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Bestimmung von estrogen wirksamen<br />

Schadstoffen in der Gallenflüssigkeit<br />

der Fischspezies Aalmutter<br />

(Vom Fachbereich Umweltwissenschaften, Fach Umweltchemie,<br />

an der Universität Lüneburg als <strong>Diplomarbeit</strong> angenommen)<br />

ISSN 0344-9629<br />

GKSS ist Mitglied der Hermann von <strong>Helmholtz</strong>-<br />

Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren e.V.<br />

Autorin:<br />

B. Lünnemann<br />

GKSS 2004/15

GKSS 2004/15<br />

Bestimmung von estrogen wirksamen<br />

Schadstoffen in der Gallenflüssigkeit<br />

der Fischspezies Aalmutter<br />

(Vom Fachbereich Umweltwissenschaften, Fach Umweltchemie,<br />

an der Universität Lüneburg als <strong>Diplomarbeit</strong> angenommen)<br />

Autorin:<br />

B. Lünnemann<br />

(Institut für Küstenforschung)<br />

GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH • Geesthacht • 2004

Die Berichte der GKSS werden kostenlos abgegeben.<br />

The delivery of the GKSS reports is free of charge.<br />

Anforderungen/Requests:<br />

GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH<br />

Bibliothek/Library<br />

Postfach 11 60<br />

D-21494 Geesthacht<br />

Germany<br />

Fax.: (49) 04152/871717<br />

Als Manuskript vervielfältigt.<br />

Für diesen Bericht behalten wir uns alle Rechte vor.<br />

ISSN 0344-9629<br />

GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH · Telefon (04152)87-0<br />

Max-Planck-Straße · D-21502 Geesthacht / Postfach 11 60 · D-21494 Geesthacht

GKSS 2004/15<br />

Bestimmung von estrogen wirksamen Schadstoffen in der Gallenflüssigkeit<br />

der Fischspezies Aalmutter<br />

(Vom Fachbereich Umweltwissenschaften, Fach Umweltchemie, an der Universität Lüneburg als<br />

<strong>Diplomarbeit</strong> angenommen)<br />

Bettina Lünnemann<br />

182 Seiten mit 43 Abbildungen und 60 Tabellen<br />

Zusammenfassung<br />

Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit lag der Aufbau eines Extraktionsverfahrens für estrogen<br />

wirkende Substanzen aus Gallenflüssigkeiten von Aalmuttern. Die Aufgabe bestand in der<br />

Kopplung der Verfahrensschritte Extraktion, Clean-up und massenspektrometrischer Vermessung.<br />

Anschließend sollte das entwickelte Verfahren auf Realproben angewendet werden. Bei<br />

den analysierten Substanzen handelte es sich um das natürliche Estrogen 17β-Estradiol und<br />

dessen Metabolite Estriol und Estron, den Phytoestrogenen Genistein und Daidzein, das synthetische<br />

Estrogen 17α-Ethinylestradiol und um die Industriechemikalien Nonylphenol,<br />

Bisphenol A und 4-tert- Octylphenol. Zusätzlich wurden ausgewählte Pharamazeutika (Carbamazepin,<br />

Diclofenac, Bezafibrat, Gemfibrozil) untersucht.<br />

Zunächst wurden in Vorversuchen mit Standardlösungen sowohl in Wasser als auch in Gallenflüssigkeiten<br />

die Verfahrensschritte Extraktion und Clean-up optimiert. Die Flüssig-Flüssig-<br />

Extraktion erfolgte dabei durch dreimaliges Ausschütteln mit Ethylacetat. Es folgte ein Aufreinigungsschritt<br />

mit Kieselgel. Die Vermessung der Analyte wurde mittels Hochdruckflüssigkeits-Chromatographie-Tandemmassenspektrometrie<br />

(HPLC-MS/MS) mit Elektrospray-Ionisierung<br />

durchgeführt. Die Wiederfindung des Gesamtverfahren lagen für das optimierte<br />

Verfahren zwischen 19 und 99 %. Der Matrixeffekt bei der massenspektrometrischen Vermessung<br />

lag zwischen einer Signalspression von 23 % und einer Signalverstärkung von 117 %,<br />

woraus sich um den Matrixeffekt korrigierte Wiederfindungen der Aufarbeitung von 28–119 %<br />

ergaben. Die Nachweisgrenzen lagen für die natürlichen Estrogene zwischen 0.016–0.055 ng/µL<br />

