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KOMBINATORIKA - Komputeralgebra Tanszék

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abc bac cab<br />

acb bca cba<br />

A = {a1, a2, . . . , an} n <br />

n ∈ N. n A <br />

A <br />

Pn<br />

•<br />

ai1 , ai2 , . . . , ain A


ϕ <br />

a1 → ai1<br />

a2 → ai2<br />

<br />

an → ain<br />

A <br />

Sn = {ϕ|ϕ : A → A,}.<br />

Pn = |Sn|.<br />

<br />

A n <br />

A = {1, 2, . . . , n}.<br />

n! n <br />

n! = 1 · 2 · · · n.<br />

0! = 1 <br />

n! = n · (n − 1)! 0! <br />

1! = 0! · 1 = 1 <br />

n Pn = n!.<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

12 13 14<br />

21 23 24<br />

31 32 34<br />

41 42 43<br />

{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />

k V k n <br />

k <br />


n k <br />

n < k V k n = 0<br />

n ≥ k, <br />

V k n = Pn<br />

Pn−k<br />

<br />

= n(n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1) k <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

123 124 125<br />

134 135 145<br />

234 235 245<br />

345<br />

{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />

k C k n<br />

<br />

•<br />

<br />

n<br />

=<br />

k<br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

0<br />

= n!<br />

= 1,<br />

0!n!<br />

n < k, n<br />

k = 0<br />

n!<br />

k!(n − k)!<br />

<br />

n<br />

=<br />

n<br />

n!<br />

= 1,<br />

n!0!<br />

n k <br />

n < k, C k n = 0<br />

n ≥ k, <br />

C k n = V k n<br />

Pk<br />

=<br />

n!<br />

k!(n − k)! =<br />

<br />

n<br />

k


11 12 13 14<br />

21 22 23 24<br />

31 32 33 34<br />

41 42 43 44<br />

{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />

k <br />

V k,i<br />

n <br />

<br />

•<br />

n k <br />

<br />

V k,i<br />

n = n k .<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

111 112 113<br />

122 123 133<br />

222 223 233<br />

333<br />

n k <br />

n k


C k,i<br />

n <br />

•<br />

{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />

k <br />

<br />

n k <br />

<br />

n k <br />

<br />

C k,i<br />

n = C k n+k−1<br />

<br />

<br />

pppkk ppkpk ppkkp<br />

pkppk pkpkp pkkpp<br />

kpppk kppkp kpkpp<br />

kkppp<br />

a1, a2, . . . , ar <br />

a1 i1 a2 i2 ar<br />

ir n = i1+i2+. . .+ir. <br />

n <br />

ik = 0 P i1,i2,...,ir<br />

n<br />

<br />

<br />

r n, i1, i2, . . . , ir <br />

<br />

<br />

P i1,i2,...,ir<br />

n<br />

=<br />

n!<br />

i1!i2! · · · ir!<br />


Pn = n!<br />

V k n = 0, n < k<br />

V k n = Pn<br />

Pn−k<br />

Ck n = 0, n < k<br />

C k n = V k n<br />

Pk<br />

= n(n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1), n ≥ k<br />

n! = k!(n−k)! = n k<br />

V k,i<br />

n = n k .<br />

C k,i<br />

n = C k n+k−1<br />

P i1,i2,...,ir<br />

n = n!<br />

i1!i2!···ir!<br />

<br />

, n ≥ k<br />

n <br />

k n · k <br />

<br />

<br />

n = 2 k = 5 nk = 10; n = 3 k = 37<br />

3 · 37 = 111, k = 370 <br />

3 · 370 = 1110.<br />

1, 2, 3, . . . , n <br />

<br />

a1 = 1 a2 = 11 a3 = 111 . . . an = 111 . . . 1<br />

n n <br />

k <br />

n 1, 2, . . . , n − 1 <br />

n n−1 <br />

<br />

ai aj i > j. <br />

b = ai − aj b i − j j <br />

n n<br />

b n k <br />

π, 2π, . . . , 100π


1<br />

100 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

1<br />

100 kπ <br />

kπ 1<br />

100 π <br />

kπ <br />

<br />

mπ sπ (s − m)π = sπ − mπ =<br />

p + t, p − 1<br />

100<br />

1 < t < 100 . (s − m)π<br />

<br />

1<br />

100 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

4 <br />

85<br />

1 <br />

<br />

5 4<br />

5 85<br />

3 · 2<br />

85<br />

· = 425.<br />

1<br />

= 35 700


5<br />

2<br />

5<br />

1<br />

85<br />

5<br />

85<br />

· = 987 700<br />

3<br />

85<br />

· = 10 123 925<br />

4<br />

= 32 801 517<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

9! <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

9!<br />

3! · 3!<br />

<br />

<br />

6!<br />

2! · 3!<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

9 · 10 · 10 · 10 · 10 · 2 = 9 · 10 4 · 2 = 180 000


9 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 = 136 080<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

