r'Rrf] sfl^PsL e“u]/L

hfkfgL nf]ssyf
r'Rrf] sfl^PsL e“u]/L
k|f=8f= ;'ifdf cfrfo{
Pp6f ufpFdf b'O{hgf a"9fa"9L a:y] . a"9f bofn' / ldlxg]tL lyP t/ a"9L l/;fxf /
cN5L lyO{ . pgLx¿sf s'g} ;Gtfg gePsfn] Pp6f dfof nfUbL eFu]/L kfn]sf lyP . a"9fn]
eFu]/LnfO{ v'a dof uy{] . cfkm"n] vfPsf] vfgf g} v'jfpFy] . of] b]v]/ a"9LnfO{ v'a l/;
p7\Yof] . a"9f aflx/ uPsf]
;dodf a"9Ln] eFu]/LnfO{ kfgL
vfgf s]xL klg lbFb}glyOg\ .
;fFem a"9f 3/df kms{]/ cfPkl5
eFu]/L;Fu s'/f ug{ hfGy] . w]/}
;do latfpFy] . of] sfd a"9LnfO{
k6Ss} dg kb{}gYof] .
h"gtf/f
1
q}dfl;s

Pslbg a"9f sfddf uPsf lyP . a"9L vfhf vfgsf] lglDt vfg]s'/f cfFugsf]
Pp6f 5]pdf /fv]/ ;'sfPsf] n'uf p7fpg yflng\ . Tof] ;a} eFu]/Ln] 3/ jl/kl/ 3'Db}
b]lv/x]sL lyO{ . pm ;fx|} ef]sfPsL lyO{ . a"9L n'uf p7fpg uPsf] df}sf 5f]kL vfg]s'/fsf]
efF8f]dfly uP/ a;L . Tof] b]v]/ a"9LnfO{ w]/} l/; p7\of] . xQkQ s}+rL NofP/ eFu]/Lsf]
r'Rrf] clnslt sfl6lbOg\ . oxL r'Rrf]n] vfg vf]h]sf] xf]Og nf} hf ca oxfFaf6 uOxfn
eg]/ p8fOlbOg\ . lar/L eFu]/L RofF====RofF==== r'F=====r'F===== ub{} p8]/ w]/} ?vx¿ ePsf]
7fpFdf uO{ .
s]xL ;do kl5 sfdaf6 a"9f 3/ kmls{P . eFu]/LnfO{ gb]v]/ a"9LnfO{ ;f]w] . a"9Ln]
emls{P/ dnfO{ b'Mv lbO{ To;}n] 5f]l8lbPF elgg\ . a"9f lbSs dfGb} hÍndf uP/ d]/L ;fgL
eFu]/L ltdL sxfF 5f} < eGb} vf]Hg yfn] . w]/}kN6 s/fPkl5 eFu]/Ln] ;'g]/ a"9fsf] cl3lNt/
cfO{ t/ k"/f lsdf]gf] nufP/ /fd|L cfOdfO{sf] e]ifdf . dfG5]sf] h:t} af]nL af]n]/ p;n]
a"9fnfO{ ltdL w]/} yfs]sf 5f} . To;}n] cfpm d]/f] 3/df cf/fd u/ eGg yfnL . a"9f x'G5 eGb}
p;sf] 3/df uof] . hÍnsf] aLrdf /x]sf] eJo /fd|f] 3/ leq nu]/ eFu]/Ln] cfÇgf y'k|}
5f]/Lx¿nfO{ lrgfO{ . pgLx¿nfO{ gfrufg ug{ nufP/ dL7f dL7f vfg]s'/fx¿ v'jfP/
a"9fsf] /fd|f] :jfut u/L . a"9fn] klg v'a v'zL x'Fb} tfnL ahfP/ pgLx¿sf] gfrsf] k|z+;f
u¥of] . /dfOnf] ubf{ub{} /ft g} kg{ nflu;s]sf]n] a"9fn] 3/df a"9L PSn} 5 ca d 3/ hfG5'
h"gtf/f
2
q}dfl;s

eg]/ labf x'g vf]Hof] t/ eFu]/Ln] ghfg lgs} hf]8 u/L . lgs} ca]/ ePsfn] a"9f hfg p7] .
eFu]/Ln] ltdLnfO{ d Pp6f pkxf/ lbG5' eGb} b'O{cf]6f afs; NofP/ Pp6f 5fg]/ n}hfpm
egL . a"9fn] w]/} nf]e ug{ x'Gg eg]/ ;fgf] rflxF afs; lnP . 3/df nu]/ vf]n]/ x]bf{ xL/f,
df]tL, ;'g / hjflx/ftx¿ /x]5g\ . Tof] b]v]/ a"9L w]/} v'zL eP/ 7"nf] afs; kf] Nofpg'kYof{]
egL . cem slt w]/} x'GYof] eg]/ a"9fnfO{ ufnL ug{ yfnL .
ef]lnkN6 d klg
hfG5' eg]/ a"9L hÍndf uP/
eFu]/LnfO{ af]nfpg yfnL .
eFu]/L cfP/ a"9fnfO{ h:t} u/L
3/df nu]/ gfrufg b]vfP/
vfgf vfg lbO{ . a"9L 3/ hfg]
a]nfdf To;}u/L b'O{cf]6f
afs; b]vfP/ Pp6f afs;
pkxf/ lnP/ hfpm egL .
a"9Ln] 7"nf] afs; af]s]/
wGojfb lbFb} 3/ kmsL{ . a"9L
3/df k'u]/ cfh t d}n] 7"nf]
afs; NofPsL 5' slt ;'g,
rfFbL, df]tL xf]nf eGb} vf]Ng
yfnL . afs; vf]n]/ x]bf{ t
Ps}kN6 sL/f, km6\ofª\u|f, ;k{, Eofu'tf, laR5L cflb cg]s k|sf/sf hLjhGt' lgl:sP/
a"9Lsf jl/kl/ 3'Dg yfn] . s] eof] eg]/ a"9f x]g{ cfpFbf t a"9L cflQP/, 8/fP/ efUb}
/lx5g\ . a"9fn] afs; aGb ul/lbP / ;a} x/fP . Tof] b]v]/ a"9Ln] ca d slxn] klg 7"nf]
5 eg]/ nf]e ulb{g eg]/ k|tL1f ul/g\ . au}Frfdf cfPsf r/fr'?ÍLnfO{ dfof ug{ yflng\ .
h"gtf/f
3
q}dfl;s

sljtf
/fd|f km"n
8f= ofbjk|sfz nfld5fg]
x]/ gfgL ¤ au}Frfdf slt /fd|f km"n
ltdL h:t} ;'Gb/ 5g\ gl6Kg' x} k"mn .
w'nf] d}nf] x'/L atf; ;a} ;lxlbG5g\
rsf{] 3fd ;x] klg d':s'/fO lbG5g\ .
cg]s y/L km"n km'N5g\ ltdLx¿ h:t}
lgofn]/ x]g{ nfUbf cg'xf/ p:t} .
ltd|f] h:t} ;'Gb/tf km"ndf klg b]V5'
ltd|f] clg ;'Gb/ km"nsf] hLjg syf n]V5' .
x]/ gfgL ¤ au}Frfdf slt /fd|f km"n
ltdL h:t} ;'Gb/ 5g\ gl6Kg' x} km"n .
h"gtf/f
4
q}dfl;s

hLjgL
dxfg\ cfljisf/s d]/L So'/L
k|f=8f= /fdrGb| nD;fn
xfdLx¿ clxn] PSsfO;f}F
ztfAbLdf 5f}F . o; ztfAbLnfO{ lj1fgsf]
ljsf;n] ;d[4 agfPsf] o'u elgG5 .
o; lsl;dsf] o'u agfpgnfO{ ljleGg
j}1flgsx¿sf] 7"nf] kl/>d vr{ ePsf]
5 . o; lsl;dsf] kl/>d ug{]
j}1flgsx¿dWo] d]/L So'/Lsf] gfd lgs}
k|l;4 5 . pgL ;+;f/df g} rlr{t dlxnf
j}1flgs x'g\ . pgL ljZjsf] 7"nf] k'/:sf/
gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] k|yd dlxnf
j}1flgs klg x'g\ . pgn] b'O{ k6s;Dd
gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfOg\ . o;/L b'O{ k6s
gf]j]n k'/:sf/ lhTg] dlxnf j}1flgs
clxn];Dd s'g} 5}g . o;}n] lj1fg hut\df pgsf] gfpF Hofb} rlr{t 5 .
ljZjnfO{ lj:dosf/L cfljisf/ lbg] d]/L So'/Lsf] hGd & gf]e]Da/ !*^& df
ePsf] xf] . pgL o'/f]k dxfb]zsf] kf]Nof08 eGg] b]zdf hGd]sL x'g\ . pgsf] hGd:yfg
kf]Nof08sf] jt{dfg /fhwfgL jf;f{ xf] . pgnfO{ afNosfndf cfdfafa'n] /flvlbPsf] gfpF
dfl/of :snf]bf]j:sf xf] . pgL cfkm}Fn] /f]h]/ /fv]sf] gfpF d]/L xf] . lko/] So'/L;Fu laxf
ePkl5 pgL d]/L So'/L eOg\ . pgnfO{ ;Ddfgsf ;fy Dof8d So'/L klg elgG5 . pgL dfgj
sNof0fsf] nflu /]l8od cfljisf/ ug{ / To;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;kmn eOg\ .
h"gtf/f
5
q}dfl;s

d]/L So'/Ln] afNosfndf lzIff k|fKt ug{] /fd|f] df}sf kfOg\ . pgsf afa'cfdf g}
lzIfs ePsfn] pgnfO{ To:tf] cj;/ ldn]sf] xf] . dlxnfnfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg'k5{
eGg] s'/fdf To;a]nf Tolt Wofg lbOFb}gYof] . t/ pgsf dftflktf g} lzlIft ePsf] x'gfn] g}
pgn] o:tf] cj;/ kfPsL x'g\ .
‘x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft’ eg]em}F d]/Lsf] klg k9fOdf Hofb} ?lr lyof] . pgnfO{
s;}n] k9\gsf nflu clek|]l/t ul//xg] cfjZostf lyPg . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k dfWolds
txsf] k/LIffdf pgn] c;fwf/0f glthf
k|bz{g ul/g\ . c;fwf/0f glthf k|bz{g
ug{ ;kmn ePsfdf pgnfO{ :j0f{ kbsn]
;Ddfg klg ul/of] .
Hofb} ;"Id k|ltef ePsL d]/L
pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ rfxlGyg\ .
To;a]nf kf]Nof08df pgn] rfx]sf] pRr
lzIff lng] ljZjljBfno lyPg . To;}n]
pgnfO{ k|mfG; hfg'k¥of] . pgL k|mfG; uP/
k]l/; ljZjljBfnodf egf{ eOg\ . ToxfF
pgn] lj1fgsf] :gftsf]Q/ k/LIffdf
klxnf] :yfg xfl;n ul/g\ . o;n] ubf{
pgL lj1fgsf If]qdf lgs} rlr{t algg\ .
ljZjljBfnosf] cf}krfl/s lzIffkl5 pgL cg';Gwfg If]qdf nflug\ . o;}
l;nl;nfdf pgsf] lko/] So'/L;Fu e]63f6 eof] . d]/Lsf] k|ltef b]v]/ lko/] lgs} k|efljt
eP . cflv/df pgsf] So'/L;Fu ljjfx eof] .
d]/L So'/Ln] ljjfxkl5 klg lj1fg;DaGwL cg';GwfgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg 5f]l8gg\ .
pgL /]l8odsf] vf]hLdf /ftf]lbg tNnLg algg\ . o;} qmddf ;g\ !()# sf] h'g dlxgfdf
h"gtf/f
6
q}dfl;s

