Pokaż cały numer - Farmaceutyczny Przegląd Naukowy

Pokaż cały numer - Farmaceutyczny Przegląd Naukowy Pokaż cały numer - Farmaceutyczny Przegląd Naukowy

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Farm Przegl Nauk, 2009,2 DISCUSSION Oxidative stress is known to affect tissue metabolism [38,39]. It participates in pathogenesis of inflammation [40,41] and diabetes [41,42], promotes carcinogenesis [1] and induces cellular senescence resulting from accumulation of oxidative damage in DNA, lipids and proteins [43]. Collagen, which accounts for about one third of total body proteins is essential not only for the maintenance of the connective tissue, but also for interaction with integrins. Activation of these receptors by extracellular matrix proteins, e.g. collagen, regulates cellular gene expression, differentiation, cell growth [44] and plays an important role in wound repair [45], tumorigenicity and invasiveness [46]. This study suggests, that oxidative stress exerts inhibitory effect on collagen biosynthesis in human dermal fibroblasts. Similar effect on collagen production was previously demonstrated in human cardiac fibroblasts exposed to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or xanthine plus xanthine oxide [7]. In order to explain the mechanism of this process, we considered prolidase as a target enzyme. Prolidase activity has been demonstrated to play an important role in regulation of collagen biosynthesis in fibroblasts [10-12]. In fact, the enzyme expression was decreased in fibroblasts exposed to t-BHP. Decreased prolidase expression in these cells was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of phosphorylated FAK protein. The correlation is well known phenomenon. Activation of β 1 -integrin receptor that is known to increase in prolidase expression and activity [16, 36] leads to phosphorylation of FAK [17]. Therefore decrease in expression of FAK in t-BHP treated fibroblasts may explain decrease in prolidase expression. Similarly decreased expression of MAP- kinases (ERK 1 and ERK 2 ) was observed in t-BHP treated cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway constitutes a major one, through which growth factor receptors transmit signals to the nucleus. It is known, that some growth factor receptors (EGFR, PDGFR or T-cell receptor) undergo phosphorylation in response to treatment with oxidants. Their phosphorylation leads to activation of p44/42 MAPK signaling pathway [47-52]. However, it has been recently shown, that oxidative stress can variously modulate ERKs activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner [53,54]. In addition, reactive carbonyl compounds, glyoxal and methylglyoxal formed extensively in conditions of oxidative stress have been demonstrated to be capable of dephosphorylation of intracellular phospho-ERKs, what results in their inactivation [55]. IGF-I receptor is a receptor-tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in signaling that leads to cell survival and proliferation. It is also a strong stimulator of collagen and DNA biosynthesis [21, 26]. It has been proposed, that activation of this receptor may protect different cells from oxidative stress [56-58] and regulate their resistance to the action of oxidants [59]. We found that down-regulation of IGF-I receptor expression in fibroblasts submitted to oxidative stress was accompanied by parallel changes in expression of both MAP-kinases (ERK 1 and ERK 2 ). Simultaneously, DNA biosynthesis in fibroblasts treated with t-BHP decreased during the time 32 course of the experiment. In view of these data it seems that decrease in collagen biosynthesis and cell division caused by oxidative stress may be mostly a consequence of disturbances in β 1 -integrin and IGF-I receptor signaling. References 1. Kawanishi S., Hiraku Y., Oikawa S. Mechanism of guanine-specific DNA damage by oxidative stress and its role in carcinogenesis and aging. Mutat. Res. 2001; 488: 65-76. 2. Mazhul V., Shcherbin D., Zavodnik I., Rękawiecka K., Bryszewska M. The effect of oxidative stress induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide on the structural dynamics of membrane proteins of chinese hamster fibroblasts. Cell Biol Intern. 1999; 23: 345-350. 3. Stadtman E.R. Protein oxidation and aging. Science 1992; 257: 1220-1224. 4. Dean R.T., Thomas S.M., Vince G., Wolff S.P. Oxidation induced proteolysis and its possible restriction by some secondary protein modifications. Biomed Biochim Acta. 1986; 11-12: 1563-1573. 5. Monboisse J.C., Gardes-Albert M., Randaoux A., Borel J.P., Ferradini C. Collagen degradation by superoxide anion in pulse and gamma radiolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988; 965: 29-35. 6. Kawaguchi Y., Tanaka H., Okada T., Konishi H., Takahashi M., Ito M., Asai J. The effects of ultraviolet A and reactive oxygen species on the mRNA expression of 72-kDa type IV collagenase and its tissue inhibitor in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996; 288: 39-44. 7. Siwik D.A., Pagano P.J., Colucci W.S. Oxidative stress regulates collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001; 280: 53-60. 8. Gumbiner B.M., Yamada K.M. Cell-to-cell contact and extracellular matrix. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1995; 7: 615- 618. 9. Plow E.F., Haas T.A., Zhang L., Loftus J., Smith J.W. Ligand binding to integrins. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 21785- 21788. 10. Pałka J., Miltyk W., Karna E., Wołczyński S. Modulation of prolidase activity during in vitro aging of human skin fibroblasts the role of extracellular matrix collagen. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1996; 21: 207-213. 11. Miltyk W., Pałka J.A. Potential role of pyrroline 5-carboxylate in regulation of collagen biosynthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2000; 125: 265-271. 12. Muszynska A., Pałka J., Gorodkiewicz E. The mechanism of daunorubicin-induced inhibition of prolidase activity in human skin fibroblasts and its implication to impaired collagen biosynthesis. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2000; 52: 149-55. 13. Myara I., Charpentier C., Lemonnier A. Prolidase and prolidase deficiency, Life Sci. 1984; 34: 1985-1998. 14. Yaron A., Naider F. Proline-dependent structural and biological properties of peptides and proteins. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1993; 28: 31-81.

