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<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Teksto</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Dayuha<strong>ng</strong></stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
(Ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>yan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon)<br />
外国人生徒のための学習資料(歴史 -日本-)<br />
Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian <strong>ng</strong> Edukasyon <strong>ng</strong> Perepaktura <strong>ng</strong> Hyogo<br />
フィリピノ語版<br />
Sentro <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kabataan na Mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Iba’t Iba<strong>ng</strong> Kultura
Talaan <strong>ng</strong> Nilalaman<br />
Tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Simula at Katapu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> Bawat Panahon 1<br />
Ano a<strong>ng</strong> Siglo? 3<br />
(1) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kyu-sekki 4<br />
(2) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Jomon 5<br />
(3) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Yayoi 7<br />
(4) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kofun 9<br />
(5) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Asuka 11<br />
(6) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Nara 14<br />
(7) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Heian 16<br />
(8) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kamakura 19<br />
(9) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Muromachi 22<br />
(10) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Azuchi-Momoyama 25<br />
(11) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Edo 27<br />
(12) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Meiji 32<br />
(13) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Taisho 37<br />
(14) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Showa 40<br />
(15) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Heisei 47
Tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Simula at Katapu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> Bawat Panahon<br />
Sina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bi<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>yan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon ay may haba<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> libo<strong>ng</strong> taon na. Patuloy pa<br />
ito<strong>ng</strong> sumusulo<strong>ng</strong>, at min<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n ay may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> malalaki pa <strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago. A<strong>ng</strong> pak<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> ito ay<br />
tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> simula at katapu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> bawat panahon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>yan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
Klasipikasyon Panahon Taon (Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari)<br />
Kodai<br />
(Sinauna<strong>ng</strong><br />
ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>yan)<br />
Chusei<br />
(Kalagitnaa<strong>ng</strong><br />
Panahon)<br />
Kinsei<br />
(Makabago<strong>ng</strong><br />
Panahon)<br />
Kin-gendai<br />
(Modern at<br />
contemporary)<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> kyu-sekki ~Noo<strong>ng</strong> ika-10,000 taon<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Jomon Noo<strong>ng</strong> 10,000 taon ~ Ika-4 siglo B.C.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Yayoi Ika-4 siglo B.C. ~Banda<strong>ng</strong> katapu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> ika-3 siglo<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kofun Banda<strong>ng</strong> katapu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> ika-3 siglo~<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Asuka Ika-6 siglo~<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Nara 710 Nilipat a<strong>ng</strong> kapital <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Heijo-kyo (Nara).<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Heian 794 Nilipat a<strong>ng</strong> kapital <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Heian-kyo(Kyoto).<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kamakura 1192 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura Bakufu.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Muromachi 1338 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Muromachi Bakufu.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />
Azuchi-Momoyama<br />
1573 Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura Bakufu.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Edo 1603 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Edo Bakufu.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Meiji 1868 Binago a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> panahon (Ne<strong>ng</strong>o) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Meiji”.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Taisho 1912 Binago a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> panahon (Ne<strong>ng</strong>o) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Taisho”.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Showa 1926 Binago a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> panahon (Ne<strong>ng</strong>o) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Showa”.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Heisei 1989 Binago a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> panahon (Ne<strong>ng</strong>o) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> “Heisei”.<br />
●Sa ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>yan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon, a<strong>ng</strong> Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Jomon ay kasunod <strong>ng</strong> Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kyu-Sekki.<br />
●Wala<strong>ng</strong> mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kofun at Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Asuka.<br />
●Mula noo<strong>ng</strong> 1333 ku<strong>ng</strong> kailan bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura Bakufu ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> noo<strong>ng</strong> 1573 ku<strong>ng</strong><br />
kailan bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k naman a<strong>ng</strong> Muromachi Bakufu, may marami pa<strong>ng</strong> klasipikasyon <strong>ng</strong> panahon na<br />
nakapaloob ku<strong>ng</strong> susuriin pa ito. May <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bay pa <strong>ng</strong>a <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ila<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon. A<strong>ng</strong><br />
sumusunod ay a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> detalye tu<strong>ng</strong>kol dito.<br />
1
Taon Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari<br />
1333 Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura Bakufu. Kenmu no shinsei<br />
(Umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> Kenmu no shinsei)<br />
1336 Nilagay ni Ashikaga Takauji a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Emperador <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hokucho.<br />
1338 Nagi<strong>ng</strong> Seii-tai-shogun<br />
1392<br />
si Ashikaga Takauji.<br />
Nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Timog at Hilaga<strong>ng</strong><br />
Imperial Court.<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />
2<br />
Muromachi<br />
Klasipikasyon <strong>ng</strong> Panahon<br />
at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> detalye tu<strong>ng</strong>kol dito<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />
Nam-boku-cho<br />
1467 Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> Onin no Ran. Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Se<strong>ng</strong>oku<br />
1573<br />
Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Muromachi<br />
Bakufu.<br />
(Nagwakas a<strong>ng</strong> Panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />
Muromachi)<br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Azuchi-Momoyama
Ano a<strong>ng</strong> Siglo?<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lita<strong>ng</strong> siglo ay ginagamit upa<strong>ng</strong> maihayag a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> partikular na panahon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>yan.<br />
1. A<strong>ng</strong> siglo ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> panaho<strong>ng</strong> (seireki) binubuo <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> daa<strong>ng</strong> taon at tinatawag ri<strong>ng</strong><br />
hyakunen-ki (dantaon). Halimbawa, a<strong>ng</strong> ika-21 siglo ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> daa<strong>ng</strong> taon mula 2001 ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong><br />
2100.<br />
Sa pagkalkula <strong>ng</strong> siglo, gawin la<strong>ng</strong> 4-digit (apat na numero) a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> taon.<br />
[Halimbawa] Seireki 57 0057, Seireki 239 0239<br />
Pagkatapos gawi<strong>ng</strong> 4-digit a<strong>ng</strong> taon, dagdagan <strong>ng</strong> 1 a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> numero <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 4-digit. Ito<br />
na a<strong>ng</strong> siglo. Subalit, may exception. Ku<strong>ng</strong> 00 a<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> numero <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 4-digit, huwag na<strong>ng</strong><br />
dagdagan <strong>ng</strong> 1.<br />
[Halimbawa. 1] 0057 [00+1] Ika-1 siglo, 0239 [02+1] Ika-3 siglo<br />
[Halimbawa. 2] 0700 [07+0] Ika-7 siglo, 2000 [20+0] Ika-20 siglo<br />
2. Before Christ (B.C.) at Anno Domini (A.D.)<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> kalendaryo na ginagamit natin ay nagtatakda <strong>ng</strong> umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (una<strong>ng</strong> taon) base <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ku<strong>ng</strong> kailan<br />
sina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bi<strong>ng</strong> ipina<strong>ng</strong>anak si Jesus Christ. Ginagamit a<strong>ng</strong> B.C. ku<strong>ng</strong> tumutukoy <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari bago<br />
nito.<br />
3
(1) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kyu-sekki, Luma<strong>ng</strong> gamit <strong>ng</strong> bato (~B.C. 10,000)<br />
Pak<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an <strong>ng</strong> Pamumuhay Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Kagamitan Paggamit <strong>ng</strong> hinubog na bato Paggamit <strong>ng</strong> hinubog<br />
na bato<br />
Pamumuhay Pa<strong>ng</strong>huhuli <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hayop, pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>isda, pag-iimpok<br />
<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bu<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong> puno at <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabibe<br />
Tirahan Simple<strong>ng</strong> tahanan o pagtira <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong><br />
bato<br />
Gamit na hinubog na bato<br />
Gamit na bato na hinubog. Hindi hina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> balat nito.<br />
Buod<br />
1. Namuhay sila <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamaraa<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>huhuli <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hayop o isda at pag-iimpok <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bu<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong><br />
puno at <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabibe.<br />
2. Pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kagamitan nila ay a<strong>ng</strong> hinubog na bato.<br />
4
(2) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Jomon (B.C. 10,000~B.C. Ika-4 Siglo)<br />
Pak<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay Kultura at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Kagamitan Hina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> bato<br />
Palayok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Jomon<br />
Dogu (Manika<strong>ng</strong> Clay)<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Jomon=<br />
Pamumuhay Pa<strong>ng</strong>huhuli <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hayop,<br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>isda, pag-iimpok <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
bu<strong>ng</strong>a <strong>ng</strong> puno at <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabibe<br />
Tirahan Tumira <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bahay na nakahukay<br />
at nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Nayon.<br />
5<br />
Kaizuka (Tapunan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabibe)<br />
Sannai-maruyama Site (Aomori prefecture)<br />
Kagamita<strong>ng</strong> hina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> bato<br />
Kagamita<strong>ng</strong> hina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> at pinakinis na bato.<br />
Palayok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Jomon<br />
May disenyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panlabas na para<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tali.<br />
Dogu (Manika<strong>ng</strong> clay)<br />
Ito ay ginamit pampawaksi <strong>ng</strong> ma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma<strong>ng</strong> kaluluwa at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
paghi<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong> maganda<strong>ng</strong> ani.<br />
Kaizuka (Tapunan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabibe)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> tapunan <strong>ng</strong> basura <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> paligid <strong>ng</strong> bayan ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabibe, buto <strong>ng</strong> hayop at isda, at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kagamitan<br />
tulad <strong>ng</strong> nasira<strong>ng</strong> gamit na gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bato at palayok.