d]/Ln] ljls/0fsf af/]df tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx¿ ;dIf k|:t't
ul/g\ . o; k|ltj]bgdf pgn] /]l8odsf af/]df u/]sf] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwdf k|sfz kf/]sL
lyOg\ . kl/0ffdtM pgnfO{ k]l/; ljZjljBfnon] kLPr=8L pkflw k|bfg u¥of] . pgsf] oxL
;kmntfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;g\ !()# df lko/] So'/Lsf ;fy pgnfO{ klxnf]kN6 gf]j]n
k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/of] .
o;/L ef}lts lj1fgdf gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfPkl5 d]/L So'/Ldf cg';Gwfg ug{] pT;fx
cem a9\of] . pgL gofF gofF cg';Gwfglt/ ;lqmo eO{ g} /lxg\ . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\
!(!! df /;fog lj1fgdf k'gM gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ul/g\ . jf:tjdf clxn];Dd klg
lj1fgsf If]qdf b'O{ b'O{k6s gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] JolQm pgL g} x'g\ . olt dfq xf]Og, d]/L
So'/LsL 5f]/L O/]g So'/L klg ;fx|} k|ltefzfnL lyOg\ . pgn] cfÇgf klt k|m]sl/s
h'lno6;Fu ldnL s[lqd /]l8of]wdL{ tŒj agfOg] s'/fsf] cfljisf/ ul/g\ . o;}sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k oL b'j}nfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ;g\ !(#% df gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/of] .
k'nsf] 5]pdf Psfu| eP/ k9\b} ubf{ aUuLn] pgsf klt lko/]nfO{ g/fd|f];Fu 7Ss/
lbof] . o;} b'3{6gfdf kltsf] d[To' ePkl5 d]/L So'/L cw{ljlIfKt algg\ . o:tf] csNkgLo
kL8f vKg k/] klg dfgj sNof0fsf sfo{ ug{ pgL ;w}F ;lqmo /lxg\ . pgL ;fx|} bofn'
:jefjsL lyOg\ . To;}n] cfÇgf] Hofg} dfof df/]/ o'4sf 3fOt]x¿sf] ;]jfdf pgL tNnLg
eOg\ . o;/L pgn] cfÇgf] ;f/f hLjg dfgj sNof0f, ;dfh;]jf / lj1fgsf If]qdf clk{t
ul/g\ .
o;/L dfgj sNof0fsf nflu lg/Gt/ sfo{ ubf{ ub{} pgnfO{ SofG;/ /f]un] ;dfTof] .
pgL lbgfg'lbg lzlyn aGb} uOg\ . cflv/df ;g\ !(#$ h'nfO{ ^ df pgn] of] ;+;f/af6
labf lnOg\ . o;/L b]xfGt eP klg dfgj sNof0fsf nflu ;dlk{t pgsf cfljisf/ / ;]jf
;b}j :d/0fLo /x]sf 5g\ .
h"gtf/f
7
q}dfl;s

8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx
#f“^L b'Vg] ;d:of
8f= clgtf lh=;L=
gfs, sfg, 3f“6L ljz]if1
kf6g c:ktfn
3fF6L xfd|f] z/L/sf] Pp6f
dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u xf] . h;n]
Zjf;k|Zjf; / vfgf lgNg] k|lqmofdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . olb 3fF6Ldf s'g}
klg lsl;dsf] ;d:of ePsf]
v08df Zjf;–k|Zjf; / vfg]
k|lqmofdf k|ToIf c;/ kfb{5 .
lrlsT;fzf:qdf leqL 3fF6LnfO{ km]l/Ë; (Pharynx) elgG5 . olb xfdLn] d'v
vf]n]/ P]gfdf x]¥of}F eg] d'vsf] k5fl8 efudf b'j}tkm{ df;'sf] 8Nnf] b]Vg ;S5f}F h;nfO{
6lG;n (Tonsil) elgG5 . of] 6lG;n elgg] efun] xfd|f] d'vdf cfpg] ls6f0f'nfO{ /f]s]/
leqL k]6df hfgaf6 arfpF5 . 3fF6Ldf /x]sf] 6lG;n h:tf] g/d df;' xfd|f] gfssf] k5fl8
efudf klg x'G5 h;nfO{ Pl8Gof]8 (Adenoid) elgG5 . Pl8Gof]8 k|fo aRrfx¿df cln
7"nf] x'G5 .
3fF6L b'Vg] ;d:ofnfO{ ‘km]l/GhfOl6;’ (Pharyngitis) elgG5 . km]l/GhfOl6;
efO/; (Virus) tyf JofS6]l/of (Bacteria) eGg] ls6f0f'sf] ;ª\qmd0fn] ubf{ x'g] ub{5 .
efO/;sf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] km]l/GhfOl6;df 3fF6L b'Vg], Hj/f] cfpg], hLp tyf
6fpsf] b'Vg] x'G5 . JofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 x'g] km]l/GhfOl6;sf] nIf0f klg efO/;sf]
h:t} eP tfklg b'vfO eg] cTolws dfqfdf x'g] ub{5 .
h"gtf/f
8
q}dfl;s

6lG;nfOl6;
olb 6lG;nsf] ;ª\qmd0f ePdf To;nfO{ 6lG;nfOl6; (tonsilitis) elgG5 .
6lG;nfOl6; klg km]l/GhfOl6; h:t} efO/; / JofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 x'g] ub{5 .
6lG;nfOl6;df 6lG;n /ftf] eP/ ;'lGgg] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ 3fF6L b'Vg], vfgf lgNg ufx|f] x'g] /
s'g} a]nf aflx/L 3fF6Ldf ;d]t luvf{x¿ b]vfkg{] ub{5g\ . k|fo aRrfx¿sf] 3fF6Lsf] ;ª\qmd0f
x'Fbf gfs k5fl8 /x]sf] adenoid df ;d]t ;ª\qmd0f x'g] ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ aRrfx¿nfO{
Zjf; km]g{ ufx|f] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ aRrfx¿ 3'g{] / d'v vf]n]/ Zjf; km]g{] ub{5g\ .
pkrf/
Viral Pharyngitis k|foM 3fF6L b'Vg] ;d:of efO/;sf] ;ª\qmd0fn] ubf{ x'g] ub{5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{ cf/fd ug{ lbg], k|z:t dfqfdf emf]n kbfy{ lbg], g'gkfgLn]
s'Nnf ug{ / b'vfO / Hj/f]sf] nflu l;6fdf]n h:tf cf}iflw lbg'k5{ . of] tLg rf/ lbgdf
;~rf] x'g] ub{5 .
Bacterial Pharyngitis /Tonsilitis
olb 3fF6L b'Vg] ;d:of a9\b} uPdf cyjf nIf0fx¿ cTolws dfqfdf ePdf
8fS6/sf] k/fdz{ lng'kb{5 . olb JofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] zª\sf nfu]df 8fS6/n]
3fF6Lsf] ls6f0f'sf] hfFr ub{5g\ / la/fdLsf] tf}n cg';f/ PlG6afof]l6s (Antibiotic) /
gb'Vg] cf}iflw lbG5g\ .
slxn]sfxLF la/fdLsf] nIf0f olt uDeL/ x'G5 h;n] ubf{ la/fdLn] vfgf tyf kfgL
klg lgNg g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfndf egf{ u/]/ g;faf6
cf}iflw lbg'kg{] x'g ;S5 .
olb tonsilitis jif{sf] $–% k6s eGbf a9L eO/xG5 cyjf o;sf] sf/0fn] k9fO
jf sfdnfO{ af/Daf/ c;/ ul//xG5 eg] ck|]zg u/]/ 6lG;nnfO{ lgsfNg' kg{] klg x'G5 .
olb 6lG;nsf] ;ª\qmd0f :6]«K6f]sf]S; (Streptococcus) eGg] JofS6]l/of eO/fv]df /
To;sf] pkrf/ ePg eg] s]xL la/fdLx¿nfO{ /Åo'dfl6s (Rheumatic fever) lkme/ x'g
;S5 h'g cj:yfn] d'6'nfO{ klg c;/ ug{ ;S5 . To;}n] bacterial pharyngitis sf]
zª\sf nfu]df 8fS6/sf] k/fdz{ lng' /fd|f] x'G5 .
h"gtf/f
9
q}dfl;s

afnuLt
;s{;df cfh . . .
k|f=8f= s[i0fxl/ a/fn
;s{;df cfh o:tf] v]n b]v]F d}n]
af3;Fu d[usf] kf] d]n b]v]F d}n] .
lx+;f ug{] kz'x¿ Kof/ ug{ yfn]
dfG5] eg] To;} df/fdf/ ug{ yfn]
afnfO{ ;f]w]F, eGg'eof] o:t} 5 x} clxn]
af3;Fu d[usf] kf] d]n b]v]F d}n] .
df]6/ ;fOsn s'bfpF5g\, kLª v]N5g\ sf]xL
t/af/sf] wf/df lxF8\5g\ lhd v]N5g\ sf]xL
h] u/] lg vt/f g} w]/ b]v]F d}n]
af3;Fu d[usf] kf] d]n b]v]F d}n] .
h"gtf/f
10
q}dfl;s

dgf]j}1flgssf] ;'emfj
cg'zf;g s] xf] <
8f= glGbtf zdf{
dgf]lj1fg s]Gb|Lo ljefu
lq=lj=, sLlt{k'/
w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿ cg'zf;g eg]sf]
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfÇgf] cwLgdf /fVg'nfO{
dfGb5g\ . ;kmf–;'U3/ x'g', ;dodf u[xsfo{
ug'{, ;dodf afy?d hfg', laxfg p7\g] lalQs}
bfFt df‰g' / cleefjs;Fu cf1fsf/L x'g'
cflb . xfd|f] ;dfhdf cf1fsf/L x'g'nfO{ g}
cg'zfl;t afnaflnsf elgG5 . h'g aRrfn]
cleefjsn] eg]sf] dfGb}gg\ cg'zf;gxLg
elgG5 . t/ of] dfq} cg'zf;gsf] kl/efiff xf]Og . o;sf ;fy;fy} afnaflnsf c¿
kl/jf/sf ;b:o, ;fyLefO, lzIfs–lzlIfsfk|lt klg cg'zfl;t x'g' xf] .
plrt ;dodf plrt sfo{ ug'{, ;xL / ;Eo tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug'{ klg cg'zf;g
xf] . cg'zf;gsf] lglDt /fd|f] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf
;fy} /fd|f] dfgl;s :jf:Yo x'g' klg h?/L x'G5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVgsf] lglDt
;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ dfof / :g]xsf]
vfFrf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿ ;'/lIft 5g\ /
kl/jf/df pgLx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 eGg] dxz';
u/fpg' kb{5 . dfof / :g]xsf] ;fy;fy} ;DaGw
alnof] klg x'g' k5{ .
h"gtf/f
11
q}dfl;s

