Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 0-1706-3 2 ...
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 0-1706-3 2 ...
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<strong>1.</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>No</strong>.<br />
2. Government Accession <strong>No</strong>. 3. Recipient’s Catalog <strong>No</strong>.<br />
4. Title and Subtitle<br />
EVALUATING PERFORMANCE-BASED TEST AND<br />
SPECIFICATIONS FOR SULFATE RESISTANCE IN CONCRETE<br />
<strong>Technical</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>Documentation</strong> <strong>Page</strong><br />
5. <strong>Report</strong> Date<br />
May 1999<br />
Revised December 2000<br />
7. Author(s)<br />
6. Performing Organization Code<br />
John B. Stephens and Ramón L. Carrasquillo 8. Performing Organization <strong>Report</strong> <strong>No</strong>.<br />
Research <strong>Report</strong> <strong>1706</strong>-3<br />
9. Performing Organization Name and Address<br />
Center for Transportation Research<br />
The University of Texas at Austin<br />
3208 Red River, Suite 200<br />
Austin, TX 78705-2650<br />
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address<br />
Texas Department of Transportation<br />
Research and Technology Transfer Section/Construction Division<br />
P.O. Box 5080<br />
Austin, TX 78763-5080<br />
10. Work Unit <strong>No</strong>. (TRAIS)<br />
1<strong>1.</strong> Contract or Grant <strong>No</strong>.<br />
Project 0-<strong>1706</strong><br />
13. Type of <strong>Report</strong> and Period Covered<br />
Research <strong>Report</strong> (8/97-5/99)<br />
14. Sponsoring Agency Code<br />
15. Supplementary <strong>No</strong>tes<br />
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16. Abstract<br />
This research project involved an experimental evaluation of the sulfate resistance of various concretes and mortars for<br />
the purpose of establishing performance-based specifications for the durability of concrete against sulfate attack. The<br />
research is the test program portion of a long-term project that aims to establish performance-based specifications for<br />
durability for concrete mix designs for the Texas Department of Transportation. The test program described in this report<br />
consisted of two phases. The first phase was an investigation of the potential use of the standardized test, ASTM C1012-<br />
95, as a performance test. Plain portland cement mortars and mortars with cement-mineral admixture combinations were<br />
tested using three ASTM C150 types of cement, two types of fly ash, and a ground granulated blast furnace slag. The<br />
second phase involved evaluating experimentally the effect of permeability on the sulfate resistance of concrete for the<br />
purpose of determining the proper approach for specifying permeability for sulfate resistance. Concrete permeability<br />
was varied by testing different types of cement and cement-mineral admixture combinations, by using different water-tocementitious<br />
material ratios for each cement combination, and by using various curing procedures. In the first phase<br />
mortar bars and in the second phase concrete cylinders were immersed in sulfate solution to simulate sulfate exposure.<br />
17. Key Words<br />
Sulfate attack, sulfate resistance, portland cement<br />
concrete<br />
19. Security Classif. (of report)<br />
Unclassified<br />
20. Security Classif. (of this page)<br />
Unclassified<br />
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized<br />
18. Distribution Statement<br />
<strong>No</strong> restrictions. This document is available to the public through<br />
the National <strong>Technical</strong> Information Service, Springfield, Virginia<br />
2216<strong>1.</strong><br />
2<strong>1.</strong> <strong>No</strong>. of pages<br />
182<br />
22. Price
EVALUATING PERFORMANCE-BASED TEST AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR<br />
SULFATE RESISTANCE IN CONCRETE<br />
by<br />
John B. Stephens and Ramón L. Carrasquillo<br />
Research <strong>Report</strong> Number <strong>1706</strong>-3<br />
Research Project 0-<strong>1706</strong><br />
Optimization of Concrete Mix Designs for Durability<br />
Conducted for the<br />
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION<br />
in cooperation with the<br />
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION<br />
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION<br />
by the<br />
CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH<br />
Bureau of Engineering Research<br />
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN<br />
May 1999<br />
Revised: December 2000
DISCLAIMERS<br />
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the<br />
facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect<br />