4 <br />

5<br />

2 <br />

6! <br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

4 <br />

<br />

5! <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

·<br />

4<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 6! −<br />

2<br />

<br />

5<br />

5 · 4<br />

· 4 · 5! = 5 · · 6! − 5 · 4 · 5! = 5!(300 − 20) = 33 600<br />

4<br />

2<br />

− <br />

5<br />

4<br />

5<br />

· · 6! −<br />

2<br />

5<br />

4<br />

· 4 · 5!<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

4 <br />

<br />

5!<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

4


4<br />

2 6! <br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 4 · 5 · 5! +<br />

4<br />

<br />

5<br />

·<br />

4<br />

<br />

4<br />

4 · 3<br />

· 6! = 5 · 4 · 5 · 5! + 5 · · 6! =<br />

2<br />

2<br />

= 5!(100 + 180) = 33 600<br />

+ <br />

5<br />

4<br />

· 4 · 5 · 5! +<br />

5<br />

4<br />

4<br />

· · 6!<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

+ <br />

5<br />

4<br />

5<br />

5 4<br />

· · 4 · 5! + 4 · · · 5!<br />

2<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

= 20 475<br />

28 4<br />

<br />

C 4,i<br />

28 =<br />

<br />

31<br />

=<br />

4<br />

31!<br />

= 31 · 5 · 29 · 7 = 31 465<br />

4!27!<br />

28<br />

4 <br />

3· 28 3<br />

3 · 28<br />

2 28 <br />

2<br />

4<br />

1


28<br />

+ 3 ·<br />

4<br />

<br />

28<br />

+ 3 ·<br />

3<br />

V 4 28!<br />

28 = 24! = 28 · 27 · 26 · 25 = 491 400<br />

V 4,i<br />

28 = 284 = 614 656<br />

<br />

28<br />

+ 28<br />

2<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

= V 2<br />

C2 5 · C2 3 5 · V 2<br />

3 =<br />

= 5 3<br />

2 · 2 = 30 = 120<br />

(C2 5 )2 = (V 2<br />

5 )2 =<br />

= 5<br />

2<br />

(C 2,i<br />

5<br />

· = 100 = 400<br />

2<br />

5 )2 = (V 2,i<br />

5 )2 =<br />

= 6 2<br />

2 = 225 = 625


5! · 1. 5! · 2. <br />

5! · (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) <br />

<br />

5! · (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) · (1 + 10 + 100 + 1 000 + 10 000 + 100 000) =<br />

= 5! · (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) · 111 111 = 120 · 21 · 111 111 = 279 999 720<br />

<br />

<br />

123 456<br />

+654 321<br />

= 777 777.<br />

<br />

6!<br />

2 , <br />

6!<br />

2 · 777 777 = 279 999 720<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

9<br />

5<br />

.<br />

<br />

9<br />

=<br />

5<br />

9! 6 · 7 · 8 · 9<br />

= = 14 · 9 = 126<br />

5!4! 2 · 3 · 4


C 5,i<br />

9 = C5 13 =<br />

<br />

13<br />

= 1 287<br />

5<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

10<br />

= 252.<br />

5<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

C 5,i<br />

10<br />

− 1 =<br />

<br />

14<br />

− 1 = 2001<br />

5<br />

<br />

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

V 2<br />

5 <br />

V 3<br />

4 <br />

<br />

<br />

V 2<br />

5 · V 3<br />

4 = (5 · 4) · (4 · 3 · 2) = 20 · 24 = 480<br />

<br />

<br />

V 2,i<br />

5 · V 3,i<br />

4 = 52 · 4 3 = 20 2 · 4 = 400 · 4 = 1600


2 5 <br />

5! <br />

10!<br />

25 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6<br />

=<br />

· 5! 25 = 945<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

9 · 7 · 5 · 3 = 945.<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

100<br />

5<br />

100<br />

5<br />

100<br />

5<br />

<br />

· 30!<br />

· 30! · 1<br />

6! 5


n <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n <br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