15. Emmerson K.S., Phang J.M. Hydrolysis of proline dipeptides completely fulfills the proline requirement in a proline-auxotropic Chinese hamster ovary cell line. J Nutr. 1993; 123: 909-914. 16. Pałka J, Phang J. Prolidase activity in fibroblasts is regulated by interaction of extracellular matrix with cell surface integrin receptor. J. Cell. Biochem. 1997; 67 166-175. 17. Hanks S.K., Calalb M.B., Harper M.C., Patel S.K. Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase phosphorylated in response to cell attachment to fibronectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89: 8487-8491. 18. Juliano R. Cooperation between soluble factors and integrin- mediated cell anchorage in the control of cell growth and differentiation. Bioessays 1996;18: 911-917. 19. Seger R., Krebs E.G. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 726-735. 20. Labat-Robert J., Robert L. Interaction between cells and extracellular matrix: signaling by integrins and the elastin-laminin receptor. Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol. 2000; 25: 57-70. 21. Goldstein R.H., Poliks C.F., Plich P.F., Smith B.D., Fine, A. Stimulation of collagen formation by insulin-like growth factor-I in cultures of human lung fibroblasts. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 964-970. 22. Le Roith D., Werner H., Beitner-Johnson D., Roberts Jr. C.T. Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulinlike growth factor-I receptor. Endocr. Rev. 1995;16: 143-64. 23. Butler A.A., Yakar S., Gewolb I.H., Karas M., Okubo Y., LeRoith, D. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signal transduction: at the interface between physiology and cell biology. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1998; 121: 19-26. 24. Tanaka H., Wakisaka A., Ogasa H., Kawai S., Liang C.T. Effect of IGF-I and PDGF administered in vivo on the expression of osteoblast- related genes in old rats. J Endocrinol. 2002; 174: 63-70. 25. Miltyk W., Karna E., Wołczyński S., Pałka J. Insulin-like growth factor I- dependent regulation of prolidase activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998; 189: 177-184. 26. Baserga R., Hongo A., Rubini M., Prisco M., Valentinis B. The IGF-I receptor in cell growth, transformation and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1997; 1332: 105-106. 27. Dumont P., Burton M., Chen Q. M., Gonos E. S., Frippiat C., Mazarati J. B., Eliaers F., Remacle J., Touissant O. Induction of replicative senescence biomarkers by sublethal oxidative stresses in normal human fibroblast. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28: 361-373. 28. Chatteriee S., Velicer L.F., Sweeley C.C. Glycosphingolipid glycosyl hydrolases and glycosidases of synchronized human KB cells. J Biol Chem. 1975; 250: 4972- 4979. 29. Zwierz K., Gindzieński A., Głowacka D., Porowski T. The degradation of glycoconjugates in the human gastric mucous membrane. Acta Med Acad Sci Hung. 1981; 38: 145-152. copyright © 2009 Grupa dr. A. R. Kwiecińskiego ISSN 1425-5073 30. Oyamada I., Pałka J., Schalk E.M., Takeda K., Peterkofsky B. Scorbutic and fasted guinea pig sera contain an insulin-like growth factor I reversible inhibitor of proteoglycan and collagen synthesis in chick embryo chondrocytes and adult human skin fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990; 276: 85-93. 31. Peterkofsky B., Pałka J., Wilson S., Takeda K., Shah V. Elevated activity of low molecular weight insulin-like growth factor- binding proteins in sera of vitamin C- deficient and fasted guinea pigs. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 1769-1779. 32. Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970; 227: 680-685. 33. Ochi T., Miyaura S. Cytotoxicity of an organic hydroperoxide and cellular antioxidant defense system against hydroperoxides in cultured mammalian cells. Toxicology 1989; 55: 69-82. 34. Makino N., Bannai S., Sugita Y. Kinetic studies on the removal of extrecellular tert-butyl hydroperoxide by cultured fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1243: 503-508. 35. Dimri G.P., Lee X., Basile G., Acosta M., Scott G., Roskeley C., Medrano E.E., Linskens M., Rubelj I., Pereira-Smith O., Peacocke M., Campisi, J. A biomarker that identifies senescent cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92: 9363-9367. 36. Pałka J.A., Phang J.M. Prolidase activity is regulated by cell surface extracellular matrix interaction in normal fibroblast and MCF-7 cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1994; 35: 531. 37. Werner H., Le Roith D. New concepts in regulation and function of the insulin-like growth factors: implications for understanding normal growth and neoplasia. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000; 57: 932-942. 38. Mocali A., Caldini R., Chevanne M., Paoletti F. Induction, effects and quantification of sublethal oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide on cultured human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res. 1995; 216: 388-395. 39. Allen R.G., Tresini M. Oxidative stress and gene regulation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28; 463-499. 40. Salvemini D., Ischiropoulos, H., Cuzzocrea, S. Roles of nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation. Methods Mol. Biol. 225 (2003) 291-303. 41. Jialal I., Devaraj S., Venugopal S.K. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and diabetic vasculopathies: the role of alpha tocopherol therapy. Free Radic Res. 2002; 36: 1331- 1336. 42. Haskins K., Bradley B., Powers K., Fadok V., Flores S., Ling X., Pugazhenthi S., Reusch J., Kench J. Oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003; 1005: 43-54. 43. Toussaint O., Medrano E.E., Von Zglinicki T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of stress- induced premature senescence (SIPS) of human diploid fibroblasts and melanocytes. Exp Gerontol. 2000; 35: 927-945. 44. Carey D.J. Control of growth and differentiation of vascular cells by extracellular matrix. Ann Rev Physiol. 1991; 53: 161-177. 33