Bahay na Nakahukay<br />
Bahay na nakahukay at nilagyan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bubo<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
Buod<br />
1. Pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> kagamitan nila ay a<strong>ng</strong> hina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> bato at a<strong>ng</strong> palayok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Jomon.<br />
2. Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> manika mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> clay.<br />
3. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> bahay na nakahukay at tapunan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabibe.<br />
6
(3) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Yayoi (B.C. Ika-4 Siglo~banda<strong>ng</strong> huli <strong>ng</strong> Ika-3 Siglo)<br />
Pak<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an <strong>ng</strong> pamumuhay Kultura at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Kagamitan Terakota<strong>ng</strong> Yayoi Metal na lalagyan<br />
Tanso<strong>ng</strong> tabak, Tanso<strong>ng</strong> sibat,<br />
Tanso<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lamin, Tanso<strong>ng</strong> bati<strong>ng</strong>aw<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Yayoi=<br />
Pamumuhay Pagtatanim <strong>ng</strong> palay<br />
Mataas na bodega<br />
(o Bodega<strong>ng</strong> Nakaa<strong>ng</strong>at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lupa)<br />
Bato<strong>ng</strong> kutsilyo<br />
Tirahan Tumira <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bahay na nakahukay at<br />
nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Nayon.<br />
Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> na siya<strong>ng</strong><br />
namahala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nayon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
7<br />
Yoshino-gari Site(Saga Prefecture)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hinati-hati a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> humigit-kumula<strong>ng</strong><br />
B.C. o A.D. 100 na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> maliliit na ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
57 Nagpadala a<strong>ng</strong> hari <strong>ng</strong> Nakoku (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapon) <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
men<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hero papunta<strong>ng</strong> Tsina at nabigyan siya <strong>ng</strong> Ginto<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pantatak (o Selyo<strong>ng</strong> Gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ginto) mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> emperador.<br />
239 Nagpadala si Himiko <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> men<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hero <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Wei (Tsina).<br />
Terakota<strong>ng</strong> Yayoi<br />
Ginto<strong>ng</strong> Pantatak <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kan no wa no na no<br />
kokuo<br />
Kumpara <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> terakota<strong>ng</strong> Jomon, a<strong>ng</strong> terakota<strong>ng</strong> ito ay manipis at<br />
matigas. A<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan nito<strong>ng</strong> Yayoi ay ha<strong>ng</strong>o <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong><br />
lugar ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an ito’y una<strong>ng</strong> nadiskubre.<br />
Metal na lalagyan<br />
Lalagya<strong>ng</strong> gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tanso o bakal. Ipinakilala ito gali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kontinente.<br />
Tanso<strong>ng</strong> bati<strong>ng</strong>aw<br />
Tanso<strong>ng</strong> hinugis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bati<strong>ng</strong>aw.
Mataas na bodega (o Bodega<strong>ng</strong> nakaa<strong>ng</strong>at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lupa)<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> maitago a<strong>ng</strong> palay na inani, itinayo a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> matataas na<br />
haligi at nilagyan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hig a<strong>ng</strong> ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ito.<br />
Yoshino-gari Site<br />
I<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> nakaulagian o tradisyonal na site (o tanawin) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Yayoi. Na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Saga Prefecture ito.<br />
Ginto<strong>ng</strong> pantatak <strong>ng</strong> Kan-no-wa-no-na-no-kokuo<br />
Sa kalagitnaan <strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong> siglo, nagpapunta a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Wa-no-na-no-kokuo (Hari <strong>ng</strong> Nanokuni) <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> men<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hero <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Han (Tsina) at binigyan sila <strong>ng</strong> ginto<strong>ng</strong> pantatak.<br />
Yamataikoku at Himiko<br />
Sa i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> parte <strong>ng</strong> libro<strong>ng</strong> “Gishi wajin den” tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>yan <strong>ng</strong> Wei (Tsina), nakasulat<br />
na may ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Yamataikoku <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> isla<strong>ng</strong> Hapon noo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ika-3 siglo at si Reyna Himiko ay<br />
namamahala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>huhula. Siya ay nagpapunta <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> men<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hero <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Wei<br />
at binigyan <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> regalo mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> emperador.<br />
Buod<br />
1. Laganap a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatanim <strong>ng</strong> palay.<br />
◇Ginamit a<strong>ng</strong> terakota<strong>ng</strong> Yayoi at bato<strong>ng</strong> kutsilyo (para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkuha o pag-ani <strong>ng</strong> palay).<br />
◇Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> matataas na bodega (o bodega<strong>ng</strong> nakaa<strong>ng</strong>at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lupa).<br />
2. Ipinakilala a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lalagya<strong>ng</strong> gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> metal.<br />
◇Ginamit a<strong>ng</strong> tanso<strong>ng</strong> bati<strong>ng</strong>aw bila<strong>ng</strong> kagamitan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> piyesta.<br />
3. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nayon at tagapamahala.<br />
◇Sa loob <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nayon, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> dibisyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> mayaman at mahirap, at may<br />
diskriminasyon pa.<br />
4. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> maliliit na ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
◇Binigyan <strong>ng</strong> ginto<strong>ng</strong> pantatak a<strong>ng</strong> Hari <strong>ng</strong> Na-no-kuni mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Han (Tsina).<br />
5. Nakipag-ugnayan si Reyna Himiko <strong>ng</strong> Yamataikoku <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Wei (Tsina).<br />
8
(4) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kofun (Banda<strong>ng</strong> huli <strong>ng</strong> ika-3 Siglo~<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 600)<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Mga 350 Nagi<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> at tinawag na ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> dati’y iba’t iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
nakapaloob <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Yamato. (Pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong><br />
Yamato)<br />
Sa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito, dumati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />
“Torai-jin” (Mga tao gali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Korea).<br />
391 Pumunta a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sundalo<strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea. Nanalo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kudara<br />
(Paekche) at Shiragi (Shilla), at<br />
nagkalaban din <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kokuri<br />
(Goguryeo).<br />
478 Nagpapunta <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> men<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hero <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Tsina a<strong>ng</strong> Wao no bu (Si Bu na hari<br />
<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Wa).<br />
9<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Kofun=<br />
Uri <strong>ng</strong> Kofun<br />
Haniwa<br />
(En-fun) (Ho-fun)<br />
(Zempo-koen-fun)<br />
Daisen Kofun<br />
(O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka<br />
prefecture)<br />
Yamato Seiken (Pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> Yamato )<br />
Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> malakas at matibay na Coalition Government na naka-base <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nara basin. A<strong>ng</strong><br />
pamahalaan ay itinatag <strong>ng</strong> hari at <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gozoku (makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at tanyag na a<strong>ng</strong>kan) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> Kinki. Ookimi a<strong>ng</strong> tawag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hari <strong>ng</strong> Pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> Yamato.<br />
Zempo-koen-fun (Parisukat at bilog na Kofun)<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> patapos na a<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Yayoi, nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> malalaki<strong>ng</strong> libi<strong>ng</strong>an para<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinuno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat purok. A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> libi<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> ito ay tinawag na Kofun ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an may hugis<br />
bilog, parisukat at butas <strong>ng</strong> susi. Tinatawag na Zempo-koen-fun a<strong>ng</strong> libi<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> hugis butas <strong>ng</strong> susi.<br />
Haniwa<br />
Nilagay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gilid <strong>ng</strong> Kofun a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Haniwa na hugis tao, kabayo, bahay at iba pa.<br />
Torai-jin (Mga tao gali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea)<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> Torai-jin ay a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao<strong>ng</strong> lumipat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma a<strong>ng</strong> buo<strong>ng</strong> pamilya mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Korea peninsula. Ipinakilala nila a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gamit para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka na yari <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bakal, Sueki (matigas<br />
na lalagyan), at iba pa<strong>ng</strong> kultura at teknolohiya <strong>ng</strong> kontinente. Ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma pa rin a<strong>ng</strong> Kanji.
