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ÊÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÑÓÐÑ ÈÖÓ<strong>º</strong>ÂÓÓ<strong>º</strong>ÇÐÚÖ<br />

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ÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

ËÚÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÚÓÖÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐÒÔÖÓÖÑÓ Ç<strong>×</strong>ÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖ<br />

Ð<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÜÑÒ ÓÒ<strong>º</strong>Å<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÑÔÐØÑÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖ¸ÒÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÒÖÐÓÓÑ ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐ ¹ÐÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒÒÙÑÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖØÓÖÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong> <strong>×</strong>¸ÚØÖÚ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ØÓÖÐ ÇÒÑÖÓn!ÓÒÓÓÑÓnØÓÖÐÓÙØÓÖÐnÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒÓÑØÑع ÑÒØÓÑÓ<br />

ÔÖÓÖÑÓ¸ØÓÖÒÒÓ¹<strong>×</strong>ÐÓÔÖÓÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÓ Ò´Òµß <strong>×</strong>ØÑÒÖÒÖÓØÓÖÐÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÖÙÞÑØÑÒØÔÖÙÑÐÒÙÑ<br />

´Ò¼µÖØÙÖÒ½<br />

n!<br />

ÐÖØÙÖÒÒ´Ò¹½µ<br />

ÕÙÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÙÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÑÆÍ»ÄÒÙÜ<strong>º</strong> ÔÙÐÖµ<strong>º</strong>ÌÒØ<strong>º</strong> ÇÙÑÐÙÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØ´ ÇÓÓÐÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÓÔÖÓÔÖÓÖѸ<br />

=<br />

{<br />

1, n = 0<br />

n ∗ (n − 1)!, n > 0<br />

½


ÓÖ´¼½¼··µ´µ ÔÖÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖn! Í<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

½¾¾<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÓÓØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐÓÐÓÖØÑÓÜÓ¸ÕÙÑÙØÓ<strong>×</strong> ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÑÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong> ÓÓÑظÑ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong> ÓÒØÓÚÖÓÑÓØÖÙÓÒÓÔÖ<br />

Ö<strong>×</strong>½<br />

½¾¼ ¼<br />

¾¼ Ûд½¼µß<br />

¼¼ Ö<strong>×</strong><br />

¼¿¾¼ ·½<br />

Ö<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong><br />

¿¾¼¼ Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>º</strong> Ð<strong>×</strong>ØÐÓÖØÑÓØÑÑÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓ<br />

ÕÙÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÛÐ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÕÙÓÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓ<strong>º</strong>Î ÕÙÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚØÖÙÓÖØÒÓ¸ÒÕÙÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÚÕÙ<strong>×</strong>Ö ØÖÐÔÖÒÓÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ú<strong>º</strong>ÌÑÑØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÐÓÑÔÓÖØÒظÕÙÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong>Ö Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÕÙØÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐ<strong>º</strong>ÈÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÚÒÖÕÙÓÓÐØÖÒØÚÓ<br />

ÓÒ Ú¹ÚÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÖ ÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ØØÜØÓÕÙÐÕÙÖÐÓÖØÑÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓÑÒÓ¹ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓ ØÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒÕÙÑÙØ<strong>×</strong>ÚÞ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÐ<strong>×</strong>ÑÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÕÙÓÓÙØÖÓ<strong>º</strong><br />

ØÑÑÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó n<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓÑØÑ Ø Ç<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐÑÒØÔÓÖF Á<strong>×</strong>ØÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÓÖÕÙÜÔÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖдÐØÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÓÖØÒØÒÓµÔÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó ØÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙÞÑØÑÒØÑÓ <strong>×</strong>ØÚÞ¸<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong> n−2,ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>Ø Ö<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÞÖÓÑÕÙÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÖÑÒ<strong>º</strong><br />

F<br />

Ò´Òµß<br />

nÒ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒÓÒ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÒÓ<br />

´Ò¼µÖØÙÖÒ½ ´Ò½µÖØÙÖÒ½<br />

ÚÐÓÖF ÖØÙÖÒ´Ò¹½µ·´Ò¹¾µ<br />

Ù<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÒØF ÐÐÖÓÕÙÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖÐÑÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 1, n = 0<br />

n = 1, n = 1<br />

⎪⎩<br />

F n−1 + F n−2 , n > 1<br />

¾


½¾¿½¿<br />

ÓÖ´¼½¼··µ´µ ÓÑÓÒÓØÓÖиÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÓ¹ ½¾½ ØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐÓÐÓÖØÑÓÒÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓÜÓ ½¾<br />

¾½ ¾<br />

¿ Ûд½¼µß<br />

¿¾·½<br />

¿ ·½ ½¾<br />

ÖÒ¸ÚÓ ÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÕÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÚÓÔÖÒÖ Ð¾¿<br />

Ù<strong>×</strong>nÓÑÓÚÖ ÔÓÒÓÒØÖÖÙÑÖÑÙÐÔÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÙÑÖÑÙÐÕÙ ÙÑØÒÕÙ<br />

ÇÕÙÔÖÒÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

n<strong>º</strong><br />

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ÚÐÖØÓÖÒF <strong>×</strong>ÖÚÔÖÞÖÐÓÕÙÒÓÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÓÙØÖÑÒÖ<strong>º</strong> ÑÓÑÒØÓÒÓÕÙÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÒØÓ<strong>º</strong>ÉÙÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÚÒÖÕÙÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÐÑÒØ ÙÑØÒÓÒØÒÕÙ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÒÙÒÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÚÖÕÙÕÙÒÓÚÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÖ ÖÚÓÖ<strong>×</strong>Ò Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÙÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖ Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙØÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>Ø<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸¸¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÒÙÒÓÐÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÕÙÕÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó ÁÑÒÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÙÚÔÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒÓÔÙ<strong>×</strong>ÙÙ<strong>º</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ <strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÖØ<br />

ÞÖÙÑÔÖÓÖÑÒÕÙØ<strong>×</strong>ØØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖÔÖÚÖ ÕÙÒØÓØÑÔÓÚÐÚÖ<strong>º</strong>ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÖÓÖÒÞÒÓÓÔÖÓÐÑ ØÑÑÐÑÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒØѽ¾ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÐÖÓÕÙÒÓÐÑÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑ<strong>º</strong>ÎÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÙ ÞÖ<strong>º</strong>Ð<br />

nÔÓÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÒÑÖÓ<br />

ÓÑÓÑÖÓÑ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÑÒÓÓÑÓÔÖÓÐÑØÖÚ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖ<br />

12<strong>º</strong><br />

ÜÑÔÐÓ¸<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÚ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÐØÖ¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>¸<br />

•ÓÑÖÒÓÑÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÙÖÒÓ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸S 4<strong>º</strong> nÉÙÒÓØÖÐÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖ <strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÓÑnÐØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÕÙÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÓÚÐÓÖS •Ë¹<strong>×</strong>ÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>S •ÍÑÓÒÑÒØÓÜØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÓÙÚ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖ ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÜØÙÒÓÓÔÖÕÙÒÚ 1ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>¸ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ<strong>×</strong> ¸¸<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>S 1 =<br />

•Ë<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÙ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>4 <strong>×</strong> 4 −<br />

ÖØÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong>ÓÒØÓÑn=1¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑnÑÓÖÓÑÑÔÖÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÚÑ<strong>×</strong>Ö<br />

ÐÓ<strong>º</strong>ÇÙ<strong>×</strong>¸<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙS 2<br />

ÓÔ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÑØS ¿<br />

n<strong>º</strong>ÙÐ 12<strong>º</strong>ÓÑ<br />

12 = 4<br />

Ö<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÑÖÓØÑÕÙÑÒÙÖ¸ÔÓÖØÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙS n ≤ 4<br />

= 15<strong>º</strong>


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S<br />

ÔÖÓÙÞÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓÒÑ<strong>º</strong>Á<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

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ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÖÙÑÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÔÖØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÖÙÑÔÖÓÐÑÙÑÖØÓØÑÒÓÑ ÐÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÒÓnÑÙÑÔÖÓÐÑÕÙØÖØ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÓÖ<strong>×</strong> ÔÖÓÐÑ´<strong>×</strong>µØÑÒÓÑÒÓÖ<strong>º</strong>ÌÖÙÞÒÓ¸ÓÑÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÖÙÑÔÖÓÐÑÕÙ ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÖÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒÓÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÐØÖ¸Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓÔ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÐØÑÐØÖ¸ÓÕÙÕÙÖÙÔÐÓ ÍÑÓÒÐÙ<strong>×</strong>Ó n ÐÕÙÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒnÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÒÓÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Òn −<br />

ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>´ÎÓØÑÑÔÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÑÔÓÙÓÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong> Ú<strong>×</strong>ÖÐÖÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø ÖÖ¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÒÙÑÑÓÑÒØÓÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ËÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ѸØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖÓÖÖÒÔÖS n¸ÓÕÙ <strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

ÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒÖÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖÒØÚ<strong>×</strong> ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>µ<strong>º</strong>ÒØÓ¸ÓÑÓÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒÐÙÑ ÇÔÖÓÐÑÕÙÒÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒØÓÒÖÙÑÒÓÒÐÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÑ<br />

1ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÕÙÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÐÐØÑÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ò¸<strong>×</strong>ÐÓÖÙÑØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÓÒÚÒÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖÖÒS n = 4<br />

1ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÓ<br />

n −<br />

<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÓÑÐÚÖÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÕÙÙÒÓÒÑÑÖÐ<strong>×</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÑ ¾<strong>º</strong>ÖÒØÖÕÙÓÐÓÓÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÖÓÔÖ¸ÒÔÒÒØÑÒØÓÕÙ<br />

ÔÖÑÖÐØÖÒØÚ¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÐÖÐØÑÐØÖÖÓÖÓ<strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø ÚÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> ½<strong>º</strong>ÌÖÙÑÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÐÐØÑÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÑn −<br />

<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÙÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÖÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒØÓÙÑÓÓÐÒÓÕÙÒÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÑÐØÖÓ¸<br />

½ÈÖÙÒØÓÑÓÚÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÔÖÓÖÑ 4ÒÔÒÒØÑÒØÓÚÐÓÖbÔÓÖÕÙÒÓÚÐØÖÒØÖÓÖ<strong>º</strong><br />

n,bÓÒbÓÓÓÐÒÓ<strong>º</strong>ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒØÖÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÓ<strong>×</strong> ÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÒÓS •ËÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙS 1,b<br />

