 >[+vnf
ljZn]if0f ug] { sfo{;"rL tflnsf g+= #=# df lj:t[t
¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . >[+vnfdf sfd ug]{
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] dfkfÍg klg ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^=& cGt;{DaGw ljZn]if0f
o;df 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pkIf]q;‘u ;DaGw /fVg]
ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cGt;{DaGw ljZn]if0f ug{ vf]lhPsf]
5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, lsg s'g} lhNnfdf ;|f]t w]/} e}sg klg
To;af6 w]/} cfDbfgL lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ -h:t} s}nfnL_ .
hals yf]/} vf]nf x'g] s]xL lhNnfx¿ a9L cfDbfgL lng
;kmn ePsf 5g\ -h:t} ?kGb]xL_ . o;nfO{ d"No, r'/];Ddsf]
b"/L, ;|f]tsf] u'0f:t/ cflbn] km/s kf/]sf x'g ;S5g\ .
;DaGw ljZn]if0fdf 7f8f] (Vertical) ;DaGw klg x]g{
vf]lhPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;DaGw kxf8L ;|f]t lhNnf /
cfDbfgL lng] t/fO{ lhNnfaLr x'g ;S5 .
#=^=* 36gf (Case) cWoog
36gf cWoogx¿ (Case studies) cGtu{t cWoogsf]
bf}/fgdf kfOPsf ljleGg rfvnfUbf 36gfx¿nfO{
/fd|f];‘u cWoog u/]/ k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
36gf cWoogdf $ ;L ( 4 "C") cWoog tl/sfsf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5, tL x'g\ M – Context -kl/k| ]Io_,
Content -jf:tljs d'2f_, Critics -;dfnf]rsLo
ljZn]if0f_ / Conclusion -pk;+xf/ / l;Sg ;lsg]
kf7x¿_ .
#=& cWoogsf] ;Ldf (Limitation)
of] cWoogcGtu{t ljleGg sl7gfO / ;d:ofx¿n]
ubf{ hlt ug{ ;lsGYof] Tolt sfd x'g ;s]g .
o;y{ o; cWoogsf gtLhfx¿nfO{ o;} k[i7e"lddf
x]l/g' kb{5 . d'Vo d'Vo cK\7Øf/fx¿ lgDgcg';f/
b]lvP M–
;Lldt ;dosf] pknAwtf .
tYofÍsf] d'Vo ;|f]t dflgPsf] lhlj;x¿df lhNnf
kl/ifb\ cfof]hgfsf] rk]6 .
o; pkIf]qdf dflkmoftGqsf] k|efj;Fu ;DalGwt
vt/f .
aGb / x8\tfnsf] k|efj .
lgof{t—lgif]wsf] sf/0fn] k/]sf] pBdLx¿sf]
lg/fzf / cfqmf]z .

15
cWoog ljlw
4
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
$=! pkIf]qsf] P]ltxfl;s ;dLIff
$=!=! k/Dk/fut Joj:yf
9'Ëf / lu§Lsf] ;fdlos (Temporal) / afn'jfsf]
P]ltxfl;s (Historic) JofVofgdf # d'Vo kIfx¿
kb{5g\ .
;'?sf] / klxnf] Joj:yf cg';f/ oL ;|f]tx¿sf]
kl/rfng /fi6«n] gu/L JolQmx¿ cfkm} +n] ul//x]sf
lyP / To;df lgoGq0f s]xL lyPg . pkef]usf] dfqf
klg ;fx| } yf]/} lyof] . t;y{ To;df jftfj/0fsf]
b'ik|efj;DaGwL rf;f] klg Tolt w]/} lyPg . ;g\
!(&&–&* kl5 klxnf]kN6 o; kIfdf ;/sf/L rf;f]
a9\g yfn]sf] xf] . o; rf;f]cGtu{t 7]Ssfk§fdf
:yfgLo lgsfox¿n] /fh:j p7fpg] / lgoGq0f
Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft eof] . ;g\ !((! df cfP/
;/sf/n] vf]nfleqaf6 ;|f]t lgsfNg] Joj:yfnfO{
lgif]w u¥of] . t/ plrt cg'udg Joj:yfsf] cefjdf
;f] Joj:yf Tolt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g .
pTvgg\ \stf{x¿n] dgk/L tl/sfn] pTvgg\ \ ug] { tl/sf
sfod} /fv] . cg'udg ug{ g;s] klg Tof] a]nfsf
k|fjwfgx¿ lgDgcg';f/ lyP M
vf]nf5]psf] % ld6/;Ddaf6 pTvgg\ \ ug{ gkfpg]
/ @ ld6/eGbf ulx/f] pTvgg\ \ ug{ gkfpg] .
s'g} klg dxŒjk"0f{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] @)) ld6/
jl/kl/ s'g} pTvgg\ \ sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] .
pTvgg\ \ ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;8sdfkm{t\ 9'jfgL
ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf ;8s ljefusf] Ohfht
rflxg] .
pTvgg\\stf{x¿n] cfkm"n] pTvgg\\ u/]sf]
;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt ;+:yfnfO{ oyfzLw|
a'emfpg'kg]{ .
;|f]tsf] pTkfbgdf :yfgLo dfunfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg'kg] { .
$=!=@ cfly{s ;Dj[l4 / k|ljlw kl/jt{g
bf];|f] r/0fsf] ;'?jft ;g\ !((( -lj=;+= @)%%_ sf]
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g ;'? ePkl5 eof] . ha oL
;|f]tx¿sf] :jfldTj / clwsf/ :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{
lbOof] . o:tf] clwsf/ jg P]g, ;g\ !((# n] jg
If]qleqsf nflu lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ klg lbPsf]
lyof] . of] gofF P]gn] jg / :yfgLo lgsfoaLr åGbsf]
;'?jft klg u/fof] . l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf t lhNnf
jg sfof{no / lhlj;aLr d'2f g} rNof] . cflv/df
clwsf/ lhlj;sf] kIfdf :yflkt eof] / cfk;L
;dembf/Laf6 cfDbfgL afF8kmfF8 ug] { Joj:yfsf nflu
k|fjwfg /flvof] . clxn] x]bf{ o; ljifodf # ljleGg
Joj:yfx¿ k|of]udf cfO/x]sf] b]lvof] .

{
16
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
!= lhlj;n] /fh:j cfkm} +n] k"/} p7fpg] / jgIf]qsf]
cg'kft x]/L lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ ;|f]t afF8kmfF8 ug]{
-sfe|]_ .
@= lhlj;n] s/ p7fpg] / :yfgLo lgsfox¿aLr
dfq ljt/0f x'g] -;'g;/L_ .
#= jg / jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x (CF) n] 5'§f5'§} 7]Ssf
ug] { Joj:yf sfod} ePsf] -s}nfnL_ .
s]xL :jfldTj tyf lgoGq0f;DaGwL åGb ePtf klg
of] bf];|f] r/0fsf] Joj:yf /fd| };Fu rln/x]sf] lyof],
t/ jftfj/0fljb\x¿nfO{ oL s'/f kr]gg\ . pgLx¿n]
vf;u/L t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿af6 x'g] lgof{tnfO{
jftfj/0fLo kIfaf6 cfqmd0f ug{ yfn] . sl/a ?=
$) c/a nufgL ePsf] t/fO{sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf
pkIf]qnfO{ lgof{t—lgif]wsf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo
agfOof] . hals pgLx¿n] () k|ltzteGbf a9L
pTkfbg lgof{t ug] { ub{y] . lgof{t—lgif]w ug] { lg0f{o
;+ljwfg;efs} k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df
g]kfnsf] ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] xf] . o; cWoogn]
To; lgif]wsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ g;s]sfn] o:tf]
lgif]w g]kfn ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lng'kg] { c8fg /fv]sf]
5 . o; c8fgsf k5fl8 lgDg jf:tljstfx¿ 5g\ M
vf]nfx¿sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf lgof{t gu/] klg
tL ;|f]tx¿ ef/td} k'U5g\ / o:tf] cj:yfdf
k'U5g\ ls g Tof] g]kfnnfO{ sfd nfU5 g t
ef/tnfO{ g} .
v]/ hfg] / slxn]sfxL‘ ;d:ofu|:t ;d]t x'g]
;|f]tsf] lgof{t u/]/ b]znfO{ ljsf;sf nflu
/fd|f] cfly{s ;|f]t x'g;S5 eg] o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds
7fGg}kg] { x'G5 .
ef/tdf 9Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf lgof{t 5f]6f]b]lv
dWod cjlwsf] cj;/ xf] . ha ef/tLo /]Nj]
Joj:yfsf] a|f]8u]h g]kfnsf] l;dfgf;Dd
lj:tfl/t x'G5 ta g]kfnL 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfn]
ef/tsf] vfgLaf6 lgSng] pTkfbg ;|f]t;Fu
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . vfgLaf6 k|zf]wg u/]/
lgsflnPsf] pTkfbg Ps} lsl;dsf]
(Uniform) x'G5 . hals vf]nfaf6 lgsflng]
;fdfg ljleGg cfsf/, k|sf/ / /+usf x'G5g\ .
t;y{ of] 5f]6f]b]lv dWod cjlw;Ddsf]
;Defjgfsf] pkof]u ul/g' kb{5 .
$=!=# dGbLsf] ;' '?jft '
;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] hgj/L @, @)!) sf] lg0f{oaf6
ha lgof{t lgif]lwt eof], t];|f] r/0fsf] ;'?jft o;};Fu
;'? eof] . o; lg0f{on] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q /
dsjfgk'/df ePsf] sl/a $) c/a ?k}of‘ a/fa/sf]
nufgL To;} lgliqmo eP/ uof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
nfO{;]G; -cg'dlt_ lbP/ kl/rfng ug{ nufPsf
pBf]unfO{ o;} lg0f{on] aGb ug{ afWo kf¥of] . olb
s'g} pBdLn] unt sfo{ u/]df p;nfO …k|b"if0fstf{n]
ltg' {k5{Ú eGg] l;4Gt (Polluter Pays Principle) sf]
cfwf/df bl08t ug' {kYof] {, t/ oxfF Psf]xf]/f] lg0f{o
(Unilateral decision) eof] . h;n] ubf{ ux' F ;Fu;Fu}
3'g klg lkl;P .
ca o; pBf]usf] rf}yf] r/0f s:tf] cfpg] xf] To;sf]
k|tLIff ul/Psf] 5 . rf}yf] r/0fsf] Pp6f /fd|f] ;'?jft
lgof{t—lgif]w k'ms'jfsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 h'g
:jfutof]Uo 5 . c? /fd|f] rf}yf] r/0fsf] ck]Iff ug]
xf] eg] o; cWoogsf l;kmfl/;x¿df Wofg lbg'
cfjZos x'g]5 .
$=@ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿ /
pgLx¿sf] a'emfO
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;+:yf /
JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL nfdf] 5 . o:tf ;/f]sf/jfnf
kIfx¿df :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, lhlj;, uf=lj=;=
/ gu/kflnsfh:tf :yfgLo lgsfox¿, o; ljifo
If]qdf sfd ug] { pBf]ukltx¿, ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug] {

17
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿, vf]nf5]p sfd ug]{ ul/a
pTvgg\ \stf{ / lu§L s'6\g] >ldsx¿, lhNnf jg
sfof{no, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / :yfgLo
l;+rfO l8lehg sfof{nox¿ kb{5g\ .
oL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ljleGg sfo{If]q 5g\ . o;df
kmfObf sd lng ;s]sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿dWo] vf]nfdf
sfdug] { >ldsx¿, l;+rfO k|0ffnLx¿ / af9L—klx/f]
v]Kg' k/]sf hgtfx¿ 5g\ . c? ck|ToIf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ dWo] pTvgg\ \ ug] { cfw'lgs oGqx¿
a]Rg] pBdLx¿ / c? ;fwf/0f pkef]Qmf gful/sx¿
kb{5g\ . ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf, hf]lvd
/ ;f]rfO tflnsf g+= $=! Dff lbOPsf] 5 .
dflysf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿afx]s c? y'k}|
ck|ToIf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ klg 5g\, h;nfO of]
pkIf]qaf6 k|efa kl//x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, olb
7"nf d]l;gx¿ 9'Ëf / afn'jfsf] pTvgg\\df k|of]u
ug{ lbOPg eg] o:tf d]l;gsf Aofkf/Lx¿nfO{
klg c;/ kb{5 .
$=# 9'·f, lu§L / afn'jf
pkIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4
>[ +vnf (Value Chain)
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] d"No clea[l4 >[ +vnfnfO{ @
lsl;ddf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ 7]Ssf k|yfcGtu{tsf] >[ +vnf /
v_ cdfgt Joj:yfcGtu{tsf] >[ +vnf
bf];|f] 7]Ssfjfnf Joj:yfdf klg k|zf]wg / yf]s
laqmL Joj:yf klxnf cdfgtjfnf Joj:yf h:t}
x'G5 . clGtd pkef]Qmfx¿ g]kfnL q]mtf x'g ;S5g\
eg] ef/tLo pkef]Qmfx¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ . t/
g]kfnL 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] ef/tLo clGtd pkof]usf]
Tolt uxg cWoog ul/Psf] 5}g .
$=$ /fh:j ;°ng Joj:yf
g]kfndf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] /fh:j;DaGwL tYofÍ
Tolt e/kbf] { / Jojl:yt 5}g . d'Vo ;d:ofx¿df
tYofÍdf lhNnfx¿aLr Ps?ktf gePsf], k'/fgf]
tYofÍdfq kfOg], tYofÍ ck"/f x'g] cflb kb{5g\ .
o:tf] ;d:of g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, c? w]/} b]zx¿df
klg kfOG5 . t;y{, tnsf] /fh:j ljZn]if0fnfO{ o;}
kl/k| ]Iodf lnOg' kb{5 .
$=$=! :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
ljQ Joj:yfsf] ;dLIff
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfDbfgL / vr{ g]kfnsf] s"n
cfDbfgL / vr{sf] t'ngfdf lgs} yf]/} 5 . tflnsf
$=@ n] ;g\ !((* b]lv @))! ;Ddsf] tYofÍdfkm{t\
b]vfpF5 ls :yfgLo lgsfoxx¿sf] vr{ s"n g]kfn
;/sf/sf] vr{sf] t'ngfdf % k|ltzt dfq 5, /
cfDbfgLsf] s"n ^ k|ltzt dfq 5 . ToxL cjlwdf
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf lx:;f
! k|ltzteGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] :yfgLo
;/sf/x¿sf] /fli6«o ljQ If]qdf w]/} ;fgf] c+z dfq
5 / of]eGbf klxnf cem gu0o cj:yfdf lyof] .
:yfgLo lgsfosf] s"n cfDbfgL ;|f]t
tflnsf g+ $=# / $=$ n] :yfgLo lgsfosf] s"n
cfDbfgL ;|f]t b]vfpF5g\ / /]vflrq $=@ n] :yfgLo
lgsfosf] cfDbfgL k|j[lQ (trend) b]vfpFb5 . oL
;"rgfaf6 :ki6 b]lvG5 ls :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf]
cfˆg} cfGtl/s ;|f]taf6 x'g] cfDbfgL pgLx¿sf]
s"n cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf 36\b} uPsf] 5 . t}klg,
lg/k]If (absolute) lx;fan] cfˆg} ;|f]taf6 cfDbfgL
em08} em08} l:y/ (stable) dfqfdf 5 . s] rflxF
kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eg], :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfDbfgLdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] slGb|Lo cg'bfg al9/x]sf] 5 /
@))^÷@))& df of] /sd cem gf6sLo lx;fan]
a9\of] . xfnsf] tYofÍ k|fKt geP klg s]Gb|Lo cg'bfg

{
{
{
18
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
tflnsf $=! M ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf, hf]lvd / ;f]rfO emNsfpg] k|ToIf tflnsf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ e"ldsf hf]lvd ;d:of / ;f]rfOx¿
:yfgLo ljsf; gLlt lgdf{0f gLltsf] c;kmntf gLltx¿sf] /fd|f] sfof{Goog
dGqfno Vfr{sf] cg'udg gePsf]
\
\
{
lhlj; 9+'uf, lu§L, afn'jfsf] 7]Ssf /fHf:jdf sdL 7]s]bf/x¿aLr ldnf]dtf]
7]Ssfsf] cg'udg Jfftfj/0fLo Iflt a9\bf] rGbfdfu
pTvgg\ k|lqmofsf] cg'udg
pTvgg\ / 9'jfgLaf6 /fh:j p7fpg]
;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;‘u ;dGjo
pkIf]qsf] cfDbfgLaf6 ljsf; /
ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{ ug]{
gbL lgoGq0f / jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg
sfo{ ug]
Ufflj;
{ lhlj;nfO ;xof]u ug]
cfDbfgLdf x|f; a9\bf] rGbf dfu
Jfftfa/0fLo Iflt
qm;/ pBf]ux¿ jftfj/0fd}qL t/Lsfn] k|zf]wg u/L Aofkf/ 3f6f ;/sf/sf] c:ki6 gLlt
d"No clej[l¢ ug]
Nffu]sf] s/ ltg]{ a9\bf] rGbf dfu
cfGtl/s laqmL / lgof{t ;'/IffTds vt/f
:yfgLo ;d'bfo / lj:yflkt
>d ;+u7gx¿sf lqmofsnfk
;d"xnfO ;xof]u ug]
9'jfgLstf{x¿ sRrf kbfy{ / clGtd pTkfbg Aofkf/ 3f6f a9\bf] d"No / OGwgsf]
clGtd pkef]Qmf;Dd k'¥ofpg]
clglZrt pknAwtf
;'/IffsdL{x¿sf] aa{/tf
cgfaZos rGbf cft+s
\ {
pBf]udf sfd k|zf]wgsf nflu >d k|bfg ug]{ Hfflu/sf] c;'/Iff Go"g Hofnfb/
ug] {x¿
vf]nf5]p sfd Vff]nfaf6 sRrf kbfy{ pTvgg\ ug] 36\bf] b}lgs cfDbfgL 7'nf dl;gsf] k|of]un]
ug]{ xft] ;fgf] dfqfsf] sfd lj:yfkg ef]Ug'kg]
sfdbf/x¿
\ lhNnf jg 9+ 'uf, lu§L, afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ / /fh:j pTkfbg /fh:j pTkfbg /
sfof{no laqmLdf lhlj;;‘u ;dGjo jg ;+/If0f af‘8kmf‘8sf]] af/]df
lhlj;;‘u åGb
lhNnf s[lif
ljsf; sfof{no
s[lifof]Uo hUufsf] x|f;
l;+rfO l8lehg
l;+rfO Joj:yfsf
sfof{no ;d:ofx¿