Buod<br />
1. Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> malalaki<strong>ng</strong> libi<strong>ng</strong>an (Kofun) para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinuno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat purok.<br />
◇Nilagay a<strong>ng</strong> Haniwa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gilid <strong>ng</strong> Kofun. Ito ay may hugis tao, kabayo, bahay at iba pa.<br />
◇A<strong>ng</strong> Daisen Kofun ay a<strong>ng</strong> pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> Zempo-koen-fun (parisukat at bilog na Kofun) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo.<br />
2. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> Yamato <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> Nara.<br />
3.Okimi a<strong>ng</strong> tawag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hari <strong>ng</strong> Pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> Yamato.<br />
4. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> masigla a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea at dumati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> Torai-jin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
5. Pinakilala <strong>ng</strong> Torai-jin a<strong>ng</strong> kultura at teknolohiya <strong>ng</strong> kontinente <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
10
(5) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Asuka (Mga 600 ~710)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
593 Nagi<strong>ng</strong> Sessho si<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Asuka=<br />
Shotoku-Taishi.<br />
Horyu-ji (Nara prefecture): Pinakaluma<strong>ng</strong> gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li<strong>ng</strong> gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
603 Nagtakda si Shotoku-Taishi<br />
<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> Kan-i junikai<br />
(labindalawa<strong>ng</strong> ra<strong>ng</strong>go o<br />
opisyal na katayuan na<br />
malalaman <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan<br />
<strong>ng</strong> iba’t iba<strong>ng</strong> kulay <strong>ng</strong><br />
sombrero).<br />
kahoy <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo<br />
604 Nagtakda si Shotoku-Taishi<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Konstitusyo<strong>ng</strong> may<br />
Labimpito<strong>ng</strong> (17) artikulo.<br />
Shotoku-Taishi<br />
607 Pinapunta si Ononoimoko<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Zui (Sui).<br />
630 Pinapunta a<strong>ng</strong> una<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kento-shi.<br />
645 Nag-umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> Taika.<br />
672 Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> Gulo <strong>ng</strong><br />
Jinshin.<br />
701 Naitakda a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong><br />
Taihou (Taihou Ritsuryo).<br />
Naitakda a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagbabahagi <strong>ng</strong> Taniman<br />
(Handen shuju no ho).<br />
Shaka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nzonzo<br />
(<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Horyu-ji)<br />
Mirokubo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>tsu<br />
(<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Koryu-ji)<br />
11<br />
Tamamushi no zushi<br />
(<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Horyu-ji)<br />
Mirokubo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>tsu<br />
(<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Chugu-ji)
Sessho<br />
Inilagay a<strong>ng</strong> Sessho <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> emperador ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> babae o bata pa, at ito a<strong>ng</strong> namuno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> nakaupo<strong>ng</strong> emperador.<br />
Sistema <strong>ng</strong> Kan-i junikai (12 Katayuan ayon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kulay <strong>ng</strong> Sombrero)<br />
Kahit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong>kan man nagmula, maaari<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> opisyal basta’t may pambihira<strong>ng</strong> gali<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
Konstitusyon na may Labimpito<strong>ng</strong> Artikulo<br />
Itinuro a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dapat sundin <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> opisyal gaya <strong>ng</strong> pagtalima <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> utos <strong>ng</strong> emperador.<br />
Kenzui-shi (Pagpapunta <strong>ng</strong> tauhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Zui)<br />
Pinapunta sina Ononoimoko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Zui (Sui) para malaman a<strong>ng</strong> progresibo<strong>ng</strong> sistema at kultura.<br />
Kento-shi (Pagpapunta <strong>ng</strong> tauhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> To)<br />
Pinapunta a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> opisyal para malaman a<strong>ng</strong> sistema at kultura <strong>ng</strong> To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>).<br />
Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Asuka<br />
Naipakilala a<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo noo<strong>ng</strong> kalagitnaan <strong>ng</strong> ika-6 na siglo mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kudara (Paekche), at si<br />
Shotoku-taishi at a<strong>ng</strong> pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Soga ay nagpalaganap <strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> laganap a<strong>ng</strong> kultura<br />
batay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Buddhismo lalo na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pook na Asuka na siya ri<strong>ng</strong> kabisera.<br />
Templo<strong>ng</strong> Horyu-ji<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> templo<strong>ng</strong> itinayo ni Shotoku-Taishi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nara prefecture at i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li<strong>ng</strong> kumakatawan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Asuka. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1993, narehistro ito bila<strong>ng</strong> World Heritage. Ito na lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> natirira<strong>ng</strong><br />
pinakaluma<strong>ng</strong> gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li<strong>ng</strong> gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kahoy ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong>ayon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo.<br />
Shaka-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nzon-zo (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Templo<strong>ng</strong> Horyu-ji)<br />
I<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> istatuwa <strong>ng</strong> Buda <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Templo<strong>ng</strong> Horyu-ji na kumakatawan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Asuka. Ginawa ito<br />
<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sumunod na henerasyon <strong>ng</strong> Torai-jin na na<strong>ng</strong>gali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea Peninsula.<br />
Taika no Kaishin (Pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> Taika )<br />
Ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma si Nakatomi-no-kamatari (na nakilala kalaunan bila<strong>ng</strong> si Fujiwara-no-kamatari),<br />
pinabag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k ni Nakano-oeno-oji a<strong>ng</strong> pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Soga at nagsimula siya<strong>ng</strong> gumawa <strong>ng</strong> makabago<strong>ng</strong><br />
sistema<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika. Hinawakan niya na<strong>ng</strong> direkta a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lupain at mamamaya<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
panaho<strong>ng</strong> iyon ay kontrolado <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gozoku (o <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> pamilya) upa<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
ito’y magi<strong>ng</strong> pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> lupain at mamamayan, o kontrolado <strong>ng</strong> estado.<br />
Gulo <strong>ng</strong> Jinshin<br />
Na<strong>ng</strong> mamatay si Emperador Tenji, naganap a<strong>ng</strong> labanan para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ku<strong>ng</strong> sino a<strong>ng</strong> magigi<strong>ng</strong> hari.<br />
Nagi<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> emperador si Temmu na nanalo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> labanan.<br />
12
Taiho Ritsuryo (Batas <strong>ng</strong> Taiho)<br />
Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> sistema upa<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> maigi a<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, gaya <strong>ng</strong> batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> To<br />
(Ta<strong>ng</strong>). A<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> batay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> batas a<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala ay tinatawag na Ritsuryo Kokka (Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong><br />
Batas).<br />
Kochi Komin (Pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> Lupain at Mamamayan)<br />
Upa<strong>ng</strong> mai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ilalim <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ii<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> lupain at mamamayan, inalis a<strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong><br />
pribado<strong>ng</strong> lupain at mamamayan.<br />
Handen syuju ho (Batas <strong>ng</strong> Pagbabahagi <strong>ng</strong> Taniman)<br />
Binigyan <strong>ng</strong> Kubunden (=lupa) a<strong>ng</strong> lahat na nakarehistro <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Talaan <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya (Koseki) na may<br />
edad anim na tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> o pataas, pero dapat i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>uli ito kapag sila’y namatay na. Nagbayad a<strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buwis na tinatawag na So (Bigas), Cho (sutla, sinulid, seda, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong><br />
produkto <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> purok), at Yo (tera).<br />
Buod<br />
1. Si Shotoku-taishi ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> Sessho ni Emperadora Suiko at nilagay niya a<strong>ng</strong> emperadora <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
sentro haba<strong>ng</strong> namamahala siya. A<strong>ng</strong> ginawa ni Shotoku-taishi ay,<br />
◇Nagtakda <strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> 12 ra<strong>ng</strong>go o opisyal na katayuan (Kan-i junikai) na malalaman ayon<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kulay <strong>ng</strong> sombrero at Konstitusyo<strong>ng</strong> may Labimpito<strong>ng</strong> (17) Artikulo.<br />
◇Pinapunta a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao (Kenzui-shi) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Zui (Sui) para malaman a<strong>ng</strong> kultura doon.<br />
