Kodi tingachite chiyani kuti titeteze moyo wa ana?
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Kodi tingachite chiyani kuti titeteze moyo wa ana?

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314<br />

MUTU<br />

21<br />

<strong>Kodi</strong> <strong>tingachite</strong> <strong>chiyani</strong> <strong>kuti</strong> <strong>titeteze</strong> <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong>?<br />

CHAKUDYA CHOPATSA THANZI, UKHONDO, KATEMERA<br />

NDIWO ATETEZI ATATU OFUNIKA KWAMBIRI AMENE AMAPATSA ANA<br />

MOYO WA THANZI NDI KUWATETEZA KU MATENDA OSIYANASIYANA.<br />

Mutu 11 ndi 12 ikukamba zambiri za ubwino <strong>wa</strong> chakudya chokhala ndi zofuna za<br />

thupi, ukhondo ndi katemera. Makolo ayenera kuwerenga mitu imeneyi mosamala<br />

ndikuigwiritsira ntchito posamalira ndi kuphunzitsa <strong>ana</strong> awo. Mfundo zikuluzikulu<br />

zabwerezed<strong>wa</strong>nso pano.<br />

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi<br />

MOYO NDI MATENDA<br />

A ANA<br />

Ndi kofunikira k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri <strong>kuti</strong> <strong>ana</strong> azidya chakudya chimene chili ndi zofunika zathupi<br />

chimene chingapezeke, kotero <strong>kuti</strong> adzikula bwino komanso asamad<strong>wa</strong>le.<br />

Zakudya zabwino k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> a misinkhu yosiy<strong>ana</strong>siy<strong>ana</strong> ndi izi:<br />

• Miyezi 4 yoyamba: mkaka <strong>wa</strong> m’mawere osatinso zina ayi.<br />

• Miyezi inayi kufikira chaka chimodzi: mkaka <strong>wa</strong> m’mawere komanso zakudya<br />

zokhala ndi zonse zofunika m’thupi monga chipere, mazira, nyama, zipatso<br />

zophika ndi ndiwo zamasamba, komanso nsima ndi mpunga.<br />

• Kuchokera chaka chimodzi kupita m’tsogolo, m<strong>wa</strong>na ayenera kudya zakudya<br />

zimene anthu akuluakulu amadya, koma pafupipafupi. Pa chakudya chathu<br />

chenicheni (mpunga, nsima ya chimanga, mawere, chinang<strong>wa</strong> kapena chimera)<br />

wonjezanipo ‘zakudya zothandizira’ monga zatchulid<strong>wa</strong> m’mutu <strong>wa</strong> 11.<br />

• Koposa zonse, <strong>ana</strong> ayenera kudya chakudya chok<strong>wa</strong>nira ndiponso kangapo pa<br />

tsiku.<br />

• Makolo onse ayenera kukhala tcheru ndi zizindikiro za kunyentchera k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> awo<br />

ndipo ayenera ku<strong>wa</strong>patsa zakudya zabwino koposa zimene angak<strong>wa</strong>nitse.

Ukhondo<br />

315<br />

Ana adzakhala ndi <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>thanzi ngati midzi, makomo ndi iwo eni akewo ali<br />

aukhondo. Tsatirani malangizo aukhondo amene ali m’mutu 12. Aphunzitseni <strong>ana</strong> anu<br />

kuzitsatira ndi kuzimvetsa ubwino <strong>wa</strong>ke. Pano malangizo ofunika k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri<br />

abwerezed<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

• Asambitseni <strong>ana</strong> anu ndi ku<strong>wa</strong>sintha zovala zawo nthawi zonse.<br />

• Aphunzitseni <strong>ana</strong> kusamba m’manja nthawi zonse pamene adzuka m’ma<strong>wa</strong>,<br />

akachoka ku chimbudzi, komanso as<strong>ana</strong>dye kapena kugwira chakudya.<br />

• Kumbani zimbudzi ndipo aphunzitseni <strong>ana</strong>wo kuzigwiritsira ntchito zimbudzizo.<br />

• Kumene kuli mahukuwemu, musalole <strong>ana</strong> anu kuyenda opanda nsapato; gwiritsirani<br />

ntchito nsapato.<br />

• Phunzitsani <strong>ana</strong> kutsuka mano ndipo musama<strong>wa</strong>patse mabisiketi ambiri, maswiti<br />

kapena zakum<strong>wa</strong> monga kokakola.<br />

• Dulani zikhadabo zawo <strong>kuti</strong> zikhale zazifupi.<br />

• Musalole <strong>ana</strong> amene ali od<strong>wa</strong>la kapena amene ali ndi zilonda, mphere, nsabwe,<br />

kapena chipere kugona ndi <strong>ana</strong> anzawo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zovala zimodzi<br />

kapena nsalu yopuputira.<br />

• Apatseni chithandizo msanga <strong>ana</strong> amene ali ndi mphere, chipere, njoka<br />

zam’mimba, ndi matenda ena opatsir<strong>ana</strong> mosavuta kuchoka k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na wina<br />

kupita k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na m’nzake.<br />

• Musalole <strong>ana</strong> anu kuika zinthu zakuda m’kam<strong>wa</strong> kapena kulola galu ku<strong>wa</strong>nyambita<br />

nkhope zawo.<br />

• Musalole nkhumba, agalu, ndi nkhuku kukhala m’nyumba m<strong>wa</strong>nu.<br />

• Musaike zakudya za <strong>ana</strong> m’mabotolo, chifuk<strong>wa</strong> amavuta kutsuka k<strong>wa</strong>ke ndipo<br />

zikhoza kubweretsa matenda. Apatseni makanda mkaka <strong>wa</strong> m’mawere kuchokera<br />

mu kapu kapena ndi sipuni.<br />

• Gwiritsirani ntchito madzi otetezed<strong>wa</strong> kapena owiritsid<strong>wa</strong> monga akum<strong>wa</strong>. Izi<br />

nzofunikira k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri k<strong>wa</strong> makanda.<br />

Katemera<br />

Makatemera amateteza <strong>ana</strong> ku matenda ambiri<br />

amene ali owopsa k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> monga chifu<strong>wa</strong><br />

chokoka mtima, diphtheria, kafumbata, matenda<br />

opu<strong>wa</strong>litsa zi<strong>wa</strong>lo, chikuku ndi chifu<strong>wa</strong> chachikulu.<br />

Ana ayenera kupatsid<strong>wa</strong> makatemera<br />

osiy<strong>ana</strong>siy<strong>ana</strong> miyezi yoyambirira ya <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>wo,<br />

monga tsamba 154 lasonyezera. Katemera <strong>wa</strong><br />

matenda opu<strong>wa</strong>litsa zi<strong>wa</strong>lo a poliyo ayenera<br />

kupereked<strong>wa</strong> koyambilira pas<strong>ana</strong>the miyezi iwiri,<br />

chifuk<strong>wa</strong> matenda opu<strong>wa</strong>litsa zi<strong>wa</strong>lo ndi ochuluka<br />

pakati pa <strong>ana</strong> osapitirira chaka chimodzi.<br />

Chitani izi<br />

Pofuna<br />

kuteteza<br />

izi<br />

katemera <strong>wa</strong> poliyo<br />

Zofunika kudzi<strong>wa</strong>: Kuti m<strong>wa</strong>na atetezedwe<br />

mok<strong>wa</strong>nira, makatemera a DPT (diphtheria, chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima, kafumbata) ndi<br />

poliyo ayenera kupereked<strong>wa</strong> kamodzi pa mwezi k<strong>wa</strong> miyezi itatu ndiponso kamodzi<br />

chaka chinacho.<br />

Kafumbata <strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na wongobad<strong>wa</strong> kumene atha kupewed<strong>wa</strong> po<strong>wa</strong>patsa amayi<br />

katemera <strong>wa</strong> kafumbata pa nthawi imene iwo ali ndi pakati (onani tsamba 266).<br />

Onetsetsani <strong>kuti</strong> <strong>ana</strong> anu akulandira makatemera onse amene akufunikira.

316<br />

Kukula k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> komanso “msewu wopita<br />

ku <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong> thanzi”<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>thanzi amakula mosabwerera m’mbuyo. Ngati iye adya<br />

zakudya zokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi la munthu, komanso<br />

ngati alibe matenda ena aakulu, m<strong>wa</strong>na amalemera mowonjezera<br />

mwezi uliwonse.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na amene akukula bwino ndi <strong>wa</strong>thanzi.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na amene akukwera sikelo pang’onopang’ono kuyerekeza ndi <strong>ana</strong> ena, nasiya<br />

kukwera, kapena ngati akutsika, alibe <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>thanzi. Mwina iye sakudya mok<strong>wa</strong>nira<br />

kapena ali ndi matenda aakulu, kapena zonse ziwiri.<br />

Njira yabwino yodziwira ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na ali bwino komanso <strong>kuti</strong> akudya zakudya<br />

zokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi ndiyo kukamukweza sikelo mwezi uliwonse ndi<br />

kuwona ngati iye akuwonjezera kulemera moyenera. Ngati kukwera sikelo k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

kusonyezed<strong>wa</strong> pa Matchati a Moyo <strong>wa</strong> M<strong>wa</strong>na, nk<strong>wa</strong>pafupi kuwona ngati m<strong>wa</strong>nayo<br />

akuwonjezera kulemera k<strong>wa</strong>ke moyenera.<br />

Atagwiritsid<strong>wa</strong> ntchito bwino, matchati adzadziwitsa amayi ndi ogwira ntchito<br />

zachipatala pamene m<strong>wa</strong>na sakukula moyenera, kotero <strong>kuti</strong> angachitepo kanthu.<br />

Akhoza kuyamba kuwonetsetsa <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na akudya mok<strong>wa</strong>nira, ndipo akhoza<br />

kumthandiza pa matenda ali wonse amene m<strong>wa</strong>na angakhale nawo.<br />

Tsamba lotsatira lili ndi Tchati cha Moyo <strong>wa</strong> M<strong>wa</strong>na chenicheni chosonyeza ‘Msewu<br />

Wopita ku Moyo <strong>wa</strong> thanzi’ Tchati chimenechi chitha kudulid<strong>wa</strong> ndi kusindikizid<strong>wa</strong>nso.<br />

Ndi chinthu chofunika k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri <strong>kuti</strong> amayi onse akhale ndi Matchati a Moyo <strong>wa</strong> Ana<br />

ake onse a zaka zosafika 5. Ngati pafupi pali chipatala chaching’ono kapena<br />

chipatala cha sikelo ya <strong>ana</strong>, mayi ayenera kupita ndi <strong>ana</strong> ake, ndi matchati awo, <strong>kuti</strong><br />

akakwezedwe pa sikelo ndikukawoned<strong>wa</strong> ngati akud<strong>wa</strong>la mwezi uliwonse. Ogwira<br />

ntchito zachipatala atha kuthandiza kufotokoza za patchati ndi kagwiritsidwe kake<br />

ntchito.<br />

Kuti musunge bwino Tchati cha Moyo <strong>wa</strong> M<strong>wa</strong>na, ikani mu enivelopu ya pulasitiki.<br />

Kukweza sikelo <strong>ana</strong> ang’onoang’ono<br />

SIKELO YOCHITA KUPANGA KUNYUMBA<br />

Mutha kupanga sikelo ndi mtengo wouma<br />

kapena nsungwi. Mlingo wolemera umene<br />

mungagwiritsire ntchito ndi thumba, botolo,<br />

kapena chitini chodzadza ndi mchenga.<br />

mbedza ziwiri zotalikir<strong>ana</strong> 5 cm<br />

sikelo yalendewera ku mbedza iyi<br />

mtengo (mtanda) wotalika 1 m<br />

choyangata<br />

(chonyamula)<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

Kulemera k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na kumakhala<br />

kokhozeka pamene mtanda uli<br />

<strong>wa</strong>pingasa molunjika kapena<br />

mosapendekera mbali imodzi.<br />

chinthu<br />

chosunthikasunthika<br />

SIKELO YOMWE<br />

IMASONYEZA<br />

KULEMERA KWA<br />

MWANA MOSAPHEKA<br />

KAPENA MOKHOZA<br />

Chitchati cha m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

chimaikid<strong>wa</strong> kumbuyo<br />

k<strong>wa</strong> sikelo pofuna <strong>kuti</strong><br />

munthu wolembera<br />

kulemera k<strong>wa</strong><br />

m<strong>wa</strong>nayo asonjeza<br />

mosalakwitsa<br />

chiwerengero<br />

chenicheni cha mmene<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>lemerera pa<br />

sikelopo.