the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas<br />
Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or<br />
regulation.<br />
There was no invention or discovery conceived or first actually reduced to practice in<br />
the course of or under this contract, including any art, method, process, machine,<br />
manufacture, design or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof,<br />
or any variety of plant, which is or may be patentable under the patent laws of the United<br />
States of America or any foreign country.<br />
NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES<br />
Ramón L. Carrasquillo, P.E. (Texas <strong>No</strong>. 63881)<br />
Research Supervisor<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
The authors acknowledge the support of TxDOT Project Director E. Lukefahr of the<br />
Construction Division. Also appreciated is the support provided by the other members of the<br />
project monitoring committee, which includes T. Ahmed (FHWA), L. Bobrowski (AUS), W.<br />
Cox (BRG), J. Cravens (FHWA), J. Hunt (DAL), G. Lankes (CST), M. Ralls (BRG), and J.<br />
Seiders (CST).<br />
Research performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the<br />
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.<br />
v
Table of Contents<br />
Chapter One: Introduction 1<br />
<strong>1.</strong>1 Purpose of Work 1<br />
<strong>1.</strong>2 Background 1<br />
<strong>1.</strong>3 Project Description 2<br />
<strong>1.</strong>4 Objectives 3<br />
<strong>1.</strong>5 Scope 4<br />
Chapter Two: Literature Review 7<br />
2.1 Introduction 7<br />
2.2 Mechanism of Sulfate Attack 7<br />
2.3 Factors Affecting Concrete Resistance to Sulfate Attack 10<br />
2.3.1 Chemistry of Portland Cement 10<br />
2.3.2 Concrete Permeability 12<br />
2.3.3 Mineral Admixtures 14<br />
2.4 Current Guidelines and Specifications for Sulfate Resistant Concrete 19<br />
2.4.1 ACI and UBC Guidelines 19<br />
2.4.2 Current Practice of the Texas Department of Transportation 21<br />
2.5 Available Performance Tests for Evaluating Sulfate Resistance 22<br />
2.5.1 ASTM C452-95 23<br />
2.5.2 ASTM C1012-95 24<br />
2.5.3 USBR 4908 25<br />
2.6 Proposed Performance-Based Specifications for Sulfate Resistance 26<br />
Chapter Three: Experimental Program 31<br />
3.1 Introduction 31<br />
3.2 Phase 1 Testing Program 31<br />
3.2.1 Materials 32<br />
3.2.2 Mix Proportioning 34<br />
vii
3.2.3 Mixing, Placement, and Curing Procedures 36<br />
3.2.4 Testing Procedures 38<br />
3.3 Phase 2 Testing Program 39<br />
3.3.1 Materials 40<br />
3.3.2 Mix Designs 42<br />
3.3.3 Mixing, Placement, and Curing Procedures 44<br />
3.3.4 Sulfate Exposure Testing Procedures 48<br />
3.3.5 Permeability Testing Procedures 50<br />
Chapter Four: Test Results 51<br />
4.1 Introduction 51<br />
4.2 Phase 1 Test Results 51<br />
4.2.1 Mix Results and Fresh Mortar Properties 51<br />
4.2.2 Compressive Strength Results 52<br />
4.2.3 Sulfate Expansion Results for Plain Portland Cement Mortars 56<br />
4.2.4 Sulfate Expansion Results for Mortars with Mineral Admixtures 58<br />
4.3 Phase 2 Test Results 66<br />
4.3.1 Mix Results and Fresh Concrete Properties 67<br />
4.3.2 Compressive Strength Results 68<br />
4.3.3 28-Day Permeability Results 70<br />
4.3.4 Initial Sulfate Expansion and Mass Change Results 72<br />
Chapter Five: Discussion and Analysis 75<br />
5.1 Introduction 75<br />
5.2 Discussion of Phase 1 Test Results 75<br />
5.2.1 Effects of Cement Chemistry on Sulfate Resistance 75<br />
5.2.2 Effects of Mineral Admixtures on Sulfate Resistance 79<br />
5.2.3 Final Evaluation of ASTM C1012-95 86<br />
5.2.4 Implications of Results Concerning Specifications 89<br />
viii
5.3 Discussion of Phase 2 Test Results 91<br />
5.3.1 Effects of Mix Properties and Curing Conditions on Compressive Strength 91<br />
5.3.2 Effects of Mix Properties and Curing Conditions on Permeability 97<br />
5.3.3 Implications of Results Concerning Specifications 103<br />
Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations 107<br />
6.1 Introduction 107<br />
6.2 Conclusions 107<br />
6.2.1 Conclusions from Phase 1 Test Results 107<br />
6.2.2 Conclusions from Phase 2 Test Results 108<br />
6.3 Recommendations 110<br />
6.3.1 Recommendations Based on Phase 1 Results 110<br />
6.3.2 Recommendations Based on Phase 2 Results 111<br />
References 113<br />
Appendix A: Mix Proportions for Phase 1 Mortars 117<br />
Appendix B: Mix Proportions for Phase 2 Concretes 121<br />
Appendix C: Compressive Strength Results for Phase 1 Mortars 125<br />
Appendix D: Sulfate Expansion Results for Phase 1 Mortars 129<br />
Appendix E: Compressive Strength Results for Phase 2 Concretes 135<br />
Appendix F: Initial Sulfate Expansion and Mass Change Results for Phase 2<br />
Concretes 139<br />
ix
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