4<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n. <br />

<br />

(n + 2)! = n! · 90<br />

(n + 1)(n + 2) = 90<br />

n 2 + 3n + 2 − 90 = 0<br />

n 2 + 3n − 88 = 0<br />

<br />

n = −3 ± √ 9 + 352<br />

2<br />

<br />

n = 8.<br />

= −3 ± 19<br />

2


1 000! <br />

<br />

1000<br />

5 <br />

<br />

<br />

1000<br />

25 <br />

<br />

1000<br />

125 <br />

<br />

1000<br />

625 <br />

<br />

1000<br />

5<br />

<br />

+<br />

1000<br />

25<br />

<br />

<br />

+<br />

<br />

1000<br />

+<br />

125<br />

<br />

1000<br />

= 200 + 40 + 8 + 1 = 249<br />

625<br />

3400!<br />

(1700!) 2<br />

<br />

<br />

1599 = 3 · 13 · 41.<br />

1599 3<br />

533 13<br />

41 41<br />

<br />

<br />

3400<br />

41 <br />

412 412 <br />

413 > 3400, <br />

<br />

<br />

3400<br />

41<br />

<br />

+<br />

<br />

3400<br />

412 <br />

= 82 + 2 = 84<br />

<br />

<br />

1700<br />

41<br />

<br />

+<br />

<br />

1700<br />

412 <br />

= 41 + 1 = 42


1700! 2 2 · 42 = 84<br />

<br />

<br />

3400!<br />

(1700!) 2<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

C 3,i<br />

4 = C3 6 =<br />

<br />

6<br />

=<br />

3<br />

4 · 5 · 6<br />

= 20<br />

2 · 3<br />

5 · 20 = 100<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

= 10<br />

2<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

C 3,i<br />

3 = C3 5 =<br />

<br />

5<br />

= 10<br />

3<br />

10 · 10 = 100


x y z <br />

<br />

0 ≤ x ≤ 7, 0 ≤ y ≤ 7, 0 ≤ z ≤ 7<br />

x + y + z = 7<br />

x + 0, 5y + 0 · z = 5<br />

<br />

<br />

x y z <br />

7<br />

5 2<br />

2 = 21<br />

7 3 5·6·7<br />

4 2 1 4 · 2 <br />

= 2 = 105<br />

5·6·7<br />

3 4<br />

= = 35<br />

7<br />

3<br />

161<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

3! · 4! = 6 · 24 = 144<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

6


3! · 2 = 12<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

8<br />

=<br />

2<br />

8 · 7<br />

= 28<br />

2<br />

42<br />

= 1.5<br />

28<br />

<br />

<br />

(x + y + z) 6<br />

(a + 2b + 5c + d) 4<br />

(r + s + t + u + v) 6<br />

<br />

<br />

x i y j z k <br />

i + j + k = 6. <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

C 2,i<br />

7 =<br />

<br />

8<br />

=<br />

2<br />

7 · 8<br />

= 28<br />

2<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

C 6,i<br />

3 = C6 8 =<br />

<br />

8<br />

=<br />

6<br />

7 · 8<br />

= 28<br />

2


C 3,i<br />

5 = C3 7 =<br />

C 4,i<br />

4 = C4 7 =<br />

C 4,i<br />

7 = C4 10 =<br />

C 6,i<br />

5 = C6 10 =<br />

<br />

7<br />

=<br />

3<br />

7 · 6 · 5<br />

= 35<br />

3!<br />

<br />

7<br />

=<br />

4<br />

7 · 6 · 5<br />

= 35<br />

3!<br />

<br />

10<br />

=<br />

4<br />

10 · 9 · 8 · 7<br />

= 210<br />

2 · 3 · 4<br />

<br />

10<br />

=<br />

6<br />

10 · 9 · 8 · 7<br />

= 210<br />

2 · 3 · 4<br />

<br />

x 2 y 3 z 2 (x + y + z) 7 <br />

<br />

x 6 y 3 z 2 (x − 2y + 5z) 11 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