AK AT E MER A TSIKU<br />

BCG<br />

MLINGO WOYAMBA<br />

MLINGO WACHIWIRI<br />

MLINGO WACHITATU<br />

POLIO<br />

TCHATI CHOSONYEZA THANZI LA<br />

MWANA<br />

KILINIKI 1……………………………………Ay i<br />

KILINIKI 2……………………………………Ay i<br />

MLINGO WACHINAI<br />

MTSIKANA<br />

MYAMATA<br />

MLINGO WOYAMBA<br />

MLINGO WACHIWIRI<br />

MLINGO WACHITATU<br />

Diptheria<br />

DPT Chif u<strong>wa</strong> chokoka<br />

mtima<br />

Kafumbata<br />

CHIKUKU<br />

SIKELA<br />

POBADWA<br />

DZINA LA<br />

MWANA<br />

TSIKU tsiku mwezi chaka<br />

LOBADWA<br />

MLINGO WOYAMBA<br />

MLINGO WACHIWIRI<br />

MLINGO WACHITATU<br />

KATEMERA WA AMAYI<br />

TOXOID<br />

DZINA LA MAI<br />

WA MWANA<br />

DZINA NGATI<br />

SIMAI WA MWANA<br />

DZINA LA BAMBO<br />

WA MWANA<br />

MWANA<br />

AMAKHALA KUTI?<br />

MADZI OBWEZERA MCHERE MTHUPI<br />

MASIKU<br />

Adaphunzitsi<br />

d<strong>wa</strong><br />

Adagwiritsa<br />

ntchito<br />

Mai <strong>wa</strong>khala ndi <strong>ana</strong> angati?............................... .............................................<br />

A<strong>moyo</strong> angati?...........................................................Ankufa angati?...............<br />

KHATI LAPEREKEDWA NDIPO<br />

MAI WAPHUNZITSIDWA NDI:<br />

SAMALI -<br />

RANI MWA<br />

PADERA<br />

FUNSANI MAI ZIFUKWA ZOTSATIRAZI NGATI NDIZO<br />

ZAPANGITSA KUTI MWANA APAT SIDWE THANDIZA<br />

LAPAD ERA (zungulizani mzere pa yankho okhonz a)<br />

Ey a<br />

Ey a<br />

Ey a<br />

Ey a<br />

Ey a<br />

Ey a<br />

Ay i<br />

Ay i<br />

Ay i<br />

Ay i<br />

Ay i<br />

Ay i<br />

<strong>Kodi</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>ana</strong>li <strong>wa</strong> si kelo yochepera 2.5kg pobad<strong>wa</strong><br />

<strong>Kodi</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>nayu ndi <strong>wa</strong>mapasa<br />

<strong>Kodi</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>nayu amaya mwitsi dwira m’ mbotolo<br />

<strong>Kodi</strong> mai asi<strong>wa</strong> t handizo labanja lowonj ezera<br />

<strong>Kodi</strong> abale ake a m<strong>wa</strong>nayu ndi otsi ka si kelo<br />

mosavomerezeka<br />

<strong>Kodi</strong> pali zifuk<strong>wa</strong> zina zosamalitsa pa m<strong>wa</strong>nayi<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>chits anz o - chifu<strong>wa</strong> c hikulu, khate kapena mavuto a<br />

kumudzi<br />

Kumbukirani kukambir<strong>ana</strong> zakulera<br />

317<br />

Tsiku lof ika kuchipatala ________________________________<br />

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_________________________________ ___________________<br />

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318<br />

.

Mmene Mungagwiritsire ntchito Tchati<br />

cha Moyo <strong>wa</strong> M<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

CHOYAMBA,<br />

lembani miyezi ya<br />

chaka cho<br />

mtimabokosi<br />

ting’onoting’ono<br />

pansi pa tchati.<br />

Lembani mwezi pamene m<strong>wa</strong>na adabad<strong>wa</strong><br />

m’kabokosi koyamba m’chaka chilichonse.<br />

Tchati ichi chikusonyeza <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na adabad<strong>wa</strong> mmwezi <strong>wa</strong> Malitchi.<br />

CHACHIWIRI, kwezani m<strong>wa</strong>na pa sikelo.<br />

Tingoyerekeza <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na adabad<strong>wa</strong> mwezi <strong>wa</strong> Epulo. Tsopano ndi<br />

Ogasiti, ndipo m<strong>wa</strong>na akulemera makilogilamu 6.<br />

CHACHITATU, yang’<strong>ana</strong>ni pa khadi.<br />

Makilogalamu amalembed<strong>wa</strong> kumbali k<strong>wa</strong> khadi.<br />

Funani pamene palembed<strong>wa</strong> makilogalamu amene<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na akulemera (M’chitsanzo ichi ndi makilogalamu 6).<br />

Sikelo<br />

yozendewera<br />

kapena ya<br />

katungw e<br />

319<br />

Kenaka fufuzani mwezi umene tilimo pansi pa tchati<br />

(m’chitsanzo chino ndi Ogasiti <strong>wa</strong> chaka choyamba cha<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>nayo).

320<br />

CHACHINAYI,<br />

tsatirani mzere umene<br />

ukuchokera ku 6<br />

ndi<br />

mizera imene ikupita<br />

ikupita mm<strong>wa</strong>mba<br />

kuchokera ku Ogasiti.<br />

Ndi kosavuta kudzi<strong>wa</strong> pamene<br />

payenera kuikid<strong>wa</strong> kadontho ngati<br />

muika kapepala kangodya zinayi<br />

kodula bwino pam<strong>wa</strong>mba pa tchati.<br />

1.<br />

Ikani malekezero<br />

amodzi a pepala<br />

motsatira mzere <strong>wa</strong><br />

kulemera k<strong>wa</strong><br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na.<br />

Mwezi uliwonse kwezani<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na sikelo ndikuika dontho<br />

lina pa tchati.<br />

Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na ali <strong>wa</strong>thanzi,<br />

mwezi uliwonse kadontho<br />

kodzapita m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba m<strong>wa</strong><br />

tchati kuposa mwezi<br />

<strong>wa</strong>m’mbuyo.<br />

Kuti muwone <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

akukula bwino, lumikizani<br />

timadontho ndi kamzera.<br />

Ikani ka dontho ndi<br />

kona ya pepala.<br />

2. Ikani malekezo ena a pepala<br />

wotsatira mzere <strong>wa</strong> mwezi.

Mmene Mungawerengele Tchati cha<br />

Moyo <strong>wa</strong> M<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

Mizere iwiri yokhota yomwe ili pa tchati<br />

ikusonyeza ‘Msewu Wopita ku Moyo Wathanzi’<br />

umene m<strong>wa</strong>na ayenera kuyenda.<br />

Mzere <strong>wa</strong> madontho ukusonyeza kulemera k<strong>wa</strong><br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na kuchoka mwezi umodzi kufika wina,<br />

komanso kuchokera chaka china kufika chaka<br />

chinzake.<br />

K<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> amene akukula moyenera ndi <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>thanzi, kamzera ka madontho<br />

kamayenda pakati pa mizere yaitali yokhotayo. Ndi chifuk<strong>wa</strong> chake malo amene ali<br />

pakati pa mizere iwiriyo amatched<strong>wa</strong> Msewu Wopita ku Moyo Wathanzi.<br />

Ngati kamzere ka madontho kakwera popanda kutsika, mwezi ndi mwezi, kulowera<br />

mbali imodzi monga mizere yaitali yokhotayo, ichinso ndi chizindikiro choti m<strong>wa</strong>na ali<br />

ndi thanzi.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>thanzi, amene amalandira chakudya chok<strong>wa</strong>nira chokhala ndi zonse<br />

zofunikira m’thupi, nthawi zambiri amayamba kukhala, kuyenda, ndi kuyankhula<br />

pafupifupi nthawi zimene zatchulid<strong>wa</strong> pansipa.<br />

Chithunzi chenicheni cha<br />

MWANA WATHANZI,<br />

WODYETSEDWA BWINO<br />

K<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong><br />

<strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>thanzi,<br />

wodyetsed<strong>wa</strong><br />

bwino, sikelo<br />

imakwera<br />

mosalekeza.<br />

Madontho nthawi<br />

zambiri amakhala<br />

m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> mizere<br />

yosonyeza Msewu<br />

Wopita ku Moyo<br />

Wathanzi.<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na akukhala<br />

osagwiririd<strong>wa</strong><br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong><br />

miyezi 6<br />

mpaka 8<br />

<strong>wa</strong>yamba kuyenda<br />

timasitepe tingapo<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong><br />

miyezi 12<br />

mpaka 16<br />

.<br />

<strong>wa</strong>yamba<br />

kulankhala<br />

nau amodzi<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong> miyezi<br />

11 mpaka 18<br />

321<br />

<strong>wa</strong>yamba kunena<br />

maganizo omweka<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong><br />

zaka zitatu

322<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na amene sadya mok<strong>wa</strong>nira, ndi wod<strong>wa</strong>lad<strong>wa</strong>la akhoza kukhala ndi tchati<br />

monga chimene tikuchiona pansipa. Onani <strong>kuti</strong> kamzera ka madontho (kulemera<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>ke) kali pansi pa Msewu Wopita ku Moyo Wathanzi. Mzera <strong>wa</strong>kenso <strong>wa</strong> madontho<br />

ndi osokonekerasokonekera ndipo siukwera k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri. Izi zikusonyeza <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

akupita koipa.<br />

Mmene tchati cha MWANA WOSALEMERA<br />

PASIKELO NDINSO WOSOWA ZAKUDYA<br />

MTHUPI LIMAONEKERA<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na amene ali ndi tchati ngati chili pam<strong>wa</strong>mbachi ali ndi vuto lalikulu la<br />

kusalemera. Chikhoza kukhala chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choti sakudya zok<strong>wa</strong>nira zokhala ndi zonse<br />

zofunikira m’thupi. Kapena chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choti ali ndi matenda monga chifu<strong>wa</strong> chachikulu<br />

kapena malungo. Kapenanso zonse ziwiri. Ayenera kupatsid<strong>wa</strong> chakudya chokhala ndi<br />

zonse zofunikira m’thupi chimene chilipo, ndiponso ngati kuli kotheka, ayenera<br />

kumutengera k<strong>wa</strong> munthu wogwira ntchito zachipatala pafupipafupi kufikira tchati chake<br />

chitayamba kusonyeza <strong>kuti</strong> <strong>wa</strong>yamba kulemera ndi kubwerera ku Msewu Wopita ku<br />

Moyo Wathanzi.<br />

Chofunikira: Khalani tcheru komwe kamzere ka madontho kakulowera.<br />

ZOOPSA: M<strong>wa</strong>nayu sakuwonjezera sikelo yake.<br />

Ngakhale madontho a<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>nayu adakali m’kati<br />

m<strong>wa</strong> mizera yaitali<br />

yokhota, m<strong>wa</strong>nayu<br />

sakukwera bwino k<strong>wa</strong><br />

miyezi yochuluka.<br />

ALI BWINO! M<strong>wa</strong>nayu akukwera bwino sikelo.<br />

Ngakhale <strong>kuti</strong> madontho a<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>nayu ali kunsi k<strong>wa</strong>mizere<br />

ikuluikulu yokhota iwiriyo, kupita<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>wo m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba kukusonyeza<br />

<strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na akukula bwino.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>chilengedwe, <strong>ana</strong> ena<br />

amakhala aang’ono matupi kuposa<br />

ena. Mwinanso makolo a m<strong>wa</strong>nayu<br />

ndi aang’ono kathupi kuposa<br />

mmene zimayenera kukhalira.<br />

Kumene madontho akulowelera kumatiuza zambiri za <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na kuposa ngati<br />

madontho ali m’kati kapena kunsi k<strong>wa</strong> mizere yokhotayo. Monga chitsanzo, onani<br />

tsamba lotsatirali.<br />

.<br />

Madontho akusonyeza <strong>kuti</strong><br />

kulemera kapena sikelo ya<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>nayu yakhala<br />

isakukwera <strong>moyo</strong>nera ndipo<br />

pa miyezi yapitayi m<strong>wa</strong>nayu<br />

<strong>wa</strong>taya kulemera k<strong>wa</strong>ke.