2. Pinabag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k nina Nakano-oeno-oji at Nakatomi-no-kamatari a<strong>ng</strong> pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Soga at isinagawa<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> Pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> Taika (Taika no kaishin). Nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> baguhin a<strong>ng</strong> pulitika ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
emperador a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan at itinatag <strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> Kochi-Komin (Pampubliko<strong>ng</strong> Lupain at<br />
Mamamayan).<br />
3. Pagkatapos mamatay ni Emperador Tenji, naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Gulo <strong>ng</strong> Jinshin ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an may<br />
paglalaban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkahari o ku<strong>ng</strong> sino a<strong>ng</strong> magigi<strong>ng</strong> susunod na emperador.<br />
4. Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong> Taiho (Taiho Ritsuryo) na ayon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>).<br />
◇Naitakda a<strong>ng</strong> Kochi Komin at binigyan <strong>ng</strong> taniman (Kubunden) a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan batay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Batas <strong>ng</strong> Pagbabahagi <strong>ng</strong> Taniman (Handen shuju no ho).<br />
◇Nagbayad <strong>ng</strong> buwis (So, Cho, Yo) a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Pinilit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagsusundalo a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lalaki<strong>ng</strong> na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tama<strong>ng</strong> edad. May <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinapunta <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> banda<strong>ng</strong><br />
hilaga <strong>ng</strong> Kyushu bila<strong>ng</strong> Sakimori (tagabantay laban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>).<br />
5. Lumago a<strong>ng</strong> Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Asuka na siya<strong>ng</strong> kauna-unaha<strong>ng</strong> kultura<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo at kultura mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> Asuka.<br />
13
(6) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Nara (710~794)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon. A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat<br />
na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
710 Tinayo a<strong>ng</strong> Kabisera<strong>ng</strong><br />
Heijyo-kyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nara.<br />
741 Initayo a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> templo<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Kokubun-ji at<br />
Kokubunni-ji <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat<br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
743 Ipinahayag a<strong>ng</strong> batas <strong>ng</strong><br />
752<br />
754<br />
Konden einen shizai ho.<br />
Natapos a<strong>ng</strong> konstruksyon<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Daibutsu (Dakila<strong>ng</strong><br />
Buddha) <strong>ng</strong> Templo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Todai-ji.<br />
Dumati<strong>ng</strong> si Ganjin (i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
mo<strong>ng</strong>he <strong>ng</strong> To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>)) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at nagtayo<br />
<strong>ng</strong> templo<strong>ng</strong> Toshodai-ji.<br />
“Kojiki”, “Nihon shoki”<br />
(Lyenda, Tradisyon at<br />
Ulat)<br />
“Fudo-ki”<br />
(Kalika<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n, Produkto,<br />
Alamat)<br />
“Manyo-shu”<br />
(Tula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wika<strong>ng</strong> Hapon)<br />
Daibutsu <strong>ng</strong> Templo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Toshodai-ji<br />
14<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Tempyo=<br />
Templo<strong>ng</strong> Toshodai-ji<br />
(Nara prefecture)<br />
Shoso-in (bodega <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
kayamanan (Nara<br />
prefecture)<br />
Templo<strong>ng</strong> Toshodai-ji<br />
(Nara prefecture)
Konden einen shizai ho<br />
Dahil nagi<strong>ng</strong> kula<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Kubunden (pinaghati-hati<strong>ng</strong> lupa<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kahan), pinayagan a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao na<br />
magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> lupa pa<strong>ng</strong>habambuhay ku<strong>ng</strong> gagamitin ito na<strong>ng</strong> husto. Kaya’t a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
noble, templo o opisiyal <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ay gumamit <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka upa<strong>ng</strong> lina<strong>ng</strong>in a<strong>ng</strong> lupa. At<br />
napalawak <strong>ng</strong>a nila a<strong>ng</strong> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> lupa.<br />
Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Tempyo<br />
Malaki<strong>ng</strong> impluwensya a<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo at To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kultura<strong>ng</strong> ito, at yumabo<strong>ng</strong> ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
kapanahunan ni Emperador Shomu. Sinubuka<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol ni Emperador Shomu a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo at itinayo niya a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> templo<strong>ng</strong> Kokubun-ji <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
bawat ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Sa kabisera (Nara) ay tinayo naman a<strong>ng</strong> templo<strong>ng</strong> Todai-ji.<br />
Shoso-in (Nara; Todai-ji)<br />
Nilagay dito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shoso-in a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gamit na dala <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao<strong>ng</strong> Ken-to-shi. (Larawan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
kayamana<strong>ng</strong> inilagay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shoso-in)<br />
Gan-jin<br />
Bumisita si Ganjin mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon, nagtayo <strong>ng</strong> templo<strong>ng</strong> Toshodai-ji at<br />
pinalawak a<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo.<br />
Buod<br />
1. Tinayo a<strong>ng</strong> kabisera<strong>ng</strong> Heijyo-kyo na pinagtularan <strong>ng</strong> kabisera<strong>ng</strong> Cho-an (Cha<strong>ng</strong>an) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>).<br />
Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lapi<strong>ng</strong> Wado-kaichin at ginamit ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pale<strong>ng</strong>ke.<br />
2. Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> Kochi-Komin (nagi<strong>ng</strong> kontrolado <strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalupaan at<br />
lahat <strong>ng</strong> tao).<br />
◇Dahil nagi<strong>ng</strong> kula<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Kubunden, pinayagan a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao na magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> lupa<br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>habambuhay ku<strong>ng</strong> gagamiti<strong>ng</strong> ito na<strong>ng</strong> husto. (Konden einen shizai ho)<br />
◇Dumami a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pribado<strong>ng</strong> lupa.<br />
3. Si Emperador Shomu ay gumawa <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> templo <strong>ng</strong> Kokubun-ji at Kokubun-niji <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat lugar<br />
upa<strong>ng</strong> ipagta<strong>ng</strong>gol a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo, kaya nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />
tanyag na a<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo.<br />
15
(7) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Heian (794~1192)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
794 Nilipat a<strong>ng</strong> kabisera <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Heian-kyo (Kyoto).<br />
894 Tumigil a<strong>ng</strong> pagpadala <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kento-shi. =Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Kokufu=<br />
935 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> kaguluha<strong>ng</strong> ni<br />
Taira no Ma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kado.<br />
1016 Nagi<strong>ng</strong> Sessho (pan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>mantala<strong>ng</strong><br />
pinuno) si Fujiwara no<br />
Michinaga at yumabo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Fujiwara.<br />
1086 Nagsimula si Joko Shirakawa <strong>ng</strong><br />
Insei (sistema <strong>ng</strong> cloistered rule).<br />
1156 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> kaguluha<strong>ng</strong> Hogen.<br />
1159 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> kaguluha<strong>ng</strong> Heiji.<br />
1167 Nagi<strong>ng</strong> Daijo-daijin si Taira no<br />
Kiyomori.<br />
1185 Pinabag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Genji<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Heishi.<br />
Titik <strong>ng</strong> Kana<br />
(wika<strong>ng</strong> Hapon)<br />
“Genji monogatari”<br />
[Mura<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki Shikibu]<br />
“Makurano soshi”<br />
[Seisyonagon]<br />
“Kokin waka syu”<br />
[Kino Tsurayuki]<br />
Chuson-ji Konjiki-do<br />
(Iwate Prefecture)<br />
16<br />
Genji monogatari<br />
emaki<br />
(Picture scroll <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
kuwento <strong>ng</strong> Genji)<br />
Templo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Byodo-in-Ho-o-do<br />
(Kyoto Prefecture)<br />
Buddhismo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Heian<br />
・Tendai-shu [Saicho]<br />
(Hiei-zan, templo<strong>ng</strong> Enryaku-ji )<br />
・Shi<strong>ng</strong>on-shu [Kukai]<br />
(Koya-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n, templo<strong>ng</strong> Ko<strong>ng</strong>obu-ji)<br />
Jodo-Shinko (Paniniwala<strong>ng</strong> Jodo o pure land<br />
Buddhism)
Pagpapatigil <strong>ng</strong> Kento-shi<br />
Dahil nagi<strong>ng</strong> magulo na a<strong>ng</strong> pulitika <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>) at nagi<strong>ng</strong> mapa<strong>ng</strong>anib a<strong>ng</strong> paglalakbay-dagat,<br />
pinatigil a<strong>ng</strong> Kento-shi (pagpadala <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> misyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina). Dahil dito, yumabo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Kultura<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kokufu.<br />
Paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> Bushi (Samurai)<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mahuhu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> martial arts kagaya <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Yumiya (paggamit <strong>ng</strong> pana) o Kiba (pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kay at<br />