19
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
/]vf lrq g+= $=! M 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] d"No clej[l4 >[ +vnf dfkf+sg
tflnsf $=@ M b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg, cfDbfgL / vr{sf] t'ngfdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgL / vr{ (%)
s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg !((*÷(( !(((÷@))) @)))÷@))!
s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] k|ltzt @!=!@ @!=!# @#=#$
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k|ltzt
;j} )=*# )=&&
)=&!
lhlj; )=@) )=!( )=!&
gu/kflnsf )=)$ )=)$ )=)#
uf=lj=;= )=%( )=%# )=%)
hDdf vr{
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k|ltzt
;j}
$=^@
$=@$
#=#&
lhlj; !=)( !=)% !=*$
gu/kflnsf )=@$ )=@# )=!*
uf=lj=;=
hDdf cfDbfgL
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k|ltzt
;j}
&=#$
^=%%
%=^^
lhlj; !=&$ !=^# !=$!
gu/kflnsf )=#( )=#% )=#)
uf=lj=;= %=@^ $=%& #=($
;|f]t M >] ]i7 -@))@_

20
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
tflnsf $=# M g]kfn M :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ -;g\ @))!–@))&_ -;j} :yfgLo lgsfosf] hDdf_
-?= xhf/df_
:yfgLo lgsfo cfDbfgL tl/sf @))!÷)@ @))@÷)# @))#÷)$ @))$÷)% @))%÷)^ @))^÷)&
uflj; cfGtl/s 766.0 479.6 434.7 534.7 429.5 711.1
gu/kflnsf
cg'bfg 1,620.0 1,572.0 2,215.1 2,007.5 2,189.8 4,166.6
hDdf 2,386.0 2,051.6 2,649.8 2,542.2 2,619.3 4,877.7
hDdf
cfGtl/s
cg'bfg 1,368.7 1,707.9 1,765.5 1,933.5 1,867.9 1,946.4
C0f - 23.3 28.8 705.7 655.6 1,099.4
hDdf - 2.6 2.6 2.4 3.9 4.7
hDdf
lhlj; cfGtl/s 614.4 560.8 325.7 492.6 581.0 0909.1
z]o/cfDbfgL 417.7 388.3 1,005.9 390.3 539.0 1,099.4
cg'bfg 663.4 747.0 2,736.3 826.5 765.9 5,325.2
hDdf 1,695.5 1,696.1 4,067.9 1,709.4 1,822.9 7,333.7
hDdf
;j} :yfgLo cfGtl/s 2,749.1 2,748.3 2,525.9 2,960.8 2,815.4 3,566.6
lgsfox¿ Zf]o/ cfDbfgL 417.7 388.3 1,005.9 390.3 539.0 1,099.4
cg'bfg 2,283.4 2,342.3 4,980.2 3,539.7 3,611.3 10,591.2
C0f - 2.6 2.6 2.4 3.9 4.7
hDdf 5,450.2 5,481.5 8,514.6 6,893.2 6,969.6 15,261.9
hDdf
;|f]tM zdf{ / d'cf]Gu] -@))(_
/]vf lrq g+= $=@ M :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ -;g\ @))!–@))^_
!))=)
()=)
*)=)
&)=)
^)=)
%)=)
kk|ltzt
$)=)
#)=)
@)=)
!)=)
-
@))! @))@ @))# @))$ @))% @))^
ajif{
C0f dcg'bfg Llx:;]bf/Laf6 ccfk\mg};|f]taf6

21
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
a9\b} hfg] k|j[lQ sfod} ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] :yfgLo
lgsfox¿sf] cfˆg} ;|f]taf6 x'g] cfDbfgL lg/Gt/
36\b} hfg] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL ljleGg
k|sf/sf s/ / z'Nsx¿af6 cfFp5 . oL ;|f]tx¿df
jg, hUuf, 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf kb{5g\ .
:yfgLo lgsfox¿n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿df s/ nufP/
hDdf ug] { cfDbfgL cfˆg} ;|f]taf6 cfpg] cfDbfgLsf]
lgs} 7"nf] efu ePsf] x'g;Sg] cfwf/x¿ e]l6G5g\ .
tyflk o;sf] l7s tYofÍ kfpg ufx«f] 5 . tnsf]
tflnsf $=$ n] ^@ lhNnfsf] tYofÍsf] cfwf/df
cf=j= -;g\_ @))!÷)@ / @))@÷)# sf] cfˆg}
;|f]taf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] gS;f k|:t't ub{5 .
tflnsfaf6 k|i6 x'G5 ls k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]u
s/af6 cfˆg} ;|f]tsf] cfDbfgLsf] sl/a &) k|ltzt
cfDbfgL cfpF5 .
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfdf :yfgLo s/ / cfDbfgL
b'ef{Uojz o; cWoogdf ;j} lhNnfsf] 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jfsf] s/ b/ / To;af6 cfpg] cfDbfgLsf]
tYofÍ pknAw x'g ;s]g . k|f/lDes cWoogaf6
ePsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ s/sf] b/ / cfDbfgLsf]
lhNnf lhNnfaLr km/s lgs} 5 . s/sf] b/
lgodfjnLn] range tf]s]sf] x'gfn] sd x'g ;S5 t/
cfDbfgLsf] km/s w]/} x'G5 . sf7df8f} + / uf]vf{ lhNnfsf]
;g\ @))& sf] cfDbfgL tYofÍ x]bf{ sf7df8f} +df s"n
cfDbfgLdf 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] dfu $! k|ltzt
lyof] eg], ;f]lx jif{ uf]vf{ lhNnfdf @ k|ltzt dfq
lyof] . To;}n] of] pkIf]q sf7df8f} + lhNnfsf] nflu
a9L dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg], uf]vf{ lhNnfsf] nflu Tolt
dxTjk"0f{ 5}g ->]i7, @))^_ .
oy]i6 tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ljleGg lhNnfsf] 9'Ëf,
lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgL jif] {gL a9]sf] 5 ls 5}g
eGg ufx«f] 5 . lgof{tdf a9L e/kg] { lhNnfx¿df
o:tf] cfDbfgL ;'?df a9\b} uP/ @)!) df Ps} rf]6L
tflnsf $=$ M :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL ;|f]tsf] agf]6
:yfgLo lgsfosf] cfGtl/s ;|f]t / af“8kmf“8af6 cfDbfgL -@))@ / @))#_ -^@ lhNnfsf] tYof°_
cfDbfgLsf] lsl;d ;fnfvfnf -?= nfvdf_ cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf] k|ltzt hDdf cfDbfgLsf] k|ltzt
cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿
;k"jf{wf/;+/rgf sf] k|of]u 116 1.4 0.8
;|f]tdf s/ 5,911 70.5 41.8
;]jf z'Ns 285 3.4 2.0
z'Ns 374 4.5 2.6
dfnkf]t 489 5.8 3.5
laqmL 294 3.5 2.1
;DklQ laqmL 166 2.0 1.2
cGo 747 8.9 5.3
hDdf 8,382 100.0 59.3
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/;“u af“8kmf“8 5,760 40.7
hDdf 14,142 100.0

{
22
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
36]sf] 5 . of] ljutsf] lgof{t lgif]wn] ubf{ ePsf]
xf] . t/ lgof{t lgif]wn] km/s gkg] { wflbË h:tf]
lhNnfdf klg cfDbfgL k|j[lt p:t} lsl;dsf] kfOG5 .
o:sf] sf/0f wflbË lhNnfn] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf
;Fu s8f k|lt:kwf{ em]Ng' kl//x]sf]n] xf] . ;f/f+zdf
:yfgLo lgsfox¿ ljQLo lx;fan] ;fgf v]nf8L x'g\
lsgeg] logLx¿n] b]zsf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] s"n ^
k|ltzt eGbf sd efu cf]u6\5g\ . t/ oL lgsfo
leqdfq x]bf{ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfpg] cfDbfgL
lhlj;nfO{ dfq x}g uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfx¿sf
nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
s] s] s/ jf z'Ns lnOb}5 <
o;df Vofn /fVg' kg]{ d'Vo a'+bf s] 5 eg] 9'Ëf,
lu§L / afn'jfdf lnOg] s/ 7]s]bf/ / lhlj;n]
tf]s]sf] s/ kf]i6af6 9'jfgL ePsf] j]nfdf dfq
c;"n ul/G5 . vf]nfdf pTvgg\\ ubf{ s;}n] s]xL
s/ ltg'{ kb}{g . t/ o;sf] ckjfbsf] ?kdf agsf]
akm/ If]qx¿ kb{5g\ / o:tf akm/ If]qdf eg]
pTvgg\\ ubf{sf] ;dodfg} s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . pbfx/0f
:j?k dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] jkm/ If]qdf pTvgg\\
ug]{ a]nfdf g} ? !=&# k|lt So"ljs lkm6 s/ ltg'{
kb{5 . 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] lgof{t x'g] lhNnfx¿df
lhlj;x¿n] klg lgof{t z'Nssf ?kdf yk s/
c;"n ub{5g\ .
cdfgt Joj:yf
s/ 7]Ssf Joj:yf h;nfO{ s/ v]tL klg elgG5 ,
lhlj;x¿n] ?rfPsf] Joj:yf xf] . t/ ljleGg
kl/l:yltx¿df lghL If]qsf 7]s]bf/x¿n] o:tf] 7]Ssf
glng] cj:yf x'G5 . o:tf] ePdf lhlj;x¿n] cfkm}n]
s/ p7fpg' kg] { x'G5 h;nfO{ cdfgt Joj:yf elgG5 .
$=$=@ /fh:j k|zf;g — 7]Ssf
/ cdfgt Joj:yf
/fh:j k|zf;gsf] bf];|f] d'Vo Joj:yf s] xf] eg],
/fh:j p7fpg] sfd lghL If]qnfO{ 7]Ssfsf] ?kdf
lbOG5 o:tf] 7]Ssf ta ;Dd aflx/ lbOG5 ha;Dd
lghL 7]s]bf/x¿ 7]Ssf lng pT;'s x'G5g\ . s/
v]tL (Tax farming) eg]sf] /fh:j p7fpg] o:tf]
Joj:yf xf] h'g /f]dg u0ftGq hlQs} k'/fgf] 5 /
h'g P]ltxfl;s sfn b]lv w]/} /fHox¿n] k|of]u
ul//x]sf 5g\ .
s/ v]tL sfg'gt s/ p7fpg kfpg] ;+:yf / 7]s]bf/
ljrsf] ;Demf}tf xf] / ;+emf}tf cg';f/sf] /sd
;+:yfnfO{ lt/]/ / cGo vr{ k"lt{ u/]/ pa| ]sf] /sd
7]s]bf/sf] gfkmf x'G5 . ;Demf}tf afx]s c? ltg' { kg]
afs; g+= $=! M /f]d ;x/ hlQs} k'/fgf] s/ Joj:yf
s/sf] 7]Ssf lng]x¿n] lglZrt cjlw / lglZrt If]qaf6
s/ c;'n ug]{ 7]Ssf lng] k|rng /f]]d ;x/ hlQs}
k'/fgf] xf] . pgLx¿n] 7]Ssf lng'df gfkmfsf] ck]Iff /xG5 .
o:tf] gfkmf gx'g] b]v]df pgLx¿n] 7]Ssf lnb}gg\ . o:tf]
7]Ssf lnnfd (bid auction) dfkm{t ul/G5 . o:tf]
lnnfdL k|yf O6fnL /fHosf] /f]d ;x/af6 s|fOi6eGbf
t];|f] ztfAbL cl3af6 ;'? ePsf] xf] .
ljleGg /fhg}lts / P]ltxfl;s kl/j]zdf ljleGg
k|sf/sf s/ p7fpg] k|s[ofx¿ k|rngdf cfPsf] kfO{G5 .
6f]n]df/s ld> d'un ;fd|fHo, hldGbf/L k|yf, !&–!*
cf} + ztfAbLsf] k|mfG;, cfw'lgs j]nfot, cfw'lgs ef/t,
j+unfb]z / cGo ljleGg b]zx¿df o:tf] Joj:yf
k|rngdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
;|f]t M n]eL -!(**_

23
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
/sddf ;+rfng vr{, d"No clej[l4 s/ (VAT) 5g\
eg], 7]s]bf/x¿af6 ljleGg ;+:yf jf JolQmx¿n]
rGbf klg c;'n ub{5g\ . afs; $=@ df l;Gw'kfNrf]s
lhlj;n] s;/L o:tf] 7]Ssf sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5
eGg] tYo j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
o:tf] 7]Ssf k|yfsf] s/ p7fg Joj:yfdf lhlj;x¿n]
s/ p7fpg] b}lgs k|s[ofdf efu lng' kb} {g . Pp6f
s}nfnL lhNnfsf] v'l6of vf]nfsf] gd"gf 7]Ssf Joj:yf
af/]sf] ;"rgf tflnsf g+ $=% df lbOPsf] 5 .
/fh:j Joj:yfkgsf lx;fan] s/ v]tLdf ;jfn
9'Ëf, lu§L, afn'jf s/sf ;jeGbf cK7\of/f ;jfnx¿
s/ v]tL Joj:yf;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ . s/ v]tL Pp6f
k'/fgf] (Old-Fashioned) xf] / o;sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{
s/ p7fpg] kmfObfx¿ klg 5g\ . ;/sf/L
kbflwsf/Lx¿ cfkm} +n] s/ p7fpg'eGbf s/ v]tL
7]Ssf cfDbfgLsf] lx;fan] a9L k|efjsf/L ePsf]
kfOPsf] 5 . o;af6 s/ kfpg] sfof{nosf]
Joj:yfkg vr{ klg 36\g hfG5 . Pp6f s/ v]tL
7]Ssf lng] 7]s]bf/tkm{ Wofg lbP k'U5 . cem o;
afs; g+= $=@ M 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf s/ k|0ffnL -l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] cg'ej_
l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf sf7df8f}+sf] pQ/df kb{5 / of] lhNnf rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . b'O{ d"n
gbLx¿ ;'gsf];L -dfly ef]6]sf];L elgg]_ / d]nfDrL -OGb|fjtL_ o; lhNnfaf6 aUb5g\ . oL gbLx¿ sf7df8f} + pkTosfsf]
a9\bf] lgdf{0fsfo{sf nflu cfjZoskg]{ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] /fd|f] ;|f]t k|dfl0ft ePsf 5g\ . b'j} vf]nfx¿ af6f]n]
hf]l8Psf 5g\ / lu§L / afn'jf agfpg] pRr k|ljlw, h;nfO{ Digital crushing elgG5 sf] pkof]u klg ul/Psf] 5 . o;
k|ljlw cGtu{t >dsf] k|of]u w]/} dfqfdf 36fpg ;lsG5 / clGtd pkef]Qmfn] rfx] cg';f/sf] cfsf/sf] lu§Lx¿ pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
pBf]uaf6 ;fdfg cfPkl5 6«s tyf l6«k/x¿ dfkm{t of] ;fdg sf7df8f}+ tkm{ nluG5 / af6f]df 7]s]bf/sf] s/kf]i6df
pgLx¿n] ? !.%) k|lt So'ljs km'6 s/ a'emfpg' kb{5 . s/ a'emfPsf] /;Lbsf] $ k|lt dWo] ! k|lt lhlj; df klg
k7fOG5 h;nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ xf] eg] 7]s]bf/n] slt s/ p7fof] eGg] k"0f{ olsg x'g ;S5 . t/ 7]s]bf/x¿ Tof] eGbf a9L
;ts{ 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfkm\g} lgdf{0f sDkgL klg x'G5 / cfkm\gf] pBf]usf] nflu ;fdfg cf];f/ kf];f/ ubf{ s/ lan
sf6\b}gg\ . t;y{ 7]s]bf/sf] jf:tljs cfDbfgLsf] cGbfh dfq ug{ ;lsG5 oyfy{ kQf nufpg ufx|f] x'G5 . t/ h];'s} eP
klg of] 7]Ssf k|yfaf6 lhlj;n] cfkm"n] cg'dfg u/]eGbf a9L /fh:j p7fpg ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0f :j?k cf=j=
@)!)÷!! df lhlj;n] tf]s]sf] ;'gsf];Lsf] #) nfv / d]nfDrLsf] %% nfv cfwf/ d"Nosf] t'ngfdf 7]Ssf dfkm{t qmdz
M $) nfv / &* nfv d"Nodf ;+emf}tf eof] . lhlj; sf] cfkm\g} cdfgt Joj:yf cGtu{t olt /fh:j p7\g lgs} ufx|f]
kb{5 . cf=j= @)!)÷ !! df b'j} vf]nfsf] 7]Ssf Pp6} JolQmn] kfPsf] lyof] . pk/f]Qm 7]Ssf /sd afx]s 7]s]bf/n] !#
k|ltzt VAT klg ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg' k5{ . 7]s]bf/n] gfkmf sdfpgsf nflu 7]Ssf /sd VAT / s/kf]i6df s/
p7fpgsf nflu /flvPsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna eQfeGbf a9L s/ p7fpg ;Sg' kb{5 . olb lhlj; sf] cg'dfg lgs} sd
/flvPsf] 5 eg] 7]s]bf/n] a9L gfkmf sdfpg ;S5 . lhlj;x¿sf] cg'dfg cg';f/ 7]s]bf/x¿n] ;j} vr{ s6fO{ slDtdf
@% k|ltzt hlt gfkmf sdfp5g\ . Ps s/kf]i6df $ sd{rf/Lx¿ kfnf] kfnf] ;]jf lbg] lx;fan] /flvPsf x'G5g\ .
dflkmoftGq a9L ePsf] lhNnfx¿df 3'lDt s/ p7fpg] 6f]nLx¿sf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
;|f]t M :ynut l6Kk0fL, l8;]Da/, @)!)

