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<strong>Panagmula</strong> <strong>ti</strong> <strong>Papaya</strong> <strong>Ditoy</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong><br />

(<strong>Papaya</strong> Produc<strong>ti</strong>on in <strong>Hawaii</strong>)<br />

Fruits and Nuts<br />

June 2000*<br />

F&N-3a, in Ilocano<br />

Melvin Nishina 1 , Francis Zee 2 , Richard Ebesu 3 , Alton Arakaki 4 , Randall Hamasaki 5 , Steven Fukuda 5 ,<br />

Norman Nagata 4 , Chian Leng Chia 6 , Wayne Nishijima 1 , Ronald Mau 7 , and Raymond Uchida 8<br />

Panangpili <strong>ti</strong> lugar<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> tallo a kangrunaan a banag i<strong>ti</strong> aglawlaw a<br />

panunuten i<strong>ti</strong> panagpili <strong>ti</strong> lugar a pagmulaan kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

papaya ket <strong>ti</strong> kapudot ken kalamiis <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo<br />

(temperatura), kinadam-eg (i<strong>ti</strong> tudo ken pannakapaubos),<br />

ken angin. Ti hermaphrodite (binabai, mabalinna a<br />

buklen <strong>ti</strong> bungana uray saan a mapoleneytan <strong>ti</strong> sabongna)<br />

a papaya, masansan a mula a pagtagilako isu nga adadda<br />

a sense<strong>ti</strong>bo <strong>ti</strong> kasasaadna i<strong>ti</strong> aglawlaw ngem <strong>ti</strong> babai<br />

a mula a papaya, kayatna a sawen a delikado <strong>ti</strong> panangpili<br />

<strong>ti</strong> nasayaat a lugar. Maysapay a kasasaad a panunuten<br />

ket <strong>ti</strong> kaadu <strong>ti</strong> darang <strong>ti</strong> init a sumrek i<strong>ti</strong> lugar a<br />

mangsuporta i<strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel ken panagbunga <strong>ti</strong> mula.<br />

Ti kinabassit <strong>ti</strong> pannakainit ibanagna <strong>ti</strong> bassit nga apit<br />

ken saan nga umdas a kinasam-it dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga ken<br />

mapalubosan dagi<strong>ti</strong> saksakit <strong>ti</strong> mula a mangdadael i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagprodukto <strong>ti</strong> papaya.<br />

Temperatura, kapudot ken kalamiis <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo<br />

Ti temperatura i<strong>ti</strong> lugar isu <strong>ti</strong> kanaskenan a banag. Ti<br />

panagmula kadagi<strong>ti</strong> papaya a pagtagilako ditoy <strong>Hawaii</strong><br />

ad-adda a masarakan kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nababa a luglugar a saan a<br />

nababbaba ngem 60°F <strong>ti</strong> kalamiisna. No nababbaba ngem<br />

60°F ibanagna <strong>ti</strong> carpeloidy, a kayatna a sawen madadael<br />

<strong>ti</strong> langa dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga a kasla “langa <strong>ti</strong> pusa” no <strong>ti</strong> sabong<br />

ket abnormal <strong>ti</strong> pannakasukogda ket agparang a kasla<br />

sukog <strong>ti</strong> carpel. Urapay i<strong>ti</strong> nababa a disso, dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

bungbunga mabukelda i<strong>ti</strong> nalamiis a <strong>ti</strong>empo i<strong>ti</strong> langa <strong>ti</strong><br />

carpeloidy. Ti panagpadakkel i<strong>ti</strong> nalamiis a <strong>ti</strong>empo<br />

ibanagna pay i<strong>ti</strong> nakurang a kinasam-it ken mabayag <strong>ti</strong><br />

pangluom <strong>ti</strong> bunga. Isu’t gapuna a dagi<strong>ti</strong> panagmula<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> pagtagilako maaramidda i<strong>ti</strong> saan a nababbaba<br />

ngem 500 a kadapan ken kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nangatngato a luglugar<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> akinlaud a bangir dagi<strong>ti</strong> isla, kas idiay Kona <strong>ti</strong> isla <strong>ti</strong><br />

<strong>Hawaii</strong>. Ti nangato a kapudot <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo (90–95°F)<br />

mabalinna a kapunen <strong>ti</strong> babai a mula, a <strong>ti</strong> gagangay a<br />

hemaphrodi<strong>ti</strong>c a mula a papaya pataudenna dagi<strong>ti</strong> lallaki<br />

a sabsabong ket ibanagna <strong>ti</strong> saan nga umno a panagdakkel<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga ken nakirang nga apit.<br />

Kinadam-eg<br />

Ti saan a nakurkurang ngem 4 a pulgada a tudo i<strong>ti</strong> kada<br />

bulan ken masansan a 66 a porsiento a kinadam-eg isuda<br />

<strong>ti</strong> tumutop para i<strong>ti</strong> panagpadakkel ken panagpaadu <strong>ti</strong><br />

papaya. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> luglugar a nakirang <strong>ti</strong> tudo,<br />

mairekomendar <strong>ti</strong> irrigasion, sistema a maisibug wenno<br />

maipasuyot a saggabassit.<br />

Ti lugar idiay Puna nasayaat a pagmulaan kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

papaya a pagtagilako agsipud i<strong>ti</strong> kaadda <strong>ti</strong> a‘ä lava, daga<br />

nga agsepenna a naimbag <strong>ti</strong> dam-eg. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> sabsabali<br />

a lugar ditoy <strong>Hawaii</strong>, kadagi<strong>ti</strong> mineral a daga, dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

papaya kaspulanda <strong>ti</strong> lugar a saan a lalayusen ken saan a<br />

matutudo tapnon ma<strong>ti</strong>beng <strong>ti</strong> umno a kinadam-eg <strong>ti</strong> daga.<br />

Angin<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula a papaya nasken amasalaknibanda i<strong>ti</strong> angin.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula a kankanayon a maang-anginan agperdi ken<br />

agkuretret dagi<strong>ti</strong> bulongda. No napalalo<strong>ti</strong> pannakadadael<br />

gapu i<strong>ti</strong> angin, saan a nasayaat <strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel <strong>ti</strong> mula,<br />

pannakasukog <strong>ti</strong> bunga, kalidad <strong>ti</strong> bunga, ken kaadu <strong>ti</strong><br />

bunga. Ti tapok amaiyangin dunorenna <strong>ti</strong> bunga ket<br />

perdienna <strong>ti</strong> pannakabukel <strong>ti</strong> bunga. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> luglugar<br />

*Translated in 2005 by Pacific Research and Transla<strong>ti</strong>on Services,<br />

Honolulu; transla<strong>ti</strong>on coordinated by Sabina Swift, CTAHR Risk<br />

Management Training Program for Socially Disadvantaged Filipino<br />

Growers <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>. 1 CTAHR Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve Extension Service, Hilo;<br />

2 USDAAgricultural Research Service, Na<strong>ti</strong>onal Clonal Germplasm<br />

Repository, Hilo; 3,4,5 Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve Extension Service, 3 Lihue,<br />

4 Kahului, 5 Kamuela; 6,7 CTAHR Departments <strong>of</strong> 6 <strong>Tropical</strong> Plant and<br />

Soil Sciences, 7 Plant and Environmental Protec<strong>ti</strong>on Sciences;<br />

8 CTAHR Agricultural Diagnos<strong>ti</strong>c Service Center.<br />

Published by the <strong>College</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tropical</strong> <strong>Agriculture</strong> and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance <strong>of</strong> Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve Extension work, Acts <strong>of</strong> May 8 and June 30, 1914, in coopera<strong>ti</strong>on<br />

with the U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agriculture</strong>. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve Extension Service/CTAHR, University <strong>of</strong> Hawai‘i at Mänoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822.<br />

An equal opportunity/affirma<strong>ti</strong>ve ac<strong>ti</strong>on ins<strong>ti</strong>tu<strong>ti</strong>on providing programs and services to the people <strong>of</strong> Hawai‘i without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, na<strong>ti</strong>onal origin, ancestry, disability,<br />

marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orienta<strong>ti</strong>on, or status as a covered veteran. CTAHR publica<strong>ti</strong>ons can be found on the Web site .