15. Emmerson K.S., Phang J.M. Hydrolysis of proline<br />

dipeptides completely fulfills the proline requirement in<br />

a proline-auxotropic Chinese hamster ovary cell line. J<br />

Nutr. 1993; 123: 909-914.<br />

16. Pałka J, Phang J. Prolidase activity in fibroblasts is regulated<br />

by interaction of extracellular matrix with cell<br />

surface integrin receptor. J. Cell. Biochem. 1997; 67<br />

166-175.<br />

17. Hanks S.K., Calalb M.B., Harper M.C., Patel S.K. Focal<br />

adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase phosphorylated in response<br />

to cell attachment to fibronectin. Proc Natl Acad<br />

Sci USA. 1992; 89: 8487-8491.<br />

18. Juliano R. Cooperation between soluble factors and<br />

integrin- mediated cell anchorage in the control of<br />

cell growth and differentiation. Bioessays 1996;18:<br />

911-917.<br />

19. Seger R., Krebs E.G. The MAPK signaling cascade.<br />

FASEB J. 1995; 9: 726-735.<br />

20. Labat-Robert J., Robert L. Interaction between cells<br />

and extracellular matrix: signaling by integrins and the<br />

elastin-laminin receptor. Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol. 2000;<br />

25: 57-70.<br />

21. Goldstein R.H., Poliks C.F., Plich P.F., Smith B.D., Fine,<br />

A. Stimulation of collagen formation by insulin-like<br />

growth factor-I in cultures of human lung fibroblasts.<br />

Endocrinology 1989; 124: 964-970.<br />

22. Le Roith D., Werner H., Beitner-Johnson D., Roberts<br />

Jr. C.T. Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulinlike<br />

growth factor-I receptor. Endocr. Rev. 1995;16:<br />

143-64.<br />

23. Butler A.A., Yakar S., Gewolb I.H., Karas M., Okubo<br />

Y., LeRoith, D. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor<br />

signal transduction: at the interface between physiology<br />

and cell biology. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1998;<br />