24
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
tflnsf $=% M s}nfnL lhNnfsf] v'l6of vf]nfsf] 7]Ssf af]n saf]n laa/0f
lhNnf gbL laa/0f 2064-65
2064-65 2065-66 2066-67
2066-67 le/fnf]kgf clGtd
@ aif{sf]
le/fnf]kgf
s}nfnL v'l6of 7]Ssf /sd -?=_ 875,000 1,252,778 1,250,250 187,625 (2,528)
k|f;ª\lus vr{ -@% k|ltzt_ 218,750 313,195 312,563 46,906 (632)
hDdf -?=_ 1,093,750 1,565,973 1,562,813 234,531 (3,160)
7]Ssf kl/df0f -3g ld6/_ 10,938 15,660 15,628 2,345 (32)
lhNnf b/ -?= k|lt 3g ld6/_ 80.00 80.00 80.00 - -
7]s]bf/sf] hDdf vr{
-?= k|lt 3g ld6/_ 100.00 100.00 100.00 - -
;|f]t M s}nfnL lhlj;, @))(÷!)
pkIf]qaf6 cfDbfgL cfpg] k|j[lQ df};dL vfnsf]
(Seasonal) ePsf]n] s/ v]tL Joj:yf cem
k|efjsf/L x'g hfG5 . log} sf/0fx¿ b]vfP/ lhlj;
clwsf/Lx¿ s/ v]tL Joj:yf ?rfPsf] atfpFb5g\ .
s/ v]tLsf cGo kmfObfx¿df s_ lhlj;n] hf]lvd
7]s]bf/nfO{ ;fg{ ;Sg] v_ 7"nf] ls:tfdf s/ /sd
p7\g,] cflb kb{5g\ .
slxn]sflx æaGbÆaf6 hf]lvd w]/} a9L ePdf rflxF
s/ v]tL ug] { 7]s]bf/x¿n] cf}krfl/s ?kdf ls:tf
e'QmfgLdf 5"6 dfu ub{5g\ . ;g\ @))^ sf]
cfGbf]ngtfsf ePsf] !( lbg] aGbafkt b]zel/df
;j} s/ v]tL 7]s]bf/x¿n] !( lbg a/fa/sf] o:tf]
e'QmfgL 5"6 kfPsf lyP .
s/ v]tL k|0ffnLaf6 lhlj;x¿n] Ps lglZrt /sd
lgoldt ?kdf kfpF5g\ . s]Gb|Lo cg'bfgx¿ ;dodf
cfOgk'Ug] / pQm cfDbfgL ;|f]tx¿ clglZrt ePsf]
a]nf o:tf] lglZrt / lgoldt cfDbfgL ;|f]tsf] dxTj
a9L x'G5 . To;}n] s/v]tL k|0ffnLnfO{ pk]Iff ug{
ldNb}g . t/ s/ v]tL Joj:yfsf s]xL sdhf]/Lx¿
klg 5g\ M
s/ v]tL 7]s]bf/x¿n] tf]s]sf] eGbf a9L /sd
p7fpg]
7]Ssf lbg] kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;:tf]df 7]Ssf lbO{
To;afkt /sd lng], h;n] ubf{ ;+:yfsf]
cfDbfgLdf x«f; x'G5 .
klxnf] ;Defjgf Tolt pko'Qm 5}g lsgeg] s/sf] b/
;j} sf/f]jf/Lx¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 / cf}krfl/s lanx¿
Klg sfl6G5 . o;}n] 7]s]bf/n] a9L s/ b/ lng] ;Defjgf
5}g . bf];|f] sdhf]/L eg] Ps ;Defjgf xf] .
7]s]bf/ 5fGg] k|lqmof
7]s]bf/sf] 5gf}6 ;DaGwdf c? klg k|d'v ;jfnx¿
5g\ . klxn] t s/ v]tL Joj:yfn] g} lhlj;sf ;fgf
sd{rf/L h;n] cdfgt Joj:yfcGtu{t cfkm} + s/
p7fpg kfpFy] / lghL kmfObf lng kfpFy], pgLx¿sf]
cj;/ 7"nf kbflwsf/Lx¿tkm{ ;f]em} pGd'v x'G5 .
of] s'/f em§ x]bf{ l7sh:tf] gnfUg ;S5, t/ o;
jf:tljstfnfO{ klg dgg ug{ h?/L 5 .

25
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
lhlj; kbflwsf/Lx¿sf cg';f/ 7]Ssf Joj:yf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g -;g\ @))^_ /
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL -;g\ @))&_ n] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] :t/cg';f/ g} eO/x]sf] 5 . oL P]g /
lgodfjnLx¿n] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL (e-procurement)
nfO{ klg :jLsf/ / k|f]T;fxg;d]t u/]sfn] sfg"gL
tj/n] o;sf] kf/blz{tfdf vf]6 nufpg ;lsGg .
olb 7]s]bf/ g} 9'jfgLstf{, k|zf]wgstf{ cyjf lgdf{0f
Joj;foL ePdf ToxfF nfe;DaGwL åGb (conflict of
interest) x'g ;S5 . lsgeg], o:tf Joj;foL 7]s]bf/n]
cfˆg} sDkgLsf] k|of]udf cfpg] ;fdfgdf s/ ln+ Fb}gg\ .
clxn]sf] Joj:yfdf o;n] lhlj; / c?nfO{ s]xL
c;/ kb} {g t/ 7]s]bf/n] slt kl/df0fsf] s/ p7fof]
eGg] tYo s/ lanaf6 lgsfNg ;lsFb}g .
s] xfnsf] Joj:yf kl/jt{g ug' { cfjZos 5 <
xfnsf] s/ Joj:yf ;'wf/ ug{df s] afwf c8\rg
5g\ eGg] klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn xf] . o;df
7]s]bf/ jf lhlj; kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] vf; rf;f]
x'g g;Sg] dfq xf]Og, lj/f]w klg x'g ;S5 .
To;}n] lhlj; cfDbfgL a9fpg s]xL ;'wf/fTds
Joj:yfsf] vfFrf] eP klg Tof] sfof{Gjog x'g
ufx«f] kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;/;tL{ x]bf{ cdfgt Joj:yf Tolt Jojxfl/s b]lvFb}g
/ clxn]s} s/ v]tL Joj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/ u/]df ;j}
kIfnfO{ dfGo x'g] b]lvG5 . d"n ;'wf/ ug' {kg] { kIf
jftfj/0fLo cWoog /fd|f];Fu u/L To;sf] cfwf/df
Go"gtd 7]Ssf d"No tf]Sg' xf] .
afs; g+= $=# M l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] s/ v]tL kf]6nL (Package)
afs; g+ @ df eg]em} + l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhlj;n] cf=j= @)!)÷!! df @ gbLx¿ ;'gsf]zL / d]nDrL÷OGb|fjtL sf] @ j6f
5'§f5'§} 7]Ssf Kofs]h agfof] . 7]Ssfsf] Go"gtd jf]n /fzL ;'gsf]zLsf nflu #) nfv / d]nDrLsf nflu %% nfv
tf]lsof] . t/ a/fa/ x'Fbf 7]Ssf d"No ;'gsf]zLsf nflu $) nfv / d]nDrLsf nflu &* nfv k'Uof] / b'j} 7]Ssf Pp6}
JolQmn] kfof] .
7]s]bf/nfO{ ljZjf; x'g'k5{ ls h;n] ! s/f]8 !* nfv lhlj;nfO{ / !# k|ltzt d"No clej[l4 s/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
lt/]/ / cGo ;j} ;~rfng vr{x¿ lt/]/ klg gfkmf sdfpg ;lsG5 . To;afx]s w]/} JolQm / ;+:yfx¿n] rGbf klg dfUg]
ub{5g\ . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg], gfkmf;Dd k'Ugsf nflu 7]s]bf/n] Go"gtd sl/a ! s/f]8 %) nfv s/ p7fpg ;Sg'kb{5 .
h;sf] d"No lhlj;n] *% nfvdfq /fv]sf] lyof] . cyf{t ;|f]tsf] sd d"NofÍgsf] dfq /fv]sf] lyof] . cyf{t ;|f]tsf] sd
d"NofÍsgsf] dfqf sDtLdf () k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . d"n k|Zg s] xf] eg] lhlj;n] sdfpg ;Sg] olt a9L /sdsf]
lsg / s;/L sd d"NofÍsg ul/of] . l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf lhlj; clwsf/Lx¿ cfkm+} :jLsf5{g ls 7]s]bf/n] d]nDrLaf6 dfq}
sl/a ! s/f]8 %) nfv s/ p7fpg ;S5 . o;f] xf] eg] t lhlj;sf] ;|f]tsf] sd d"NofÍgsf] dfqf cem a9L x'g hfG5 .
b'O sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ lhlj; Go"gtd d"No cg'dfg l7s x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
!= lhlj;;Fu vf]nfaf6 slt kl/df0f;Dd ;'/lIft tl/sfn] pTvgg\\ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfwf/ / tYofÍx¿ pknAw gx'g
;S5 . o:tf] ePdf jftfj/0fLo cWoog /fd|f];Fu u/L o:tf] cfwf/ / tYofÍ kfpg ;lsG5 . t/ csf]{ ;jfn s] 5
eg] s] 7]Ssf Joj:yfn] jftfj/0fLo cWoognfO{ c;/ u/]sf] 5 < vf; u/L of] k|Zg ta nfu" x'G5 ha jftfj/0fLo
cWoog lhlj;sf cfk\mg} k|fljlwsx¿n] tof/ kfb{5g\ .
@= lhlj; kbflwsf/Lx¿n] hfgL hfgL sd d"Nosf] 7]Ssf lbg vf]H5g\ tfls To;sf] s]xL k|ltkmn pgLx¿nfO{ klg k|fKt
xf];\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf hlt 7]Ssf d"No sd ug{ ;Sof] plt a9L ;DjlGwt lhlj; clwsf/LnfO{ kmfObf x'g;S5 .
dflysf] h'g;'s} cj:yf eP klg sd 7]Ssf d"No tf]Sg' ;+:yfsf] nflu hlxn] klg 3f6fd"ns x'G5 .

\
26
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
$=$=# pkIf]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgLaf/]
s]xL ;jfnx¿
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfpg]
s/ z'Ns af/]sf s]xL ;jfnx¿sf] tn rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 .
s/ nufpg] ] p2]Zo
h:f/L] a9L s/ nufP/ ;"lt{hGo kbfy{ jf hfF8
/S;Lsf] pkef]u lgoGq0f ug{ vf]lhG5, s] lhlj;x¿n]
To;} u/L o; pkIf]qsf] lgoGq0f Joj:yf /fd|f] ug{sf
nflu s/÷z'Ns nufPsf x'g\ < . clxn]sf] Joj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ lhlj;x¿n] vfnL cfDbfgL a9fO{ :yfgLo ljsf;
sfo{x¿ ug{sf nflu dfq o:tf] s/÷z'Ns nufPsf
5g\ . o:sf] s/ z'Ns b/ klg ;|f]tsf] ahf/ d"Nosf]
t'ngfdf # k|ltzt eGbf sd 5 . / To;}n] o:tf]
yf]/} s/n] pkof]udf vf; c;/ kfb} {g . o;af6 of]
a'lemG5 ls xfnsf] s/ Joj:yf o; pkIf]qsf] pTvgg\
/ pkof]u lgoGq0f ;Fu ;DalGwt g} 5}g . To;}n]
o:tf] s/ z'Nssf] k|of]u s;/L x'G5 eGg] kIf dfq
rfv nfUbf] x'G5 . s] o;af6 x'g] cfDbfgL ;|f]t
vf]nf lgoGq0f, jftfj/0fLo pTyfg / ;fdflhs
cfly{s ljsf; sfo{df pkof]u ePsf] 5 <
sfg"gL / lgoGq0f Joj:yf af/] ;jfn
o; cWoogsf] bf}/fgdf w]/}n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
P]g lgodfjnLsf] cGo If]qut sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿
;Fu cldNbf] jf af‰g] vfnsf] ePsf] s'/f p7fPsf
5g\ . o;df ;aeGbf k|d'v pbfx/0f jg P]g - ;g\
!((#_ sf] Joj:yf ;Fu ul/Psf] 5 . jg P]gcGtu{t
jg If]q leqsf pTkfbgx¿df sf7 bfp/fdfq xf]Og
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf klg jghGo pTkfbgleq kb{5g\
/ To;sf] 7]Ssf Joj:yf ;DalGwt lhNnf jg
sfof{nox¿n] ub} { klg cfPsf lyP . t/ :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% n] ;f]sf] :jfldTj / 7]Ssf
k§f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lhlj;x¿nfO{ k|bfg u¥of] .
To;}n] w]/} lhNnfx¿df o:tf] åGb / cfDbfgLsf]
afF8kmfF8sf d'4fx¿ e]l6G5g\ .
Jojxf/df eg] of] ;d:of Tolt 7"nf] 5}g . w]/}
lhNnfx¿df b'j} kIfnfO{ dfGo x'g] k|0ffnL / cfDbfgL
afF8kmfF8 Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5g\ .
/fh:j;DaGwL ;jfn
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfdf s/ z'Ns nufP/ x'g] /fh:j
cfDbfgL w]/} :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf nflu dxTjk"0f{
ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ?kGb]xL, ;'g;/L, dsjfgk'/h:tf
lhNnfx¿df of] ;|f]tn] lhlj;x¿sf] cfˆgf] ;|f]taf6
x'g] cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6\b5 . To;}n] o;
pkIf]qsf] s/ Joj:yf k|fyldstf If]qdf kg' {kb{5 .
csf]{tkm{, cfDbfgL 36fpg] Joj:yf, rfx] To;}n]
hlt;'s} jftfj/0fnfO{ ;'wf/f];\, :yfgLo
lgsfox¿nfO{ dfGo gx'g ;S5 . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{
xfn;Dd jftfj/0f ;'wfg{tk{m nufgL sd eO/x]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 .
/fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 p7\g] s/:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf]
cfGtl/s cfo xf] . o;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgL oL
lgsfox¿n] h] sfddf klg vr{ ug{ kfpF5g\ . of]
s]Gb|Lo cg'bfgh:tf] tf]lsPsf] sfo{df dfq vr{
ug' {kg] { cDbfgL xf]Og . To;}n] o; /fh:jsf] dxŒj
pgLx¿nfO{ a9L x'G5 .
/fh:j ;+sng lhlj;n] ub{5 / Pp6f ;j}nfO{ dfGo
x'g] ;"q nufP/ c? :yfgLo lgsfo, h:t}— uf=lj=;=,
gu/kflnsf / jgnfO{ ;d]t /fh:j afF8\g] ul/G5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] /fh:j afF8\g] k|ltzt
#% b]lv %) ;Dd tf]s]sf] 5 . o; ;Ldfleq /xL
ljleGg lhlj;x¿n] ;"qdfkm{t afF8kmfF8 ub{5g\ .
l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf ;|f]to'Qm $ uf=lj=;=nfO{ dfq
/fh:j afFl8Psf] 5 eg] dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf ;j}
uf=lj=;=nfO{ Go"gtd ;xof]u tf]sL ;|f]t x'g] uf=lj=;=nfO{
cGo ;"q k|of]u u/L a9L /sd afFl8Psf] 5 . ljut
;g\ @))(÷!) df dsjfgk'/ lhlj;n] x/]s
uf=lj=;=nfO{ sDtLdf ! nfv / ;|f]to'Qm uf=lj=;=,
gu/kflnsfnfO{ a9L /sd afF8kmfF8 u¥of] . dsjfgk'/

27
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
lhNnfn] a9L kfpg ;Sg] uf=lj=;=, gu/kflnsfsf]
lgod (criteria) lgDgcg';f/ /fv]sf] 5 M
!= ljutsf] p7\g] b/ -;fnfvfnf_ #)%
@= :yfgLo lgsfoleq /x]sf qm;/ ;+Vof !%%
#= :yfgLo lgsfosf] vf]nfIf]q k|of]u ePsf] @)%
$= cg'udgsf] pQ/bfloŒj axg u/]sf] @)%
%= klxnfsf] afF8kmfF8 b/ !%%
hDdf !))%
o;/L dsjfgk'/ lhlj;n] sl/a %# k|ltzt p7]sf]
/fh:j afF8kmfF8 u¥of] . o;/L afF8kmfF8 ubf{ k|lt
uf=lj=;= ;fnfvfnf #,$#,^(@ ?k}ofF afF8kmfF8 ePsf]
5 . of] /sd uf=lj=;=sf] ;fnfvfnf cfDbfgL !#
nfv !# xhf/ -@))^÷)&_ sf] sl/a @^=@ k|ltzt
x'g cfFp5 . t;y{ 9'Ëff, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 uf=lj=;=sf]
cfDbfgL klg dxŒjk"0f{ c+z x'g cfFp5 . tflnsf g+=
$=^ df afF8kmfF8sf] lx;fa k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=^ M dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf lhlj;n] /fh:j afF8\kmfF8 ug] { tl/sf, cf=j= @)^^÷@)^&
-?= xhf/df_
uflj; klxn]sf] qm;/ pTvgg\\sf sfof{nosf] klxn]sf] cfwf/e"t
;ª\Vof ;+sng ;]6sf] nflu ;'kl/j]If0f af“8\g]
b/ ;ª\Vof vf]nfIf]q b/
s"n ef/ #) !% @) @) !%
;+/Ifs clkm; 3 1,044 22 100,0
x]6f} +8f g=kf= 193,960 12 0 9 13 6 100,0
{
l;:g]/L 251,320 0 0 3 0 2 100,0
dfv'
915,140 0 0 0 0 2 100,0
e} +;] 131,320 7 16 5 0 9 100,0
kfn'ª 131,320 0 0 0 0 2 100,0
bfdg 150,660 0 0 0 0 2 100,0
l6:6f 172,120 1 100,0
cfu|f 2,0210 2 2 100,0
a;fdf8L 658,540 18 27 21 11 17 100,0
xfF8Lvf]nf 622,760 8 0 6 5 5 100,0
kbdkf]v/L 1,937,44 7 0 5 6 5 100,0
dgx/L 444,20 18 30 20 8 14 100,0
/fS;L/fª 267,04 5 2 4 4 100,0
dsjfgk'/u9L 872,560 5 4 100,0
cfde~Hofª 2,031,40 5 12 7 9 6 100,0
r'l/ofdfO{ 220,00 20 15 22 15 19 100,0
xl6of 2,100,0 100,0
c? uf=lj=;= 21 14,778,7 100 100 100 100 100 100,0
lhlj; cfDbfgL 28,000,0
Joxf]/]sf] k|ltzt 52.8
;|f]t M lhlj; dsjfgk'/