7! 4 · 5 · 6 · 7<br />

= = 210<br />

2!3!2! 2 · 2<br />

(−2) 3 · 5 2 · 11!<br />

7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11<br />

= −8 · 25 · = −200 · 4620 = −924 000<br />

6!3!2! 2 · 3 · 2


n r <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n <br />

r <br />

<br />

<br />

n + 1 r − 1 <br />

C r−1,i<br />

n+1<br />

= Cr−1<br />

n+r−1 =<br />

<br />

r n <br />

C n,i<br />

r =<br />

<br />

n + r − 1<br />

r − 1<br />

<br />

n + r − 1<br />

n r <br />

<br />

n − 1 r − 1 <br />

C r−1<br />

n−1 =<br />

n<br />

<br />

n − 1<br />

r − 1<br />

r <br />

r n − r <br />

C n−r,i<br />

r<br />

= C n−r<br />

n−1 =<br />

<br />

n − 1<br />

n − r


n. n n<br />

4 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

= 210<br />

4<br />

n!<br />

= 210<br />

4!(n − 4)!<br />

n (n − 1) (n − 2) (n − 3) = 24 · 210<br />

n (n − 1) (n − 2) (n − 3) = 5040 = 2 4 · 3 2 · 5 · 7<br />

(n 2 − 3n) (n 2 − 3n + 2) = 5040 (∗)<br />

<br />

x = n 2 − 3n (∗∗)<br />

<br />

x(x + 2) = 5040,<br />

<br />

x 2 + 2x − 5040 = 0.<br />

<br />

x1,2 = −2 ± 2√ 5041<br />

2<br />

= −1 ± 71<br />

x = 70 <br />

<br />

n 2 − 3n − 70 = 0<br />

<br />

n1,2 = 3 ± √ 289<br />

2<br />

<br />

= 3 ± 17<br />

2<br />

n = 10.


n A n <br />

A <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n <br />

<br />

<br />

|A × A| = n 2 <br />

<br />

2 n2<br />

<br />

<br />

aa <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

2 n <br />

<br />

ab a b <br />

<br />

<br />

ab <br />

ba <br />

ab ba <br />

n<br />

2 4 ( n<br />

2) .<br />

<br />

<br />

2 n · 4 (n2)<br />

n 2 n(n − 1)<br />

= 2 · 2 = 2<br />

2<br />

n2<br />

<br />

<br />

aa 2 n .


ab a b <br />

<br />

<br />

ab ba <br />

2 (n2)<br />

.<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

2 n · 2 (n2)<br />

n+<br />

= 2 n(n−1)<br />

2 = 2 n2 +n<br />

2<br />

2 (n2)<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n k <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

P5 = 5! <br />

V 4<br />

6<br />

= 6 · 5 · 4 · 3<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

P5 · V 4<br />

6 = 5! · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 = 120 · 360 = 43200<br />

<br />

n k <br />

k ≤ n + 1. <br />

<br />

Pn · V k n+1 = n!<br />

(n + 1)!<br />

(n + 1 − k)!


n k <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n k n + 1 <br />

n + 1 k <br />

<br />

C k n+1 =<br />

<br />

n + 1<br />

<br />

k (k − 1) n − k + 1<br />

k + 1 <br />

C n−k+1,i<br />

k+1<br />

= C n−k+1<br />

k+1+n−k+1−1 = Cn−k+1 n+1 =<br />

<br />

n + 1<br />

=<br />

n − k + 1<br />

k<br />

<br />

n + 1<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n k <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