TCHATI CHA MOYO WA MWANA CHOSONYEZA MOYO WENIWENI WA MWANA<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>nayu <strong>ana</strong>li <strong>wa</strong>thanzi Ali ndi miyezi 6, mayi Ali ndi miyezi 10 <strong>ana</strong>yamba Ali ndi miyezi 13<br />

ndipo amakwera bwino sikelo adapezekanso ali od<strong>wa</strong>la ndipo kutsekula m’mimba ndipo mayi ake adaphunzira<br />

miyezi yoyambirira 6 ya <strong>moyo</strong> adasiya kumuyamwitsa. Adayambanso kutsika sikelo. Ubwino wompatsa<br />

<strong>wa</strong>ke, chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choti mayi M<strong>wa</strong>na adayamba kudya tinthu adawonda ndi kud<strong>wa</strong>la chakudya choyenera.<br />

ake ankamuyamwitsa. tosak<strong>wa</strong>nira monga chimanga k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri. Sikelo yake inayamba<br />

ndi mpunga. Adasiya kuwonjezera kukwera msanga. Ali<br />

kulemera. ndi zaka ziwiri <strong>ana</strong>li<br />

akuyam<strong>wa</strong><br />

akunenepa<br />

bwino<br />

kusiy<strong>ana</strong> kuyamba<br />

pa miyezi 6<br />

sakudya<br />

bwino<br />

sikelo ikukwera<br />

pang’ono<br />

kutsekula m’mimba<br />

kuyambika pa<br />

miyezi 10<br />

akuwonda<br />

akutsekula<br />

m’mimba<br />

kudya zakudya zathanzi<br />

kuyambika pa miyezi 13<br />

ali pa msewu Wopita<br />

ku Moyo <strong>wa</strong> Thanzi.<br />

akunenepa<br />

bwino<br />

Matchati osonyeza <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na ndi ofunika. Atagwiritsid<strong>wa</strong> ntchito bwino,<br />

amathandiza amayi kudzi<strong>wa</strong> pamene <strong>ana</strong> awo akufunikira k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri zakudya<br />

za kasinthasintha ndi chisamaliro chapadera. Amathandiza ogwira ntchito za<br />

chipatala kumvetsa bwino zoso<strong>wa</strong> za m<strong>wa</strong>na ndi banja lake. Zimathandizanso mayi<br />

kudzi<strong>wa</strong> pamene <strong>wa</strong>chita ntchito yotamandika.<br />

323<br />

wodyetsed<strong>wa</strong><br />

bwino

324<br />

Kubwereza: Mavuto pa<strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na amene<br />

afotokozed<strong>wa</strong> m’mitu ina<br />

Ambiri m<strong>wa</strong> matenda takambir<strong>ana</strong> m’mitu ina ya buku lino amapezeka ndi <strong>ana</strong>. Pano<br />

ena m<strong>wa</strong> mavuto obwera kawirikawiri abwerezed<strong>wa</strong>nso m<strong>wa</strong>chidule. Kuti mudziwe<br />

zambiri pa vuto lililonse, onani masamba osonyezed<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Kuti mudziwe kasamalidwe kapadera ndiponso zovuta za <strong>ana</strong> ongobad<strong>wa</strong> kumene,<br />

onani tsamba 286 kufikira 292.<br />

Kumbukirani: K<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong>, matenda amakula mofulumira. Matenda amene amatenga<br />

masiku kapena milungu yambiri <strong>kuti</strong> avulaze kapena kupha munthu <strong>wa</strong>mkulu atha<br />

kupha m<strong>wa</strong>na mawola owerengeka. Choncho, ndi bwino kudzi<strong>wa</strong> zizindikiro<br />

zoyambirira za matenda ndi kuchitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo.<br />

Ana oso<strong>wa</strong> zakudya m’thupi<br />

Ana ambiri ndi wonyentchera chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choti sadya chakudya chok<strong>wa</strong>nira. Koma ena<br />

amanyentchera chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choti amadya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zokha basi monga<br />

chimanga, mpunga, chinang<strong>wa</strong>, kapena nthochi, m’malo m<strong>wa</strong>kudya zakudya zomanga<br />

thupi ndi zoteteza kumatenda monga mkaka, mazira, nyama, nyemba, zipatso, ndi<br />

ndiwo zamasamba. M’maiko amene ali otentha ndi achinyontho, zakudya zosungid<strong>wa</strong><br />

zikhoza kuwonongeka, ndipo kenaka zikhoza kuwononga thanzi la <strong>ana</strong>. Kuti mumve<br />

tsatanetsatane <strong>wa</strong> zakudya zimene <strong>ana</strong> akufunikira, werengani Mutu 11, makamaka<br />

masamba 115 ndi 127. Za makanda, onani masamba 125 ndi 126.<br />

ANA AWIRIWA AKUSOWA ZAKUDYA ZOFUNIKIRA M’THUPI<br />

Vuto laling’onopo Vuto lalikulu<br />

amaoneka:<br />

wochepa<br />

wosalemera<br />

mimba<br />

yotukumuka<br />

manja owonda<br />

ndi miyendo<br />

yowonda<br />

amaoneka:<br />

wosalemera (akhoza<br />

kukhala wolemerapo<br />

chifuk<strong>wa</strong> chotupa)<br />

khungu<br />

lamadonthomadontho,<br />

lamfundu kapena<br />

tizilonda<br />

mapazi otupa

325<br />

Kuperewera k<strong>wa</strong> zakudya m’thupi kungabweretse mavuto osiy<strong>ana</strong>siy<strong>ana</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong>,<br />

kuphatikizapo a<strong>wa</strong>:<br />

Kuperewera zakudya k<strong>wa</strong>pang’ono: Kuperewera zakudya kodetsa nkha<strong>wa</strong>:<br />

• kupinimbira<br />

• kutupa mimba<br />

• kathupi kowonda<br />

• kusafuna kudya<br />

• kufowoka<br />

• kuso<strong>wa</strong> magazi<br />

• kufuna kudya zoipa<br />

• tizilonda m’mbali m<strong>wa</strong> kam<strong>wa</strong><br />

• chimfine pafupi pafupi ndi<br />

matenda ena<br />

• kuchita khungu usiku<br />

• sikelo kukwera pang’ono kapena osakwera<br />

kumene<br />

• kutupa miyendo (nthawi zinanso nkhope)<br />

• kuwonda kapena kuthothoka k<strong>wa</strong> tsitsi<br />

• kusafuna kusekerera kapena kusewera<br />

• tizilonda tam’kam<strong>wa</strong><br />

• kulephera kukula ndi nzeru moyenerela<br />

• m’maso mopanda madzi (xerosis)<br />

• khungu (tsamba 237)<br />

• madontho oderapo, tizilonda<br />

Kusiyanitsa ndi kuf<strong>ana</strong>niza k<strong>wa</strong> kunyentchera ‘kokhala ndi madzi’ (wet malnutrition)<br />

ndi ‘kosakhala ndi madzi’ (dry malnutrition), zochititsa zake, ndi kapewedwe kake<br />

zalembed<strong>wa</strong> m’matsamba a 117 ndi 118.<br />

Zizindikiro za kuperewera k<strong>wa</strong> zakudya m’thupi zimadziwika koyamba m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

atad<strong>wa</strong>la k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri matenda monga kutsekula m’mimba kapena chikuku. M<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

amene akud<strong>wa</strong>la, kapena amene achira atad<strong>wa</strong>la, amafunikiranso zakudya zowonjera<br />

zokhala ndi zofunika zonse za thupi kuposa m<strong>wa</strong>na amene ali bwino.<br />

Pe<strong>wa</strong>ni ndi kuchiritsa matenda obwera chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choso<strong>wa</strong> zakudya m’thupi<br />

po<strong>wa</strong>patsa <strong>ana</strong> anu zakudya zabwino zopatsa thanzi ndi zakudya zomanga thupi<br />

zok<strong>wa</strong>nira ndi zoteteza ku matenda, monga mkaka, mazira, nyama, nsomba,<br />

nyemba, zipatso, ndi masamba,<br />

NDIPO ADYETSENI ZIMENEZI KAWIRIKAWIRI.<br />

Kutsekula m’mimba ndi m’mimba m<strong>wa</strong> kam<strong>wa</strong>zi<br />

(Tsatanetsatane <strong>wa</strong> zonse akupezeka kuyambira tsamba 162<br />

mpaka 169.)<br />

Ngozi yaikulu k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> amene akutsekula m’mimba makamaka<br />

ngatinso akusanza ndi kutha k<strong>wa</strong> madzi m’thupi. Apatseni<br />

zakum<strong>wa</strong> zobwezeretsa madzi m’thupi (onani tsamba 161).<br />

Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na ali oyam<strong>wa</strong>, pitirizani kumuyamwitsa, koma<br />

mupatseninso zakum<strong>wa</strong> zobwezeretsa madzi m’thupi.<br />

Ngozi yaikulu yachiwiri k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> amene akutsekula m’mimba ndi<br />

kunyentchera. Mupatseni m<strong>wa</strong>na chakudya chokhala ndi zonse<br />

zofunikira m’thupi akangoyamba kudya.<br />

Kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi (onani tsamba 77)<br />

K<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> aang’ono kutentha thupi (koposa madigiri 39) kukhoza<br />

kuyambitsa khunyu kapena kuwononga bongo. Ngati kutentha<br />

thupi kuli kocheperapo, mvuleni zovala m<strong>wa</strong>na. Ngati akulira ndi<br />

kusonyeza kusakond<strong>wa</strong>, mupatseni mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ochepetsa ululu a<br />

acetaminophen (paracetamol) kapena aspirin pa mlingo woyenera<br />

(onani tsamba 393), ndipo mupatseninso zakum<strong>wa</strong> zochuluka.<br />

Ngati <strong>wa</strong>tentha k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri ndipo akunjenjemera, mziziritseni ndi<br />

madzi (osati ozizira kapena otentha) ndipo mkupizeni.

326<br />

Kuphiriphitha ngati wog<strong>wa</strong> khunyu (onani tsamba 188)<br />

Kawirikawiri zochititsa kuphiriphitha ngati wog<strong>wa</strong> khunyu<br />

ndiponso kutentha thupi k<strong>wa</strong>kukulu ndi malungo, kufa zi<strong>wa</strong>lo<br />

ndi matenda oumitsa khosi. Ngati thupi litentha k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri,<br />

chepetsani kutenthako m<strong>wa</strong>changu (tsamba 77). Khalani<br />

tcheru ndi zizindikiro za kutha madzi k<strong>wa</strong> m’thupi<br />

(tsamba 160) ndi matenda oumitsa khosi (a kakhosi,<br />

tsamba 195). Kuphiriphitha kumene kumadza m<strong>wa</strong>dzidzidzi<br />

popanda kutentha thupi kapena zizindikiro zina zili zonse ndi khunyu limenelo<br />

(tsamba 188), makamaka ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na akhala ali bwinobwino akadzidzimuka<br />

pamenepo. Zizindikiro za khunyu kapena kuuma k<strong>wa</strong> mafupa a m’zib<strong>wa</strong>no kenaka<br />

thupi lonse kungathe kukhala matenda a kafumbata (tsamba 192).<br />

Matenda oumitsa khosi (Meningitis, tsamba 195)<br />

Nthenda yowopsa imeneyi ingathe kubwera chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha<br />

chikuku kapene matenda ena aakulu. Ana a mayi amene ali<br />

ndi chifu<strong>wa</strong> chachikulu akhoza kud<strong>wa</strong>la matenda oumitsa<br />

khosi ogwiriz<strong>ana</strong> ndi matendawo. M<strong>wa</strong>na amene <strong>wa</strong>d<strong>wa</strong>la<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri ndipo akungolira ndi kumaku<strong>wa</strong>, ndi mutu <strong>wa</strong>ke<br />

wogadamitsa, amene khosi lake lili louma g<strong>wa</strong> kulephera<br />

kulipindira kutsogolo, komanso amene thupi lake likusuntha<br />

mozizwitsa (zizindikiro za khunyu) atha kukhala ndi matenda oumitsa khosi a meningitis.<br />

Matenda a kuchepa k<strong>wa</strong> magazi m’thupi (tsamba 129)<br />

Zizindikiro zodziwika msanga m<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong>:<br />

• thupi la mbee lowonetsa <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na alibe magazi, makamaka<br />

m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> zikope za maso, nkam<strong>wa</strong>, ndi zikhadabo<br />

• ndi ofowoka, amatopa msanga<br />

• amakonda kudya zinthu zoipa<br />

Zomwe zimayambitsa kawirikawiri:<br />

• malungo (tsamba 181)<br />

• matenda aja obad<strong>wa</strong> nawo a kuchepa k<strong>wa</strong> magazi (tsamba 336)<br />

• zakudya zosakhala ndi chakudya chimene chimabweretsa<br />

magazi m’thupi monga chiwindi (tsamba129)<br />

• matenda osatha a zilonda zam’mimba ndi m’matumbo (zitsanzo<br />

zili pa tsamba 151)<br />

Kupe<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong>ke ndi chithandizo:<br />

• Sinthani madyedwe pochulukitsa zakudya zobweretsa magazi<br />

m’thupi monga nyemba, mtedza ndi ndiwo zamasamba obiriwira; wonjezeranipo<br />

nyama, chiwindi ndi mazira ngati kuli kotheka.<br />

• Mupatseni mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a malungo <strong>kuti</strong> apewe, kapena kuchiritsa, malungo.<br />

• Pitani naye k<strong>wa</strong> ogwira ntchito zachipatala <strong>kuti</strong> akawone ngati akud<strong>wa</strong>la matenda<br />

aakulu ochokera k<strong>wa</strong> makolo a kuchepa magazi m’thupi, ndi matenda ena aliwonse<br />

omwe angakhale nawo, m<strong>wa</strong>chitsanzo matenda a mchikhodzodzo.<br />

• Ngati kuli koyenera mupatseni mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ochita kum<strong>wa</strong> a mchere obweretsa<br />

magazi m’thupi (tsamba 406), koma osati k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na yemwe akud<strong>wa</strong>la akud<strong>wa</strong>la<br />

matenda aakulu ochokera k<strong>wa</strong> makolo a kuchepa magazi m’thupi. Afunikira<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la okhala ndi mbali ya vitamini B amene amathandiza kuchulukitsa magazi<br />

ofiira (folic acid) ndi mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> kapena kuletsa malungo (tsamba 336).<br />

• Zitavutitsitsa kukalandira magazi kuchipatala kungafunikire.<br />

Chenjezo: Osapereka mibulu ya ayironi k<strong>wa</strong> khanda kapena k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>mng’ono. Akhoza<br />

kumud<strong>wa</strong>litsa k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri kapena kumupha. Mupatseni iron <strong>wa</strong> madzimadzi;<br />

kapena sinjani mbulu ukhale ngati ufa ndipo sakanizani ndi chakudya.

