KOMBINATORIKA - Komputeralgebra Tanszék
KOMBINATORIKA - Komputeralgebra Tanszék
KOMBINATORIKA - Komputeralgebra Tanszék
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abc bac cab<br />
acb bca cba<br />
A = {a1, a2, . . . , an} n <br />
n ∈ N. n A <br />
A <br />
Pn<br />
•<br />
ai1 , ai2 , . . . , ain A
ϕ <br />
a1 → ai1<br />
a2 → ai2<br />
<br />
an → ain<br />
A <br />
Sn = {ϕ|ϕ : A → A,}.<br />
Pn = |Sn|.<br />
<br />
A n <br />
A = {1, 2, . . . , n}.<br />
n! n <br />
n! = 1 · 2 · · · n.<br />
0! = 1 <br />
n! = n · (n − 1)! 0! <br />
1! = 0! · 1 = 1 <br />
n Pn = n!.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
12 13 14<br />
21 23 24<br />
31 32 34<br />
41 42 43<br />
{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />
k V k n <br />
k <br />
•
n k <br />
n < k V k n = 0<br />
n ≥ k, <br />
V k n = Pn<br />
Pn−k<br />
<br />
= n(n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1) k <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
123 124 125<br />
134 135 145<br />
234 235 245<br />
345<br />
{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />
k C k n<br />
<br />
•<br />
<br />
n<br />
=<br />
k<br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
0<br />
= n!<br />
= 1,<br />
0!n!<br />
n < k, n<br />
k = 0<br />
n!<br />
k!(n − k)!<br />
<br />
n<br />
=<br />
n<br />
n!<br />
= 1,<br />
n!0!<br />
n k <br />
n < k, C k n = 0<br />
n ≥ k, <br />
C k n = V k n<br />
Pk<br />
=<br />
n!<br />
k!(n − k)! =<br />
<br />
n<br />
k
11 12 13 14<br />
21 22 23 24<br />
31 32 33 34<br />
41 42 43 44<br />
{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />
k <br />
V k,i<br />
n <br />
<br />
•<br />
n k <br />
<br />
V k,i<br />
n = n k .<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
111 112 113<br />
122 123 133<br />
222 223 233<br />
333<br />
n k <br />
n k
C k,i<br />
n <br />
•<br />
{1, 2, . . . , n} k <br />
k <br />
<br />
n k <br />
<br />
n k <br />
<br />
C k,i<br />
n = C k n+k−1<br />
<br />
<br />
pppkk ppkpk ppkkp<br />
pkppk pkpkp pkkpp<br />
kpppk kppkp kpkpp<br />
kkppp<br />
a1, a2, . . . , ar <br />
a1 i1 a2 i2 ar<br />
ir n = i1+i2+. . .+ir. <br />
n <br />
ik = 0 P i1,i2,...,ir<br />
n<br />
<br />
<br />
r n, i1, i2, . . . , ir <br />
<br />
<br />
P i1,i2,...,ir<br />
n<br />
=<br />
n!<br />
i1!i2! · · · ir!<br />
•
Pn = n!<br />
V k n = 0, n < k<br />
V k n = Pn<br />
Pn−k<br />
Ck n = 0, n < k<br />
C k n = V k n<br />
Pk<br />
= n(n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1), n ≥ k<br />
n! = k!(n−k)! = n k<br />
V k,i<br />
n = n k .<br />
C k,i<br />
n = C k n+k−1<br />
P i1,i2,...,ir<br />
n = n!<br />
i1!i2!···ir!<br />
<br />
, n ≥ k<br />
n <br />
k n · k <br />
<br />
<br />
n = 2 k = 5 nk = 10; n = 3 k = 37<br />
3 · 37 = 111, k = 370 <br />
3 · 370 = 1110.<br />
1, 2, 3, . . . , n <br />
<br />
a1 = 1 a2 = 11 a3 = 111 . . . an = 111 . . . 1<br />
n n <br />
k <br />
n 1, 2, . . . , n − 1 <br />
n n−1 <br />
<br />
ai aj i > j. <br />
b = ai − aj b i − j j <br />
n n<br />
b n k <br />
π, 2π, . . . , 100π
1<br />
100 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
100 kπ <br />
kπ 1<br />
100 π <br />
kπ <br />
<br />
mπ sπ (s − m)π = sπ − mπ =<br />
p + t, p − 1<br />
100<br />
1 < t < 100 . (s − m)π<br />
<br />
1<br />
100 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
4 <br />
85<br />
1 <br />
<br />
5 4<br />
5 85<br />
3 · 2<br />