pagdala <strong>ng</strong> kabayo) ay nagsilbi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Chotei (Imperial Court) at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gobernador <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lalawigan<br />
bila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> taga-bantay at eskort. Tinawag sila<strong>ng</strong> Bushi. Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> giyera<strong>ng</strong><br />
Taira-no-Ma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kado at Fujiwara-no-Sumitomo. Subalit, napatigil ito <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi kaya’t kinilala<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi. Sa lahat <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi, higit na malakas a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong><br />
Genji at Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Heishi.<br />
Sekkan-seiji (Pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> Regency)<br />
Pinalawak <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Fujiwara a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pulitika <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />
pagpapa-a<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>wa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> anak na babae <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> emperador. A<strong>ng</strong> nagi<strong>ng</strong> anak nila ay nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />
emperador din. Tinawag na Sessho a<strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Fujiwara kapag bata pa a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ito, at<br />
Kampaku naman sila kapag na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tama<strong>ng</strong> edad na. Nagkaroon sila <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> Shoen (asyenda o<br />
pribado<strong>ng</strong> lupa). Pinakamasigla a<strong>ng</strong> Sekkan-seiji <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon ni Fujiwara no Michinaga at <strong>ng</strong><br />
kanya<strong>ng</strong> anak na si Yorimichi.<br />
Insei (Sistema <strong>ng</strong> cloistered rule)<br />
Ito ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an nagsimula si Emprador Shirakawa. Matapos<br />
magi<strong>ng</strong> Joko (Cloistered emperor o Mapag-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Emperador) <strong>ng</strong> emperor, hinawakan niya a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Sekkan (Sessyo at Kanpaku) at ipinagpatuloy a<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala.<br />
Pulitika <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Heishi<br />
Sa pakikipaglaban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Chotei ukol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tunay na kapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika, naglabanan a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Genji at Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Heishi, at nanalo si Taira no Kiyomori <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Genji at<br />
lumaki a<strong>ng</strong> kaniya<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan. Si Taira no Kiyomori a<strong>ng</strong> nagi<strong>ng</strong> kauna-unaha<strong>ng</strong> Daijo-daijin<br />
(Pinakapuno<strong>ng</strong> Ministro <strong>ng</strong> Estado) bila<strong>ng</strong> Bushi. Inayos niya a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pantalan o dau<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>-dagat<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hyogo (Kobe City) para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalakalan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> So (Su<strong>ng</strong>).<br />
So (Su<strong>ng</strong>) at Koryo (Korai)<br />
Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ika-10 siglo. A<strong>ng</strong> So (Su<strong>ng</strong>) a<strong>ng</strong> nagpa-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
buo<strong>ng</strong> Tsina. Sa Korean Peninsula naman, naitatag a<strong>ng</strong> Korai (Goryeo) na siya<strong>ng</strong> nagpabag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Shiragi (Silla).<br />
Tsina To (Ta<strong>ng</strong>) ⇒ So (Su<strong>ng</strong>)<br />
Korea Shiragi (Silla) ⇒ Korai (Goryeo)<br />
Jodo-Shinko (Paniniwala<strong>ng</strong> Jodo o pure land Buddhism)<br />
Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kaguluhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lipunan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat lugar mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalagitnaan <strong>ng</strong> ika-10 siglo. Sa<br />
pagba<strong>ng</strong>git <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> Buddha, suma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>mo sila <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Buddha<strong>ng</strong> Amida-butsu<br />
at inaa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ha<strong>ng</strong> muli<strong>ng</strong> mabuhay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> paraiso matapos mamatay. Sa bawat lugar, tinayo a<strong>ng</strong> Amida-do.<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> templo<strong>ng</strong> Byodo-in-Ho-o-do ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Amida-do.<br />
17
Buod<br />
1. Inilipat ni Emperador Kammu a<strong>ng</strong> kabisera <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kyoto. Madalas siya<strong>ng</strong> nagpapadala <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
hukbo laban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Emishi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pook <strong>ng</strong> Tohoku at lalo<strong>ng</strong> pinalawak a<strong>ng</strong> kanya<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />
2. Lumitaw a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bago<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo tulad <strong>ng</strong> Tendai-shu [si Saicho a<strong>ng</strong> misyonero] o<br />
Shi<strong>ng</strong>on-shu [si Kukai a<strong>ng</strong> misyonero].<br />
3. A<strong>ng</strong> pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Fujiwara ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> Sessho at Kanpaku, at humawak <strong>ng</strong> totoo<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />
Nagi<strong>ng</strong> golden age o mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> kapanahunan a<strong>ng</strong> Sekkan Seiji (Pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> Regency) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ilalim<br />
<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> mag-ama<strong>ng</strong> Fujiwara-no-Michinaga at Yorimichi. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> uso a<strong>ng</strong> Jodo-Shinko<br />
(Paniniwala<strong>ng</strong> Jodo o pure land Buddhism) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito, at tinayo a<strong>ng</strong> Templo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Byodo-in-Ho-o-do. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> magulo a<strong>ng</strong> pulitika <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> probinsya dahil dumami a<strong>ng</strong> Kokushi (opisyal)<br />
na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> kita lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> iniisip.<br />
4. Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> Insei ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an nagpatuloy <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamahala a<strong>ng</strong> emperador kahit<br />
nagbago<strong>ng</strong> puwesto na.<br />
5. Humawak <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pulitika a<strong>ng</strong> pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Heishi na<strong>ng</strong> manalo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
kaguluhan <strong>ng</strong> Hogen at kaguluhan <strong>ng</strong> Heiji. Si Taira-no-Kiyomori a<strong>ng</strong> kumatawan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamilya, na<br />
nagi<strong>ng</strong> Daijo-daijin (Pinakapuno<strong>ng</strong> Ministro <strong>ng</strong> Estado) rin. Ngunit matapos mamatay si<br />
Taira-no-Kiyomori, natalo kalaunan <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Genji a<strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Heishi, kaya’t nawala rin<br />
ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan.<br />
18
(8) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Kamakura (1192~1333)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon. A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat<br />
na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
1192 Nagi<strong>ng</strong> Seii-tai-shogun si<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura=<br />
Minamoto-no-Yoritomo at<br />
itinatag niya a<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura<br />
Bakufu.<br />
Minamoto-no-Yoritomo<br />
Bago<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo<br />
・Jodo-shu [Honen]<br />
・Jodo-shinshu [Shinran]<br />
・Ji-shu [Ippen]<br />
・Nichiren-shu [Nichiren]<br />
・Zen-shu (Gali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina)<br />
Rinzai-shu [Ei<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>i]<br />
Soto-shu [Dogen]<br />
1219 Pinatay a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>atlo<strong>ng</strong><br />
“Kuwento <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong><br />
Shogun na si “Shin-kokin-waka-shu” Heike”<br />
Minamoto-no-Sanetomo.<br />
1221 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> giyera<strong>ng</strong> “Hojo-ki”<br />
Jokyu.<br />
[Kamo no chomei]<br />
1232 Nagtakda si Hojo Yasutoki<br />
<strong>ng</strong> batas Goseibai<br />
shikimoku.<br />
1274 Dumati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />
hukbo gali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gen (Yuan,<br />
Mo<strong>ng</strong>olia).<br />
(Giyera <strong>ng</strong> Bun-ei)<br />
1281 Dumati<strong>ng</strong> ulit a<strong>ng</strong> hukbo<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Gen (Yuan, Mo<strong>ng</strong>olia).<br />
(Giyera <strong>ng</strong> Koan)<br />
Istatuwa<strong>ng</strong> Ko<strong>ng</strong>o-rikishi-zo<br />
(Templo<strong>ng</strong> Todai-ji)<br />
[Unkei, Kaikei]<br />
Kublai Khan<br />
1297 Inihayag a<strong>ng</strong> Utos na<br />
Tokusei-rei.<br />
1333 Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura<br />
Bakufu.<br />
“Tsure-zure-gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>” [Yoshida Kenko]<br />
19<br />
Moko Shurai Ekotoba
Shugo<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> opisyal na nilagay ni Minamoto-no-Yoritomo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Pa<strong>ng</strong>-militar at pulis a<strong>ng</strong><br />
kanila<strong>ng</strong> trabaho.<br />
Jito<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> opisyal na nilagay ni Minamoto-no-Yoritomo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shoen (asyenda) at Koryo (lupai<strong>ng</strong><br />
kontrolado <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan). Sila a<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>olekta <strong>ng</strong> Ne<strong>ng</strong>u (buwis) mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka.<br />
Shikken-seiji<br />
Pagkatapos mamatay a<strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> shogun na si Minamoto-no-Sanetomo, lumipat a<strong>ng</strong><br />
kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> pulitika <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Hojo. Kumuha a<strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Hojo <strong>ng</strong> puwesto na<br />
tinawag na Shikken at namahala sila <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> bayan <strong>ng</strong> a<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>wa ni Minamoto-no-Yoritomo.<br />
Giyera<strong>ng</strong> Jokyu<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1221, nagtayo <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo si Gotoba-Joko upa<strong>ng</strong> maibalik a<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Chotei (Imperial Court o Hukuma<strong>ng</strong> imperyal) pero natalo <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu. Pagkatapos,<br />
nilagay <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu a<strong>ng</strong> Rokuhara-tandai <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kyoto para bantayan a<strong>ng</strong> Chotei (imperial Court).<br />
Goseibai Shikimoku<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1232, isinabatas ito ni Shikken Hojo Yasutoki upa<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> criterion o batayan a<strong>ng</strong><br />
paghuhukom <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gokenin (tagasunod <strong>ng</strong> Shogun). Sa loob <strong>ng</strong> mahaba<strong>ng</strong> panahon, ito’y nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />
modelo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> batas <strong>ng</strong> Bushi (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>murai).<br />
Genko<br />
Paglusob <strong>ng</strong> Mo<strong>ng</strong>golya<strong>ng</strong> Kublai Khan na<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> beses (Giyera <strong>ng</strong> Bun-ei noo<strong>ng</strong> 1274;<br />
Giyera <strong>ng</strong> Koan noo<strong>ng</strong> 1281). Sinubuka<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kupin a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon pero nabigo.<br />
Go-on at Hoko<br />
Natali <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> relasyo<strong>ng</strong> amo-at-tagasunod a<strong>ng</strong> Shogun at Gokenin (tagasunod nito). Ipinagta<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>ng</strong><br />
Shogun a<strong>ng</strong> lupain <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gokenin (Go-on), kaya lumaban a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gokenin para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanya at<br />
initaya a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buhay (Hoko). Patuloy a<strong>ng</strong> ganito<strong>ng</strong> relasyo<strong>ng</strong> Go-on at Hoko ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Muromachi at panahon <strong>ng</strong> Edo.<br />
Shogun<br />
Pagbigay <strong>ng</strong> lupa=Go-on Paglaba<strong>ng</strong> nakataya a<strong>ng</strong> buhay=Hoko<br />
Gokenin<br />
Utos na Tokusei-rei<br />
Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Genko, iniutos <strong>ng</strong> Kamakura Bakufu a<strong>ng</strong> Tokusei-rei na nag-alis <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> uta<strong>ng</strong><br />
upa<strong>ng</strong> mailigtas a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gokenin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kahirapan <strong>ng</strong> buhay.<br />
20
Buod<br />
1. Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Heishi at nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika si<br />
Minamoto-no-Yoritomo. Naglagay <strong>ng</strong> Shugo at Jito, nagi<strong>ng</strong> Seii-tai-shogun at naitatag a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kamakura Bakufu. Nakatali a<strong>ng</strong> Shogun at a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tagasunod <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> relasyo<strong>ng</strong> Go-on at Hoko.<br />
2. Pagkatapos mamatay ni Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, kinuha <strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Hojo a<strong>ng</strong> Shikken at<br />
nagkaroon ito <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika.<br />
◇<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> maibalik ni Gotoba-joko a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pulitika mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Hojo, nagtayo<br />
si Gotoba-Joko <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo pero bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu. (Giyera<strong>ng</strong> Jokyu)<br />
◇Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> batas Goseibai shikimoku para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>murai).<br />
3. Dalawa<strong>ng</strong> beses na nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> giyera laban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gen (Yuan, Mo<strong>ng</strong>olia) (Genko).<br />
◇Nahirapan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pera a<strong>ng</strong> Bakufu dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> malaki<strong>ng</strong> gastos.<br />
◇Nahirapan a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>murai) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buhay nila dahil hindi nila nata<strong>ng</strong>gap a<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong><br />
gantimpala kaya hindi sila nasiyahan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bakufu. Dahil dito, inihayag <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu a<strong>ng</strong> utos<br />
Tokusei-rei.<br />
4. Pinalaganap a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> Buddhismo at nabuhay a<strong>ng</strong> kultura<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura (kultura <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Noble<br />
at kultura <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi).<br />
21
(9) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Muromachi (1338~1573)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon. A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat<br />
na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
1333 Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />
sistema<strong>ng</strong> pulitika na tinawag<br />
na Kemmu no Shinsei.<br />
1336 Lumipad si emperador Godaigo<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Yoshino. Nagkahiwalay a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Northern Courts at a<strong>ng</strong> Southern<br />
Courts, at hindi na pinag-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
1338 Nagtatag si Ashikaga Takauji <strong>ng</strong><br />
Muromochi Bakufu.<br />
1392 Pinag-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Northern Courts<br />
at Southern Courts. =Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Muromachi=<br />
1397 Nagtayo <strong>ng</strong> templo<strong>ng</strong> Kinkaku-ji<br />
si Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.<br />
Kulutura<strong>ng</strong> Kitayama<br />
1404 Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> kalakala<strong>ng</strong> Ka<strong>ng</strong>o Templo<strong>ng</strong> Kinkaku Noh<br />
(kalakala<strong>ng</strong> Nichimin).<br />
(Kyoto prefecture) [Kan-ami, Ze-ami]<br />
“Taihei-ki”<br />
1467 Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> kaguluha<strong>ng</strong><br />
Onin.<br />
1489 Nagtayo <strong>ng</strong> templo<strong>ng</strong> Ginkaku-ji<br />
si Ashikaga Yoshima<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
1543 Pumasok a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> armas.<br />
1549 Dumati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Kristyanismo. Kyo-gen<br />
Re<strong>ng</strong>a<br />
Cha-no-yu<br />
1573 Bumagk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Muromachi<br />
Bakufu.<br />
Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Higashiyama<br />
Templo<strong>ng</strong> Ginkaku<br />
(Kyoto prefecture)<br />
22<br />
Ryoanji no Sekitei<br />
(Kyoto prefecture)<br />
Suiboku-ga [Sesshu] Shoin-zukuri<br />
“Otogi-zoshi”<br />
(“Issun-boshi”)
Kemmu no Shinsei (Bago<strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika)<br />
I<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> taon matapos bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Kamakura bakufu, binago ni emperador Godaigo a<strong>ng</strong> tawag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito. Tinawag niya ito<strong>ng</strong> Kemmu at sinimulan a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> yugto ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an itinaas a<strong>ng</strong><br />
da<strong>ng</strong>al <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korte. Kaya’t lalo<strong>ng</strong> nayamot a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>murai), nag-al<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> si Ashikaga<br />
Takauji at tumagal lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> taon a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong> ito.<br />
Kaguluhan <strong>ng</strong> Namboku-cho (the Northern and Southern Courts)<br />
Nagkahiwalay at nagkalaban a<strong>ng</strong> Nancho o Korte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Timog (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panig ni emperador Godaigo) at<br />
Hokucho o Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korte (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panig ni Ashikaga Takauji). Tumagal a<strong>ng</strong> kaguluha<strong>ng</strong> ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> loob <strong>ng</strong><br />
60 taon. Pinag-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> ika-tatlo<strong>ng</strong> Shogun na si Ashikaga Yoshimitsu a<strong>ng</strong> Korte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hilaga at Korte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Timog.<br />
Ka<strong>ng</strong>o Trade (Nichimin Trade)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipagkalakal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Min (Mi<strong>ng</strong>) na sinimulan <strong>ng</strong> ika-tatlo<strong>ng</strong> Shogun<br />
na si Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Ginamit niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagbibila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tally sticks<br />
na gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kahoy o Ka<strong>ng</strong>o upa<strong>ng</strong> makilala a<strong>ng</strong> opisyal na barko<strong>ng</strong><br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>kalakal mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Wako (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pirata<strong>ng</strong> umaatake malapit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina).<br />
Kaguluhan <strong>ng</strong> Onin<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1467, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> ika-walo<strong>ng</strong> Shogun na si Ashikaga Yoshima<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, hinarap <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamilya<strong>ng</strong><br />