]
28
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
tflnsf $=^ df k|:t't ul/Psf] # jif{sf] 7]Ssf
/sdn] b]vfP cg';f/ cf= j= @)^$÷^% ;Ddsf] !
jif{df 7]Ssf /sd %) k|ltztn] a9\of] . of] ;do
lgof{t dfu a9L ePsf] a]nf lyof] . To;kl5sf]
jif{df 7]Ssf /sd ;fgf] kl/df0fdf 36\of] t/ km]l/
csf] { jif{ lgof{t lgif]wn] ubf{ lgs} kl/df0fdf 36\of] .
lhlj; kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] egfO cg';f/ s}nfnL /
c? s]xL lhNnfx¿df 7]s]bf/x¿sf] ldnf]dtf] (Cartelling)
eP/ 7]Ssf /sd sd ePsf] klg atfOPsf] 5 .
$=% 9'·f, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
:yfgLo :t/ juL{s/0f
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfnfO{ :yfgLo txdf j}1flgs 1fgn]
eGbf cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f
ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0f:j?k, afn'jfnfO{ /ftf]
afn'jf / ;]tf] afn'jf egL 5'6\ofOG5 . /ftf] afn'jf
vfgL;|f]t (quarry) af6 cfpF5 / o;df lrD6\ofOnf]
df6f] (clay soil) sf] dfqf a9L x'G5 . ;]tf] afn'jf
vf]nf ;|f]taf6 cfpF5 . ;]tf]sf] t'ngfdf /ftf] afn'jf
lgDg :t/sf] dflgG5 / o;nfO{ bf]xf]/f] w'nfO{ (Double
Washing) ug' { k5{ . d"Nosf lx;fan] ;]tf] afn'jfsf]
d"No sl/a @) k|ltzt a9L k5{ . /ftf] / ;]tf] b'j}
leq klg v;|f] / dl;gf] afn'jf 5'6\ofOG5 . v;|f]
afn'jf /fd|f] dflgg] x'gfn] o;sf] sl/a @% k|ltzt
a9L d"No k5{ .
lu§Ltkm{ @ ju{ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 – s_ 5fg]sf] (Sorted) lu§L
/ s'6]sf] (crushed) lu§L . oL b'j}y/L lu§Lsf cf–cfˆg}
ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ / To;}n] o;df u'0f:t/ t'ngf ug{ ufx«f]
5 . 5fg]sf] lu§Lsf] ;tx lrNnf] (smooth) x'gfn] o;df
ks8fO{ (grip) /fd|f] x' Fb}g / To;}n] s'6]sf] lu§Lsf] d"No s]xL
a9L x'G5 . o;leq km]l/ ;fOhsf] cfwf/df c? juL{s/0f
x'G5 .
9'Ëfsf] juL{s/0f cln cgf}7f] lsl;dsf] 5 . 7"nf 9'Ëf /
;fgf 9'Ëf b'j}sf] dxŒj sd 5 t/ dWod vfnsf]
9'Ëfsf] dxŒj a9L 5 .
tflnsf $=& M kfFr aif{ klxnf / clxn] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] d"No k|j[lQ
laj/0f s}nfnL ?kGb]xL wflb· dsjfgk'/ ;'g;/L
kf“r aif{cl3sf] d"No - ?= k|lt 3g ld6/_
Affn'jf 300 350 350 350 350
lu§L 500 650 600 650 600
9'Ëf 233 250 250 175 200
clxn]sf] d"No - ?= k|lt 3g ld6/_
Affn'jf 1,333 1,500 1,450 1,500 1,325
lu§L 1,333 1,500 1,450 1,500 1,325
9'Ëf 667 675 675 710 650
aflif{s d"No a[l4
Affn'jf 34.8 33.8 32.9 33.8 30.5
lu§L 21.7 18.2 19.3 18.2 17.2
9'Ëf 23.4 22.0 22.0 32.3 26.6

29
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
$=^ 9'·f, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
pkef]Qmf d"No k|j[lQ
x/]s lhNnfdf cWoog 6f]nLn] oL ;|f]tx¿sf] %
jif{cl3sf] / xfnsf] d"No ;f]w]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{
ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]Qmf d"No jif] {lg !&
b]lv #% k|ltztn] a9]sf] kfOof] . ;aeGbf sd j[l4
;'g;/Lsf] lu§Ldf / ;aeGbf a9L j[l4 s}nfnLsf]
afn'jfdf ePsf] kfOof] . lu§Lsf] d"No sd a9\g'df
qm;/ d]l;gx¿sf] bIftfsf] b]g 5 .
t/ o;/L a9]sf] d"Nosf] kmfObf lu§L s'6\g] ul/ax¿n]
kfpg'sf] ;§f c? x'g]vfg] ju{n] g} kfO/x]sf] 5 .
9'Ëf s'6\g] JolQmx¿sf] cfDbfgL s}nfnLdf dfq a9\of] .
hals ut % jif{x¿df rfdnsf] efp bf]Aa/ ePsf]
5 .
$=& lhNnf lhNnfaLrsf] km/s
of] cWoogn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] Pp6} pBf]u Pp6}
/fli6«o gLlt cg';f/ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] ePtf klg
lhNnfx¿sf] cfkm\gf] kl/l:ylt cg';f/sf sfo{ /
Jojxf/x¿ km/s km/s kfOG5g\ . tflnsf g+= $=*
df ljleGg lhNnfsf] cj:yfdf ePsf] km/ssf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=* M lhNnf lhNnfaLrsf] km/s
ljj/0f ;'g;/L dsjfgk'/ wflb· ?kGb]xL s}nfnL l;Gw'kfNrf]s
\
/fh:j p7fpg] tl/sf cdfgt 7]Ssf cdfgt 7]Ssf 7]Ssf
pTvgg\ ul/Psf] kl/df0f yf]/} w]/} w]/} w]/} yf]/} w]/}
;|f]tsf] d"No
vf]nfdf d]l;g k|of]u lgif]lwt lbPsf] lgif]lwt lbPsf]
vf]nfsf] tx p7]sf] ldl>t ulx/f] ulx/f] p7]sf] ulxl/Psf]
;8s Iflt w]/} dWod Psbd} w]/} yf]/} dWod w]/}
k'nnfO{ vt/f w]/} dWod dWod dWod
dfgjLo Iflt 5}g 5 5}g 5 5}g
pTvgg\
w}/} w]/} yf]/} yf]/} Psbd w]/} dWod
/fh:jaf6 gbL lgoGq0f 5 5 5}g 5 5}g 5}g

30
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿

{
{
31
pkIf]qsf] cj:yf / k|rngx¿
5
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿
o; efucGtu{t ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ljleGg sfo{x¿n]
k|efljt u/]sf jftfj/0fLo kIf / ltgLx¿sf]
df]6fdf]6L glthf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! pTvgg\ \ ug] { / pTvgg\ \ gug]
sfo{sf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj
o; cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 ls pTvgg\ \ ug] { / gug]
b'j} kIfsf] kmfObf / 3f6f 5g\ . o;sf pbfx/0fx¿
w]/} 5g\ M
pTvgg\ \af6 vf]nf ulxl/P/ kmfObf M
ltgfpsf] @)^^ sf] 7"nf] af9Ln] Iflt ug{ g;s]sf] .
pTvgg\ \ gugf{n] kmfObf M
vf]nfsf] wf/ kl/jt{g gx'g] .
pTvgg\ \ gugf{n] a]kmfObf M
vf]nfsf] ;txdfly p7\gfn] af9Lsf] k|efj a9\g] /
k'nnfO{ vt/f x'g] -ltgfp / nf]y/_ .
a9L pTvgg\ \sf] a]kmfObf M
k'nsf] hu sdhf]/ e} k'nnfO{ vt/f x'g] -;'g;/Lsf]
;]ptL vf]nfsf] k'n_.
%=@
pTvgg\ \ / ljqmL ljt/0fdf
ckgfOPsf k|rngx¿
pTvgg\ \ / laqmL tyf k|of]udf ePsf k|rng af
Jojxf/x¿nfO{ b'O{ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 .
!= l7s cyjf pko'Qm /
@= a]l7s jf jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] cg'ko'Qm . oL
b'j}nfO{ tn 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .
pko'Qm Jojxf/
ef/L d]l;gx¿nfO{ ;f]em} vf]nfdf k|of]u gug] {—
xfn ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] ltgfp vf]nfdf o;nfO{
k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 lgoGq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;n]
ul/a >ldsx¿nfO{ sfdaf6 lj:yflkt gug{
klg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .
lu§L / afn'jfsf] 9'jfgL ubf{ 5f]k]/ ug] { tfls
w"nf] k|b"if0f (dust pollution) gxf];\ .
leh]sf] afn'jf kfgL af6f]df v;fNb} 9'jfgL gug] { .
afn'jf kfgLn] ubf{ g} af6f]sf] klxnf w]/} Iflt
ePsf] 7flgPsf] 5 .
cfjfh cfpg] / w"nf] p8fpg ;Sg] qm;/
pBf]ux¿sf] efunfO{ 5f]Kg] / kfgLsf] a9L k|of]u
ug]{ .
k'nsf] %)) ld6/ tn–dfly pTvgg\ \ gug] { .

{
32
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿
cg'ko'Qm
dfly j0f{g ul/Psf ;j} pko'Qm Jojxf/x¿sf]
l7s pN6f] Jojxf/ cg'ko'Qm x'G5 / To;n]
jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ b"lift kfg'{sf ;fy}
;8sx¿ / cGo ;+/rgfnfO{ gf]S;fgL klg
k'¥ofFp5 . o;afx]s cGo cg'ko'Qm Jojxf/x¿df
dflkmoftGq, vf]nfdf w]/} vfN8f] kfg]{, vf]nfsf]
axfj lbzf (direction of flow) kl/jt{g ul/lbg],
;8s 5]pdf 9'Ëf / afn'jf y'kf/L 6«flkmsnfO{
afwf k'¥ofpg], vf]nfsf] 7"nf 7"nf 9'Ëf km'6fpg]
jf x6fpg] / ldl8ofn] pBdLx¿sf] g/fd|f] kIf
dfq b]vfpg] cflb Jojxf/x¿ cg'ko'Qm 5g\ .
cg'ko'Qm Jojxf/nfO{ sd ub}{ nuL pko'Qm /
jftfj/0fd}qL Jojxf/x¿ k|j4{g u/]/ o; pBf]un]
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 .
%=# jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf]
df]6fdf]6L cg'dfg
olt 5f]6f] cjlwsf] cWoogaf6 jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf]
cg'dfg ug{ ufx|f] x'g] x'gfn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf]
;f]wk"5sf] cfwf/df df]6fdf]6L jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ljj/0f tflnsfg+= %=!
df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf cg';f/ ;j}eGbf sd jftfj/0fLo x|f;
?kGb]xL lhNnfdf ePsf] b]lvG5, hxfF /fh:jsf] @
k|ltzteGbf sd gf]S;fg ePsf] 5 . ;j}eGbf a9L
jftfj/0fLo Iflt ePsf] lhNnf wflbË xf] hxfF
/fh:jsf] &) k|ltzt;Dd x|f; ePsf] kfOPsf]
5 . o;df ;j}eGbf a9L x|f; ;8s Ifltaf6 ePsf]
5 . Pp6f /fd|f] kIfrflxF s] b]lvG5 eg] jftfj/0fLo
x|f; x'g] k|lqmof 3l6/x]sf] 5 . lsgeg] klxnfsf
cg'ko'Qm Jojxf/x¿ xfn lgs} lgoGq0fdf
cfO;s]sf 5g\ .
%=$ lhNnfsf jftfj/0fLo
k|efj cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfdf sfd ug]{ pBdLx¿nfO{
pgLx¿n] /fli6«o / :yfgLo b'j} :t/df jftfj/0fnfO{
lauf/]sf] eGg] ;f]emf] / lgd{d bf]if yf]kl/Psf] 5 .
o;} l;nl;nfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t
;ldltn] xfn} ;j} ;DalGwt lhNnfx¿nfO{
jftfj/0fsf] cWoog / To; cWoogsf] cfwf/df
agfOg] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog
gu/L pTvgg\ \, laqmL, k|zf]wg / lgof{t ug{ gkfOg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; clwgdf /xL ?kGb]xLafx]s
;j} cWoogsf nflu 5flgPsf lhNnfx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf]
jftfj/0f cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
oL k|ltj]bgx¿ :YffgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf jftfj/0f
zfvfdfkm{t\ jftfj/0f dGqfnodf uO{ ToxfFaf6
:jLs[t x'g'kg] { Joj:yf 5 . h;nfO{ ;fwf/0ftof !
b]lv !=% jif{ nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|fjwfg
cg';f/ b}lgs #)) So"=lkm eGbf sd pTvgg\ \ ug]
lhNnfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo hfFr -IEE_ dfq u/]
k'Ug] / To;eGbf dfly pTvgg\ \ ug] {n] jftfj/0fLo
k|efj d"Nofª\sg -EIA_ ug' { kg] { Joj:yf 5 . xfn
cWoog ul/Psf % lhNnf dWo] dsjfgk'/ / ?kGb]xL
lhlj;n] EIA ug' { kg] { / c? lhNnfx¿n] IEE u/] k'Ug]
ePsf] 5 . t/ ;|f]t ;DefjgfnfO{ x]bf{ s}nfnL lhNnfn]
klg EIA ug' { kg] { cj:yf 5 .
oL EIA/IEE k|ltj]bgx¿ ljleGg P]g—lgodx¿n]
lbPsf lgb] {zgx¿ k5\ofO{ k"/f ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 .
jftfj/0f k|ltj]bg agfpFbf s]xL lhNnfx¿n] aflx/L
;Nnfxsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] -s}nfnL_ / s]xL lhNnfn]
cfkm\g} k|fljlws sd{rf/L k|of]u u/L tof/ u/]sf]
kfOof] . ljleGg lhNnfsf] k|ltj]bg x]bf{ To;df
Ps?ktfsf] sdL ePsf] kfOof] / ;"rgfsf] dfu:t/
/ dfu klg sda];L ePsf] kfOof] . t;y{ oL
k|ltj]bgx¿df Ps?ktf Nofpg'kg] { vfFrf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf g+= %=@ df ljleGg lhNnfsf k|ltj]bgdf

33
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿
tflnsf %=! M cWoog ePsf lhNnfx¿df jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] cg'dfg
x|f; If]q PsfO s}nfnL ?kGb]xL dsjfgk'/ wflb· ;'g;/L
;8s lau| ]sf]
hDdf
ls=ld=
cf+lzs ls=ld= @) !) @% #% @)
d"NofÍg b/ b/=÷ ls=ld= @%)))) !@%))) #))))) $%)))) @)))))
d"No %)))))) !@%)))) &%))))) !%&%)))) $))))))
h+un ljgf; ePsf] x]S6/ @) % !% !% #)
d"NofÍg b/ b/ x]S6/ %)))) %)))) &)))) ^)))) $))))
d"No !)))))) @%)))) !)%)))) ())))) !@)))))
v]tLof]Uo hUuf lau| ]sf] x]S6/ % ! @) % !%
d"NofÍg b/ %)))) !@)))) !))))) !@%))) &%)))
d"No @%)))) !@)))) @)))))) ^@%))) !!@%)))
v]tL of]Uo hUuf gf]S;fg ePsf] @) % ^) !% $)
d"NofÍg b/ b/÷ x]S6/ @%))) $%))) $)))) ^%))) #))))
d"No %))))) @@%))) @$))))) (&%))) !@)))))
kfgLdf cfwfl/t hLjgsf] gf]S;fgL %)))) !))))) @%)))) %))))) %))))
dfgjLo d[To' / ckfª\utf ! !
d"NofÍg b/ @^)))) !$@%))) %))))) #*^$)) #@%)))
d"No @^)))) ) %))))) ) )
cGo -b/ Ü_ hDdf #%#))) (&@%) ^*%))) (#&%)) #&*&%)
hDdf &$!#))) @)$@@%) !$#*%))) !(^*&%)) &(%#&%)
-lhlj; cfDbfgL_ $^@#!^%%) &#^%#))&) !@&%@)))) $&$@&*!)$ *^#@@$$!%
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 p7]sf] s/ $))))))) !$()*)*@$ @*!@%#%^ @*!@%#%^ @@))))))
lhNnfsf] cfDbfgL÷gf]S;fgLsf] k|ltzt !=^ )=# !!=# $=@ )=(
lhNnfsf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
cfDbfgLdf Ifltsf] k|ltzt !*=% !=$ %!=! &)=) #^=@
;|f]t M :ynut e|d0faf6 cg'dflgt
kfOPsf d'Vo tYofÍx¿ – ;'/lIft tl/sfn] pTvgg\ \
ug{;Sg] If]q / kl/df0f, jflif{s l8kf]lh;g b/ OToflb
b]vfOPsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf oL k|ltj]bg glthfeGbf
a9L x'g] b]vfPsf 5g\ . oL k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;'/lIft
tl/sfn] pTvgg\ \ ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0f w]/}h;f] lhNnfsf]
xfnsf] pTvgg\ \ kl/df0fx¿n] sDtLdf #) k|ltzt
vf]nfsf] /fh:j p7\g] /sd vf]nfs} ;+/If0f sfo{ /
jftfj/0fLo b'ik|efj k/]sf JolQm / If]qx¿sf]
Ifltk"lt{sf nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg] { atfPsf 5g\ .
lhlj;x¿n] u/fPsf jfftfjf/0f cWoog
k|ltj]bgx¿n] Pp6f /fd|f] kIf s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg]
jftfjf/0fLo lx;fan] ;'/lIft pTvgg\ \ ug{ ;lsg]
jflif{s kl/df0f xfn pTvgg\ \ e}/x]sf] kl/df0f eGbf
a9L x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, s}nfnL lhNnfsf]
xfnsf] jflif{s pTvgg\ \ kl/df0f ($,%)) 3g ld6/
5 eg] of] kl/df0f jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] lx;fan]
;'/lIft tl/sfn] ubf{ !)(,))) 3g ld6/ k'Ug] s'/f
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . t;y{ ;'/lIft pTvgg\\n]

34
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿
tflnsf %=@ M lhNnf jftfj/0fLo cWoogx¿sf] ;f/f+z pknlAw
lhNnf vf]nf–gbL Joj:yfkg pTvgg\\ pTvgg\\ ;fnfvfnf jflif{s 8]j|L pTvgg\\ lhlj;nfO{
hfg] If]q x'g] If]q ulx/f] 8]lj|; hDdf x'g] kl/df0f Ohfht
hdfx -dL_ -So'= dL_ -3g ld lbg ;lsg]
k|ltlbg_ kl/df0f
-3=ld=_
s}nfnL v'l6of uf]bfj/L,
>Lk'/ /
lanfb]aLk'/ 629,408 0.61 300 109,000
?kGb]xL ltgfp k|fKt ePg
dsjfgk'/ /fKtL / r'l/ofdfO{,
To;sf a;fdf8L,
;xfos e};], x]6f} +8f
vf]nf g=kf=, kfn'u
/ l;:g]/L 15,115,015 59,244,934
wflb· lqz"nL a]lg3f6, l/rf]s6f/,
uf]ug]kfgL / sf]lnofau/ /
a}/]gL d'Vo ;8s 271,140 300 108,456
;'g;/L
;]ptL, ;b{ ',
a'9Lvf]nf /
O6x/L
a'9Lvf]nf k'n 1,599,004 200 110,000
kl/df0f / cfDbfgL g36\g] b]lvG5 . o;sf] csf] {
cy{df xfn ;+efjgfeGbf yf]/} t/ s]xL unt tl/sfn]
pTvgg\ \ ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ubf{ ldl8ofx¿nfO{
a9L pTvgg\ \ ePsf] h:tf] nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 . lhNnf
cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿n] xfnsf] Joj:yfsf] /fd|f /
g/fd|f b'a} kIfx¿ klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ t/
ltgLx¿sf] kl/df0ffTds d"NofÍg eg] u/]sf 5}gg\ .
o;}n] ubf{ lhNnfx¿df o; pkIf]qsf ljleGg
sfo{x¿n] slt /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 eGg]
kl/df0ffTds l:ylt o; cWoog 6f]nLsf ;b:ox¿n]
cfkm} + df]6fdf]6L?kdf ug' {k¥of] .
tyflk jftfjf/0f cWoog k|ltj]bgdf kfOPsf /fd|f
/ g/fd|f kIfx¿ tn b]vfOPsf 5g\ M
pTvgg\ \sf /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿
/fd|f kIfx¿ M
dflg;x¿sf] a9\bf] cfjt\hfjt\n] :yfgLo txdf
ahf/ ljsf; x'g] -yf]/} tyf nfdf] cjlwsf] /
:yfoL k|sf/sf]_ .
:yfgLo hgtfnfO{ sfd / cfDbfgLsf] cj;/
-bIf / cbIf >d b'j}sf nflu_ .
:yfgLo hgtfsf] k|fljlws 1fgdf j[l4 x'g] .
b]z ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] cfw'lgs ;+/rgfsf
nflu sf]/f dfn pknAw x'g] .
:yfgLo lgsfosf] cfDbfgL j[l4af6 :yfgLo
ljsf;sf sfd ug{ ;lsg] .