Pp6f afns laxfg l9nf] p7\5 ædnfO{
l9nf] eof] ljBfno hfg To;}n] d bfFt dfl‰bgÆ
eG5 . l9nf] rfF8f] h] eP klg p;n] bfFt df‰g'
k5{ . Tof] g} lgod xf] / To:tf lgodx¿ ;w}F
Ps}gf;sf] x'g' h?/L 5 . h:t}M kfFr jif{sf]
afnsn] a}7s sf]7fdf v]nf}gf 5/]/ v]Nof], kmf]x/
u¥of] eg]/ lk6fO vfG5 . v]Ng] 7fpF aflx/ a/08f
xf] eg]/ ufnL ul/G5 . p;nfO{ aflx/ v]Ng
k7fOG5 . csf]{ lbg a/08fdf kfx'gf cfpF5g\ /
ToxL a;]/ ukm ug{ k¥of] eg]/ afnsnfO{ leq
a}7sdf uP/ v]n eg]/ k7fOG5 eg] pm bf]wf/df k5{ . ToxL sfd u/] afkt slxn] ufnL
vfg] slxn] ToxL u/ eGg] ubf{ s] ;xL s] unt 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}g . ToxLaf6 cg'zf;g lau|b}
hfG5 . To;}n] cfkm"n] eg]sf s'/fdf cfkm" g} c8\g ;s]g eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'zf;gdf
/fVg ;lsFb}g .
cg'zf;gsf] lglDt pd]/ cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ l;sfpg' k5{ . sf]xL sf]xL
cleefjsn] cfÇgf afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] pd]/ eGbf rfF8f] kfsf] agfpg vf]Hbf v]/L
klg pgLx¿nfO{ cK7\of/f] kg{ ;S5 . pgLx¿n] ;Sg] Jojxf/ eGbf a9L ck]Iff ug'{x'Fb}g .
h:t}M $ jif{sf] afnsnfO{ 3/df hf] cfP klg gd:t] u/ eg]/ ha/h:tL u¥of] eg] p;nfO{
of] Jojxf/n] s'g} a]nf lbSs nfUg ;S5 / dfGg 5f8\5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} gofF Jojxf/
l;sfpFbf ha/h:tL u/]/ lgb]{zg lbg' eGbf dfof u/]/ cfu|x ug'{ k5{ . h:t}M ;'/]z ædnfO{
kfgL NofOb]pmÆ eGg' eGbf ;'/]z ædnfO{ Ps lunf; kfgL NofO b]pm g x}Æ eg]/ gd| tl/sfn]
eGg' k5{ . cfkm" /fd|f] gd'gf cyf{t\ pbfx/0f aGof] eg] pgLx¿n] ToxL Jojxf/ l;S5g\
lsgeg] afnaflnsfsf klxnf u'? eg]sf pgLx¿sf cleefjs g} x'g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿n]
h] l;S5g\ cleefjssf] Jojxf/af6 g} l;S5g\ .
To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg klxnf 3/df cleefjs / ljBfnodf
lzIfs–lzlIfsf cfkm" cg'zfl;t eP/ b]vfpg' k5{, h'g afnaflnsfsf] lglDt /fd|f]
pbfx/0f aGg ;sf];\ .
h"gtf/f
12
q}dfl;s

syf
v/fof] bf}*df xfg{'sf] sf/-f
sGx}of gf;ggL
s5'jf;Fu bf}8df xf/]sf]
nfhn] hjfg v/fof] b'O{ lbg;Dd
n's]/ a:of] . cfÇgf] hdftsf] c¿
v/fof]n] lv;L unf{ eG7fg]/ klg
Tof] To;/L n's]/ a;]sf] lyof] .
n's]/ ;fWo gx'g] b]v]kl5 lz/
e'msfpFb} pbf; eP/ aNn Tof]
cfÇgf] hdftdf b]vfk¥of] .
b'O{ lbgklxn]sf] s'/f xf] .
To;n] cfk}mn] lgx'F vf]h]/
xf]RofpFb} Pp6f s5'jfnfO{ cfk"m;Fu bf}8df efu lng] xfFs lbP/ eg]sf] lyof], æxfdL b'O{ p=== Tof]
k/ kLknsf] rf}tf/L;Dd bf}8f}F . x]/f}F, sf] klxn] k'Ubf] /x]5

v/fof] rf}tf/Ldf k'Ug s]xL afFsL 5Fb} s5'jf w]/} kl5 xf]nf To;}n] emDd Ps lgb|f ;'t]/ ysfO
dfg'{ plrt xf]nf eG7fg]/ dhf;Fu kN6L lgbfPsf] lyof] . Ao'FlemPkl5 cl3 e}mF bf}8]/ rf}tf/Ldf
k'Ubf Tof]eGbf klxn] g} ToxfF k'u]/ s5'jf cf/fd ul//x]sf] lyof] .
cfÇgf] hdftsf ;a} v/fof]x¿ Ps} 7fpFdf hDdf eP/ cfk"mnfO{ klv{/x]sf] b]v]/ hjfg
v/fof]sf] lz/ c¿ e'mSof] . To;sf] Tof] cj:yf lsg eof], Tof] ToxfF ;a}n] a'lem;s]sf lyP .
s]xL a]/kl5 hdftsf] ;a}eGbf a"9f] / a'l4dfg\ v/fof]n] To;nfO{ af]nfO{ cfk"m;Fu} a;fNof] /
To;sf] lz/ p7fP/ eGof], æs5'jf;Fusf] bf}8df ltd|f] xf/ ePsf] xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . xf/ x'g'
b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] t/ nfhsf] s'/f xf]Og . s5'jf;Fusf] ltd|f] xf/ Hofb} dfd'nL xf/ xf] . lhGbuL klg
Pslsl;dsf] bf}8 xf] . ;a}eGbf nfdf] bf}8 xf] lhGbuLsf] bf}8 . of] ltdLn] yfxf kfO/fv, 5f]/f ¤
lhGbuLsf] bf}8df slxn] kl5 kl/G5 slxn] cl3
kl/G5 .Æ
Psl5g /f]s]/ a"9f] v/fof]n] k]ml/ eGof],
æs5'jf;Fusf] bf}8df ltd|f] xf/ ePsf] Pp6} sf/0f
ltdLdf ePsf] 3d08 xf] . ltdL b'O{sf] bf}8sf] v]n
d}n] 6f9} a;]/ x]l//x]sf] lyPF . ltdLn] rfn gkfPsf]
dfq xf] . Tof] v]nnfO{ ltdLn] v]nf~rLsf] ¿kdf
lnof} . lhltxfN5' eGg] ltdLdf 3d08 lyof] . Ps t
xtf/ u/L cfFvf lrDn]/ a]tf]8;Fu bf}8]sf]n] ltd|f] z/L/ To;} klg yfs]sf] lyof] . To;df klg
ltdLn] 3d08sf] af]em af]s]sf lyof} . a8f] ef/L kf] x'G5 t 3d08sf] af]em . To;}n] yfs]sf] klg
x'gfn] ltdL ;'Tglt/ nfUof} / e';'Ss lgbfof} .Æ
hjfg v/fof] r'k nfu]/ a"9f] v/fof]n] eg]sf] ;'lg/x]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{ cfÇgf]
lbdfuleq 1fgsf] Pp6f Hof]lt k;]sf] efg eof] . cGtdf a"9f] v/fof]n] eGof], æxf], s5'jf;Fusf]
bf}8 lhTg ltdL ;kmn ePgf} . c;kmn x'Fb}df nfh dfGg'kg]{ s]xL 5}g . t/ s'g} klg sfddf
c;kmn x'Fb}df To;af6 eljiosf nflu kf7 gl;sL lg/fz eP/ ;kmntfsf] l;F9L r9L pFef]
nfUg] k|of; u/]gf} eg] Tof]rflxF lgZro klg nfhsf] s'/f x'g]5 . yfxf kfO/fv 5f]/f, c;kmntfn]
;kmntfsf] af6f] klxNofpF5 ¤ nf}, cfhnfO{ olt dfq} . afFsL kl5 eGg]5' .
h"gtf/f
14
q}dfl;s

jGohGt' kl/ro
lrQn cyjf yf]Kn] d[u
8f= d's]zs'df/ rfln;]
k|f0fLzf:q s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj=, sLlt{k'/
cª\u|]hL gfd: Spotted Deer
j}1flgs gfd: Axis axis
g]kfndf kfOg] d[ux¿df lrQn ;aeGbf cfsif{s tyf ;'Gb/ d[ux¿df kb{5 . g]kfndf
o;nfO{ yf]Kn] d[u, lrQn, ltqL cyjf d[u dfq} klg elgG5 . z/L/e/L ;]tf ;]tf yf]Knfx¿ v}/f
e'Tnfdfly 5flkPsf x'G5g\, clg ltg} cfs{ifs 5fnfsf nflu of] k|l;4 5 . d[ux¿df lrQn
;aeGbf klxnf] / cljsl;t k|f0fL dflgG5 . lrQnx¿ g]kfndf t/fO{ If]qsf jg–hª\un /
cf/Ifx¿df x'n afFw]/ rl//x]sf e]l6G5g\ . lrQnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] x'n cyjf aufn o;
n]vsn] alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] kmfF6df b]v]sf] lyof] . sl/a !@% j6f ePsf] pQm ayfg ;g\
@))^ lt/ e]l6Psf] lyof] . To:t} z'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/Ifdf klg !%–@) sf] x'ndf e]l6G5g\ .
jf:tjdf t/fO{sf ;a} cf/If tyf hª\un If]qdf lrQnx¿ e]l6G5g\ eg] kxf8L Onfsfsf
a];Lx¿df h:t} sf]zL, d]nDrL, lqz"nL, d:of{ª\bL, u08sL, s0ff{nL gbLsf kxf8L vfF]rsf
hª\unx¿df klg st}st} kfOPsf 5g\ . o;/L g]kfndf t/fO{df dfq xf]Og pRr lxdfnL e"efusf
Gofgf a];Lx¿df ;d]t lrQnx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ .
h"gtf/f
15
q}dfl;s