UH–CTAHR <strong>Panagmula</strong> <strong>ti</strong> <strong>Papaya</strong> <strong>Ditoy</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong> F&N-3a — Aug. 2005<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> igid <strong>ti</strong> baybay, <strong>ti</strong> naapgad nga alingasaw paganguenna<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> bulbulong ken papatayenna dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula a papaya.<br />

Ti kapigsa <strong>ti</strong> angin a 40 mph (64 km/hr) mabalinna a<br />

paruten dagi<strong>ti</strong> papaya a naimula kadagi<strong>ti</strong> mineral a<br />

dagdaga aglalo no manayonan i<strong>ti</strong> napigsa a tudo. Nasken<br />

a maipatakder dagi<strong>ti</strong> makaa<strong>ti</strong>pa <strong>ti</strong> angin sakbay i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagmula i<strong>ti</strong> papaya.<br />

I<strong>ti</strong> sabali a bangir, nasken <strong>ti</strong> umanay a panag<strong>ti</strong>gnay<br />

<strong>ti</strong> angin i<strong>ti</strong> pannakalimitar <strong>ti</strong> panagadu dagi<strong>ti</strong> saksakit a<br />

buot a kas kadagi<strong>ti</strong> Phytopthora ken Antrachnose,<br />

saksakit a nakaro no adda agsubsubra a dam-eg i<strong>ti</strong><br />

aglawlaw dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula.<br />

Pannakaisagana <strong>ti</strong> daga<br />

Kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> pannakaikkat dagi<strong>ti</strong> agdama a mulmula,<br />

mangalaka i<strong>ti</strong> sampol <strong>ti</strong> daga ket paamirismo no bilang<br />

adda problema. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> sampol <strong>ti</strong> daga mabalin nga<br />

amirisen <strong>ti</strong> CTAHR Agricultural Diagnos<strong>ti</strong>c Service<br />

Center (ADSC) wenno dagi<strong>ti</strong> komersial a laboratorio a<br />

makaammo kadagi<strong>ti</strong> kasasaad dagi<strong>ti</strong> daga ditoy <strong>Hawaii</strong>.<br />

Aniaman <strong>ti</strong> banag <strong>ti</strong> pannakaamiris <strong>ti</strong> daga, addanto<br />

maited a kalikagum <strong>ti</strong> panagtunos <strong>ti</strong> pH (rukod <strong>ti</strong><br />

kinaalsem <strong>ti</strong> daga) <strong>ti</strong> daga ken <strong>ti</strong> kaadu <strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakabalbaliw <strong>ti</strong> daga tapnon matarimaan <strong>ti</strong><br />

pagkuranganna. Para i<strong>ti</strong> paspaset daytoy a pagwadan,<br />

sukimaten <strong>ti</strong> sinurat <strong>ti</strong> CTAHR AS-4, Tes<strong>ti</strong>ng your soil –<br />

why and how to take a soil-tested sample.<br />

Nasayaat <strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel <strong>ti</strong> papaya i<strong>ti</strong> daga nga addaan<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> nagbaetan <strong>ti</strong> pH 5.5 ken 6.5. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> sumagmamanu<br />

a dagdaga ditow <strong>Hawaii</strong>, no <strong>ti</strong> pH ket nababbaba ngem<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> kasayaatan a tukad ibanagna <strong>ti</strong> nangato a kaadu <strong>ti</strong><br />

matunaw nga aluminum i<strong>ti</strong> daga, nga isu i<strong>ti</strong> nakaro a<br />

mangdadael i<strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel i<strong>ti</strong> ramot. Ti panangilaok i<strong>ti</strong><br />

apog nga ar-aramaten i<strong>ti</strong> panagtalon ket ipangatona <strong>ti</strong><br />

pH <strong>ti</strong> daga i<strong>ti</strong> 5.5 wenno nangatngato ket ipababana <strong>ti</strong><br />

kaadu <strong>ti</strong> marunaw nga aluminum ken ikkatenna daytoy a<br />

problema. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> sumagmamano a dagdaga, addaanda<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> nangato a kaadu <strong>ti</strong> manganese (Mn) ket masabidongan<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula, ket masapul i<strong>ti</strong> panangapog aginga a <strong>ti</strong> pH <strong>ti</strong><br />

daga ket 6 tapnon bumaba <strong>ti</strong> sabidong nga (Mn). Ti apog<br />

nasken nga mailaok i<strong>ti</strong> daga a nalaing tapnon <strong>ti</strong> apekto <strong>ti</strong><br />

pH <strong>ti</strong> daga sapasap aginga kadagi<strong>ti</strong> ramramot. I<strong>ti</strong> adadupay<br />

a padamag, sukimaten <strong>ti</strong> sinurat <strong>ti</strong> CTAHR AS­<br />

1, Liming acid soils <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>.<br />

Ti apog itednapay <strong>ti</strong> calcium, isu a kasapulan i<strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakalapped dagi<strong>ti</strong> natangkenan a bungbunga i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagbalinda a “nalukneng a bunga” isu a maibagay <strong>ti</strong><br />

kaadu <strong>ti</strong> calcium i<strong>ti</strong> potassium. Sadinnoman <strong>ti</strong><br />

2<br />

paggapuanan <strong>ti</strong> calcium, nasken a mailaok a nalaing i<strong>ti</strong><br />

daga, agsipud ta <strong>ti</strong> panagsoma dagi<strong>ti</strong> ap-apog ababa a<br />

disso laeng <strong>ti</strong> madanonna manipud nakailaokanna. Ti<br />

pannakailaok <strong>ti</strong> calcium i<strong>ti</strong> rabaw <strong>ti</strong> daga mabalinna laeng<br />

nga aturen <strong>ti</strong> pH <strong>ti</strong> rabaw <strong>ti</strong> daga ngem limitado <strong>ti</strong><br />

apektona i<strong>ti</strong> ayan dagi<strong>ti</strong> ramot.<br />

Kas i<strong>ti</strong> apog, <strong>ti</strong> phosphorus (P) nasken met a mailaok<br />

a nalaing i<strong>ti</strong> daga. Kaaduan <strong>ti</strong> dagdaga ditoy <strong>Hawaii</strong><br />

naggapuda i<strong>ti</strong> dapo dagi<strong>ti</strong> bulkano ken mabalinda nga<br />

iba<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong> P. Depende <strong>ti</strong> kita <strong>ti</strong> daga, mabalin a <strong>ti</strong> daga<br />

tenglenna a napigsa daytoy naba<strong>ti</strong> a P. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> dadduma<br />

a daga mabalinda nga iba<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong> dakkel a dagup <strong>ti</strong> P, ket<br />

para i<strong>ti</strong> nasayaat a panagdakkel <strong>ti</strong> mula kada<strong>ti</strong>toy a<br />

dagdaga nasken a nayunam i<strong>ti</strong> makaumanay nga abuno<br />

a phosphate tapnon <strong>ti</strong> daga maiba<strong>ti</strong>na a naimbag <strong>ti</strong> P<br />

ken masindadaan nga agpaay kadagi<strong>ti</strong> maimula.<br />

Agpatulongka i<strong>ti</strong> adda i<strong>ti</strong> lugaryo nga ahente <strong>ti</strong> Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve<br />

Extension Service wenno <strong>ti</strong> CTAHR Agricultural<br />

Diagnos<strong>ti</strong>c Service Center a mangammo i<strong>ti</strong> umno a<br />

panagusar i<strong>ti</strong> abuno a P para i<strong>ti</strong> dagam. Para i<strong>ti</strong> ad-adupay<br />

a padamag, sukimatem <strong>ti</strong> sinurat <strong>ti</strong> CTAHR AS-2, Predic<strong>ti</strong>ng<br />

phosphorus requirements <strong>of</strong> some <strong>Hawaii</strong> soils.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> talon a mamulaan i<strong>ti</strong> papaya masapul a<br />

maarado babaen i<strong>ti</strong> reaper blade i<strong>ti</strong> kauneg i<strong>ti</strong> 24–36 a<br />

pulgada tapnon matukay dagi<strong>ti</strong> aniaman a natangken a<br />

disso ket ibanagna <strong>ti</strong> umno a panagdakkel <strong>ti</strong> ramot. Ti<br />

panagarado naskenpay kadagi<strong>ti</strong> daga nga ‘a‘ä tapnon<br />

maburak <strong>ti</strong> akin-uneg a lava a pähoehoe. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> taltalon<br />

nga ‘a‘ä, masansan a maarado laeng dagi<strong>ti</strong> linia a<br />

pagmulaan. Dag<strong>ti</strong> naarado a linia sag-11 a kadapan <strong>ti</strong><br />

kaaddayuda tapnon dagi<strong>ti</strong> traktor makalusotda ken sag­<br />

10 a kadapan <strong>ti</strong> kaadayuda tapnon dagi<strong>ti</strong> babassit a trak<br />

mausarda. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> kasasaad a kaadda <strong>ti</strong> lava nga ‘a‘ä,<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> linia <strong>ti</strong> mula sag 5–6 a kadapan <strong>ti</strong> baetda. Ti bilang<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nadumaduma a kasasaad dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

nagbaetan maipakita i<strong>ti</strong> Listaan 1.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> Cul<strong>ti</strong>var<br />

(Nadumaduma a klase dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula)<br />

