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ةدﺣ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻬﻣ<br />
. ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﺷإو ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ<br />
•<br />
يﺣ نﺎﻧﻋ ﺣأ . د<br />
ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ةﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> آ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺳﻻو ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻬﻣ ّنأ ﻰﻟإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻳ<br />
،2001<br />
ﺑﻋ ﻳﻧ ﻳﻧ ﻧ : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،1998<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ : ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺟﺑ ﻳ ( 2003 ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رد : ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻟآو ،ﻟﺎﻋ ﻧﺎﻧإ وأ ﺎﻬﻧ ةرﺑ ﻋﻣ وأ ةﻳﺎﻣ ﻏ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻬهﺎﻣو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. ﺎﻬﻋ ﺗﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> سر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻊﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ تﺎﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ فرﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
وأ<br />
ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﺗﺎﻳﻧ ىﻣ ﻰﻋ ،(<br />
ةدﺣ . د)<br />
ىﻳ ﺎآ هﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﻗ ﺎﻣو ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺟﺎﻓ<br />
ﻲه ،ﻟ ﻬﺗء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ آ وأ<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬهﺎﻣ ىﻣ ﻰﻋو ،ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻬﻳؤرو بدﻸﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
تﺎﻓو تﺎﺣوأ<br />
ﻲه ﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻣ مﻋو ﺎﻬﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﻟﺎﻋ ﻧﺎﻧإ ﻋ ﺎﺣ ﻟ<br />
ةﺛﺄﻣ تﺎﻳﻧ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻣ قﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> وأ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و لﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
شﺎﻟ ﺑﺎﻗ هﺎﻣو ئدﺎﻣو<br />
ﺻﺎﺧ ﺑﻏ ﻓ ىؤر ﻰﻟإ ةﻣ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ً<strong>ا</strong>ءﺟ ﺎﻬﺻﺑ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ تﺎهﺎﺗﺎﺑ<br />
( 1)<br />
ﻣ ﺑﻻ ﺎﻧإو ،ﻣ ﻏ ﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺎﻌﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻓ ،حﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻳﻧ ﻧو . ﻬﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<br />
ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻗﺎﺳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺄﺗو لؤﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرو<br />
هﻬﻓ ،فﻼﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﻋ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دوﺣ ﻲﻓ يرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﻲﻟ ،ﻳدﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺑ ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﺑ هﺣو ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻻ ىآ ﻳرﺎﻀﺣ ﻟﺎﺷإ ﺗ ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> قﺎﻧﻸﻟ ﺎههﺟ ﻲﻓ ةﻣ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
هﺎﻣو تﺎﻳﻧ ﻟﺎﻐﻓ ،مﺎﻋ<br />
ﻳرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺑ ﻊﻣ ﻼﻣ ﺎﻬﻌﺗ ﻓﺎﺛ ﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﺗ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻟﻼﺧ ﻣ تﺳ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺄﻧ<br />
هرﺎإو ﻳؤﻟ ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻟ ﺛ ﻣو هدﺗو ﺻﺧ ﻟ ﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 2)<br />
،ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺗ ﻳأ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﺣإ نود ﻗﺎﺳ ﻋ ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ ﻧﺎﻣﺑ دﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ دﻋ لﻓ ﻟﻟو ، ﻲﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺗ ﻳ ﺎﻣ نﺎﻋﺳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ عﻧ ه ، تﻼﻳﻌﺗ لﺎﺧدإ ﻌﺑ وأ<br />
ﻲﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ <strong>ا</strong>ﻳﺟ ﻟ ه حﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو ،هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﺎﻬﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻲﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong>-ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ﺳﺎﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﺗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣأ<br />
ه ﺑ ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
جﺎﻳ ﻻ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲهﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ًﺎﺑ ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻣأ ﻰﺣ ،ًﺎﻧﺎﻧﻳ ًﺎﺛورﻣ ﻧﺎآ ﻣ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
دﻋ هﻳ ﺎآ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻲﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺻ طﺎﺳإ ّنﻓ ﻋو ،ﻟد ﻰﻟإ<br />
( 3)<br />
. ﺑﻏ تﺎﻌﺟﻣو ىؤﻟ ﺗ ه ،دﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ<br />
ﻳﻓ ﻳؤر ﻣ ىﻧ ﺎآ ﺗ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ( ةدﺣ . د)<br />
ﺎﻬﺑ ﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ّنأ ﻻإ<br />
ﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻳرﻣو ﺳﺎﺳأ هﺎﻣ ﺎهﻋأ ﻳﻓ ﺎﺛ هﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻋ ﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻓﻌﻟ آ<br />
ﻣﺑ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻣ نﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهﺣأ<br />
ﻳو ،ﺎﻬﺑ ﺎﻓ ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﺷ ﺗ ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎآ ﻲهو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>رأو ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>رﺗ ﺗو هﻧو ﺗء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻳﻓ ت<strong>ا</strong>ودأ ﺎﻬﺻﺑ ﺎﻬﻣﻳو<br />
دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻣﻬﻣو ،ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻣﻬﻣو ،قﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻣﻬﻣ ﺎﺛ : ىرأ<br />
. ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ – ب<strong>ا</strong>دﻵ<strong>ا</strong> آ - ﺻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻣﺎﺟ<br />
1<br />
. 105-102<br />
: م2003-ـه1424<br />
،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺑﺎﻣ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
2<br />
ﻟﺎﺷإ ،بﺎآ ،ﻲﻋزﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻌﺳ.<br />
د ،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ : ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ء<strong>ا</strong>رو ﺎﻣ : ﻳ ( )<br />
لﺎﻧﺷﺎﻧﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳﻣ ،1ءﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎهﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻋ.<br />
د : ﻳﺗ ،دﺎﻬﺟﻼﻟ ةﻋدو ﻓﻌﻣ ﻳؤر : ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﺷإ لﺣ تﻼﻣﺄﺗ . 273 ،267<br />
: م1996-ـه1417<br />
،2ط<br />
،ﻳﻣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻳﻻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻓ<strong>ا</strong>ﺟ<br />
. 109-108<br />
: م1986<br />
،1دﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،د<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺑ ،مﻼﻗﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ،ﻀﻓ حﻼﺻ.<br />
د ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
3<br />
.<br />
276-275<br />
،271<br />
،268<br />
: ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ء<strong>ا</strong>رو ﺎﻣ : ﻳ ( )<br />
1<br />
•
ﻣ ﺎﻬﻣ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤر نﺎﺑ<br />
ﻌﺑ ،ًﺎﻋﺎﺗ هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه لوﺎﺳو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
. ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ﺛﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣو هء<strong>ا</strong>ر ﻲﺗ لﻼﺧ<br />
: ﺎﻬﺗروﻀﺑ ﻋوو ﻓﻌﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤر -1<br />
ﻳ نأ يﻧ هﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻗﺎﻧ ﻟ ﺑﻻ ّﻧأو ،ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هأ كرﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنإ<br />
ﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ زﺎﻳ نأ ّﺑﻻ ّﻧأ ﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،هء<strong>ا</strong>رو ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤر ﺟﺗ ،ﻓﻌﻟ آ ﻳﻓ<br />
ﻳؤر ﻣ<br />
نأ ﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةروﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ّنﺄﺑ لﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ هﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﺎﻧﺟو <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟ ،صﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ىﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> قﺎﻧﻸﻟ ﻲﺗ ﻓﻌﻣو ﻓ ﻳؤر ﻣ ﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ دﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ<br />
ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻣ ﻳ نأو ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺗو ﺎﻬﻟإ ﻲﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗرﺎﻀﺣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<br />
ﻋ ﺑ ﺻﺎﺧ ﻓ ﻰﻟإ"<br />
هرﺎﻓ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺧﺄﻳ ﻬﻓ ﻟﻟ ،ﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
سر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳو ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻟ ﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻳ ﻬﻓ ،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻬآ ﺎﻬﻧإ ،ﺑ ﺻﺎﺧ ﺑﻋ ﻧ ﻳﺗ ،ﻰﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟرﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻓﺗ ﻬﺟ ﻲﻓ لوﺎﻳو ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ءﻲﺗ ﺎه ﻣو ،ﺻأ ﻲﻓﺎﺛ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﺗﺗ ﻻ ﻓﺗو ﻊﻗﺗو ﻧو سﺎﻗ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻋ<br />
( 4)<br />
( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻧ ﻟﻟ ،آأ يﻓ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﺗﻣ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو ، " تﺎﻀﻗﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و بﻟﺎﺑ ﻣ<br />
ﻟ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ًﺎﻣﻋ دﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> سﺎﺣ ﻣ ﻏﻟﺎﺑ ﻧأ ﻰﻟإ ﻳ<br />
،ﺣ ﺑﻋ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ ءﺎﻧإ ﻲﻓ ﻓ ،ﻓﺎﺛ ةرﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ بوؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺳو ،ﺑﻋ ﻳﻓ ﻀﻬﻧ<br />
ﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻲﻓ هروﺟ ﺗ ﺑ صﺎﺧ ﻳﺟ يﻧ ﻣ ﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻓ ﺑ<br />
ﻲﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧﺎﺑ ﺎﺗرﻻ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻋ ﻣ ﻓ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻓ<br />
ﻳو هﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ﻟ <strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻧأ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲه ﺎﻧإو ،غ<strong>ا</strong>ﻓ ﻣ ﺄﺗ ﻟ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ ،ىﺧأ ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ﻋﺷ<br />
ﻰﻟإ ﺳ ﺣ ةرﺑ تدأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻗﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ةﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﻋ ﺎﺛﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<br />
ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻧ نﻓ ﻋو ،ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺑ ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> سر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻬ<br />
ﻧو ،ﻰﻌﻣ دﻳ نأ ﻰﻋ ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻳو ﻟﻻد ﻣ ﻏﻳ<br />
فﺳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ ﻋ ﻟﻋ<br />
ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﻻ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> فﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ب<strong>ا</strong>ﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻰﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ يدﻳ فﺳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﺑ<br />
ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ًﺎﻧﺎﺣأ ضرﺎﻌﺗ ﺑ ،ﺗ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻣدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ذإ ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 5)<br />
. ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهر ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻬﺗﻻوﺎﻣ ﻣ ﻏﻟﺎﺑ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﻬﻣ ًﺎﻟ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻓ ﺎﻧﻋأ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
هﻳ ﺎآ بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نـﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ<br />
ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﺟ ﻌﺑ ز<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ةدﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د ﺻﺄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ّﻌُﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻓر<br />
رﺎﻌﺷ هو ،(<br />
ةﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﺎﺻﻷ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﺑ ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻋﺑ ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻓ هو ،ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻋﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳأو ئدﺎﻣ ﻰﻋ ًﺎﺟوﺧ<br />
رﻣ ﻣ وأ ،زﺎﻣ ﻲﺑﻏ ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ رﻣ ﻣ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> أﻳ ه ﺎﻧإو ،ﺎﻬﺑ ﻊﻳ ﻻ ﺣ<br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺷ ﻰﻟإ لﺻﻟ ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>دﻣ ﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻀﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﺎﻋد<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ <strong>ا</strong>و ﻗﺎﺗ هو ،ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺷ ﻻ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺑو ،ﺛورﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>دﺗو ،ﻋﺷ ﻓ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺎﻟ ًﺎﻀﻓر مﺎﻣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﺗ<br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﺗﻻﻟ ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ آﺄﺗ ﻰﻟإ لﺻﻟ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ،ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ةدﺎﻋإ ﻟوﺎﻣ<br />
( 6)<br />
ﺣ ﺑﻋ ﻳﻧو ﺑدأ ء<strong>ا</strong>ر ﺳﺄﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻲﻀﻳ <strong>ا</strong>هو . ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳو . 63-62<br />
: م1998-ـه1418<br />
،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ب<strong>ا</strong>دﻵ<strong>ا</strong>و نﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( 4)<br />
. 154 : م2001-ـه1422<br />
،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺑﺎﻣ ،ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 64-63<br />
،61:<br />
ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( 5)<br />
يﺷ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 161 ،64-63<br />
،43-41<br />
،29<br />
: ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( 6)<br />
.<br />
15 : م1993<br />
،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ب<strong>ا</strong>دﻵ<strong>ا</strong>و نﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،دﺎﻋ<br />
2
نﺗ ﻻو ،ىﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> قﺎﻧأ ﻰﻟإ ﻣ ﻓ ﻰﻋ زﺎﺗرﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ه ،هﻧ ﻬﺟو<br />
( 7)<br />
ﺎﻣو . ﻧ ﻣو ؟ ﺎﻧأ ﻣ : ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ ﺎهﺟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲهو ،ﻋ ﻳﻏ<br />
،ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓو ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻓ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻬﻟ ﻋﺎﻓ رود ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﻌﻳ<br />
ﺎﻬﻟ دﻳو ،ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ نﺎﺑوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻳهو ﺎﻬﺷ ﻰﻋ ﻓﺎﻳو ،ﻟ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺎﻬﺟﻳ<br />
ّنإ ﺛ ،ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه قﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻲﻓ ﻌﻳ ﺎﻣو ،ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺎهرود<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ-ﻲﻌﻳ<br />
ﺎﻣ هو ،ﻬﻣ ﻋ <strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ضﻳ صﺎﺧ يﻧو ﻲﺑدأ تﺻ ﺗ<br />
ﺗ ﻲﻓ مﺎﻬﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ةروﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻀﻳ وأ-ﻲﻌﻳ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ه آو ،ةﻣ ﻳرﺎﻀﺣ ﻳؤر ﺗ-ﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﺗ ﺎه ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳأ ﻣ كﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟدﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻬﻳ يأ ،(<br />
بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong>و ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻳز<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻗﻼﻋ<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺄﻓ ،يرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎﺎﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺎﺗر<strong>ا</strong>و ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺧ<br />
-ﻟذ<br />
ﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ-ﺗ<br />
ﺑ ﻓ ﺎﻬﻋو ﺎﻬﻳﺟو ﺎﻬﺗﺟ ىـﻣ ﻲـﻓ ﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﻓو ﺎﻬﺗرﺧو<br />
( 8)<br />
ﺑ ﻰﻌﻳ ﺎﻣو ، ةﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﺗو شﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﻟ ﺎﻬﺑﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻣ ﻲﻓ<br />
ﻲﻌﺗ ﻗ ﻧأ لﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ هﻳ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟ ،ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه ل<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻋ ﺑﺎﺟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
،ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑدأ ﻋ يأ لﺣ ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ذﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳه ﻳﺗ ﻰﻋ ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﺎﺟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﻟإ دﻌﺳ <strong>ا</strong>هو ،عﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بأﻳو خﻟ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ ﻊﻀﻳو مﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻬﺳ ﻧأ ضﻳ قﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻷ<br />
( 9)<br />
ّنﻓ ﻻإو ، نﺎﻣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻧﻗ ﻣ بﻳ ﺎﻟ ﺎﻏ<strong>و<strong>ا</strong></strong>ر ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺟرد<br />
ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣو ﺎﺑ ﺻﺎﺧ ﻓﺎﺛ ﻳه ﻳﺗ ﻋ ﺎﻧﻋ ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻧ ضﺗ ﺳ " تﺎﻗرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 10)<br />
ﻧو . " ًﺎﻌﻣ ﺛﻻ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ،ﻓ هﺎﻣ وأ ﻓ هﻓ ﺎﻧﻌﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ ،ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺎﻧدﺎﻋ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ىﻟ<strong>ا</strong> قﺎﻧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣ ﻟو ،ﻟﺄﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻲﻓ ﻌﻣ ﻧ<br />
ﻲﻓ تﺛأو ؟ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﺎﻬﻣ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻋ ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏو ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ﺗء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ﻲﻓ وأ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬهﺎﻣو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻳﻟ ﺗء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ<br />
ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﺗ ﻳ ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻲﻓ لوﺎﺳ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هء<strong>ا</strong>رو ﻳؤﻟ ﻋ ﻲﻓ وأ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ﺗﺎﻣو <strong>ا</strong>ر لﻼﺧ ﻣ ﺎﻬﻋ لﻻﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﻌﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤر ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻬﺟَُﻣ<br />
ﺎﻬﺻﺑ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻟإ<br />
لﺻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲه تﻻﻻﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ لوأو<br />
. ﺎهﺎﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<br />
ﻳؤر<br />
وأ ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
هرﻣ<br />
ﻰﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>دو ،هﺗ ﻳﻟ<br />
: يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎﺧ ﻳﺎﻏ -أ<br />
: لﺗ ،(<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﺑﺎﻟ ًﺻﺎﺧو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻟ ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ ّنإ<br />
( 11)<br />
، ( ﺑﻋ ﻳﻧ ﻳﻧ)<br />
ﻳﺗ ﻲه ،ﺎﻬﺗ ﻳﻳو ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﺎهﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺳﺎﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ<br />
( 12)<br />
هـهو ، ( ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﺎه ،ﺟ ﻳﻧ ﻰﻟإ ةﻣ<br />
. 24-20<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( 7)<br />
،ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ،ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻋ يﺷ.<br />
د.<br />
أ ،ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong>و ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﺷإو يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( 8)<br />
. 16 : م1997<br />
،9دﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،د<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺑ<br />
. 24 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( 9)<br />
. 170 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( 10)<br />
11<br />
ﻌﻟﺎﻣ ّنأ ﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،(<br />
ﺑﻋ ﻳﻧ ﻳﻧ ﻧ)<br />
هو بﺎﻟ ﻲﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ن<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺳﻻو : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،(<br />
ﺑﻋ ﻳﻧ ﻳﻧ ﻧ : ﻊﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣ ﺻو)<br />
ـﺑ ﻳ ،بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ءﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻰﻟإ ُﺗ ﺳﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،11<br />
،8<br />
: ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> .( ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟﺎﺑ)<br />
ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ( ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟﺎﺑ)<br />
نﻌﻣ لوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻓ<br />
. 352 ،321<br />
،287<br />
12<br />
،193<br />
،190<br />
،189<br />
،186<br />
،184<br />
،13<br />
،12<br />
،11<br />
: ﺗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﻬﻟ ،ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﺷإ : ﻳ ( )<br />
،251<br />
،244<br />
،243<br />
،233<br />
،222<br />
،221<br />
،220<br />
،219<br />
،218<br />
،215<br />
،214<br />
،213<br />
،211<br />
،209<br />
،200<br />
،198<br />
،197<br />
،195<br />
،194<br />
،312<br />
،310<br />
،309<br />
،308<br />
،307<br />
،306<br />
،305<br />
،304<br />
،289<br />
،288<br />
،275<br />
،273<br />
،270<br />
،269<br />
،264<br />
،262<br />
،261<br />
،257<br />
،252<br />
،347<br />
،346<br />
،344<br />
،341<br />
،336<br />
،335<br />
،334<br />
،333<br />
،332<br />
،331<br />
،328<br />
،326<br />
،325<br />
،324<br />
،320<br />
،319<br />
،316<br />
،314<br />
،313<br />
،416<br />
،415<br />
،410<br />
،403<br />
،392<br />
،391<br />
،386-385<br />
،382<br />
،381<br />
،378<br />
،374<br />
،372<br />
،365<br />
،354<br />
،353<br />
،352<br />
،351<br />
،350<br />
3
ﻲه ﻳﻟﺎﻓ ،(<br />
ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
و ( ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
: ﺎه ﺳﺎﺳأ<br />
ﻧ ﻰﻟإ ﺟ ةرﺑ ُﺗ ،ﻳﺎـﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻌﻳ ﺎﻣو ،(<br />
ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻌﺑ فﺻﻟ ﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲه ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،فﺻﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
؟ ( ﻳﻟ)<br />
ﻧﺎﺛ ﺻ ﺎﻬﺻﺑ ﺑﻌﻟﺎﺑ دﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻓ ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻ ه ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻲﻓ<br />
ﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه قﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> : ﺎهﻻوأ ،ﻟﻻد ﻲﻓ<br />
تﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺑ ﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻ ّنإ<br />
ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳدﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هدﺎﻌﺑأ ﺑ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺧ<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ئدﺎﻣ وأ نﺎآرأ وأ ﺳأ ﻊﻟ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ قﻼﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ه : ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺛ . ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻲﻓ ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ يﻓ ﻬﺟ ﻧ ه يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ<br />
ًءﺎﻬﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺣﺎـﻟﺎﺑ ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻲهﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﺟ ﺎﺳﻻو ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
نأ-ﻟﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
تﺎﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻐﻳ ﺎﺑروأ ﻋ نﺎآ ﻗو ﻲﻓ-عﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong><br />
يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ،ﻲﺟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مزﺎـﺑ<br />
ﻟ ﻟ ،ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﺎآ ﻳﻧو ﻳﻐﻟ سر<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻰﻟإ رﻳ نأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ نﺎآ ،ًﺎﻳﻧو ًﺎﻳﻐﻟ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻓ مﻳ<br />
ﻊﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﺣ يدﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻊﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣز ثﻳ<br />
ﻣ ﻳد<strong>ا</strong>ر<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳرﺎﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ـﻟ ـﻟو ،ﻋ<br />
ه ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ قﻼﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه نﻳ نأ ﻰﻋ ،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧﺑ هرﺎﻬﻧﻻ<br />
،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ<br />
ﺣ ﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏ وأ ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻻ ،ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺷ ﺳﺄﺗ ﺑ<br />
نود ﻣ ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺗ ﻳؤر ﻣ ﻟإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> فرﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﻬﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺷ ﻣ ﻐﺗ وأ ﺗ<br />
ﻻو ،ﺎﻬﺗ<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧ ﻀﺗ<br />
( 13)<br />
. ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻻ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺳﻻو ﺎﻬﻣ ةدﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ىﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يروﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻌﻳ ذإ ًﺎﻣ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
رﺎﺧ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻰﻟإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻳو<br />
ﺳﺄﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ ﺗ ﻰﻋ ﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<br />
لﻳ ،ﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻲﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﻳﻣ ﻰﻋ ﻟ ﺗﺎﻳﻣ ﻊﺟ ﻰﻋ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنأ يأ ،ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﺎﻬﻋ<br />
هه ﺑ لﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻻ ذإ ،ًﺎﻀﻳأ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻰﻋ ﺑ ،ﻓ ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻗﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻳ نأ ﻳ ذإ تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻓ كﺎه ﻳ ﻟو ﻧأ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ّنإ ﺑ ،تﺎﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ﺛ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> …ًﺎﻬﻓو<br />
ًﺎﻣو ًﺎﻓﻓو ًﺎﺎﻗو ًﺎﻳﻐﻟو ًﺎﻳﻧ ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ<br />
ﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ يأ ،ﻲﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻬﻟ نﺎآ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> زﺎﻋإ لﺣ<br />
تر<strong>ا</strong>د ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺳﻻو<br />
( 14)<br />
( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
-ﻳ<br />
ﺎآ-<br />
ﻲﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ُُﻬﺟُﻣو ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻊﻣ ه ﻲﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ، ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻣ : ﻳرﻣ ﻰﻋ كﻳ نﺎآ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﺄﺑ آﻳ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻟ<br />
ﺛﺄﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻣو ،(<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
يوﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎآ زﺎﻋإ نﺎﺗو ﻣﺧ ﻲﻓ ﻣ ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
تأﺑ<br />
ﺷ ذإ ،ﺳرأ ﺎﻬﻣﻗ ﺎآ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ئدﺎﻣو ةﺎآﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻧ ﺎﺳﻻو ،ﻌﺑ ﺎﻓ ﺟ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺟﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻣ آأ ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺷﺎﺗ ﻣ ﻣ <strong>ا</strong>و ﻋ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻳرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻳ ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 15)<br />
. ًﺎﺎﻧ ًﺎﺳو ًﺎﻗﻣ رو ،ﻊﻗﻣ<br />
،(<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻳ نﺎآ ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ<br />
ﺎﻬﺟأ ﻣ ﺗر<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻌﺳ ﻓ ،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻧو هﻓ ﺳﺄﻟ<br />
ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﺗو<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳدﺎﺣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻏﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﻣ ﻣ ﻓرﺎﻌﻣ ة<strong>ا</strong>د ﻌﺗ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
. 491 ،490<br />
،489<br />
،476<br />
،471<br />
،467<br />
،466<br />
،465<br />
،461<br />
،458<br />
،446<br />
،443<br />
،436<br />
13<br />
. 13-9<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
،فرﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،مﻼﺳ لﻏز ﻣ.<br />
د ،يﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ ﻰﻟإ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ ﻲﻓ نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛأ : ﻳ ( 14)<br />
ﻣ ﺳ ﺣأ.<br />
د ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺎهﺛأو ﻲﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> زﺎﻋ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻧ . 299-263<br />
:( ت.<br />
د)<br />
،3ط<br />
،ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 280-175<br />
: م2000-ـه1421<br />
،2ط<br />
،ﻣد ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،رﺎﻋ<br />
15<br />
.<br />
491 ،417-416<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
4
ﻓـﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ـﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟﺎآ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻋ<strong>ا</strong>ﻧأو ﻓﺎآ ﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
جﺎﻧإ ﻰﻋ ﺎﻬﺑ رﻗ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟرد ﻰﻟإ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻀﻧ ﺻو ﻟذ ﻲﻓو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> … ﻓﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻌﻓ ﺎآ-ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﺗ ﻟ ،(<strong>Epistemology</strong>)<br />
ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺻﺎﺧ ﻳﻧ<br />
ﺷ نﻼﻓأ آرﺎﻣ ﻰﻟإ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻀﻣ ﻧ ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﻟ ﺛ ﻣو – ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻣ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻳ ﺎآ ،ﺎﻬﻟ ﻀﻓرو س<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ<br />
( 16)<br />
. نﻧ درﺎﺗر نﺎﻳإ يﻧ<strong>ا</strong> قﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺻو ﻣ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺄﺑ تﻗأ ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ذإ<br />
،ﺎﻣ ﺣ ﻰﻟإ ﺻ مﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو<br />
ﻓﻌﺑ ﺎهﺣأ ﻳ ﻻو ،ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲهو ،ﻓﻌﻣ ردﺎﻣ ﺛﻼﺛ ﻣ<br />
،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ردﺎﻣ ﺑ ﻣﺎﺗ ﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻣ ﺎهﺣأ ﻳ ﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻀﻳو ﺎﻬﻳ وأ ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ذإ ،دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻗﻣ ﻣ ﺻأ ﻲﻓ ﻣ<br />
ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو<br />
ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻧ ﻲه دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻟﺎﻓ , ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟو , ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺗ<br />
ًﺎﻣز ﺳأ دﺟﻟﺎﻓ , دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ َﺎهﻣ ﺳﻟ غ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳ دﻣ ﺑ كﺎه ﻓ , ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 17)<br />
ﺎﻬآِرﻳُ ﺎﻣ ةدﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ءﺎﺷﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ ك<strong>ا</strong>رد<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻗﻳ ﻻ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و , ﻲﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ<br />
ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ ةدﺟﻣ ﻲه ﺑ , ﺎهدﺟو ﻲﻓَ ﺎﺣدﺎﻗ ﻟذ نﻳ ﻻو , ﺧ كرﻣ ﺎﻬآ<strong>ا</strong>ردإ ﻋ ﻌﻳو كرﻣُ<br />
( 18)<br />
و ﺎﻟﺎﻓ . ك<strong>ا</strong>رد<strong>ا</strong> طﺷ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻧإ و دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ًﺎﺷ ﻟ ك<strong>ا</strong>ردﺎﻓ , ﺎﻬآرﻳ ﻟ مأ ﺎﻬآردأ<br />
ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺛإو ﺎﻬﻓﻌﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻟ , ﺳ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣو ﻋو نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻣ ﻻوأ ﺎهدﺟو ﻣ ّﺑﻻ ءﺎﺷﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻓ ﺎﺑ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه دﺟو ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ لوأو , ﺎﻬﺑ ﻳدﺎﻋ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻼﻋ كﺎه نأ يأ , َﺎﻧﺎﺛ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
دﺟوو , ﺣو ﻋ ت<strong>ا</strong>رﻗ ﻣ ( Ι)<br />
<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ آر ﺎﺑ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺗرﺑ ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و , نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ه ﺑ , ﻟ ﻗ ﻻ ﺻﺎﺣ ﺗ <strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺛﻓ , نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻟﺎﺧ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
, ﻬﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻳردأﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و آﺎﻟ ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﻣ ه ﺎﻧإ ﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و , ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﻌﻟ نﺎﻬﻣ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 19)<br />