<br />

=<br />

1 = 4<br />

S 2 = 15<br />

S 3 = 57<br />

S 4 = 216<br />

{<br />

4, n = 1<br />

S n =<br />

4 ∗ S n−1 , n > 1<br />

1


•ËÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>b=TrueÒÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÖÙÑÔÓÖÕÙÐØÑÐØÖÓÒ Ó<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÒØÓ¸ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖÖÔÖ ÓÑ<br />

FalseÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÖÕÙÐÕÙÖÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÑÓÖÖ<strong>º</strong><br />

•ÈÖÙÒØÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

•ËÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>b =<br />

ÌÒØÒÓÙÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÖÐÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<br />

n,FalseÓÙÓÕÙÈÒ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔØÓ<strong>º</strong><br />

n,b<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖS ÁÒÐÞÑÒØ ÐÓÖÖÓÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÒÖÔÒ<strong>×</strong>Ö¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÒØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖÓÕÙ<br />

n<strong>º</strong>ÓÖÕÙØÖÐÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑS Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ؽ<strong>º</strong>Ç<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÕÙÐ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐÑÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑ Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓÒÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö½¾ÔÓÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖÐØÖ¸<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØѾÐØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖ<br />

12ÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒÓÔÖÑÖÐØÖÓ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

16ÕÙÒÓ <strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ ÓÒØÓÑÔÒ<strong>×</strong>¾ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>S<br />

ÔÓÒÖÓѸÓÙ¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù¹<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØÖÐØÖÕÙÐÕÙÖ¸ÓÕÙ<br />

2,True = 12S 2,False =<br />

S 2,True<br />

16<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÔÖÓÐѸÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÒÓÒÓÑ<strong>×</strong> 3<strong>º</strong>Ç<br />

=<br />

ÑÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚиÒØÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>¿<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ú<strong>×</strong>´¸µ<strong>º</strong>ÇÖØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖS 2,True¸ÖÖÚÖÖ ½¾<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÒÓØÓØÐ<strong>º</strong><br />

=<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÓÙÓÒØÙØÚ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÓÕÙÒÓÖÑÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong> ÕÙÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÒÑÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó¸ØÐÚÞÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÖÑÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÙ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÕÙ<br />

Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓS 2,TrueÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÙÖÖÙÑÒÓÚÖÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ØÙÓ¸Ñ<strong>×</strong><br />

2,False<br />

1<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

=<br />

ÈÖÕÙÖÖÓÖÖØÔÖS 2,FalseÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖS 3<strong>º</strong>ËØÒØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

1ÓÙØÖÒÓÖÑÒÓÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÐØÖ<br />

ÔÖS Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÙÑÐØÖÒØÚÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÒÐ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÚÓÑÕÙn =<br />

ÙÑÐØÖØÖÑÒÑÓÑS 1,True =<br />

ÒÓØÖÑÒÑÓÑS 1,False =<br />

ÒÓ ÞÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÓÑÔÐØÒØÖÓ<strong>×</strong> ÐÓÒÚÒÖ¹<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÖÓÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø ÖØÓ<strong>º</strong>ÙÐÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÒÓ<br />

12<strong>º</strong>ÁÒÐÞÑÒØÙÓÓÙÓÒÙ<strong>×</strong> ÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÓÓÑÓÚÐÓÖÓ<br />

ÓÖØÙÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖÜÓÓØÔØØÒØÖÓÙØÖÐØÖÒØÚÖÒØÖÕÙÓÔÖ ËÓÑÓÓÖ¸ÓÙÑÓÓÐÒÓÜÓÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐ<strong>º</strong>ÌÐÚÞ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖ ÕÙÐÓÐØÑÐØÖÓÐÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÒÓn−1<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ<strong>º</strong><br />

1¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓØÑÔÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÖÑÓ ÓÓÐÒÓ¸ÒÐÑÒØØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>S ÒÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÓÕÙÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓÙØÖÐØÖ<strong>º</strong><br />

2,True = 3S 2,False =<br />

<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÐØÖÒØÚÑÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒÚÓÐÚÖ<strong>º</strong>ÁÑÒÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒÚ ÐÕÙØÑ<br />

ÖÙÞÖÓÔÖÓÐÑnÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖn −<br />

½<strong>º</strong>ËÓÒÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÙØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÒÓn<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

1ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÙ<strong>×</strong><br />

<br />

n −<br />

ÐÙÐÖS n,True¸ÓÙS<br />

S n,b = 3 ∗ S n−1,b<br />

S n,b = 4 ∗ S n−1,b<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 4, n = 1<br />

S n,b = 3 ∗ S n−1,b , n > 1, b = True<br />

⎪⎩<br />

4 ∗ S n−1,b , n > 1, b = False<br />

⎧<br />

1, n = 1, b = True<br />

⎪⎨ 3, n = 1, b = False<br />

S n,b =<br />

3 ∗ S n−1,b , n > 1, b = True<br />

⎪⎩<br />

4 ∗ S n−1,b , n > 1, b = False


¾<strong>º</strong>ËÓÒÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒÒØÒÓØÖÑÒÚÓѸ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó ÕÙÓÙÑÒÓÖÙÑÓѸÙÑØÓÓÐÓÖÙÑÐØÖÜØÖÒØ<strong>×</strong> Ó¸ÕÙÓÔÖÓØÒÓÜÕÙÐÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓÕÙÚÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ËÕÙÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó ÓÔÖÓÐÑÓÖÑÒØÖÓÖ¸ÕÙÓÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚØÖ<strong>º</strong>ÓÑÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒØÖ 1¸ÒÓ<br />

ÙÖÜÓÐÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ú<strong>×</strong> ØÑÒÓnÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>Á<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ò<br />

1<strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÒÓÙ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÓÒÐØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÒÓn +<br />

ØÑÒÓn − 2ÒÓn ÈÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÜ<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÑØÑÒÓn<br />

Ò¹½ ÓÙÓÙ Ò¹¾ ÓÙÓÙ <br />

½<strong>º</strong>ÖØÞÕÙÒÒÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ¸ÓÕÙÔÖÓÙÞÖÙÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<br />

2<strong>º</strong>ÓÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÞ<strong>×</strong><br />

1ÓÙÓÐÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

¾<strong>º</strong>ÖØÞÕÙÒÒÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÓÒØÐÞÙ<strong>×</strong>ÚÞ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÕÙÖÙÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ ÑÒÓÖÓÕÙÓÚÖÖÓ<strong>º</strong><br />

ÓÐÓÖÙÑØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>´¸¸µÑÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÒÓn −<br />

ÑÓÖ<strong>º</strong><br />

´¸ÓÙµÑÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÒÓn −<br />

ÑÒÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖÑÖÒØ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖØÞÕÙÒÓ ÌÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÖØÞ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÕÙÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÒÓnØÑØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ú<strong>×</strong> ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÚÒÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÑÖÓÒÐÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ø ¸¸¸ÔÓÖØÒØÓÒÒÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>º</strong>ÓÑÓØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÓÐÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong> <strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÒÓÚÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÓÖ ÖÔØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÒØÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

4µÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÐÔÖÑÓÒÚÒÒØØÔÖÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐÙÐÓÓØÒØÖÐÙÐÖ<br />

ÓÖÖØÓ´S 1 =<br />

ÒÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÖÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÜØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÓÜÓ<br />

0¸ÕÙÒÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>Ø ÐØÒÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓÒÓÒÐ<br />

S 2ÔÓÖÜÑÔÐÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔS Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÓÒÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ón=2ÕÙ ØÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚ ÓÕÙ¾<strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÖÖÖÐØÑÑÓй ÐÔÖÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÖ<strong>×</strong> ÈÓÖÕÙÑÙØ<strong>×</strong>ÚÞ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong> ÓØÖ<strong>º</strong>ÈÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÔÓÙÓÒØÒÔÓÖÕÙ<br />

0½<strong>º</strong> 0<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖÕÙ ÕÙÓÒÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ón =<br />

ÓÚÐÓÖÓÔÖn =<br />

<br />

−<br />

1S<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 4, n = 1<br />

S n = 15, n = 2<br />

⎪⎩<br />

3 ∗ S n−1 + 3 ∗ S n−2 , n > 2<br />

{<br />

4, n = 1<br />

S n =<br />

3 ∗ S n−1 + 3 ∗ S n−2 , n > 1<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 1, n = 0<br />

S n = 4, n = 1<br />

⎪⎩<br />

3 ∗ S n−1 + 3 ∗ S n−2 , n > 1


<strong>×</strong>Ñ ÉÙÐÕÙÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<br />

Ò<strong>×</strong>´Òµß ÔÖÓÖÑÐÑÒظÔÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong>¹ ½½ ÓÖ´¼½¾··µ<strong>×</strong>´µ<br />

ÐÈÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑÓÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

´Ò¼µÖØÙÖÒ½ ´Ò½µÖØÙÖÒ ÖØÙÖÒ¿<strong>×</strong>´Ò¹½µ·¿<strong>×</strong>´Ò¹¾µ ¾½ ½ ¿½¼<br />

¾¾½½¾½<strong>º</strong><br />

12ÕÙ<strong>×</strong> ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ½½¾ ¿½ ½¾¼ ½¾¼ ¾¿¾½ ¾¾½½¾½<br />

ÁÑÒÕÙÜ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÑ<strong>×</strong>nÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÑÙѸ <strong>×</strong><br />

ÐÓ<strong>º</strong>ÇÚÐÓÖS ÈÖÖÙÑÒÓÑÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÙÖÒÓ¸ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÓÒÑÖÓÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÖ ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÈÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>¿ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÚ ÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong>½·½·½ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸½·¾ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸¾·½ÓÙ¿ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑÔÐØÒÓÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓØÓØÐ<strong>º</strong> Ó<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÔÖÙÒØÕÙÕÙÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong><br />

n Ö<strong>×</strong><br />

ÖÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> 1¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong> nÖÙ<strong>×</strong>M n<strong>º</strong>ÇÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖM 2¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong> Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>¾ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>½·½¾ ÙÑÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>½ÖÙ<strong>º</strong><br />

Æ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓÑÒØÓÓÑÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÖÕÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>½¸¾ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÒÒ<strong>º</strong>ÌÐÚÞ<br />