{
35
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿
cjfl~5t kIf M
ef}lts
vf]nfsf] lsgf/ cl:y/ x'g],
vf]nfaf6 s6fgL a9\g],
gbLsf] cfsf/ / /rgfdf (morphology) kl/jt{g x'g],
u|fe]n ;8sx¿ lau|g ;Sg],
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sd x'g] / hn—jg:klt /
k|f0fLx¿nfO{ c;/ kg] { .
h}ljs
vf]nf h+unleq k:g ;Sg] -;'g;/L_,
sfdbf/x¿n] h+un df:g ;Sg],
hnk|f0fLx¿sf] jf;:yfg gf]S;fg x'g],
9'jfgL / qm;/ ;~rfng / dflg;x¿sf]
cfjfudgaf6 h+unL kz'k+IfLx¿nfO{ c;/ kg]
-dsjfgk'/_,
glhs}sf jg:kltdf w"nf] hld j[l4 sd x'g],
h+unL kz' lzsf/ a9\g], /
h+unL kz'x¿n] dflg; / kz'nfO{ cfqmd0f ug] { .
b'ik|efj sd ug] { pkfox¿
gbL÷vf]nf lgoGq0f sfo{,
gbL÷vf]nf lsgf/df j[If/f]k0f,
k'n arfpgsf nflu kfgL lgsf; Joj:yf,
d"nsf] %)) ld6/ tndfly pTvgg\\ lgif]w
ug]{,
pTvgg\ \ / k|zf]wg sfo{ /ftdf gug] { -!* ah]b]lv
& ah];Dd_,
ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 5'§} s/ p7fpg] Joj:yf
x6fpg],
pTvgg\ \ / c? sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;'/Iff ;fdu|L
pknAw u/fpg],
:yfgLo JolQmnfO{ sfd / :yfgLo ahf/sf] nflu
;fdfg pknAw u/fpg],
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo JolQm /
;+:yfx¿sf] pkof]u ug] {, /
7"nf d]l;g / qm;/ pBf]ux¿ jg l;dfgf
IF]qeGbf sDtLdf ! lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /fVg] .

36
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿

37
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / kl/0ffdx¿
6
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
^=! :yfgLo lgsfo
:yfgLo lgsfox¿ of] pkIf]qaf6 ;j}eGbf a9L
kmfObf lng] ;+:yf x'g\ . dfly g} pNn]v u/] cg';f/
oL ;+:yfx¿n] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfdf s/, lgof{t
Ohfht z'Ns cflb nufP/ cfDbfgL u/L Pp6f
dfGo ;"q cg';f/ aF +8kmfF8 ub{5g\ . cf= j= @))(÷!)
df ?kGb]xL lh= lj= ;= n] ?= !% s/f]8 cfDbfgL
u¥of] eg] ;j}eGbf sd s}nfnL lhlj;n] ?= %)
nfv cfDbfgL u¥of] . lhlj;x¿n] s"n cfDbfgL
/sdsf] sl/a %) k|ltzt /sd cfkm"nfO{ /fv]/
afFsL c? :yfgLo lgsfo / lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{
afF8kmFf8 ub{5g\ .
lhNnfx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf 9'¨f, lu§L / afn'jfsf] lx:;f
lhNnfaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL vr{ lx;faaf6 klg
lgsflnPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo lgsfosf] /fh:j cfDbfgLdf
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] dxTj
;'g;/L lhNnfsf] pbfx/0faf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] tflnsf
g+= ^=! n] lhlj;sf] cfDbfgLdf 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
slt dxTj /x]5 eGg] bzf{pF5 .
tflnsf cg';f/ afn'jf, lu§L, 9'Ëfaf6 cfDbfgLsf]
lx:;f s"n ;|f]t k|of]u s/sf] #@=% k|ltztb]lv
$)=% k|ltzt /Xof] . To;}u/L lhNnfsf] s"n Ohfht
tflnsf ^=! M ;'g;/L lhlj;sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgLsf] k|ltzt
9'·f, lu§L / afn'jf @))^÷)& @))&÷)* @))*÷)( @))(÷!) 9NsfO{ @))^÷)&
b]lv @))(÷!)
;|f]t k|of]u s/ (%) 32.5 34.8 38.5 40.5 2.8
Ohfht z'Ns (%) 97.7 87.0 93.4 99.9 1.3
s"n laqmL (%) 92.6 94.5 96.4 98.1 1.8
s"n cfGtl/s /fh:j (%) 17.1 21.4 26.6 36.1 6.2
s"n cDbfgL 5.1 7.7 6.7 3.6 -0.5
;|f]t M cg';"rL @ af6 lx;fa ul/Psf] .

{
38
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
z'Nssf] *& b]lv ((=( k|ltzt /Xof] . lhlj;sf]
s"n laqmLaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] (@=^ k|ltztb]lv
(*=! k|ltzt /Xof] ]Ù s"n cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf] !&=!
k|ltztb]lv #^=! k|ltzt /Xof] / s"n lhlj;
cfDbfgLsf] #=^ k|ltztb]lv &=& k|ltzt /Xof] . oL
tYofÍx¿n] s] b]vfpF5g\ eg] :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf]
cfD+bfgLdf 9'Ëf, lu6L / afn'jfsf] lgs} dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf 5 .
t/fO{ If]qdf kg] { lhlj;x¿n] lgof{t z'Ns;d]t c;"n
u/]/ kxf8L lhNnfx¿eGbf a9L cfDbfgL lng ;Ifd
eP . kxf8L lhNnfx¿df dsjfgk'/ lhNnfn] dfq
lgof{taf6 cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf] kfOof] . ;aeGbf
a9L 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf]
lhlj; ?kGb]xL xf] h;n] jflif{s @@ s/f]8;Dd
cfDbfgL u/]sf] kfOof] . dsjfgk'/ / t/fO{sf
lhNnfx¿n] s"n pTkfbgsf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L
ef/tdf lgof{t u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
o:tf] /fh:j wflbË lhNnfafx]s c? lhNnfx¿df
jif] {lg a9\b} lyof] -tflnsf ^=@_ / lgof{t lgif]wkl5
of] km]l/ lgs} dfqfdf 36\of] / ca lgof{t lgif]w
k'ms'jf ePkl5 k]ml/ a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
cWoog ePsf lhNnfx¿df vf]nf ;+/If0fdf ev{/}
nufgL 5'6\ofpg yflnPsf] 5 / IEE/EIA n] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] #) k|ltzt /fh:j /sdsf] t'ngfdf ;'g;/L
lhNnfn] dfq xfnsf] jif{df !% k|ltzt /sd
5'6\ofPsf] 5 . c? lhNnfx¿sf] vf]nfdf nufgL
gu0o 5 .
tflnsf ^=# M lhlj;sf] s"n vr{df jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg vr{sf] k|ltzt
lhNnf 2065/66 2066/67
s}nfnL 0.0 0.0
?kGb]xL 0.3 2.6
dsjfgk'/ 1.1
wflbË 0.3
^=@ 9'·f, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
lhlj; cfDbfgLdf lx:;f
o;eGbf cl3 klg O+lut ul/Psf] lyof] ls lhlj;sf]
jflif{s cfDbfgLdf 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfpg] s/
…Ohfht kqÚn] dxŒjk"0f{ c+z cf]u6]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf]
k'li6 tnsf] $ j6f lhNnfsf] lx:;f ljZn]if0faf6 k'li6
x'G5 -tflnsf ^=$, ^=%, ^=^ / ^=&_ .
^=# vf]nf / af6f]5]p pTvgg\ \ ug]
>ldsx¿
s]xL jif{cl3;Dd xhf/f} +sf] ;+Vofdf ul/a / ;'s'Daf;L
>ldsx¿ af6f]5]p lu§L s'6]/ a]Rg] k];fdf cfl>t
lyP . o;dWo] sl/a ^) k|ltzt >ldsx¿ o; k];faf6
lj:yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿ s' [g k];fdf nfu]
eGg] klg yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . afFsL #) k|ltztn]
qm;/ pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ / cGo
!) k|ltzt pxL k'/fgf] lu§L s'6\g] sfddf ;+nUg
5g\ . logLx¿ qm;/ pBf]usf] oflGqsLs/0fn] lj:yflkt
tflnsf ^=@ M lhlj;sf] s"n cfDbfgLdf 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] k|ltzt
lhNnf 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67
2066/67 aflif{s a[l¢ b/ (%)
s}nfnL 1.1 8.7 7.6
?kGb]xL 16.7 20.2 3.5
dsjfgk'/ 11.7 32.2 22.0 5.1
wflbË 75.8 9.0 -66.8

39
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
tflnsf ^=$ M dsjfgk'/ lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ
cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f @)^$÷^% @)^%÷^^ @)^^÷^& k|j[lQ b/
hDdf cfDbfgL &@^@@(&* !!#@@^)!^ !@&%@)))) @&$$*%!!
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgL *%@$$$ #^%))))) @*)))))) (&#&^&*
lgof{t s/ -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_ #))))) $%)))) !))))))) $*%))))
hDdf cfDbfgL -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_ **@$^$$ #^(%)))) @*!@%#%^ (^%)#%^
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf - hDdfsf] k|ltzt_ !!=& #@=@ @@=) %=!
hDdf vr{ !($$%^)^* #))!$@))) $$(*%())) !@&&)!$^^
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{ ) ) @)))))) !))))))
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{ -Ü_ )=$
tflnsf ^=% M ?kGb]xL lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ
cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f @)^%÷^^ @)^^÷^& k|j[lQ b/
hDdf cfDbfgL (!(*!))^) &#^%#))&) – !*#@&((()
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgL
lgof{t s/ -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_
hDdf cfDbfgL -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_ !%#*$@^(@ !$()*)*@$ – $&^!*^*
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf -hDdfsf] k|ltzt_ !^=& @)=@ #=%
hDdf vr{ *^!*(%$$) !^^^(($!) – $&^!*^*
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{ @&)**&) $#))))) !%(!!#)
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{ -Ü_ )=# @=^ @=#
tflnsf ^=^ M wflbË lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ
cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f @)^$÷^% @)^%÷^^ k|j[lQ b/
hDdf cfDbfgL ^*^!#^)) $&$@&*!)$ $)%^^$%)$
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgL %@)))))) $@^!)))) – (#())))
lgof{t s/ -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_ #))))) $%)))) !%))))
hDdf cfDbfgL -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_ %@#))))) $#)^)))) – (@$))))
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf -hDdfsf] k|ltzt_ &%=* (=) – ^^=*
hDdf vr{
!#^(^)!^$
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{ $)))))
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{ -Ü_ )=#

40
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
tflnsf ^=& M ;'g;/L lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|j[lQ
cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f @)^%÷^^ @)^^÷^& k|j[lQ b/
hDdf cfDbfgL #*@&@%^(# *^#@@$$!% $*)$(*&@@
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 cfDbfgL !*!))))) @@)))))) #()))))
lgof{t s/ -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_ ) ) )
hDdf cfDbfgL -9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf_ !*!))))) @@)))))) #()))))
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf -hDdfsf] k|ltzt_ $=& @=% )=*
hDdf vr{ !#^$^%)) !#$%))))
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{
@))))))
vf]nf lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] vr{ (%) !$=(
ePsf x'g\ . s}nfnL lhNnfdf logLx¿sf] jf:tljs
cfDbfgL 36\b} uPsf] 5 t/ c? lhNnf eg] yf]/}
k|ltztn] cfDbfgL a9\b} 5 . lu§Lsf] a]Rg] efp %
jif{df @) k|ltztn] a9\of] eg] rfdnsf] efp ;f]xL
cjlwdf bf]Aj/ ePsf] 5 . oL >ldsx¿sf] ;fnfvfnf
sdfO tflnsf g+= ^=* df lbOPsf] 5 . h'g
lhNnfcg';f/ w]/} km/s ePsf] kfOG5 .
^=$ lkm/lkm/] pBf]u
afn'jf vf]nfsf] kfgLn] wf]P/ a]Rg] pBf]unfO{ lkm/lkm/]
pBf]u eGb5g\ / of] wflbË lhNnfdf a9L ;+Vofdf
b]lvG5 / sf7df8f} +sf] afn'jfsf] dfu cfk"lt{ ug{
k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . sl/a & nfv nufgL nfUg] of]
pBf]usf] k|ltkmn lgs} /fd|f] 5 / Ps} jif{df nufgL
/sd -km08_ c;'n x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf] lx;falstfa
tflnsf ^=( df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf ^=( M lkm/lkm/]sf] cy{zf:q
:yfkgf vr{ 700,000
VfKg] cg'dflgt aif{ 5
vfgLdf vr{ -?_ 3150,000
dd{t ;+ef/ vr{ (!)%) 70,,000
tna 300,000
Afflif{s ;~rfng vr{ 4195000
sfd u/]sf] lbgdf l6k (truck) 7
d"No k|lt l6k ?= 4500
Afflif{s sfd ug]{ lbg 150
s'n laqmL /sd ?= k|lt aif{ 4725000
aflif{s gfkmf 530000
tflnsf ^=* M xfn sfd ug] { >ldsx¿sf] jflif{s cfDbfgL
ljj/0f ;'g;/L dsjfgk'/ wflb· ?kGb]xL s}nfnL
;fnfvfnf b}lgs cfDbfgL -?=_ 100 125 60 250 65
jif{el/ u/L sfd u/]sf] lbg 250 250 280 300 250
;fnfvfnf pd]/ 48 45 38 42 45
hGdb/sf] af]Sg] jif{ cg';f/ 61 61 61 61 61
ca afFsL pd]/df sdfpg] -?=_ 25,000 31,250 16,800 7,5000 16250

41
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
>ldsx¿sf] ;fnfvfnf sdfO o;af6 nufgLsf]
k|ltkmn #! k|ltzt cfpg] b]lvG5 .
log} sf/f]jf/ Kfl/ldltx¿sf] ] cfwf/df ul/Psf] ljQLo
/ cly{s k|ltkmn tflnsf ^=!! cg';f/ x'g] b]lvG5 .
^=% qm;/ pBf]ux¿
;'g;/L lhNnfafx]s c? lhNnfx¿ ljleGg ;fOhsf
qm;/ pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngdf cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . ;fOh
/ oflGqsLs/0f cg';f/ $ ljleGg lsl;dsf pBf]u
b]lvG5g\— ;fgf], dWod, 7"nf] / 7"nf] l8lh6n . oL
ljleGg ;fOh / Ifdtfsf pBf]ux¿sf] ;fnfvfnf
sf/f]jf/ kl/ldlt (parameter) x¿ tflnsf ^=!) df
lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf ^=!! M ljleGg cfsf/k|sf/sf qm;/x¿af6
cfpg] k|ltkmn
ljQLo
k|ltkmn (FIRR)
cfly{s
k|ltkmn (EIRR)
;fgf] &$=$ *&=#
dWod &@=! !!)=&
7"nf] &^=) ()=@
7"nf] l8lh6n &&=) ()=%
;|f]t M cg';"rL @ b]lv ( ;Dd af6 lx;fa ul/Psf]
tflnsf ^=!) M cfwf/e"t pTkfbg / d"No;DaGwL kl/ldlt / cg'dfg -ljleGg ;fOhsf qm;/sf] k|ltkmnsf nflu_
ljj/0f ;fgf] dWod 7"nf] 7"nf] l8lh6n
sd{rf/L 15 50 125 75
nufgL -?_ 25000 60000 150000 230000
jflif{s sfd ug]{ lbg 275 275 275 275
Hofnf 60 55 50 20
lah'nL 600 960 1800 2500
l8h]n 1568 3000 4500 5000
hUuf ef8f 100 150 200 200
aLdf 150 300 600 700
sRrf kbfy{
pTkfbg -3g ld6/÷jif{_
afn'jf 8250 41250 96250 123750
lu§L 41250 96250 206250 302500
lrK;\ 20625 48125 103125 151250
d"No k|lt 3g ld6/
afn[ 'jf 400 400 400 400
lu§L 450 450 450 450
lrK;\ 200 200 200 200
hDdf pTkfbg d"No -?=_ 25987.5 69437.5 151937.5 215875

