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Integrali s parametrom

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Marko Razpet<br />

<strong>Integrali</strong> s <strong>parametrom</strong><br />

Študijsko gradivo<br />

Do preklica naj pomeni<br />

R = [a, b] × [A, B] ⊂ IR × IR ,<br />

pri čemer so a, b, A, B realna števila in a < b ter A < B. Množica točk R je<br />

v pravokotnem kartezičnem koordinatnem sistemu xy pravokotnik, prikazan<br />

na sliki. Vse funkcije, nastopajoče v pričujočem besedilu, so realne.<br />

y<br />

B<br />

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R<br />

a<br />

b<br />

x<br />

..<br />

Na pravokotniku R naj bo definirana funkcija f : R ↦→ IR. Njeno vrednost v<br />

točki (x, y) ∈ R označimo z f(x, y). Če za vsak y ∈ [A, B] obstaja integral<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx ,<br />

obravnavamo integral s <strong>parametrom</strong> in v njem spremenljivko y imenujemo<br />

parameter. S tem imamo definirano novo funkcijo F : [A, B] ↦→ IR s predpisom:<br />

F (y) =<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

1<br />

f(x, y) dx .


V nadaljevanju pomeni vselej zveznost funkcije v krajiščih intervala njeno<br />

zveznost z leve oziroma z desne strani, prav tako pa pomeni vedno odvod<br />

funkcije v krajiščih intervala njen levi oziroma desni odvod.<br />

Osnovni trditvi<br />

1. Če je funkcija f zvezna na pravokotniku R, potem je funkcija F zvezna<br />

na intervalu [A, B].<br />

2.<br />

Če je funkcija f zvezna na pravokotniku R in ima f na R zvezen parcialni<br />

odvod ∂f/∂y, potem je funkcija F na intervalu [A, B] tudi odvedljiva in velja<br />

Leibnizovo pravilo odvajanja pod integralskim znakom:<br />

Posplošitvi<br />

F ′ (y) = d dy<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx =<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

∂f<br />

(x, y) dx .<br />

∂y<br />

3. Če je funkcija f zvezna na pravokotniku R, funkciji α in β pa sta zvezni<br />

na intervalu [A, B], pri čemer za vsak y ∈ [A, B] velja relacija<br />

a ≤ α(y) ≤ β(y) ≤ b ,<br />

potem je funkcija F , definirana na intervalu [A, B] s predpisom<br />

zvezna na [A, B].<br />

F (y) =<br />

∫ β(y)<br />

α(y)<br />

f(x, y) dx ,<br />

2


y<br />

B<br />

A<br />

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x = α(y) .<br />

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R<br />

a<br />

b<br />

x<br />

..<br />

4. Če je funkcija f zvezna na pravokotniku R in ima f na R zvezen parcialni<br />

odvod ∂f/∂y, funkciji α in β pa sta zvezni in odvedljivi na intervalu [A, B],<br />

pri čemer za vsak y ∈ [A, B] velja relacija<br />

a ≤ α(y) ≤ β(y) ≤ b ,<br />

potem je funkcija F , definirana na intervalu [A, B] s predpisom<br />

F (y) =<br />

∫ β(y)<br />

α(y)<br />

odvedljiva na intervalu [A, B] in velja:<br />

F ′ (y) = d dy<br />

∫ β(y)<br />

α(y)<br />

f(x, y) dx =<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

=<br />

∫ β(y)<br />

α(y)<br />

∂f<br />

∂y (x, y) dx + f(β(y), y) β′ (y) − f(α(y), y) α ′ (y) .<br />

5. Če je funkcija f zvezna na pravokotniku R, potem sta funkciji F : [A, B] ↦→<br />

IR in G : [a, b] ↦→ IR, definirani s predpisoma<br />

F (y) =<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx in G(x) =<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

f(x, y) dy ,<br />

3


integrabilni in velja enakost<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

G(x) dx =<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

F (y) dy<br />

oziroma<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

dx<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

f(x, y) dy =<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

dy<br />

∫ b<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx .<br />

Enakomerna konvergenca integralov<br />

V nadaljevanju naj pomeni<br />

R = [a, ∞) × [A, B] ⊂ IR × IR .<br />

Množica točk R je tokrat v pravokotnem kartezičnem koordinatnem sistemu<br />

xy neomejen pravokotnik, prikazan na sliki.<br />

..<br />

. .<br />

x<br />

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.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