85<br />
· = 425.<br />
1<br />
= 35 700
5<br />
2<br />
5<br />
1<br />
85<br />
5<br />
85<br />
· = 987 700<br />
3<br />
85<br />
· = 10 123 925<br />
4<br />
= 32 801 517<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
9! <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
9!<br />
3! · 3!<br />
<br />
<br />
6!<br />
2! · 3!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
9 · 10 · 10 · 10 · 10 · 2 = 9 · 10 4 · 2 = 180 000
9 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 = 136 080<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
4 <br />
5<br />
2 <br />
6! <br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
4 <br />
<br />
5! <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
·<br />
4<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 6! −<br />
2<br />
<br />
5<br />
5 · 4<br />
· 4 · 5! = 5 · · 6! − 5 · 4 · 5! = 5!(300 − 20) = 33 600<br />
4<br />
2<br />
− <br />
5<br />
4<br />
5<br />
· · 6! −<br />
2<br />
5<br />
4<br />
· 4 · 5!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
4 <br />
<br />
5!<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
4
4<br />
2 6! <br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 4 · 5 · 5! +<br />
4<br />
<br />
5<br />
·<br />
4<br />
<br />
4<br />
4 · 3<br />
· 6! = 5 · 4 · 5 · 5! + 5 · · 6! =<br />
2<br />
2<br />
= 5!(100 + 180) = 33 600<br />
+ <br />
5<br />
4<br />
· 4 · 5 · 5! +<br />
5<br />
4<br />
4<br />
· · 6!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
+ <br />
5<br />
4<br />
5<br />
5 4<br />
· · 4 · 5! + 4 · · · 5!<br />
2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= 20 475<br />
28 4<br />
<br />
C 4,i<br />
28 =<br />
<br />
31<br />
=<br />
4<br />
31!<br />
= 31 · 5 · 29 · 7 = 31 465<br />
4!27!<br />
28<br />
4 <br />
3· 28 3<br />
3 · 28<br />
2 28 <br />
2<br />
4<br />
1
28<br />
+ 3 ·<br />
4<br />
<br />
28<br />
+ 3 ·<br />
3<br />
V 4 28!<br />
28 = 24! = 28 · 27 · 26 · 25 = 491 400<br />
V 4,i<br />
28 = 284 = 614 656<br />
<br />
28<br />
+ 28<br />
2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
= V 2<br />
C2 5 · C2 3 5 · V 2<br />
3 =<br />
= 5 3<br />
2 · 2 = 30 = 120<br />
(C2 5 )2 = (V 2<br />
5 )2 =<br />
= 5<br />
2<br />
(C 2,i<br />
5<br />
· = 100 = 400<br />
2<br />
5 )2 = (V 2,i<br />
5 )2 =<br />
= 6 2<br />
2 = 225 = 625
5! · 1. 5! · 2. <br />
5! · (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) <br />
<br />
5! · (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) · (1 + 10 + 100 + 1 000 + 10 000 + 100 000) =<br />
= 5! · (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) · 111 111 = 120 · 21 · 111 111 = 279 999 720<br />
<br />
<br />
123 456<br />
+654 321<br />
= 777 777.<br />
<br />
6!<br />
2 , <br />
6!<br />
2 · 777 777 = 279 999 720<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
9<br />
5<br />
.<br />
<br />
9<br />
=<br />
5<br />
9! 6 · 7 · 8 · 9<br />
= = 14 · 9 = 126<br />
5!4! 2 · 3 · 4
C 5,i<br />
9 = C5 13 =<br />
<br />
13<br />
= 1 287<br />
5<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
10<br />
= 252.<br />
5<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C 5,i<br />
10<br />
− 1 =<br />
<br />
14<br />
− 1 = 2001<br />
5<br />
<br />
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
V 2<br />
5 <br />
V 3<br />
4 <br />
<br />
<br />
V 2<br />
5 · V 3<br />
4 = (5 · 4) · (4 · 3 · 2) = 20 · 24 = 480<br />
<br />
<br />