o; d[usf] 9f8e/L ;]tf–;]tf yf]Knfx¿ x'G5g\ t/ o;sf] k]6sf] leqL efu eg] ;]tf] x'G5 .
efn] lrQnsf] l;ª x'G5 t/ kf]yL / aRrf lrQn -kf7f–kf7L_ sf] l;ª x'Fb}g . o;sf l;ª
cldNbf] u/L 7fpF–7fpFdf kmf6]sf] x'G5 / b'O{–tLg xfFuf kb{5 . emG8} c;L gAa] lsnf];Dd tf}n x'g]
lrQnx¿ # lkm6 cUnf x'G5g\ .
;ª\Vof
x'ndf a:g dg k/fpg] lrQnx¿ ;of}F ;ª\Vofsf] ayfgdf /x]sf e]l6G5g\ . ;fg} ayfgdf
klg b'O{ tLgj6f emfFs -jo:s efn]_ x'G5g\ . ayfgdf jo:s kf]yLx¿ -d'8'nLx¿_ sf ;fy}
lszf]/–lszf]/L / aRrfx¿ x'G5g\ . g]kfndf lrQnx¿sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf–hDdL slt 5 To;sf]
u0fgf ePsf] 5}g . w]/} ;docl3 lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf ;j]{If0f ul/Fbf %)) j6f lrQnx¿
ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . To; lx;fan] t/fO{ If]qsf cf/Ifx¿df dfq klg @,))) j6f eGbf
a9L lrQnx¿ x'g'k5{ eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . of] d[u g]kfn, ef/t, e'6fg, aª\unfb]z, rLg
nufot blIf0f tyf k"jL{ Pl;ofsf ljleGg af;:yfgdf kfOG5 .
:jefj
kf]yL lrQnn] k]6 af]s]sf] ^ dlxgfkl5 aRrf kfp5] . Ps a]tdf h'DNofxf aRrf lj/n}
hGdG5g\ . 3fF;kft vfg g;s'Gh]n kf7fkf7Ln] cfdfsf] b"w vfG5g\ . 6'x'/f] lrQnnfO{ c¿ cfdf
d'8'nLx¿n] klg b"w v'jfPsf] e]l6Psf] 5 . lrQnx¿ ufpFsf 5]p5fpdf a:b}gg\ t/ vfgf vf]Hb}
logLx¿ v]taf/Llt/ klg cfpF5g\ . t/fO{sf] hª\un 5]psf] v]taf/Ldf laxfg ;a]/} jf /flt
lrQnx¿ rg]{ u5{g\ . logLx¿ slnnf 3fF;kft vfG5g\ / ux'F, rgf tyf bfnsf slnnf af]6x¿
;fx|} dg k/fpF5g\ . logLx¿ slxn]sfxLF hª\unL kmnx¿ h:t} s';'d, hfd'g, ao/ cflb
vfG5g\ . lrQnx¿ ;f]emf x'G5g\ / rfF8} /lQG5g\ klg . afv|f kfn]em}F kfNg klg ;lsG5 .
logLx¿ sof}F ¤ sof}F ¤ u/L s/fpF5g\ t/ efn]rflxFsf] :j/ eg] cln wf]b|f] x'G5 . aRrf
lrQnx¿ afv|fsf kf7fn] em}+ DofF ¤ DofF ¤ u5{g\ .
pk;+xf/
;+/If0fsf] ;fdfGo :t/df /flvP klg lxhf]cfh 7"nf] aufndf lrQnx¿ kfpg 5fl8Psf]
5 . af;:yfgsf] ljgfz, jgsf] vl08s/0f, cfunfuL tyf ljutdf cTolws dfqfdf ePsf]
l;sf/n] klg logsf] ;ª\Vof 36]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;lhn} kfNg ;lsg] x'gfn] ;ª\VofTds j[l4
ug{sf nflu tyf :yfgLo ¿kdf cfocfh{g a9fpg dWojtL{ If]q tyf ;fd'bflos jgx¿df
kfng ug{ lbg' plrt x'G5 .
h"gtf/f
16
q}dfl;s

5Gb sljtf
efg'eQmk|lt
8L=kL= ‘sZok’
b'Nn' g=kf= !)
nDhL, b}n]v
g]kfnL slj x'g\ efg', n]v] sfJo lg/Gt/
‘/fdfo0f’, ‘jw"lzIff’, ‘/fduLtf’ clg k/ .
eQmdfnf / km'6s/} sljtf efg'n] /r]
;flxTo k|]dLsf lglDt cflbslj eO{ ar] ..
/fdufyf /6fP/ /fdelQm klg lbP
eQmn] cd[t} 7fgL /fdfo0f ;a} lkP .
g]kfnL dgdf :yflkt, efg' nf]slk|o} eP
gf/LlzIff / /fdelQm ;a}df r]tgf ..
3fF;LnfO{ k|]/0ff dfgL sLlt{sf nflu bf}l8P
‘/fdfo0f’ n]vL ltGn] elQmsf] gbL kf}l8P .
of]ubfg 7"nf] lbg] u/L ;flxTo–l;h{g
efiff;flxTo If]qsf] b]g sf] ;S5 la;{g ..
h"gtf/f
17
q}dfl;s

g]kfnL dgsf] d}nf] x6\of] c1fg Tof] ;a}
/x]g dgdf sxLF :jfy{ / nf]esf] sa} .
;f+:s[lts hfu/0f NofO{ nf]slk|o eO{ ar]
s?0f/;n] o'Qm sljtf ltgn] /r] ..
sfJosf] jgdf ltgn] xl/ofnL 5l/lbP
cfÇgf] l;h{gdf ltGn] cfTd1fg el/lbP .
efiff ;flxTodf ltGn] lbP lgd{n hLjg
efiff 5 /l;nf] dL7f] sfJo/; agLsg ..
dL7f / /l;nf sfJo n]vL cflbslj eP
/fd|f] gfd sdfP/ ;fFRr} ltgL /lj eP .
dxfdfgj x'g\ efg' o'usf cu|b"t x'g\
g]kfnL hgsf lglDt /fi6«sf g} ;k"t x'g\ ..
efiff;flxTosf ;]js, b]zsf x'g\ tL uf}/j
cd"No l;h{gf ltgsf /fi6«sf lglDt ;f}/e .
zAb;'dgsf] cfh u5{' c~h'nL ck{0f
efg' cd/ /x"g\ lgTo} u/f}+ >4f ;dk{0f ..
h"gtf/f
18
q}dfl;s

sljtf
tf/f;+;f/
kfgL
hLjg klg alu/xf];\
kfgL au] h:tf]
o;f] x]bf{ kfgL g} 5
;a}eGbf ;:tf] .
cg'ej zdf{
d"No a'em] cd"No of]
s;n] a'‰g ;S5
wgL ul/a ;a}nfO{
o;sf] vfFrf] k5{ .
kfgL g} xf] ;jf{]k/L
k|f0f /Iff ug{]
kfgL ljgf ;a} sfd
cw'/f] g} /xg] .
lah'nL zlSt lgsfNg
rflxg] oxL kfgL
kfgLh:t} rlDs/xf];\
xfd|f] lhGbufgL .
;]G6 h]leo;{ :s'n
uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/
h"gtf/f
19
q}dfl;s

sljtf
kl/jf/
;[hf zdf{
xh'/af, xh'/cfdf,
a'af clg cfdf
bfbf lbbL
efO alxgL
xfdL ;a} hgf
xfd|f] kl/jf/
7"nf] kl/jf/
v'zL kl/jf/
h"gtf/f
20
q}dfl;s

sljtf
afn clwsf/
uLtf kf08]o
cfhsf xfdL afns, ef]lnsf b]zsf s0f{wf/
dfof, :g]x / ddtf kfpg' xfd|f] afn clwsf/ .
;Gtfg xfdL g]kfnsf b]zsf] ljsf; ug{]5f}F
k9L–n]vL 1fgL agL b]zdf zflGt 5g{]5f}F .
efO–alxgLnfO{ dfof u5f{}+, 7"nfnfO{ dfg
k9L–n]vL 1fgL agL b]zsf] /fV5f}F ;fg .
eljiosf] pHofnf]df lxF8\g] xfd|f] wf]sf] 5
ljBf, a'l4, 1fg kfpg cfTdf xfd|f] ef]sf] 5 ..
k9\g–n]Vg :s'n hfg xfdLnfO{ g/f]s
l;h{gfsf km"n xfdL ;'jf; xfd|f] g5]s .
dgdf l/;–/fu 5}g efjgfdf dn
eljiosf s0f{wf/nfO{ lbg'k5{ an ..
ufx|f] sfd nufP/ sf]lknf gdf/f}F
afn clwsf/ /Iff u/f}F l;h{gf gdf/f}F .
b]zsf OHht–k|lti7f x'g\ cfhsf afns
df}sf kfP aGg ;S5g\ /fi6«sf rfns ..
h"gtf/f
21
q}dfl;s

'6\lsnf
-:g]xf, ;'wg, c+ugf, s'zn, ukmf:6sx¿sf] s'/fsfgL_
:g]xf M d]/f] a'afsf] skfn t olt afSnf] 5 ls d ToxLF n'sfdf/L v]N5' .
;'wg M d]/f] a'afsf] skfn olt nfdf] 5 ls d ;w}F ToxL lkª v]N5' .
c+ugf M d]/f] a'afsf] t skfn g} 5}g d t ;w}F ToxL lrKn]6L v]N5' .
s'zn M d]/f] a'af t ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfG5] lg .
;'wg M To;f] eP ltd|f] a'af /fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL sf] xf] <
s'zn M /fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL klg d]/f] a'afsf] cufl8 lz/ lgx'/fpF5 .
:g]xf M cf] xf] sf] xf] t ltd|f] a'af <
s'zn M eGg} t k¥of] d]/f] a'af t xhfd xf] lg .
– :g]xf >]i7
hfgL /fvf}“
– ;xf/f cfrfo{
!= s'g cª\u|]hL cIf/nfO{ vfg ldN5 <
@= s'g cª\u|]hL cIf/ p8\g ;S5 <
#= s'g cª\u|]hL cIf/nfO{ lkpg ldN5 <
$= s'g cª\u|]hL cIf/n] b]Vg ;S5 <
%= s'g cª\u|]hL cIf/ nfOgdf a:5 <
pQ/M
!= P (Pea–rgf_ @= B (Bee–df}/L_ #= T (Tea–lrof_ $= I (Eye–cfFvf_
%= Q (Queue)
sIff #, /ftf] aª\unf :s'n
kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/
h"gtf/f
22
q}dfl;s