8<br />

= 56<br />

5<br />

n k <br />

k ≤ n − k + 1,<br />

2k − 1 ≤ n.<br />

k


n − k + 1<br />

.<br />

k<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n <br />

k <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

6<br />

4<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

7<br />

5<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

6<br />

+<br />

4<br />

<br />

7<br />

= 15 + 21 = 36<br />

5


n k <br />

k <br />

2k ≤ n.<br />

n − 3 k − 1<br />

n−k−2 0 <br />

k − 1 1 <br />

<br />

n − k − 1<br />

k − 1<br />

n − 1 k <br />

n−k−1 <br />

k <br />

<br />

n − k<br />

k<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n − k − 1 n − k<br />

+ =<br />

k − 1 k<br />

(n − k − 1)!<br />

(n − k)!<br />

+<br />

(k − 1)!(n − 2k)! k!(n − 2k)! =<br />

= (n − k)!<br />

<br />

k<br />

+ 1 =<br />

k!(n − 2k)! n − k n<br />

<br />

n − k<br />

n − k k


n <br />

k ≥ 0 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

18<br />

13<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

18<br />

,<br />

5<br />

<br />

k ≤ n, n k <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

k +<br />

<br />

n<br />

k + n−k<br />

<br />

=<br />

2<br />

n − k<br />

,<br />

2<br />

n − k<br />

.<br />

2<br />

<br />

n<br />

n+k =<br />

2<br />

<br />

n<br />

n−k<br />

2


99<br />

=<br />

2<br />

99 · 98<br />

= 99 · 49 = 4851<br />

2<br />

1 + 2 + 97<br />

2 + 1 + 97 <br />

<br />

<br />

u.<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

v. v = 49.<br />

<br />

<br />

u =<br />

99 · 49 − 3 · 49<br />

6<br />

6u + 3v = 99 · 49<br />

= 49 · 96<br />

6<br />

u + v <br />

= 49 · 16 = 784.<br />

u + v = 49 · 16 + 49 = 49 · 17 = 833<br />

|x| + |y| < 100 <br />

x, y


x y <br />

0 99 · 2 + 1<br />

±1 98 · 2 + 1<br />

±2 97 · 2 + 1<br />

<br />

99 · 2 + 1 + 4 ·<br />

<br />

99 · 98<br />

2<br />

<br />

±98 1 · 2 + 1<br />

±99 1 (y = 0)<br />

+ 2 · 99 = 99(2 + 2 · 98 + 2) + 1 = 99 · 200 + 1 = 19 801<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

10 6 = 2 6 · 5 6<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

C 2,i<br />

7 =<br />

<br />

8<br />

=<br />

2<br />

7 · 8<br />

= 28<br />

2


C 6,i<br />

3 =<br />

<br />

8<br />

=<br />

6<br />

7 · 8<br />

= 28<br />

2<br />

<br />

<br />

28 · 28 = 784<br />

<br />

<br />

u <br />

3! = 6 <br />

v <br />

3 <br />

z <br />

z = 1 <br />

v <br />

(2 2i · 5 2j ) <br />

2 0 , 2 2 , 2 4 , 2 6 <br />

5 0 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 5 6 <br />

<br />

z <br />

<br />

v = 4 · 4 − 1 = 15<br />

<br />

u =<br />

784 − 3 · v − z<br />

6<br />

6u + 3v + z = 784<br />

= 784 − 3 · 15 − 1<br />

6<br />

= 123<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

u + v + z = 123 + 15 + 1 = 139


|A| = n |B| = k. A → B <br />

|A| = |B| = n. A → B <br />

|A| = n |B| = k. A → B <br />

{1, 2, . . . , k} → {1, 2, . . . , n} <br />

<br />

<br />

A B k <br />

<br />

<br />

k · k · . . . · k = k n<br />

A <br />

B A B <br />

A B A <br />

B B <br />

A B <br />

B <br />

n!<br />

n > k, n ≤ k, <br />

A A B <br />

k A <br />

k − 1 A <br />

k − 2 <br />

<br />

k(k − 1) · · · (k − n + 1) = V n<br />

k =<br />

k!<br />

(k − n)!<br />

B k A <br />

<br />

B k <br />

<br />

n<br />

k


10 6<br />

<br />

<br />

10 · 9 5<br />

<br />

10 6 − 10 · 9 5 = 409 510<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5 · 10 5<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

− · 10<br />

2<br />

4<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5 · 10 5 −<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 10<br />