Amin dagi<strong>ti</strong> pagtagilako a papaya a cul<strong>ti</strong>var a patubo<br />

ditoy <strong>Hawaii</strong>, maawaganda i<strong>ti</strong> klase a “solo” agsipud ta<br />

masansan a babassitda a makaumanay a kanen <strong>ti</strong> maysa<br />

laeng a tao. Ti bunga dagi<strong>ti</strong> papaya a solo ditoy <strong>Hawaii</strong><br />

agarupda a 1–3 a libra a <strong>ti</strong> lasagda mabalin a “nalabbaga”<br />

wenno “amarilio”. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> cul<strong>ti</strong>var a nalabbaga, <strong>ti</strong> lasagda<br />

isuda dagi<strong>ti</strong> ‘Sunrise’, ‘Sunset’, ken ‘UH Sun Up’,<br />

(nabaliwan a gene<strong>ti</strong>ko <strong>ti</strong> ‘Sunset’). Dagi<strong>ti</strong> cul<strong>ti</strong>var nga<br />

amarilio <strong>ti</strong> lasagda isuda dagi<strong>ti</strong> ‘Waimanalo’, ‘Kapoho’,


UH–CTAHR <strong>Papaya</strong> Produc<strong>ti</strong>on in <strong>Hawaii</strong> F&N-3a — Aug. 2005<br />

Listaan 1. Kapuskol <strong>ti</strong> panagmula para kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

nadumaduma a kaaddayo <strong>ti</strong> panagmula.<br />

Kaaddayo <strong>ti</strong><br />

panagmula Baet dagi<strong>ti</strong> linia Kapuskol dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

(kadapan) (kadapan) mula/acre<br />

5 10<br />

6 10<br />

7 10<br />

5 11<br />

6 11<br />

7 11<br />

871<br />

726<br />

622<br />

792<br />

660<br />

566<br />

ken ‘UH Rainbow’, isu a patubo (hybrid nga F 1 ) a<br />

nag<strong>ti</strong>punan <strong>ti</strong> ‘Kapoho’ ken ‘UH Sun Up’. Dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

nalabbaga <strong>ti</strong> lasagna a cul<strong>ti</strong>var mabalinda <strong>ti</strong> makaitured<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> adu a kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> klema, ngem dagi<strong>ti</strong> amarilio <strong>ti</strong><br />

lasagna a cul<strong>ti</strong>var kaspulanda <strong>ti</strong> apagiso a kasasaad <strong>ti</strong><br />

klema. Kas pagarigan, <strong>ti</strong> ‘Waimanalo’ magustoanna <strong>ti</strong><br />

napudot, namaga a luglugar ngem no dumakkel kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

nalamiis a lugar nababa <strong>ti</strong> brix-da (kaadu <strong>ti</strong> naguneg nga<br />

asukar) ken <strong>ti</strong> nangato a bilang <strong>ti</strong> carpeloidy (marapusa a<br />

langa <strong>ti</strong> bunga) i<strong>ti</strong> kalamiis <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo. Ti ‘Kapoho’<br />

kasapulanna <strong>ti</strong> agpapada, naalumamay a temperatura ken<br />

panagtudo ken makaited i<strong>ti</strong> babassit a bungbunga no<br />

mapadakkel i<strong>ti</strong> napudot ken namaga a <strong>ti</strong>empo. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> ‘UH<br />

SunUp’ ken ‘UH Rainbow’ napasayaatda a mangkontra<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> saksakit gapu i<strong>ti</strong> papaya ringspot virus isu a<br />

nakaru <strong>ti</strong> kaaduna kadagi<strong>ti</strong> dadakkel a pagmulmulaan <strong>ti</strong><br />

papaya kadagi<strong>ti</strong> isla <strong>ti</strong> Oahu ken <strong>Hawaii</strong>.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> cul<strong>ti</strong>var a ‘Sunrise’, ‘Sunset’, ‘Waimanalo’,<br />

ken ‘Kapoho’ napatubo ken napadasdan i<strong>ti</strong> adu a<br />

generasion ken natalged <strong>ti</strong> gene<strong>ti</strong>koda, parparnuayenda<br />

<strong>ti</strong> apagisu a kasasaad babaen i<strong>ti</strong> bukel.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> cul<strong>ti</strong>var a ‘UH SunUp’ ken ‘UH Rainbow’<br />

maimulada babaen laeng i<strong>ti</strong> panangala <strong>ti</strong> bukel nga<br />

addaan i<strong>ti</strong> lisensia a tulag nga aggapu idiay <strong>Papaya</strong> Administra<strong>ti</strong>ve<br />

Committee (PAC). Dagi<strong>ti</strong> agtaltalon nga<br />

agkalikagom a maaddaan i<strong>ti</strong> ser<strong>ti</strong>piko <strong>ti</strong> panagtrening<br />

para i<strong>ti</strong> daytoy a lisensia masapul nga awaganda <strong>ti</strong> PAC<br />

wenno <strong>ti</strong> kaasitgan nga opisina <strong>ti</strong> CTAHR Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve<br />

Extension Service. Masapul <strong>ti</strong> naisingsingayan a<br />

panagannad i<strong>ti</strong> pannakasalaknib dagitoy dua a cul<strong>ti</strong>var<br />

a komontra kadagi<strong>ti</strong> virus kas nailanad i<strong>ti</strong> sinurat <strong>ti</strong><br />

CTAHR NPH-2, Produc<strong>ti</strong>on requirements <strong>of</strong> the<br />

transgenic papayas ‘UH Rainbow’ and ‘UH SunUp’.<br />

Dagitoy paglako a cul<strong>ti</strong>var makaitedda <strong>ti</strong> apiten<br />

kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> 10–12 a bulan a pannakaimulada, malaksid<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> ‘Kapoho’, isu a palabsenna <strong>ti</strong> agarup 14 a bulan. Ti<br />

‘Sunrise’ addaan i<strong>ti</strong> kaababaan a shelf life ket nasken a<br />

mailako i<strong>ti</strong> kabiitan a panawen. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> ‘Kapoho’ ken<br />

‘Sunset’ addaanda <strong>ti</strong> kasayaatan a shelf life, ket <strong>ti</strong><br />

‘Waimanalo’ adda i<strong>ti</strong> nagtengnga daytoy a kababalin.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga dagi<strong>ti</strong> kaaduan a pagtagilako a cul<strong>ti</strong>var a<br />

papaya mapurosda no apag-leddagda, ngem dagi<strong>ti</strong> ‘Sunset’<br />

ken ‘UH SunUp’ mapurosda i<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo nga apagkapat<br />

aginga i<strong>ti</strong> kagudua <strong>ti</strong> pannakaluomda agsipud ta<br />

mabaybayag <strong>ti</strong> pannakapasayaat <strong>ti</strong> brix (kaadu <strong>ti</strong> naguneg<br />

nga asukar) dagitoy a cul<strong>ti</strong>var.<br />

Panagpatubo i<strong>ti</strong> bunobon<br />

Ti papaya mabalin a maidiretso a patuboen wenno<br />

maiyakar i<strong>ti</strong> baro a pagmulaan. Ti diretso a panagbatubo<br />

masansan a maar-aramid idiay Puna agsipud <strong>ti</strong> kasasaad<br />

<strong>ti</strong> daga nga ‘a‘ä idiay, isu nga addaan <strong>ti</strong> bassit a napino<br />

a daga ket ibanagna <strong>ti</strong> saan a nasayaat a panagtalinaed <strong>ti</strong><br />

kinadam-eg ken taraon <strong>ti</strong> mula. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunobon<br />

maimulada i<strong>ti</strong> maysa nga abut nga agarup 6 a pulgada <strong>ti</strong><br />

kaa<strong>ti</strong>ddogna a nakali ken naibatog i<strong>ti</strong> linia a pagmulaan.<br />

Agarup 15–20 a bukbukel i<strong>ti</strong> maimula i<strong>ti</strong> daytoy nga<br />

abut magaburan i<strong>ti</strong> 1 ⁄2–1 a pulgada a daga. Ti usar <strong>ti</strong> abut<br />

ilasinna dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunobon nga adda i<strong>ti</strong> uneg ken ikabassitna<br />

<strong>ti</strong> panaglulumbada a dumakkel. Ti panagpatubo rumsua<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> uneg <strong>ti</strong> 10–21 nga aldaw kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> pannakaitukit.<br />

Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> naipadaga, ipalubosna a dagi<strong>ti</strong> agmulmula<br />

mabalinda nga iyakar dagi<strong>ti</strong> daddadakkel a mula (4–8 a<br />

pulgada <strong>ti</strong> katayagna) i<strong>ti</strong> talon. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> bukel a maideretso<br />

a saggaysa a pagmulaan (2x2 a pulgada) masapul a<br />

mainitanda a naimbag. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> pagmulaan nasken a<br />

nadalus ken nasayaat <strong>ti</strong> panagpaubosda tapnon<br />

maiyadayo <strong>ti</strong> panaglungsot <strong>ti</strong> ramot. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> patubo<br />

maiyakarda i<strong>ti</strong> pagmulaan kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> 6 a lawas a<br />

pannakapatangkenda i<strong>ti</strong> narsery tapnon saanda unay a<br />

mabigla.<br />

<strong>Panagmula</strong><br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> “daga a “virgin,” dagdaga a saanpay idi a<br />

namulaan i<strong>ti</strong> papaya, nasaysayaat agsipud ta awan unay<br />

<strong>ti</strong> saksakit ken saan a nakaro <strong>ti</strong> kaadda dagi<strong>ti</strong> insekto.<br />