Galle, für die Industriechemikalien zwischen 0.002 bis 0.17 ng/µL Galle und für die Pharmaka<br />

zwischen 0.001–0.006 ng/µL Galle.<br />

Mit dem entwickelten Verfahren wurden Proben von Gallenflüssigkeiten sowohl männlicher als<br />

auch weiblicher Aalmuttern der Station Klärwerk Wendorf und Salzhaff aufgearbeitet Die Proben<br />

wurden nach der Ausprägung der Missbildungen Intersex sowie Atresie unterschieden. In<br />

den Realproben konnten Estradiol, Estron, Estriol, Nonylphenol und Bisphenol A nachgewiesen<br />

bzw. bestimmt werden. Die Konzentrationen der natürlichen Estrogene unterschieden sich<br />

erwartungsgemäß zwischen den männlichen und weiblichen Tieren. Auch war ein Konzentrationsunterschied<br />

der natürlichen Estrogene in Bezug auf das Vorkommen der Missbildungen<br />

festzustellen. In Tieren ohne Missbildungen lagen mit 0.19 ng/µL Galle im Mittel geringere<br />

Konzentrationen der natürlichen Estrogene vor, als in den Tieren mit starken Missbildungen

(0.24 ng/µL Galle). Für die Industriechemikalien konnte dieser Unterschied nicht festgestellt<br />

werden. Die Untersuchungen ergaben aber relativ hohe Konzentrationen von Nonylphenol (2.3 ng<br />

bis 18.8 ng/µL Galle) und Bisphenol A (0.71 bis 19.5ng/µL Galle) in den Gallenflüssigkeiten.<br />

Determination of estrogenic compounds in bile fluid of eelpout<br />

Abstract<br />

The main objective of this thesis was to develop an extraction method for the analysis of estrogenic<br />

compounds in bile fluid of eelpout (Zoarces viviparus). For this purpose, an extraction<br />

method, a clean-up procedure, and analysis by HPLC-MS/MS had to be combined and optimised.<br />

Finally, the developed method was applied to analyse bile samples of eelpouts from the Baltic<br />

Sea. The investigated substances were 17β-estradiol and its metabolites estriol and estrone,<br />

the phytoestrogens genistein und daidzein, the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol, and the<br />

industrial chemicals nonylphenol, bisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol. Additionally, the pharmaceuticals<br />

carbamazepine, diclofenac, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil were analysed.<br />

First of all, recovery experiments with water and bile fluid spiked with standard solutions were<br />

carried out to optimize the extraction and clean-up procedure. The liquid-liquid-extraction was<br />

done three times with ethylacetate followed by a clean-up of the combined extracts with silica<br />

gel. The analytes were measured by HPLC-MS/MS with electrospray ionisation.<br />

The overall method recovery of the method was between 19 and 99 %. The matrix effect of the<br />

measurement by mass spectrometry ranged from 23 % (signal suppression) to 117 % (signal<br />

enhancement). Thus, matrix effect-corrected recoveries of the sample preparation procedure were<br />

calculated to be 28–119 %. The limit of detection in bile fluid ranged from 0.016 to 0.055 ng/µL<br />

for the natural estrogens, from 0.002 to 0.17 ng/µL for the industrial chemicals, and from 0.001<br />

to 0.006 ng/µL for the pharmaceuticals.<br />

Bile fluid samples of male and female eelpouts, cought in the Baltic Sea near the sewage treatment<br />

plant Wendorf (Wismar) and at the Salzhaff were analysed with the newly developed<br />

method. The samples were categorised by the severity of the alterations intersex and atresia.<br />

In the samples estradiol, estrone, estriol, nonylphenol, octylphenol and bisphenol A could be<br />

detected. As expected, the concentration of natural estrogens differed between male and<br />

female eelpouts. A concentration difference of the natrual estrogens could also be determined<br />

between eelpouts with strong and no atresia. In fishes without alterations the mean concentration<br />

(0.19 ng/µL bile fluid) was lower than in fishes with strong alterations (0.24 ng/µL bile fluid).<br />

This effect could not be found for the industrial chemicals. However, nonylphenol (2.3 ng to<br />

18.8 ng/µL bile fluid) and bisphenol A (0.71 to 19.5 ng/µL bile fluid) occurred at comparatively<br />

high concentrations.<br />

Manuskripteingang in TDB: 27. November 2004

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