2<br />

4 +<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 10<br />

3<br />

3 −<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 10<br />

4<br />

2 +<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 10<br />

5


n (n ≥ 3) <br />

<br />

<br />

3 n n <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

3 · 2 n .<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

3 n − 3 · 2 n + 3.<br />

<br />

<br />

A1 <br />

A2 <br />

A3 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Ai <br />

i


5 58 4 48 3 38 2 28 1 18 <br />

5<br />

5<br />

5<br />

8 −<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 4<br />

4<br />

8 +<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 3<br />

3<br />

8 −<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 2<br />

2<br />

8 +<br />

5 5<br />

4 5<br />

3 5<br />

2 5<br />

1<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 1<br />

1<br />

8 = 126 000<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

8!<br />

8!<br />

4! 5<br />

4 1 1 1 1<br />

4! · 5 = 8 400<br />

8!<br />

5!<br />

8! 5!<br />

3 2 1 1 1<br />

3!·2!<br />

3!<br />

3!·2! · 3! = 67 200<br />

8!<br />

5!<br />

8! 5!<br />

2 2 2 1 1<br />

2·2·2<br />

3!·2<br />

2·2·2 · 3!·2 = 50 400<br />

126 000


58 <br />

<br />

4<br />

1 48 <br />

<br />

<br />

4<br />

2 38 <br />

5 8 −<br />

<br />

4<br />

4<br />

1<br />

8 +<br />

<br />

4<br />

3<br />

2<br />

8 −<br />

<br />

4<br />

2<br />

3<br />

8 +<br />

<br />

4<br />

1<br />

4<br />

8 = 166 824<br />

A → B |A| = n, |B| = k?<br />

n < k, n ≥ k, <br />

<br />

k n −<br />

<br />

k<br />

(k − 1)<br />

1<br />

n +<br />

<br />

k<br />

(k − 2)<br />

2<br />

n −<br />

<br />

k<br />

(k − 3)<br />

3<br />

n + . . . + (−1) k−1<br />

<br />

k<br />

1<br />

k − 1<br />

n<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Ai, i =<br />

1, 2, 3, 4 <br />

i 7!. <br />

<br />

4<br />

1 <br />

6! <br />

<br />

4<br />

1 6! · 2. <br />

<br />

7! −<br />

<br />

4<br />

6! · 2 +<br />

1<br />

<br />

4<br />

5! · 2<br />

2<br />

2 −<br />

<br />

4<br />

4!2<br />

3<br />

3 +<br />

<br />

4<br />

3!2<br />

4<br />

4 =


= 5040 − 5760 + 2880 − 768 + 96 = 1488<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

10<br />

2 <br />

25 − 2 <br />

10<br />

2 (25 9<br />

−2) 10 <br />

<br />

<br />

9 10<br />

(2<br />

10 2<br />

5 − 2) = 9 10 · 9<br />

·<br />

10 2 (25 − 2) = 81(2 4 − 1) = 81 · 15 = 1 215<br />

<br />

<br />

10<br />

3 <br />

35 − 3 · 25 + 3 <br />

10<br />

3 (35 −3·2 5 +3) <br />

9<br />

10 <br />

9<br />

10<br />

<br />

10<br />

(3<br />

3<br />

5 − 3 · 2 5 + 3) = 9<br />

10<br />

10 · 9 · 8<br />

· (3 · 81 − 3 · 32 + 3) = 16 200<br />

2 · 3<br />

<br />

10<br />

4 <br />

5<br />

2 <br />

<br />

<br />

9<br />

10<br />

10<br />

4<br />

5<br />

2<br />

<br />

4 · 3! = 9 10 · 9 · 8 · 7<br />

· ·<br />

10 2 · 3 · 4<br />

4 · 5<br />

2<br />

· 4 · 3 · 2 = 81 · 56 · 10 = 45 360


9<br />

10<br />

9<br />

10<br />

<br />

10<br />

5<br />

5<br />

5 −<br />

<br />

10<br />

4<br />

4<br />

5 − 4 · 3 5 +<br />

9 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 = 27 216<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 4<br />

1<br />

5 +<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 3<br />

2<br />

5 −<br />

<br />

4<br />

· 2<br />

2<br />

5 <br />

− 4 · 1<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 2<br />

3<br />

5 +<br />

<br />

5<br />

· 1<br />

4<br />

5<br />

<br />

9 · 10 4 <br />

<br />

a + b + c + d + e = 9 · 10 4 .<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

(13!) 4 <br />

52!<br />

= 53 644 737 765 488 792 839 237 440 000<br />

(13!) 4


52<br />

13 <br />

<br />

39<br />

13 <br />

<br />

26<br />

13 <br />

<br />

13<br />

13 <br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

52<br />

·<br />

13<br />

<br />

39<br />

·<br />

13<br />

<br />

26<br />

·<br />

13<br />

<br />

13<br />

·<br />

13<br />

<br />

<br />

4! · 48!<br />

= 5 659 423 235 091 422 706 737 318 400<br />

(12!) 4<br />

<br />

<br />

4 ·<br />

48!<br />

(13!) 3 = 566 715 116 850 301 773 091 584 000<br />

· 9!<br />

<br />

<br />

n x, y <br />

<br />

(x+y) n <br />

n<br />

= y<br />

0<br />

n <br />

n<br />

+ xy<br />

1<br />

n−1 <br />

n<br />

+ x<br />

2<br />

2 y n−2 <br />

n<br />

+. . .+ x<br />

k<br />

k y n−k <br />

n<br />

+. . .+ x<br />

n<br />

n .<br />

x y <br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

+<br />

0<br />

<br />

n<br />

+<br />

1<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ . . . +<br />

2<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ . . . +<br />

k<br />

<br />

n<br />

= 2<br />

n<br />

n


x = −1 y = 1 <br />

<br />

n<br />

0<br />

<br />

−<br />

n<br />

1<br />

<br />

+<br />

n<br />

2<br />

<br />

− . . . + (−1) k<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ . . . + (−1)<br />