327<br />

Njoka za m’mimba ndi mmatumbo ndi zilombo zina (onani tsamba 146)<br />

Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na mmodzi m’banja ali ndi njoka zam’mimba, banja lonse liyenera kulandira<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la. Kupe<strong>wa</strong> kukhala ndi njoka zam’mimba, <strong>ana</strong> ayenera:<br />

• Kutsata malangizo aukhondo (tsamba 138).<br />

• Kugwiritsira ntchito zimbudzi.<br />

• Kusayenda opanda nsapato.<br />

• Kusadya nyama yaiwisi kapena yosapsa.<br />

• Kum<strong>wa</strong> madzi okha owiritsa kapena otetezed<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Mavuto a pakhungu (onani Mutu 15)<br />

Odziwika k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri pakati pa <strong>ana</strong> akuphatikizapo a<strong>wa</strong>:<br />

• Mphere (tsamba 211).<br />

• Matenda a zilonda ndi impetigo (tsamba 213 ndi 214).<br />

• Chipere ndi matenda ena obwera ndi tizilombo totched<strong>wa</strong><br />

fungus (tsamba 217).<br />

Kuti mupewe matenda apakhungu, tsatirani malangizo a za<br />

ukhondo (tsamba 138).<br />

• Sambitsani ndi ku<strong>wa</strong>chotsa nsabwe <strong>ana</strong> anu nthawi zonse.<br />

• Chotsani utitiri, nsabwe ndi mphere.<br />

• Musalole <strong>ana</strong> amene ali ndi mphere, nsabwe, chipere, kapena matenda opatsir<strong>ana</strong> a<br />

zilonda kusewera kapena kugona limodzi ndi <strong>ana</strong> ena. Apatseni chithandizo<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>msanga.<br />

Matenda a maso (Conjunctivitis) (onani tsamba 230)<br />

Thirani m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> zikope za diso mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a madzi<br />

olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda k<strong>ana</strong>yi<br />

pa tsiku. Musalole m<strong>wa</strong>na amene <strong>wa</strong>d<strong>wa</strong>la maso kusewera<br />

kapena kugona limodzi ndi anzake. Ngati sakupezabe bwino<br />

k<strong>wa</strong> masiku angapo, kawonaneni ndi adotolo.<br />

Chimfine ndi flu (onani tsamba 172)<br />

Chimfine, chotsag<strong>ana</strong> ndi mamina, kutentha thupi<br />

pang’ono, kutsokomola, nthawi zambiri ndi zilonda<br />

zapakhosi, nthawi zinanso ndi kutsekula m’mimba ndi<br />

matenda obwera kawirikawiri k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> koma si <strong>kuti</strong> ndi<br />

owopsa k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri.<br />

Athandizeni po<strong>wa</strong>patsa aspirin kapena paracetamol (tsamba 393) ndi zakum<strong>wa</strong><br />

zochuluka. Aloleni <strong>ana</strong> amene akugonabe kutero. Chakudya chabwino ndi zipatso<br />

zochuluka zimathandiza <strong>ana</strong> kupe<strong>wa</strong> chimfine ndi kukhalanso bwino msanga.<br />

Penicillin, tetracycline, ndi mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ena olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa<br />

matenda sathandiza konse ku matenda a chimfine kapena ‘flu’. Majekeseni safunikira<br />

pa matenda a mtundu <strong>wa</strong> chimfine.<br />

Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na amene ali ndi chimfine ad<strong>wa</strong>la k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri, kutentha thupi k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri ndi<br />

kupuma cham’katikati, komanso pafupipafupi, atha kukhala <strong>kuti</strong> chibayo<br />

chikulowererapo (onani tsamba 180), ndipo mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha tizilombo<br />

ayenera kupereked<strong>wa</strong>. Khalaninso tcheru ndi matenda a m’khutu (onani tsamba<br />

lotsatira) kapena mtundu wina <strong>wa</strong> zilonda zapakhosi (tsamba 329). Pitani kuchipatala.

328<br />

Matenda ena a <strong>ana</strong> amene s<strong>ana</strong>fotokozedwe m’mitu ina<br />

Kupweteka k<strong>wa</strong> khutu ndi matenda a khutu<br />

Matenda a m’khutu ndi ochuluka pakati pa <strong>ana</strong> aang’ono.<br />

Matenda<strong>wa</strong> amayamba patatha masiku pang’ono m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

akud<strong>wa</strong>la chimfine. Kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi kutha kukula, ndipo<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na nthawi zambiri amangolira kapena amangosisita mbali<br />

ina ya mutu <strong>wa</strong>ke. Nthawi zina mafinya akhoza kuwonekera<br />

mkhutu. K<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> aang’ono, matenda a mkhutu atha<br />

kuyambitsa matenda otsekula m’mimba. Choncho ngati<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na ad<strong>wa</strong>la matenda otsekula m’mimba ndi kutentha<br />

thupi, onetsetsani <strong>kuti</strong> muli tcheru ndi makutu ake.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

• Ndi kofunikira kuchiritsa matenda a m’khutu mofulumira.<br />

Perekani mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga<br />

penicillin (tsamba 365) kapena co-trimoxazole (tsamba 372). K<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> osak<strong>wa</strong>nira<br />

zaka zitatu (3), ampicillin (tsamba 367) nthawi zambiri amathandiza koposa.<br />

Komanso perekani aspirin kapena p<strong>ana</strong>dolo (paracetamol) woletsa ululu.<br />

• Puputani mosamala mafinya pogwiritsira ntchito thonje, koma osatseka ndi thonje,<br />

masamba, kapena chinthu china chilichonse m’khutu.<br />

• Ana amene ali ndi mafinya amene akutuluka mkhutu ayenera kusamba kawirikawiri<br />

koma sayenera kusambira kapena kuchita masewera osambira k<strong>wa</strong> milungu iwiri<br />

kuchokera nthawi imene achirira.<br />

Kapewedwe kake:<br />

• Aphunzitseni <strong>ana</strong> anu kupuputa koma osati kumina pamene ali ndi chimfine.<br />

• Osadyetsera <strong>ana</strong> anu m’botolo – kapena ngati mutero, musalole m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>nu<br />

kum<strong>wa</strong> atagona chagada, chifuk<strong>wa</strong> mkaka utha kutaikila mmphuno ndi kuchititsa<br />

matenda a m’khutu.<br />

• Ngati mphuno za <strong>ana</strong> zitseked<strong>wa</strong>, gwiritsirani ntchito madontho a madzi a mchere<br />

ndipo kenaka yam<strong>wa</strong>ni mamina monga k<strong>wa</strong>fotokozedwera pa tsamba 173.<br />

Matenda a m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> njira ya m’khutu:<br />

Kuti tidziwe ngati njira kapena chubu chopita m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> khutu ili ndi matenda,<br />

kokani khutulo pang’ono. Ngati kutero kukuchititsa kumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong>, ndiye <strong>kuti</strong> njirayo<br />

ndi yod<strong>wa</strong>la. Donthezeranimo mkhutu madzi a viniga katatu kapena k<strong>ana</strong>yi pa tsiku.<br />

(Sakanizani supuni imodzi ya viniga ndi sipuni imodzi ya madzi owiritsid<strong>wa</strong>.) Ngati pali<br />

kutentha thupi kapena mafinya, gwiritsiraninso ntchito mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi<br />

tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.<br />

Matenda a mtundu <strong>wa</strong> zilonda zapakhosi (tonsils ndi sore throat)<br />

Mavuto amene<strong>wa</strong> amayambika chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha chimfine.<br />

Kummero kukhoza kufiira ndi kumapweteka pamene m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

ameza. Nsungu ziwiri (zikuwoneka ngati mawuma mbali<br />

zonse ziwiri kumbuyo k<strong>wa</strong> mmero) zikhoza kukula ndi<br />

kupweteka kapenanso kutulutsa mafinya. Thupi litha kutentha<br />

kufika madigiri 40 o .<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

• Tsukani ndi madzi ofunda k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri a mchere (supuni<br />

imodzi ya mchere mu kapu ya galasi ya madzi).<br />

• Amwetseni aspirin kapena paracetamol wothetsa ululu.<br />

• Ngati kumva ululu ndi kutentha thupi kubwera m<strong>wa</strong>dzidzidzi<br />

kapena kupitilira kuposa masiku atatu, onani masamba<br />

otsatira.

329<br />

Zilonda zapakhosi ndi zotsatira za kumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> m’nkhongono ndi minye<strong>wa</strong><br />

kapena <strong>kuti</strong> minofu (rheumatic fever):<br />

K<strong>wa</strong> zilonda zimene zimabwera limodzi ndi chimfine kapena (ving<strong>wa</strong>ng<strong>wa</strong>) fuluwenza,<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sayenera kugwiritsid<strong>wa</strong><br />

ntchito chifuk<strong>wa</strong> palibe chabwino chimene angabweretse. M’mwetseni wod<strong>wa</strong>la madzi<br />

ofunda k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri a mchere ndi p<strong>ana</strong>dolo (paracetamol) kapena aspirin.<br />

Komabe, mtundu umodzi <strong>wa</strong> zilonda zapakhosi wotched<strong>wa</strong> strep throat uyenera<br />

kuchiritsid<strong>wa</strong> ndi penicillin. Umapezeka k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri pakati pa <strong>ana</strong> ndi anyamata<br />

ang’onoang’ono. Umayamba m<strong>wa</strong>dzidzidzi ndi vuto lalikulu la zilonda zapakhosi ndi<br />

kutentha thupi, nthawi zambiri popanda zizindikiro za chimfine kapena chifu<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Kumbuyo k<strong>wa</strong> mkam<strong>wa</strong> ndi mmero zikhoza kufiira k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri ndipo nsungu zimene ili<br />

kunsi k<strong>wa</strong> mafupa a zib<strong>wa</strong>no zikhoza kutupa ndi kufe<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Perekani penicillin (tsamba 365) kufikira masiku khumi (10). Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a penicillin<br />

atapereked<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>msanga ndi kupitiriza kufikira masiku 10, mpata woti nkud<strong>wa</strong>la<br />

matenda a kumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> mnkhongono ndi minye<strong>wa</strong> ya minofu (rheumatic fever)<br />

n’ngochepa. M<strong>wa</strong>na amene akud<strong>wa</strong>la strep throat ayenera kudyera ndi kugona patali<br />

ndi anzake, kupe<strong>wa</strong> <strong>kuti</strong> enawo angatengeko matendawo.<br />

Matenda akumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> ndi kuwotcha malo okum<strong>ana</strong> mafupa ndi<br />

m’minofu (Rheumatic fever)<br />

Matenda<strong>wa</strong> ndi a <strong>ana</strong> ndi anyamata ang’onang’ono. Amayamba mlungu umodzi<br />

kufikira itatu chiyambireni kud<strong>wa</strong>la strep throat (onani m’m<strong>wa</strong>mbamu).<br />

Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu (nthawi zambiri zitatu kapena zinayi za zizindikiro<br />

zimenezi zingawonedwe):<br />

• Kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi.<br />

• Kumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> m’malo okum<strong>ana</strong> mafupa,<br />

makamaka manja, mawondo ndi m’nkhongono.<br />

Malo<strong>wa</strong> amatupa ndipo nthawi zambiri amawotcha.<br />

• Zotupa pansi pa khungu.<br />

• Pamene vutoli lafika poipa, kufowoka, kusapuma<br />

mok<strong>wa</strong>nira, kapenanso kumamva ululu mumtima.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

• Ngati mukuganiza <strong>kuti</strong> ndi matenda akumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> ndi kuwotcha malo okum<strong>ana</strong><br />

mafupa ndi minye<strong>wa</strong> ya minofu (rheumatic fever), kawonaneni ndi adotolo. Pali<br />

ngozi yoti mtima utha kuwononged<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

• Im<strong>wa</strong>ni aspirin <strong>wa</strong>mbiri (tsamba 392). M<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong> zaka 12 atha kum<strong>wa</strong> mapiritsi<br />

awiri kapena tatu a ma miligalamu 300. Nthawi zok<strong>wa</strong>na 6 pa tsiku. Apatseni<br />

limodzi ndi mkaka kapena chakudya kupe<strong>wa</strong> kumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> m’mimba. Ngati<br />

makutu ayamba kumva kulira ngati beru, im<strong>wa</strong>ni pang’ono.<br />

• Perekani penicillin, mapiritsi a mayunitsi 400,000, piritsi limodzi k<strong>ana</strong>yi pa tsiku<br />

k<strong>wa</strong> masiku ok<strong>wa</strong>na khumi (10) (onani tsamba 365).<br />

Mapewedwe ake:<br />

• Kuti mupewe matenda<strong>wa</strong>, chiritsani ‘strep throat’ m<strong>wa</strong>msanga ndi penicillin k<strong>wa</strong><br />

masiku khumi.<br />

• Kupe<strong>wa</strong> matenda akumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> ndi kuwotcha m’malo okum<strong>ana</strong> mafupa ndi<br />

minye<strong>wa</strong> ya minofu kubwereranso, komanso kupe<strong>wa</strong> kuwonjezera kuwonongeka<br />

k<strong>wa</strong> mtima, ayenera kum<strong>wa</strong> penicillin k<strong>wa</strong> masiku khumi pamene awona zizindikiro<br />

za zilonda zapakhosi. Ngati asonyeza ndikale zizindikiro za kuwonongeka k<strong>wa</strong><br />

mtima, ayenera kum<strong>wa</strong> penicillin mosadukiza kapena kulandira majekeseni okhala<br />

ndi benzathine penicillin (tsamba 367) kapena <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>ke wonse. Tsatirani<br />

malangizo opereked<strong>wa</strong> ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala kapena dotolo.