•Â<br />

•ËÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙM 1<br />

4<strong>º</strong><br />

=<br />

•ËÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙM 2 =<br />

ÚÞÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒÓÙÖØÓ<strong>º</strong>Å<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ѸÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong> 7Ñ <strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙM 3 =<br />

ÙÑÐØÑÓÔ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÔ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö½¸¾ÓÙ¿ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÙÞÓØÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong> ÔÖÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> ÍÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÕÙÒÓÔÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>nÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖ<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÚÖÕÙM n = 2 n−1<strong>º</strong>ÁÒÐÞÑÒØÙÑÔÓÙÓÜÔÐÓÖÓÓÒÖÑÕÙM =<br />

ØÖÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÓ<strong>×</strong>nÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÒØÐÞ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>Á<strong>×</strong>ØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÖÓÖÖÒ<br />

−3Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔØÚÑÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓÖÑÚ Ð<br />

Ò<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÖÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÙÑÖÖÖÐÙÓÓØÚÓÖÙÞÖÙÑÔÖÓÐÑØÑÒÓn<br />

ÒØÖÓÖÔÖn −1¸n −2n ÈÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÖÑÖÐÑÒØÓØÖÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong> ÈÖÕÙÐ <strong>×</strong>Ø ÓÑ¿<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÕÙÖÖÖÐÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

<br />

4<br />

⎧<br />

1, n = 1<br />

⎪⎨ 2, n = 2<br />

M n =<br />

4, n = 3<br />

⎪⎩<br />

M n−1 + M n−2 + M n−3 , n > 3


ÒÑ´Òµß ´Ò½µÖØÙÖÒ½ ´Ò¾µÖØÙÖÒ¾ ´Ò¿µÖØÙÖÒ Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐÓÕÙÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÒ<br />

½¾½¿<br />

ÐÓÖ´½½¾··µÑ´µ ÖØÙÖÒÑ´Ò¹½µ·Ñ´Ò¹¾µ·Ñ´Ò¹¿µÐÓÖÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÞÖÓÓÙÒØÚÓ<strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong><br />

ÖÓÖÖÒÑ<strong>º</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÒ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>¹<br />

<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong> <strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒÚ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖÖÙÞÖÓÚÐÓÖ<br />

3¸ÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÚ¹<br />

•ÉÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>¹<br />

nÔÖn −<br />

¾ <br />

•ÉÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>¹ ÞÖÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>Ê<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÑ ÓÖѸÕÙÒÓÔÖÓ<strong>º</strong><br />

½ ÓÑÒÑÖÓÒØÚÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong><br />

½ ¾ ÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> Ê<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓ ÑÒÖ¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÞÖÓ<br />

¼ ¾ Ê<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÒÓÖÓÖÖÒÒØÖÓÖ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

Å<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÐÑÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÇÕÙÔÖÒÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÒÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÙÑØ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>º</strong><br />

ÎÓÔÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÐØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong>¸<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>¸Ò<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÐ ÞÖÙÑÔÖÓÖÑÕÙÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÖØÑÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÚÖ¸ÚÓ ÔÓÙ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖØÖÐ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÔÖÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙ¹ÐÓ<strong>×</strong> ÕÙÐÙÐÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓÑÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ѸÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÇÕÙÚÓÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÖ ÓÒ<strong>º</strong>ÆÓÒØÒØÓ¸ÔÖÙÒØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÓÖØÒØÓÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÕÙ ÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓØÓÖÐÔÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÕÙÖÒÓÖÙnÙÑÒØÓÙÑÓÒØÓÖ¸ÒÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÓÓÒØÓÖ<strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong>ÆÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐÓ ÔÖÓÌÒØÑÔÐÑÒØÖÚÓÚÚÖÕÙÔÖØÑÒØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÕÙ ÚÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖѸÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÖÙÞÖÓ¸<strong>×</strong>ÙÓÙѸÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÞ¸<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖ ÈÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸ÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÑÔÖÓÖÑÕÙÜÑÒÓÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÈÖÓÚÚÐÑÒØ<br />

<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÙÚØѾÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÕÙÐÑÒÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÒ<strong>º</strong>ÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÓÖÑ ØÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÐÓ<strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong>ÖÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>¸<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÚÓÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÒØÒÓ¸<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙÐÒÓÓÕÙÓÒظÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÚ<br />

ÕÙÓÒØÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÚ ÞÖÓÐØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÚÓÒÒÓÙÑÑ<strong>×</strong>¸ÚØÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó¸<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖÕÙÖÒÓØÑÒÓ¾ ÑÓÙØÖÓÜÑÔÐÓ¸ÚÓÐØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÁÑÒÕÙÑÚÞØÖ½¾ÐØÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÒÖÑÒØÓÓÒØÓÖ¸ÒÓÒÐÑÔÖÑÓÓÒØÓÖ<strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong>ÙÔÖÒØÒÖ¸ÒÓѸ<strong>×</strong> ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÖÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÑÒÓÖÑÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ Ð<strong>×</strong>ÈÖÓÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>¸ÖØÓÎÓÓÑÓÑ<br />

ÖÒÒÕÙÒØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÓÖÑÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>¸ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒØ ½¿¾½½¿¼¿¼½<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>¸ÑÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓ<strong>º</strong>Á<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>½ØÖÐ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÖ ÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÖÒ<strong>º</strong> Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÓÔÖÓÐÑÖÙÑÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖ<strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong>ØÑÓÖÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐÑÒØÖ¸ <br />

1¸n − 2ÓÙn −<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 0, n < 0<br />

M n = 1, n = 0<br />

⎪⎩<br />

M n−1 + M n−2 + M n−3 , n > 0


ÎÓÐØÒÓÓÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>¸ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÙÑÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÚÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÐÓÓ ÍÑÒÓÚÚÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><br />

<strong>×</strong>ÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>k=0<strong>º</strong>ËÔÖÑØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÚÞ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>k=1<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<br />

nÖÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ¿ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>kÚÞ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÔÖÑØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÒÙÑ <strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÖÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¿Ñ¿¸ÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÕÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

nÒØ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖkØÑÑÚ<br />

n,k<strong>º</strong>ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÖÓÕÙ<br />

ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖÑØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÕÙ<br />

ÔÓÖÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÔÖÓÙÖÒÓÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÐÖÓM<br />

Ú<strong>×</strong>ÖØÒÓÒÓÓÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>º</strong> n,kÓÑn<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÓØÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>kÓ <strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓ¸ÔÓÖØÒØÓÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÙÖÖÔÓÖÐÓÑÓM ½<strong>º</strong>ÍÑÔÖÓÐÑÚÖÖÓÚÐÙÐÖM<br />

ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÙ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÖÒÖÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ ÓÒØÐÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>¸ÙÑÐ<strong>×</strong>ÒÐÙÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ù¿ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸Ð<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÒØ<strong>×</strong> ÕÙ 0<strong>º</strong>Ëk=0ÐÒÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÓÖÕÙÒÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>¿ ÓÒÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÆÓÒØÒØÓkØÓÚÐÓÖÔÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ón=3ÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ ¾<strong>º</strong>ÓÑÓkØÔÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÓØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÔÖn=1n=2<br />

k ><br />

ÓÖÚÑÔÖØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔиÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÓÖÐ<strong>º</strong>ÓÒÓØÕÙÓÖÑ<br />

ÂÙÒØÒÓØÙÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong> <strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖÕÙÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓkÚÑÒÙÖ<strong>º</strong> Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>½¾ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ¿ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong> 0ÓÒØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong> ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ón = 3ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑØÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÔÖÖÖÖÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÚÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>k= ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÒØÖÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÙ<strong>×</strong>ѽ¾ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸<strong>×</strong>ØÚÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>k ><br />

ÓÖÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÔÓÙÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÚÒÖÕÙÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÙÞÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÖØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸kÒÓÑÒÙÔÓÖÕÙÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>¿ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> Ô<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓkÚÑÒÙÖѽ<strong>º</strong>ÈÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>½¾ ÐØÑÐÒÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÑÖØÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐ<strong>º</strong>ÆÐÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÙÑ<br />

ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÔÓÙÓÔÖÜÔÐÖÔÓÖÕÙÖÓÖÖÒÑÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÙÞÐÓÒ ÑÒÓÖ ËÔÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÓÑÓÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÔÖÖØÚ¸<br />

´½µ<br />

M<br />

⎧<br />

1, n = 1<br />

⎪⎨ 2, n = 2<br />

M n,k =<br />

3, n = 3, k = 0<br />

⎪⎩<br />

4, n = 3, k > 0<br />

0,<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨<br />

M n,k =<br />

⎪⎩<br />

1, n = 1<br />

2, n = 2<br />

3, n = 3, k = 0<br />

4, n = 3, k > 0<br />

M n−1,k + M n−2,k n > 3, k = 0<br />

M n−1,k + M n−2,k + M n−3,k−1 n > 3, k > 0<br />

⎧<br />

0, n < 0 ou k < 0<br />

⎪⎨ 1, n = 0<br />

M n,k =<br />

M n−1,k + M n−2,k , n > 0, k = 0<br />

⎪⎩<br />

M n−1,k + M n−2,k + M n−3,k−1 , n > 0, k > 0<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨<br />

n,k =<br />

⎪⎩<br />

0, n < 0 ou k < 0<br />

1, n = 0<br />

M n−1,k + M n−2,k + M n−3,k−1 , n > 0


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=


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ÌÑÑÒÓÞ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓÐÖÑn k<br />

1, n = 1 e k = 1<br />

0, n ≠ 1 e k = 1<br />

P(n − 1, k − 1) ∗ T −n+1<br />

T<br />

+ P(n, k − 1) ∗ n T


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⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 0, n < 0 ou k < 0<br />

P(n, k) = 1, n = 0 e k = 0<br />

⎪⎩<br />

P(n − 1, k − 1) ∗ T −n+1 + P(n, k − 1) ∗ n T<br />

T<br />

1<br />

0.9<br />

0.8<br />

0.7<br />

0.6<br />

0.5<br />

0.4<br />

0.3<br />

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0<br />

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000<br />

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nÓÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒÓn<br />

ÙÒØÖÓÕÙÚÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÑÓÑÒØÓ <strong>×</strong>ÚÓØÚÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>¸ÐÖÓÕÙØÖ<br />

• B<br />

nÓÒÑÖÓÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒÓn<br />

•<br />

•ÆÓÒÓ½ÑÕÙÚÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø<br />

J<br />

ÒÓÔÐÒظØÑÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>ÒÒÙÑÓÚÑÓÙ n<strong>º</strong>ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