Rumigrigat <strong>ti</strong> makabiruken kadagi<strong>ti</strong> kakastoy a talon.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> “replant” (maulit a pagmulaan) a talon isu a<br />

nabiit pay a nagapitan i<strong>ti</strong> papaya masansan a nangato <strong>ti</strong><br />

kaadda <strong>ti</strong> buot a Phytophthora palmivora gapuanan <strong>ti</strong><br />

nalungsot nga inegges a bunga <strong>ti</strong> papaya, puon, ken<br />

naba<strong>ti</strong> a ramramot. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> maulit a pagmulaan idiay<br />

Puna, nasken a maisayangkat <strong>ti</strong> wagas a “daga a vir­<br />

3


UH–CTAHR <strong>Panagmula</strong> <strong>ti</strong> <strong>Papaya</strong> <strong>Ditoy</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong> F&N-3a — Aug. 2005<br />

gin.” Daytoy a kadawyan maiparabaw <strong>ti</strong> “daga a virgin”<br />

(daga a naggapu i<strong>ti</strong> talon a saanpay idi a namulaan i<strong>ti</strong><br />

papaya) i<strong>ti</strong> kabengbeng <strong>ti</strong> 1 ⁄2 a kadapan i<strong>ti</strong> abut a<br />

pagmulaan. Daytoy a daga tulonganna a dumakkel <strong>ti</strong><br />

ramot <strong>ti</strong> bunobon i<strong>ti</strong> lugar nga awan <strong>ti</strong> buotna aginga a <strong>ti</strong><br />

bunobon dumakkel ken maibturanna nga abaken <strong>ti</strong><br />

makadadael a buot kabayatan i<strong>ti</strong> idadanon dagi<strong>ti</strong> ramot<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> ruar <strong>ti</strong> ayan <strong>ti</strong> “daga a virgin.” Agsipud ta <strong>ti</strong> lava nga<br />

‘a‘ä dagdaga a nakaro <strong>ti</strong> porousna, <strong>ti</strong> panagpaasok <strong>ti</strong> daga<br />

babaen i<strong>ti</strong> agas (fumiga<strong>ti</strong>on) saan a tumutop, ngem<br />

dagitoy a daga masapul a baybay-an i<strong>ti</strong> unos <strong>ti</strong> 3–5 a<br />

tawtawen sakbay a mulaan manen i<strong>ti</strong> papaya.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> talon nga addaan mineral a dagana, naba<strong>ti</strong> a<br />

bubuot, ken ig-igges a nematodes mabalin a maaramid <strong>ti</strong><br />

fumiga<strong>ti</strong>on. Maipaasok <strong>ti</strong> agas i<strong>ti</strong> sirok <strong>ti</strong> naiyaplag a plas<strong>ti</strong>k<br />

ken aguray <strong>ti</strong> 2–3 a lawas nga agawaaw <strong>ti</strong> agas tapnon<br />

saan a maperdi <strong>ti</strong> bunobon a maimula. Ti fumiga<strong>ti</strong>on<br />

ikabassitna <strong>ti</strong> panagadu <strong>ti</strong> igges a nematode ken naba<strong>ti</strong> a<br />

buot ket palubosanna a dumackel dagi<strong>ti</strong> ubbing a ramot i<strong>ti</strong><br />

kaawan dagi<strong>ti</strong> “organismo a pathogenic.”<br />

Kada<strong>ti</strong> talon a nagameran i<strong>ti</strong> Phytophthora, mabalin<br />

nga mausar <strong>ti</strong> maipalubos nga agas para i<strong>ti</strong> buot a<br />

mangsellep i<strong>ti</strong> daga a pakaimulaan <strong>ti</strong> bunobon.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> bukel a maimula i<strong>ti</strong> daga wenno i<strong>ti</strong> tapaw<br />

mabalin a madadaelda kadagi<strong>ti</strong> marabu<strong>ti</strong>t ken bao.<br />

Mabalin a mailasin <strong>ti</strong> panagdadael dagi<strong>ti</strong> bao babaen i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panangkita kadagi<strong>ti</strong> pagilasinan a kas kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nakali i<strong>ti</strong><br />

rabaw <strong>ti</strong> daga ken <strong>ti</strong> kaadda dagi<strong>ti</strong> tedtedda. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> arabas,<br />

birurukong, ken diladila masansan a lamutenda dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

bunobon a papaya.<br />

Panangpili i<strong>ti</strong> sex <strong>ti</strong> mula<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> bukel kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nadumaduma a solo makaitedda<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> dua a kita a mula i<strong>ti</strong> panagpaadu: babai ken<br />

hermaphrodita. Nupay awan <strong>ti</strong> paggidiatan <strong>ti</strong> kalidad <strong>ti</strong><br />

raman dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga kadagitoy nagkadua a kita, dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

agtagtagilako kaykayatda <strong>ti</strong> kasla langa <strong>ti</strong> peras nga<br />

aggapu kadagi<strong>ti</strong> mula a hermaphrodita ngem dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

nabukbukel a bunga <strong>ti</strong> babai a mula. Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> babbai a<br />

mula nasken <strong>ti</strong> pannakapolinate-da tapnon agbungada,<br />

ken mabalin nga adda <strong>ti</strong>empo nga awan bungada no awan<br />

<strong>ti</strong> pannakapolinate-da.<br />

Amin dagi<strong>ti</strong> uppat a cul<strong>ti</strong>var (‘Kapoho’,<br />

‘Waimanalo’, ‘Sunrise’ ken ‘Sunset”) ken dagi<strong>ti</strong> dua a<br />

transgenic cul<strong>ti</strong>var (‘UH Rainbow’ ken ‘UH Sun Up’)<br />

makaipaayda i<strong>ti</strong> babai laeng wenno sabong a<br />

hermaphrodita laeng. Ti posibilidad a makaparnuay i<strong>ti</strong><br />

mula nga addaan <strong>ti</strong> dackel a bungana masansan a<br />

4<br />

mapadackel para i<strong>ti</strong> usaren a naata a bunga. Ti kaadda<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> lallaki a mula a papaya kada<strong>ti</strong>gi taltalon a<br />

pagtagilako ipakitana nga adda panag out-crossing <strong>ti</strong><br />

nadumaduma a saan a solo.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> paggugusto a mula a hermophrodita kada<strong>ti</strong>gi<br />

sabong nga addaan agpadpada nga addaan ubetda (paset<br />

<strong>ti</strong> bagi <strong>ti</strong> babai) ken supsupot <strong>ti</strong> pollen (organ <strong>ti</strong> lalaki),<br />

mabalin a polinetandan <strong>ti</strong> bucodda a sabong. Dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

sabong a hermaphodita kasla nag<strong>ti</strong><strong>ti</strong>mbukel a tubo ngem<br />

<strong>ti</strong> babai a sabong kasla bombilia i<strong>ti</strong> puon na<strong>ti</strong>rad i<strong>ti</strong> udina<br />

(kitaem <strong>ti</strong> ladawan). Dagi<strong>ti</strong> babbai a sabong addaanda<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> ubet ngem awananda <strong>ti</strong> supot <strong>ti</strong> pollen.<br />

Panagpaingpis<br />

Maaramid <strong>ti</strong> panagpaingpis tapnon maikabassit <strong>ti</strong><br />

panaglulumba ngem maiba<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong> umno a kaadu a mula<br />

tapnon sigurado nga addada mula a hermaprodita. Kada<strong>ti</strong><br />

talon a maideretso a maimula dagi<strong>ti</strong> bukel, mamitlo a<br />

mapaingpis dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula. Umuna, maysa a bulan kalpasan<br />

nga agtubtuboda, <strong>ti</strong> kaadu <strong>ti</strong> bunobon 6–10 i<strong>ti</strong> kada abut.<br />

Maikadua, i<strong>ti</strong> maikatlo a bulan kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> panagtubo,<br />

maikabassit pay <strong>ti</strong> kaadu <strong>ti</strong> bunobon i<strong>ti</strong> tallo a mula isu<br />

nga pagtuladan dagi<strong>ti</strong> pagtagilako a solo a cul<strong>ti</strong>var, adda<br />