ﺛﻼﺛ لﺣ روﺗ ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟﺎﻓ . ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻐﻳ ﻻو , ًَ<strong>ا</strong>دﺎﻋ تﺎﻬﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نوﻳ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﺛ ﻣ ﻲهو , ( ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةدﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟﺎﻋ)<br />
دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و <strong>ا</strong> : ﻲهو ر روﺎﻣ<br />
( 20)<br />
ﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺣ ﻳدﺟو ﻣه كﺎه نأ يأ , هرﻣو ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ هﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> , ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻣإ-رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳدﺎﺣأ ﻻ , ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ردﺎﻣ دﻌﺗ ﻲﻀﻳ <strong>ا</strong>هو ( دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و <strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻲهو فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
, ﻲﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> , ﻲهو ردﺎﻣ ﺛﻼﺛ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ردﺎﻣ ﻎﺗ ﺎﻧإو -ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣإو ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 21)<br />
. ( Υ)<br />
<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ( ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يأ)<br />
ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
: ﻳﻟ ﻳؤرو ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻗﻣ -ب<br />
آﺗ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻗﻣو هﻓو ﻲﺑوروﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻳؤر ّنإ ﺛ<br />
ﺑﺎﺻأ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ ّنأ ىﻳ ذإ ،ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﺗ ﻻ ﻓﻌﻣ ﻳؤر ﻣ ﻗﻼﻧ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 313 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ<br />
ﻲﻓ ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرود : بﺎآ , ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻟ.<br />
د.<br />
أ , ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ : ﻳ ( )<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳ.<br />
د.<br />
أ و ﻰﻣ دﻣ ﻳدﺎﻧ.<br />
د.<br />
أ : ف<strong>ا</strong>ﺷإو د<strong>ا</strong>ﻋإ ،ﺎﺟذﻧ ﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣ : ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 66 : م2002-ـه1423<br />
،ﻣ-ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﻣ ،حﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ<br />
18<br />
ﻟ نﺎﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،يدﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺟ<strong>ا</strong>ر.<br />
د , ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻧ : ﻳ ( )<br />
. 234 , 116 ،75<br />
: م2003<br />
،2ط<br />
،نﺎﻋ ،ﻊﻳزﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
19<br />
. 74:<br />
ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 159-157<br />
،92<br />
: لوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
20<br />
،7ط<br />
،نﺎﻟ-توﺑ<br />
،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رد آﻣ ،يﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎﻋ<br />
ﻣ.<br />
د ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ : ﻳ ( )<br />
. 29 : م1998<br />
21<br />
ﻲﻓﻌﻣ مﺎﻧ ﻧ : بﺎآ , ﻏأ د<strong>و<strong>ا</strong></strong>د ﺣأ.<br />
د , ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جذﺎﻟ نرﺎﻣ ﺗ : ﻳ ( )<br />
،1ط<br />
،ندرﻷ<strong>ا</strong>-نﺎﻋ<br />
،ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،يوﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺣ.<br />
د ﻳﺗ ،(<br />
ﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رد ﺣ)<br />
ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ<br />
.<br />
122 ،119<br />
: م2000-ـه1420<br />
5<br />
16<br />
( )<br />
17
ﺳأ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺗ ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻟ ﻓ ﻳﻓو ﺳﺎﺳو ﻋﺎﺟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳدﺎﻗ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺗ<br />
ﻳدﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻣﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> حور ﺑ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻋ ﻊﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺗورذ ﻰﻟإ ﺻو يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻀﻬﻧ ﻋ<br />
ﺗ ّنأ يأ ،ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و فﻟﺄﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏ ﻓﻌﻣو لﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> فﺎآ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻏﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ةردﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻲﺑوروﻷ<strong>ا</strong> وﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺎﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻳﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ تدأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،فﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> تﻼﺣﺑ ﺗر<strong>ا</strong> ﻀﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻓ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻌﺟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻬ ﻰﻟإو ،هرﺎﻌﺳ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ةﻳﻋ ﺎﻟ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻊﺟأ ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗﻳو ،ﻟﺎﻋ ﻋﺎﺻ ﻰﻋ ﺗرﺑ ﻣﻳ ﻋ ﻊﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
مﻼﺑ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻣ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
هﻳ ﺎآ-ىﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
تﻻﻵ<strong>ا</strong>و ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺻ آ ﻓﺎآ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ذإ ،ﻓ<br />
ﻟﺎﻋ ﻰﻋ ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻗ<br />
ﻳ ًﺎ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗﺗوأ ﺻﺑ ﻧ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ىأر -نﺑ<br />
يرﻳﺟ<br />
تﺎﻋ ﻣ ﺟﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻧأ ﺑ ،ءﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ءﺎﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ نﻣ<br />
هﻬﻓ ،ﻰﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه لﺣ روﻳ نﺎآ ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ ّنﻷ ،رﺎﺧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻧأ ﻲﻓ<br />
ﻲﻓ ﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳدﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻏ ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 22)<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻐﺗ ﻲﻀﻳ <strong>ا</strong>هو ، ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ةﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> " ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه ﻋ ﻊﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻌﻳ ذإ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻓﻌﻣ ﻌﻗ ﺛﻣ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﻲهو ،ﻳﺑ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﻲﻬﻓ ،<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﻌﻣ ﻌﻗ ﺗ نأ ﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺑ ،ﻳرﺟ تﻻﺗ ﻣ ﻟذ ﻌﺑ ثﺣ ﺎﻣو . ﻰﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻌﻟ ﻲﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺎﻧﻌﺗ ﺻﺎﻓ<br />
وأ تﻻﻟ ﻌﻓ دودر نﺗ نأ وﻌﺗ ﻻ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د ةآ نﺎﺣأ ﻲﻓ رﺎﻌﻣ<br />
ﻲﻓو . ﺎﻬﻀﻓﺗو ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﺗ ﻗو ﻌﻟ ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﺗ ﻗ ﻌﻓ دودر ﻲهو ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 23)<br />
. " ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻳ وأ ﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻣ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﻳ ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎآ<br />
ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳهﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﺎهﻌﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هأ ﻣو<br />
ﻌﺑ ﺎـﻣو ﺎﻬﻗ ﺎـﻣو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> سﺎﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻀﻳأ ﻲهو ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻏو…ﻳﻧو<br />
ﺑدأو ﻳﻐﻟو ﻧو ﻋﺎﺟ<strong>ا</strong> سر<strong>ا</strong>ـﻣو ﻊﻳرﺎﻣ ﻣ ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﺎﻬﻌﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗو ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،(<br />
<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﺎﻳﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻋ : ﻌﺑرﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عﻼأ " ﺑﺎﺻأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲه ،ﻟذ<br />
ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ة<strong>ا</strong>دأ ﺎهرﺎﻋﺎﺑ ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ ،(<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻟﺣ ﻣ ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 24)<br />
ﻬﻳؤر وأ ﻲﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هرﺎإ ﺑﺎﺻأ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺗ ﺛﺣ يأ ، " ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﺎهﻟﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ردﺎﻣو ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻳؤر ﺛ ﻣو ،(<br />
ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و )<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳدﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻰﻟإ تدأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲه -ﺎﻬﻳ<br />
ﺎآ-تﺎﻣﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
وأ ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ههو ،ﺎﻬﻣ<br />
نﻳ<br />
ﺛﺣأ ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻲهو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>…<br />
ﻳدﺟو ﻰﻟإ ﻟﺎﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﻳﺗ وأ ﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻣ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> "<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺑﺎﻣ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺗ ﺎﻬﻋ ﺗﺗ ﺎﻣ ،ﺗوﺎﻣ تﺎﺟرﺑ عﻼﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﺑ ﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺗ<br />
( 25)<br />
. ﻟﻟ ﺎﻌﺗ بدﻸﻟ ﺗﻧو ، " ﺎﻬﻟإ ﺗﻧو ﻐﻟ نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻣ ﻣ ﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ،آ ﻳؤر ﻰﻟإ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ذإ ،ﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻌﻣ ﻧ ﻧو<br />
ﻳؤر ﻲهو ،دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ تأﺑ ،ﻰﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ء<strong>ا</strong>زإ<br />
ﻳؤر ﻲهو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ تأﻓ ،ﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣأ ،ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
رﻣ ﺛ ﻣو ،ﺎﻬﻳﻟ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌ مﻬﻣ فﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ىدأ ﺎﻣ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻌﺑرﻷ<strong>ا</strong> عﻼﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎﺻأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ّنإ . ﺎهﻳﺎﻌﻣو ﺎﻬﻌو ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> : ﺎه ﺛ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ لﺣ رﺗ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺟ<br />
6<br />
. 92-91<br />
،70-68<br />
: ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ<br />
. 110 : ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> (<br />
. 67 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> (<br />
.<br />
67 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
(<br />
22<br />
( )<br />
23<br />
24<br />
25<br />
)<br />
)<br />
)
ﺎّﻣإ ﻲه ،ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> خﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ ﻋ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻓ ﻋو<br />
ةﺣو دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻳ نﺎآ نأ ﻌﺑ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻓ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﺑو . ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ذ تﺎهﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻳﺗ تﺎهﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻋ ﺣو ،ﻣذﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣ ،ﻳ ةﻟ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و <strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻊﺗ ﻣﺎﻣ<br />
– آﻓ ﻣ ﻰﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻣ ةدﺣ.<br />
د هﻳ ﺎآ-ﻲﻓﻌﻣ<br />
ﻋ ﻳﻳ ﺣ ،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺣ<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﺟرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>زأ ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻟﺎﺑ ﻼﻣ ﻌﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ًﺎﻏ<strong>ا</strong>ﻓ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﻣ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺧ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻋ<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣ<strong>ا</strong>زأ ﺛ ،ىﺧأ ﺣ ﻲﻓ <strong>ا</strong> ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>زأ ﺛ ،ﻓﻌﻣ<br />
ﺣ ﻲﻓ<br />
( 26)<br />
. <strong>ا</strong>هو…دﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺎهرﺎإو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎﺻأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻣﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻣذﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻓ ﻋو<br />
ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳﻏ ﻲه ،ﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣزأ تﻟو ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻲﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 27)<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و <strong>ا</strong> ﻲه بﺎﻗأ ﺛﻼﺛ لﺣ ﺎﻬﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د رﺗ تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ، ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 28)<br />
. ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> فﻼﺑ ، ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﺛ ﻣ ﻲهو<br />
،ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳ ﺎﻗو ( ﻲﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻧ ﻟﻟ<br />
ﻣﺗ ﺎآ ﻬﻳﻟ ( -ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ-<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻌﻳ ﻟ ﺣ ،دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻟﻟ ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛﺄﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻬﻳؤر ﻣ ﺎﻗأو<br />
ﺑﺎﺛ ﺧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ <strong>ا</strong>ﺟﺎﻋ رﺎﺻ ﺑ ،ةﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،بﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ب<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>ردﺎﻗ ،ﻳوﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻳدﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 29)<br />
دﻌﺻ ﻌﺑ يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻗﺷو ﺑﻏ ًﺎﻣﻋ ﻲﺑروﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ذإ ، هدﺎﻋ ﻣ ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻣ <strong>ا</strong>هو ،ﺗﻣ <strong>ا</strong>ﻋأو ﻲﻳﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻬﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﺣ<strong>ا</strong>زأ نأ ﻌﺑ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻳﺟ ًﺎﻬﻟإ<br />
ﻧ<br />
نﺎﻏ تﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ ﻧﺎآ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،1917<br />
مﺎﻋ ﺎﺳور ﻲﻓ ًﻼﻣ ﺣ<br />
نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﻣ يرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> طﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ةﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣ مﺎﻧ ةﻣ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺑ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> سوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻀﺣ<strong>ا</strong> ًﺎﻳﻏ ﻳ ﻟ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟو ،ﻗﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ طﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻣ دﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ﺧإ ﻰﻋ ردﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 30)<br />
ﺎﻬﻐ ﻓ ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﻣأ ًﺎﺎﻋ ﻧﺎآ ﺑروﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ . ﻳ<br />
آﺣ ﻗوأ ﺎﻬﻧأ يأ ،ﻧﺎﻧو و ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>–<br />
ﻲﻧﺎﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋأ<br />
ﺻو ﻰﻋ ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻗﻼﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻣﺎﻗ ﺑروﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻀﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﺣ ﻲﻓ ،ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 31)<br />
. ﻧﺎﻣوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>–<br />
ﻧﺎﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧ فﺎآﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ةدﺎﻋإو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻊﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣ<br />
كﻟ ﻲﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻗﻓ ،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛﺄﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟآ ﺎﻗأ ﺛ ﻣو<br />
ﻟﺛﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻀﻗﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﻰﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻌﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻓ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
<strong>ا</strong>وﻧ ﺛ ﻣو ،(Pritanism)<br />
ﻳﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