v]ns'b
ljZjsk km'^an
k|1fg cfrfo{
ljZjsk km'6an k|ltof]lutf yfngLsf] syf cGt/f{li6«o km'6an dxf;+3 lkmkmf;Fu
hf]l8Psf] 5 . lkmkmfsf] ls:;f ljleGg b]zdf :yfkgf ePsf /fli6«o km'6an ;+3x¿sf]
ljsf;l;t . ;g\ !*^^ df ljZjsf] klxnf] /fli6«o km'6an ;+3sf] ¿kdf ‘Oª\UNof08
km'6an P;f]l;P;g – PkmP’ u7g eO;s]sf] lyof] . s]xL jif{kl5 c¿ b]zx¿df klg
wdfwd /fli6«o km'6an ;+3x¿ :yfkgf x'g yfn] . o;/L km'6an v]n / To;sf /fli6«o
;+3x¿sf] lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPkl5 Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o km'6an ;+3sf] cfjZostf ;j{q dx;';
x'g yfNof] . oxL vfFrf]sf] lgsf; vf]Hg] qmddf k|mfG;, a]lNhod, g]b/Nof08\;, 8]gdfs{,
:k]g, :jL8]g / :jLh/Nof08;d]t ;ft b]zsf k|ltlglw k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/;df e]nf
eP . oxL e]nfn] @( d] !()$ df km'6ansf] ;jf{]Rr ;+:yf ‘cGt/f{li6«o km'6an dxf;+3’ –
km]8/];g OG6/g]zgn 8] km'6an P;f]l;P;g, lkmkmfsf] cf}krfl/s u7g eof] . Oª\UNof08
b'O{ jif{kl5 lkmkmf ;b:o aGof] . To;kl5 c¿ b]zx¿ klg wdfwd o;sf] ;b:o x'g] qmd
rNof], h'g cBflk hf/L 5 . clxn] b'O{ ;o eGbf a9L b]z lkmkmfsf ;b:o 5g\ . g]kfn ;g\
!(&) df lkmkmfsf] k"0f{ ;b:o ag]sf] lyof] .
h"gtf/f
23
q}dfl;s

ljZjsk km'6an k|ltof]lutfsf] yfngLsf] >]o cfw'lgs cf]nlDks v]ns'b
k|ltof]lutfsf] ;kmn ;'?jftnfO{ hfG5 . ;g\ !()) df ePsf] bf];|f] cf]nlDks v]ns'bdf
km'6an klxnf]k6s ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . cf]nlDks km'6ansf] ;kmntfn] pT;flxt
ePsf lkmkmf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o km'6an k|ltof]lutf cf]nlDkssf] 3]/fleq ;Lldt
/fVg gx'g] lgisif{ lgsfn] . 5nkmn rNb} hfFbf cGttM @^ d] !(@* df a;]sf] lkmkmf
PD:68{d sª\u|];n] o'ufGtsf/L lg0f{o u¥of] . x/]s rf/–rf/ jif{sf] cGt/fndf lkmkmf ;b:o
b]zx¿aLr ljZjsk k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf yfNg] / klxnf] ljZjsk ;g\ !(#) df ug{] . ;g\
!(@( sf] afl;{nf]gf lkmkmf sª\u|];n] of] P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{] bfloTj p?Uj]nfO{
k|bfg u¥of] . kmn:j¿k, /fhwfgL df]G6]lel8of]df Ps nfv bz{s c6\g] gjlgld{t /ª\uzfnf
:tflbof] b]n ;]G6]gfl/of]df cfOtaf/ !# h'nfO{ !(#) df k|mfG; / d]lS;sf] aLr klxnf]
ljZjsksf] klxnf] Dofr ljlwjt\ pb\3f6g v]nsf] ¿kdf ;DkGg eof] .
klxnf] ljZjsk cfof]hgf x'Fbf lkmkmfsf ;b:o b]zsf] ;ª\Vof hDdf $! lyof] .
Tof] a]nf 5gf]6 r/0f k|ltof]lutf klg ePsf] lyPg . t;y{, ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ klxnf]
ljZjsk k|ltof]lutfdf s]jn !# b]z ;xefuL ePsf lyP . t/ bf];|f] ljZjskdf eg]
;b:o b]zsf] ;ª\Vof w]/} ePsf]n] pgLx¿aLr 5gf]6 r/0f k|ltof]lutf u/fOPsf] lyof] .
kmfOgn k|lt:kwf{sf nflu !^ b]z 5gf]6 ePsf lyP . To;kl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd 5gf]6 r/0f
/ ToxL !^ b]zaLr g} kmfOgn k|lt:kwf{ x'g] k|rng /xFb} cfof] . t/ ;b:o ;ª\Vof / :t/
a9\b} uPsf] t'ngfdf Tof] ;ª\Vof sd dx;'; x'g yfNof] . kmntM ;g\ !(*@ sf] afx|f}+
ljZj skb]lv o;nfO{ a9fP/ @$ b]z k'¥ofOof] . k'gM !((* sf] ;f]x|f}+ ;+:s/0fb]lv
ljZjsk pkflwsf] kmfOgn r/0fdf le8\g kfpg] b]zsf] ;ª\Vof #@ k'¥ofOPsf] xf] .
xfnnfO{ oxL ;ª\Vof sfod /flvPsf] 5 .
;g\ @)!$ lkmkmf ljZjsk aL;f}F lkmkmf ljZjsk xf] . of] Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o k'?if
km'6an k|ltof]lutf xf] . of] km'6an ljZjsk a|flhndf !@ h'gb]lv !# h'nfO{ @)!$ sf]
aLr ;~rfng eof] . a|flhnn] of] eGbf klxnf ;g\ !(%) df ljZjsksf] cfof]hgf
ul/;s]sf] lyof] . a|flhnn] o; kN6sf] ljZjsk km'6ansf] cfof]hgf ljgf s'g} /f]sfj6
k|fKt u¥of], lkmkmfsf] tkm{af6 ;g\ @))& df cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ;g\ @)!$ sf] ljZjsk
km'6an blIf0f cd]l/sfdf g} x'g] 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] . blIf0f cd]l/sfdf of] eGbf ljutdf
ljZjsk km'6an ch{]lG6gfdf ;g\ !(&* df ePsf] lyof] .
PstL; j6f b]zsf /fli6«o km'6an l6dn] ljZjsk km'6andf 5gf]6sf] nflu h'g
@)!! b]lv k|lt:kwf{ yfn]sf lyP . cfof]hs /fi6« ePsf] x'Fbf a|flhn :jtM 5gf]6 ePsf]
h"gtf/f
24
q}dfl;s

lyof] . ljZjsk km'6an cGtu{t hDdf ^$ j6f v]n a|flhnsf] afx| j6f ;x/sf] afx| j6f
/ª\uzfnfdf eP .
;~rfns /fi6«;lxt ljutsf ;g\ !(#) b]lvsf ljZjsk ljh]tf /fi6« p?Uj],
O6fnL, hd{gL, ;+o'St clw/fHo, ch{]lG6gf, k|mfG; tyf :k]g klg o; ljZjsksf] nflu
5gf]6 eP . :k]g ;g\ @)!) sf] lkmkmf ljZjsksf] ljh]tf /fi6« xf] . p;n] kmfOgndf
g]b/Nof08nfO{ !–) n] k/flht u/]sf] lyof] . o; k6ssf] ljZjsksf] clGtd v]n
ch{]lG6gf / hd{gL aLr ePsf] lyof] . To;df hd{gLn] ch{]lG6gfnfO{ !–) n] k/flht u/L
;g\ @)!$ sf] ljZjsk ljh]tf aGof] . ca csf{] ljZjsk ;g\ @)!* df ?;df x'g]5 .
;fdfGo 1fg
1= g]kfnsf] s'g lhNnfdf k]6«f]n vfgL kfOPsf] 5 <
2= g]kfndf slt k|sf/sf u'/fF; kfOG5g\ <
3= l;~hf pkTosf sxfF k5{ <
4= s[i0f;f/sf] nflu k|Voft lgs'~h s'g xf] <
5= wfg lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 <
6= g]kfnsf] clt tLj| ultn] axg] gbL s'g xf] <
7= g]kfnL ;flxTodf ‘;'wkf’ eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 <
8= ‘1fg db{5 xfF;]/ /f]O lj1fg db{5’ of] egfO s;sf] xf] <
9= j}1flgssf klg j}1flgs eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 <
10= hlt udL{ eP klg 5fnfaf6 kl;gf gcfpg] hgfj/ s'g xf] <
11= g]kfnsf] sfG5f] lhNnf s'g xf] <
hfgsf/L
lqkmnf M x/f{], a/f{], cdnf
lqsfn M e"t, jt{dfg, eljiot\
rf/ lbzf M k"j{, klZrd, pQ/, blIf0f
k~r/Tg M ;'g, xL/f, df]tL, gL/, dfl0fs
k~rfd[t M ufO{sf] b"w, bxL, l3p, dx, ;v/
k~rtŒj M kfgL, jfo', t]h, k|sfz, k[YjL
k~r]afhf M bdfxf, zxgfO{, g/l;ª\uf, ‰ofnL, 6\ofDsf]
gj/; M z[ª\uf/, xf:o, s?0f, /f}b|, jL/, eofgs, aLeT;, cb\e"t, zfGt
h"gtf/f
25
q}dfl;s

x]/]/ k9\g'xf];\
sdn vn udnf
3/ r/f hxfh
em08f t/fh' yk8L
wg' k/]jf km;L{
do"/ /s]6 xnf]
h"gtf/f
26
q}dfl;s

km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
;"rgf ⁄ ;"rgf ⁄⁄ ;"rgf ⁄⁄⁄
o; jif{b]lv labfsf] ;dodf h"gtf/f afnklqsfsf] tkm{af6
cfdf M ;'ifdf cfrfo{ ÷ dfdf M /fds[i0f cfrfo{ / k|1fg cfrfo{n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf 3'dfpg nUg]5f}F . labfsf] ;dosf]
cg's"n x]/]/ 3'Dg hfg OR5's afnaflnsfn] cleefjssf] cg'dlt lnP/
;Dks{ ug{'xf]nf .
;Dks{ kmf]g M )!–%%@@()*
-laxfg–a]n'sf_
(*$()@$(^^
h"gtf/f
27
q}dfl;s

sljtf
xfd|f] /fd|f]
k|f= lzjuf]kfn l/;fn
g]kfn xfd|f] b]z /fd|f]
;u/dfyf /fd|f]
xfd|f] a'4b]j /fd|f]
efiff–e]if /fd|f] .
gbL–gfnf, jg–hª\un
nfnLu'/fF; /fd|f]
8fFkm], d'gfn, ufO{, u}F8f
kz'klt /fd|f] .
;"o{–rGb| em08f /fd|f]
snf–s[lt /fd|f]
k|f0feGbf Kof/f] b]z
g]kfn g} /fd|f] .
h"gtf/f
28
q}dfl;s

snfsfl/tf
;Dkbf cfrfo{
lg;u{ jfl6sf :s'n,
/ljejg, sf7df8f}F
ul/df kf08]
sIff (
hf];]km xfO:s'n
skg, sf7df8f}+
h"gtf/f
29
q}dfl;s