330<br />

Matenda a <strong>ana</strong> ofalitsid<strong>wa</strong> ndi tizilombo<br />

Katsabola (Chickenpox)<br />

Matenda<strong>wa</strong> amayamba milungu iwiri kapena itatu kuchokera<br />

nthawi imene m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>khudz<strong>ana</strong> ndi mnzake amene ali ndi<br />

matenda<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

timadontho,<br />

matuza ndi<br />

Zizindikiro:<br />

ipsera<br />

Poyambirira, timadontho ting’onoting’ono tofiira ndi toyab<strong>wa</strong><br />

timawonekera. Iti timasintha ndikuwoneka ngati ziphuphu,<br />

kenaka matuza, kalikonse ngati dontho la madzi pa khungu. Izi<br />

zimakula ndipo kenako zimapanga tizipsera. Timayambira<br />

kums<strong>ana</strong> kapena kutsogolo k<strong>wa</strong> thupi, kenako pa nkhope,<br />

manja ndi miyendo. Pakhoza kukhala madontho, matuza ndi<br />

tizipsera, zonse nthawi imodzi. Kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi<br />

kumakhalapo pang’ono chabe.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

Matenda<strong>wa</strong> amatha mlungu umodzi. Msambitseni m<strong>wa</strong>na tsiku lirilonse ndi sopo ndi<br />

madzi ofunda. Dulani zikhadabo zawo <strong>kuti</strong> zikhale zazifupi k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri. Ngati zipsera<br />

zigwid<strong>wa</strong> ndi matenda, pakani mankh<strong>wa</strong>la otched<strong>wa</strong> gentian violet kapena mankh<strong>wa</strong>la<br />

olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha tizilombo.<br />

Chikuku<br />

Matenda obwera ndi mavairasi oipitsitsa<strong>wa</strong> ndi owopsa k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri<br />

k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> amene ndi osadyetsed<strong>wa</strong> bwino kapena ali ndi chifu<strong>wa</strong><br />

chachikulu. Patapita masiku khumu chikhalire pafupi ndi munthu<br />

yemwe akud<strong>wa</strong>la chikuku, zizindikiro za chimfine, kutentha thupi,<br />

kuchita mamina, zilonda za mmaso, ndi kukosomola zimawoneka<br />

monga chiyambi cha chikuku.<br />

Matenda a m<strong>wa</strong>na amakulirakulira. Mlomo <strong>wa</strong>ke ukhoza kukhala<br />

ndi zilonda zambirimbiri ndipo atha kuyamba kutsekula m’mimba.<br />

Patatha masiku atatu a kutentha thupi, pamatuluka totupatupa tating’onoting’ono<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri kapena ziwengo, poyambirira pachipumi ndi m’khosi, kenako nkhope yonse,<br />

thupi ndi manja ndi miyendo. Poyambirira totupati ndi tovuta <strong>kuti</strong>ona pa khungu lakuda.<br />

Khalani tcheru ndi kukhakhala k<strong>wa</strong> khungu pamene ku<strong>wa</strong>la kug<strong>wa</strong> pa m<strong>wa</strong>nayo<br />

kuchokera mbali imodzi. Totupato tikatuluka m<strong>wa</strong>na amayamba kumva bwino. Kunyala<br />

kumayambika, tizipsera toyera timawonekera, koma khungu lake limabweleranso<br />

akachira. Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera pa tizotupatupa toyembekezereka ngati madontho<br />

akuda patalipatali obwera chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha magazi oyendelera pa khungu angawoneke<br />

(‘chikuku chakuda’). Izi zimasonyeza <strong>kuti</strong> matendawo ndi aakulu, ndipo mavuto ena<br />

angabukepo, komanso zitenga nthawi yaitali <strong>kuti</strong> achire kotheratu. Kafuneni<br />

chithandizo cha mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ku chipatala.<br />

Mavuto amene angabukepo:<br />

K<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na aliyense amene ali ndi chikuku amakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa<br />

yoziteteza ku matenda ena, monga chibayo, kam<strong>wa</strong>zi, matenda a m’khutu, zithupsa<br />

(makamaka minofu yozungulira mafupa a m’mutu), ndi zilonda zam’mutu, komanso<br />

m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> diso. Zilonda zamkam<strong>wa</strong> zimachititsanso <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na asafune kudya.<br />

Zimene zili m’diso, kupanda kulandira chithandizo, zingayambitse khungu. Kuso<strong>wa</strong><br />

k<strong>wa</strong> zakudya m’thupi nthawi zambiri kumatsatira chikuku, ndipo chifu<strong>wa</strong> chachikulu<br />

chinga dziwike, kudzera mu kutsika k<strong>wa</strong> sikelo, komanso kutu<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> khungu.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

• M<strong>wa</strong>na ayenera kugoneked<strong>wa</strong>, kum<strong>wa</strong> zakum<strong>wa</strong> zambirimbiri, ndipo apatsidwe<br />

chakudya chokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi. Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na sangathe kuyam<strong>wa</strong>,<br />

mpatseni mkaka <strong>wa</strong> m’mawere pa supuni (tsamba 125).

331<br />

• Ngati iye akutentha thupi komanso kumva kukhala wosatakasuka, mupatseni<br />

p<strong>ana</strong>dolo (paracetamol) kapena aspirin.<br />

• Ngati ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> khutu kuyamba, mupatseni mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha<br />

tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (tsamba 365).<br />

• Ngati zizindikiro za chibayo, matenda oumitsa khosi, kapena ululu <strong>wa</strong>mphamvu<br />

m’khutu kapena m’mimba uyamba, kalandireni chithandizo kuchipatala.<br />

• Chithupsa chiyenera kutumbulid<strong>wa</strong> (tsamba 214).<br />

Kapewedwe kake ka chikuku:<br />

Ana od<strong>wa</strong>la chikuku asasakanikirane ndi <strong>ana</strong> ena, chifuk<strong>wa</strong> matenda<strong>wa</strong> amafalikira<br />

msanga. Ngakhale <strong>ana</strong> ena a m’banja lomwelo ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi od<strong>wa</strong>lawo<br />

mphindi pang’ono k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri. Komabe nawo adzad<strong>wa</strong>la chikuku masiku 10 kapena 14<br />

obwerawo, ndipo kuchuluka k<strong>wa</strong> nthawi imene <strong>ana</strong>li pafupi ndi od<strong>wa</strong>la chikuku<br />

kudzatanthauza kud<strong>wa</strong>la kodetsa nkha<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> iwo. Choncho yesetsani ku<strong>wa</strong>lekanitsa.<br />

Ana enawo agone k<strong>wa</strong>wokha kufikira wod<strong>wa</strong>la chikukuyo alibe totupatupa tija.<br />

K<strong>wa</strong>kukulu, tetezani <strong>ana</strong> amene ali oso<strong>wa</strong> zakudya zofunikira m’thupi, kapena amene<br />

ali ndi matenda ena. Chikuku chimatha kupha.<br />

Kuti chikuku chisaphe <strong>ana</strong>, onetsetsani <strong>kuti</strong> <strong>ana</strong> onse akudya zakudya<br />

zoyenerera ndi zok<strong>wa</strong>nira. Ana anu alandire katemera <strong>wa</strong> chikuku pamene<br />

ali ndi miyezi ya pakati pa 8 ndi 14 yakubad<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Chikuku cha German (German measles)<br />

Chikuku cha German si chowopsa ngati chikuku <strong>wa</strong>mba. Chimatha pakati pa masiku<br />

atatu kapena <strong>ana</strong>yi. Zotupatupa zakenso ndi zapang’ono. Nthawi zambiri sungu zake<br />

kumbuyo k<strong>wa</strong> mutu ndi khosi zimatupa komanso zimafe<strong>wa</strong>. M<strong>wa</strong>na ayenera<br />

kugoneked<strong>wa</strong> ndi kum<strong>wa</strong> paracetamol kapena aspirin ngati kuli kofunika.<br />

Amayi amene ad<strong>wa</strong>la chikuku cha German miyezi itatu yoyambirira ya mimba yawo<br />

atha kubereka m<strong>wa</strong>na wosakhala bwino ndi wopu<strong>wa</strong>la. Chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha chimenechi,<br />

amayi a pakati amene alibe chikuku cha German kapena sakudzi<strong>wa</strong> asamayandikire<br />

<strong>ana</strong> amene ali ndi matenda a mtundu umenewu.<br />

Masagwidi/Kadukutu<br />

Zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda<strong>wa</strong> zimayamba kuwoneka pakati pa milungu iwiri<br />

kapena itatu kuchokera nthawi imene m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>ana</strong>yandik<strong>ana</strong> ndi od<strong>wa</strong>la masagwidi.<br />

Amayamba ndi kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi ndi kumva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> poyasamula kapena kudya.<br />

M’masiku awiri, chotupa chofe<strong>wa</strong> chimawonekera m’munsi m<strong>wa</strong> khutu pa ngondya ya<br />

fupa la m’chib<strong>wa</strong>no. Nthawi zambiri chimayamba mbali imodzi, kenaka mbali inayo.<br />

Pomeza samva ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

Chotupa chimatha chokha pakatha masiku pafupifupi 10, popanda<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la. P<strong>ana</strong>dolo (paracetamol) kapena aspirin atha kumwetsed<strong>wa</strong><br />

kuchepetsa kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi ndi ululu. Mdyetseni m<strong>wa</strong>na zakudya<br />

zofe<strong>wa</strong> ndi zokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi ndipo onetsetsani <strong>kuti</strong><br />

m,kam<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>ke ndi motsuka bwino. Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha<br />

tizilombo toyambitsa matenda si ofunika.<br />

Mavuto otsatira:<br />

K<strong>wa</strong> akuluakulu ndi <strong>ana</strong> a zaka zoposa 11, patatha mulungu umodzi<br />

akhoza kuyamba kumva ululu m’mimba, kapena atha kukhala ndi<br />

kutupa ndi kupweteka k<strong>wa</strong> machende (amuna). Anthu amene ali ndi<br />

chotupa chotere ayenera kukhala osasunthasuntha ndi kuika madzi a<br />

matalala kapena nsalu yonyowetsed<strong>wa</strong> ndi madzi ozizira m’malo<br />

otupawo kuthandiza kuchepetsa ululu ndi kutupa. Ngati zizindikiro za<br />

matenda oumitsa khosi ziwoneka, kalandireni chithandizo kuchipatala<br />

(tsamba 195).