وأ ﻧﺎﻳرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺧأو ﻧﺎﺗوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و آذﺛروﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
مﺎﻣأ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﻓو ،ﻣ وأ ﺣ ﻻو ،ﻣ وأ ﻣ ﻼﻓ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و – ﻰﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟرﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﻼﻋ ﻓ هو–<br />
ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 32)<br />
ﻰﻋ ﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ن<strong>ا</strong>هو . ىﺧأ ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻌو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧأو ،ﻲﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻬﺑ ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺳأ<br />
ﻊﻣ ضرﺎﻌﻳ ﻲﻏ ﻓ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نأ سﺎﺳأ ﻰﻋ ﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> "<br />
ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 295-294<br />
،293-292<br />
: ﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻋﻣ<br />
7<br />
26<br />
( )<br />
: ﺟﺗ ،آﻓ ﻣ ،ءﺎﺷﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ<br />
. 245 : ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
27<br />
. 70 ،67-66<br />
: ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
28<br />
. 29-28<br />
: ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ : ﻳ ( )<br />
29<br />
. 246-245<br />
،106<br />
: ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
30<br />
. 89 : ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
31<br />
. 195-194<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
32<br />
.<br />
16-15<br />
: ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 93-92<br />
،75-74<br />
،38<br />
: ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )
8<br />
( 33)<br />
"<br />
وأ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻬﻳ ،ًﻼﻣ ًﺎﻓﻌﻣ ً<strong>ا</strong>رﻣ هّﻋ<br />
ﻳ ﻻ ﻋو ، ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
يﺷ . د ﻰﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻣ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻋ ﻲﻌﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ رﻬ ﻰﻟإ ىدأ ﺎﻣ ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 34)<br />
تهﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻳ نأ ﻣأ ﻰﺣ ، " ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺎﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> لﻼﺣإو نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عﺎﺟرإ " دﺎﻋ<br />
،ةﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻣﻳ ﻧأ ﻰﻋ ﻲﺣ ﻏ ًﺎﻳرﺳأ ﺎﻬﻓ ﻣﺎﻗو ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻ لﺣ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ،ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ّنإ ﺑ ،ةﺎﻟﺎﺑ تﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ن<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ<strong>ا</strong> وأ<br />
سﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣ ﻧ ،ﺟﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ مﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛﺄﺑو ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺣﺎﻳﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> لﺎﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﻳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﺎﻣ<br />
ﻲﻓ ﻲﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ير<strong>ا</strong>ﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 35)<br />
( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
و . ﻌﺳ ةﻟﺎﺧو دﺎﻋ يﺷ.<br />
د مﻼﺑ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻣ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
هﻳ ﺎآ ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻳﺣ ﻲآ نﺎﻓ ﻟﻟو ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳأ ً<strong>ا</strong>رود ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ ﻌﻳو ﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻓﻳ<br />
نﻻأ)<br />
مﻼﺑ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻣ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
هﻳ ﺎآ ،ﺗ نأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣو<br />
يأ ،ﻲﻣﻗ هﺟ وأ ﻲﻬﻟإ ﻲﺣﻟ ًﺎ ﻌﻳو ﻳ نﻷ ءﻲﺷ آ ﻗ ﻰﻌﻳ ﻊﻣ ﻰﻋ ،(<br />
ﻳرﺗ<br />
طﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻟ رﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻧإ : ث<strong>ا</strong>ﺣأ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ وأ ﻐﺗ دﻣ ﻟ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻏ يأ ﻌﺗ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ<br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ن<strong>ا</strong>دﺗ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،مﺎهوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>زإو ﻌﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻳر<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺟﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ ،ﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺎﻬﺑ ًﺎﻣود يدﺎﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻳروﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ن<strong>ا</strong>زﺗ ،ﻋ ﺎﻬﺻﺑ<br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳﻟ ﺗ ﻟ ﻓﻣ ﻧﺎﻧ ءﺎﺧ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻲﻬﻟإ عوﻟ مﺎﺗ ﺗ ﻳ ﻋ<br />
ﻗ ﻲﻓ <strong>ا</strong> ةﻓ ﻣ -يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يأ-ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ةﻓ ﺣأ : ﻳرﺗ لﻳ ﺎآ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 36)<br />
. ﻓ دﻓ ﺑ ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>دﺎﻋﻻ<strong>ا</strong> تﻗو ،ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
هو ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ر رود ﻟ ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻟﺄﻣ ﻲﻓ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻊﻣ ﻧ ﻧو<br />
ﻗﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ًﺎﻓﻌﻣ ً<strong>ا</strong>رﻣ ﺻﺑ<br />
ﻗﺎﻣ ﻏ<br />
ﻣﻬﺑ ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ قﻳ ﻻ ّﻧﻓ ،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻬﺑ ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ قﻳ نﺎآ نإو<br />
،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻟ ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ ضﻏ ﻣ ﻋﺷ ﻳ يأﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ّنﻷ ﻟذو ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻓ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ضﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> فﻋ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻗﺎﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻣو ﻳرﺎﺗ ﻧ ﻲه ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻓ<br />
ﺎﻳﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻗ ﻬﻳﻟ ضﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟو ،ﻋوﻣ ﻧأو ﻋ ﻟوﺎﻣو ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ<br />
( 37)<br />
ًﺎﻳﻧ وأ ًﺎﺷ ًﺎﻬﻧ ﻬﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟوﺎﺣ ﻟو . ﺎﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻗ حﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
دﺟﺑ لﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ هﻓ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> فرﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ﺎﻬﻗو ﺎﻬﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻣ ﺑ ﻓﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ًﺎﻟﺟ وأ<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ ﻧﺎآ ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ ،آو ﻳرو ،ﺳﺣ ﺎﻋ ئدﺎﻣ<br />
تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> نأ ﻻإ ،ﻟآ ﺗ ﻟ وأ ،ﺎﻬﻳ ﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻀﻳ ،ﻲﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
هﺎﻣ ﺑ ﻟﻻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ( ﺳرﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗﺑ)<br />
ىوﺎﺳ ﻰﺣ ،ﺑ ﺗ ﻟو ﻟذ تﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ًﻼﺑﺎﻣو ،ﻋدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎهوﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﺎﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ يدﺗ <strong>ا</strong> ًﺎﻌﺟ ﺎﻬﻌﺟ ﺛ ،(<br />
سﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( ﻳﺎآ رود)<br />
ﻋ ذإ ،ًﺎﺣ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ <strong>ا</strong>ﻣﺎﻗو ،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ ًﺎﻀﻧ<br />
تﺎﺳﺎﻌﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻌﺟو ،ﻲﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﻟ ﺻﻼﺧإ ﻋ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻳ ﻧﺎﻧإ ﻟوﺎﻣ<br />
رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣ ﻟﺎﻌﻟ ﻲﻧآ بأ رﻟ ًﺎﺎﺳإ نﻳ نﺄآ ،ﻋﻣو ﻰﺷ ﻧ تﺎﺎﺳ<br />
ًﺎﺎﺳإ وأ ،ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺑر ةﻗ ﻳ ﻣر قﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻟ ًﺎﺎﺳإ وأ ،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺗهﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 91 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 35 : ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳو . 67-66<br />
: ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
35<br />
ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 64 ،36<br />
،35<br />
: ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 67-66<br />
: ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
. 55-54<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
36<br />
،ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻳﻣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ ﻣﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻐﻣ رﻧأ : ﺟﺗ ،ﻳرﺗ نﻻأ ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ : ﻳ ( )<br />
. 56 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 30-29<br />
: م1997<br />
37<br />
.<br />
هردﺎﻣو ،121<br />
،118-116<br />
: ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جذﺎﻟ نرﺎﻣ ﺗ : ﻳ ( )<br />
33<br />
( )<br />
34
ةﻟ ة<strong>ا</strong>دأ وأ ،ب<strong>ا</strong>ﻏﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﺗ وأ ،كﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و تﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ آﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻟ<br />
( 38)<br />
ﻬﻣو ، ﻣﺎﻋ نآرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟإ هﻳ ﺎآ ،ﻟﺎﺳأﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ لﺎﻌﻟ ﻬﻟ ًﻻﻼﻐﺳ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳدﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻻ ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه نأ ﻰﻟإ <strong>ا</strong>هذو ،ﺎﻳﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ تﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻗ هﺎﺗ ًﺎﻳردأ ﻻ ﺎﻗﻣ ﻰﺗ ﻣ<br />
ﻰﻟإ قﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺗ ﻻ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﻻﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻷ ،ﺎﻬﻧ ﻻو ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺛإ نﻌﻳ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳ ﻣ أ ﺎﻗ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ّنإ ﺛ . ءﺎﺷﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>و ﻊﺎﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جرﺎﺧ<br />
،ﺎﻌﻣ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺻ ﻰﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻗأ ،ﺎﻣﻋ<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ذإ ،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺑ ًﻼﻣ ًﺎﻓﻌﻣ ً<strong>ا</strong>رﻣ ( ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻌﻳ ﻟو ،نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻣ ﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ذ ﻌﻳ ﻟ ذإ<br />
. ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ رود ﻟ ﻌﻳ ﻟو ،ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻧإ ذإ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻣ ﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنأ ﻧ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟ<br />
<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﻼﺣإ يروﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ىﻳ ﻻو ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ ًﺎﻀﻗﺎﻣ-ًﺎﻣ<br />
ًﺎﺑﻋ ﺻﺑ-<br />
ﻲﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ّنأ ﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ ،دﻓ ﺑ ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>دﺎﻋﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗو ،ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ ﻲﻓ<br />
ّنأ سﺎﺳأ ﻰﻋ – ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺎآ – ﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻋ ﺎﻧﻳ نأ ﻳ ﻻ ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 39)<br />
ﻲﻓ ً<strong>ا</strong>ّﺛﻣ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻳ ه ﺑ . ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ضرﺎﻌﻳ ﻲﻏ ﻓ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺳأ ﻟآ ﻓﻳو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻳرﺗ نﻻأ يأر ﻳو ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جﺎﻧإ<br />
ثﻟﺎﻟ ﺎﻬﻀﻓر ﻲﻓ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻗﻣ ﻳ ﻧ ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺟ<br />
رﻣ ﻌﺟو ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ذو<br />
ﻬﺗ ﻌﻗ تﺎﺳ ﺎﻬﺻﺑ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﺷأ ﻊﺑ تﺎﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﺎﻬﺗﻋدو ،نﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 40)<br />
ﺑﺎآ لﻼﺧ ﻣ ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧأ ﻓﻳ ّﻧأ ﻟذ ﻰﻟإ فﺎﻀﻳ . ﺎﻬﻳﺣ ﺗو ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﺄﺑ ،بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﻟوﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ تﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،(<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
يوﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ﻟوﺎﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻣ ،ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺳﺄﺗ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺑ ،ﻋو<br />
ﻳﻧ تﻻﻣ ﻋ ﺗ وأ ،ﺎﻬﻓﺎﻟ ةزﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ م<strong>ا</strong>ﺳﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ًﺎﻓـﺗ ﻌـﻟ ﻧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> هـه ّنإو ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳـﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻌﺟﻟ ةزﺎﻣ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>…ﺗ<br />
وأ ﻳﺑ<br />
،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﺎآ <strong>ا</strong>ذإو ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻀﻓﻳ – ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﺎﻬﻳ ﺎـآ – ًﺎﻳـﻓ<br />
نﻓ<br />
،تﻻوﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻬﻟ ﻓﺎﺛ ﻋﺷ ﻣﻗ ﻗ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻣ ﻋ ﺣﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺗ<strong>ا</strong>رﺑ<br />
( 41)<br />
ﻲﻓ ﺎﻌﻗﻳ " فﺳ ﻣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه نإ ﺛ ، تﻻوﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻊﻣ ﻳﺎﻌﻟ ﻌﻣ ﻏ ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺄﺧ ﻋ–<br />
ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺧﻣ ثﺣ ﻗو – ﻟذ ثﻳ ﺎﺑر . ﺎهﻧ ﻻ ﺎﺑر ﻳذﺎﻣ<br />
ﺗ ﻲﻓ لﻟ<br />
ةﻣ ﻳﻧ ت<strong>ا</strong>ودأ م<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ًﺎﻬﻣ ﺄﺧ ﻳ ﻟ ،ﻳﺗ وأ دﺎﻟإ ﻋ ﻟو<br />
،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د نﻳ نأ ﻳ دﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻓ تﻻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻣ ﻲﻓو ،ﺑدأ ﻏ صﻧ<br />
( 42)<br />
مﻬﻣ ،ﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ،ﻳز ﺑأ ﻣﺎﺣ ﻧ.<br />
د تﺎﺑﺎآ ﻰﻟإ <strong>ا</strong>و ةرﺎﺷ<strong>ا</strong>و ، " ﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻰﻋو<br />
بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ،روﺷ ﻣ لﺎﻣأ ﻣ بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ هﻏ وأ ،نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رد : ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. نﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةدﺎﺳ ﺑ ﺗ ﻻ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ ﻳﺑ يدﺎﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻧ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟو<br />
" ةﻋد ﻌﺗر<strong>ا</strong> ذإ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ةﺻﺎﻌﻣ آﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻲه ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻓ ﻣ.<br />
د : ﺟﺗ ،ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺳر ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗﺑ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳرﺎﺗ : ﻳ<br />
ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جذﺎﻟ نرﺎﻣ ﺗ . 112 : م1977<br />
،ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،بﺎﻟ ﻣﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺑﺎﻣ ،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،حﺎﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ نﺎﻓﻋ.<br />
د ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻧ ﻟﺎﻌﻣ . 130 ،120<br />
،117<br />
: ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 160 : ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ ﻲﻓﻌﻣ مﺎﻧ ﻧ : بﺎآ<br />
39<br />
. 91 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
40<br />
. 56-54<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 30-29<br />
: ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ : ﻳ ( )<br />
41<br />
. 64 ،36<br />
: ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
42<br />
.<br />
36 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
9<br />
38<br />
( )
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةدﺎﺳ ﺻوأ<br />
نأ ﻌﺑ يﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ذ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ ﻲﻓ<br />
ﺎهﻳﻟ يﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﻗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﻋ زﺑأ دوﻣ ﻳ ﻰﻟإ ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه<br />
ﻲﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و مذﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،لﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> سأرو قﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ ،ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةدﺎﺳ ﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ ،ًﻼﺻأ<br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
عوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻼﻣ زﺑأ ﻣ ،ﺣوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<br />
ةروﻀﻟ وأ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ةدﻌﻟ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ةﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ تﻬ<br />
،ل<strong>ا</strong>ز ﺎﻣ رﺎﺧ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةدﺎﺳ ﺑ ةروﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺗ ﻻ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ ﻳﺗ<br />
ﻳرﺎﺗ ﻲﻓ نوﻗ ﺛﻼﺛ ﻣ آأ قﻐﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
عوﻣ ،ﺎﻟ ﻟﺎﺑ ًﺎﺎﻗ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<br />
ﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻼﺻ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> كرﻳ نأ ﻗ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 43)<br />
ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> " ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ًﻼﺎﻗ ﻀﻳو ، " ءﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و رﺎﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺣ ﺎﻣﺎﻣأ ل<strong>ا</strong>ز ﺎﻓ ﻧ ﺎﻣأ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ك<strong>ا</strong>ردإ ﻋ ﻰﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟرد ﻰـﻟإ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧﺑ<br />
ﺎﻀﻌﺑ ﻬﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،مﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نز<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و مﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺎﻣ : ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣﻣ أﺑ ﻗ ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ،فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟﺎﺣ ﻣ ﻧ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﻗ<strong>ا</strong> نأ ﻌﺑ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗو ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﺑ<br />
ـﻣ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻋ ﻓ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ةﺣ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>دﻳو ،ﻰﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
نوﻌﻳ ﻬﻧأ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﺻأ نﺎآ <strong>ا</strong>ذﻓ ( …)<br />
ةهﺎﻗ رﺎﻌﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ةﻗ ﻳ ﻋ جرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
قﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧﻧ ،ﺎﺗد<strong>ا</strong>رإ ﻣﺎﺑ ،ﺎﺑ ﻓ ﺳو ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ( nostalgia)<br />
ﻟﺎﺑ<br />
( 44)<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﺷ<strong>ا</strong> هﻬﻓ ، " ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻓﻌﻣ ﻌﻗ ﺗ ﻰﻋ ﻰﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟرﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻐﻟ ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﺗ ﻻ ﻓﻌﻣ ﻳؤر ﻣ ﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنﺄﺑ ﺎﻧﻧ ﻬﺟو ﻰﻋ يﻗ ﻟد ﻲﻬﻟ<br />
. ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
: يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> -2<br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎهﺎﺗ<br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻋ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲه ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ّنإ<br />
: ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺗ<br />
: قﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣﻬﻣ -أ<br />
ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ مﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ردﺎﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤر فﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ<br />
ﻟذ ّنأ ﻻإ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ ﻋ ﺳ ،ﻲﻓﻌﻣ رﻣ ه ﻲﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻓ ﺛ ﻣو ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻊﻣ ﺗ ﺎهﺎﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻷ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻣ ةرﺑ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻌﻳ ﻻ<br />
ﻳرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ ﺎﻬﻟو ﻓﻌﻟ ﺎﻀﻳأ ﻳرﻣ ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نآ ﻲﻓ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻧرﺎﻣو ﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺳﺎﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ًﺎﻀﻳأ قﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ نﻳ ّنأ ﻲﻀﻳ ﺎﻣ ،ﻳﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻣ ﻏو ﺛﺎﻣ ﻏ ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ىﺳ ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ّنﻓ ﺛ ﻣو ،فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻟ<br />
كﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻬﺗ تﺎﺻﺧ دﺟو ﻣ ﺑﻻ ﻓﺎﺛ آ ﻲﻓ ّنأ يأ ،ءﻲﺷ آ ﻲﻓ<br />
تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻲﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻟآو ،ﻓ ﻧأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺗو ،ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻀﻌﺑ ﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻊﻳو ،ﻋ نﻳ ﺎﻣ دﺟو ﻣ ﺑﻻ ﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺟﻳ ﻻو ءﻲﺷ آ ﻲﻓ ةدﺎﻀﻣ<br />
ﻋ ﻳ هﺎﻳ ﻣ ﻌﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> أﺑ ﻲﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻰﺗ ﻲﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻟذ ّنأ ﻻإ ،ﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺟو ﻊﻣ<br />
ﻲﺟﻟﻳﻳأ ﺛﻣ ﺗ ﻓ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺛﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
.( 45)<br />
ﻲﺑﻏ<br />
. 482 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 473-472<br />
: ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ : ﻳو . 64 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
45<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ﻋ.<br />
د ،ﻟﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻧﺎهرو هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و قﺎﻧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ : ةرﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
.<br />
30 ،29-17<br />
: م1999<br />
،1ط<br />
،بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>-ءﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،نﺎﻟ-توﺑ<br />
،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ه<strong>ا</strong>ﺑإ<br />
10<br />
43<br />
( )<br />
44
ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﻣ ﺻ ةروﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻌﻳ ﻻ ( ةدﺣ . د)<br />
هﻳ ﺎآ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣ ﺳرﺎﻣ ّنإ ﺛ<br />
ﻻ ﻬﻌﻣ ﺎﻗﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﻟ ﺎﺗو ،ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﻣ ﺄﺧ وأ ،ﺎﻬﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ<br />
ﻻو ،ﺎهﺛﺄﺗ وأ ﺎهدﺟو ﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ًﺎﻓﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ﺛ ،ﺎهﺛﺄﺗ ىﻣو تﻻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ دﺟﺑ ﻟ ﻗﻼﻋ<br />
ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه مﻳ م<strong>ا</strong>د ﺎﻣ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻬﻟﺎﺑ ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﻬﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟآ ﻲﻌﻳ<br />
( 46)<br />
. ﻟﻟﺎﺑ ﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﺎﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋرﺎﻣو ،ءﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ىﻣ ﻰﻋو ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ،ﻳﻣ ﻰﻋ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ىﻳ ﺎآ ﻊﻳ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﻟﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻻ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻧ لوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻌﻓ ،ﻲﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 47)<br />
. ﺎﻬﻣ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ ،ﺎهزﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> آﻳو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻣو ﺎﻬﻗ ﺎﻣو ،ﺎهﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو<br />
ﺎﻧو ت<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ<br />
ﻋ ﻲﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻋ ﻧﺄﺑ ىﻳ ﻣ ﺑ ﻧ ﻻ ذإ ﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻌﻣ ﻧ ﻧو<br />
( 48)<br />
،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻋ ﻲﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻷ ، ﺎﻬﻣ ًءﺟ ﻧو ﺎﻬﺑ ﻣﻧ ﻰﺣ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺗ ﻻ ،ﺻﻣو ﺟ ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ تﻻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ أﻧ ﺎﻌﻳ ،ﺎﻬﻣ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
تﺎﻗﺎﺳ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻬﻧو ،ﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻬوﺷ ﻣ ﺎهدﻧ ﺎّﻧإ ﺑ ،تﻻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺎﻌﺑﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰـﻟإ<br />
( 49)<br />
ةرﺑ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ فﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong> كﺎﻬﻓ . ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ةدﺎـﻀﻣو ﻀﻗﺎـﻣ ﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻋ ﻣ<br />
ﻣزﻷﺎﻓ ،ﺻﺎﺧ ةرﺑ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ،ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ فﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻣﺎﻋ<br />
( 50)<br />
. ﻰﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟرﻟﺎﺑ ﻳﻓ ﻓﺎﺛ ﻳرﺎﻀﺣ ﻣزأ ﻲه<br />
يدﺎﻗ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻋﺎﺻ ﻟﺎﻋ ه ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻰﻟإ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
هﻓ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ىﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺎﻣأ<br />
ﻣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻟ ﻬﻣ ،ﻲآﻼﻬﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻋ ه ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﺣ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﺟﺎﻧإ<br />
ّنإ ﺑ ،ﻧﻗ<br />
ﻣ بﻳ ﺎﻟ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻌﻓر ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﻌﺷ آ ﻣ ﻏﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ<br />
لوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د ﺟﻳ يدﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻋ<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
هﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻣو ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لود عﺎﻓﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻓ ﺛ ﻣو ،ﺎﻬﻧ ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳرﺎﻌﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ه ،ﺎﻬﺗزﻓأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳدﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻟ ﻓﺗ نأ نود ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ وأ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻓ تﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عﻗو ﻲه ةآﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻣﻣ ﻟ تﺎﻣﻣ ﻰﻋ مﺗ ﺎﻧ ﻲﺑ ﺷ<br />
( 51)<br />
ّنأ ﻊﻣ ،تﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻌﻳ فﺳ ﻟذ ّنﻷ ، ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻓﺎﻟ ق<strong>ا</strong>ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻣ مﺎﻓ ﻟﺎﺣ<br />
،ةﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺳأر ﻰﻋو ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺎوو ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ًﺎ<strong>ا</strong>و ًﺎﻓﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong> كﺎه<br />
( 52)<br />
. ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو<br />
ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ ﺎﻣو صﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟو ﻰﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ىﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻧ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟو<br />
ﻳدﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هدﺎﻌﺑأ ﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺑ صﺎﺧ ﻲﺑﻏ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ -ﺎﻣ<br />
ﺟرﺑ-جﺎﻧ<br />
ﻻإ ﻲه ﺎﻣ ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ<br />
جﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲه ﺑ ،غ<strong>ا</strong>ﻓ ﻣ ﺄﺗ ﻟ ﺎﻬﻧأ يأ ،ًﺎﺻﺧ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻰﺣو ﻋ ﻊﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲـهو ،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻌﻣ ﻲـﻓ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳز<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>رﺛو ،نﻵ<strong>ا</strong><br />
رﻬ ﻰﻟإ ﻳرو ةرﺑ تدأ ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺗ ﻲهو ،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﺑ ﺻﺎﺧ ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺗ<br />
. 105 ،12<br />
،8<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ<br />
. 9-8<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 8 : ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
48<br />
. 15 : ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
49<br />
. 8-7<br />
: ةرﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
50<br />
. 56-55<br />
،53-52<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
51<br />
ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : بﺎآ ،ﻣﺎﻟو ﻧﻳر ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻬو ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 62-61<br />
،59<br />
،58<br />
: ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
: ﻳ ( )<br />
ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>رﻣ ،رﻋ ﺑﺎﺟ.<br />
د : ﻌﺟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ،بﻋ بﺎهﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ.<br />
د : ﺟﺗ ،آوﺑ ﺑ : ﻳﺗو د<strong>ا</strong>ﻋإ ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻲآﻼﻬﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ . 147-146<br />
: م1995<br />
،1ط<br />
،ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﻣ<strong>ا</strong> -ﻲ<br />
ﺑأ ،ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 247-246<br />
،244-243<br />
: ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻧ . 258-257<br />
: ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : بﺎآ ،ﺟ ﻳرﻳﻓ<br />
52<br />
.<br />
33-32<br />
: ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ . 65-64<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
11<br />
46<br />
( )<br />
47
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ ﻣ ﺎﻬﻋﺷو ﺎﻬﻟﻻد<br />
ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺑ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> سر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻣو ﺎﻬﻗ ﺎﻣو ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهﺗ ﻲـﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دودر ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻰﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟرﻟﺎﺑ<br />
ﻋو . ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻌﻳرﺎﻣ ﻰﻋ ﻓﺎﺛ آ ﺎﻬﺧﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻼﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻊﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧإ ﺛ ،ﺎهﻌﺑ<br />
ﻋ ﻟﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ -(<br />
ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
هﻳ ﺎآ-<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻣو ﺎﻬهﺎﻣ ﻧ ّنﻓ<br />
ﺎﻬﻧو ،ﻌﻣ ﻰﻌﻣ ﻳﺗ ﻰﻋ ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهﻳو ،ﺎﻬﻟﻻد ﻣ ﺎﻬﻏﻳ فﺳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺧ<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ فﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ًﺎﻋﻧ هﻌﻳ ﺑ ،ب<strong>ا</strong>ﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻰﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ يدﻳ فﺳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﺑ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ًﺎﻧﺎﺣأ ضرﺎﻌﺗ ﺑ ﺗ تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻣدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﻷ ﻟذو -ﻳ<br />
ﺎآ-يﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺗ ﻧ ﺎﻳ آ : لءﺎﻳ ﻟﻟ ،-ﻟذ<br />
ﻌﻳ ﺎآ-ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهر ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
مﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺗزﻓأ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ ﺎﻬﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺎﻬﻟﻻد ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟذ ك<strong>ا</strong>ردإ مﻋ ّنﻓ ﻋو ؟يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺧﺎﻣ ﻋ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﺗ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﻟإ ،لوﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 53)<br />
. ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧﻸﻟ ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ ﻲﻓ عﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ يدﺳ ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻬﺻﺧ ﺗ ﻓﺎﺛ آ ﻲﻓ ﺑﺎﺛ رﻣأ دﺟو نﺎﻀﻳ<br />
قﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻣﻬﻣ ّنإ ﺛ<br />
ﺑ تﺎآﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ نﺗ ﻗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺟو ﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ ،ىﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻋ ﺎﻬﻓﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻧ ﺎﻌﻳ <strong>ا</strong>هو ،ﺎﻬﻟ لﺣ ﻳﻟ ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﺎﺛ ﻣ ةدﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﺎﻣإو تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ ﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
: ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣﻬﻣ-ب<br />
دﺟو ﻣ ﺑﻼﻓ ،فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> دﺟﺑ ﺎﺳ <strong>ا</strong>ذﻓ ،ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻬﻟﺎﺑ نﺎﺗﻣ ﻣﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳه ّنإ<br />