Hosokawa at Yamana a<strong>ng</strong> isyu hi<strong>ng</strong>gil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ku<strong>ng</strong> sino a<strong>ng</strong> susunod na Shogun. Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> giyera<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kyoto na kina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>kutan <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> Shugo Daimyo (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinuno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba’t iba<strong>ng</strong> lugar na<br />
gumaganap bila<strong>ng</strong> pulis panlalawigan). Unti-unti<strong>ng</strong> kumalat a<strong>ng</strong> giyera <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> at tumagal<br />
<strong>ng</strong> humigit-kumula<strong>ng</strong> 11 taon. Mula noon, tinawag ito<strong>ng</strong> “Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Se<strong>ng</strong>oku” at humina a<strong>ng</strong><br />
kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> Muromachi Bafuku.<br />
Kalakala<strong>ng</strong> Intermediyaryo (Chukei-boeki o Nakatsugi-boeki)<br />
Sa una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> ika-15 siglo, naitatag a<strong>ng</strong> kaharia<strong>ng</strong> Ryukyu (a<strong>ng</strong> Okinawa prefecture <strong>ng</strong>ayon).<br />
Aktibo a<strong>ng</strong> kaharia<strong>ng</strong> Ryukyu <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pakikipagkalakal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Timog-Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Asya. Ito pa<br />
<strong>ng</strong>a a<strong>ng</strong> nagi<strong>ng</strong> tulay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Tsina, Korea at Hapon, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Timog-Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Asya. Tinawag a<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>alakal na ito na “Kalakala<strong>ng</strong> Intermediyaryo<br />
(Nakatsugi Boeki)”.<br />
Pagpasok <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Armas<br />
Nagka-interes si Se<strong>ng</strong>oku Daimyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pumasok na armas gali<strong>ng</strong> Portugal kaya kumalat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ito. Dahil dito, nabago a<strong>ng</strong> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pakikipaglaban.<br />
Pagdati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Kristiyanismo<br />
Ipinakilala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <strong>ng</strong> misyonaryo<strong>ng</strong> si Francisco Javier na kabila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Society of Jesus<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> Kristyanismo. Dumati<strong>ng</strong> si Javier <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Asya upa<strong>ng</strong> palaganapin a<strong>ng</strong> Kristyanismo.<br />
Kalakala<strong>ng</strong> Namban<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipagkalakal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Portuges o Espanyol. A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalakal-panluwas ay pilak, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> inaa<strong>ng</strong>kat ay sutla na gawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> armas, pulbura<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-armas, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> baba<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gi<strong>ng</strong><br />
gamit (glass products) at iba pa.<br />
23
Buod<br />
1. Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> pagbag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k <strong>ng</strong> Kamakura Bakufu, nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika<br />
ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an inilagay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sentro a<strong>ng</strong> emperador (Kemmu no Shinsei).<br />
◇Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Kemmu no Shinsei pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> taon dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkayamot <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pulitika ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an binigya<strong>ng</strong> halaga a<strong>ng</strong> Kuge (Court noble), at nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong><br />
labana<strong>ng</strong> Namboku-cho.<br />
◇Noo<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> ika-tatlo<strong>ng</strong> Shogun na si Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, napag-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Namboku-cho.<br />
2. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> Seii-Taishogun si Ashikaga Takauji at itinatag niya a<strong>ng</strong> Muromachi Bakufu.<br />
3. Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> kalakala<strong>ng</strong> Ka<strong>ng</strong>o (kalakalan <strong>ng</strong> Nichimin) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> ika-tatlo<strong>ng</strong> Shogun na si<br />
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, at nagpayaman ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bakufu.<br />
4. Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Kaguluhan <strong>ng</strong> Onin bunsod <strong>ng</strong> ku<strong>ng</strong> sino a<strong>ng</strong> papalit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pamilya <strong>ng</strong> Shogun. Na<strong>ng</strong><br />
lumaban a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shugo Daimyo, umabot a<strong>ng</strong> kaguluhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
5. Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> kaguluhan <strong>ng</strong> Onin, lumawak a<strong>ng</strong> Gekokujo (pagkapanalo <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao<strong>ng</strong> mas<br />
mababa a<strong>ng</strong> uri laban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mas nakakataas) at nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Se<strong>ng</strong>oku Daimyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat lugar.<br />
6. Dumati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> taga-Europa at ipinakilala a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> armas at Kristiyanismo. Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />
kalakalan ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma a<strong>ng</strong> Portuges at Espanyol (kalakalan <strong>ng</strong> Namban) at pumasok a<strong>ng</strong> Kultura<strong>ng</strong><br />
Namban. May nakasulat ukol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Namban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Azuchi-Momoyama.<br />
7. Sa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kultura <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Muromachi, kabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Kitayama (Templo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kinkaku-ji, Noh) ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an nag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma a<strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> Kuge (noble) at Buke (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>murai), at Kultura<strong>ng</strong><br />
Higashiyama (Templo<strong>ng</strong> Ginkaku-ji, Suiboku-ga =black and white drawi<strong>ng</strong>) na inilalarawan <strong>ng</strong><br />
pagigi<strong>ng</strong> simple at elegante.<br />
24
(10) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Azuchi-Momoyama (1573~1603)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> kulay itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
1577 Nagsimula si Oda Nobunaga <strong>ng</strong><br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Namban=<br />
Rakuichi-Rakuza <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pook na<br />
nakapaligid <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kastilyo <strong>ng</strong> ・Tinapay ・Sigarilyo ・Buton<br />
Azuchi.<br />
・Pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>gagamot<br />
・Pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> astronomiya<br />
・Nabigasyon<br />
1582 Namatay si Oda Nobunaga <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ・Carta o Baraha<br />
tinatawag na Insidente <strong>ng</strong> ・Spo<strong>ng</strong>e cakes<br />
templo<strong>ng</strong> Honno-ji.<br />
Oda Nobunaga<br />
1852 Sinimulan ni Toyotomi<br />
Hideyoshi a<strong>ng</strong> Kenchi (the<br />
cadastral surveys).<br />
1588 Ipinatupad ni Toyotomi<br />
Hideyoshi a<strong>ng</strong> utos <strong>ng</strong><br />
Katana-gari.<br />
1590 Pinag-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ni Toyotomi<br />
Hideyoshi a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
1592 Nagpadala si Toyotomi<br />
Hideyoshi <strong>ng</strong> hukbo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea.<br />
1598 Namatay si Toyotomi Hideyoshi.<br />
Toyotomi Hideyoshi<br />
1600 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> giyera <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Sekigahara.<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Momoyama=<br />
Arkitektura<strong>ng</strong> Citadel<br />
Kastilyo <strong>ng</strong> Azuchi<br />
(Shiga prefecture) [Nobunaga]<br />
Kastilyo <strong>ng</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka<br />
(O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka prefecture) [Hideyoshi]<br />
Kastilyo <strong>ng</strong> Himeji (Hyogo prefecture)<br />
Byobu-e at Fusuma-e<br />
[Kano Eitoku at Kano Sanraku]<br />
Cha no Yu [Sen no Rikyu]<br />
Joruri (Shamisen)<br />
Sayaw <strong>ng</strong> Kabuki<br />
[Izumo no Okuni]<br />
25<br />
Cha no yu
Rakuichi-Rakuza<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> tawag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> patakaran ni Oda Nobunaga. Isinulo<strong>ng</strong> niya a<strong>ng</strong> pagnenegosyo at industriya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagta<strong>ng</strong>gal <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>negosyo<strong>ng</strong> buwis. Inalis niya rin a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> checkpoint upa<strong>ng</strong><br />
lumuwag a<strong>ng</strong> daloy <strong>ng</strong> trapiko.<br />
Taiko Kenchi<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> tawag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> patakaran ni Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Layunin nito a<strong>ng</strong> masiguro<strong>ng</strong> maayos a<strong>ng</strong><br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>o<strong>ng</strong>olekta <strong>ng</strong> Ne<strong>ng</strong>u (buwis). Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagtalaga <strong>ng</strong> pamantayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagsusukat<br />
kagaya <strong>ng</strong> ruler, sinukat niya a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> taniman <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> at tinantya a<strong>ng</strong> dami <strong>ng</strong> produksyon<br />
gamit a<strong>ng</strong> Koku-daka. A<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Koku <strong>ng</strong> bigas ay katumbas <strong>ng</strong> bigat na 150 kg. Sa pamamagitan<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Taiko Kenchi, a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lupain ay hindi na muli<strong>ng</strong> ipinagkaloob <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kuge o aristocrat, templo<br />
at makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka. Sa halip, ito ay binigay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka na sila naman<br />
