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DIALECTOLOXÍA E LÉXICO - Consello da Cultura Galega

DIALECTOLOXÍA E LÉXICO - Consello da Cultura Galega

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CONSELLO<br />

DA CULTURA<br />

GALEGA<br />

ED ITO RES<br />

RO SARÍO ÁLVAREZ<br />

FRAN C ISC O D UBERT G ARC ÍA<br />

XULIO SO USA FERN ÁN D EZ<br />

D IALEC TO LO XÍA E LÉXIC O<br />

COLECCIÓN B A S E<br />

COLECCIÓN B A S E<br />

D IALECTO LO XÍA<br />

E LÉXIC O<br />

RO SARIO ÁLVAREZ<br />

FRAN C ISC O D UBERT G ARC ÍA<br />

XULIO SO USA FERN ÁN D EZ<br />

ED ITO RES<br />

CONSELLO<br />

DA CULTURA<br />

GALEGA<br />

S ECCIÓN DE L INGUA


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COLECCIÓN B A S E<br />

O estudio <strong>da</strong> variación dialectal foi<br />

sempre un terreo fértil nas investigacións<br />

de lingüística galega. Na última<br />

déca<strong>da</strong> as investigacións sobre as<br />

variantes xeográficas do galego<br />

víronse arrequenta<strong>da</strong>s pola publicación<br />

dos tomos do Atlas Lingüístico<br />

Galego (ALGa) correspondentes á<br />

morfoloxía verbal e nominal e á<br />

fonética. O léxico non puido terse<br />

en conta para a fixación de varie<strong>da</strong>des<br />

porque non se dispoñía de materiais<br />

que fornecesen información<br />

ordena<strong>da</strong> e sistematiza<strong>da</strong> sobre todo<br />

o territorio lingüístico. Coa intención<br />

de presentar diferentes propostas<br />

de traballo xurdi<strong>da</strong>s do estudio<br />

do léxico desde unha perspectiva<br />

xeográfica e tamén co obxectivo de<br />

<strong>da</strong>r a coñece-las primeiras investigacións<br />

sobre dialectoloxía lexical elabora<strong>da</strong>s<br />

sobre o material do ALGa<br />

que nos próximos anos se verá<br />

publicado, presentamos este conxunto<br />

de contribucións nas que se<br />

abor<strong>da</strong> o estudio do léxico a partir<br />

de distintas perspectivas e con diferentes<br />

obxectivos.<br />

CONSELLO<br />

DA CULTURA<br />

GALEGA<br />

S ECCIÓN DE L INGUA<br />

C<br />

D

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