• A<br />

C nÔÓ<strong>×</strong>C = B n + J n<br />

0<strong>º</strong><br />

+ A<br />

•Ç<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓÒØÖÓÖ´ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÑÓÖÖѵÑ<strong>×</strong><br />

•ÓÖÚÓØÑÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÖÕÙÒØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖ<br />

ÙÐØÓ´ÑÑÐÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒÓ½ÓÕÙÒÓ¾¿¿<strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong>µ<strong>º</strong>ÒØÓ¸B 1 = 2J 1 = A 1 =<br />

ÙÑÒÓÔÖÓÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÚÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙÑÒÓÓÖÒÙÑÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ð<br />

•Ç<strong>×</strong>ÓÚÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÕÙÚÒÓÒÓÔ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÔÓÖØÒØÓJ ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÑÙÑÖØÓÒÓ<strong>º</strong>Á<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓиÔÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

n<br />

Ó<strong>×</strong>ÓÚÒ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÐÒÓ¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖØÒØÓ¸A n−1<strong>º</strong>ÂÙÒØÒÓØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

n<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒظÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓB n = A n−1 + J<br />

B<br />

n<br />

= B<br />

= A n−1 +<br />

n−1<strong>º</strong><br />

J n−1<strong>º</strong><br />

{<br />

2, n = 1<br />

n =<br />

A n−1 + J n−1 , n > 1<br />

{<br />

0, n = 1<br />

J n =<br />

ÒÕÙÒØÓÔÖÖÖØÓÔÖÔÖÓÖÑÓ<strong>º</strong><br />

.Á<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖÑØÐÙÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐÖÔÓÖ<br />

B n−1 , n > 1<br />

{<br />

0,<br />

nÕÙÒÓn>1¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

n = 1<br />

A n =<br />

A n−1 + J n−1 , n > 1<br />

ÈÐ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙB n = A<br />

Ù<strong>×</strong>A n−1 + J n−1<br />

½


ÒÓ½ ÈÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÚÖÙÑÐÓÖØÑÓÒÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓ<br />

¾ ÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÔÖÐÙÐÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÓ ¾¼¼ ¼¾¼<br />

¼ ¾¼¾<br />

ÛдÒÓ½µß ¾¾¾<br />

ÔÖÒظ¸¸¸¸Ò ¾<br />

ÔÖÓÜ ÔÖÓÜ· ÔÖÓÜ ÔÖÓÜ· ½¼½¼ ½½¼½ ¾½¾<br />

ÐÓÑÓÜÖÓ¸<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÙÑÐÓÖØÑÓÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓ<br />

ÔÖÓÜ ¾¾¾<br />

ÔÖÓÜ ¾<br />

ÒÓÒÓ·½ ½½¼½½¼ ½½½¼½ ¾½¾ ¾<br />

ÔÖÐÙÐÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÐÓ¹ <br />

ÖØÑÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØ<strong>º</strong> ½¾¾¼½¾¾¼ ½½¾¾¼½ ¿½½¿½<br />

ÒÑÖÓÓÐÓ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÒÚÖÔÓÖÑÑÖÓÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÓ<strong>×</strong>Ò Ö<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÑÒØÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÌÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑØ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÐÙÐÖÓ Ç<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÖÑÓÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÐÔÖÕÙÔÓÔÙÐÓÓÐÓ<strong>×</strong> ½¿½½<br />

<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

n¸ÕÙÓÖ<strong>×</strong>Ö ÕÙÒØØÓØÐ 1.ÌÑÑ<br />

ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÜÙØÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÖ<strong>×</strong>¸<br />

ÑÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÞÖÕÙÒÓÒÓ½ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸B 1 =<br />

ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙÖÓÔÖÓÖÑÒØÖÓÖÔÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖC<br />

½¼¼½ ÓÖÙÑÔÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

¼½¼½ ½¼½¾<br />

n¸<br />

½½½¿ ¾½¾ ¿¾¿ ¾<strong>º</strong>ÜÑÒØÐÓÐÓÙÙÑ ÔÙÖ<strong>º</strong> nØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ ½<strong>º</strong>ÎÓÐØÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒÑB<br />

¿½¿ ¾½ ¾½½¿¾½ ½¿½¿¿ ¿<strong>º</strong>ÈÖÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÙÓÒÐÙ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>º</strong>ÆÓÐ<strong>º</strong><br />

J nA n<strong>º</strong> ÓÒÐÙ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>C ¿¾½¿ ¿½ ¾¿¿ ¾¿¿½¾¿¿½¼ ¿¾¿¿¿ ½¼¿½¼½ ½½¿<br />

½¼¾ ½½½½ ¾½¾ ½


ÊÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>´ÓÙÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒØ<strong>×</strong>µ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÑÙÑÒØÒÓÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖØÖÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>Ö¹ ÊÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒÙÑÖ<strong>×</strong> ÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÓ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÖÑÓÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ¹ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ú<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÒÒÓÓÖÑ ÒÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÑÔÐØÑÒØÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÑØÑÑÓÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖ Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÑÖиÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÜÔÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÙÑÓÒÑÒØÓÔÖÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÐÙÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ¸ÕÙ<br />

n ´¾µ ÜÑÔÐÓ¸ØÖÓÒÐÒÓx Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÕÙ<strong>º</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÒÓØÖÕÙÔÓÚÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖÓÖÖÒÕÙÐÙÐ ÖØÑÒØÖÐÑÒØØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÓÖÖÒØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

3<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÑÒØ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÓÖѸÙÑÕÙÓÖÓÖÖÒØÒÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÐ<br />

5¸ØÒÓ¹<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖÓÐÙÐÖ<br />

x n =<br />

Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸ÐØÖÒÓÖÓÖÖÒÒØÖÓÖÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÑÓÙØÖ<br />

n¸<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ ÓÑÒÓÑÒÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÐÐÙÐÖÖØÑÒØx<br />

4¸x ´¿µ ÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÕÙØÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÔÖÐÙÐÖx ÈÖÙÒØ<br />

⌋<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÖÓÒÑÒØÓØÖÙÒÑÒØÓ¸Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔØÚÑÒØ<strong>º</strong><br />

½<strong>º</strong>ÓÑÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>´¾µ´¿µÑ¸ÒÓÕÙÐ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÒØ<strong>º</strong><br />

x ⌊n/2⌋ ∗ x ⌈n/2⌉ , n > 1<br />

ÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÚÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÙÒÓÒÑÒØÓÖÒØ<strong>º</strong><br />

Æ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓÚÖÓÖÖÒ¸⌈ ⌉⌊ ÜÑÔÐÓ½ ÈÖÔÖÖÓÑÓÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÖÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ ØÖnÐÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖØÒÓÑÙÑÔÐÒÓ¸ÓÑÓÒÙÖÜÓ Ø<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÚÓÔÓ<br />

x<br />

{<br />

1, n = 0<br />

x ∗ x n−1 , n > 0<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 1, n = 0<br />

x n = x, n = 1<br />

⎪⎩<br />

ÖØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÚÒØÑÒظÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓ Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖL nÓÑÓÖÒÑÖÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÐÖ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÔÐ<strong>×</strong>n<br />

L 0 = 1<br />

Zero retas Uma reta Duas retas Tres retas<br />

L 1 = 2<br />

L 2<br />

½<br />

= 4<br />

L 3 = 7.


Ñ ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ 1ÔÓÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>nÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong> Ö<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÔÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÒÓ<br />

n<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÓÖØÔÖÙÑ<br />

1ÖØ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÓÒÑÒØÓÒÐÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÔÖÙÒØÓÑÓL nÕÙÐÕÙÖÈÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÖÕÙÙÑÒÓÚÖØ´ÖØnµÓÖØ<strong>×</strong>n ÁÒÐÞÑÒØ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø<br />

−<br />

ÜÑÓÑn −<br />

ØÖÑÒ<strong>º</strong>ÈÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÑÔÐظÒÓÒØÒØÓ¸<strong>×</strong>ØÓÒÖÙÑØÖÑÓ ÓÒÓ n−1¸ÕÙÔÖ<strong>×</strong>Ö n−2<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÑÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><br />

nÔÖØÖÐÔÖ¹<br />

´µ<br />

ÒÓÑÔÐظÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÒØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖL <strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>L L ÈÖÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><br />

7¸ÔÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸<br />

L<br />

½<strong>º</strong>ÆÖÓÖÖÒ´µÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÒÖÙÑØÖÑÓÔÖÞÖÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖÖ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÑ<br />

ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓÚÒÓÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÒÓÓÒÓÔÖ¸ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖL ÚÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÑÕÙ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

ÐÙÐÒÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÓL 6¸L nÓÒÑÖÓÑ ÖÓÓÒÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>º</strong> ÜÑÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÔÐ<strong>×</strong>nÖØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

nÓÒÑÖÓÑ ÜÑÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖØ<strong>×</strong>¹<br />

ÜÑÔÐÓ¾<br />

¾<strong>º</strong>ÁÑÒÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>A n<strong>º</strong>ÔÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÚÓÐÚÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

ÇÙØÖÓÜÑÔÐÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÒÑÖÓØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙÑÑÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÑÖиÑÙØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÓÓÖ¹<br />

Ò<strong>×</strong>ÔÐ<strong>×</strong>nÖØ<strong>×</strong>¸F Ò<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÔÖÓÙÞÑÙÑØÜÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØ´ÔÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸ÙÔÐѾÑÒÙØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙ<br />

ÒØÓÚÒØÕÙL n = A n + F<br />

ÖÑÙÐ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒÔÖA ÈÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÓÖ¸ÒÕÙÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÒØÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>µ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÔÓÖÕÙØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ ÔÓÔÙÐÓØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÖÓÖ¸ÔÖØÖÙÑÔÓÔÙÐÓÒÐx<strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó¸<br />

nF n<strong>º</strong><br />

ÈÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÖÑ<br />

ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÖn¸ÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÑÖÓB Ô<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ö ÆÓÒØÒØÓ¸<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÙÑÑÓÐÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÓ¸ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖØÑÑ<strong>×</strong> Ð<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÓÒÕÙÓÖÓÐÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØÖ<strong>×</strong>yØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÑÒظÔÓÖØÒØÓÓÑÓÐÓ ØÒÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐØÖÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖÓÖÖÒÑ<strong>º</strong><br />

ÖÓÖÖÒØÖÚ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÜÓ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖѸ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÐÓÒ ØÒØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÐÙÖÒÓÑÓÐÓÓØÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÚÑÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ ÓÑÓÕÙÚÓ <strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÑØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>´ÙÑÔÓÙÓÔÒµÒÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÐÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<br />

B<br />

<strong>×</strong>ØÙÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐB n<br />

½<br />

=<br />

L n = L n−1 + n<br />

n =<br />

0<strong>º</strong><br />

5¸L 4¸L 3¸L 2¸L 1L<br />

{<br />

1, n = 0<br />

L n−1 + n, n > 0<br />

{<br />

x, n = 1<br />

B n =<br />

2B n−1 , n > 1 .<br />

n =<br />

{<br />

x, n = 1<br />

2B n−1 + y, n > 1 .<br />

{<br />

x, n = 1<br />

2B n−1 + y − B n−4 , n > 1 .


ÖÓÖÖÒÑÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÖÓÑÒØ<strong>×</strong> ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÜ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÐÙÑØÑÔÓØÖ <strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÁÒÐÞÑÒØÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø 2¸ÔÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ´ÔÓÖÕÙÉÙ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÐÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong> ÖÖ¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<br />

ÈÖÙÒØ<strong>×</strong> ÔÐÓÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÉÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Óµ<strong>º</strong> ÒÓÔÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓØÓ<strong>×</strong>µ<strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒØÓÖÒÖÓÔÖÓÐÑ´Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÑ <strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÞ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÖÓÚÐÓÖB ½<strong>º</strong>ÇÑÓÐÓÔÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÚÕÙÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÒÑÖÓÓÖ<strong>º</strong> ¾<strong>º</strong>ÇÑÓÐÓØÑÑÔÖÚÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÚÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÇÕÙÓÒØ<strong>×</strong> ÇÕÙÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ØÜÙÑÒØÓÒÓÓÖÓÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÔÐÑ<br />

<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÔØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÒØ<strong>×</strong>¸ÜÔÐÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> ÙÑÓÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒØÐØÖÓÑÓÐÓÔÖÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ØÙÓ<strong>º</strong>ÆÓØÕÙ Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓÖÑÖÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ±<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒØÒÙÑÚÚ<strong>×</strong><br />

Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÒÓÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong> <strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÑÕÙÚÓØÒÖÓÖÓÖÖÒÜÓ<br />

ÓÐØÖÒÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÓÓÑÔÓÖØÑÒØÓÖÓÖÖÒ¸ÓÑÓÒØÐ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ ÐÙÐÖ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓÔÖÖÓÖÖÒ´µ<strong>º</strong>ÖÐÑÒظÔÖÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖ ÔÖØÖÓÖÓÔÖÓÐÑØÒØÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ¹ÐØÖÚ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖÑÙиÚØÒÓØÖ<br />

P(n)¿½¼¾½½½¿¼½¾¿¼¾ ¼½¾¿ <strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÖÖÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÖÓÖÖÒØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ ÖÓÖÖÒÐÖ ÓÑÓÓÖÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖØÖÖÓÖÖÒÒÐ<strong>º</strong>ÈÖØÒØÖÓÖÑÖÙÑÕÙÖÓÓÑÓ Ç<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒÓÚÓÚÐÓÖn¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÓÖÑÑÙÑÑÑÐÖ ¹ÐÑÙÑ<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÒÚÓÐÚÒÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÐÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓÚÖÓÖÖÒ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

P(n)<br />

n<br />

P(n) =<br />

{<br />

3, n = 0<br />

2 ∗ P(n − 1) + n − 2, n > 0<br />

´µ<br />

´µ<br />

{<br />

¼<br />

a, n = 0<br />

=<br />

2 ∗ P(n − 1) + n + b, n > 0<br />

n P(n) n P(n)<br />

a 32a +31b +57<br />

½2a +b +164a +63b +120<br />

ÓÒÓÖÑÙÐÒ<strong>×</strong>ÐÖÓÒÖ<strong>º</strong>ÔÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong> ÔÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong> ÐÖÓÒÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ab¸ÑÓÖÓÒÑÖÓ<br />

¾4a +3b +4128a +127b +247<br />

ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

¿8a +7b +11256a +255b +502<br />

16a +15b +26512a +511b +1013<br />

½ ´µ<br />

ÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÒÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙP(n)ÓÖÑÙÐÖÐ<br />

P(n) = 2 n a + (2 n − 1)b + C(n),


ÓÒC(n)ÙÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÖÑÒ<strong>º</strong>´ÆÓÓÔÖÓÚÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÙй ÖÐ<strong>×</strong>Ø ÒØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÖÓÚÐÓÖC(n)¸ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓ<strong>º</strong>ÐÞÑÒØÒÓÐÖÓ¹ ÓÖÖظÔÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÞÓÚÐÑÒØÓÒÚÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong>ÜÑÒÖÓÖÑP(n)µ<strong>º</strong><br />

Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒÓÖÒиÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ab´ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ <strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖÓÖÖÒ´µ¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÔÒÒØÑÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙabÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑØÖ<strong>º</strong>ÈÖ<br />

n+1¸ÓÑÙÑÚÐÓÖÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÔÓÙÓÑÒÓÖ<strong>º</strong><br />

2<strong>º</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÒÖÕÙC(n)Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÐÒØ2 ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÑØÒØØÚÖÖÓ¸ÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>C(n) = 2 n+1 − n −<br />

ÈÖÙÒØ ´µ ´µ ¿¾Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔØÚÑÒصP(n)<br />

½<strong>º</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓÑÒØÓÒÓÔÖÓÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÒÓÒØÖÑ´µÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓ¸ ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÐÔÖÓÒÚÒÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÓÑÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÔÖÔÖÓÚÖÕÙØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<br />

=<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÓѸ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÒÜ<br />

= 3 ∗ 2 n − n<br />

ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ´µ¸ÐÚÙÒÓÒÖ<strong>º</strong>ÈÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÑÓÞÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÕÙÑÙØÓ <strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>¸ÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÕÙÒÓÒØÖÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>º</strong> ¹ÐÚÓÐØÒÓÔÖÓÐÑÓÖÒи<br />

ËÒÓÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÖØÓ<br />

Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÓÖÖÒÓÑÓÑØÓÓØÖÓ<strong>º</strong> ÖÓÖÖÒÔÓÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ¹Ð<strong>º</strong>ÌÒØÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÓ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÜÔÖÑÒØÖ ÚÒØÑÒظÒÓ<strong>×</strong> <strong>×</strong>ØÑØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>¹<strong>×</strong>ÑÚÐÖ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÑÒØÖÓÖÖÒÔÖÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>n ÚÐÔÒÖÒØÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖØÔÖÖÓÒÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<br />

ÖØÑظØÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÕÙÙÑÔÓÙÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÐÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÊÞÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐ<strong>×</strong>P(n)<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÐÞÖÒÒÙÑÓÔÖÓ ÖÓÒÖÓÔÖÓÔÖÓÒظÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑØ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐÒ¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<br />

P(0) = a<br />

3 ∗ 2 n − 2 ∗ (2 n − 1) + 2 n+1 − n − 2<br />

P(1) = 2a + b + 1<br />

P(2) = 2 ∗ (2a + b + 1) + b + 2<br />

= 4a + b + 2b + 2 ∗ 1 + 2<br />

P(3) = 2 ∗ (4a + b + 2b + 2 ∗ 1 + 2) + b + 3<br />

= 8a + b + 2b + 4b + 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 + 2 ∗ 2 + 3<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÓÙÑÔÓÙÓÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ¸ÔÓÖÑÐÓÓ<strong>×</strong> ÒÓÚÚÐÓÓÓÒØÑÙÐØÔÐÓÔÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÇÓÒØbÓØÖÑÓÒÔÒÒØ<br />

n¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

P(4) = 2 ∗ (8a + b + 2b + 4b + 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 + 2 ∗ 2 + 3) + b + 4<br />

= 16a + b + 2b + 4b + 8b + 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 + 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 + 2 ∗ 3 + 4<br />

= 16a + b ∗ (1 + 2 + 4 + 8) + 2 3 ∗ 1 + 2 2 ∗ 2 + 2 1 ∗ 3 + 2 0 ∗ 4<br />

ÔÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐ<strong>×</strong>ÐÖÓÕÙÓÓÒØaØÑ<strong>×</strong>Ö2 Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÒÓÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÑØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÚ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑØÓÓÔÖØÙÖÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÑÒØÓÖÑÖÐ<br />

P(n) = 2 n n−1 ∑<br />

a + b 2 i n−1 ∑<br />

ÐÖÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÞØÖÓØÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÖÖØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÓÖÖÖÚÒÓ<strong>º</strong> ÜØÑÒØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÓØÒØÖÓÖÑÒØ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÚÞ¸Ô<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÑÓÖØÖÐÓ<br />

+ 2 i (n − i).<br />

i=0 i=0<br />

½<br />

P(n) = 2 n a + (2 n − 1)b + 2 n−1 − n − 2,


ÈÖÙÒØ<strong>×</strong> ¾<strong>º</strong>Í<strong>×</strong>ÓÑØÓÓÑÔÖÓØÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖÖÓÖÖÒ´µ<strong>º</strong>ÎÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÚÐÓÖ ½<strong>º</strong>ÎÖÕÙÓÑÓÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑØÖÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓÑÙÑÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>º</strong><br />

¿<strong>º</strong>Í<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÑØÓÓÑÔÖÓØÖÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖÖÓÖÖÒ´µ<strong>º</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ù ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÓØÓÑ´µ<strong>º</strong><br />

ÍÑÑØÓÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

nÔÖÙÒؾ<strong>º</strong><br />

<strong>×</strong>ØÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>º</strong>ÓÑÓÒÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒиÓÑØÓÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÑÙØÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong> ÙÐØÖÜÔÒÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒÔÖÔÖÓÙÖÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÔÓÑ<strong>×</strong>Ö ÇÔÖÜÑÓÑØÓÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ØÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÐÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÚØ<br />

Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÑØÓÓÔÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖA<br />

ÓÕÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÕÙÔÒÑÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÔÓÓÙ<strong>×</strong>Ù ÑØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>¹<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÔÖØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓØÖÚ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓØ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓ ÖÓÖÖÒ¾<strong>º</strong>ÈÖÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÓÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ¸ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖÓÖÖÒÜÓ¿<br />

nF ÖÓ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒÐÑÒظ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓÚÓ<br />

ÚÐÒÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÐ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖ ´½¼µ<br />

n½¾¿ ½¼ ½½ ½¾ ½<br />

ÕÙÐÕÙÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÚÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ØØÖÑÓÑÒÔÙÐÓÜÒÓ¹<strong>×</strong>ØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÔÖÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖØÖÐÖÓÑÓØÖÑÓÖÐÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑ<br />

n¼¾½¿¿¾¼¼½¿½½½¾¿½¾¿¾½¼¾½½½<br />

ÖÓÖÖÒÒÓÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖÓÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÓÒÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÐÓÖØÓ<br />

R<br />

<strong>×</strong>ØÕÙÓÑÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>º</strong>ÈÖÓÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÞÖ¹ ´½½µ ´½¾µ<br />

ÓÑÓÒ¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑÓÐÓÖØÓÙÐÞÖÓ ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐØÑÒØÓÐÓÖØÓÕÙÓѸÖÒÓÓÕÙÑÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓ<br />

R n = 3R n−1 − R n−2 + n − 4<br />

R n − 3R n−1 + R n−2<br />

´½¿µ<br />

= n − 4.<br />

Ó<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>aÓÙxÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓÑÒØÓ¸ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓ<strong>×</strong> ÆÓÑÓÑÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÕÙÓ<strong>º</strong>ËÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÓØÐÑÒØÖØÖ ÖÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>xÔÓÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ¹Ð<strong>º</strong>ÌÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

nÔÖÓÚÚÐÑÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÕÙÓ<strong>º</strong>ÆÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÙÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<br />

R n − 3R n−1<br />

nÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÖ´½¿µØÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÖÕÙ<br />

+ R n−2 = 0.<br />

ÖØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙR n = ax<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÑÖÒØÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓÔÖR ÒØÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>º</strong> ÔÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÐÓ<strong>×</strong> ¾ØÓÖÕÙÜÔÐÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÑØÓÓÙÒÓÒÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö ¿<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖÖÒÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÖ ÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ËÖÔÖØÑÒØÑÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÐ ÜÔÐÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÐ<strong>º</strong> ÔÖÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÓÑÓÓÑØÓÓ<br />

¾¼<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ 0, n = 1<br />

R n = 2, n = 2<br />

⎪⎩<br />

3R n−1 − R n−2 + n − 4, n > 2.<br />

R n − 3R n−1 + R n−2 = 0<br />

ax n − 3ax n−1 + ax n−2 = 0<br />

ax n−2 (x 2 − 3x + 1) = 0


Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÑÒÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÕÙÓÑÓÑa=0ÓÙx=0´ÐØÖÒØÚ<strong>×</strong> ÑÕÙÓÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÖÞ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó <strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÖÕÙÒÓÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÐÚÑÑ<strong>×</strong>ÐÓÒµÓÙÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÞ<strong>×</strong>x<br />

Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ظ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÒÓ n¸ ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖxÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÐÓÖÖÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

2<br />

´½µ ÓÑÓÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÓÕÙR n = ax<br />

ÆÓع<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÔÓÖÕÙØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ú<strong>×</strong>ÔÖxÓÐÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø ´½µ<br />

R n = ax n )<br />

ÔÖØÙÐÖ´½¾µ<strong>º</strong>ÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖØÑÙÑÔÕÙÒÓÔÓÐÒÑÓÒÓÐÓÖØÓ¸ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>´Ñ<strong>×</strong> <strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÑÑÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> ÓÖÕÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÓÑÓÒ´½¿µÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÕÙÓ<br />

n<br />

.<br />

2¸ÔÖÑØÒÓÕÙÐ<strong>×</strong> ØÖÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØaÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÒÐÑÒØÔÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØ<strong>×</strong>a <strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ØØÙÒÓÑ´½¾µ 4<strong>×</strong>ØÔÓÐÒÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖ¹ÐÓ<strong>×</strong>¸<br />

1a 4<strong>º</strong> ÙÑÚÞµÖØÖÕÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØR nÙÑÔÓÐÒÑÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÖÙ¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸R n = a 3 n + a<br />

Ç<strong>×</strong>ÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>a 3a R<br />

<strong>×</strong>ØÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÔ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÑØÓÓÔÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÔÒÒØ<br />

n,ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÒØÑÙÐÞÖÓ<strong>º</strong>ÇÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒØÖÕÙ<br />

3<strong>º</strong>Í<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÒÐÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>º</strong>Á<strong>×</strong>ØÓØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÒÓ¹<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÓØ<strong>×</strong>¸´½µ<br />

4¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

´½µ ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓÒÔÖØÙÐÖÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÒÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ ´½µ ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÑÒØÕÙa 3 = −1a 4 =<br />

ÕÙR n = a 3 n + a<br />

´½µ<br />

ÓÖÑÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÖÒ<strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÒ ¹Ð<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>º</strong>ÒиÐ<strong>×</strong>ÒÒÓ<br />

2ÕÙÚÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙØÐÞ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐØÚÑÒØ<br />

)<br />

0¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

n<br />

R − n + 3.<br />

ÒÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØ<strong>×</strong>a Ë<strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÔ<strong>×</strong>ØÖظ<br />

1a ½<strong>º</strong>Í<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÔÖÑÖÓÒÓ¸R ÔÖÚÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÒÓØÑÙÑÔÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

1 =<br />

¾½<br />

R n<br />

x = 3 ± √ 5<br />

.<br />

2<br />

( √ ) n ( √<br />

3 + 5 3 − 5<br />

= a 1 ∗ + a 2 ∗<br />

2<br />

2<br />

n − 3R n−1 + R n−2 = n − 4<br />

a 3 n + a 4 − 3(a 3 (n − 1) + a 4 ) + a 3 (n − 2) + a 4 = n − 4<br />

a 3 n + a 4 − 3a 3 n + 3a 3 − 3a 4 + a 3 n − 2a 3 + a 4 = n − 4<br />

R<br />

(−a 3 )n + (a 3 − a 4 ) = n − 4<br />

(−1 − a 3 )n + (a 3 − a 4 + 4) = 0<br />

−1 − a 3 = 0<br />

a 3 − a 4 + 4 = 0.<br />

n = −n + 3.<br />

( √ ) n ( √<br />

3 + 5 3 − 5<br />

n = a 1 ∗ + a 2 ∗<br />

2<br />

2<br />

( √ ) 1 ( √ ) 1<br />

3 + 5 3 − 5<br />

0 = a 1 ∗ + a 2 ∗<br />

− 1 + 3.<br />

2<br />

2<br />

−4 = 3 ∗ (a 1 + a 2 ) + √ 5(a 1 − a 2 ).<br />

− 3x + 1 = 0¸ÕÙ


2¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ¾<strong>º</strong>Í<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓÒÓ¸R 2 =<br />

Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ѸØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÊÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙÒÓÖÓÖÖÒ´½µÓÑ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÓÑÕÙÐÕÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÛÖÐÖÓÔÓÓÒÖÑÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÙÐÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong> ÈÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÐÕÙÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÖÖ¸<strong>×</strong>ØÖÐÑÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖÓÖÖÒ´½¼µ¸ÙÑØ<strong>×</strong>Ø<br />

5<strong>×</strong>ÔÖѸÜÒÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÈÖÙÒØ<strong>×</strong> ÒÓÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÐÚÓÐÓÒÒ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>º</strong>µ ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÓÑÖØÞ¸ÖØÒØÒÓÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong> ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>´ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÒÓØÖÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ√ ½<strong>º</strong>ÙÑÔÖÓÖÑÕÙÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐ ÖÑÙÐÓظÓÑÔÖÒÓ¹Ó<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÆÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÕÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙØÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÑÔÓÖØÒØÑÕÙnÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÕÙÒØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓØÖÑÓÚÞÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò¹ ÖÖÓÖÖÓÒÑÒØÓ¸ÔÓÖØÒØÓÔÓÑÚÖÔÕÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

ØÚÓ<strong>º</strong>ÅÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÑÓØÚÓÙÞÕÙÔÖnÖÒÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙÑÖÑÙÐÔÖÓÜÑ<br />

n¸ÒÐ<strong>×</strong>¹ÚÖÕÙÕÙÓÔÖÑÖÓØÖÑÓØÓÖÒ¹<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong> ¾<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖR ÑÒÙÖÔÑÒظØÓÖ Í<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÛÖÐÖÓÓÙ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐÙÐÓÖÚÖÕÙÕÙÖÒÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÜÔÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

Ô<strong>×</strong>ÖÔÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÓÑÔÐÓ¸ÓÑØÓÓÖÐØÚÑÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>´ÖÓÖÖÒÕÙ ØÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑØÓÓ<br />

ÓÒÔÖÑØÐ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÔÓÑÖÖÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>üÑÕÙ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑ Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖÓÑÔÐ<strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>º</strong>µ<strong>º</strong>ÓÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÔÓÕÙÐÖ3 <strong>×</strong> 10 −6ÔÖn<br />

ÓÓÖÖÒÓ¸ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓÒØÓÖÒÖÙÑÐ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong> ÆÓØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÐ≈¸ÒÒÓÔÖÓÜÑÓ<strong>º</strong><br />

¾¾<br />

( √ ) 2 ( √ ) 2<br />

3 + 5 3 − 5<br />

2 = a 1 ∗ + a 2 ∗<br />

− 2 + 3.<br />

2<br />

2<br />

4 = a 1 ∗ (14 + 6 √ 5) + a 2 ∗ (14 − 6 √ 5)<br />

2 = 7 ∗ (a 1 + a 2 ) + 3 √ 5(a 1 − a 2 )<br />

a 1 = 8√ 5 − 10<br />

15 + 5 √ 5 = 17√ 5 − 35<br />

,<br />

10<br />

a 2 = 8√ 5 + 10<br />

5 √ 5 − 15 = −17√ 5 + 35<br />

.<br />

10<br />

R n = 17√ ( √ ) n<br />

5 − 35 3 + 5<br />

∗<br />

− 17√ ( √ ) n<br />

5 + 35 3 − 5<br />

∗<br />

− n + 3.<br />

10 2 10 2<br />

R n ≈ 17√ ( √ ) n<br />

5 − 35 3 + 5<br />

∗<br />

− n + 3.<br />

10 2<br />

= 15<strong>º</strong>


ÜÑÔÐÓ½ ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong><br />

Ä<strong>×</strong>ØÒÓÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

n¼½¾¿ ½¼ ½½ ½¾ ½¿ ½<br />

S<br />

ÈÖÑÖÓ¸ÔÖÓÙÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<br />

n¼¿¾½¿½¿½½¿¿¿¼½½½¾¾¾¿½¿¼½<br />

S<br />

S n − 2S n−1 = 3.<br />

<strong>×</strong>ØÖØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÓÑÓÒ¸ÕÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÓÒÓ¹<strong>×</strong>ÕÙS ´½¾µÖÙÑÔÓÐÒÑÓ<strong>º</strong>ÓÖ¸ÓÑÓÓÐÓÖØÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒظØÒØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<br />

n<strong>º</strong>ÓÖÔÖØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>Ø<br />

n<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓx=2¸ÔÓÖØÒØÓS n<br />

b¸<br />

,ÔÓÖÕÙÓÐÓÖØÓ<br />

= a2<br />

ØÔÓÜÑÔÐÓ´½¼µÓØ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÕÙS n = a 3 n + a<br />