{
+
42
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
of] k|ltkmnnfO{ lgs} g} cfsif{s dfGg'k5{ / pBdL
/ JolQmnfO{ eGbf ;dfh / b]znfO{ a9L kmfObf k'Ug]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
^=^ 9'jfgLstf{x¿
b'O{ lsl;dsf 9'jfgLstf{x¿ o; pkIf]qdf b]lvPsf
5g\ . klxnf] cfkm\g} 6«saf6 lghL 9'jfgL ug] { / bf];|f]
s'g} sDkgL dfkm{t 9'jfgL ug] { . 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
9'jfgLdf klg k|ltkmn *# k|ltzt cyf{t\ /fd|f] gfkmf
b]lvG5 .
^=& 7]s]bf/x¿
s/ 7]s]bf/sf] cfDbfgL s]xL xb;Dd cb[Zo x'g]x'gfn]
pgLx¿sf] k|ltkmnsf] cGbfh ug{ ufx|f] kb{5, t/
lhlj;x¿sf] cg'dfgcg';f/ 7]Ssf /sd, Eof6 /
s/ p7fg vr{ ;j} s6fP/ klg pgLx¿n] sDtLdf
@% k|ltzt kmfObf p7fpF5g\ . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg
If]qaf6 rGbfsf] dfu klg a9L cfpF5 .
^=* Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ gLltut l6Kk0fL
o; pkIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4 >+vnfsf pBdL /
sfo{stf{x¿sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg l:yltsf] ;fdfGo
gLltut kl/l:yltdf, lx;fa ubf{ vf]nf / ;8s5]pdf
sfd ug] { xft] >ldsafx]s c? ;j}sf] l:ylt lgs}
/fd|f] b]lvG5 . ul/a >ldsx¿sf] ;DaGwdf rflxF
s}nfnL lhNnfdf pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL jf:tljs ?kd}
(In real Terms) 36]sf] 5 eg] c? lhNnfdf ut %
jif{leq cfDbfgL sl/a @) k|ltztn] dfq a9]sf] 5
hals ;f]xL cjlwdf rfdnsf] d"No bf]Aa/ ePsf]
5 . s'g} klg lhNnfdf pgLx¿sf] b}lgs sdfO{
lhNnfn] tf]s]sf] Hofnf b/ /]6 -sl/a ? #))_
k'u]]sf] 5}g . o;afx]s sl/a ^) k|ltzt o:tf
>ldsx¿ qm;/ pBf]usf sf/0fn] k"/} lj:yflkt
ePsf 5g\ / pgLx¿ sxfF k'u] / s'g gofF Joj;fodf
nfu] eGg] olsg klg x'g ;s]g . o;af6 of] lgisif{
lgsfNg ;lsG5 ls 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pkIf]qsf]
ul/af]Gd'vL kIf sdhf]/ x' Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . t;y{ o;
pkIf]qaf6 cfpg] cfDbfgLsf] s]xL k|ltzt 5'§} sf]ifdf
/fvL ljleGg txdf ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{x¿ ug' {kg]
cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
tflnsf ^=!@ M 9'jfgLdf tna vr{ -k|ltjif{_
ljj/0f 8«fOe/ x]Nk/ hDdf
cfwf/e"t tna k|lt dlxgf 5000 2500 7500
jflif{s tna 60000 30000 90000
sfd u/]sf] lbgdf l6«k ;+Vof 2 2 4
eQf k|ltl6k 250 150 400
jif{df sfd u/]sf] lbg 180 180 360
jflif{s cfDbfgL 150000 84000 234000
k|ltdlxgf ;fnfvfnf 12500 7000 19500

43
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
tflnsf ^=!# M ^– kfª\u| ] 6«s ;~rfngaf6 9'jfgL ubf{ x'g] jflif{s cfDbfgL / vr{sf] cg'dfg
jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ;fdfg vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s rf]vf] jflif{s
cfDbfgL gfkmf
! 2000000 1156000 990000 4146000 2970000 -1176000
@ 1734000 1485000 3219000 4050000 831000
# 2312000 1980000 4292000 5400000 1108000
$ 2312000 1980000 4292000 5400000 1108000
% 2312000 1980000 4292000 5400000 1108000
^ 2312000 1980000 4292000 5400000 1108000
& 2312000 1980000 4292000 5400000 1108000
* 2312000 1980000 4292000 5400000 1108000
( 2312000 1980000 4292000 5400000 1108000
!) 2312000 1980000 4292000 5600000 1308000
xfnsf] d"Nodf (NPV, IRR) 27,744,575 32,919,686 *#%
kmfObf vr{ cg'kft 1.19

44
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f

\
45
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
9'·f, lu§L / afn'jf pBf]u;“u
;DalGwt ;jfnx¿
7
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pBf]ux¿df ljleGg ;jfnx¿
b]lvPsf 5g\, h;sf] rrf{ o; cWoog k|ltj]bgsf]
ljleGg efudf ul/Psf 5g\ . s]xL dlxgfcl3;Dd lgof{t
lgif]wsf] ;jfn k|d'v lyof] eg] clxn] cfP/ of] lgif]w
k'ms'jf ePsf] 5 . s]xL cGo d'Vo ;jfnx¿ oxfF rrf{
ul/Psf 5g\ .
&=! :jfldTj / 7]Ssf lbg]
clwsf/df bf]xf]/f]kgf / åGb
ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf] cf–cfk\mg} If]qut sfg'g /
lgodfjnL 5g\ / tL lgodx¿ Ps csf{;Fu aflemg]
vfnsf klg 5g\ . vf;u/L o:tf] åGb lhlj; /
jg;DaGwL sfof{nox¿aLr 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf]
:jfldTj, k|of]u / 7]Ssf lbg kfpg] clwsf/af/]
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; åGb ljifosf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L
o;} k|ltj]bgsf] kl5Nnf] v08df lbOPsf] 5 .
;'g;/L lhNnfdf lhlj; / jg pkef]QmfaLr ;DaGw
lrl;Psf] 5 . lsgeg] pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf cg';f/
lhlj;n] 7"nf d]l;g nufO{ vf]nfaf6 sRrf kbfy{
vf;u/L 7"nf 9'Ëf lems]sf sf/0f ;d"xsf] jgdf
af9L k;]/ gf]S;fg ePsf] 5 . cWoog 6f]nLn] o;
;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ b'j} kIfnfO{ /fvL lj:t[t
5nkmn u/fPkl5 ;DaGw ;'wf/ x'g] l:ylt b]lvPsf]
5 .
&=@ ljleGg l:ylt, Pp6} gLlt
g]kfn ljleGg lsl;dsf] ljljwtfdf wgL b]z xf] .
o:tf] ljljwtf pkIf]qsf ljleGg sfo{ / k|rngx¿df
klg b]lvG5 . pbfx¿0f:j?k sxL‘ pTvgg\ \ gugf{n]
;d:of 5 -s}nfnL, ;'g;/L / s]xL xbdf dsjfgk'/_
eg] s'g} lhNnfdf pTvgg\ \ ugf{n] ;d:of k/]sf] 5
-?kGb]xL / dsjfgk'/sf] s]xL efu_ . ?kGb]xL
lhNnfsf] ltgfp vf]nfdf pTvgg\ \ u/]/ vf]nf ulx/f]
gePsf] eP @)^^ ;fnsf] 7"nf] af9Ln] a'6jn
;x/nfO{ Wj:t kfg{ ;SYof] . Tof]eGbf ;fgf] af9L
pTvgg\ \k"j{ @)%( ;fndf cfp‘bf bfp/] 6f]n k"/}
aufPsf] lyof] . csf{lt/ k'nglhs pTvgg\ \ ugf{n]
;'g;/Lsf] ;]ptL vf]nfsf] Pp6f k'n w/fzfoL x'g]
cj:yfdf 5 . dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] r'l/ofdfO{
dlGb/glhs}sf] Pp6f k'ndf t pQ/kl§ a9L pTvgg\
ugf{n] / blIf0fkl§ pTvgg\ g} gu/L 6flng nfu]sfn]
b'a}tkm{af6 k'nnfO{ vt/f 5 . Pp6} sfo{sf] ljleGg
7fpFdf ljleGg glthf (Out come) x'g] x'gfn] Ps}

46
9'·f, lu§L / afn'jf pBf]u;“u ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿
lsl;dsf] gLltlgod Joj:yf pko'Qm gx'g ;S5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt ckgfO{
:yfgLo gLlt to ug] { sfd klg tNnf] txdf g} lbg'
pko'Qm x'G5 .
&=# 9'·f, lu§L / afn'jf;DaGwL
pBf]udf dflkmoftGq
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf ;DaGwL pBf]ux¿ g]kfndf s'g}
gLltut kl/l:yltdf afx]s /fd|f];Fu km:6fO /x]sf
5g\ . ha ha s'g} pBf]udf k|ltkmn w]/} x'G5 o:tf
pBf]udf lgDg @ s'/f x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 M–
s_
v_
k|lt:kwf{ a9L ug] { k|j[lQ,
dflkmoftGqdfkm{t\ pBf]udf lgoGq0f -7]Ssf
sAhf, Psflwsf/ cflb_
o;}sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf pBf]udf
dflkmoftGq xfjL ePsf] b]lvG5 . dflkmof lqmofsnfk
eGgfn] u}/sfg"gL lgof{t, 7]Ssf, hjh{:tL sAhf,
7]Ssfdf ldnf]dtf], s/ gltg] {, wDsL, rGbf cft+s
cflb sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ . o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] af/]df
lhlj; x¿nfO{ hfgsf/L eP klg s'g} sf/jfxL ug{
g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . olb of] dflkmoftGq, /fHoeGbf
JolQm 7"nf] x'g] cj:yf, /lx/x]df of] pBf]usf] ktg
x'g ;S5 .
&=$ Ifltk"lt{sf] ;jfn
o; pkIf]qsf pBf]ux¿n] ljleGg k|b"if0fd'vL
sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf 5g\ . h;n] l5d]ssf a:tL, ;DklQ
/ ;+/rgfnfO{ c;/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ o;sf nflu
s'g} cf}krfl/s Ifltk"lt{ Joj:yf 5}g . o:tf] k|b"if0fsf]
a9L c;/ ul/ax¿nfO{ kl//x]sf] x'G5 . s]xL
pBdLx¿n] JolQmut?kdf ;'wf/ nufgL u/] klg
To;sf] k|ltkmn x'g]vfg]n] dfq kfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
&=% pBf]usf] ul/ad'vL
cj:yfdf x«f;
;g\ @))* ;fneGbf cl3;Dd 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf
pTvgg\ \ tyf k|zf]wg ug] { sfo{ vf]nf5]p / /fhdfu{5]p
a:g] ul/a / ;'s'Daf;L JolQmx¿n] ub{y] . tL dWo] ^)
k|ltzt pBf]usf] d]l;gLs/0fn] ubf{ lj:yflkt e};s]sf
5g\ . To;}n] o; pBf]un] ul/anfO{ a9L kmfObf k'¥ofpg]
lbzfaf6 plN6;s]sf] 5 . t;y{, o; pBf]usf]
cfDbfgLaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] /sd
5'6\ofP/ cGo ul/ad'vL sfo{x¿ ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 .
&=^ g]kfnL 9'·f, lu§L /
afn'jfsf] lgof{t ;Defjgf
ljleGg ljsf; ;+/rgf tof/ ug] { p2]Zon] sf7df8f} +,
lrtjg, lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f, e}/xjf, a'6jn,
g]kfnu~h h:tf 7"nf ;x/x¿df / ev{/} pe|b}
cfPsf ;x/f]Gd'vL 7f+px¿ sf]xnk'[/, abL{jf;,
O6x/L, ljtf{df]8 cflbdf lgdf{0f sfo{x¿ wdfwd
e}/x]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+ /fhwfgL ;x/ ePsfn]
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] ;j}eGbf a9L vkt oxf+
x'G5 . t}klg g]kfnsf] cfk"lt{ df+u eGbf a9L 5 .
x'gt o;n] d"Nodf eg] s'g} sdL cfPsf] 5}g .
jf:tjdf lu§L–afn'jfsf] d"No g]kfnsf] sl/a !!
k|ltzt d'b|fl:kmlt b/eGbf a9L g} 5 .
lgof{t ahf/x¿df xfn g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] dfu
g]kfnsf l5d]sL ef/tLo /fHox¿ laxf/, klZrd
a+ufn, pQ/ k|b]z / pQ/f~rndf 5 . ljxf/
/fHosf] xfn}sf] pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ g]kfnL
pTkfbgsf] cfoft dfu a9fpgdf k|d'v sf/s
tTj xf] . pQ/L l5d]sL rLgaf6 s'g} dfu cfpFb}g
lsgeg] ToxfF l;dfgf If]qdf kftnf] a:tL 5 .
ef/tsf] xsdf g]kfnL ;fdfg ;Ldfaf6 %) b]lv
!%) lsnf]ld6/ leq;Dd k'u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

\
47
9'·f, lu§L / afn'jf pBf]u;“u ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿
To;eGbf k/ g]kfnL ;fdfgn] d"No / u'0f:t/
b'a}df ef/tLo ;fdfg;Fu k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g .
g]kfnL ;fdfgsf] lgof{tnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] csf]{
sf/0f ;Ldf If]q;Dd a8LnfOg -a|f]8u]h_ /]Nj]
cfOgk'Ug' xf] . o:tf] a8LnfOg ;Ldf If]q;Dd cfPdf
g]kfnsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf /xFb}g / o:tf] cj:yf
cfpg sl/a % b]lv !) jif{ nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . u'0f:t/sf] sf/0fn] g]kfnaf6 cfofltt 9'Ëf,
lu§L / afn'jfx¿ cGo lgdf{0f sfo{df sl/a #
k|ltzt;Dd / ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{df ! k|ltzt;Dd
dfq k|of]u e}/x]sf] atfOG5 .
&=& ;|f]t vf]nfx¿df ;+/If0f
nufgL ug' {kg] { cj:yf
x/]s lhNnfn] ;|f]t vf]nf dfkm{t cfDbfgL lng] t/
oLlgx¿sf] Jojl:yt ;+/If0fdf Wofg lbg] u/]sf] kfOb}g .
xfn} dfq dsjfgk'/, ;'g;/L / ?kGb]xL lhNnfn] oL
vf]nfx¿ / r'/] ;+/If0fdf s]xL ah]6 5'6\ofpg yfn]sf
5g\ . o:tf] ;+/If0f sfo{df slDtdf @)Ü cfDbfgLsf]
/sd 5'6\ofpg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]df ! b]lv !%
k|ltzt;Dd dfq 5'6\ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
&=* g]kfnL 9'·f, lu§L /
afn'jfsf] u'0f:t/
g]kfnsf] sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] ;|f]t vf]nfx¿ ePsf] /
o:tf vf]nfdf ljleGg e08f/, k|sf/, /+u / cfGtl/s
agfj6cg';f/ sRrf kbfy{ lgdf{0f x'g] ePsf]n] xfnsf]
u'0f:t/ Tolt /fd|f] dfGg ;lsGg . of] u'0f:t/ /fd|f]
kfg{sf nflu sRrf kbfy{sf] :t/Ls/0f (grading) ug] { /
5fg]/ (Selective way) pTvgg\ \ ug' { kg] { x'G5 . g]kfnsf]
afn'jf df Mica sf] dfqf #)Ü;Dd kfOPsf] 5 hjls
of] * k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g' x' Fb}g .
&=( pBf]usf] lbuf]kgf
lbuf]kgfsf tLg kIfx¿ 5g\ M
!= lgof{t ahf/sf] lbuf]kgf
@= jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] vf]nfaf6 sRrf dfn pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsg] lbuf]kgf
#= ;Dk"0f{ pBf]usf] lbuf]kgf .
g]kfnsf] xfnsf] lgof{t ahf/ ef/tsf l5d]sL /fHox¿
dfq x'g\ . pQ/kl§ rLgdf o;sf] cfoft / cfk"lt{
Joj:yfkg lgs} ufx«f] 5 / l;dfgf glhs} afSnf j:tLx¿
klg 5}gg\ . g]kfn k|lt:kwf{Tds /xg ;Sof] eg] a+unfb]z
eljiosf] Pp6f lgof{t ahf/ x'g;S5 . xfnsf] ef/t
lgof{tdf klg ahf/ 5]8fO{ (Market Penetration)
l;dfgfb]lv %)–!%) ls=ld=;Dd dfq 5 . of] cj;/
klg ef/tLo a|f]8u]h /]n g]kfn ;Ldf;Dd cfPkl5
x/fpg] 7flgPsf] 5 lsgeg] g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/
Tolt ;Gtf]if hgs 5}g . To;}n] lgof{tsf] lbuf]kgdf
z+sf ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF w]/} 5g\ .
lhNnfsf] jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfndf
ePsf vf]nfaf6 ;'/lIft pTvgg\ u/L sRrf kbfy{
lgsfNg] / k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] dfqf w]/} 5 . jf:tjdf
xfn e} /x]sf] pTvgg\ \ kl/df0f eGbf ;"/lIft pTvgg\
kl/df0f w]/} x'g ;Sg] oL k|ltj]bgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ .
oLg} jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿sf] l;kmfl/; leq
/x]/ pTvgg\ \ u/]df g]kfnsf] df+u lgs} jif{;Dd xfd|f
vf]nfaf6 g} cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . To; kl5 vfgL
;|f]tx¿ klg k|z:t ePsfn] d+fu cg';f/sf] cfk"lt{
Joj:yf lbuf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
xfnsf ;Dk"0f{ pBf]ux¿df ePsf] nufgL g]kfnsf] xfnsf]
dfueGbf lgs} w]/} ePsfn] lgof{t Joj:yf geO{ oL
pBf]ux¿ lbuf];Fu rNg] b]lvFb}gg\ . clxn] lgof{t v'n]
tfklg oL pBf]ux¿n] cfˆgf] nufgL vr{ / k|ltkmn
rfF8} p7fpg'kg] { b]lvG5 .

48
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f

{
49
k|ltkmnsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f
;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x¿
8
o; cWoogsf] cfwf/df 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] lbuf]
pTvgg\\, pkof]u / lgof{t ug{sf nflu
;"emfj÷l;kmfl/; k]z ul/Psf] 5 / ltgLx¿
k|fyldstfqmdsf cfwf/df /flvPsf 5g\ .
*=! g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj
u}/sfg"gL sfo{lj?4 s8f sfg"g Nofpg]
/ To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]
u}/sfg"gL sfo{ ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ xfn eO/x]sf]
b08xLgtf vtd u/L s8f sfg'g NofP/ sf/jfxL
ug' {kb{5 . o; pBf]unfO{ pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 Ohfht
lbFbf pTkfbgsf] s]xL pko'Qm k|ltzt :yfgLo ahf/sf]
nflu k|fyldstf ;fy 5'6\ofpg' kg] { Joj:yf x'g'
kb{5 .
;8ssf] l8hfOg :t/ a9fpg]
g]kfndf k|ltPsfO{ 9'jfgL vr{ l5d]sL b]zx¿eGbf
w]/} a9L 5 . t;y{ k|ltikwf{Tds x'gsf nflu k|ltPsfO{
9'jfgL vr{ 36fpg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu xfnsf]
;8ssf] l8hfOg :t/ a9fO{ 7"nf 7"nf uf8Laf6
9'jfgL ug' { kg] { x'G5 . o;n] c? 9'jfgL;Fu ;DalGwt
pBf]ux¿nfO{ klg kmfObf x'G5 . o;sf nflu :yfgLo
lgsfo ;lxt ;Fu} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu /sd p7fO{
…sf]ifÚ v8f ul/g' kb{5 . xfns} sdhf]/ l8hfOg
:t/df klg 7]s]bf/x¿sf] abdf;Ln] sdhf]/ ;8s
ag]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0f :j?k lsg s'g} ;8s rf8}
lau|G5g\ / c? lau|b} Fgg < o;df s]xL cGo sf/0fx¿
eP klg 7]s]bf/x¿sf] nfkjf{xL klg dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f
5 . ?kGb]xL lhNnfn] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 ;j}eGbf
a9L /fh:j p7fPsf] 5 t/ oxfF ;8s lau| ]sf] ;d:of
Tolt 5}g . ;aeGbf a9L af6f] lau|g] ;d:of 3flbË
lhNnfdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
*=@ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno /
:yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;'emfj
*=@=! ;fwf/0f ;'emfjx¿
;|f]t d"No tf]Sg]
of] cWoogsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ l;kmfl/; s] xf] eg]
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] kxndf :yfgLo lgsfon]
;|f]t d"No tf]Sg'kb{5 . t/ k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltdf
w]/} x|f; gxf];\ eg]/ of] ;|f]t d"No xfnnfO{ yf]/}
-s=)=%) k|lt So'= lkm6_ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 . of]
Joj:yfn] cWoog lhNnfdf jftfj/0f cWoog
k|ltj]bgn] tf]s]sf] ;'/lIft pTkfbgsf] cfwf/df
sDtLdf !& nfv yk jflif{s /fh:j cfpF5 .