332<br />

Chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima<br />

Chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima chimayamba pakati pa sabata imodzi kapena<br />

masabata awiri kuchokera nthawi imene m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>ana</strong>yandik<strong>ana</strong> ndi<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na amene ali ndi matenda<strong>wa</strong>. Amayamba ngati chimfine ndi<br />

kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi, kuchita mamina, ndi kutsokomola.<br />

Masabata awiri otsatirawo kutsokomola kwenikweni kokoka mtima ndi<br />

minofu yonse (‘cough spasm’) kumayamba. M<strong>wa</strong>na amatsokomola<br />

pafupipafupi ndi nthawi zambiri popanda kupuma, kufikira atatulutsa makhololo onanda<br />

amene <strong>ana</strong>tseka kukhosi. Kutsokomolaku kumathera mu kusanza, ndipo nthawi zina<br />

ndi phokoso la kukoka k<strong>wa</strong> mtima, nthawi imene mpweya ukubwerera m’chifu<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Nthawi imene iye sakutsokomola m<strong>wa</strong>nayo amawoneka ngati ali bwinobwino, ndipo<br />

chochititsa kutsokomola sichidziwika kufikira nthawi imene kutsokomola kokoka<br />

mtimako kuyambiranso.<br />

Chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima n’chowopsa k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong> osapitirira chaka chimodzi.<br />

Sangathe kutsokomola kapena kusanza pamene agwid<strong>wa</strong> ndi matenda<strong>wa</strong>, koma<br />

amangosiya kupuma mphindi imodzi kapena ziwiri. Khungu lawo limasanduka lobiliwira<br />

(blue), ndipo atha kufa. Choncho apatseni katemera m<strong>wa</strong>changu. Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

<strong>wa</strong>gwid<strong>wa</strong> ndi matenda otsokomola ndi maso awo atupa kapena kuwoneka ngati muli<br />

utsi pamene m’dera lanu muli mliri <strong>wa</strong> matenda a chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima, mupatseni<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima nthawi yomweyo.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

• M’masiku oyambirira a chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima, kutsokomola kus<strong>ana</strong>yambe,<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a erythromycin (tsamba 369), tetracycline (tsamba 370), kapena<br />

ampicillin (tsamba 367) atha kupereked<strong>wa</strong>. Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a chloramphenicol<br />

amathandizanso koma ndi ochititsa ngozi. Kaperekedwe ka mankh<strong>wa</strong>la<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong>,<br />

onani tsamba 372. Ndi bwino koposa kupereka chithandizo cha mankh<strong>wa</strong>la k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong><br />

osapitirira miyezi 6 pamene zizindikiro zoyamba zikawoneka.<br />

• Zikafika povutitsitsa, mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a phenobarbital (tsamba 402) atha kuthandiza,<br />

makamaka ngati kutsokomola sikuchititsa m<strong>wa</strong>na kugona kapena ngati<br />

kukuchititsa kug<strong>wa</strong> ngati <strong>wa</strong> khunyu.<br />

• Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na asiya kupuma atamaliza kutsokomola, mutembenuzeni ndi kuchotsa<br />

mankhololo a m’kam<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>ke ndi chala chanu. Kenaka mumenyeni mbama<br />

pams<strong>ana</strong>.<br />

• Pofuna kupe<strong>wa</strong> kutsika k<strong>wa</strong> sikelo ndi kunyentchera, m<strong>wa</strong>na ayenera kudyetsed<strong>wa</strong><br />

chakudya chokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi ndipo ayenera kudya akangomaliza<br />

kusanza.<br />

• Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la othetsa kutsokomola sathandiza. Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a chifu<strong>wa</strong> cha asima,<br />

monga ephedrine akhoza kuchepetsa kutsokomola kokoka mtima. Kafuneni<br />

chithandizo kuchipatala ngati zili zodetsa nkha<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

• Kutsokomola k<strong>wa</strong> chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtimachi kutha kupitirira mpaka miyezi itatu<br />

kapena kupitirira, koma chithandizo cha mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha tizilombo<br />

toyambitsa matenda m’thupi si chodalirika pamene sabata imodzi yadutsa, ndipo si<br />

chiyenera kubwerezed<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Mavuto otsatira:<br />

Magazi ofiira monyezimira m’mbali zoyera za diso atha kuchititsid<strong>wa</strong> ndi<br />

kutsokomola. Chithandizo cha mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ndi chosafunikira (onani tsamba 236).<br />

Ngati kukomoka kapena zizindikiro za chibayo (tsamba 180) kapena matenda<br />

oumitsa zi<strong>wa</strong>lo (tsamba 195) zioneka, kalandireni chithandizo kuchipatala.<br />

Tetezani <strong>ana</strong> anu ku matenda a chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima. Onetsetsani<br />

<strong>kuti</strong> alandira katemera koyamba ali ndi miyezi iwiri ya kubad<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Diphtheria<br />

Matenda<strong>wa</strong> amayamba ngati chimfine ndi kutentha thupi, ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong><br />

mutu, ndi zilonda zapakhosi. Kanthu kopyapyala komwe kamayala<br />

kapena kuteteza kummero ndi ka mtundu <strong>wa</strong>chikasu konkira ku mtundu<br />

wokhala ngati phulusa (gireyi) katha kupangid<strong>wa</strong> kunsi k<strong>wa</strong> mmero,<br />

ndipo nthawi zina m’mphuno ndi pamilomo. Khosi la m<strong>wa</strong>na litha kutupa.<br />

Mpweya umene amapuma umakhala wonunkha.

333<br />

Ngati muli ndi maganizo oti m<strong>wa</strong>na ali ndi diphtheria:<br />

• Mgonekeni mchipinda chayekha.<br />

• Kalandireni chithandizo cha kuchipatala m<strong>wa</strong>msanga. Pali mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi<br />

tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a diphtheria.<br />

• Perekani penicillin, mbulu umodzi <strong>wa</strong> mayunitsi 400,000, katatu pa tsiku k<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ana</strong><br />

akuluakulu.<br />

• Amwe madzi ofunda othira mchere pang’ono.<br />

• Mkonzereni <strong>kuti</strong> apume mpweya <strong>wa</strong> madzi otentha kawirikawiri ndi mosalekeza<br />

(tsamba 177).<br />

• Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na ayamba kutsam<strong>wa</strong> ndi kusandulika buluwu (blue), chotsani kangaude<br />

kummero k<strong>wa</strong>ke pogwiritsa ntchito kansalu kamene m<strong>wa</strong>veka chala chanu.<br />

Diphtheria ndi nthenda yowopsa imene ingapewedwe m<strong>wa</strong>changu ndi katemera <strong>wa</strong><br />

DPT. Onetsetsani <strong>kuti</strong> <strong>ana</strong> anu alandira katemerayu.<br />

Poliyo (Polio, Poliomyelitis)<br />

Poliyo akupezeka k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri pakati pa <strong>ana</strong> osak<strong>wa</strong>na zaka<br />

ziwiri zakubad<strong>wa</strong>. Imabwera ndi kachilombo ka vairasi ngati<br />

kamene kamachititsa chimfine, kawirikawiri ndi kutentha<br />

k<strong>wa</strong> thupi, kusanza, kutsekula m’mimba, ndi zilonda<br />

m’minofu. Nthawi zambiri m<strong>wa</strong>na amachira kotheratu<br />

m’masiku owerengeka. Koma nthawi zina chi<strong>wa</strong>lo china<br />

chathupi chimafowoka kapena kupu<strong>wa</strong>la. Nthawi zambiri izi<br />

zimachitika ku mwendo umodzi kapena yonse iwiri.<br />

Pakapita nthawi mwendo kapena mkono wofowoka uja<br />

umawonda ndipo siukula mofulumira ngati unzake uja.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

Matenda<strong>wa</strong> akangoyamba, palibe mankh<strong>wa</strong>la amene<br />

adzaletse kupu<strong>wa</strong>lako. (Komabe, nthawi zina mbali kapena<br />

mphamvu ina yonse imene yataika imabwerera<br />

pang’onopang’ono.) Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha<br />

tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m’thupi sathandiza. Monga<br />

chithandizo choyambirira, chepetsani ululu ndi p<strong>ana</strong>dolo<br />

(paracetamol) kapena aspirin ndipo ikani nsalu<br />

zonyowetsed<strong>wa</strong> ndi madzi otentha paminofu yo<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong>yo.<br />

Mkhazikeni m<strong>wa</strong>nayo m<strong>wa</strong> njira yoti amve bwino ndi kuletsa<br />

kupinda kapena kuunjik<strong>ana</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> minofu ya zi<strong>wa</strong>lo.<br />

Pang’onopang’ono wongolani manja ake ndi miyendo kotero<br />

<strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>nayo akhale mowongoka mmene angathere. Ikani<br />

zinsalu pansi pa mawondo ake, ngati kuli kofunika <strong>kuti</strong> ululu uchepe, koma onetsetsani<br />

<strong>kuti</strong> mawondo ake ndi owongoka.<br />

Kapewedwe kake:<br />

• Katemera <strong>wa</strong> poliyo ndiye chitetezo chabwino k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri.<br />

• Musapereke jekeseni <strong>wa</strong> mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a mtundu wina uliwonse k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na amene ali<br />

ndi zizindikiro za chimfine, kutentha thupi, kapene zizindikiro zina zili zonse zimene<br />

zitha kuchititsid<strong>wa</strong> ndi vairasi ya poliyo. Ululu wochititsid<strong>wa</strong> ndi jekeseni utha<br />

kusintha poliyo yapang’ono yosapu<strong>wa</strong>litsa zi<strong>wa</strong>lo kukhala yodetsa nkha<strong>wa</strong>,<br />

yotsag<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupu<strong>wa</strong>la zi<strong>wa</strong>lo. Musabaye jekeseni <strong>wa</strong> mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ena<br />

aliwonse pokhapokha ngati kuli koyenera.<br />

Onetsetsani <strong>kuti</strong> <strong>ana</strong> alandira katemera <strong>wa</strong> poliyo, <strong>wa</strong> ‘madontho a poliyo’<br />

pamene ali ndi miyezi iwiri, itatu kapena inayi yakubad<strong>wa</strong>.

334<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na amene <strong>wa</strong>lumala chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha poliyo ayenera<br />

kudya zakudya zokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi ndi<br />

kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi <strong>kuti</strong> minofu yotsalayo<br />

ikhale ya mphamvu.<br />

Thandizani m<strong>wa</strong>nayo kuyenda mulimonse mmene<br />

angathere. Pangani mitengo iwiri yoti adzigwira<br />

akamayenda, monga tikuwonera pano, ndipo kenako<br />

mpangireni ndodo zoyendera. Zogwirira mwendo, ndodo,<br />

ndi zipangizo zina zothandizira kuyenda zitha kuthandiza<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na kuyenda bwino ndipo zitha kuletsa kulumala.<br />

MMENE MUNGAPANGIRE NDODO ZOYENDERA OLUMALA

Mavuto amene <strong>ana</strong> amabad<strong>wa</strong> nawo<br />

Mwendo kuchoka malo amene umakum<strong>ana</strong> ndi fupa la m’chiuno<br />

Ana ena amabad<strong>wa</strong> ndi mwendo wochoka malo ake pamene umakum<strong>ana</strong> ndi fupa la<br />

mchiuno. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri ndi <strong>ana</strong> aakazi. Chisamaliro cha m<strong>wa</strong>msanga<br />

chitha kuthetsa vutoli ndi kutsimphina kumene kungabukepo. Choncho <strong>ana</strong> onse<br />

ayenera kuunikid<strong>wa</strong> bwino kuwona ngati ali ndi vuto la kulek<strong>ana</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> mafupa m’chiuno<br />

pamene ak<strong>wa</strong>nitsa masiku 10 chibadwireni.<br />

2. Gwirani miyendo ndipo<br />

yonse iwiri mawondo<br />

akhale pamodzi motere,<br />

1. F<strong>ana</strong>nizani miyendo iwiriyo. Ngati ntchafu imodzi siili<br />

m’malo m<strong>wa</strong>ke, mbali inayo idzasonyeza <strong>kuti</strong>:<br />

Mwendo <strong>wa</strong>m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba ukutseka mbali iyi ya thupi ku mbali<br />

imene mafupa alek<strong>ana</strong>.<br />

Minofu yapanga makwinya (tsinya) ochepa apa.<br />

Mwendo ukuwoneka <strong>wa</strong>ufupi kapena ukamasuntha pa mlingo<br />

wodabwitsa.<br />

ikhanyuleni motere<br />

(itayanitseni).<br />

Ngati mwendo umodzi<br />

umaliza usiya msanga<br />

kapena udukiza kapena<br />

umveka kulira pamene<br />

mukukhanyula<br />

(mukuitayanitsa), ndiye<br />

<strong>kuti</strong> mafupa mchiuno<br />

ngolek<strong>ana</strong>.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

Mawondo a m<strong>wa</strong>na akhale m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba komanso okanulid<strong>wa</strong>:<br />

Pogwiritsira ntchito kapena pomangirira miyendo kapena pochita izi:<br />

motere m<strong>wa</strong>na akamagona<br />

Kugwiritsa ntchito matewera<br />

okhuthala ngati apa:<br />

Kumadera kumene amayi amatenga <strong>ana</strong> awo kotero <strong>kuti</strong> miyendo yawo imatsamira<br />

chiuno chawo, chithandizo chapadera si chofunikiranso.<br />

335

336<br />

Nthenda yobad<strong>wa</strong> nayo ya kuchepa k<strong>wa</strong> magazi m’thupi<br />

Ana ena amabad<strong>wa</strong> ‘ofowoka pa magazi’, matenda amene amatched<strong>wa</strong> sickle cell pa<br />

Chingerezi. Nthendayi imachokera k<strong>wa</strong> makolo, ngakhale <strong>kuti</strong> makolowo sadzi<strong>wa</strong> zoti<br />

ali nawo. Amakhala <strong>kuti</strong> nthendayi ali nayo m’magazi m<strong>wa</strong>wo. M<strong>wa</strong>na atha kuwoneka<br />

<strong>wa</strong>thanzi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira, koma zizindikiro zina zimayambano<br />

kuwoneka.<br />

Zizindikiro zake:<br />

• Kutentha k<strong>wa</strong> thupi ndi kulira. M<strong>wa</strong>na amawoneka opanda<br />

magazi, ndipo akhoza kuwonetsa mtundu <strong>wa</strong>chikasu m’maso<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>ke.<br />