−3<strong>º</strong>ËÓÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÑÒØ<br />

4<br />

ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØØÑÑ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖØÒØÓ¸<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÑÒÓS n =<br />

ÈÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÖÓÚÐÓÖaÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÐÖÓÑÓÒÓÒÐ<br />

ÔÓÖØÒØÓS n =<br />

ÜÑÔÐÓ¾ ÓØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÙÐÚÖÕÙÕÙÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÑÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÐ<strong>º</strong><br />

1)<strong>º</strong>ÐÙÐÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

<strong>×</strong>ØÚÞÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐÖÔÖÐÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÓ<br />

ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÒØÚS n = 3 ∗ 2 n − 3 = 3 ∗ (2 n −<br />

ÈÖÑÖÓÔÖÓÙÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<br />

¾¿<br />

n =<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨<br />

S n =<br />

⎪⎩<br />

{<br />

0, n = 0<br />

2S n−1 + 3, n > 0.<br />

ax n − 2ax n−1 = 0<br />

ax n−1 (x − 2) = 0.<br />

b − 2b = 3<br />

b = −3.<br />

S n = a2 n − 3.<br />

0 = a2 0 − 3<br />

a = 3.<br />

2, n = 0<br />

1, n = 1<br />

4S n−2 + n, n > 1.<br />

S n − 4S n−2 = n.<br />

= ax n


n ÊØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÓÑÓÒ¸ÕÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÓÒÓ¹<strong>×</strong>ÕÙS n = ax<br />

ÓÑÓÒµ<strong>º</strong>ÓÖÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖÓÐÓÖØÓn¸<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

.´Á<strong>×</strong>ØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÔÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÕÙØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÚÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓ<br />

n ÈÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÕÙÓx2 − 4 = 0¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>x=±2<strong>º</strong>ÒØÓS nØÑÓÖÑS n = a 1 2 n +<br />

a 2 (−2) n<br />

<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖØÑÑÕÙS n = a<br />

ÓÒØÖÓÚÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÈÖÚØÖÓÔÖÓÐѸØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÑÔÓÐÒÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÑÓÐÓ ËÞÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÒÐÞÑÒØÒÓØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÒÖ<strong>º</strong>ÒиÕÙÒÓØÒØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÖ<br />

3<br />

4ÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong> 0¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ Ó<strong>×</strong>ÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÙÑÐ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙa 3 = −1/3¸ÔÖÓÓÙØÖÓa =<br />

ÖØÓ´ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÐÑÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>µ<strong>º</strong>ÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>S<br />

8/9<strong>º</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÔÒÒÓ<br />

n = a 3<br />

−8/9<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖØÒØÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

n + a<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑÓØÓÒØÖÓÖÑÒØ ÔÖÑØÖÓ<strong>×</strong> ÁÙÐÒÓÓÒØÞÖÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙa 3 = −1/3a 4 =<br />

S n = −n/3 −<br />

S<br />

8/9¸Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÐÓØ<br />

<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÓÑÓÒÚÑÒØÖÖÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÐ<strong>º</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓÐÙÖ¸ÔÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖ ÑÔÓÖØÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÖÙÑÐÓÖØÓÓÖÒØÔÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>Ô¹ <strong>×</strong>ØÜÑÔÐÓÑÔÓÖØÒØÔÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖÓ¸ÔÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÕÙØÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÞ<strong>×</strong>¹<br />

ÁÑØÑÒØØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>a 1 = 2a 2 =<br />

ÐÑÒظÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÐÓÖØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÑÔÓÐÒÑÓÚ¹<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÑÔÓÐÒÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÑÓ ÓÖÒÐÖÑÙÐ n<strong>º</strong>ÈÖÖÓÑÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖÚ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÔÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ¸ÙÑØ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÑÔÖÒÓÖÓÖÖÒ<br />

n¼½¾¿ Ó<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

½¼ ½¾ ½¿ ½ ½<br />

S<br />

n¾½½¼¿¿½¾½¿¿¾¾¾½½½¾¼¿¾¿¼¿<br />

ÒØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓØÒÓÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÒ ÌÐÚÞÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØØÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong> ÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><br />

S<br />

¾<br />

a<br />

ax n − 4ax n−2 = 0<br />

ax n−2 (x 2 − 4) = 0.<br />

3 n − 4a 3 (n − 2) = n<br />

−(3a 3 + 1)n + 8a 3 = 0.<br />

3<br />

a 3 n + a 4 − 4(a 3 (n − 2) + a 4 ) = n<br />

−(3a 3 + 1)n − 3a 4 + 8a 3 = 0.<br />

n = a 1 2 n + a 2 (−2) n − n/3 − 8/9.<br />

2 = a 1 + a 2 − 8/9<br />

1 = 2a 1 − 2a 2 − 1/3 − 8/9.<br />

S n = 2 n+1 + 8 9 (−2)n − n/3 − 8/9.


ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒØÒÓØÖÕÙÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖÒÓØÑÒÚÖÓÑÓÖÑ ÖÓÖÖÒ¸ÔÒÒÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓÐÓÖØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓØÐÜÓ ÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<br />

ÄÓÖØÓ ½´ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒص 3´ÔÓÐÒÑÓÑnµ ËÓÐÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<br />

a´ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒص n´ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÒn¹<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÓØÒµ<br />

2´ÔÓÐÒÑÓÑnµ 4´ÓÑÒÓÐÒÖµ c´Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÑÒÓÐÒÖµ<br />

d´ÔÓÐÒÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Óµ<br />

n´ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØÒn¹<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÓØÒµa12<br />

2 n + 12 n + n + b12 n +<br />

ÜÑÔÐÓ¿<br />

n´ÓÑÒÓµ<br />

c)´ÓÑÒÓµ<br />

12n 3 + bn 2 + cn +<br />

<strong>×</strong>ØÜÑÔÐÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓÓÒØÖÓÖ¸ÓÑÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÒÐØÖÓÓ<strong>º</strong>ÆÓÒØÒØÓ¸<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÒÐ<br />

5n 3 − 3 + bn 2 + cn +<br />

ØÖ ÑÙØ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒ<strong>×</strong><br />

7n 2 5 5 n (an 2 + bn +<br />

ÈÖÓÙÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØÖÚÞÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<br />

S<br />

ÊØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÓÑÓÒ¸Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÓÒÓ¹<strong>×</strong>ÕÙS 0¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÜ<strong>×</strong>x=±2i<strong>º</strong>Å<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÕÙ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÖÞ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<br />

.ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ<br />

n<br />

4 ÕÙÓÓÖx2 +4 =<br />

ÓÑÔÐÜ<strong>×</strong>¸S nÒØÑÓÖÑS n = a 1 (2i) n + a 2 (−2i) n<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÔÓÐÒÑÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒ<strong>×</strong>Ó¸ÞÑÓ<strong>×</strong>S n = a 3 n + a<br />

<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>¸ÓÑÓØÓÒØÖÓÖÑÒØ<br />

8/25<strong>º</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÑÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÔÒÒÓÔÖÑØÖÓ<strong>×</strong> ÁÙÐÒÓÓÒØÞÖÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙa 3 = 1/5a 4 = 8/25<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖØÒØÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>S 3i)/25¸Ö<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÒÐÓØ<br />

ÐÙ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÒØÚ<strong>º</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ØÔÖÒÑÓÖ¸ÓÐÙÐÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<br />

ÄÓÓÓØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>a <strong>×</strong>ÔÖØ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÜ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÒÐÑÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÖÙÑÒÑÖÓÖÐ <strong>×</strong>ØÜÑÔÐÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÕÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÜ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÚÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒ¹<br />

1 = (21 − 3i)/25a 2 = (21 +<br />

¾<br />

12<br />

a2<br />

an<br />

an<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨<br />

n =<br />

⎪⎩<br />

2, n = 0<br />

1, n = 1<br />

−4S n−2 + n, n > 1.<br />

S n + 4S n−2 = n.<br />

ax n + 4ax n−2 = 0<br />

ax n−2 (x 2 + 4) = 0.<br />

= ax n<br />

a 3 n + a 4 + 4(a 3 (n − 2) + a 4 ) = n<br />

(5a 3 − 1)n + 5a 4 − 8a 3 = 0.<br />

S n = a 1 (2i) n + a 2 (−2i) n + n/5 + 8/25.<br />

2 = a 1 + a 2 + 8/25<br />

1 = 2a 1 i − 2a 2 i + 1/5 + 8/25.<br />

21 − 3i<br />

S n = (2i) n 21 + 3i<br />

+ (−2i) n + n/5 + 8/25.<br />

25 25<br />

n = n/5+


n¼½ ¾ ¿ ½¼ ½½ ½¾ ½¿ ½ ½<br />

ÜÑÔÐÓ ÎÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÐÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÔÓÙÓ<br />

S n¾½−6 −1¾−106 −29¿¾½¾−1718 −489½−27522 −7861<br />

ÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ ÕÙÓÓÑÓÒ<br />

S<br />

Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÒÓÕÙÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÚÞ¸<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓx=2¸ÙÑÖÞÙÔÐ<strong>º</strong><br />

S<br />

ÈÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐڹи<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÑÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÚÞÕÙS ÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÔиÐ<strong>×</strong>Ö n¸ÚÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÖÒØ<br />

n = ax<br />

n<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÓÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖØÖÕÙÓÔÖØÙÐÖ¸ÓÑÓÓÐÓÖØÓ ÓÐÓÙ<strong>×</strong>ÚÞ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÐ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ö ÑÙÐØÔÐÔÓÖn<strong>º</strong>ÒØÓ¸ n<strong>º</strong>ÈÐ ÆÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÐ<strong>×</strong>´ÓÙÑÙÐØÔÐÑÓÖµ¸ÒÓÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖS n = a2<br />