V 2,i<br />
5 · V 3,i<br />
4 = 52 · 4 3 = 20 2 · 4 = 400 · 4 = 1600
2 5 <br />
5! <br />
10!<br />
25 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6<br />
=<br />
· 5! 25 = 945<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
9 · 7 · 5 · 3 = 945.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
100<br />
5<br />
100<br />
5<br />
100<br />
5<br />
<br />
· 30!<br />
· 30! · 1<br />
6! 5
n <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n <br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n. <br />
<br />
(n + 2)! = n! · 90<br />
(n + 1)(n + 2) = 90<br />
n 2 + 3n + 2 − 90 = 0<br />
n 2 + 3n − 88 = 0<br />
<br />
n = −3 ± √ 9 + 352<br />
2<br />
<br />
n = 8.<br />
= −3 ± 19<br />
2
1 000! <br />
<br />
1000<br />
5 <br />
<br />
<br />
1000<br />
25 <br />
<br />
1000<br />
125 <br />
<br />
1000<br />
625 <br />
<br />
1000<br />
5<br />
<br />
+<br />
1000<br />
25<br />
<br />
<br />
+<br />
<br />
1000<br />
+<br />
125<br />
<br />
1000<br />
= 200 + 40 + 8 + 1 = 249<br />
625<br />
3400!<br />
(1700!) 2<br />
<br />
<br />
1599 = 3 · 13 · 41.<br />
1599 3<br />
533 13<br />
41 41<br />
<br />
<br />
3400<br />
41 <br />
412 412 <br />
413 > 3400, <br />
<br />
<br />
3400<br />
41<br />
<br />
+<br />
<br />
3400<br />
412 <br />
= 82 + 2 = 84<br />
<br />
<br />
1700<br />
41<br />
<br />
+<br />
<br />
1700<br />
412 <br />
= 41 + 1 = 42
1700! 2 2 · 42 = 84<br />
<br />
<br />
3400!<br />
(1700!) 2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C 3,i<br />
4 = C3 6 =<br />
<br />
6<br />
=<br />
3<br />
4 · 5 · 6<br />
= 20<br />
2 · 3<br />
5 · 20 = 100<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
= 10<br />
2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C 3,i<br />
3 = C3 5 =<br />
<br />
5<br />
= 10<br />
3<br />
10 · 10 = 100
x y z <br />
<br />
0 ≤ x ≤ 7, 0 ≤ y ≤ 7, 0 ≤ z ≤ 7<br />
x + y + z = 7<br />
x + 0, 5y + 0 · z = 5<br />
<br />
<br />
x y z <br />
7<br />
5 2<br />
2 = 21<br />
7 3 5·6·7<br />
4 2 1 4 · 2 <br />
= 2 = 105<br />
5·6·7<br />
3 4<br />
= = 35<br />
7<br />
3<br />
161<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
3! · 4! = 6 · 24 = 144<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
6
3! · 2 = 12<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
8<br />
=<br />
2<br />
8 · 7<br />
= 28<br />
2<br />
42<br />
= 1.5<br />
28<br />
<br />
<br />
(x + y + z) 6<br />
(a + 2b + 5c + d) 4<br />
(r + s + t + u + v) 6<br />
<br />
<br />
x i y j z k <br />
i + j + k = 6. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C 2,i<br />
7 =<br />
<br />
8<br />
=<br />
2<br />
7 · 8<br />
= 28<br />
2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C 6,i<br />
3 = C6 8 =<br />
<br />
8<br />
=<br />
6<br />
7 · 8<br />
= 28<br />
2
C 3,i<br />
5 = C3 7 =<br />
C 4,i<br />
4 = C4 7 =<br />
C 4,i<br />
7 = C4 10 =<br />
C 6,i<br />
5 = C6 10 =<br />
<br />
7<br />
=<br />
3<br />
7 · 6 · 5<br />
= 35<br />
3!<br />
<br />
7<br />
=<br />
4<br />
7 · 6 · 5<br />
= 35<br />
3!<br />
<br />
10<br />
=<br />
4<br />
10 · 9 · 8 · 7<br />
= 210<br />
2 · 3 · 4<br />
<br />
10<br />
=<br />
6<br />
10 · 9 · 8 · 7<br />
= 210<br />
2 · 3 · 4<br />
<br />
x 2 y 3 z 2 (x + y + z) 7 <br />
<br />
x 6 y 3 z 2 (x − 2y + 5z) 11 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
7! 4 · 5 · 6 · 7<br />
= = 210<br />
2!3!2! 2 · 2<br />
(−2) 3 · 5 2 · 11!<br />