{
{
{
50
;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x¿
dsjfgk'/ lhNnfn] t em08} ($ nfv yk /fh:j
kfpg ;S5 . Ohfht kq Joj:yf ug{sf nflu %
k|ltzt vr{ u/] klg lhNnfx¿nfO{ yk ljsf; ah]6
pknAw x'g;S5 . tflnsf *=! df of] ;Defjgf
b]vfOPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf] bkmf @!* n] lhNnfnfO{
s/ nufpg] / ;|f]t d"No tf]Sg] b'j} clwsf/ lbPsf]
5 . t/ akm/ hf]gdf afx]s cGt sxLF klg ;|f]t
d"No tf]lsPsf] 5}g . o;f] gug{df klxnf] t s;/L
o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug] { eGg] xf] eg] w]/}sf] ljrf/df
xfnsf] s/ Joj:yfdf ;|f]t d"No ufleO{ ;s]sf]
7fGg' xf] .
;|f]t d"No tf]s]kl5 x/]s ;'/lIft pTvgg\ \ ks]6
-jftfj/0f cWoogn] tf]s] cg';f/_ sf] nflu k/ld6
Joj:yfaf6 7]Ssf lbOg' kb{5 / k/ld6 If]qx¿
5'6\ofpg' kb{5 / x/]s If]qaf6 ;|f]t lemSg] dfqf /
ljlw /fd|f];Fu pNn]v ul/g' k5{ / o;}sf cfwf/df
cg'udg klg ul/g' kb{5 . Pp6} vf]nfdf w]/} Ohfht
(Permit) 7]Ssf x'g] x'gfn] k|lt:kwf{klg a9\g uO{
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ a9L cfDbfgL cfpg ;S5 . ;|f]t
d"No tf]Sg' :yfgLo lgsfosf] /fh:j cfDbfgL a9fpg]
Pp6f /fd|f] tl/sf xf] . o;f] ugf{n] pTvgg\\ /
Joj:yfkg klg lbuf] x'g ;S5 .
o;sf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] kfOn6
cfwf/df s]xL lhlj;x¿sf s]xL vf]nfx¿df of]
Joj:yf kl/If0f ug{ ;S5 . o; kfOn6 k/LIf0fsf
cfwf/df pko'Qm pTvgg\ \ ljlw, kl/df0f cflb lgwf{/0f
u/L cGo lhNnfx¿df klg of] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo cWoogsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug] {
jftfj/0fLo cWoogx¿ lhNnfx¿sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jfsf] ;|f]t ;'wf/ ug] { / /fh:j Joj:yfkg ug]
/fd|f] dfWod x'g ;S5 . To;}n] o:tf] cWoog /fd|f]
u'0f:t/sf] x'g h?/L 5 . x'g t clxn] klg :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnosf] jftfj/0f zfvf / jftfj/0f
dGqfnon] /fd|f];Fu x]/L cg'df]bg ug' { kg] { Joj:yf
5 t} klg ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 u'0f:t/
Ps ;dfg 5}g . o;sf nflu :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf] u'0f:t/df Ps?ktf Nofpg] kxn ug'
kb{5 .
lhlj;x¿n] 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jf Joj:yfkg ug] { pkfox¿
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfDbfgLdf 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jfsf] dxŒj a9L ePsf sf/0f o;nfO{ a9L
Jojl:yt agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o:tf]
lgb] {zgx¿ ljt/0f u/]/ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon]
lhlj;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . o:tf]
lgb] {zgdf tnsf a' +bfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 .
lhlj;x¿n] pTvgg\ \ / ljqmL sfo{ ubf{ jftfj/0f
cWoog cg';f/ ug' { kg] { Joj:yf, ;|f]t d"No
tf]Sg' kg] { Joj:yf / Ohfht kq Joj:yf ug'
kg]{
7]Ssf–k§f Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug' { kg] {– vf; u/L
kl/df0f lgwf{/0faf6 /fh:j a9L p7\g ;Sg]
;+efjgf,
tflnsf *=! M ;|f]t d"No tf]Sgfn] a9\g ;Sg] yk /fh:j
ljj/0f s}nfnL dsjfgk'/ wflb· ;'g;/L
;'/lIft t/Lsfn] lgsfNg ;lsg] dfqf -So'= ld6/_ 109,000 608,389 108,456 110,000
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] ;|f]t d"No -?÷So'= ld6/_ 16.23 16.23 16.23 16.23
yk /fh:j -?_ 1,769,070 9,874,153 1,760,241 1,785,300
7]Ssf k§fdf vr{ -%k|ltzt_ 88,454 493,708 88,012 89,265
a9\g ;Sg] yk /fh:j 1,680,617 9,380,446 1,672,229 1,696,035

\
\
\
51
;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x¿
/fh:j afF8\kmf8df Ps?ktf Nofpg],
o; pkIf]qaf6 cfpg] /fh:jsf] @)% vf]nf
lgoGq0f / !)% jftfj/0fLo k|efj k/]sf JolQm
/ If]qx¿sf nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg] { Joj:yf,
:yfgLo lgsfon] pTvgg\ \ 9'jfgL cfbLsf] /fd|f]
cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug' { kg] {,
*=@=@ vf; ;'emfjx¿
pkIf]q pBf]usf] cg'udg Joj:yf ;'wf/ ug] {
lhlj;x¿df o; pBf]u cg'udgsfnflu l;8Lcf]sf]
cWoIftf / c? ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;lxtsf] ;ldlt
5 . of] Pp6f gLlt lgdf{0f ug] { ;ldlt xf] / o;
;ldltaf6 b}lgs cg'udg x'g ;Sb}g . km]l/ :yfgLo
;+:yf / JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xefuL gu/fO{ cg'udg x'g
;Sb}g . t;y{ lhlj;n] b}lgs v6\g ;Sg] sfo{ut
;+:yf agfpg' k5{ / :yfgLo vf]nf jf8] {gsf] klg
Joj:yf ug' { kb{5 . oL :yfgLo cg'udg ;+/rgfdf
ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ s] / s;/L cg'udg ug] { xf]
eGg] ljifodf cled'vLs/0f klg ul/g' kb{5 .
vf]nf If]q / ;'/lIft pTvgg\
ug] { 7fFp tf]Sg] jf lrGxf] nufpg]
vf]nfsf] If]qnfO{ ldr]/ ;fF3'¥ofpFb} nlug] k|yf w]/}
vf]nfdf e]l6Psf] 5 / ;aeGbf a9L ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf]
ltgfpdf ePsf] g/fd|f] ?k b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;}n]
vf]nf If]q / ;'/lIft pTvgg\ \ :ynx¿ tf]sL lrGx
nufpg' kb{5 .
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf ;8sdf gy'kfg] {
cWoog 6f]nLn] w]/} 7fFpdf ;8ssf] aLr;Dd k'Ug]
u/L 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf y'kfg] { u/]sf] / o;af6
6«flkms b'3{6gf x'g uO{ s]xLsf] d[To' ;d]t ePsf]
kfO{of] . o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug' { cfjZos b]lvG5 .
vf; u/L /fhdfu{sf] lsgf/ !) ld6/;Dd / zfvf
dfu{sf] lsgf/sf] % ld6/;Dd o:tf] ;fdfg y'kfg{
gkfOg] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .
gbL If]qdf sfd ug] {x¿sf
nflu ;fdflhs kl/rfng
vf]nfdf sfd ug] {x¿ k|foM c:yflgo, ul/a / clzlIft
ePsf] kfO{of] . To;sf/0f vf]nfdf sfd ubf{ s]
jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff / cGo kIfx¿sf] Wofg k'¥ofpg
k5{ eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ k|fo M yfxf x' Fb}g . t;y{
lhlj;n] Pp6f Kofs]h agfO{ vf]nfdf sfd ug] {x¿nfO{
cled"vLs/0f / kl/rfng ug' { kb{5 .
*=# lhlj;nfO{ yk ;'emfj
s/ 7]s]bf/n] aLn sf6\bf $ k|lt sf6]/ Pp6f kx]nf]
/+usf] skL lhlj;nfO{ k7fp5 . lhlj;n] o;nfO{
sDkfOn u/]df slt pTvgg\ \ eP5 eGg] hfgsf/L
cfpg ;Sb5 / csf] { jif{sf] 7]Ssf ;"wf/ ug{df sfd
cfp5 .
*=$ 9'·f, lu§L / afn'jfsf] ;'/lIft
pTvgg\ \ ug{ ;'emfj
vf]nfaf6 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] ;'/lIft pTvgg\
ug{ cfjZos kg] { k|fljlws Joj;flos / sfg"gL
cfjZostfx¿ ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿df kfOG5g\ .
-unjg{ j|f]s]gsf]gf]6 g+= $, lhNnf jftfj/0f
cWoog k|ltj]bg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg OTofbL_ oL w]/} 7fFpdf lbP/
/x]sf ;"emfjx¿ tn Ps} 7fFpdf /flvPsf] 5
h;nfO{ pkof]u ugf{n] ;'/lIft pTvgg\ \ ug{
;lsG5 .
pTvgg\\ sfo{ tnaf6 ;'? u/]/ lj:tf/} dfly
lt/ nfUg] / sd j]un] au]sf] 7fFpdf dfq
ug]{ .
sfd ub} { hfbf k/]sf b'ik|efjx¿sf] ;' [wf/ klg
ub} { hfg' k5{ . akm/ hf]g rfxg] eP ;f] pTvgg\
;'? x'g'eGbf klxn]g} :yfkgf ug' { kb{5 .

{
52
;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x¿
pTvgg\ \ ;lsPsf le/fnfx¿ hd]sf] / l:y/ x'g'
k5{ . / pTvgg\ \ u/]sf] 7fFpsf] dfly / tnsf]
le/fnf] qmd; 1 V/ 10H / 1V/3H x'g'k5{ .
wldnf] kfgL kx'r ;8s / sfd ug] { 7fFpx¿sf
nflu k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ cjnDag ug' { k5{ .
o:tf pkfox¿ / lgb]{zgx¿ EPA k|sfzg
@&%, Construction Techniques for Sediment
Pollution Control (1991) df tf]lsPsf 5g\ .
vf]nfdf t]n jf u|Lhemfb} { lx8\g] uf8L pko]fu
ug{ x' Fb}g .
gbLaf6 7"nf 9'Ëfx¿ x6fpg', km'6fpg' x'Fb}g
lsgeg] oL au/df x'g] vf]nfsf] j]unfO{ lgoGq0f
ub{5g\ . / kfgLleqsf hLjsf nflu a:g] /
k|hgg ug] { 7fFp x'G5g\ .
uf8Lx¿ vf]nf kf/ ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf Ps
;fO8df Pp6faf6f]eGbf a9L k|of]u gug] { .
pTvgg\ \ ePsf] ;fdfgnfO{ Ps pko'Qm 7fpFdf
;'/lIft yGSofpg] 7fpF tf]Sg] .
uf8Lx¿ h;n] kfj/ xg{ k|of]u u5{g\ ltgnfO{
gbL If]q / vf; u/L hgfj/ ;+/If0f If]q glhs
k|of]u ug{ glbg] .
uf8Lx¿nfO{ /ftL rNg glbg] / laxfg & ah]
b]lv a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd dfq rnfpg] .
*=% pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;'emfj
qm;/ pBf]ux¿n] glhs}sf af6f3f6f, :s"n,
JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ pgLx¿sf]
;xof]u x'g]vfg]n] w]/} kfPsf 5g\ -h:tf] dflkmofnfO{
rGbf_ . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;xof]u jftfj/0faf6
a9L b'ik|efj kg] { JolQmnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . h;df w]/}
ul/a kl/jf/ / ul/a If]q g} kb{5g\ .
egf{ ul/Psf jf Hofnfbf/L >lds /
sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cfjZos ;'/Iffsf ;fdu|L h:t}
df:s, Unf]e / x]Nd]6 pknAw u/fpg] .
sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo Joj:yf, aLdf Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] pko'Qm k|ltzt :yfgLo
ahf/sf nflu 5'§Øfpg] .
*=^ cGo ;'emfjx¿
vf]nfsf] Ps lsgf/af6 dfq} pTvgg\ \ gug]
lqz"nL, ;'gsf]zL tyf 7"nf gbLx¿df Ps
lsgf/af6 dfq pTvgg\\ eO/x]sf] 5 . h;n]
gbLnfO{ Psflt/ sf]N6\ofpF5 . o;n]
/fhdfu{x¿nfO{ klg vt/f k}bf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf]
Joj:yf /f]Sg'k5{ / ug}{kg]{ v08df sxL lsgf/eGbf
@% ld6/ 6f9fdfq ug'{kb{5 .
j}slNks vfgL ;fO6sf] klxrfg
vfgLsf] 9'Ëf vf]nfsf] 9'Ëfsf] a}slNks ;|f]t xf], t/
vf]nfaf6 lemSbf nfut / jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf
lx;fan] /fd|f] x'G5 . t/ vf]nfsf] 9'Ëf, lu§Lsf] u'0f:t/
sdhf]/ x'g;Sg] x'gfn] eljionfO{ pko'Qm vfgL
;fO6x¿ vf]hL/fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
cem lj:t[t cWoogsf] vfFrf]
xfnsf] cWoog ;Lldt cjlwdf ePsf], lhNnfsf]
sfdsf] lx;fan] ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf ePsf]
tYofÍx¿ klg df]6fdf]6L k|of]u ePsf] / l;hg
cg';f/sf] km/s yfxf gx'g] ePsf]n] ef/t /
a+unfb]zsf] lgdf{0f ;Defjgf ;d]t ufeL lj:t[t
cWoog ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

53
;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x¿
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
Adhikari, B.R. and Tamrakar, N.K., 2005. Bank
instability and erosion problems of
Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal, Journal
of Nepal Geological Society, Special Issue,
V. 32,
Asian Development Bank, 1997. Guidelines for the
Economic Analysis of Projects. ADB. Manila.
Asian Development Bank, 2001. Handbook for Integrating
Poverty Impact Assessment in the Economic
Analysis of Projects. Economics and Development
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Bajracharya, R., 2006. Study of geo-environmental
problems of the Manohara River,
Kathmandu, Nepal. Unpublished. M. S.
Thesis submitted to Central Department of
Geology, Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu, Nepal, pp132.
British Standards Institution, 1973. Specification
for aggregates from natural sources for
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Department for International Development
(DfID), 2001. Economic Guide: Appraisal of Investment
in improved Rural Access. DfID, London.
Dickinson, W.R., Lawton, T.F., and Inman, K.F.,
1986. Sandstone detrital modes, central
Utah Foreland region.
DMG, 1984. Geological map of central Nepal.
Department of Mines and Geology,
Kathmandu, Nepal. Fookes, P.G. and Revie,
W.A., 1982. Mica in concrete–a case history
from Eastern Nepal. Concrete, V. 16, No. 3,
pp.12–16.
DMG, 1984. Geological map of central Nepal.
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Kathmandu, Nepal.
Ertman, T., 1997. Birth of the Leviathan: Building
States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern
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Cambridge.
Fjeltstad, O., Katera, L., &Ngalewa, E., 2009.
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Agents: Experiences from Local Authorities in Tanzania,
REPOA Special Paper 09.28.
Fookes, P.G. and Revie, W.A., 1982. Mica in concrete–a
case history from Eastern Nepal.
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GoN. Central Bureau of Statistics, 2009. Statistical
Yearbook of Nepal. Kathmandu.
Iversen, V., Fjelstad, O., Bahigwa, Ellis, F. G., &
James, R, 2006. Private Tax Collection – Remnant
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Kharel, B.D., Maharjan, S.R., Gyanwali, B.M.,
Shakya, R.R., Pradhananga, U.P., Jha, S.N.,
and Duwadi, A.K., 2002. Sand resources
assignment in the Kathmandu Valley, a report
submitted to Department of Mines and
Geology, Kathmandu, pp10.