• Mapazi ndi zala zake zitha kuwonetsa zotupa zimene<br />

zimabisala pakatha mulungu umodzi kapena milungu iwiri,<br />

ndipo kenaka amakhala bwino.<br />

• Mimba itha kutupa ndi kulimba chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha kukula k<strong>wa</strong> zi<strong>wa</strong>lo<br />

za khoma la mimba kapamba (sathamagazi) ndi chiwindi.<br />

• Pamene ak<strong>wa</strong>nitsa zaka ziwiri zakubad<strong>wa</strong> mutu ukhoza<br />

kuyamba kuwonetsa mabampu mu ngondya za mafupa. Uku<br />

kumatched<strong>wa</strong> ‘bossing’ m’chingerezi.<br />

• M<strong>wa</strong>na amakhala wopanda mphamvu yodzitchinjiriza nayo ku<br />

matenda ndipo kawirikawiri amad<strong>wa</strong>la malungo, chifu<strong>wa</strong>, kutsekula m’mimba ndi<br />

matenda ena.<br />

• Amakula moched<strong>wa</strong> poyerekeza ndi <strong>ana</strong> ena.<br />

• Nthawi ndi nthawi m<strong>wa</strong>na amakhala ndi chimake cha vuto la ‘kufowoka k<strong>wa</strong><br />

magazi’, nthawi zambiri chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha malungo , kapena matenda ena obwera<br />

chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha tizilombo m’magazi. M<strong>wa</strong>na amatentha thupi k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri ndi kupweteka<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri m’mafupa am’manja kapena miyendo, kapenanso m’mimba. Vuto la<br />

kuso<strong>wa</strong> magazi limafika poipa mosataya nthawi. Zotupa pamafupa zitha kuyamba<br />

kutulutsa mafinya. Vutoli litha kubweretsa imfa.<br />

Chithandizo:<br />

Palibe njira imene ingachitike <strong>kuti</strong> kufowoka k<strong>wa</strong> kapangidwe ka magazi kungasinthe,<br />

koma m<strong>wa</strong>na atha kutetezed<strong>wa</strong> ku zinthu zimene zimabweretsa mavuto, ndipo<br />

payenera kukhala makonzedwe oti azikawon<strong>ana</strong> ndi anthu ogwira ntchito zachipatala<br />

mwezi ndi mwezi mosadukiza <strong>kuti</strong> azikamuunika ndikumampatsa chithandizo cha<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la.<br />

1. Malungo. M<strong>wa</strong>nayo ayenera kulandira mankh<strong>wa</strong>la olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi malungo <strong>kuti</strong><br />

nthendayi isawonekere, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsira ntchito mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a pyrimethamine<br />

kapena chloroquine (tsamba 379 ndi 381). Pa amene mankh<strong>wa</strong>la<strong>wa</strong> muyenera<br />

kuwonjezeranso mankh<strong>wa</strong>la okhala ndi gulu la mavitamini B osiy<strong>ana</strong>siy<strong>ana</strong> amene<br />

amachulukitsa magazi (folic acid, tsamba 406). Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la a magazi a iron a ferrous<br />

sulfate si ofunika kwenikweni.<br />

2. Matenda obwera chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha tizilombo tam’magazi. Tetezani m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>nu<br />

ku matenda a chikuku, chifu<strong>wa</strong> chokoka mtima, ndi chifu<strong>wa</strong> chachikulu po<strong>wa</strong>patsa<br />

katemera m<strong>wa</strong>msanga nthawi imene ili yovomerezeka. Chiritsani zizindikiro monga<br />

kutentha thupi, kutsokomola, kutsekula m’mimba, kukodza pafupipafupi, kapena<br />

ku<strong>wa</strong><strong>wa</strong> paliponse k<strong>wa</strong> m’mimba, miyendo kapena mikono, popita ndi m<strong>wa</strong>na k<strong>wa</strong><br />

ogwira ntchito zachipatala mofulumira monga mmene mungathere. Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la<br />

olimb<strong>ana</strong> ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda atha kukhala ofunikira. Mupatseni<br />

madzi ochuluka akum<strong>wa</strong>, ndi p<strong>ana</strong>dolo (tsamba 393) pochepetsa ululu <strong>wa</strong> m’mafupa.<br />

3. Asayandikire malo ozizira. Ayenera <strong>kuti</strong> akhale malo ofunda ndipo afunde<br />

bulangeti usiku ngati kuli kofunika. Gwiritsirani ntchito matiresi ofe<strong>wa</strong> bwino ngati kuli<br />

kotheka.<br />

4. Mimba. Mayi <strong>wa</strong>chichepere ayenera kupe<strong>wa</strong> zimenezi, pokhapokha ngati kuli<br />

kotheka kukachirira kuchipatala, chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha kukulitsa kufowoka k<strong>wa</strong> magazi<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>kukulu. Njira yakulera ya jekeseni (tsamba 312) ndiyo yovomerezeka k<strong>wa</strong> amayi<br />

amene ali ndi matenda a vuto la kapangidwe ka magazi m’thupi monga njira<br />

yotetezed<strong>wa</strong> koposa yoletsera mimba, ndipo ithanso kuchepetsa mavuto omwe<br />

angabwerepo chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha zochititsa zina.

Kutalika mchombo<br />

Mchombo umene umatalika<br />

chotere si vuto ayi. Mankh<strong>wa</strong>la<br />

kapena chithandizo china<br />

chilichonse nzosafunikira<br />

kufupikitsira mchombo.<br />

Kumanga mimba ndi kansalu<br />

kapena lamba <strong>wa</strong> pamimba<br />

sizingathandize.<br />

Tchende lotupa (Hydrocele kapena Hernia)<br />

Ngati tchende la m<strong>wa</strong>na litupa mbali imodzi, ichi ndi chifuk<strong>wa</strong><br />

choti ladzadza madzi kapena chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choti kanthu kena kake<br />

ka mbali ya thupi kathawira kumeneko (hernia). Kuti mudziwe<br />

chochititsa chenicheni, unikani ndi nyali <strong>kuti</strong> muwone ngati<br />

ku<strong>wa</strong>la kudutsa chotupacho.<br />

Ngati ku<strong>wa</strong>la kudutsa<br />

chotupacho msangamsanga<br />

ndiye <strong>kuti</strong> m’tchendemo muli<br />

madzi (hydrocele).<br />

Madzi nthawi zambiri amachoka<br />

okha pakapita nthawi popanda<br />

chithandizo chapadera. Koma<br />

pakatha chaka chathunthu,<br />

kafuneni chithandizo ku<br />

chipatala.<br />

Ngati ku<strong>wa</strong>la sikudutsa m’katimo,<br />

komanso ngati chotupa chikula<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na akamatsokomola kapena<br />

kulira, ndiye <strong>kuti</strong> kachi<strong>wa</strong>lo kena<br />

kake kam’thupi kathawira<br />

kumeneko (hernia).<br />

Hernia imafunika opaleshoni (onani<br />

tsamba 97).<br />

Ana oganiza moched<strong>wa</strong> (operewera), ogontha kapena<br />

opu<strong>wa</strong>la<br />

Nthawi zina makolo adzakhala ndi m<strong>wa</strong>na amene adzabad<strong>wa</strong> osamva, woganiza<br />

moched<strong>wa</strong>, kapena <strong>wa</strong> mavuto obad<strong>wa</strong> nawo (chomwe chikusonyeza china chake<br />

cholakwika pa thupi pake). Nthawi zambiri palibe chifuk<strong>wa</strong> chimene chingaperekedwe.<br />

Palibe aliyense amene ayenera kudzudzulid<strong>wa</strong>. Nthawi zambiri<br />

zimangochitika m<strong>wa</strong>ngozi.<br />

Komabe, zinthu zina zimakulitsa mpata woti m<strong>wa</strong>na abadwe ndi<br />

mavuto ena. Ndi povuta <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na abadwe ndi vuto lina lake la<br />

pathupi ngati makolo atsatira machenjezo ena ake.<br />

1. Kuso<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> zakudya zokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi<br />

nthawi imene mayi ali ndi pakati kukhoza kuchititsa kuganiza<br />

moched<strong>wa</strong> kapena vuto lina lobad<strong>wa</strong> nalo lapathupi pa m<strong>wa</strong>na.<br />

Kuti mukhale ndi <strong>ana</strong> athanzi, amayi apakati ayenera kudya<br />

zakudya zokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi (tsamba 115).<br />

2. Kusoweka k<strong>wa</strong> mchere <strong>wa</strong> ayodini mu zakudya za mayi<br />

<strong>wa</strong>pakati kungabweretse vuto lina lobad<strong>wa</strong> nalo lotched<strong>wa</strong> cretinism<br />

m’chingerezi.<br />

337<br />

Ngakhale mchombo<br />

<strong>wa</strong>ukulu chotere ngati uwu<br />

si owopsa ndipo udzatha<br />

wokha. Ngati udakalipobe<br />

kufikira ali ndi zaka 5,<br />

opaleshoni itha kuchitika.<br />

Kalandireni malangizo<br />

kuchipatala.<br />

Nthawi zina hernia imachititsa<br />

chotupa pam<strong>wa</strong>mba komanso<br />

mbali imodzi ya tchende, osati<br />

m’kati.<br />

Mukhoza kudzi<strong>wa</strong> izi powona<br />

chotupacho (tsamba 89)<br />

chifuk<strong>wa</strong> hernia imatupa ngati<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na akulira kapena <strong>wa</strong>imirira<br />

mowongoka, ndipo imaso<strong>wa</strong> ngati<br />

iye akhala chete.

338<br />

Nkhope ya m<strong>wa</strong>nayo imawoneka yefufuma, ndipo imawoneka ya tondovi, lirime lake<br />

limayenda kunja, ndipo chipumi chonse chitha kukhala ndi tsitsi. Ngofowoka, sadya<br />

moyenera, amalira pang’ono, ndipo amagona k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri. Amaganiza moched<strong>wa</strong> ndipo<br />

atha kukhala ogontha. Adzayamba kuyenda ndi kuyankhula moched<strong>wa</strong> kuyerekeza ndi<br />

<strong>ana</strong> oti ali bwinobwino.<br />

Pofuna kuthandiza kupe<strong>wa</strong> vuto lobwera k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na chifuk<strong>wa</strong> choso<strong>wa</strong><br />

mchere <strong>wa</strong> ayodini (iodine) m’thupi m<strong>wa</strong> mayi (cretinism), amayi apakati<br />

ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito mchere wokhala ndi iodine m’malo m<strong>wa</strong> mchere<br />

<strong>wa</strong>mba (onani tsamba 135).<br />

Ngati mukuganiza <strong>kuti</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>nu atha kukhala ndi vuto la cretinism pitani naye<br />

kuchipatala kapena k<strong>wa</strong> dotolo nthawi yomweyo. Kulandira mankh<strong>wa</strong>la m<strong>wa</strong>changu<br />

(a thyroid) kumatanthauza kukhalanso bwino m<strong>wa</strong>changu.<br />

3. Kusuta kapena kum<strong>wa</strong> zakum<strong>wa</strong> zaukali pamene mayi ali ndi mimba kumachititsa<br />

<strong>ana</strong> kubad<strong>wa</strong> aang’ono thupi kapena kukhala ndi mavuto ena (onani tsamba 156).<br />

Osamam<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri kapena kusuta makamaka pamene muli ndi pakati.<br />

4. Zikadutsa zaka 35, mpata ndi <strong>wa</strong>ukulu woti mayi adzakhala ndi m<strong>wa</strong>na wokhala<br />

ndi vuto lina lake la pathupi. Matenda a mongolism kapena Down’s disease, amene<br />

amawoneka ngati cretinism ndi ochuluka pakati pa <strong>ana</strong> amene mayi ali <strong>wa</strong>chikulire<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri.<br />

Ndi bwino kukonzeratu za ukulu <strong>wa</strong> banja lanu kotero <strong>kuti</strong> simukukhalanso<br />

ndi <strong>ana</strong> ena pamene mupyola zaka 35 (onani mutu 20).<br />

5. Mitundu yosiy<strong>ana</strong>siy<strong>ana</strong> ya mankh<strong>wa</strong>la itha kuvulaza m<strong>wa</strong>na amene akukula<br />

m’mimba m<strong>wa</strong> mayi.<br />

Gwiritsirani ntchito mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ochepa monga mmene mungathere pa<br />

mthawi imene muli ndi pakati ndipo akhale okhawo amene mukudzi<strong>wa</strong> <strong>kuti</strong><br />

saika <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na pa chiswe.<br />

6. Ngati makolo ali pachibale (pachisuweni, m<strong>wa</strong>chitsanzo), pali mpata <strong>wa</strong>ukulu<br />

<strong>kuti</strong> <strong>ana</strong> awo adzakhala ndi vuto lapathupi kapena adzakhala oganiza moched<strong>wa</strong>. Maso<br />

a ntchefu, zala zowonjezereka, mapazi okhota, mlomo <strong>wa</strong>m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba<br />

woga<strong>wa</strong>nika ndi mavuto a pathupi odziwika bwino.<br />

Pofuna kuchepetsa mpata <strong>wa</strong> mavuto amene<strong>wa</strong> ndi ena, musak<strong>wa</strong>tire <strong>wa</strong>chibale<br />

<strong>wa</strong>pafupi. Komanso ngati muli ndi vuto lobad<strong>wa</strong> nalo lachilendolendo pa <strong>ana</strong> omwe muli<br />

nawo, ganizirani zosiya kukhalanso ndi <strong>ana</strong> ena (onani Ndondomeko za Kulera, mutu 20).<br />

Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong>nu abad<strong>wa</strong> ndi vuto lapathupi, pitani naye<br />

kuchipatala. Nthawi zambiri kena kake kakhoza kuchitid<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

• Ngati lili vuto lokhala ndi maso antchefu (cross-eyes), onani<br />

tsamba 234.<br />

• Ngati m<strong>wa</strong>na abad<strong>wa</strong> ndi chala chowonjezereka chaching’ono<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri ndipo ndi chopanda fupa m’kati m<strong>wa</strong>ke, chimangeni<br />

ndi kachingwe mothinitsa k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri. Chotsatira chake ndi<br />

cha<strong>kuti</strong> chalacho chidzauma ndipo kenaka chidzaduka. Ngati<br />

chili chachikulu ndipo chokhala ndi fupa, muchisiye<br />

choncho kapena mupite kuchipatala <strong>kuti</strong> akachichotse.<br />

• Ngati mapazi a m<strong>wa</strong>na wobad<strong>wa</strong> kumene ali okhotera m’kati<br />

kapena apanga chibonga, yesetsani kuma<strong>wa</strong>wongolera<br />

monga mmene ayenera kukhalira. Ngati mungachite<br />

zimenezi msanga, chitani zimenezi kambirimbiri tsiku<br />

lililonse. Mapazi (kapena phazi) ayenera kukula<br />

pang’onopang’ono <strong>kuti</strong> akhale monga mmene ayenera<br />

kukhalira. Ngati simungathe kuwongola mapazi a<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>nayo <strong>kuti</strong> akhale m’malo m<strong>wa</strong>ke, pitani naye<br />

nthawi yomweyo kuchipatala kumene mapazi ake atha<br />

kumangid<strong>wa</strong> <strong>kuti</strong> akhale mchimake, m<strong>wa</strong>kuika mu<br />

chikhakha. Kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino ndi pofunika<br />

kutero m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> masiku awiri akabad<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Phazi<br />

lokhotera<br />

m’kati<br />

Phazi lokhala<br />

ngati<br />

chibonga

339<br />

• Ngati mlomo <strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na kapena m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba m<strong>wa</strong><br />

mlomo <strong>wa</strong>ke uga<strong>wa</strong>nika pawiri, atha kukhala ndi mavuto a<br />

kuyam<strong>wa</strong> ndipo ayenera kumadzamudyetsera sipuni.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>kuchita opaleshoni <strong>wa</strong> mlomo <strong>wa</strong> m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba zikhoza<br />

kubwezeretsa mlomowo m’malo m<strong>wa</strong>ke. Nthawi yabwino<br />

yochitira opaleshoni ya mlomo ndi pamene ali ndi miyezi 4<br />

mpaka 6, ndipo miyezi 18 ngati ili opaleshoni ya<br />

m’m<strong>wa</strong>mba m<strong>wa</strong> mlomo.<br />

Mlomo woga<strong>wa</strong>nika pawiri<br />

7. Zovuta pa nthawi yobereka nthawi zina zingachititse kuwonongeka k<strong>wa</strong><br />

bongo. Zimene zingachititse m<strong>wa</strong>na kukhala ndi zi<strong>wa</strong>lo zouma ndi zizindikiro za<br />

kug<strong>wa</strong> khunyu. Mpata <strong>wa</strong> kuwonongekaku ndi <strong>wa</strong>ukulu ngati pa nthawi yobad<strong>wa</strong><br />

m<strong>wa</strong>nayo sapuma mofulumira, kapena ngati mzamba adapereka jekeseni yofulumizitsa<br />

kubad<strong>wa</strong> k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na m<strong>wa</strong>nayo as<strong>ana</strong>badwe (tsamba 282).<br />

Khalani osamala ndi mmene mumasankhira mzamba <strong>wa</strong>nu ndipo musalole<br />

mzamba <strong>wa</strong>nu kugwiritsira ntchito mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ofulumizitsa kubereka m<strong>wa</strong>na<br />

<strong>wa</strong>nu as<strong>ana</strong>badwe.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na <strong>wa</strong> minofu yomangika (Celebral Palsy)<br />

Miyendo yopiringidz<strong>ana</strong><br />

kapena yopitama ngati<br />

sizesi.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na wod<strong>wa</strong>la matenda<strong>wa</strong> amakhala ndi minofu<br />

yomangika ndi youuma kotero <strong>kuti</strong> satha kusuntha zi<strong>wa</strong>lo<br />

bwinobwino. Nkhope yake, khosi lake, kapena thupi lake litha<br />

kupotoka, ndipo mayendedwe ake amadzandira. Nthawi<br />

zambiri minofu yomangika m’kati m<strong>wa</strong> miyendo yake<br />

imachititsa <strong>kuti</strong> miyendo yake ikhale yopachik<strong>ana</strong> ngati<br />

sizesi.<br />

Pa nthawi yobad<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>nayo akhoza kuwoneka ngati ali<br />

bwinobwino kapena womasuka bwinobwino. Kumangika<br />

kumabwera iye akamakula. M<strong>wa</strong>nayo atha kudzakhala<br />

woganiza msanga kapenanso moched<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

Palibe mankh<strong>wa</strong>la amene amachiritsa kuwonongeka k<strong>wa</strong><br />

bongo kumene kumachititsa kumangika k<strong>wa</strong> minofu. Koma<br />

m<strong>wa</strong>na afunikira chisamaliro chapadera. Pofuna kule<strong>wa</strong><br />

kumangika k<strong>wa</strong> minofu m’miyendo kapena mapazi, perekani<br />

chithandizo monga cha mafupa olek<strong>ana</strong> m’chiuno (tsamba 335)<br />

ndiponso mwendo wokhota (tsamba 338), ngati kuli kofunika.<br />

Mthandizeni m<strong>wa</strong>nayo kusuntha, kukhala komanso kuima<br />

kenaka kuyenda monga lasonyezera tsamba 334.<br />

Mlimbikitseni kugwiritsira ntchito kuganiza ndi thupi<br />

mulimonse mmene angathere. Mthandizeni kuphunzira (onani<br />

tsamba lotsatirali). Ngakhale <strong>kuti</strong> iye ali ndi vuto la<br />

kuyankhula atha kukhala ndi mphamvu yabwino ya kuganiza<br />

ndi kutha kuphunzira zinthu zochuluka atapatsid<strong>wa</strong> mpata.<br />

Mthandizeni <strong>kuti</strong> adzithandize yekha.<br />

Kuched<strong>wa</strong> kukula m’miyezi yoyambirira ya <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>ke<br />

(Retardation)<br />

Ana ena amene ali ndi thanzi labwino pa nthawi yobad<strong>wa</strong> sakula bwino. Amayamba<br />

kuganiza moched<strong>wa</strong> chifuk<strong>wa</strong> sadya chakudya chokhala ndi zonse zofunikira m’thupi<br />

la munthu. M’kati m<strong>wa</strong> miyezi yochepa yoyambirira ya <strong>moyo</strong> <strong>wa</strong>wo, bongo umakula<br />

mofulumira kuposa pa nthawi ina iliyonse. Chifuk<strong>wa</strong> cha chimenechi chakudya<br />

choyenera k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na ndi chofunika k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri. Mkaka <strong>wa</strong> m’mawere ndicho chakudya<br />

chabwino koposa k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>na (onani chakudya chabwino cha m<strong>wa</strong>na, tsamba 125).

340<br />

Pothandiza kuthetsa vuto la kuganiza moched<strong>wa</strong> kapena mavuto a pathupi<br />

amene <strong>ana</strong> amabad<strong>wa</strong> nawo, mayi ayenera kuchita zinthu zotsatirazi:<br />

1. Osak<strong>wa</strong>ti<strong>wa</strong> ndi msuweni kapena <strong>wa</strong>chibale wina aliyense.<br />

2. Adye zakudya zabwino ndi zok<strong>wa</strong>nira mmene angathere nthawi imene ali wod<strong>wa</strong>la:<br />

nyama yochuluka, mazira, zipatso, ndi ndiwo zamasamba zochuluka mmene<br />

angathere.<br />

3. Mugwiritsire ntchito mchere wokhala ndi iodine m’malo m<strong>wa</strong> mchere <strong>wa</strong>mba,<br />

makamaka nthawi imene ali ndi mimba.<br />

4. Musasute fodya kapena kum<strong>wa</strong> zoledzeretsa m<strong>wa</strong>uchidak<strong>wa</strong> pa nthawi imene muli<br />

ndi mimba (onani tsamba 156).<br />

5. Pamene muli ndi mimba, pe<strong>wa</strong>ni mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ngati kuli kotheka ndipo gwiritsirani<br />

ntchito mankh<strong>wa</strong>lawo okhawo amene akudziwika <strong>kuti</strong> ndi otetezed<strong>wa</strong>.<br />

6. Pamene ali ndi mimba, asayandikire anthu amene ali ndi chikuku cha German.<br />

7. Samalani kasankhidwe ka azamba ndipo musalole mzamba kugwiritsira ntchito<br />

mankh<strong>wa</strong>la ofulumizitsa mimba <strong>kuti</strong> mudzachire msanga m<strong>wa</strong>na as<strong>ana</strong>badwe<br />

(onani tsamba 282).<br />

8. Musakhalenso ndi pakati ngati muli ndi <strong>ana</strong> oposa mmodzi amene ali<br />

ndi chilema chof<strong>ana</strong>na (onani Ndondomeko zakulera, tsamba 302).<br />

9. Ganizirani zosiya kubereka mukak<strong>wa</strong>nitsa zaka 35.<br />

KUTHANDIZA ANA KUPHUNZIRA<br />

Pamene m<strong>wa</strong>na akula, mbali ina ya zinthu zimene amaphunzira ndi<br />

zimene <strong>wa</strong>phunzitsid<strong>wa</strong>. Nzeru ndi maluso amene amaphunzira ku sukulu<br />

zitha kumuthandiza kumvetsa ndi kuchita zambiri m’tsogolo. Kotero sukulu ndi<br />

yofunikira.<br />

Koma k<strong>wa</strong>kukulu m<strong>wa</strong>na amaphunzira kunyumba kapena m’tchire kapena<br />

m’munda. Amaphunzira kudzera mu zimene akuwona, kumva, ndi kuyesa payekha<br />

kuchita zimene ena akuchita. Saphunzira zambiri kudzera m’zimene ena akumuuza,<br />

koma m’zimene akuwona mmene ena akuchitira. Zina m<strong>wa</strong> zinthu zofunika<br />

k<strong>wa</strong>mbiri zimene m<strong>wa</strong>na angaphunzire ndi monga chifundo, udindo, ndi<br />

kuwolo<strong>wa</strong> manja kapena kuga<strong>wa</strong>na. Zonsezi zitha kuphunzitsid<strong>wa</strong><br />

powonera chitsanzo chabwino.<br />

M<strong>wa</strong>na amaphunzira kudzera mu kuyenda ndi kudziwonera yekha ndi maso.<br />

Ayenera kuphunzira kachitidwe ka zinthu payekha, ngakhale athe kumachita<br />

molakwitsa. Pamene iye ali <strong>wa</strong>mng’ono, mtetezeni ku ngozi. Koma pamene iye<br />

akukula, mphunzitseni kudzidalira yekha. Mupatseni udindo wina <strong>wa</strong>ke. Lemekezani<br />

maganizo ake, ngakhale akusiy<strong>ana</strong> ndi maganizo anu.<br />

Pa nthawi imene m<strong>wa</strong>na ali <strong>wa</strong>mng’ono, amafuna <strong>kuti</strong> zofuna zake zimveke basi.<br />

Kenaka amazindikira kusangalatsa kochita zinthu zothandiza ndi kuchitira anthu<br />

ena. Landirani chithandizo chawo ndipo asonyezeni <strong>kuti</strong> muku<strong>wa</strong>yamikira.<br />

Ana amene alibe mantha amafunsa mafunso ambirimbiri. Ngati makolo, aphunzitsi,<br />

ndi anthu ena alephera kuyankha msanga mafunso awo ndi mowona mtima – ndi<br />

kunena <strong>kuti</strong> sadzi<strong>wa</strong> pamene akudzi<strong>wa</strong> – m<strong>wa</strong>na adzapitiriza kufunsa mafunso.<br />

Ndipo pamene akukula atha kufunafuna njira <strong>kuti</strong> malo ake ozungulira kapena mudzi<br />

<strong>wa</strong>ke ukhale malo abwino wokhalamo.<br />

Maganizo ena othandizira <strong>ana</strong> kuphunzira ndi kulowetsed<strong>wa</strong>mo mu njira za <strong>moyo</strong><br />

zokhudza dera limene akukhala opangid<strong>wa</strong> ndi dongosolo lotched<strong>wa</strong> CHILD-to-child<br />

Program imene tsopano ikugwira ntchito m’maiko ambiri amene akukwera kumene.<br />

Kuti mudziwe zambiri alembereni kalata pa keyala iyi:<br />

CHILD-to-child Program<br />

Institute of Education<br />

20 Bedford Way<br />

London WC1 OAL, UK

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