ª eg{'xf];\ M
af6f] kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
h"gtf/f
30
q}dfl;s

k|ltof]lutf
lbOPsf lrqsf] j0f{g ug{'xf];\ M
k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng] ljBfyL{x¿n] lrqsf] j0f{g
ug{'kg{]5 . lrqsf] j0f{g;“u} klqsfsf] ;Ssn k|lt
klg k7fpg'kg{]5 . lrqsf] j0f{g u/]/ k7fpg] pTs[i6
ljBfyL{nfO{ h"gtf/f klqsfn] k'/:s[t ug{]5 .
h"gtf/f
31
q}dfl;s

ofqf
w/fg #'Dg hfcf}“
k|f=8f= ;'ifdf cfrfo{
efO alxgL xf] ¤ cfh ltdLx¿nfO{ d w/fg 3'Dg lnP/ hfG5' x} < w/fg sf]zL
c~rnsf] ;'g;/L lhNnfdf kb{5 . w/fg ahf/ pQ/df kxf8 / blIf0fdf t/fO{sf] aLrdf
/x]sf] 5 . of] Hofb} ;'Gb/ / /dfOnf] 5 . ;d'b| ;txb]lv !!$* lkm6sf] prfOdf /x]sf] 5 .
efOalxgL xf] ¤ klxnf of] 7fpFdf Psbd afSnf] hÍn lyof] . lj:tf/} hÍn kmfF8\g lj=;+=
!(%) lt/ ;'? eof] / o;nfO{ ljhok'/ elgGYof] . of] ;x/sf] If]qkmn @ xhf/ !!@ x]S6/
5 . oxfF lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf la|l6; uf]vf{ etL{ s]Gb| vf]lnof] . of] eg]sf] xfd|f] b]zsf
bfh'efOx¿ c¿ b]zdf n8\g hfg' xf] . g]kfnLx¿n] w]/} n8fOFdf cfÇgf] axfb'/L b]vfP
To;}n] g]kfnLnfO{ jL/ g]kfnL klg elgG5 . tL jL/ bfh'x¿sf] a:tL w/fgdf x'g yfNof] .
w/fgn] rfF8} ljsf; u¥of] . oxfF w]/} h:tf] g]jf/, /fO{, lnDa" hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; 5 .
oltdfq sxfF xf] / efOalxgL xf] ¤ w/fgdf lxGb"x¿sf rf/ wfddWo] a/fx wfd klg kb{5 .
h"gtf/f
32
q}dfl;s

ToxfF y'k|} k|l;4 d7 dlGb/x¿ 5g\ h:t}M a"9f;'Aaf, k~rsGof, bGtsfnL, lk08]Zj/,
ljZjsdf{ cflb . a/fx If]qdf sf]zL / sf]sfsf] ;+ud, a/fx dlGb/ 5]j}df lji0f' kfb'sf,
lk08]Zj/, ?b|fIfsf ?vx¿ ePsfn] xfd|f k'vf{sf] >f4 ug{ sfzL, uof hfg' kb{}g . of]
7fpF g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / kljq tLy{:yn xf] .
w/fgdf lzIff,
:jf:Yon] w]/} ljsf;
u/]sf] 5 . aL=kL= sf]O/fnf
:jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgn]
w]/} :jb]zL / ljb]zLsf]
Hofg arfPsf] 5 . To:t}
dx]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;,
lk08]Zj/ ;+:s[t ljBfkL7,
s]Gb|Lo vfB k|ljlw
SofDk;, k"jf{~rn OlGhlgol/ª SofDk; / w]/} /fd|f ljBfnox¿ 5g\ . ;/sf/L
sfof{nox¿ klg 5g\ . clxn] t wgs'6f lhNnfsf] e]+8]6f/n] ubf{ ko{6ssf] cf]O/f] g} nfUg
yfn]sf] 5 . w/fg eGbf s]xL dfly uPkl5 /dfOnf] Pp6f 8fF8f cfpF5 hxfFsf] xfjfkfgL
lr;f] 5 / dL7f] vfgf vfg kfOG5 clg ToxfFaf6 x]bf{ w/fg ahf/ dfq} sxfF xf] / ;'g;/L,
df]/ª lhNnfsf w]/} 7fpFx¿ klg b]lvG5 . w/fgdf w]/} ;flxTosf/ / ufosx¿ klg 5g\
h;n] xfd|f] ;flxTo / ;+uLtnfO{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ .
oltdfq sxfF xf] / ¤ efOalxgL xf] . w/fgdf t wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, tfKn]h'ªaf6 cfpg]
kxf8L j:t'x¿ lsGg kfOG5 . ljz]if u/]/ ToxfFsf] 5'kL{ k|l;4 5 . To:t} t/fO{lt/af6 cfpg]
cGgkft klg lsGg kfOG5 . g]kfns} nflu w/fg Pp6f 7"nf] Jofkf/sf] s]Gb| klg xf] . oxfF
clxn] y'k|} Pkm=Pd= x¿ / xf]6]nx¿ v'n]sf 5g\ . ca o:tf] /dfOnf] 7fpFdf slxn] 3'Dg
hfg] t < n ca cfpg] ljBfnosf] nfdf] labfdf afaf cfdf;Fu eg]/ 3'Dg hfg] of]hgf
agfpm x} < cfÇgf] b]z gx]/L c¿ b]zdf hfg vf]Hg' /fd|f] x' Fb}g < klxnf cfkm" hGd]sf] b]z
s:tf] /x]5 x]g{' k5{ clg dfq c¿ b]z 3'Dg cfgGb cfpF5 . n t csf{]kfln cs{} 7fpFdf
3'Dg n}hfpFnf x} t < clxn]nfO{ labf .
h"gtf/f
33
q}dfl;s

nf]ssyf
Pp^f vfp“m ls
Psfb]zdf Pp6f ufpFdf
cfdf5f]/f a:bf /x]5g\ . 5f]/f s]xL klg
sfd gu/]/ cfdfn] Hofnf axgL u/]/
sdfPsf] vfP/ a:bf] /x]5 .
Ps lbg cfdfn] 5f]/fnfO{ elg5
æhf g /g], tF klg s]xL sfd u/]/ sdfP/
n]/f .Æ
æx'G5 cfdf d sdfP/ NofpF5' .
tkfO{n] clnslt c/gL agfO lbg'xf];\Æ eg]5 .
cfdfn] 5f]/fnfO{ vfg eg]/ tLg j6f /f]6L ksfO{ lbO5 .
5f]/f cfdfl;t labfjf/L eP/ sdfpg lxF8\of] . hfFbf hfFbf lgs} k/ k'u]kl5 p;nfO{
ef]s nfu]5 . Pp6f kLknsf] rf}tf/Ldf a;]/ /g]n] /f]6Lsf] kf]sf] km'sfof] . p;n] tLg}j6f
/f]6L b]Vof] . p;nfO{ ;fx|} ef]s nfu]sf] lyof] . p;n] ljrf/ u¥of], æof] /f]6L slt vfpmF, e/]
klg vfg'k5{Æ clg pm s/fof] æPp6f vfpmF ls b'O{j6f vfpmF ls tLg}j6f vfpmF

fIf;x¿n] ;'gsf] afs; NofP/ lbP / eg] ætkfO{+nfO{ hlxn] k};fsf] vfFrf] x'G5 of]
afs; vf]Ng'xf];\ . afs; v'Ng]lalQs} k};f cfOxfN5 .Æ
/g]n] klg x'G5 t eg]/ afs; lnP/ lxF8\of] . af6fdf hfFbf /ft k¥of] . Pp6f kf}jfdf
af; a:of] . kf}jfdf vfg]s'/f vfof] . p;sf] ;fydf s]xL lem6L emfD6f gb]v]/ kf}jfnLnfO{
o;n] s;/L k};f ltbf{] /x]5 t d klg x]?F
eg]/ /g] a;]sf] sf]7fdf lrof] ug{ uof] .
tfnf l5/fpg] Kjfnaf6 lrxfof] . /g]n] Pp6f
kf]sfaf6 ;'gsf] a§f lemSof] / eGof] æP a§f
dnfO{ k};f b]pmÆ eg]/ a§f vf]Nof] a§faf6
c;kmL{ em¥of] . clg kf}jfnL cfÇgf] 7fpFdf
uP/ a:of] . /g]n] c;kmL{ NofP/ kf}jfnLsf]
k};f ltl/lbof] .
/flt /g] ;'Tof] . /g]nfO{ d:t lgb|f
k/]kl5 kf}jfnL ;6'Ss /g]sf] sf]7fdf uP/ Tof] ;'gsf] a§f cfkm"n] lnof] . csf{] To:t}
;'gsf] a§f /g]sf] kf]sfdf xflnlbof] .
ef]lnkN6 /g] cfÇgf] 3/ k'Uof] . cfdfn] s] sdfP/ NofO;\ t afa' eg]/ eGbf
æx]g{'xf];\ cfdf d}n] c;kmL{ lgsfNg] ;'gsf] afs; NofPsf] 5' .Æ eg]/ kf]sfaf6 ;'gsf]
afs; lemSof] / æP ;'g a§f c;kmL{ b]pmÆ eGb} a§f vf]Nof] . a§fn] t s]xL klg lbPg clg
cfdfn] æv} t afa' o;n] t s]xL klg lbPg lgÆ elgg\ . clg /g] bu'b{} ToxL /fIf; ePsf]
?vdf uof] / Pp6f vfpmF ls === eg]/ s/fpg nfUof] . /fIf;x¿ cfP/ laGtLefp u/] . æv}
ltdLx¿n] lbPsf] afs;n] t afs; vf]Nbf s]xL klg lg:s]gÆ /g]n] eGof] .
æP xf] nf}, To;f] eP xfdL tkfO{nfO{ dglrGt] afv|L lbG5f}F tkfO{+n] h'g s'/f dfUg'x'G5
p;n] ToxL s'/f lbG5] . n of] afv|L lnP/ hfg'xf];\Æ /fIf;x¿n] eg] .
/g] afv|L 8f]¥ofpFb} lxF8\of] . pm km]l/ ;fFem k/]kl5 klxn] af; a;]sf] kf}jfnLsxfF
uP/ af; a:of] . kf}jfnLn] /flt /g]n] kf}jfnL sxfF s]xL klg vfPg . clg kf}jfnLsf]
dgsf zËf nfUof] . cfh lsg o;n] d]/f] 3/df s]xL klg vfPg . uP/ lrof] ug{'k¥of] .
h"gtf/f
35
q}dfl;s