7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11<br />
= −8 · 25 · = −200 · 4620 = −924 000<br />
6!3!2! 2 · 3 · 2
n r <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n <br />
r <br />
<br />
<br />
n + 1 r − 1 <br />
C r−1,i<br />
n+1<br />
= Cr−1<br />
n+r−1 =<br />
<br />
r n <br />
C n,i<br />
r =<br />
<br />
n + r − 1<br />
r − 1<br />
<br />
n + r − 1<br />
n r <br />
<br />
n − 1 r − 1 <br />
C r−1<br />
n−1 =<br />
n<br />
<br />
n − 1<br />
r − 1<br />
r <br />
r n − r <br />
C n−r,i<br />
r<br />
= C n−r<br />
n−1 =<br />
<br />
n − 1<br />
n − r
n. n n<br />
4 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
= 210<br />
4<br />
n!<br />
= 210<br />
4!(n − 4)!<br />
n (n − 1) (n − 2) (n − 3) = 24 · 210<br />
n (n − 1) (n − 2) (n − 3) = 5040 = 2 4 · 3 2 · 5 · 7<br />
(n 2 − 3n) (n 2 − 3n + 2) = 5040 (∗)<br />
<br />
x = n 2 − 3n (∗∗)<br />
<br />
x(x + 2) = 5040,<br />
<br />
x 2 + 2x − 5040 = 0.<br />
<br />
x1,2 = −2 ± 2√ 5041<br />
2<br />
= −1 ± 71<br />
x = 70 <br />
<br />
n 2 − 3n − 70 = 0<br />
<br />
n1,2 = 3 ± √ 289<br />
2<br />
<br />
= 3 ± 17<br />
2<br />
n = 10.
n A n <br />
A <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n <br />
<br />
<br />
|A × A| = n 2 <br />
<br />
2 n2<br />
<br />
<br />
aa <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2 n <br />
<br />
ab a b <br />
<br />
<br />
ab <br />
ba <br />
ab ba <br />
n<br />
2 4 ( n<br />
2) .<br />
<br />
<br />
2 n · 4 (n2)<br />
n 2 n(n − 1)<br />
= 2 · 2 = 2<br />
2<br />
n2<br />
<br />
<br />
aa 2 n .
ab a b <br />
<br />
<br />
ab ba <br />
2 (n2)<br />
.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2 n · 2 (n2)<br />
n+<br />
= 2 n(n−1)<br />
2 = 2 n2 +n<br />
2<br />
2 (n2)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n k <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
P5 = 5! <br />
V 4<br />
6<br />
= 6 · 5 · 4 · 3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
P5 · V 4<br />
6 = 5! · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 = 120 · 360 = 43200<br />
<br />
n k <br />
k ≤ n + 1. <br />
<br />
Pn · V k n+1 = n!<br />
(n + 1)!<br />
(n + 1 − k)!
n k <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n k n + 1 <br />
n + 1 k <br />
<br />
C k n+1 =<br />
<br />
n + 1<br />
<br />
k (k − 1) n − k + 1<br />
k + 1 <br />
C n−k+1,i<br />
k+1<br />
= C n−k+1<br />
k+1+n−k+1−1 = Cn−k+1 n+1 =<br />
<br />
n + 1<br />
=<br />
n − k + 1<br />
k<br />
<br />
n + 1<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n k <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
8<br />
= 56<br />
5<br />
n k <br />
k ≤ n − k + 1,<br />
2k − 1 ≤ n.<br />
k
n − k + 1<br />
.<br />
k<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n <br />
k <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
6<br />
4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
7<br />
5<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
6<br />
+<br />
4<br />
<br />
7<br />
= 15 + 21 = 36<br />
5
n k <br />
k <br />
2k ≤ n.<br />
n − 3 k − 1<br />
n−k−2 0 <br />
k − 1 1 <br />
<br />
n − k − 1<br />
k − 1<br />
n − 1 k <br />
n−k−1 <br />
k <br />
<br />
n − k<br />
k<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n − k − 1 n − k<br />
+ =<br />
k − 1 k<br />
(n − k − 1)!<br />
(n − k)!<br />
+<br />
(k − 1)!(n − 2k)! k!(n − 2k)! =<br />
= (n − k)!<br />
<br />
k<br />
+ 1 =<br />
k!(n − 2k)! n − k n<br />
<br />