k<br />

n<br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

3 + 3<br />

1<br />

2<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ . . . + 3<br />

2<br />

n<br />

<br />

n<br />

n<br />

S.<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

S = 3 + 3<br />

1<br />

2<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ . . . + 3<br />

2<br />

n<br />

<br />

n<br />

n<br />

S + 1 = (3 + 1) n<br />

S + 1 = 4 n<br />

S = 4 n − 1<br />

<br />

1 · 1! + 2 · 2! + 3 · 3! + . . . + n · n!<br />

S.<br />

S <br />

<br />

<br />

S = 1 · 1! + 2 · 2! + 3 · 3! + . . . + n · n!<br />

1! + 2! + 3! + . . . + n!<br />

<br />

n<br />

= 0<br />

n<br />

S + 1! + 2! + 3! + . . . + n! = 2! + 3! + . . . + n! + (n + 1)!<br />

S = (n + 1)! − 1


n<br />

+ 2<br />

1<br />

<br />

n<br />

2<br />

<br />

+ 3<br />

<br />

n<br />

3<br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ . . . + (n − 1)<br />

n − 1<br />

S :<br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ n = n2<br />

n<br />

n−1<br />

<br />

<br />

n n<br />

n n<br />

S = + 2 + . . . + (n − 1) + n<br />

1 2<br />

n − 1 n<br />

<br />

n n<br />

=<br />

k n − k<br />

S <br />

<br />

n<br />

n<br />

n<br />

S = n + (n − 1) + . . . + 2<br />

0<br />

1<br />

n − 2<br />

S <br />

<br />

2S = n<br />

<br />

n<br />

+<br />

0<br />

<br />

n<br />

n<br />

+ . . . + +<br />

1<br />

n − 1<br />

S = n2 n−1 .<br />

<br />

n<br />

+ .<br />

n − 1<br />

<br />

n<br />

= n2<br />

n<br />

n ,<br />

<br />

<br />

n<br />

+<br />

k<br />

n + 1<br />

k<br />

<br />

+<br />

n + 2<br />

k<br />

<br />

n + m n + m + 1 n<br />

+ . . . + =<br />

−<br />

k k + 1 k + 1<br />

m <br />

<br />

n n<br />

+ =<br />

k k + 1<br />

<br />

n + 1<br />

k + 1


m = 0 <br />

<br />

n<br />

=<br />

k<br />

<br />

n + 1 n<br />

−<br />

k + 1 k + 1<br />

m − 1 m <br />

m <br />

<br />

n<br />

+<br />

k<br />

n + 1<br />

k<br />

<br />

+<br />

n + 2<br />

k<br />

<br />

+ . . . +<br />

n + m − 1<br />

k<br />

<br />

+<br />

<br />

n + m<br />

=<br />

k<br />

<br />

n+m n<br />

k+1 − <br />

k+1<br />

=<br />

<br />

n + m n<br />

− +<br />

k + 1 k + 1<br />

m <br />

n + m + 1<br />

k + 1<br />

<br />

−<br />

<br />

n + m<br />

=<br />

k<br />

<br />

n<br />

<br />

k + 1<br />

m


m = 0 <br />

<br />

n<br />

=<br />

k<br />

<br />

n + 1 n<br />

−<br />

k + 1 k + 1<br />

m − 1 m <br />

m <br />

<br />

n<br />

+<br />

k<br />

n + 1<br />

k<br />

<br />

+<br />

n + 2<br />

k<br />

<br />

+ . . . +<br />

n + m − 1<br />

k<br />

<br />

+<br />

<br />

n + m<br />

=<br />

k<br />

<br />

n+m n<br />

k+1 − <br />

k+1<br />

=<br />

<br />

n + m n<br />

− +<br />

k + 1 k + 1<br />

m <br />

n + m + 1<br />

k + 1<br />

<br />

−<br />

<br />

n + m<br />

=<br />

k<br />

<br />

n<br />

<br />

k + 1<br />

m

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