121: 19-26.<br />

24. Tanaka H., Wakisaka A., Ogasa H., Kawai S., Liang C.T.<br />

Effect of IGF-I and PDGF administered in vivo on the<br />

expression of osteoblast- related genes in old rats. J Endocrinol.<br />

2002; 174: 63-70.<br />

25. Miltyk W., Karna E., Wołczyński S., Pałka J. Insulin-like<br />

growth factor I- dependent regulation of prolidase activity<br />

in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem.<br />

1998; 189: 177-184.<br />

26. Baserga R., Hongo A., Rubini M., Prisco M., Valentinis<br />

B. The IGF-I receptor in cell growth, transformation<br />

and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1997; 1332:<br />

105-106.<br />

27. Dumont P., Burton M., Chen Q. M., Gonos E. S., Frippiat<br />

C., Mazarati J. B., Eliaers F., Remacle J., Touissant<br />

O. Induction of replicative senescence biomarkers by<br />

sublethal oxidative stresses in normal human fibroblast.<br />

Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28: 361-373.<br />

28. Chatteriee S., Velicer L.F., Sweeley C.C. Glycosphingolipid<br />

glycosyl hydrolases and glycosidases of synchronized<br />

human KB cells. J Biol Chem. 1975; 250:<br />

4972- 4979.<br />

29. Zwierz K., Gindzieński A., Głowacka D., Porowski T.<br />

The degradation of glycoconjugates in the human gastric<br />

mucous membrane. Acta Med Acad Sci Hung. 1981; 38:<br />

145-152.<br />

copyright © 2009 Grupa dr. A. R. Kwiecińskiego ISSN 1425-5073<br />

30. Oyamada I., Pałka J., Schalk E.M., Takeda K., Peterkofsky<br />

B. Scorbutic and fasted guinea pig sera contain an<br />

insulin-like growth factor I reversible inhibitor of proteoglycan<br />

and collagen synthesis in chick embryo chondrocytes<br />

and adult human skin fibroblasts. Arch Biochem<br />

Biophys. 1990; 276: 85-93.<br />

31. Peterkofsky B., Pałka J., Wilson S., Takeda K., Shah V.<br />

Elevated activity of low molecular weight insulin-like<br />

growth factor- binding proteins in sera of vitamin C- deficient<br />

and fasted guinea pigs. Endocrinology 1991; 128:<br />

1769-1779.<br />

32. Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the<br />

assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970;<br />

227: 680-685.<br />

33. Ochi T., Miyaura S. Cytotoxicity of an organic hydroperoxide<br />

and cellular antioxidant defense system against<br />

hydroperoxides in cultured mammalian cells. Toxicology<br />

1989; 55: 69-82.<br />

34. Makino N., Bannai S., Sugita Y. Kinetic studies on the<br />

removal of extrecellular tert-butyl hydroperoxide by<br />

cultured fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1243:<br />

503-508.<br />

35. Dimri G.P., Lee X., Basile G., Acosta M., Scott G.,<br />

Roskeley C., Medrano E.E., Linskens M., Rubelj I.,<br />

Pereira-Smith O., Peacocke M., Campisi, J. A biomarker<br />

that identifies senescent cells in culture and in aging<br />

skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92:<br />

9363-9367.<br />

36. Pałka J.A., Phang J.M. Prolidase activity is regulated by<br />

cell surface extracellular matrix interaction in normal fibroblast<br />

and MCF-7 cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res.<br />

1994; 35: 531.<br />

37. Werner H., Le Roith D. New concepts in regulation and<br />

function of the insulin-like growth factors: implications<br />

for understanding normal growth and neoplasia. Cell<br />

Mol Life Sci. 2000; 57: 932-942.<br />

38. Mocali A., Caldini R., Chevanne M., Paoletti F. Induction,<br />

effects and quantification of sublethal oxidative<br />

stress by hydrogen peroxide on cultured human fibroblasts.<br />

Exp Cell Res. 1995; 216: 388-395.<br />

39. Allen R.G., Tresini M. Oxidative stress and gene regulation.<br />

Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28; 463-499.<br />

40. Salvemini D., Ischiropoulos, H., Cuzzocrea, S. Roles of<br />

nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation. Methods<br />

Mol. Biol. 225 (2003) 291-303.<br />

41. Jialal I., Devaraj S., Venugopal S.K. Oxidative stress,<br />

inflammation, and diabetic vasculopathies: the role of alpha<br />

tocopherol therapy. Free Radic Res. 2002; 36: 1331-<br />

1336.<br />

42. Haskins K., Bradley B., Powers K., Fadok V., Flores S.,<br />

Ling X., Pugazhenthi S., Reusch J., Kench J. Oxidative<br />

stress in type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003; 1005:<br />

43-54.<br />

43. Toussaint O., Medrano E.E., Von Zglinicki T. Cellular<br />

and molecular mechanisms of stress- induced premature<br />

senescence (SIPS) of human diploid fibroblasts and<br />

melanocytes. Exp Gerontol. 2000; 35: 927-945.<br />

44. Carey D.J. Control of growth and differentiation of vascular<br />

cells by extracellular matrix. Ann Rev Physiol.<br />

1991; 53: 161-177.<br />

33

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