2:1 a panagbagay i<strong>ti</strong> sex (2 a hermaphrodita i<strong>ti</strong> kada<br />

maysa a babai a mula), maipatalged <strong>ti</strong> 97 a porsiento a<br />

gundaway nga adda maba<strong>ti</strong> a maysa a hermaprhodita a<br />

mula. Ti transgenic ‘UH Rainbow; hybrid, isu addan i<strong>ti</strong><br />

1:1 a panagbagay i<strong>ti</strong> sex (maysa a babai a mula), lima a<br />

mula <strong>ti</strong> maiba<strong>ti</strong> i<strong>ti</strong> kada abut. Ti maikatlo a<br />

panangpaingpis maaramid i<strong>ti</strong> panagsasabong, isu a<br />

maiba<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong> maysa a hermaprhodita a mula. Dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

pagtagilako a cul<strong>ti</strong>var mangrugida nga agsabong<br />

kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> agarup a 6 a bulan, malaksid <strong>ti</strong> ‘Kapoho’, isu<br />

nga agsabong i<strong>ti</strong> maika 8 a bulan.<br />

Abuno<br />

Kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> ‘a‘ä lava<br />

Ti kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> panagabuno kadagi<strong>ti</strong> poroso a dagdaga<br />

nga ‘a‘ä idiay Puna maigidiat kadagidiay dagdaga a<br />

pagmulaan i<strong>ti</strong> papaya nga isu a dagdaga a napasayaaten.<br />

Ti Listaan 2 ipakitana <strong>ti</strong> maysa a gagangay a panagabuno<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> kaaduan nga agmulmula idiay Puna.<br />

Agsipud <strong>ti</strong> kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> poroso a daga nga ‘a‘ä ken <strong>ti</strong><br />

kaadu <strong>ti</strong> tudo idiay Puna, maiyad-adu <strong>ti</strong> abuno ngem i<strong>ti</strong><br />

saggabassit a panagikabil ken assideg nga babaet.<br />

Manipud siam a bulan <strong>ti</strong> kalakay <strong>ti</strong> mula, 0.3% a boron<br />

(B) <strong>ti</strong> mainayon i<strong>ti</strong> abuno ken maikabil i<strong>ti</strong> baet <strong>ti</strong> innem<br />

a bulan.


UH–CTAHR <strong>Papaya</strong> Produc<strong>ti</strong>on in <strong>Hawaii</strong> F&N-3a — Aug. 2005<br />

Hermaphrodite<br />

padapada <strong>ti</strong> sukogna;<br />

addaan ubet ken supsupot<br />

<strong>ti</strong> pollen; bukbukodna <strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakapolinate.<br />

Female<br />

dakdakel i<strong>ti</strong> baba, addaan<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> ubet ngem awan <strong>ti</strong><br />

supsupot <strong>ti</strong> pollen; saan a<br />

fer<strong>ti</strong>le — nasken a<br />

mapolenetan.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> nadumaduma <strong>Hawaii</strong>an solo papaya iparnuayda<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula nga addaan sabsabong nga saan a babai wenno<br />

hermaphrodita; kaykayat dagi<strong>ti</strong> agtagilako <strong>ti</strong> maudi.<br />

Ti kinakirang <strong>ti</strong> boron maipakita babaen i<strong>ti</strong> kinalaad<br />

<strong>ti</strong> langa <strong>ti</strong> bunga (rutong-rutong) ken nangnangruna nga<br />

adu <strong>ti</strong> kastoy no maibayag <strong>ti</strong> nabasa a <strong>ti</strong>empo.<br />

Ti pannakadadael <strong>ti</strong> bunga rumsua i<strong>ti</strong> nasapa a<br />

<strong>ti</strong>empo <strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel <strong>ti</strong> bunga ken makita <strong>ti</strong> kastoy a<br />

kasasaad babaen i<strong>ti</strong> tubbog a rum-rumuar i<strong>ti</strong> kudil dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

dumadakkel a bunga.<br />

Kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> daga<br />

No <strong>ti</strong> papaya mapadackel i<strong>ti</strong> daga, masapul a maamiris<br />

<strong>ti</strong> daga a masapa sakbay <strong>ti</strong> panagmula tapnon maaramid<br />

<strong>ti</strong> aniaman a nasken a pannakabalbaliw. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> banag<br />

ikeddengnanto <strong>ti</strong> wagas ken kaadu <strong>ti</strong> maikabil nga apog<br />

a kasapulan i<strong>ti</strong> pannakaibagay <strong>ti</strong> pH <strong>ti</strong> daga i<strong>ti</strong> nagbaetan<br />

<strong>ti</strong> 5.5–6.5. Ti kaadu <strong>ti</strong> maikabil a phosphorus sakbay <strong>ti</strong><br />

panagmula maikeddeng <strong>ti</strong> pannakaamiris <strong>ti</strong> daga. Ti<br />

pannakasapul i<strong>ti</strong> pannakaikabil dagi<strong>ti</strong> babassit nga<br />

elemento mabalin a maipakita babaen <strong>ti</strong> panangamiris<br />

<strong>ti</strong> index <strong>ti</strong>syo dagi<strong>ti</strong> immun-una a naimula. Maysa a<br />

kadawyan a panag<strong>ti</strong>pon <strong>ti</strong> abuno a bassit nga elemento<br />

mairekomendar i<strong>ti</strong> kaawan <strong>ti</strong> padamag kadagi<strong>ti</strong> naglabas<br />

a mula.<br />

Ti daga nasken <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>nawen a pannakaamirisna tapnon<br />

maikeddeng no <strong>ti</strong> agdama nga ar-aramiden rumbeng i<strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakaabuloy <strong>ti</strong> panagapit. No addada dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

matakwatan a pagkurangan, addanto dagi<strong>ti</strong> irekomendar<br />

<strong>ti</strong> laboratoryo a mangamiris i<strong>ti</strong> daga.<br />

Ti panaglaok <strong>ti</strong> mamintlo a superphosphate (0.450,<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> 1 ⁄2 libra/kayo), ken babassit nga elemento maikabil i<strong>ti</strong><br />

abut sakbay i<strong>ti</strong> panagyakar i<strong>ti</strong> mula. Kalpasan i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagmula, iyaplagmo to 1 ⁄10 a libra/kayo <strong>ti</strong> kompleto<br />

mga abuno a kas i<strong>ti</strong> 16-16-16. Paminduaem dayta a kaadu<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> kada bulan agingga nga agsabongda (mairekemendar<br />

daytoy i<strong>ti</strong> saan a naipubliko a sinurat da D. Ikehara ken<br />

R. Yamakawa). Kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> panagsasabong, ikabil <strong>ti</strong> nitrogen<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> 40–50 libra/acre/bulan tapnon mamintenar <strong>ti</strong><br />

panagbagay <strong>ti</strong> N:K i<strong>ti</strong> nagbaetan <strong>ti</strong> index <strong>ti</strong>syo a 1:1 ken<br />

1:1.5. No maikabil <strong>ti</strong> abuno i<strong>ti</strong> danum <strong>ti</strong> irigasyon<br />

(makunkuna nga “fir<strong>ti</strong>ga<strong>ti</strong>ng”), linawas daytoy nga<br />

aramiden tapnon maikabassit <strong>ti</strong> kaadda dagi<strong>ti</strong> nalukneng<br />

a bunga.<br />

Listaan 2. Maysa a kadawyan a pagtuladan i<strong>ti</strong> panagabuno i<strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel <strong>ti</strong> papaya kadagi<strong>ti</strong> daga nga ‘a‘ä idiay Puna.<br />

Tawen (bulan) Kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> abuno Panagusar (lb/acre) Notas<br />

0 ......................................... 0-46-0 .................................... 100 .............................. Treble superphosphate<br />

0 ......................................... Dolomite ................................ 400 .............................. Ag 65 ®<br />

0 ......................................... 14-14-14 .................................. 25 .............................. Osmocote ®<br />

1.5 ...................................... “ ............................................... 25 .............................. Osmocote ®<br />

3 ......................................... “ ............................................. 200 .............................. granular<br />

4.5 ...................................... “ ............................................. 300 .............................. granular<br />

6 ......................................... “ ............................................. 300 .............................. granular + 0.3% B<br />

7.5 ...................................... “ ............................................. 300 .............................. granular<br />

9 ......................................... “ ............................................. 300 .............................. granular<br />

10.5 ...................................... “ ............................................. 300 .............................. granular<br />

12 ......................................... “ ............................................. 300 .............................. granular + 0.3% B<br />

13.5 ...................................... 16-5-16 .................................. 300 .............................. granular<br />

15 ......................................... 14-14-14 ................................ 300 .............................. granular<br />

16.5 ...................................... 16-5-16 .................................. 300 .............................. granular<br />

18 ......................................... 14-14-14 ................................ 300 .............................. granular + 0.3% B<br />

19.5 ...................................... 16-5-16 .................................. 200 .............................. granular<br />

21 ......................................... 14-14-14 ................................ 200 .............................. granular<br />

23 ......................................... 16-5-16 .................................. 200 .............................. granular<br />