54
BACKGROUND
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
Paudel, A., Baidya, H., Khada, T., Shrestha, P.,
Bista, S., Kharel, P., Thapa, G., and Suwal,
I.M., 1995. Sand mining in Kathmandu and
its environmental implication: a case study,
a report submitted to CEDA, pp22.
Levi, M., 1988. Of Rule and Revenue, University of
California Press, Berkeley.
Moore, B., 1967. Social Origins of Dictatorship and
Democracy, Beacon Press, Boston.
Pokharel, S.K., 2009. Potentials of Natural Resources
in Nepal
Sadaula, D.K., 1993. Sand in Kathmandu Valley:
prospect and problem. Unpublished M. Sc.
thesis submitted to the Central Department
of Geology, Tribhuvan University.
Sayami, M., and Tamrakar, N. K, 2007. Status of sand
mining and quality in northern Kathmandu,
Central Nepal. Bulletin of the Department of
Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu,
Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp.89–98
Shahabuddin, Q. and Rahman, K.M., 1992. Estimation
of Economic Prices for Use in FAP
Squire, L., Van Der Tak, H.G., 1975. Economic Analysis
of Projects. John Hopkins University
Press, London.
Stöcklin, J., Bhattarai, K.D., 1982. Photogeological
map of part of central Nepal. Tehran
Naqshah Offset Press, Iran.
Stratigraphic record of Cretaceous-Paleogene
tectonic evolution. Jour. Sed. Petrology, V.
56 (2), pp. 276–293.
Tamrakar, N.K., 2004. Disturbances and instabilities
in the Bishnumati River corridor,
Kathmandu basin, JUSAN, v.9, pp. Issue 16,
pp. 7-18.
White, E. (n.d.): France’s Slow Transition from Privatized
to Government-Administered Tax Collection:
Tax Farming in the Eighteenth Century, ms.
Yoshida, M. and Igarashi, Y., 1984. Neogene to
quaternary lacustrine sediments in the
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Journal of Nepal
Geological Society, Special Issue, v. 4, pp.
73-100.

cg';"rLx¿
55
BACK-
GROUND

\
{
56
BACKGROUND
cg';"rLx¿
cg';"rL ! M 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] laqmL / s/ Joj:yfsf nflu sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿
clxn]sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf, h; cGtu{t :yfgLo
lgsfox¿n] o; pkIf]qaf6 s/ p7fpF5g\, Tof] :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% xf] . of] sfg'gn] ljz]iftM
lhlj; nfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 -cg';"rL afs; g+= !_
o; k|fjwfgeGbf dfly pQm P]gn] lh= lj= ;= nfO{
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf a]Rg ;Sg] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5
-cg';"rL aS; @_ t/ of] k|fjwfgdf c:ki6 s'/f s]
5 eg] laqmL / s/sf] k|fjwfg 5'6\ofpg] s;/L xf] <
cg';"rL afs; g+= ! M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn]
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfdf s/
nufpg lbPsf k|fjwfgx¿
wf/f @!% M lh= lj= ;= nfO{ nufpg kfpg] s/x¿
!_ lh= lj= ;= n] ;8s, af6f]3f6f], k'n, l;+rfO,
kf]v/L, tfn cflbx¿df s/ nufpg ;S5, h'g
o; lgsfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf]
s/sf] b/ lhNnf kl/ifb\n] :jLs[t ug'{ kg]{ t/
P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] xbleq x'g' kg]{ 5 .
@_ lh= lj= ;= n] pmg, 6k]{G6fOg, hl8a'"6L,
k'/fgf÷kmf6]sf j:t'xs?, 9'¨f, :n]6, lu§L, afn'jf,
x•L l;¨, k+v]6f / 5fnf j:t'x¿df s/ nufpg
kfpg] 5 .
#_ pk/f]Qm j:t'x¿sf] s/ Joj:yfaf6 cfPsf] s"n
cfDbfgLsf] #% b]lv %) k|ltzt lx:;f ;DalGwt
;|f]t uf= lj= ;=÷gu/kflnsf nfO{ lbg' kg] { 5 .
cg';"rL afs; g+= @ M laqmLsf nflu P]gdf k|fjwfg
bkmf @!* M ljqmL
lhlj; x¿n] cfºgf] If]qleq gbL÷vf]nf÷;x/df ePsf]
9'¨f, lu§L / afn'jf, df6f], bxQ/ axQ/ cflb a]Rg
;Sb5g\ . o; ljqmLaf6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLsf] #% b]lv
%) k|ltzt /sd ;DalGwt uf= lj= ;=, gu/
kflnsf;“u af“8kmf“8 ug'{ kg]{5 .
b'a} s/ nufpg] / a]Rg] k|fjwfgdf lhlj; n] ;DalGwt
uflj;, gu/kflnsf;Fu cfDbfgL afF8kmfF8 ug' { kg]
Joj:yf 5 .
lh=lj=;=x¿sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6 s/ p7fpg]
af/] -c? s/÷z'Nsx¿ h:t}_ slt b/ /fVg ;lsg]
eGGf] ljifodf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL
@))) bkmf @)& sf] k|of]u x'g'k5{ . 9'Ëf, lu§L /
afn'jfsf] ljqmLdf lgodfjnLn] s'g} b/ xb tf]s]sf]
5}g t/ s'g} zt{df o:tf] sfo{ ug{ kfpg] eGg] ;Ldf
tf]s]sf] 5 .
cg';"rL afs; g+= # M :yfgLo :jfoQ lgodfjnLsf]
afn'jf÷lu§L a]Rg];DaGwL k|fjwfg
bkmf @!)M a]Rg ;Sg] clwsf/
Pp6f s'g} lhlj;n] tn pNn]lvt k|fjwfg cg';f/
gbLsf] afn'jf, lu§L, 9'Ëf, :n]6, df6f] / ;'s]sf] sf7
P]gsf] bkmf @!* cGtu{t las|L ug{ ;Sb5 . t/,
s_ olb g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} klg pTvgg\\ ug{
jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] pko'Qm gx'g] 7x/ u/L
k|fljlws k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/]df jf o;} 7x/ /
k|fjlws k|ltj]bg uflj;x¿n] u/]df o:tf] pTvgg\
sfo{ t'?Gt /f]Sg' kg]{5 .
v_ s'g} klg df6f], lu§L, 9'Ëf pTvgg\ \ ug] { u/fpg]
sfo{ s'g} klg /fi6«Lo jgsf] l;df leq, ;/sf/L
h+unsf] l;df leqaf6 ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] k"j{,
l:js[lt ljgf ug{ kfpg] 5}g / bxQ/ axQ/ /
;'s]sf] sf7klg lems]/ ljls| ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
dflysf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] ;ldIffaf6 of] s'/f k|:6
x'G5 ls lhlj;nfO{ 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfdf s/ nufpg]
tyf a]Rg] b'j} clwsf/ 5 t/ a]Rg] s'/fdf s]xL zt{x¿
k"/f x'g' kb{5 . x'gt lhlj;x¿ dfq} o:tf] clwsf/sf
xsbf/ x'g\ jg sfof{no / jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿nfO{
klg pgLx¿sf] sfo{ If]qleq o:tf] clwsf/ 5 .

57
cg';"rLx¿ BACK-
GROUND
cg';"rL @ M ;'g;/L lhlj;sf] lj:t[t cfDbfgL vr{ lx;fa, @))^÷)& - @))(÷@)!)
ah]6 zLif{s jf:tljs jf:tljs cg'dfg cg'dfg :nf]k
2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 (2006/07 /
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2009/10)
cfDbfgL
cfGtl/s ;|f]t 17888304 23355774 5467470
1.1.2 ;|f]t k|of]u s/ 7809526 16016448 19763864 22200000 4691884
1.3.1 z'Ns 139239 76721 91000 121000 -4043.8
lhNnfleq ljqmL 630000 4140000 4275464 5000000 1324546
1.3.2.2 lgof{t Ohfht z'Ns 1910000 1438637 3335555 4000000 816692
1.4.1 ljqmLsf] d"No 5758798 11105137 18100000 22000000 5571847
hDdf pkIf]qaf6 s/ 2540000 5578637 7611019 9000000 2141238
hDdf s/ / cGo 8298798 16683774 25711019 31000000 7713085
;|f]t k|of]u s/sf] k|ltzt 32.5 34.8 38.5 40.5 2.8
1.3.2 s"n Ohfht z'Ns 1955267 1654437 3570555 4005000 806532
1.3.3 gjLs/0f z'Ns 347635 369400 390000 400000 17770
Ohfht z'Nssf] k|ltzt 97.7 87.0 93.4 99.9 1.3
1.4 hDdf ljqmLaf6 cfDbfgL 6216630 11755580 18772500 22420000 5562703
hDdf ljqmLdf 9'Ëf, lu§L
/ afn'jfsf] k|ltzt 92.6 94.5 96.4 98.1 1.8
1.6 b08–hl/jfgf 43303 800 10000 10000 -9071
1.7 cfDbfgL afF8kmfF8 27786407 27683604 29100000 30400000 925718
1.9 c? cfDbfgL 4207832 2509624 1510000 6430000 566688
hDdf ufx{:y ;|f]taf6
cfDbfgL 48505839 77954918 96563693 85986000 13104926
48505837 73601079 96563993 85986000 13540340
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6
ufx{:y ;|f]t cfDbfgLsf]
k|ltzt 17.1 21.4 26.6 36.1 6.2
aflx/L ;|f]t
1.10 cg'bfg
2 4353839 -300 0 -435415
1.10.1 Go"gtd g]kfn ;/sf/
cg'bfg 98770688 110744347 188162000 443995000 111309059
1.10.2 ;fdfu|L cg'bfg
1.10.3 cfGtl/s cg'bfg
1.11 a}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 cg'bfg 15814992 28100789 98000000 333243415 102218448
1.12 C0f
hDdf aflx/L ;|f]t 114585680
hDdf 163091519
hDdf cfGtl/s k|ltzt 29.7
9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfaf6
ufx{:y ;|f]t k|ltzt 5.1
114585680 138845136 286162000 777238415 213527507
163091519 216800054 382725693 863224415 226632433
29.7 36.0 25.2 10.0 -7.0
5.1 7.7 6.7 3.6 -0.5

58
BACKGROUND
cg';"rLx¿
ah]6 zLif{s jf:tljs jf:tljs cg'dfg cg'dfg :nf]k
vr{
2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 (2006/07 /
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2009/10)
1.01.1 tna 1869648 2421306 2900000 3000000 386975
1.01.2 ;'ljwf÷eQf 9000 400000 195500
1.01.3 sd{rf/L p2f/ sf]if 200000 200000 250000 250000 20000
1.01.4 ljdf lk|ldod 198000 200000 200000 1000
1.02.1 sd{rf/L eQf 1538793 2054980 2540000 2540000 348864
1.02.2 sfo{fno eQf 250000 #DIV/0!
1.02.3 ldl6ª eQf 196800 159283 100000 200000 -4968
1.03 b}lgs e|d0f eQf / cGo eQf 4620 41532 50000 50000 14461
1.04 kf]zfs eQf 85500 24000 30000 30000 -16050
1.05 vfgf / kf]if0f
1.06 cf}iflw vr{ 208088 0 50000 100000 -27426
1.07 hflu/ cjsf; eQf
1.08 tflnd 86500
2.01 kfgL lah'nL 58103 70051 75000 75000 5564
2.02 6]lnkmf]g 185664 180819 200000 200000 6219
2.03 sfo{no vr{ 1870912 1748822 1760000 1800000 -20156
2.04 3/ ef8f 169933 245000 250000 250000 24520
2.05 dd{t ;+xf/ vr{ 682911 423521 400000 500000 -57225
2.06 OGwg 846893 669222 1075000 900000 56510
2.07 k/fdz{ ;]jf / c? ;]jf z'Ns 4200 13820 25000 50000 14858
2.08 ljljw vr{ 431111 847690 1070000 1120000 228898
3.01 ;+:yfut cg'bfg 500
3.02 u}=;=;+=÷SnanfO{ cg'bfg 15000
3.03 lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs
sfo{sf nflu cg'bfg 146150 400000 253850
3.04 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cg'bfg 0 150000 150000
4.03 lstfa vl/b 13960 19390 25000 25000 3873
4.04 sfo{qmd vr{ 192698 12370 100000 -46349
4.05 sfo{qmddf e|d0f vr{ 676278 498211 500000 500000 -52705
9.01 cfsl:ds vr{ 0 200000 200000 100000
12.01 lkmtf{ vr{x¿ 1127577 785284 25000 200000 -354302
hDdf vr{ 10450189 10783951 12375000 12840000 876048
10450189 10919447 12671500 13450000 1075149
0 -135496 -296500 -610000 -199100

59
cg';"rLx¿ BACK-
GROUND
ah]6 zLif{s jf:tljs jf:tljs cg'dfg cg'dfg :nf]k
k"hLut vr{
2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 (2006/07 /
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2009/10)
6 kmlg{r/÷;fdfg 561123 400000 350000 -105562
6.05 ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f 35024735 63617193 48186000 6580633
8 :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ cg'bfg
8.02.01 uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfnfO{ cg'bfg 12558000 11000000 14000000 721000
8.02.02 pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ cg'bfg
8.02.03 u}=;=;+=÷SnanfO{ cg'bfg 47200 300000 300000 126400
8.03 ;]jf k|bfg ug] { lgsfox¿nfO{ cg'bfg
8.03.01 lzIff 3078828 6000000 8000000 2460586
8.03.02 :jf:Yo ;]jf 322999 900000 900000 288501
8.03.03 ;fdflhs If]q ;]jf 228500 300000 300000 35750
9.02 cfsl:ds 0 400000 500000 250000
hDdf 51821385 82917193 72536000 10357308
hDdf
hDdf vr{ 62605336
62605336 95292193 85376000 11385332
cg';"rL # M cfly{s wf/fjflxs cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f -;fgf] q|m;/ ;+rfngaf6_
-?= xhf/df_
jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ef}lts vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s cfDbfgL rf]vf] kmfObf
! @%)) @@&% (^) @*@#% ^$(& @!&#*
@ #$!@=% @$)) %*!@=% !($(! !#^&*
# $%%) #@)) &&%) @%(*&=% !*@#&=%
$ $%%) #@)) &&%) @%(*&=% !*@#&=%
% $%%) #@)) &&%) @%(*&=% !*@#&=%
^ $%%) #@)) &&%) @%(*&=% !*@#&=%
& $%%) #@)) &&%) @%(*&=% !*@#&=%
* $%%) #@)) &&%) @%(*&=% !*@#&=%
( $%%) #@)) &&%) @%(*&=% !*@#&=%
!) $%%) #@)) &&%) @*@#&=% @)$*&=%
xfnsf] d"Nodf (NPV, IRR) $!&$,^(# &$=$ Ü
kmfObf vr{ cg'kft !=*(

60
BACKGROUND
cg';"rLx¿
cg';"rL $ M ljQLo wf/fjflxs cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f -dWod q|m;/ ;+rfngaf6_+
jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ef}lts vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s cfDbfgL rf]vf] kmfObf
! ^)))) (%!$ !(%) &!$^$ !&#%(=#&% – %$!)$=^@%
@ !$@&! $*&% !(!$^ %@)&*=!@% #@(#@=!@%
# !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* ^($#&=% $#()(=%
$ !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* ^($#&=% $#()(=%
% !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* ^($#&=% $#()(=%
^ !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* ^($#&=% $#()(=%
& !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* ^($#&=% $#()(=%
* !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* ^($#&=% $#()(=%
( !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* ^($#&=% $#()(=%
!) !()@* ^%)) @%%@@* &$*#&=% $(#)(=%
xfnsf] d"Nodf (NPV, IRR) $@#!,@$^ $$@*,@!(
kmfObf vr{ cg'kft !=*%
cg';"rL % M cfly{s wf/fjflxs cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f -7"nf] qm;/ ;+rfngaf6_
jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ef}lts vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s cfDbfgL rf]vf] kmfObf
! !%)))) !%#@% @**) !^*@)% #&(*$ – !#)@@)
@ @@(*&=% &@)) #)!*&=% !!#(%#=!# *#&^%
# #)^%) (^)) $)@%) !%!(#&=% !!!^*&=%
$ #)^%) (^)) $)@%) !%!(#&=% !!!^*&=%
% #)^%) (^)) $)@%) !%!(#&=% !!!^*&=%
^ #)^%) (^)) $)@%) !%!(#&=% !!!^*&=%
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* #)^%) (^)) $)@%) !%!(#&=% !!!^*&=%
( #)^%) (^)) $)@%) !%!(#&=% !!!^*&=%
!) #)^%) (^)) $)@%) !^%$#&=% !@%!*&=%
xfnsf] d"Nodf (NPV, IRR) $$)@,*@) $(!),%&* &^=) Ü
kmfObf vr{ cg'kft
@=@^

61
cg';"rLx¿ BACK-
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! @#)))) !^(*% ##^) @%)#$% %#(^*=&% – !(^#&^=@%
@ @%$&&=% *$)) ##*&&=% !^!()^=@% !@*)@*=&%
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% ##(&) !!@)) $%!&) @!%*&% !&)&)%
^ ##(&) !!@)) $%!&) @!%*&% !&)&)%
& ##(&) !!@)) $%!&) @!%*&% !&)&)%
* ##(&) !!@)) $%!&) @!%*&% !&)&)%
( ##(&) !!@)) $%!&) @!%*&% !&)&)%
!) ##(&) !!@)) $%!&) @#^%&% !(!$)%
xfnsf] d"Nodf (NPV, IRR) $%)^,@&( $!,@*$,*#$ &&=)Ü
kmfObf vr{ cg'kft (B/C Ratio) @=%$
cg';"rL & M cfly{s wf/fjflxs cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f -;fgf] q|m;/ ;+rfngaf6_
jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ef}lts vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s cfDbfgL rf]vf] kmfObf
! !($%! !(() (!@ @@#%#=% %*$&= – !^%)^
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^ #(*)=% #)$) &)@)=% @##**= !^#^*=@%
& #(*)=% #)$) &)@)=% @##**= !^#^*=@%
* #(*)=% #)$) &)@)=% @##**= !^#^*=@%
( #(*)=% #)$) &)@)=% @##**= !^#^*=@%
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xfnsf] d"Nodf (NPV, IRR) $*@,^() $!%(,%^% *&=#Ü
kmfObf vr{ cg'kft (B/C Ratio) !=(#

62
BACKGROUND
cg';"rLx¿
cg';"rL * M cfly{s wf/fjflxs cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f -dWod q|m;/ ;+rfngaf6_
jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ef}lts vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s cfDbfgL rf]vf] kmfObf
! $^^*# %&&)=^* !*%@=% %$#)^=!* !^$(!=$)^ – #&*!$=&&$
@ *^%^=)@ $^#!=@% !#@*&=@& $($&$=@!( #^!*^=($(
# !!%$!=#^ ^!&% !&&!!^=#^ ^%(^%=^@% $*@$(=@^%
$ !!%$!=#^ ^!&% !&&!!^=#^ ^%(^%=^@% $*@$(=@^%
% !!%$!=#^ ^!&% !&&!!^=#^ ^%(^%=^@% $*@$(=@^%
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jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ef}lts vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s cfDbfgL rf]vf] kmfObf
! 116707.5 13268.45 2736 132711.95 34185.938 -98526.0125
@ 19902.675 6840 26742.675 102557.81 75815.1375
# 26536.9 9120 35656.9 136743.75 101086.85
$ 26536.9 9120 35656.9 136743.75 101086.85
% 26536.9 9120 35656.9 136743.75 101086.85
^ 26536.9 9120 35656.9 136743.75 101086.85
& 26536.9 9120 35656.9 136743.75 101086.85
* 26536.9 9120 35656.9 136743.75 101086.85
( 26536.9 9120 35656.9 136743.75 101086.85
!) 26536.9 9120 35656.9 149568.75 113911.85

63
cg';"rLx¿ BACK-
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cg';"rL !) M cfly{s wf/fjflxs cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f -7'nf] l8lh6n q|m;/ ;+rfngaf6_
jif{ l:y/ vr{ ;+rfng vr{ ef}lts vr{ hDdf vr{ jflif{s cfDbfgL rf]vf] kmfObf
! $^^*# %&&)=^* !*%@=% %$#)^=!* !^$(!=$)^ – #&*!$=&&$
@ *^%^=)@ $^#!=@% !#@*&=@& $($&$=@!( #^!*^=($(
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$ !!%$!=#^ ^!&% !&&!!^=#^ ^%(^%=^@% $*@$(=@^%
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kmfObf vr{ cg'kft (B/C Ratio)
@+#&

64
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65
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66
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66
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