n − k<br />
n − k k
n <br />
k ≥ 0 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
18<br />
13<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
18<br />
,<br />
5<br />
<br />
k ≤ n, n k <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
k +<br />
<br />
n<br />
k + n−k<br />
<br />
=<br />
2<br />
n − k<br />
,<br />
2<br />
n − k<br />
.<br />
2<br />
<br />
n<br />
n+k =<br />
2<br />
<br />
n<br />
n−k<br />
2
99<br />
=<br />
2<br />
99 · 98<br />
= 99 · 49 = 4851<br />
2<br />
1 + 2 + 97<br />
2 + 1 + 97 <br />
<br />
<br />
u.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
v. v = 49.<br />
<br />
<br />
u =<br />
99 · 49 − 3 · 49<br />
6<br />
6u + 3v = 99 · 49<br />
= 49 · 96<br />
6<br />
u + v <br />
= 49 · 16 = 784.<br />
u + v = 49 · 16 + 49 = 49 · 17 = 833<br />
|x| + |y| < 100 <br />
x, y
x y <br />
0 99 · 2 + 1<br />
±1 98 · 2 + 1<br />
±2 97 · 2 + 1<br />
<br />
99 · 2 + 1 + 4 ·<br />
<br />
99 · 98<br />
2<br />
<br />
±98 1 · 2 + 1<br />
±99 1 (y = 0)<br />
+ 2 · 99 = 99(2 + 2 · 98 + 2) + 1 = 99 · 200 + 1 = 19 801<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
10 6 = 2 6 · 5 6<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
C 2,i<br />
7 =<br />
<br />
8<br />
=<br />
2<br />
7 · 8<br />
= 28<br />
2
C 6,i<br />
3 =<br />
<br />
8<br />
=<br />
6<br />
7 · 8<br />
= 28<br />
2<br />
<br />
<br />
28 · 28 = 784<br />
<br />
<br />
u <br />
3! = 6 <br />
v <br />
3 <br />
z <br />
z = 1 <br />
v <br />
(2 2i · 5 2j ) <br />
2 0 , 2 2 , 2 4 , 2 6 <br />
5 0 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 5 6 <br />
<br />
z <br />
<br />
v = 4 · 4 − 1 = 15<br />
<br />
u =<br />
784 − 3 · v − z<br />
6<br />
6u + 3v + z = 784<br />
= 784 − 3 · 15 − 1<br />
6<br />
= 123<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
u + v + z = 123 + 15 + 1 = 139
|A| = n |B| = k. A → B <br />
|A| = |B| = n. A → B <br />
|A| = n |B| = k. A → B <br />
{1, 2, . . . , k} → {1, 2, . . . , n} <br />
<br />
<br />
A B k <br />
<br />
<br />
k · k · . . . · k = k n<br />
A <br />
B A B <br />
A B A <br />
B B <br />
A B <br />
B <br />
n!<br />
n > k, n ≤ k, <br />
A A B <br />
k A <br />
k − 1 A <br />
k − 2 <br />
<br />
k(k − 1) · · · (k − n + 1) = V n<br />
k =<br />
k!<br />
(k − n)!<br />
B k A <br />
<br />
B k <br />
<br />
n<br />
k
10 6<br />
<br />
<br />
10 · 9 5<br />
<br />
10 6 − 10 · 9 5 = 409 510<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5 · 10 5<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
− · 10<br />
2<br />
4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5 · 10 5 −<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 10<br />
2<br />
4 +<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 10<br />
3<br />
3 −<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 10<br />
4<br />
2 +<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 10<br />
5
n (n ≥ 3) <br />
<br />
<br />
3 n n <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
3 · 2 n .<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
3 n − 3 · 2 n + 3.<br />
<br />
<br />
A1 <br />
A2 <br />
A3 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ai <br />
i
5 58 4 48 3 38 2 28 1 18 <br />
5<br />
5<br />
5<br />
8 −<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 4<br />
4<br />
8 +<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 3<br />
3<br />
8 −<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 2<br />