ﺳﺄﺗو ﺎﻬﺻﺧ ﺗو تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻟ ﺗ ،شﺎﻟ ﺑﺎﻗ ﻏو ﺎﻬﺑ ﻣ ﻐﺗ ﻻ ﺑﺎﺛ رﻣأ<br />
روﺗ ﻓ ﻣو ﺑﺎﺛ رﻣ ﻣ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺑﻻ ةﻐﻣ آﺣ آ ّنإ ﺛ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎه<strong>ا</strong>ؤر ﺎﻬﻣ ﺗو ،ﺎﻬﻋ<br />
. ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و عﺎوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻟ دﺟو ﻻو ،ﻗ آ ﻣ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﻟ دﺟو ﻼﻓ ،ﻓ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذإ ﺑﺎﺛ ه ،ﺎﺗﺛ ﻳ نﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ نﻼﻓ ﺛ لﺎﻳ ،ﻗرﺎﻳ ﻟو ءﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مزﻻ ﺎﻣ آ ه ﻐﻟ : ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 54)<br />
ﻐﺑ<br />
ﺣ ﻐﺗ ﻻ ءﻲﺷ ﻓ ،ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه ًﺎﺣﻼﺻ<strong>ا</strong>و ، ﻗرﺎﻳ ﻟ <strong>ا</strong>ذإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛأو . ﺑ مﺎﻗأ<br />
،دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﺎآ ،ﻐﺗ ﻻ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺑﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻣو ،ﺑﺎﺛ ءﻲﺷ ﻬﻓ نﺎﻣﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 55)<br />
لﺎﺣ ﻰﻟإ لﺎﺣ ﻣ لﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻓ ﻐﻟ : ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣأ . ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ لوﻳ ﻻ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ وأ<br />
( 56)<br />
ﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺎﺣﻼﺻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻓ ، ﺧ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذإ ءﺎﺷﻷ<strong>ا</strong> تﻳﺎﻐﺗو ،ّﻐﻓ ءﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تّﻏ لﺗ ،ﻣ ىﺧأ<br />
( 57)<br />
. ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ عﻳ ﺎﻣ وأ ،هﻐﺗ ﻳ ﺎﻣ وأ ،هﻐﺗ<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>رأو ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺛأو ،ﻋ ﺳأو هﺎﺗ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> أﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه ﺎﻓ<br />
.( ﻧز<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻋ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> أﻣ)<br />
ه أﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ّنإ ؟ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
: ﻧز<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻋ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
أﻣ -<br />
ﻣ ﻳ هو ،ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳدﺎﺣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻟ ،ﺎﻬﻳ ﻻو ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺎﻟﺎﺑ ﻳ أﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو<br />
ّنإ ﺑ ،ﻟﺎﻣ ﺻﺎﻋ ﻰﻟإ وأ ،ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> هﺻﺎﻋ ﻰﻟإ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﺗ ﻻ ،دﺟﻟ ﻳؤر<br />
ﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ . هرﻣو ،52<br />
،50<br />
،22<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 84 ،81<br />
،70<br />
،63<br />
،11-10<br />
: ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ<br />
،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ<br />
ﺑﻋ قﺎﻓ ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،رﻋ ﺑﺎﺟ : ﺟﺗ ،ﻳوزآ ﻳد<strong>ا</strong> ،آﻓ ﻰﻟإ س<strong>و<strong>ا</strong></strong>ﺷ ﻲﻟ<br />
،لﻓ ﻣ ،حﺎﻣ ﻣ ،ﻟﺎﻌﻣ هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : يﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ﻰﻟإ ﺧﻣ . 259 ،202<br />
،15<br />
: 1985 ،د<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺑ<br />
. 249 : 1997 ،1دﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
54<br />
نﺎﻟ ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،طﺎﺧ ﺳﻳ : ﺗو د<strong>ا</strong>ﻋإ ،ﻲﻳﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﻋ : ﻳﺗ ،رﻣ ﺑ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻟ : ﻳ ( )<br />
.( ﺛ)<br />
ةدﺎﻣ ،346<br />
: 1ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،(<br />
ت.<br />
د)<br />
،نﺎﻟ-توﺑ<br />
،بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
55<br />
بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،ﺎﺻ ﺟ.<br />
د ،ﺗﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ظﺎﻟﻷﺎﺑ : ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
. 373 : 2ءﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،م1991<br />
،ﻣ-ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،نﺎﻟ-توﺑ<br />
،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،ﻲﻧﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
56<br />
.( ﻏ)<br />
ةدﺎﻣ ،1035<br />
: 2ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻟ : ﻳ ( )<br />
57<br />
.<br />
330 : 2ءﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
12<br />
53<br />
( )
ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺛ ،ىﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺎﻟ ىﺻ ﻌﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،دوﻣﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و دوﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻣ ﺻﺎﻋ ﻀﻳ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
نود مﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻻو ،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نود ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ آﺗ ﻻ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻟﻟو ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ،قﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺳﺎﻣ آ ه ﻟﺎﻌﻟﺎﻓ ،تﺎﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻋ ﻰﻋ ﻻو ،عﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> نود ر<strong>ا</strong>ﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻻو ،صﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬوو ﺎﻬﺷ ﻟ ﺳﺎﻣ ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺟأ ﻣ ﺎهروﺑ ﻧﻣ ﺳﺎﻣ<br />
تﺎآ ﻣ نﻣ<br />
ّنإ ﺑ ،ﻳدﺎﻣ ﺻ تﺎآ ﻟ ﺎﻬﻟو ،تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ةدﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻻإ ﻬﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻟو ،ﺎﻬﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ذ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻗو<br />
،ﺎﻬﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺛ يﺗ ﺎﻀﻓ تﺎآ ﺗ ﻲﻬﻓ <strong>ا</strong>ﻟو ،ﺎﻬﺟرﺎﺧ ﺟﻳ ﺎﻬﺳﺎﺗ رﻣو ﺎهآﻣ<br />
،ﺎﻬﻣﻋ ﻬﺗ نأ نود ﺎﻬﻋﺗو ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺧ ﻰﻟإ لﺻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لوﺎﺗ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
هه ّنﻓ ﻋو<br />
دﺗ نأ نود ،ﺎﻬﺑ ﺗو ىﺧأو ةهﺎ ﺑ ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ لﺻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لوﺎﺗو<br />
( 58)<br />
ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ . تﺎﻋﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻳر<strong>ا</strong>ﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ضﺗ وأ ،مﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ صﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ءﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻓﻳ ،ﻣﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نز<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻋ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> أﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻣ ﻳ<br />
يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
أﻣ ّنﻷ ،ﺎآ ﻟﺎﻳ ﺑ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺎﻗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳدﺎﺣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> أﻣ<br />
لﺗ ﻳدﺎﻣ ﻳدﺎﺣأ ﺎﻣإ ﻲهو ،ﻳؤر ﻲﻓو ﺗﻼﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺣ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳدﺎﺣأ ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﻳ ﻳدﺎﺣﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺎآ ﻟذ <strong>ا</strong>ﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻲﺗو ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> هﺻﺎﻋ ﻰﻟإ دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
تﺎهﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺎآ ،ﻟذ نود ﺎﻣ ﻲﻐﺗو ﻟﺎﻣ ﺻﺎﻋ ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﺗ ،ﻟﺎﻣ ﻳدﺎﺣأ وأ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. ﻟﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺎآ<br />
ﻲﻟﺎﺑ فﻌﻳو ،ﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ُﻳ ﺎآ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ُﻳ ه ﺑ . ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
نﻻ ،ﺎﻬﻟ ﺎﻧﺗو نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ ﺎﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﺛﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳدﻌﺗو ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳدﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻳ أﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻓ<br />
يدﺎﻣ ﻋ ﻰﻟإ ﺎهدر ﺄﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ ،ﺑ ﻏ ﻲﻬﻓ ،آﻣو ةﻌﻣ ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
دﺎﻌﺑﻷ<strong>ا</strong> آأ ﻳﺗ ﻟذ ﻌﺑ ﻳ ـﺛ ﻣو<br />
،ﻣﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهدﺎﻌﺑﺄﺑ ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺑﻻ ﺎﻧإو ،ﺣ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 59)<br />
ﻏ ﻲﻌ ه ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻧإ ه ﺎﻣ ﺗ لوﺎﻳ ﻻ أﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻣ ﻳ ﻣو ، ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺛﺄﺗ وأ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و سﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ ﻐﻣ ﺑ ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻀﻓ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻧإ<br />
ﻋ ﻳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲهو ،ﺎﻬﻧ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻣ تﺎﺳرﺎﻟ يأ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
،نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ءﺎﺷﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ضﻓو ،دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻳﻣ ﻊﺟ ﻰﻋ ﻳدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺣ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ضﻓ ﺎﻬﻳ<br />
ﺗ ﺛ ﻣو ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ يﺗ ،ﺣ<strong>ا</strong>و يدﺎﻣ ﻲﻌ ﻌﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻳﻣ ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﺗو<br />
, ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>...<br />
ﻗﻼﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺎﻌﺑﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
دوﻣو سﻣ ه ﺎﻣو ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻲﻀﻳ ﺎﻣ يدﺎﻣ ﻲﺣ ﺑ , ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﻳ ﺎﻣ <strong>ا</strong>هو , ًﺎﻳدﺎﻣ سﺎﻳ ﻻﺎﻣو دوﻣﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و سﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏو ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﺣ ﻰﻋ , ﺎﻳدﺎﻣ سﺎﻳ ﺎﻣو<br />
ﻳ ﻻ ﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻟ هﺎﺗ ﻳ ﻻ نﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ّنﺄﺑ ىﺗ ﺎﻧإو , مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺣﺑ<br />
ّنأ ﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ , ﺎﻬﺣوأ هﺟ ه تﺎﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﺑ ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آو , ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻟ ﺎﺳإ<br />
ﻣﺎﺗ تﺎﻗﻼﻋ دﺟو ﻊﻣ , ﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋو ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻣ ﻲه ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 60)<br />
. ﺎﻬﺑ ﺎﻓ<br />
ﻋ دﺎﻌﺑﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ ﻣ ﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻀﻳ <strong>ا</strong>هو<br />
ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻧدﻳ ﻣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ وأ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ <strong>ا</strong>ﺗ نﺎآأ ء<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻣﻬﻣ<br />
ﻲﻓ ﻌﺳو ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣ لﺑ ﺣﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ : ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣﻬﻣ -ج<br />
دﺎﻌﺑﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ ﻣ ﻳ ﺑ دﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻲﻓ هﻬﺟ ﻳﺎﻏ ﻎﻳﺗو ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
سرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هأ ﻲﻓ . 100-99<br />
،49<br />
: ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﺷإ : بﺎآ ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎهﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ.<br />
د ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ : ﻳ ( 58)<br />
. 54-52<br />
: ﻲﻣﻼﺳإ ﻲﻓﻌﻣ مﺎﻧ ﻧ : بﺎآ ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎهﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ.<br />
د.<br />
أ ،ﻲﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
59<br />
. 60 ،52<br />
: ﻲﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> سرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ . 101-<br />
100 ، 55 : ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ : ﻳ ( )<br />
60<br />
.<br />
100 , 54-53<br />
: ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ ﻳ ( )<br />
13
،هﺎﻳإ ﻣﻳو ﻟﻗ ﻋ ﺟﻳ ﺑ ،ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﺣ ﻻ لﻗ ﻰﻟإ عﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ<br />
( 61)<br />
. ﻟﻗ ﻋ ﺟﻳ ﺑ ﻟدو ﺣ ﻋ ﺛ لﻗ ﻰﻟإ عﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ﺟ ﻊﻣ<br />
ةرﺑ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎﺧ ﻲﻓ ﻣﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه م<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنأ ىﻳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ<br />
( 62)<br />
ﻻ دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻو ﻲﻓ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻو ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻌﺗ ﻲﻬﻓ ، ةرﻣ<br />
ﻳ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻌﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻬﺑ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ( ةدﺣ . د)<br />
ﻋ ﺗ<br />
ﻓ ،ﻓ يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ةدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ﺎﻬﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻳ ﻰﻌﻣ ﻰﻟإ<br />
ﺎﻣ ﻓﻳو ،ﺻو هدﺟو يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻓ ،ﻲﻳﺗ يدﺎﻣ سﺎﺳأ ﻰﻋ ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آ<br />
( 63)<br />
ﻲـﻓ . ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ سﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳ ﻻ ﺎـﻣ ﻰـﺣ وأ ،ﺻ وأ هدﺟو مﻋ يدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ<br />
ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻌﺑ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ّنﻷ ،ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﺑ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ ﺣ ﻓﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنأ ﺣ<br />
ﻣ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺟﺎﻋ ﻳ ﻬﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻰﻋ ً<strong>ا</strong>ردﺎﻗ نﺎآ <strong>ا</strong>ذإ ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻋ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ﺗ ﻳ ﻻ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنﻓ ﻟﻟ ،ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺧأ<br />
ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آردأ ﺎﻣ <strong>ا</strong>هو ،ﻳﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻊﻀﺗ ﻻ رﻣأ ﻰﻋ ءﺎﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ وأ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻌﺗ وأ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﻳو ،ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ،ﻟ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﻀﺧإ ﻲﻐﻳ ﻻو ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﺑ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> سﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<br />
ﻳ ﻏ وأ ﻳ ،ﻌﻓﺎﻧ وأ ﻣ ﻓﻌﻣ ﻧﺄﺑ دﺎﻋ يﺷ وأ<br />
،ﻌﻟ ًﻼﻣﺎﺷو ًﺎﻌﺳ<strong>ا</strong>و ًﺎﻣﻬﻣ<br />
آ ﻰﻋ ﺗ ،ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ وأ ،ﻋ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ وأ ،ﻣﺎﻋ ًﺎﻣﺎﺣأ ﺎﻬﺗ ﻳ آ ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻗ ﻰﻋ ﺗ ، يأ<br />
( 64)<br />
ﺧﻳ نأ ﻳ مﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻓ ، ﺎﻬﻋﻣ ﺗ ﺧﻳ ﺎﻣ ضﻌﺗ نأ ﻳ ،ﺻﺎﺧ ﻟﺎﺣ<br />
ﺻ ﺎﻬﻋ ﺗ فرﺎﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﻌﺟ ﺎﻬﻧﻷ ،ﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻣو<br />
ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ<br />
. ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ وأ ﻋ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ وأ ﻣﺎﻋ مﺎﺣأ ﻰﻋ ﺎﻬ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻬﻟ ﻊﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﺑ طﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنأ ﻧ مﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻣ ًﺎﻗﻼﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻲﻟ ،(<br />
ةﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> / ﺎهﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﺎﻬﻗ ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧإو ،(<br />
ﻟﺎﺻﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
/ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
لﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺄﺑ ﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و رﻣﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ مﻋو ،ﺎﻧ ﺑﻋ ﻳﻧو ﺑدأ ء<strong>ا</strong>ر ﻰﻟإ لﺻﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻧ<br />
رﻋ ﺎﻬﺳر ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻧ ﻟﺑو ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ طﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻟﺎﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ ﻊﻣ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟو لﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻧ ﻰﺣ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ قﻓ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﻼﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻌﻟﺎﺑ ًﺎﺎﺗر<strong>ا</strong>و ﺻﺧ آأ ﻟ ،ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> فرﺎﻌﻣو ،ﺎﻓرﺎﻌﻣ ء ﻲﻓ هرﻧو<br />