kf}jfnLn] 9f]sfsf] Kjfnaf6 x]¥of] /g] t afv|Ll;t vL/ k'/L ld7fO{ dfUb} vfO/x]sf] /x]5 . æP
To;f] kf] /x]5 .Æ kf}jfnL e'te'tfpFb} lxF8\of] .
/flt /g] d:t lgbfPkl5 klxn] ;'gsf] a§f ;f6]em}F afv|L klg ;fl6lbof] . /g] v'zL
x'Fb} afv|L lnP/ 3/ uof] . cfdfnfO{ ;a} a]lnla:tf/ nfof] / afv|Ll;t vfg]s'/f dfUg
nfUof] . afv|L r'k nfu]/ pu|fO /Åof] . cfdf lbSs eOg\ . /g] crDd eof] . kf}jfnLsxfF h]
klg lbg] . 3/ cfof] s]xL glbg] ¤ lsg < kf}jfnLsf] hfn /x]5 Sof/] .
o:tf] s'/f dgdg} s]nfP/ /g] km]l/
/fIf; ePsf] 7fpFdf uP/ æPp6f vfpmF ls
===Æ eg]/ s/fpg nfUof] .
/fIf;x¿ cfP . dfG5], s] eof] eg]/
;f]w] . /g]n] klg ;a} s'/f v'n:t
atfOlbof] . /fIf;sf] dgdf klg
kf}jfnLdfly g} zËf eof] æn of] d'ª\u|L
n}hfg'xf];\ / h;nfO{ 76fpg'5 ‘df/ d'ª\u|LÆ
eg]/ s/fpg', d'ª\u|L cfkm} 76fpF5 / ær'k
nfu d'ª\u|LÆ eg]kl5 r'k nfU5 .
/g] d'ª\u|L lnP/ kf}jfnLsxfF km]l/ af; a:g uof] .
/flt kf}jfnL rfn df/]/ /g]sf] sf]7fdf uP/ d'ª\u|L ;dfpg k'Uof] .
of] a]nfdf t /g] lgbfPsf] lyPg vfln ;'t]h:tf] dfq} u/]/ 3'l//x]sf] lyof] .
kf}jfnLn] d'ª\u|L ;dfPsf] lyof] /g] h'?Ss p7]/ ædf/ d'ª\u|LÆ eg]/ s/fof] . n6\7Ln]
kf}jfnLnfO{ bgfbg 76fpg yfNof] . kf}jfnL æd/]F afaf d/]F ¤ d}n] klxn] lnPsf] ;a} s'/f
lbG5' eg]/ lrRofpg nfUof] .Æ
/g]n] klg æxf] t abdf;Æ eGof] .
æxf] xh'/ xf] .Æ
n6\7L r'k nfUof] . kf}jfnLn] cfkm"n] nu]sf] ;a} s'/f lkmtf{ lbof] . /g] v'zL x'Fb} 3/
kmSof{] / cfkm"n] NofPsf] s'/f ;a} b]vfP/ cfdfnfO{ ;'lDklbof] . b'j} cfdf 5f]/f ;'v;Fu a;] .
æ;'Gg]nfO{ ;'gsf] dfnf eGg]nfO{ km"nsf] dfnf ======Æ
h"gtf/f
36
q}dfl;s

;+jfb
kmnkm"nsf] ;ef
/fds[i0f cfrfo{
-kmnkm"nsf] ;efdf ;'Gtnf, s]/f, d]jf, :ofp, cfFk / cdnf pkl:yt eP . pgLx¿n]
;efdf Ps cfk;df s'/fsfgL u/] ._
-;'Gtnfn] ;aeGbf klxn] s'/f ug{] cj;/ kfof] ._
;'Gtnf M d ;'Gtnf x'F . d]/f] hGdynf] kxf8L If]q xf] .
d kxf8nfO{ lgs} dg k/fpF5' . ;]tf km"n lnP/ km'N5' .
To;kl5 kmN5' . d sfFrf]df xl/of] x'G5' . vfFbf cldnf]
x'G5' . kfs]kl5 ;'g h:t} kx]Fnf] x'G5' . vfFbf u'lnof]
x'G5' . ‘;'Gtnf x]bf{ ;'g vfFbf u'g g} u'g’ eg]/ ;a}
dflg;n] dnfO{ dg k/fpF5g\ . dnfO{ b]Vg] lalQs}
dflg;sf] d'vaf6 kfgL cfpF5 . d /l;nf] kmn x'F .
dflg;sf] tLvf{ d]6fpF5' . daf6 dflg;n] le6fldg ;L
k|z:t dfqfdf kfpF5g\ . d}n] dflg;n] vfPsf] vfgf krfpg] sfd u5{' . 5fnfdf /f]u nfUg
lbGg . dnfO{ vfg] dflg;n] le6fldg P / s] klg kfpF5g\ . d le6fldg aL sDKn]S;sf] ;|f]t
h"gtf/f
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q}dfl;s

x'F . d}n] dflg;sf] z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] vlgh, kf]6fl;od / SoflN;od k|bfg u5{' . df]6f]
dflg;sf] tf}n 36fpF5' . d'6'sf] rfn / pRr /QmrfknfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fV5' . dflg;sf]
z/L/df x'g] g'gsf] dfqfnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{' . SofG;/ x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5' . d'6'nfO{ /f]u;Fu n8\g]
Ifdtf k|bfg u5{' . d dflg;sf] z/L/sf nflu cfjZos 5' . dnfO{ afnsb]lv j[4;Dd
;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\ .
-s]/fn] cfÇgf ;fyLx¿ ;Fu s'/f cl3 a9fof] ._
s]/f M d s]/f x'F . d df]6f] vDaf h:t} x'G5' . d]/f kft
nfdf x'G5g\ . d t/fO{, kxf8df kfOG5' . d'vaf6 k;fpF5' .
sfFrf]df d]/f sf];f xl/of x'G5g\ . kfs]kl5 ;'g h:t}
kx]Fnf] x'G5' . vfgnfO{ u'lnof] / dL7f] x'G5' . dnfO{
lgoldt ¿kdf vfg] dflg;sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 . d}n]
dflg;nfO{ w]/} /f]uaf6 arfpg ;S5' . dflg;sf] z/L/df
/utsf] ;~rf/ /fd|f];Fu u5{' . cN;/sf /f]uLsf nflu
pkof]uL 5' . dlxgfjf/L ePsL dlxnfsf] k]6 b'Vg]
;d:ofnfO{ x6fpF5' . slAhotsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{' . d le6fldg P / aL sf] ;|f]t x'F .
dflg;sf] :gfo' k|0ffnL /fd|f] agfpg ;xof]u u5{' . dnfO{ dflg;n] t/sf/L, xn'jf, /f]6L,
crf/, hfd, lrK;, s]s cflb ljleGg kl/sf/ agfP/ vfG5g\ . d dflg;sf nflu lgs}
pkof]uL 5' .
-d]jfn] s'/f ug{ yfNof] ._
d]jf M d]/f] gfd d]jf xf] . d kxf8 / t/fO{df kfOG5' . d
;]tf km"n eP/ km'N5' . To;kl5 kmN5' . sfFrf]df xl/of]
x'G5' . dflg;n] t/sf/L / crf/ agfP/ vfG5g\ .
kfs]kl5 kx]Fnf] x'G5' . kfs]sf] d]/f] kmnnfO{ ;nfbsf]
¿kdf k|of]u u5{g\ . dnfO{ u'lnof] lxtsf/L kmn eg]/
;a}n] ?rfPsf 5g\ . daf6 le6fldg P a9L kfOG5 . d}n]
dflg;sf cfFvfnfO{ kmfObf u5{' . dflg;n] vfPsf] vfgf
krfpg] sfd u5{' . k]6 ;kmf /fV5' . dflg;nfO{ hlG8;
h"gtf/f
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q}dfl;s

f]uaf6 arfpF5' . dnfO{ vfg kfpFbf ‘d]jf Ps ;]jf cg]s’ eg]/ dflg;x¿ v'zL x'G5g\ .
-:ofpn] 5nkmndf efu lnof] ._
:ofpM d :ofp x'F . dnfO{ lr;f] xfjfkfgL dg k5{ . d
lxdfnL If]qdf kfOG5' . d ?vdf kmN5' . dnfO{ :jflbi6
kmn eg]/ ;a}n] dg k/fpg] u5{g\ . dL7f] dfg]/ vfG5g\ .
‘lbgdf Pp6f :ofp vfpmF /f]u x6fpmF’ eG5g\ . d le6fldg
P, aL / ;L sf] ;|f]t x'F . d}n] dflg;sf] z/L/nfO{ alnof]
agfpF5' . /f]u nfUgaf6 arfP/ dflg;sf] z/L/sf] ;'/Iff
u5{' . z/L/df cfpg] ysfg x6fpF5' . lgoldt ¿kdf
dnfO{ vfg] dflg;sf] d'6' :j:y /fV5' . d}n] dflg;sf
cg'xf/df cfpg] bfu x6fpF5' . cg'xf/nfO{ ;'Gb/, d'nfod / rlDsnf] agfpF5' . dflg;sf]
kfrg lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5' . dfgj z/L/nfO{ rflxg] SolN;od, cfO/g cflb tŒj
kof{Kt dfqfdf lbG5' . d dfgjsf nflu lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5' .
-;a} ;fyLsf s'/f ;'g]/ cfFkn] cfÇgf s'/f /fVof] ._
cf“k M d kmnsf] /fhf cfFk x'F . t/fO{, kxf8df kfOG5' .
sfFrf]df xl/of] x'G5' . vfFbf cldnf] x'G5' . sfFrf]df
dflg;n] dnfO{ crf/ agfP/ vfG5g\ . kfs]kl5 d kx]Fnf]
x'G5' . vfFbf u'lnof] x'G5' . d /l;nf] kmn x'F . dnfO{
dflg;n] lgs} dL7f] dfg]/ vfG5g\ . d le6fldg P / ;L
sf] ;|f]t x'F . dflg;sf nflu lxtsf/L 5' . d}n] tf}n sd
ePsf dflg;sf] tf}n a9fpF5' . dflg;sf] kfrg lqmofdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5' . d ue{jtL dlxnfsf nflu pkof]uL
5' . dflg;sf] lbdfu :j:y /fV5' . /f]u;Fu n8\g] Ifdtf k|bfg u5{' .
-kmnkm"nsf] ;efdf cdnfn] s'/f u¥of] ._
cdnf M d cdnf x'F . d]/f ;–;fgf w]/} xfFuflaFuf x'G5g\ . xfFufdf dl;gf kftx¿ x'G5g\ . d
jghª\un, t/fO{, kxf8df kfOG5' . d km'N5' clg kmN5' . sfFrf]df d xNsf xl/of] x'G5' .
h"gtf/f
39
q}dfl;s