2<br />
8 +<br />
5 5<br />
4 5<br />
3 5<br />
2 5<br />
1<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 1<br />
1<br />
8 = 126 000<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
8!<br />
8!<br />
4! 5<br />
4 1 1 1 1<br />
4! · 5 = 8 400<br />
8!<br />
5!<br />
8! 5!<br />
3 2 1 1 1<br />
3!·2!<br />
3!<br />
3!·2! · 3! = 67 200<br />
8!<br />
5!<br />
8! 5!<br />
2 2 2 1 1<br />
2·2·2<br />
3!·2<br />
2·2·2 · 3!·2 = 50 400<br />
126 000
58 <br />
<br />
4<br />
1 48 <br />
<br />
<br />
4<br />
2 38 <br />
5 8 −<br />
<br />
4<br />
4<br />
1<br />
8 +<br />
<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
8 −<br />
<br />
4<br />
2<br />
3<br />
8 +<br />
<br />
4<br />
1<br />
4<br />
8 = 166 824<br />
A → B |A| = n, |B| = k?<br />
n < k, n ≥ k, <br />
<br />
k n −<br />
<br />
k<br />
(k − 1)<br />
1<br />
n +<br />
<br />
k<br />
(k − 2)<br />
2<br />
n −<br />
<br />
k<br />
(k − 3)<br />
3<br />
n + . . . + (−1) k−1<br />
<br />
k<br />
1<br />
k − 1<br />
n<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ai, i =<br />
1, 2, 3, 4 <br />
i 7!. <br />
<br />
4<br />
1 <br />
6! <br />
<br />
4<br />
1 6! · 2. <br />
<br />
7! −<br />
<br />
4<br />
6! · 2 +<br />
1<br />
<br />
4<br />
5! · 2<br />
2<br />
2 −<br />
<br />
4<br />
4!2<br />
3<br />
3 +<br />
<br />
4<br />
3!2<br />
4<br />
4 =
= 5040 − 5760 + 2880 − 768 + 96 = 1488<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
10<br />
2 <br />
25 − 2 <br />
10<br />
2 (25 9<br />
−2) 10 <br />
<br />
<br />
9 10<br />
(2<br />
10 2<br />
5 − 2) = 9 10 · 9<br />
·<br />
10 2 (25 − 2) = 81(2 4 − 1) = 81 · 15 = 1 215<br />
<br />
<br />
10<br />
3 <br />
35 − 3 · 25 + 3 <br />
10<br />
3 (35 −3·2 5 +3) <br />
9<br />
10 <br />
9<br />
10<br />
<br />
10<br />
(3<br />
3<br />
5 − 3 · 2 5 + 3) = 9<br />
10<br />
10 · 9 · 8<br />
· (3 · 81 − 3 · 32 + 3) = 16 200<br />
2 · 3<br />
<br />
10<br />
4 <br />
5<br />
2 <br />
<br />
<br />
9<br />
10<br />
10<br />
4<br />
5<br />
2<br />
<br />
4 · 3! = 9 10 · 9 · 8 · 7<br />
· ·<br />
10 2 · 3 · 4<br />
4 · 5<br />
2<br />
· 4 · 3 · 2 = 81 · 56 · 10 = 45 360
9<br />
10<br />
9<br />
10<br />
<br />
10<br />
5<br />
5<br />
5 −<br />
<br />
10<br />
4<br />
4<br />
5 − 4 · 3 5 +<br />
9 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 = 27 216<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 4<br />
1<br />
5 +<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 3<br />
2<br />
5 −<br />
<br />
4<br />
· 2<br />
2<br />
5 <br />
− 4 · 1<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 2<br />
3<br />
5 +<br />
<br />
5<br />
· 1<br />
4<br />
5<br />
<br />
9 · 10 4 <br />
<br />
a + b + c + d + e = 9 · 10 4 .<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(13!) 4 <br />
52!<br />
= 53 644 737 765 488 792 839 237 440 000<br />
(13!) 4
52<br />
13 <br />
<br />
39<br />
13 <br />
<br />
26<br />
13 <br />
<br />
13<br />
13 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
52<br />
·<br />
13<br />
<br />
39<br />
·<br />
13<br />
<br />
26<br />
·<br />
13<br />
<br />
13<br />
·<br />
13<br />
<br />
<br />
4! · 48!<br />
= 5 659 423 235 091 422 706 737 318 400<br />
(12!) 4<br />
<br />
<br />
4 ·<br />
48!<br />
(13!) 3 = 566 715 116 850 301 773 091 584 000<br />
· 9!<br />
<br />
<br />
n x, y <br />
<br />
(x+y) n <br />
n<br />
= y<br />
0<br />
n <br />
n<br />