25 ......................................... 14-14-14 ................................ 200 .............................. granular<br />

Ituloy <strong>ti</strong> panagusar i<strong>ti</strong> kada dua a bulan, pagsinnublaten <strong>ti</strong> 16-5-16 ken 14-14-14.<br />

5


UH–CTAHR <strong>Panagmula</strong> <strong>ti</strong> <strong>Papaya</strong> <strong>Ditoy</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong> F&N-3a — Aug. 2005<br />

Panangamiris <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>syo i<strong>ti</strong> mula<br />

Ti papaya dumakkel kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nadumaduma a kasaad <strong>ti</strong><br />

aglawlaw ken daga, isut gapuna a narigat <strong>ti</strong> kaada <strong>ti</strong><br />

maymaysa a kababalin <strong>ti</strong> panagusar i<strong>ti</strong> abuno nga<br />

mabalin i<strong>ti</strong> amin a kasasaad. Makatulong <strong>ti</strong> panangamiris<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>syo <strong>ti</strong> mula a mangikeddeng <strong>ti</strong> kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> pagtaraon<br />

<strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula i<strong>ti</strong> nadumaduma nga <strong>ti</strong>empo<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> panagdakkelda. Daytoy ket ipaayna <strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakabalbaliw <strong>ti</strong> programa <strong>ti</strong> panagabuno tapnon<br />

magun-od <strong>ti</strong> kangatuan a panagapit ken mapasayaat <strong>ti</strong><br />

kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> panagusar i<strong>ti</strong> abuno.<br />

Ti panangamiris i<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>syo nasken a mairugi apaman<br />

a nangrugi nga agbunga dagi<strong>ti</strong> mula. Ti pe<strong>ti</strong>ole<br />

(purpursan wenno ungkay <strong>ti</strong> bulong) nga adda i<strong>ti</strong> baba <strong>ti</strong><br />

kabarbaro a bunga maala kadagi<strong>ti</strong> lima nga agpapada a<br />

mula manipud i<strong>ti</strong> maysa a lugar a padapada <strong>ti</strong> maapit.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> sampol nasken a maalada i<strong>ti</strong> kada dua wenno tallo<br />

a bulan, i<strong>ti</strong> dua a lawas kalpasa <strong>ti</strong> panagabuno. Innem a<br />

sampol <strong>ti</strong> masansan a makaumanay i<strong>ti</strong> pannakaparnuay<br />

<strong>ti</strong> programa <strong>ti</strong> panagabuno maaramid babaen i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagdilig i<strong>ti</strong> rekord <strong>ti</strong> naamiris a <strong>ti</strong>syo ken dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

delikado a kasasaad a pinarnuay dagi<strong>ti</strong> agsuksukimat<br />

(Listaan 3). Daytoy a panagdilig nasken nga usigen a<br />

mainaig <strong>ti</strong> rekod <strong>ti</strong> kaadu <strong>ti</strong> apit i<strong>ti</strong> talon ken dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakapaliiw <strong>ti</strong> kadakkel ken ka<strong>ti</strong>ddog <strong>ti</strong> bunga,<br />

Panag<strong>ti</strong>mbeng kadagi<strong>ti</strong> ruot<br />

Ti panag<strong>ti</strong>mbeng kadagi<strong>ti</strong> ruot maysa kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

kadadakkelan a paggastuan i<strong>ti</strong> panagmula i<strong>ti</strong> papaya,<br />

nangnangruna kadagi<strong>ti</strong> kabbaro a talaon, dagi<strong>ti</strong> talon a<br />

birhen a taltalon, mabalin bassit laeng <strong>ti</strong> gabuten i<strong>ti</strong> ima.<br />

Ti wagas a panangpasuob i<strong>ti</strong> agas, <strong>ti</strong> birhen a daga<br />

kissayanna <strong>ti</strong> panaggabot <strong>ti</strong> ruot kadagi<strong>ti</strong> maulit a<br />

pagmulaan a talon. Sakbay <strong>ti</strong> panagmula, padanuman <strong>ti</strong><br />

talon taono agtubo dagi<strong>ti</strong> bukel dagi<strong>ti</strong> ruot samonton<br />

pasuyotan dagi<strong>ti</strong> ruot i<strong>ti</strong> agas a pagpatay <strong>ti</strong> ruot (a cas i<strong>ti</strong><br />

Roundup ® ). No maipamindua nga aramiden dayta,<br />

kaaduan dagi<strong>ti</strong> bukel <strong>ti</strong> ruot i<strong>ti</strong> rabaw <strong>ti</strong> daga maikkatda.<br />

Kalpasan <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong> panagmula, mairekomendar i<strong>ti</strong> panaggabut<br />

babaen i<strong>ti</strong> ima i<strong>ti</strong> aglawlaw <strong>ti</strong> kaimmula a bunubon. Ti<br />

panagusar kadagi<strong>ti</strong> agas maaramid babaen <strong>ti</strong> panagannad.<br />

Ad-adda a katkayatda dagi<strong>ti</strong> contact a herbicide ngem<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> systemic a herbicide i<strong>ti</strong> daytoy a <strong>ti</strong>empo, nupay<br />

mabalin nga agpadpada a makadadael i<strong>ti</strong> mula a papaya.<br />

Maibalakad a salingdan dagi<strong>ti</strong> ubbing a mula i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagpasuyot. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> lallakay a mula a papaya nga<br />

addaan kadagi<strong>ti</strong> natangken a kayo ad-adda a naturedda<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> systemic a herbicide nga adaan i<strong>ti</strong> glyphosate a<br />

6<br />

Listaan 3. Nasken a tuktukad <strong>ti</strong> pagtaraon <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>syo <strong>ti</strong><br />

ungkay <strong>ti</strong> papaya para i<strong>ti</strong> kasasaad idiay Puna, <strong>Hawaii</strong>.<br />

% ppm<br />

Nitrogen 1.20 – 1.38 Iron 20 –100<br />

Phosphorus 0.17 – 0.21 Manganese 20 –150<br />

Potassium 2.70 – 3.40 Zinc 14 – 40<br />

Calcium 1.00 – 3.00 Copper 4 – 10<br />

Magnesium 0.40 – 1.20 Boron 20 – 50<br />

Sulfur 0.30 – 0.80<br />

kas i<strong>ti</strong> Roundup, ngem nasken a maiyunay-unay <strong>ti</strong><br />

panagannad i<strong>ti</strong> panagusar <strong>ti</strong> agas. Ti panagusar <strong>ti</strong> agas<br />

masansan a makedngan i<strong>ti</strong> kada-dua wenno tallo a bulan<br />

<strong>ti</strong> baet kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nataengan a mulmula, isu nga i<strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakalinong ikabassitna <strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel dagi<strong>ti</strong> ruot.<br />

Panangputed i<strong>ti</strong> bulong<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> bulong dagi<strong>ti</strong> agbungbunga a mula nasken a<br />

maputdanda tapnon maikabil <strong>ti</strong> agas kadagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga ken<br />

mailisi <strong>ti</strong> pannakadunorda no maisagirad <strong>ti</strong> ungkay<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga. Nasken a maba<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong> adu a bulong no<br />

mabalin, agsipud ta iparnuayda <strong>ti</strong> pigsa a mangtulong<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> panagdakkel dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga. Putden laeng dagi<strong>ti</strong> bulong<br />

no <strong>ti</strong> ungkayda ket nalpay. Maaramid <strong>ti</strong> kabassitan a<br />

panagputed i<strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo <strong>ti</strong> lamiis (winter). Maputed dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

ungkay i<strong>ti</strong> kaguddua <strong>ti</strong> nagbaetan <strong>ti</strong> bulong ken puonna<br />

tapnon malappedan <strong>ti</strong> panagwaras <strong>ti</strong> buot.<br />

Panagpuros<br />

Ti panagdakkel dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga mairelasyon i<strong>ti</strong> kasasaad <strong>ti</strong><br />

klema. I<strong>ti</strong> kapudot <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo, dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga<br />

matangkenanda i<strong>ti</strong> unos <strong>ti</strong> 22 a lawas ket 26 a lawas <strong>ti</strong><br />

kasapulan i<strong>ti</strong> kalamiis <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo. Masansan a mapuros<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga i<strong>ti</strong> kada lawas no lumdagda, ngem mabalin<br />

a mamindua i<strong>ti</strong> kada lawas i<strong>ti</strong> kapudot <strong>ti</strong> <strong>ti</strong>empo. Purosem<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga i<strong>ti</strong> ima babaen i<strong>ti</strong> panagusar i<strong>ti</strong> karwas nga<br />

adda paggettengna a panggaw-at kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nangato a<br />

bunga. Nasken nga annadam <strong>ti</strong> panagiggem kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

bunga i<strong>ti</strong> kabassitan a dunggir. Ti kalidad <strong>ti</strong> bunga<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> babassit a pagtagilakuan mairelasion <strong>ti</strong><br />

panagiggem ken panagannad bayat <strong>ti</strong> panagpuros ken<br />

panagikarga.<br />

Panag<strong>ti</strong>mbeng i<strong>ti</strong> peste<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> maapit a papaya madadaelda babaen kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

nadumaduma a sakit, igges, ken dagi<strong>ti</strong> problema i<strong>ti</strong> aplat.<br />