kfs]kl5 clncln kx]Fnf] x'G5' . d}n] dflg;sf] ;'s]sf]
d'vdf kfgL lgsfN5' . d lgs} u'lgnf] kmn x'F . dflg;n]
dnfO{ cd[tkmn klg eG5g\ . sfFrf]df vfFbf d clncln
6/f{] / cldnf] x'G5' . kfs]kl5 u'lnof] klg x'G5' . dnfO{
ljleGg cf}iflwsf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u ul/G5 . ef]s
gnfUg], vfgf gkRg], d'vaf6 cldnf] kfgL cfpg] h:tf
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u5{' . dflg;sf k]6sf /f]ux¿ lgsf] kf5{' . cfFvfsf] b]Vg ;Sg] zlQm
a9fpF5' . /utsf] sdLn] x'g] /f]uaf6 arfpF5' . ;w}F dnfO{ vfg] dflg;sf] z/L/ :j:y
/fV5' . nfdf] ;do;Dd afFRg] cfo' lbG5' . d le6fldg ;L sf] e08f/ x'F . ;+;f/sf ;a}
dflg;n] dnfO{ dg k/fpF5g\ . crf/ agfP/ klg vfG5g\ . dflg;x¿ eG5g\, ævfpmF lbgdf
Pp6f cdnf ub{}g /f]un] xdnf .Æ
-;'Gtnf, s]/f, d]jf, :ofp, cfFk / cdnf pkl:yt ePsf] ;ef la;h{g eof] ._
ufp“vfg] syf
1= rfFbL h:tf] km"n x'G5 ;'g h:tf] kmn l6Kg hfFbf aufpg] /utsf] en s] xf] <
2= 8'N5 jgkfvf x'G5g\ To;sf ;o eGbf a9L cfFvf s] xf] <
3= emf]nfdf c6fpg] t/ 9f]sfdf gc6fpg] s] xf] <
4= cg'xf/ dfgjsf] h:tf] x'g] t/ Jojxf/ eg] bfgjsf] h:tf] x'g] s] xf] <
5= cfsfzsf] kmn w/tLdf emg{] em/]kl5 lanfP/ dg{] s] xf] <
6= r9\5 gfsdf ;dfpF5 sfg ca eg To;sf] s] xf] gfd <
7= 5 pm ;+;f/ pHofnf] 5}g pm lbpF;f] g} cFWof/f] s] xf] <
8= hlt vfP klg gc3fpg] s] xf] <
9= 9'ª\uf g df6f] :ju{ hfg] af6f] s] xf] <
10= xft g v'§f gfK5 laQf s] xf] <
11= x]bf{ 5 ;dfTbf 5}g s] xf] <
h"gtf/f
40
q}dfl;s

of]u
xnf;g
xnf;g ug{] tl/sf
9f8sf] ann] ;'Tg],
Zjf;nfO{ leq tfg]/ lj:tf/} v'§fnfO{ p7fpg],
v'§fnfO{ ;'?df tL; l8u|L / To;kl5 ;f7L l8u|L;Dd p7fpg],
v'§fnfO{ 6fpsf]af6 k5fl8 lnP/ 9f8nfO{ dfly p7fP/ Zjf; aflx/ lgsfNg],
v'§fnfO{ 6fpsf]sf] k5fl8 hldgdf 6]sfpg] / Zjf;sf] rfn ;fdfGo agfpg],
xftnfO{ sDd/sf] k5fl8 nUg],
tL; ;]s]G8;Dd o; cj:yfdf /xg] .
o;/L xnf;g u/]kl5 9f8 b'Vg] /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . k]6sf] ljsf/ x6\5 . /Qm;~rf/df ;xof]u
k'U5 .
;fdfGo 1fgsf] pQ/
!= b}n]v @= aQL; #= h'Dnf $= alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h %= c;f/ kGw| ut] ^= s0ff{nL ^=
;"o{ljqmd 1jfnL, w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnf, kf/;dl0f k|wfg *= afns[i0f ;d (= yf]d; PNjf
Pl8;g !)= s's'/ !!= sfnLsf]6
ufpFvfg] syfsf] pQ/
!= P]F;]n' @= 8f]sf] #= 5ftf $= afFb/ %= cl;gf ^= r:df &= ;"o{ *= cfuf] (= e¥ofª !)=
h'sf] !!= 5fof
h"gtf/f
41
q}dfl;s

syf
/fp^] k"hf
/fds[i0f cfrfo{
ljsf; :s'n hfGYof] . labfsf] lbgdf xh'af;Fu} au}Frfdf uP/ kmnkm"nsf la?jf /f]KYof] .
la?jfdf kfgL nufpFb} emf/kft pv]NYof] . zlgjf/sf] lbg xh'/af au}Frfdf sfd ug{ Jo:t
x'g'x'GYof] . ljsf;n] eGof], æxh'/af, dnfO{ ef]s nfUof], vfg]s'/f lbg'xf];\ g .Æ
ljsf;sf 3/df b"wsf] sdL lyPg . gflt ef]sfof] eg]/ xh'/afn] xtf/–xtf/df vL/ ksfpg'eof] .
ljsf;nfO{ vL/ vfg lbg'eof] . ljsf;n] vL/ vfPg . ?g yfNof] . xh'/afn] ;f]Wg'eof], æs] eof] gflt <
lsg /f]Psf]

w'dwfd;Fu jg b]jtfsf] cfhf–k"hf ub{y] . jg b]jtf pgLx¿sf cf:yfsf s]Gb|ljGb' lyP . jg
b]jtfk|lt /fp6]x¿sf] c;Ld >4f lyof] . /fp6]x¿ hª\unsf e"tk|]taf6 aRg, cfkt\–ljkt\ gk/f];\
egL jg b]jtfnfO{ ;lDem/xGy] . la/fdLnfO{ lgsf] kfg{ emf/km's, tGqdGq ub{y] .
Pslbg /fp6]x¿ cfkm"n] agfPsf sf7sf ;fdfg cf/L, db';, sf];L af]s]/ b}n]v, a8nDhLsf]
/ftLdf6f hª\unaf6 gfpnf vf]nf em/] . psfnL r9]/ l;n'vfgf k'u] . 8Da/] /fp6] ljsf;sf] 3/df
sf7sf ;fdfg cf/L, sf];L lnP/ uP . c¿ /fp6]x¿ l;n'vfgf dfl:t/ nDhL ufpFlt/ nfu] .
ljsf; cfFugdf v]Nb} lyof] . xh'/af ufO{j:t'nfO{ s'F8f] v'jfpFb} x'g'x'GYof] . 8Da/] /fp6]n]
eg] æof] cf/L /fv, o;df c6fpg] hlt rfdn b]pm .Æ
ljsf;sf xh'/afn] eGg'eof], æ/fp6] ltdLnfO{ cf/Le/L rfdn lbFbf dnfO{ 3f6f nfU5, cfwf
cf/L rfdn lbG5', cf/L /fV5' .Æ
æPs af]nL af]N5' . cfkm"n] af]n]sf] af]nL km]lb{g, af]nLdf kSsf 5', h] af]N5', Tof] k"/f u5{' .
dnfO{ cf/Le/L rfdn b]pm† d ltdLnfO{ cf/L lbG5' . d}n] eft vfg gkfPsf] tLg 5fs eof],
hª\undf cdnf l6K5' . lr;f] kfgL;Fu cdnf vfG5' . afFb/ df/]/ l;sf/ vfGy]† /fp6] a;]sf] yfxf
kfP/ afFb/ hª\unaf6 efu] . afFb/ df/]/ l;sf/ vfg klg kfPsf] 5}g .Æ sf7sf ;fdfg a]Rg cfPsf
8Da/] /fp6]n] cfÇgf s'/f /fv] .
ljsf;sf xh'/af lgs} bofn' x'g'x'GYof] . 8Da/] /fp6] ef]s} ePsf] s'/f ;'g]/ pxfFnfO{ bof
nfUof] . 8Da/] /fp6]nfO{ bfn, eft, t/sf/L vfg lbg'eof] . cf/Le/L rfdn lbP/ cf/L /fVg'eof] .
ljsf; 3/df n's]sf] lyof] . n's]/ ‰ofnaf6 /fp6]nfO{ x]b{} lyof] . pm /fp6]nfO{ b]v]/ 8/fO/x]sf]
lyof] . 8Da/] /fp6]nfO{ b]vfpFb} xh'/afn] eGg'eof], ægflt, /fp6] eg]sf logL g} x'g\ . /f]Pkl5
hª\undf n}hfG5g\† 6fpsf]df lsnf 7f]s]/ /ut lgsfnL b]jtf k'H5g\ . /fp6], d]/f] gflt /f]Psf]
;'g]kl5 cfP/ n}hfg' x}

kf&s k|ltlqmof
;Dkfbs Ho",
‘h"gtf/f’ afnklqsf ljz]if u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu nlIft u/]/ k|sflzt
x'Fb} cfPsf] klqsf xf] t/ klg afnaflnsfx¿sf ;fy;fy} o'jf, cleefjs tyf
jo:sju{sf nflu klg pko'Qm ePsf] kfPF . /f]rs syf, sljtf, 1fga4{s n]v,
hfgsf/Ld"ns s'/fx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] dfq} xf]Og o'jfju{, cleefjs tyf
jo:sju{sf] klg lh1f;f d]6fOlbPsf] 5 . o; klqsfdf ;dflji6 x'g] u/]sf
/rgfx¿ cfkm}+df cd"No 5g\ . t/ of] o'u k|ljlwsf] o'u xf]† dfgj hLjgdf
afnaflnsfb]lv lnP/ jo:s;Ddsf nflu k|ljlwn] w]/} 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
ljleGg k|sf/df ;~rf/, >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L, lj1fg, sDKo'6/ h:tf cfw'lgs k|ljlw /
o;sf] k|of]usf] hfgsf/LnfO{ ‘h"gtf/f’ afnklqsfdf ;d]6\g kfP cem ;'gdf ;'uGw g}
x'g]lyof] ls ¤
oz:jL dxh{g, sLlt{k'/–!&, sf7df8f}F
‘h"gtf/f’ afnklqsf d lgoldt ¿kdf k9\g] ub{5' . dnfO{ o;df ;ª\nUg ljleGg
n]v÷/rgf, afnaflnsfx¿sf] 1fgnfO{ cem a9L a9fpg] ;fdu|Lx¿ Psbd} /fd|f] nfU5 .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k'/:s[t u/]/ pgLx¿sf] dgf]an, cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] sfd klg
ePsf] 5 . d o; afnklqsfnfO{ cem o:t} /fd|f /fd|f n]v /rgf, 1fga4{s ;fdu|Lx¿
kl:sg ;kmn xf];\ egL z'esfdgf lbg rfxG5' .
:jl:tsf 8+uf]n, sLlt{k'/–#, sf7df8f}F
h"gtf/f k9]kl5
s[kof xfdLnfO{ ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / k|ltlqmof lbg'xf];\ .
;'ifdf cfrfo{
kf]i6 aS; g+= !%$
nlntk'/, g]kfn
acharyasushama@gmail.com, kmf]g g+= )!–%%@@()*
h"gtf/f
44
q}dfl;s