( 65)<br />
ّآ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﻣو ﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﺛ ك<strong>ا</strong>ردإو ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ك<strong>ا</strong>ردإ ﻊﻣ ، ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﻟإ يدﻳ ﺎﻣ ،تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺎﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ء<strong>ا</strong>رﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻟذ سﺎﻌﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ ﻣو ،ﺎﻬﻣ<br />
. ﺎﻬﻋ ﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻟ ﺎهﺗ<br />
ﻬ<strong>ا</strong>ر ﻰﻋ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺗ <strong>ا</strong>ذإ ﻬﻋﺎﺗإو ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﺛ ﻣ ةدﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻊﻳ ﻻ <strong>ا</strong>ه ّنإ ﺛ<br />
ﻲﻋﻳ ﻻ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻧ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟ ،ﻟﺑ ﺎﻣﻳ ﻟد ﻓﺗ نود ﻣ<br />
ﻰﻋأ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ هﺗ نود ،ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗأو<br />
ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻣ ﻣأ <strong>ا</strong>ه ّنإ ﺑ ،ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آ ةﻳﺟ نﺗ نأ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هء<strong>ا</strong>رو ﻳؤﻟ<br />
( 66)<br />
دﺎﻬﺟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ةروﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺟﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ذإ ﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻌﻣ ﻧ ﻧو . ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> فﻼﺑ<br />
ﺎﺗﺳأ ﺎﻧﺄآ ﺎﻟ ،ﺻ ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻳﺳ ﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟﺎﺑ ﻲﻳ ﻳﺟ ﻲﻋ<br />
،ّﻳزُﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﺎﺑ فوﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺑ ﻲﺑأ ﺑ ﻣ <strong>ا</strong>ﻋ ﻲﺑﻷ ،ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بر ﻋ ﻌﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻼﻋأ : ﻳ ( 61)<br />
: م1973<br />
،نﺎﻟ-توﺑ<br />
،ﻋﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻊﻳزﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،ﻌﺳ فوءﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ : ﻋ ﻋو ﻟ مﻗو ﻌﺟ<strong>ا</strong>ر<br />
. 197 ،2ءﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
62<br />
. 201 ،185<br />
،184<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
63<br />
. 484-482<br />
: ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
: ﻳ ( )<br />
64<br />
. 16-15<br />
: ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 485-484<br />
: ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
: ﻳ ( )<br />
65<br />
،200<br />
،104<br />
،91<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
66<br />
.<br />
184 : ﻧرﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
: ﻳ ( )<br />
14
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﺗ ﻋ ﺎﻐﻓ ﻬﻓ<strong>ا</strong>و ،مﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟأ ﻣ مﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و رﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑذﺎﺟ<br />
ﺎﻣ ،ةﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺗﺎﺟﺎﺑ ﻲﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و يﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. ﻳﺟ دﺎﻬﺟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ<br />
ﻣ ﺎﻌﻳ<br />
: ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هء<strong>ا</strong>رو ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻣ دﻋ ﻲﻓ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻣ هﺎﻣ ﺛأ -3<br />
: ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺛ -أ<br />
ﺎﻌ هﺟأ ﻣأ <strong>ا</strong>هو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗﺎﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ ﻣﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳه ﺑ ﻣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻳ ﻻ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنإ<br />
هو ،ﻧز<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻋ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> أﻣ ﻰﻳ ﻧﻷ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻳروو<br />
ﻟ ﺑ ،ًﺎﺎﻋ<strong>ا</strong> تﺄﻳ ﻟ <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻬﻗﻣو ،ﺎﻬﺑ <strong>ا</strong>ﻣد ﺎﻣﻋ نﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟإ هذ ﺎﻣ فﻼﺑ<br />
ﻣ وّﻋ نﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻌﻣ ﻓﺎﺛ آﺗ وأ ،ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و دﺟﻟ آ ﻓ ﻳؤر وأ ﻲﻌﺟﻣ رﺎإ<br />
ﻗﻳ ﻻ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> " ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ -رﻋ<br />
ﺑﺎﺟ.<br />
د مﻼﺑ<br />
ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻣ ةدﺣ.<br />
د هﻳ ﺎآ-ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣ<br />
( 67)<br />
ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻ ﻬﻓﺎﺛ ﻰﻋ <strong>ا</strong>ﻀﻟ ﻟذو ، " ًﺎﻋو ًﺎﻳﻓ ﻋ ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>ﺳأ فﻌﻟ<br />
ﻌﺟو ،ﻌﻟ ﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ ﺗ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ ،فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻻ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﺣأ ﻲﻓ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نأ ﻊﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻌﻣ آﻳ ﺟرد ﻰﻟإ " ﺎﻬﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ<br />
مﻬﻣ ﻣ أﻳ ﻻ ً<strong>ا</strong>ءﺟ<br />
( 68)<br />
،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻣو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يأ " ﺎﻬﻟ فد<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ وأ ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻ ﻳهﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﺄﻓ ،ﻲﺑدأ يﻧ ﻋ ﻳﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻌﺳ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ىﻳ ذإ ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﺑ ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻌﺑ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ ﻣﻳ ﻻ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنأ ﺣ ﻲﻓ<br />
مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻲﺑروﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻣ ةدﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻰﻋ ظﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> " ﻲﻌﻳ<br />
( 69)<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﻟﺎﺑ مﻳ ﻬﻓ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و " ﺎﺟﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺑو ،ﻳﻟﺎﺑ ﺗﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﺣ ضرﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ن<strong>ا</strong>رود ﻣ ،فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و لﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻻ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ًﺎﺻ ﻓ ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﺑ ﺗﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ىؤﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻬﺟوو ء<strong>ا</strong>رﻵ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﺎهﺧو ﺎهﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺳﺎﻣو ﺎﻬﺑﻌﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺑ<strong>ا</strong>ﺻو ﺎﻬﺎﺧﺄﺑ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑ ﻻإ ﺗ ﻻ ةدﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> هه ّنأ<br />
،ﺎﻬﻟ ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ ﻲﻓ عﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةرﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻀﺣأ ﻲﻓ ﻣﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ءﺎﺗرﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧإ ﻲه ﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺣوو ﺎهرﺎﻓﺄﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺑﻻ ﻋ ﺎﺣ ﻟ ﻲه ،ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﻓ<br />
ةرو ةدﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻲﻌﺗ ﻻو ،ﺎﻬﻌﻣ فﻼﺧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> وأ قﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ ،ﺎﻬﺻﺧ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺑﻏ ﻓﺎﺛ<br />
قﻼﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻋو ،ﺎهرﺎﺣ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧإو ،ﻣﺎﺑ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﻣ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﺛو ةرﺎﻀﺣو ﺎﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻊﻣ ﺎﻧروﺟ ﻊﻗ ﻲﻌﻳ فﺳ <strong>ا</strong>ه ﺎّﻧإو ،ةﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧإ ءﺎﻟ ،ﺎﻬﻣ<br />
( 70)<br />
. ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ دﺎﻌﺑﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ب<strong>ا</strong>ﻐﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
وأ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ ﻲﻓ عﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةدﺎﺳ ﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ىﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ " ﻊﻓ<strong>ا</strong>وﻓ<br />
فﻬﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻏﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ،ﻲﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 71)<br />
سرﺎﻣ ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎﻌﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ، " ﺷﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻏ رﺎﻌﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳ ﻋو ﺎﻋﺎﺻو ﺎﻳرﺎﺗ ﺎﻬﻟﻼﻐﺳ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻣ ﺎﻬﻓ ﺎﻣ ﺑ ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﺑر ﺎﺣ ةرﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ " ىآ ﻌﻳﺧ<br />
: م1996<br />
،ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،بﺎﻟ ﻣﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،رﻋ ﺑﺎﺟ.<br />
د ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻧأ : ﻳو . 24 : ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 118-117<br />
. 30-29<br />
: ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ : ﻳو . 55 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( 68)<br />
. 30 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( 69)<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. هردﺎﻣو ،198-197<br />
،186<br />
،92<br />
،43-42<br />
،40<br />
،38-37<br />
،36-35<br />
،32-25<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( 70)<br />
،55<br />
: ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻋ يﺷ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻟﺎﺷإ ﻣ . 15-11<br />
: ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 105<br />
71<br />
.<br />
72 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
15<br />
67<br />
( )
،ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻗ ﻰﻋ ،ه ﻧﻼﻋ ﻰﻋ ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗ ﻗ نﺎآ ﻟذ ﻗ ﻟ . ﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻏو ت<strong>ا</strong>ء<strong>ا</strong>ﻏإ<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةﺳ ﻣ ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ ﺎﻟ ﻊﻳ ﻧﻓ ةﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻧﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻟ ﻊﻳ ﺎﺣ <strong>ا</strong>هو<br />
ﻋﺗ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟو ،ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ تﺎﻣ يﺄﺑ ف<strong>ا</strong>ﻋﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻋ ﻰﻋ مﺗ ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧو . ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻧﻼﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﺳﺄﺗ ﻻ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺎﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺳﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آ ﻣ ﻟ<br />
( 72)<br />
. "<br />
: ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺎﺛ -ب<br />
ﻓ ،ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻓ ﺣﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻐﻳ ﻻ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
مﻬﻣ ﺣ ﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ّنإ<br />
ﺑﻳ تﺎﺣو ،ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ج<strong>ا</strong>ﻣأ ﺷ ﺧﺄﻳ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنإ ﺑ ،ﻌﺟر ﻓﺎﺛ ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻣﺗ ﻓﺎﺛ ﺣﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ه ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مز<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ﻣ ّنأ ﻟﺑ ﻓ<br />
،ًﺎﻀﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ<br />
تﺎﺟﻣ ةروﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻻ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>"<br />
ﻳرﺎﻓ ،ﻲﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋد<strong>ا</strong> ﺎآ ،ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
نﻳ تﺎﺟﻣ ﻳ ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻟ ،ﺎﻓﻼﺧ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ًﺎﻗﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ىﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻣ ةﺣ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ وأ ﻗﺎﻌﻣ<br />
( 73)<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و سر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> " ّنأ ىﻳ ﻟﻟ . " تﺎﻳﺎﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و تﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
دﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ آأ ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻓ<br />
تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﺎﻬﻓ نﻳ <strong>ا</strong>ود ﺷ ﻰﻋ رﺗ ،نﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﺣو ،لوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> دﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 74)<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ةﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻳ ﻟذ ﻰﻋ <strong>ا</strong>ءﺎﺑو ، " ﺎهﻋﺎﺗ ﻣ ﺑ آأ<br />
حور ﻊﻣ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻋ ﺳﺄﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و"<br />
،ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ةدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻣ قﻼﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﺎﻟﺎﺑ <strong>ا</strong>روﻣو<br />
ﻳﻧ ﻳﻧ ﻳﺗ فﻬﺑ تﺎﻣﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﺛو ﻟﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻣو ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 75)<br />
. " ﺎﺑ ﺻﺎﺧ ﺑﻋ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻀﻓرو ،ﺎههﺟو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> طﺷ ﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنﻓ <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﻟ<br />
رﺎﺻ ،ضﻓﻣ ﻲﻌﺟﻣ رﺎإ ﻳﻗ أ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ئدﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﻲﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ،دﺎﻀﻣ ﻲﻌﺟﻣ رﺎإ ﻣ ﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يدﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻗ ﻋ دﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> قﻟﺎﺑ مﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻲﺎﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻌﻳ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣو ،ﻣه وأ ﻌﻣ ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> يروﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺻأ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﺑ<br />
ﻣ ﻟ ﻲه ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﺻﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> لﺻﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻣ ﺑ قﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻأ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺻ ﻣ ﺑ ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻣ ﻻو ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﺻ<br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺟﺎﻧو ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣزﻷ ﻼﺣ<br />
ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟذ<br />
ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ ًﻼﻣ ةرﺛو رﺗ ﻬﻓ ،ًﻋﻣ ًﺎﻐﺻو ًةدﻌﻣ ٍتﺎﺗ ﺗ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻳﻟ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻊﻟ<br />
ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>دإ ه وأ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ جوﺧ وأ ،ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>ﻋﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻋ وأ ،ةﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ةﻋد ه وأ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻧأو ﻧ<strong>ا</strong>ﻗو<br />
ﻋ ﻗﺗو آﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﺟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻐﺗو ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧﻷ<br />
ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﺎﻬﺗ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺷ ﺧﺄﻳ وأ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﺳﻸﻟ ﺗ ع<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<strong>ا</strong> لﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ه وأ ،تﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺑ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻌﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎ<strong>ا</strong> نﻗ ﻓﻳ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
بﺎﻓ ،ﻟذ ﻏو…رﻟﺎﺑ<br />
ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻟو ،ﻲﻋ ﻏ ﺟﺎﻧو ًﺎﻣ ﻳ ﻟ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ﻰﻟإ هﻳ ﺑ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧ<br />
ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> وأ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎﺣﻻ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه ﻳ هو ،ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺑأ ﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 76)<br />
. ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> هه هﺎﺗ وأ<br />
. 189-188<br />
: ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ : ﻳو . 72 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 68 : ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
74<br />
. 302-301<br />
: ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳو . 200 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
75<br />
. 53-52<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
76<br />
ﺑﺎﺟ ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ . 62-60<br />
: ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 270 : ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧ : ﻳ ( )<br />
ﻲﻓ ﻳﺑ تﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رد<br />
: ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ءﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺟ . 46 ،38-37<br />
: م1992<br />
،1ط<br />
،ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻋﺎﻟ ﺑﻋ ،رﻋ<br />
16<br />
72<br />
( )<br />
73
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻸﻟ ًﺎﻣﺎﺗ ةﻳﺎﻐﻣو ةﻣ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ّنأ ىﻳ ﻧإ ﺑ<br />
ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻟذ ﻋو ﻣﺎآ ةرﺑ ﻲﺑﻏ يﻓ رﺎإ يأ ﻲﺗ ﻓﻳ ﻬﻓ ﻟﻟ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ ـﻣ يروﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ج<strong>و<strong>ا</strong></strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ةدﺎﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ هو ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ًﺎﺳو<br />
ﻣ ﻗ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳه ﻳﺗ ﻊﻧ ﻟﺑو ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻗ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ًﺎﻣ نﺎـآ نإ ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺗﺎﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣو ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻳ ﻻ ّﻧأ ﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻟﺎﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﺛ ﻲـﻓ بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﺛ ءﺎﻓ<br />
ﻰﻳ ه ﺑ ،ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﻋﺗ ﻳد ﻟﺻأ ﻲﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻳ ﻻ ﻟآ ﻬﻓ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﺗرﺎﻀﺣو ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﺛ ﻣ ﻲآ وأ ﻲﺟ بﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> نود ﺑﻋ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺣ ﻳﺗو لﺻﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ةدﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
لﻗ ﻰﻟإ ةروﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻟذ يدﻳ نأ نود <strong>ا</strong>دأ هﺎﻣو تﺎﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>ذ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻬﻓ<br />
ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺣو ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﺗ ﻟﺎﻐﻣ ﻟﺻًأ وأ ،ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﻣ<br />
ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻐﻳ ﺎﻣ رﺎﺧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳ ﻰﺣ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ﻣﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺑﻻ ﻟذ ﻟو ،ىﺧأ<br />
( 77)<br />
ﻻ ﺑ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻳ ﻣ ﻗﻣ ﻓرو ،ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ قﻼﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ . ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﺗ ﻗ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻓﻌﻣ ﻌﻗ ﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺣ<strong>ا</strong>ﺻ ﻋﻳ ﻣ ﻗﻣ وأ ،ةﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻳ<br />
ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ﺎﻬﻣ ﻣ ﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> كﺎﻣإ لوﺎﻳ ﻣ ﻗﻣ وأ ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ<br />
ﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ودأ آ نﻣﻳ ﺛ ﻳﻧ ﻓﺎﺛ ﺳﺑ نودﺎﻓ ،ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 78)<br />
ﻗﻣ ﻣ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻣﺎﻌﻳ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻬﻓ . ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻣو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 79)<br />
. ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ لﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻋ ﻊﻣ لﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺷ ﻓ ﻗ ﻧأو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻬﻟ ًﺎﻓد<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻳ نأ ﻓﻳ ﻬﻓ<br />
( 80)<br />
ﺑﺎﺧ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻌﻳ ﻟﻟ . ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻊﻣ ﻣﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﺑ ﻓ ﻊﻣ<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ ﺑ ﺎﻓﺎﺑ ﺻﺧ آأ نز<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻋ " لﻳ ﺎآ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ<br />
( 81)<br />
ﺑﻋ تﺎﻌﻣ ﻣ ﺑدأ ﻳﻧ ( synthesis)<br />
ﺗ لوﺎﻳو ،ﺎﻬﻳ ﺎآ " ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 82)<br />
ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> عﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗو . ﺧﻵﺎﺑ لﺎﺗﻻ<strong>ا</strong>و ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> روﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> آﺄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺑﻋ ﻏو<br />
ﻰﻋ ﻟذ ﻲﻓ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻣ ،ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺳﻻو ﺑ ًﺎﺻﺎﺧ ًﺎﻗﻣ دﻳ نأ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﺻﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ا</strong>ﻏأو ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺎﺧ ﻰﻋو ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻏإ ﻳ ﻻ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>رﺎﻌﺳﻻ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎﺗ ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د ﻌو ﻳ ً<strong>ا</strong>ﺻﺎﻌﻣو ،ﺣﺎﻧ ـﻣ ًﻼﺻأ ًﺎﻗﻣ رﻳ نأ عﺎﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﻧأ يأ<br />
( 83)<br />
ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ـﻋ تﻋ ﻓ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎـﻣأ . ىﺧأ ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ<br />
ﻋ ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﻧ ﺗو ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻋو ،تﺎﺎﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﻻﺎﻣ ﻲـﻓ<br />
( 84)<br />
. ﺑروﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻀﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ ﻲﻓ هﺎﺳو ،ﻟﻧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهزﺑأ ،ةآ ت<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ<br />
ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ . 9 ،ﻣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : م1979<br />
،توﺑ ،ﻳﻼﻟ ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،ﻳد ﺑأ لﺎآ.<br />
د ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،97<br />
،70-69<br />
،47-43<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 10 : 2000 ،23دﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟﺎﻋ ﻣ ،ﺣ ﻣﺎﺣ ﺣﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ،ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 491 ،489<br />
،481<br />
77<br />
. 104-103<br />
،59<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 33 : ﺑﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
78<br />
-166<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 49-47<br />
: م1981<br />
،12ط<br />
،نﺎﻟ-توﺑ<br />
،ﻓﻧ ﺳﻣ ،ﻌﻧ ﺎﻣ ،لﺎﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
. هرﻣو ،168<br />
79<br />
،نﺎﻟ-توﺑ<br />
،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻣ ﻲﻟﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
لﺎﻧﺷﺎﻧﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ،دﺎﻋ يﺷ ،ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ئدﺎﻣ : ع<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 173 : م1990<br />
،1ط<br />
،بﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong>-ءﺎﻀﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ر<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 175-174<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 9 : م1988<br />
،1ط<br />
،ةهﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،سﺑ<br />
80<br />
. 174-173<br />
،170-168<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
81<br />
. 56 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( )<br />
82<br />
. 322-321<br />
: ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ جوﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
83<br />
. 373 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
84<br />
.<br />
195 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
17
،حﻳ ﺎآ ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﻟﺎﺑ ﺻﺧ آأ ،ﻣﺎﻣ ﻧز<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ ﺳو ﻣ قﻼﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> لوﺎﻳ ﻬﻓ<br />
،ﻲﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ﻲﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ ،ﻲﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ﻲﻧﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ نز<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ<br />
ﺎﻬﻓ ﺧﺄﻳ ﺳو ﻣ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﻣﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﺣوﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ ﺑ<br />
ﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺎﺛ ﻊﻣ ﺳﺎﻳ ﺎﻣو ﻣﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺧ ﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣو ،ﻓ ﺎﻣ ﻀﻓأ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻰﻋ ﺗﻳ<br />
،ﻲﺑﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧإو ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧإ ﺑ ﻲﺻ نز<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻬﻓ ،صﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗو<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻳ ﻻو ،آ ﻳ ﻻو ،آ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﻳ ﻻ ،ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﺗ ﻣ ًﻻﺑ ﺎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻋ لﺎﻧﻻ<strong>ا</strong> مﻋ ﻊﻣ ،لﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻣ ﻣ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻊﻣ ﻣﺎﻌﻳ ﺑ ،ﻋو ﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺗ<strong>ا</strong>زﺎﻧﺑ ﺧﺎﻳ<br />
لﺎﺗ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻼﻋ ﻲه ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟﺎﺑ ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ﻗﻼﻌﻓ ،ﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﺎﻬﺟﻻ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﺑ ﻓو ﻳﺧﻵ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﻓﺎﺛ<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ﻬﺑ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ،ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋﺷ ﻻ ﻋﺷ آﺄﻟ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ ةدﻋ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﻣ<strong>ا</strong>ﻣ لﺎﻧ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 85)<br />
ﺑ ،ﻓ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛﺄﺗ ﻋ ﺗ ﻻ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ " ّنإ ﺛ ، هﻳﺗو ﺎﺣإو<br />
ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ ًﺎﻧ أﻧ ﺎﻣﻋ [ لﻳ ﺎآ]<br />
ﻓ . ﻧ رﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛﺄﺗ<br />
ئرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﺎﻓ ﻧ ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓو ،ًﺎﻏﻼﺑو ًﺎﻳﻐﻟ ةرﻟ ﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺛﻳ ّﻧأ ﺑﻼﻓ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،ﻲﻓﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺷرأ ﺧ<strong>ا</strong>د ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻓﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ آ ﻋو ةﺟ ﺗ ﻳ هو ،ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
– ﻲﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬآرﻳ ﻟ ءﺎﺷأ كرﻳ ،ىﺧأ ﺣﺎﻧ<br />
ﻣ ﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗو ،ﺣﺎﻧ ﻣ ،هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻌﺑ ءﺎﺟ<br />
( 86)<br />
ﻣو ﻗﺎﺳ ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ لوﺎﻳ ّﻧأ يأ . " ﻧ ﻋ–<br />
ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ﻲﻓ هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ<br />
ﻟﺑو ،ﻋ ةﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻣ طﺎﺳإ مﻋ ﻊﻣ ،ﻓ شﺎﻋ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﻋ ﻲﻓو ،صﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻳرﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻌﻗ<strong>ا</strong>وو ةﺻﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎهﺎﻣ<br />
ﻲﻓ ﺛﺗ فﺳ ﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> هه ّنإ ﺛ ﻋ ﻳ فﺳ<br />
ﻲﻓ ،ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬآرﻳ ﻟ ،ﻋ ﻳﻧ ت<strong>ا</strong>دﺎﻬﺟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﺳ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻣ ﻓﺎإ ﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻓ ﺎﻬﺗ لوﺎﻓ<br />
( 87)<br />
. هﻋ<br />
ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑ نز<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﺳو نﺗ نأ ﻰﻌﻳ ،ﺑﻋ ﺑدأ ﻳﻧ وأ هﻣ دﺎﻳ ﻌﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻬﻓ<br />
ﺎآ ،ﻗﻼﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓﺗ ﻻ ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳؤﻓ ،ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺑو ﻗﻼﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
( 88)<br />
. ﻧ ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺗ سﺎﺳأ ﻰﻋ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> دﻗ ﻣ ع<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<strong>ا</strong> رﺗ<br />
ًﺎﺗو ًﻣ<strong>ا</strong>ﺻ ﻗأ نﺎآ مﻼﺳ<strong>ا</strong> رﺻ ﻲﻓ ء<strong>ا</strong>ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻲﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻟ<strong>ا</strong> " ّنأ ىﻳ ﻬﻓ<br />
ﻋ ﻣﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> نﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻣ ﻣ ﺑروﻷ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( Puritans)<br />
ﻳﻬﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻗﻣ ﻣ <strong>ا</strong>و ﺑ<br />
بﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌ ﻊﻣ ﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻣ ،ةﻟ ﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﻟ ع<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>ﻧأ ﻊﺟ ﻓر ﻰﻋ مﺎﻗ يﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ﻟذ ﻣ ﻳ ﻟو ،نﺎﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺧ ،ﻰﻟوﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﻟﺎﺣ ﻬﻧﻟ مد ءﺎﺑأ ﻰـﻋ وﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
( 89)<br />
تﺎﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> فﻼﺑ ﻊﻟﺎﺑ ﻳﻬﻟ ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
، " ﻲﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> تﺎﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻻإ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
عﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺑ ﻳ ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ـﻣ رﺎإ دﺟو طﻳ هﺎﻧﺟو ( ةدﺣ.<br />
د)<br />
ّنأ ﻻإ . ىﺧﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻳﻟ<strong>ا</strong> رﺎﻌﺷﻷ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
ﺗء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻳأ ﻗﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻬﺑ ﻳو ،ﻲﻋوﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﻲﻋﻟ<strong>ا</strong> جﺎﻧ ع<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<strong>ا</strong> ﺻﺑ ،ﺑﺎآ ﻲﻓ<br />
( 90)<br />
. ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ ﺗو<br />
ﻐﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 173 ،66<br />
: يﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻲﻏﻼﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﻳﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةرﻟ<strong>ا</strong> . 185-171<br />
،56<br />
،31<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( 85)<br />
ﺑﺎﻋ ﻣ.<br />
د ،ﻲﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﺛ<strong>ا</strong>ﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺻﺎﻌﻣ ت<strong>ا</strong>ء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ : ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻧ . 9 : ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> بﺳﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ئدﺎﻣ : ع<strong>ا</strong>ﺑ<strong>ا</strong>و<br />
. 14 : يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ . 16 : م1980<br />
،توﺑ ،ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ر<strong>ا</strong>د ،يﺑﺎﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
. 14 : يﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ةء<strong>ا</strong>ﻗ : ﻳو . 181-180<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ( 86)<br />
. 181-175<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( 87)<br />
88<br />
. 422 : ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
: بﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻋ ﻲﺑدﻷ<strong>ا</strong> ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻓ<strong>ا</strong>ور لﺣ . 422-419<br />
،417-416<br />
: ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳو . 421 : ﻧ رﻟ<strong>ا</strong>(<br />
89)<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﻲﻓ ﺳ<strong>ا</strong>رد : ﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> مﻬﻣ . 14 : 1985 ،1دﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
،لﻓ ﻣ ،ﺣ هﺎ ﺣأ ،ﺻﺄﺗو ﺗ ةﻧ<br />
. 97 : م1982<br />
،ﻊﻳزﺗ ﻧ ﻋﺎ مﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong>و ﻓﺎﻟ ﻲﺑﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> آﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ،رﻋ ﺣأ ﺑﺎﺟ.<br />
د ، ،يﻟ<strong>ا</strong><br />
90<br />
.<br />
436-434<br />
: ةﻌﻟ<strong>ا</strong> ﺎﻳ<strong>ا</strong>ﻟ<strong>ا</strong> : ﻳ ( )<br />
18
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