Nasken <strong>ti</strong> panangammo kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nakaro a panagdadael


UH–CTAHR <strong>Papaya</strong> Produc<strong>ti</strong>on in <strong>Hawaii</strong> F&N-3a — Aug. 2005<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> peste ken pannaka<strong>ti</strong>mbengda i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagballigi. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> sumaganad a paset ipakitada <strong>ti</strong> bassit<br />

a pannakailawlawag dagi<strong>ti</strong> kangrunaan a peste <strong>ti</strong> papaya.<br />

Saksakit<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> saksakit <strong>ti</strong> papaya iramanna dagidiay a maigapu<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> virus (kagaw), buot, ken ig-igges a nematodes. Ti<br />

papaya ringspot virus (PRV- makita i<strong>ti</strong> kudil <strong>ti</strong> papaya a<br />

kasla na<strong>ti</strong>mbukel a singsing) isu <strong>ti</strong> kakaruan a sakit <strong>ti</strong><br />

papaya ken masansan a kangrunaan a makaigapu i<strong>ti</strong><br />

lapped i<strong>ti</strong> panagmula <strong>ti</strong> papaya i<strong>ti</strong> sangalubongan. Nakaro<br />

<strong>ti</strong> kaadda <strong>ti</strong> PRV ditoy Oahu. I<strong>ti</strong> isla <strong>ti</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, sapasap a<br />

masarakan <strong>ti</strong> PRV i<strong>ti</strong> isla agraman <strong>ti</strong> napateg a<br />

pagmulmulaan <strong>ti</strong> papaya idiay Puna. Agpadpada <strong>ti</strong> Kauai<br />

ken Maui nga agdama a makuna nga awan <strong>ti</strong> PRV, ket<br />

awan met <strong>ti</strong> napaliiw pay a kaadda <strong>ti</strong> virus idiay Lanai<br />

wenno idiay Molokai. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> papaya a nadangran i<strong>ti</strong> PRV<br />

nasken a madadaelda tapnon malapdan <strong>ti</strong> panagwaras <strong>ti</strong><br />

virus. Mabalin a malapdan dagi<strong>ti</strong> problema <strong>ti</strong> virus<br />

babaen i<strong>ti</strong> panagmula kadagi<strong>ti</strong> gene<strong>ti</strong>cally resistant cul<strong>ti</strong>vars<br />

(papaya a nabalbaliwan <strong>ti</strong> kasasaad <strong>ti</strong> gene<strong>ti</strong>koda,<br />

a mangresista i<strong>ti</strong> PRV).<br />

Saan a maiyakar <strong>ti</strong> PRV babaen kadagi<strong>ti</strong> bukel, ngem<br />

mabalin a maiwaras kadagi<strong>ti</strong> lugar nga awan pay <strong>ti</strong> sakit<br />

babaen <strong>ti</strong> panangimula i<strong>ti</strong> bunobon a nadangran. Tapnon<br />

malapdan <strong>ti</strong> pannakaiyeg <strong>ti</strong> virus, saanka nga agipatulod<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> bunobon a papaya i<strong>ti</strong> nagbaetan dagi<strong>ti</strong> isla.<br />

Kadagi<strong>ti</strong> isla nga addan <strong>ti</strong> PRV, padakkelem dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

bunobon kadagi<strong>ti</strong> narseri nga asideg <strong>ti</strong> lugar a pagmulaan<br />

tapnon malapedan <strong>ti</strong> nalallalo a panagwaras i<strong>ti</strong> virus.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> saksakit gapu i<strong>ti</strong> buot maysada a kakaruan a<br />

problem i<strong>ti</strong> panagmula i<strong>ti</strong> papaya. Ti wagas a<br />

panang<strong>ti</strong>mbeng i<strong>ti</strong> sakit a buot ket isu <strong>ti</strong> panagannad<br />

babaen <strong>ti</strong> panagusar kadagi<strong>ti</strong> pagpasuyot i<strong>ti</strong> buot (fungicides)<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> masansan a panagusar. Umno a paniempo,<br />

kaadu, ken kalawa <strong>ti</strong> maagasan naskenda i<strong>ti</strong> umno a<br />

panag<strong>ti</strong>mbeng. Apaman a makakapet <strong>ti</strong> sakit, bassit <strong>ti</strong><br />

gapuanan <strong>ti</strong> agas i<strong>ti</strong> panag<strong>ti</strong>mbeng. I<strong>ti</strong> kasasaad nga adu<br />

<strong>ti</strong> tudo, ad-adu met <strong>ti</strong> maiyagas (75–100 a galon i<strong>ti</strong> kada<br />

acre) nasken i<strong>ti</strong> baet <strong>ti</strong> 2–3 a lawas. I<strong>ti</strong> namaga a kasasaad,<br />

bas-bassit met <strong>ti</strong> maiyagas (40–50 a galon i<strong>ti</strong> kada acre)<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> baet <strong>ti</strong> 3–4 a lawas makaumanay a mangsalaknib i<strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakaisarang dagi<strong>ti</strong> kudil <strong>ti</strong> bunga. Ti panagusar<br />

kadagi<strong>ti</strong> surfactant naskenda i<strong>ti</strong> pannakaiseguro i<strong>ti</strong><br />

nasayaat ken agpapada a pannakaipasuyot <strong>ti</strong> agas. I<strong>ti</strong><br />

agdama, <strong>ti</strong> kasayaatan nga agas a pangsalaknib kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

bunga ket <strong>ti</strong> mancozeb, isu a mabalin nga usaren a<br />

mairaman i<strong>ti</strong> addaan laok a cobre a pangnayon <strong>ti</strong> pigsana.<br />

Ti kasla pulbos a buot mabalinna a dadaelen <strong>ti</strong><br />

naganus a bulong, ket ibanagna <strong>ti</strong> nababa a kalidad ken<br />

kaadu <strong>ti</strong> bunga. Ti wettable sulfur napigsa a pang<strong>ti</strong>mbeng<br />

<strong>ti</strong> kasla pulbos a buot no laeng sapasap a maagasan <strong>ti</strong><br />

entero a bulong.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> igges a nematode mabalin a ma<strong>ti</strong>mbengda<br />

babaen i<strong>ti</strong> pannakapaasok <strong>ti</strong> daga i<strong>ti</strong> agas sakbay i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panagmula. Para i<strong>ti</strong> ad-adupay a padamag kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nematode,<br />

kitaen <strong>ti</strong> sinurat <strong>ti</strong> CTAHR nga PD-15, Plant-parasi<strong>ti</strong>c<br />

nematodes and their management.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> saksakit <strong>ti</strong> papaya<br />

<strong>Papaya</strong> ringspot virus (managan idi <strong>ti</strong> papaya mosaic)<br />

Anthracnose and chocolate spot, Colletotrichum<br />

gloeosporioides (bunga, ungkay, bulong)<br />

Phytophthora, Phytophthora palmivora (bunga, kayo,<br />

ramramot)<br />

Powdery mildew, Oidium caricae (bulbulong)<br />

Black spot, Cercospora papayae (bunga)<br />

Damping <strong>of</strong>f, Pythium, Phytophthora, and Rhizoctonia spp.<br />

(bunbunobon)<br />

Wet rot, Phomopsis sp. (bunga)<br />

Dry rot, Mycosphaerella sp. (bunga)<br />

Watery fruit rot, Rhizopus stolonifer<br />

Stem-end rot, Botryodiplodia theobromae, B. stolonifer,<br />

Phomopsis sp. (natangkenan a bunga)<br />

Reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis<br />

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> igges<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> igges mabalin nga isu <strong>ti</strong> maysa kadagi<strong>ti</strong> kakaruan<br />

a problema i<strong>ti</strong> panagmula <strong>ti</strong> papaya. Ti Stevens leafhopper<br />

(igges a lumagto) mabalin a maysa kadagi<strong>ti</strong> nakaru<br />

a problema no <strong>ti</strong> panagianda ket nakaru <strong>ti</strong> kaaduda,<br />

mabalin a rumsua daytoy kadgi<strong>ti</strong> namaga a kasasaad.<br />

Makita daytoy a pannakadadael babaen i<strong>ti</strong> panagamarilio<br />

<strong>ti</strong> igid dagi<strong>ti</strong> bulong ken <strong>ti</strong> panagtubbog dagi<strong>ti</strong> ungkay a<br />

gappuanan <strong>ti</strong> dunor a nanganan. Ti gapuanan <strong>ti</strong> phytotoxic<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> mula, maawagan i<strong>ti</strong> “hopper burn,” mailasin babaen<br />