a<br />

A<br />

B<br />

R<br />

Naj bo funkcija f definirana na neomejenem pravokotniku R in I ⊆ [A, B].<br />

Integral<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

enakomerno konvergira na množici I, če za vsak ε > 0 obstaja X 0 > a tak,<br />

da za vsak y ∈ I in za vsak X ≥ X 0 velja:<br />

∣<br />

∣<br />

∣<br />

∣<br />

∫ ∞<br />

X<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

∣<br />

∣<br />

∣<br />

∣ < ε .<br />

4


Weierstrassov (zadostni) pogoj<br />

Če obstaja taka nenegativna funkcija ϕ : [a, ∞) ↦→ IR, za katero obstaja<br />

integral<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

ϕ(x) dx < ∞<br />

in za katero je pri vsakem x ∈ [a, ∞) in vsakem y ∈ I ⊆ IR izpolnjen pogoj<br />

|f(x, y)| ≤ ϕ(x) ,<br />

potem integral<br />

∫ ∞<br />

enakomerno konvergira na množici I.<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

6.<br />

Če je funkcija f zvezna na neomejenem pravokotniku R in če integral<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

enakomerno konvergira na intervalu [A, B], potem je funkcija F : [A, B] ↦→ IR,<br />

ki je definirana s predpisom<br />

F (y) =<br />

zvezna na intervalu [A, B].<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx ,<br />

7.<br />

Če je funkcija f zvezna na neomejenem pravokotniku R in če integral<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

enakomerno konvergira na intervalu [A, B], potem sta funkciji F : [A, B] ↦→ IR<br />

in G : [a, ∞) ↦→ IR, definirani s predpisoma<br />

F (y) =<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx in G(x) =<br />

5<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

f(x, y) dy ,


integrabilni in velja enakost<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

G(x) dx =<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

F (y) dy<br />

oziroma<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

dx<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

f(x, y) dy =<br />

∫ B<br />

A<br />

dy<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx .<br />

8. Če je funkcija f zvezna na neomejenem pravokotniku R in ima f na R<br />

zvezen parcialni odvod ∂f/∂y, če integral<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

konvergira za vsak y ∈ [A, B] in če integral<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

∂f<br />

(x, y) dx<br />

∂y<br />

enakomerno konvergira na intervalu [A, B], potem je funkcija F : [A, B] ↦→ IR,<br />

ki je definirana s predpisom<br />

F (y) =<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx ,<br />

odvedljiva na intervalu [A, B] in velja Leibnizovo pravilo odvajanja pod integralskim<br />

znakom:<br />

F ′ (y) = d dy<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx =<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

∂f<br />

(x, y) dx .<br />

∂y<br />

Končno naj bo<br />

R = [a, ∞) × [A, ∞) ⊂ IR × IR .<br />

Množica točk R je sedaj v pravokotnem kartezičnem koordinatnem sistemu<br />

xy kvadrant z vrhom v točki (a, A), kot prikazuje slika.<br />

6


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a<br />

A<br />

R<br />

9. Naj bo na kvadrantu R definirana zvezna in pozitivna (negativna) funkcija<br />

f, integrala<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx<br />

in<br />

∫ ∞<br />

A<br />

f(x, y) dy<br />

pa naj enakomerno konvergirata, prvi na poltraku [A, ∞), drugi pa na poltraku<br />

[a, ∞). Če obstajata integrala<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

G(x) dx<br />

in<br />

∫ ∞<br />

A<br />

F (y) dy<br />

funkcij F : [A, ∞) ↦→ IR in G : [a, ∞) ↦→ IR, ki sta definirani s predpisoma<br />

F (y) =<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx in G(x) =<br />

∫ ∞<br />

A<br />

f(x, y) dy ,<br />

potem velja enakost<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

G(x) dx =<br />

∫ ∞<br />

A<br />

F (y) dy<br />

oziroma<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

dx<br />

∫ ∞<br />

A<br />

f(x, y) dy =<br />

∫ ∞<br />

A<br />

dy<br />

∫ ∞<br />

a<br />

f(x, y) dx .<br />

Vir<br />

Ivan Vidav, Višja matematika I, DMFA, Ljubljana, 1994.<br />

7


CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji<br />

Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana<br />

517.38(075.8)(076)<br />

RAZPET, Marko<br />

<strong>Integrali</strong> s <strong>parametrom</strong> [Elektronski vir] : študijsko gradivo /<br />

Marko Razpet. - Besedilni podatki. - [Domžale :samozal.], 2006<br />

Način dostopa (URL): http://javor.pef.uni-lj.si/~marko/matematika/i<br />

int_par.pdf. - Opis temelji na verziji z dne 10.02.2006<br />

ISBN 961-6589-24-5<br />

225020160<br />

8

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