S<br />

ÁÙÐÒÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÐÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÙØÖÓ´ÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÞÖÓµØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>b=1¸c=8<br />

n = a 1 2 n + a 2 2 n<br />

ÙÑÔÓÐÒÑÓÖÙ¾¸<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓØÔÓÚÐÓÖÔÖS<br />

21<strong>º</strong>ËÓÑÒÓ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong> n¸ÓÙ<strong>×</strong>¸S n<br />

ÌÑÓ<strong>×</strong>bn 2<br />

d =<br />

2Ù<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong> Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>a 1a = −21a 2 = 13/2 ÔÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÒØÚ<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨<br />

S n =<br />

⎪⎩<br />

0, n = 0<br />

1, n = 1<br />

4S n−1 − 4S n−2 + n 2 + 1, n > 1.<br />

n − 4S n−1 + 4S n−2 = n 2 + 1<br />

n − 4S n−1 + 4S n−2 = 0.<br />

ax n − 4ax n−1 + 4ax n−2 = 0<br />

ax n−2 (x 2 − 4x + 4) = 0.<br />

= bn 2 +cn+d<strong>º</strong><br />

+ cn + d − 4(b(n − 1) 2 + c(n − 1) + d) + 4(b(n − 2) 2 + c(n − 2) + d) = n 2 + 1<br />

(b − 1)n 2 + (c − 8b)n + 12b − 4c + d − 1 = 0.<br />

S n = a 1 2 n + a 2 2 n n + n 2 + 8n + 21.<br />

0 = a 1 + 21<br />

1 = 2a 1 + 2a 2 + 30.<br />

ÑØÓÕÙa Æ<strong>×</strong>ØÜÑÔÐÓ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓØÖÕÙÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÔÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒÜÔÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÔÖ<br />

k<strong>×</strong>ØÚÒØÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÓÑÓ<br />

n<strong>º</strong>ÆÚÖ¸Ð<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÑÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ØÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÚÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖÞrÑÙÐØÔÐ<br />

1<br />

ÞÒÓØ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÚÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ¸ØÑÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

S<br />

¾<br />

S n = −21 ∗ 2 n + 13 2 ∗ 2n n + n 2 + 8n + 21<br />

( ) 13n<br />

= 2 n 2 − 21 + n 2 + 8n + 21<br />

= 2 n−1 (13n − 42) + n 2 + 8n + 21.<br />

a 1 r n + a 2 r n n + a 3 r n n 2 + · · · + a k r n n k−1 = r n (a 1 + a 2 n + · · · + a k n k−1 ).


n¼½¾¿ n¼½¾½¿½¾¿¾¾¼½¿¾½¼¿¾¿¿¿¿ ½¼ ½½ ½¾<br />

ÐÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÑÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong> ÊÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÑÔÐØ<br />

S<br />

ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÑÔÐظÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>¹<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÖØÓ <strong>×</strong>ØÖÖÓÖÖÒÔÖÐÙÐÖÙÑÒÓÚÓÚÐÓÖ<strong>º</strong>Ç<strong>×</strong>ÑØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚÑ ÔÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong> ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>´ØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong> ÐÒÓØÖÕÙÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÐÙÐÓØÑÙÑÒÑÖÓÖÒØ<br />

ÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÔÓÑ´Úѵ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÓ<strong>×</strong> ÔÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÙÑÔÓÙÓÑÒÔÙÐÓÑÒÓ<strong>º</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÓ<strong>×</strong> ÑÙØÓÓÑÔÐÜÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÓ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÔÐÒ¸ÐÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÑÔÐØ ÐÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>Øе<strong>º</strong>ÑÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓÖÐ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />

ÈÖÙÒØ<strong>×</strong> ½<strong>º</strong>ÇÕÙÓÒØÓÑÕÙÓÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒÙ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>¸ÕÙØÖÓ¸ÒÓÓÙ ¾<strong>º</strong>ÅÓÒØÖÓÖÖÒØÖÑÒÙÑÖÑÙÐÔÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ <strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÓÖ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÔÖÓÜÑÓ<strong>º</strong><br />

nµ<strong>º</strong>ÒÐ<strong>×</strong>¹ØÖÑÒÙÑÔÖÓÜÑÓÔÖÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒ<strong>×</strong>n<strong>º</strong>Ì<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ù ´F<br />

nÓÒÑÖÓØ<strong>×</strong>½ÕÙÒÓn<strong>×</strong>ÖØÓÑÒ n ÖÓ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸ÕÙÚÓÐÙÒ<strong>×</strong> ¿<strong>º</strong>ËU ÜÑÔÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÚÐÓÖ<strong>×</strong>U<br />

½½¼¼½½¿ ¾ ½¼¼½¾ ½¼½¾<br />

n<br />

n¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓØÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ¹ÐÔÓ<strong>×</strong><br />

<strong>º</strong>Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÓÖÖÒÜÓ¸<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÕÙÜ<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÑÒÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ¹Ð<strong>º</strong> ÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÒØ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÙ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÔÓÖ<strong>×</strong>Ö<strong>×</strong>ÖØ<strong>º</strong> <strong>×</strong>ØÖÓÖÖÒÒÓØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÙÓ<strong>º</strong>ÈÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÓÖÖÒØÒÙ<strong>×</strong>Ö<br />

ÈÒ<strong>×</strong>ÔÖÑÖÓÓÖÑÑ<strong>×</strong> Ð<strong>º</strong><br />

ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÒØÙÑÖÓÖÖÒÔÖÚÐÖU<br />

T n =<br />

T n =<br />

{<br />

1, n = 1<br />

1 + ∑ n−1<br />

i=1 T i n > 1<br />

{<br />

1, n = 1<br />

k + ∑ n−1<br />

i=1 T i n > 1<br />

T n =<br />

T n =<br />

(n) 2 U n<br />

{<br />

1, n = 1<br />

n 2 + ∑ n−1<br />

i=1 T i n > 1<br />

{<br />

1, n = 1<br />

1 + 2 ∑ n−1<br />

i=1 T i n > 1<br />

D n =<br />

{<br />

1,<br />

¾<br />

n = 0<br />

4 − D n−1 , n > 0


<strong>º</strong>ËÑ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÜÓ<br />

<strong>º</strong>Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÖÓÖÖÒÜÓR<br />

{<br />

1, n = 0<br />

n =<br />

2R n−1 + 2 n , n > 0<br />

Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÖÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒÖÕÙÖÑ<strong>×</strong> −1´Ü<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÑÒÖÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ØØÓ¸ØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÒ n nÓÖÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ÙÒÓÖÓÖÖÒÜÓ¸ÒØÓ ÖÓ Ð¸ÔÓ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÕÙB <strong>º</strong>ÎÓØÑÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÓØÒÕÙÖÙÑÒÑÖÓn<strong>×</strong>Ø2nÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÑØ<strong>×</strong>¸ÔÖ<br />

n<br />

2 Ù<strong>º</strong>µ<strong>º</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÕÙ<strong>×</strong>D<br />

D n = B n + C<br />

1,Ò<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>¾½ÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÑØ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>ÔÖØÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó¸Ö<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚ<br />

1<strong>º</strong>ÖÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÖÑÒ<br />

´µÊÓÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓØÒØÑ<strong>×</strong>ÖÑÓÔÖÑÖ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑØÖ<strong>×</strong> ´µÅÓÒØÖÓÖÖÒØÖÑÒÙÑÖÑÙÐÔÖÓÒÑÖÓÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong> ÑÙÒÓn<br />

Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÙÑÖ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÙ<strong>×</strong>ÚÞ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔÖÑØÖÓn −<br />

ÚÞ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÕÙÒÓn =<br />

´µÊÓÔÖÓÐÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÖÓØÒÒÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÑ<strong>×</strong>2nÓÔÖ<strong>×</strong>¸Ñ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÑkÓÔÖ¹ <strong>×</strong>Ô<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ó<br />

ÖظØÒÓÑØÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÑÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÙÖÜÓ¸ÔÓÖÜÑÔÐÓ¸<br />

2ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÖÙÐÓ¸Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÒÜÓ<strong>×</strong>Ñ<br />

1ÙÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÔÐ<strong>×</strong> <strong>º</strong>Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÓÔÖÓÐÑÓØÕÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÅÝ<strong>×</strong><strong>º</strong>Æ<strong>×</strong>ØÔÖÓÐÑÓÅÝM 4<strong>º</strong> ÔÖØÖØÖÑÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÙÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÒØ<strong>×</strong><br />

ÖÙÐÓÖÓ½<strong>º</strong>ÇÅÝM ÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖM n<strong>º</strong> ´µC n¸ÕÙÓÔÖÑØÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÅÝ<strong>º</strong><br />

n¸ÕÙ n<strong>º</strong><br />

n¸ÓÒÑÖÓÖÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÓÑÔÑM ´µA ÖÓÅÝM ´µP<br />

{ {<br />

2, n = 1<br />

1, n = 1<br />

B n =<br />

C<br />

4 ∗ B n−1 + 2, n > 1<br />

n =<br />

4 ∗ C n−1 + 1, n > 1.<br />

+C n =<br />

{<br />

3, n = 1<br />

D n =<br />

4 ∗ D n−1 + 3, n > 1.<br />

2ÓÑ<strong>×</strong>ÑÓÖÙÐÓÓÑÓÙØÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÙÐÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÜÓ<strong>×</strong>ѸÖØ<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖ¸<br />

1<br />

1ÒÙÑÖÙÐÓÖÓ½¸<br />

¾<br />

4<strong>º</strong> <strong>º</strong>Ê<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÓÔÖÓÐÑÓØÕÙÓ<strong>×</strong>ÅÝ<strong>×</strong>ÅÙØÒØ<strong>×</strong>M Ñ<strong>×</strong>M ØÒÓÑØÓÖÓ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>Ñ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÚÑÒØ<strong>º</strong>ÙÖÜÓÑÓ<strong>×</strong>ØÖM


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n<strong>º</strong><br />

ÅÝ<strong>º</strong><br />

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2 1¸d =<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ c, n = 1<br />

S n = d, n = 2<br />

⎪⎩<br />

S n−2 + n, n > 2


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¿½<br />

⎧<br />

⎪⎨ α, n = 0<br />

Q n = β, n = 1<br />

⎪⎩<br />

(1 + Q n−1 )/Q n−2 , n > 1

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