<strong>ti</strong> panaggango (wenno “pannakasinit”) <strong>ti</strong> pungpungto ken<br />

ig-igid <strong>ti</strong> bulong.<br />

Ti puraw a peach scale ket kabbaro a naiyeg ditoy<br />

<strong>Hawaii</strong>. Dagitoy nga insekto makabukelda i<strong>ti</strong> dakkel a<br />

panagian i<strong>ti</strong> puon <strong>ti</strong> kayo, mangted i<strong>ti</strong> napudaw a langa.<br />

Mabalin nga agpangatoda i<strong>ti</strong> kayo ket darupenda <strong>ti</strong> sinaray<br />

a bunga. No daytoy a peste adda i<strong>ti</strong> nairanta a tagilako<br />

i<strong>ti</strong> sabali a pagilian wenno estado (para export), agbalin<br />

a problema <strong>ti</strong> kuaren<strong>ti</strong>nas.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> ngilaw <strong>ti</strong> bunga nangnangruna a problema<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga a mapaluom i<strong>ti</strong> kayo; saanda a nakaru a<br />

problema no purosen dagi<strong>ti</strong> bunga apaman<br />

7


UH–CTAHR <strong>Panagmula</strong> <strong>ti</strong> <strong>Papaya</strong> <strong>Ditoy</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong> F&N-3a — Aug. 2005<br />

matangkenanda a para export a tagilako. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> para Dagi<strong>ti</strong> olmog a peste <strong>ti</strong> papaya<br />

export nasken a maanamongan <strong>ti</strong> wagas a pannakaagas<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> peste (disinfec<strong>ti</strong>on procedures). Dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

pannakaagas maanamonganda no maaramid babaen i<strong>ti</strong><br />

agdama a pagwadan <strong>ti</strong> USDA-PPQ kadagi<strong>ti</strong> pagagas a<br />

vapor-heat, irradia<strong>ti</strong>on, ken high-temperature forced-air.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> mealybug ken puraw a peach scale masansan<br />

a pesteda kadagi<strong>ti</strong> bungbunga ket mabalin nga ibanagna<br />

<strong>ti</strong> saan a pannakaanamong idiay lugar a pagbungonan.<br />

Ti nasapasap a pannakapasuyot ket nasken i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panang<strong>ti</strong>mbeng i<strong>ti</strong> mealybug, nangruna dagi<strong>ti</strong> akinbaba<br />

a bunga nga adda i<strong>ti</strong> asideg <strong>ti</strong> puon.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> insekto a peste <strong>ti</strong> papaya<br />

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae<br />

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci<br />

Stevens leafhopper, Empoasca stevensi<br />

Mediterranean fruit fly, Cera<strong>ti</strong><strong>ti</strong>s capitata<br />

Melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae<br />

Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis<br />

White peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona<br />

Mealybugs<br />

Ants<br />

Whitefly<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> olmog<br />

Ti panagadu dagi<strong>ti</strong> olmog dadaelenna nga agpadpada <strong>ti</strong><br />

bunga ken bulong. Agbalin a dakkel a problema i<strong>ti</strong><br />

<strong>ti</strong>empo <strong>ti</strong> pudot ken namaga. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> olmog masansan a<br />

pangananda <strong>ti</strong> sirok <strong>ti</strong> igid dagi<strong>ti</strong> bulong ken kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

naganus, mapatpatangken a <strong>ti</strong>syo. Dagi<strong>ti</strong> mi<strong>ti</strong>cide<br />

masansan a papatayenna laeng dagi<strong>ti</strong> nataengan ken<br />

ubbing nga olmog, ken bassit <strong>ti</strong> apektona kadagi<strong>ti</strong> itlog.<br />

Dagi<strong>ti</strong> na<strong>ti</strong>empoan a panagagas naskenda i<strong>ti</strong><br />

panang<strong>ti</strong>mbeng kadagi<strong>ti</strong> ubbing, nga agbalinto a<br />

nataengan nga agitlog i<strong>ti</strong> 7–14 nga aldaw. Ti umno a<br />

panagpasuyot nasken i<strong>ti</strong> pananglapped kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

“makalibas” a mangirugi manen <strong>ti</strong> panagaduda kadagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

tukad a makadadael.<br />

Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (bunobon),<br />

naganus a mulmula, akinbaba a rabaw <strong>ti</strong> naganus a<br />

bulbulong)<br />

<strong>Papaya</strong> leaf edgeroller, Calacarus brionesae<br />

Red and black flat mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis (fruit)<br />

Truckerellid mites, Tuckerella ornata, T. pavoniformis (dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

puon dagi<strong>ti</strong> lallakay a mula)<br />

Carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (akinbaba a<br />

rabaw dagi<strong>ti</strong> natangkenan a bulong)<br />

Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (akingato a rabaw dagi<strong>ti</strong><br />

natangkenan a bulong)<br />

Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (akingato a rabaw<br />

dagi<strong>ti</strong> natangkenan a bulong)<br />

References<br />

Nakasone, H.Y., and R.E. Paull. 1998. <strong>Tropical</strong> fruit. CAB Interna<strong>ti</strong>onal,<br />

New York. P. 239–269.<br />

Chia, C.L., M.S. Nishina, and D.O. Evans. 1989. <strong>Papaya</strong>. University<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, CTAHR Commodity Fact Sheet PA-3(A).<br />

Hines, R.B., O.V. Holtzmann, and R.D. Raabe. 1965. Diseases <strong>of</strong><br />

papaya (Carica papaya L.) in <strong>Hawaii</strong>. University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>,<br />

<strong>Hawaii</strong> Agricultural Experiment Sta<strong>ti</strong>on, Bulle<strong>ti</strong>n 136.<br />

Ko, W. 1982. Biological control <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora root rot <strong>of</strong> papaya<br />

with virgin soil. Plant Disease 66(6).<br />

Nishijima, W. 1985. <strong>Papaya</strong> postharvest disease control. Proceedings:<br />

21st Annual <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Papaya</strong> Industry Associa<strong>ti</strong>on Conference.<br />

University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, HITAHR 03.09.86. p. 20–24.<br />

Nishina, M. 1991. Bumpy fruit <strong>of</strong> papaya as related to boron deficiency.<br />

University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, CTAHR Commodity Fact Sheet<br />

PA-4(B).<br />

Nishina, M., S.J. Ferreira, R.M. Manshardt, C.G. Cavaletto, E.<br />

Llantero, L. Mochida, and D. Perry. Produc<strong>ti</strong>on requirements <strong>of</strong><br />

the transgenic papayas ‘UH Rainbow’ and ‘UH SunUp’. University<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, CTAHR publica<strong>ti</strong>on NPH-2.<br />

Nishina, M.S., W.T. Nishijima, F. Zee, C.L. Chia, R.F.L. Mau, and<br />

D.O. Evans. 1989. <strong>Papaya</strong> ringspot virus (PRV): a serious disease<br />

<strong>of</strong> papaya. University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, CTAHR Commodity Fact<br />

Sheet PA-4(A).<br />

Qiu, Y., M.S. Nishina, and R.E. Paull. 1995. <strong>Papaya</strong> fruit growth,<br />

calcium uptake, and fruit ripening. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.<br />

120(2):246–253.<br />

Yee, Warren. 1978. Growing papayas. University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve<br />

Extension Service, Report.<br />

Yee, W., G.M. Aoki, R.A. Hamilton, F.H. Haramoto, R.B. Hines,<br />

O.V. Holtzmann, J.T. Ishida, J.T. Keeler, and H.Y. Nakasone.<br />

1970. <strong>Papaya</strong>s in <strong>Hawaii</strong>. University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong>, Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve<br />

Extension Service, Circular 436.<br />

I<strong>ti</strong> pannakaibaga <strong>ti</strong> marka, kompania, wenno nagan <strong>ti</strong> agtagilako saanna nga ipasiguro <strong>ti</strong> iayanamong, garan<strong>ti</strong>sar,<br />

pammaneknek <strong>ti</strong> <strong>Hawaii</strong> Coopera<strong>ti</strong>ve Extension Service ken dagi<strong>ti</strong> empleadona ken saanna met nga ipakita<br />

panangirekomendar <strong>ti</strong> pananglaksid kadagi<strong>ti</strong> dadduma a nasayaat a produkto wenno kompania.<br />

Panagannad: Ti panagusar i<strong>ti</strong> agas imatangan <strong>ti</strong> estado ken pederal <strong>ti</strong> pannakakontrol. Basaen <strong>ti</strong> naipakuyog leybel <strong>ti</strong> agas<br />

tapnon maiseguro <strong>ti</strong> nairanta a panagusar ken suroten amin dagi<strong>ti</strong> pagwadan.<br />

8

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