+ xy<br />
1<br />
n−1 <br />
n<br />
+ x<br />
2<br />
2 y n−2 <br />
n<br />
+. . .+ x<br />
k<br />
k y n−k <br />
n<br />
+. . .+ x<br />
n<br />
n .<br />
x y <br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
+<br />
0<br />
<br />
n<br />
+<br />
1<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ . . . +<br />
2<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ . . . +<br />
k<br />
<br />
n<br />
= 2<br />
n<br />
n
x = −1 y = 1 <br />
<br />
n<br />
0<br />
<br />
−<br />
n<br />
1<br />
<br />
+<br />
n<br />
2<br />
<br />
− . . . + (−1) k<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ . . . + (−1)<br />
k<br />
n<br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
3 + 3<br />
1<br />
2<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ . . . + 3<br />
2<br />
n<br />
<br />
n<br />
n<br />
S.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
S = 3 + 3<br />
1<br />
2<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ . . . + 3<br />
2<br />
n<br />
<br />
n<br />
n<br />
S + 1 = (3 + 1) n<br />
S + 1 = 4 n<br />
S = 4 n − 1<br />
<br />
1 · 1! + 2 · 2! + 3 · 3! + . . . + n · n!<br />
S.<br />
S <br />
<br />
<br />
S = 1 · 1! + 2 · 2! + 3 · 3! + . . . + n · n!<br />
1! + 2! + 3! + . . . + n!<br />
<br />
n<br />
= 0<br />
n<br />
S + 1! + 2! + 3! + . . . + n! = 2! + 3! + . . . + n! + (n + 1)!<br />
S = (n + 1)! − 1
n<br />
+ 2<br />
1<br />
<br />
n<br />
2<br />
<br />
+ 3<br />
<br />
n<br />
3<br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ . . . + (n − 1)<br />
n − 1<br />
S :<br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ n = n2<br />
n<br />
n−1<br />
<br />
<br />
n n<br />
n n<br />
S = + 2 + . . . + (n − 1) + n<br />
1 2<br />
n − 1 n<br />
<br />
n n<br />
=<br />
k n − k<br />
S <br />
<br />
n<br />
n<br />
n<br />
S = n + (n − 1) + . . . + 2<br />
0<br />
1<br />
n − 2<br />
S <br />
<br />
2S = n<br />
<br />
n<br />
+<br />
0<br />
<br />
n<br />
n<br />
+ . . . + +<br />
1<br />
n − 1<br />
S = n2 n−1 .<br />
<br />
n<br />
+ .<br />
n − 1<br />
<br />
n<br />
= n2<br />
n<br />
n ,<br />
<br />
<br />
n<br />
+<br />
k<br />
n + 1<br />
k<br />
<br />
+<br />
n + 2<br />
k<br />
<br />
n + m n + m + 1 n<br />
+ . . . + =<br />
−<br />
k k + 1 k + 1<br />
m <br />
<br />
n n<br />
+ =<br />
k k + 1<br />
<br />
n + 1<br />
k + 1
m = 0 <br />
<br />
n<br />
=<br />
k<br />
<br />
n + 1 n<br />
−<br />
k + 1 k + 1<br />
m − 1 m <br />
m <br />
<br />
n<br />
+<br />
k<br />
n + 1<br />
k<br />
<br />
+<br />
n + 2<br />
k<br />
<br />
+ . . . +<br />
n + m − 1<br />
k<br />
<br />
+<br />
<br />
n + m<br />
=<br />
k<br />
<br />
n+m n<br />
k+1 − <br />
k+1<br />
=<br />
<br />
n + m n<br />
− +<br />
k + 1 k + 1<br />
m <br />
n + m + 1<br />
k + 1<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
n + m<br />
=<br />
k<br />
<br />
n<br />
<br />
k + 1<br />
m
m = 0 <br />
<br />
n<br />
=<br />
k<br />
<br />
n + 1 n<br />
−<br />
k + 1 k + 1<br />
m − 1 m <br />
m <br />
<br />
n<br />
+<br />
k<br />
n + 1<br />
k<br />
<br />
+<br />
n + 2<br />
k<br />
<br />
+ . . . +<br />
n + m − 1<br />
k<br />
<br />
+<br />
<br />
n + m<br />
=<br />
k<br />
<br />
n+m n<br />
k+1 − <br />
k+1<br />
=<br />
<br />
n + m n<br />
− +<br />
k + 1 k + 1<br />
m <br />
n + m + 1<br />
k + 1<br />
<br />
−<br />
<br />
n + m<br />
=<br />
k<br />
<br />
n<br />
<br />
k + 1<br />
m