talaga<strong>ng</strong> nagpayaman <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> natura<strong>ng</strong> lupain.<br />
Katana gari (Paghahanap at pagkumpiska <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Espada o Armas)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> patakaran ni Toyotomi Hideyoshi upa<strong>ng</strong> matigil a<strong>ng</strong> paglaban <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka tulad <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ikki (kaguluhan) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat lugar. Binawi a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> espada o armas nila.<br />
Heino Bunri (Pagbukod <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mandirigma mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka)<br />
Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> patupad <strong>ng</strong> utos <strong>ng</strong> Taiko Kenchi at Katana gari, binukod a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bushi mula<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka.<br />
Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kop <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea<br />
Naisip ni Toyotomi Hideyoshi na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kupin a<strong>ng</strong> Min (Mi<strong>ng</strong>) kaya pinadala niya na<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> beses<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea na daanan patu<strong>ng</strong>o Tsina. Ngunit sila ay nakaranas <strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> paglaban<br />
<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea at namatay pa si Hideyoshi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kit, kaya pinauwi a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo.<br />
Giyera <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sekigahara<br />
Pagkatapos mamatay ni Toyotomi Hideyoshi, tinalo ni Tokugawa Ieyasu a<strong>ng</strong> ila<strong>ng</strong> Daimyo ni Ishida<br />
Mitsunari at <strong>ng</strong> iba pa na sumubok ipagpatuloy a<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala <strong>ng</strong> pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Toyotomi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Sekigahara.<br />
Buod<br />
1. Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k si Oda Nobunaga <strong>ng</strong> Muromachi Bakufu. Ipinatupad niya a<strong>ng</strong> utos <strong>ng</strong> Rakuichi<br />
Rakuza <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pook na nakapaligid <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kastilyo <strong>ng</strong> Azuchi.<br />
2. Pagkatapos mamatay ni Oda Nobunaga, pinagkai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ni Toyotomi Hideyoshi a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
◇Ipinatupad ni Toyotomi Hideyoshi a<strong>ng</strong> utos <strong>ng</strong> Taiko Kenchi at Katana gari. Pinalitan niya a<strong>ng</strong><br />
luma<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> lipunan (Heino-bunri).<br />
◇Ninais ni Toyotomi Hideyoshi na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kupin a<strong>ng</strong> Min (Mi<strong>ng</strong>) kaya sinalakay nila a<strong>ng</strong> Korea na<strong>ng</strong><br />
dalawa<strong>ng</strong> beses pero nabigo ito.<br />
3. Lumago na<strong>ng</strong> husto a<strong>ng</strong> magarbo<strong>ng</strong> Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Momoyama. Ipinakita nito a<strong>ng</strong> diwa <strong>ng</strong> Daimyo<br />
at mayayama<strong>ng</strong> negosyante na uma<strong>ng</strong>at a<strong>ng</strong> estado mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dati nila<strong>ng</strong> mababa<strong>ng</strong> estado lama<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
Ipinakita rin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kultura <strong>ng</strong> yugto<strong>ng</strong> ito a<strong>ng</strong> impluwensya <strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> Europa (Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Namban)<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kalakala<strong>ng</strong> Namban.<br />
26
(11) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Edo (1603~1868)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon. A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat<br />
na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Siglo<br />
1603 Nagtatag si Tokugawa Ieyasu <strong>ng</strong><br />
Bakufu <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Edo.<br />
Tokugawa Ieyasu<br />
1615 Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Toyotomi.<br />
Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Bukesho-hatto.<br />
1635 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> Sankin-Kotai.<br />
1637 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaguluhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Shimabara at Amaku<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
1639 Ipinagbawal a<strong>ng</strong> pagpasok <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
barko <strong>ng</strong> Portuges <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon.<br />
1641 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> Sakoku<br />
(pagbubukod o isolation policy).<br />
1687 Inilabas a<strong>ng</strong> Shorui Awaremi no Rei<br />
(Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Hayop).<br />
1716 Inilun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d ni Tokugawa Yoshimune<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kyoho.<br />
1772 Si Tanuma Okitsugu ay nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />
Roju (senior councilor).<br />
1782 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> Taggutom<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Temmei.<br />
1787 Inilun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d ni Matsudaira Sadanobu<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kansei.<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Genroku=<br />
Kultura <strong>ng</strong> taumbayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sentro <strong>ng</strong> Kamigata<br />
27<br />
(O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka at Kyoto)<br />
[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]<br />
Ni<strong>ng</strong>yo Joruri<br />
[Matsuo Basho]<br />
Haikai<br />
“Okuno hosomichi”<br />
[Ihara Saikaku] Ukiyo zoshi<br />
Nagi<strong>ng</strong> sikat a<strong>ng</strong> Kabuki.<br />
Sinimulan a<strong>ng</strong> Ran-gaku (pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hi<strong>ng</strong>gil<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Dutch o Olandes) at Koku-gaku<br />
(Pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Japanese classical literature).<br />
[Sugita Genpaku] “Kaitai Shinsho” (1774)<br />
[Motoori Norinaga] “Kojiki den” (1798)
Sa<br />
una<strong>ng</strong><br />
bahagi<br />
<strong>ng</strong><br />
Ika-19<br />
siglo<br />
1825 Inilabas a<strong>ng</strong> kautu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong><br />
pagpapaalis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> banyaga<strong>ng</strong><br />
barko.<br />
1833 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> taggutom <strong>ng</strong><br />
Tempo.<br />
1837 Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> paghihimagsik ni<br />
Oshio Heihachiro.<br />
1841 Inilun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d ni Mizuno Tadakuni a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Tempo.<br />
1853 Dumati<strong>ng</strong> si Commodore Perry <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Uraga.<br />
1854 Pinirmahan a<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <strong>ng</strong><br />
pagkakaibigan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
at Estados Unidos.<br />
1858 Pinirmahan a<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
komersiyo <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at<br />
Estados Unidos.<br />
Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> Ansei no Taigoku<br />
(pagpurga <strong>ng</strong> Ansei).<br />
1863 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Satsuma at Britanya.<br />
1866 Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> Alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> Saccho<br />
(Satsuma at Choshu).<br />
1867 Ibinalik ni Tokugawa Yoshinobu <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
emperador a<strong>ng</strong> pamamahala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Korte (Taisei hokan), at dahil dito,<br />
bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k na a<strong>ng</strong> Edo Bakufu.<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Kasei=<br />
Kultura <strong>ng</strong> taumbayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sentro <strong>ng</strong> Edo.<br />
Ukiyoe<br />
[Kitagawa Utamaro] Bijn-ga<br />
(larawan <strong>ng</strong> maganda<strong>ng</strong> babae)<br />
[Katsushika Hoku<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>i] Fukei-ga<br />
(larawan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tanawin)<br />
[Utagawa Hiroshige] Fukei-ga<br />
Larawan ni<br />
Katsushika Hoku<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>i<br />
28<br />
Larawan ni Utagawa<br />
Hiroshige<br />
Panitikan<br />
[Juppensha ikku] “Tokaidochu hizakurige”<br />
[Takizawa Bakin] “Nanso <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>tomi hakkenden”<br />
[Kobayashi Is<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>] Haiku<br />
[Yo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Buson] Haiku<br />
Buke shohatto (Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mandirigma)<br />
Nagpalabas a<strong>ng</strong> Edo Bakufu <strong>ng</strong> batas para maiwa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan a<strong>ng</strong> Daimyo.<br />
Hindi pinayagan a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapaka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamilya<strong>ng</strong> Daimyo ku<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> pahintulot<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Bakufu, at ipinagbawal din a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatayo <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> kastilyo.<br />
Sankin Kotai (Pagbalik <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Daimyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Edo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bawat Makalawa<strong>ng</strong> Taon)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> batas na ginawa <strong>ng</strong> ikatlo<strong>ng</strong> Shogun na si Tokugawa Iemitsu. Iniutos nito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Daimyo<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> pagtira <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Edo at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> teritoryo na<strong>ng</strong> tig-ii<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> taon. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> magastos ito kaya’t<br />
nahirapan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pampinansyal a<strong>ng</strong> bawat Han (lupai<strong>ng</strong>-bayan). A<strong>ng</strong> layunin <strong>ng</strong> Tokugawa Bafuku ay<br />
pahinain a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> bawat Han <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan na<strong>ng</strong> pagpapahirap <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
aspeto<strong>ng</strong> pampinansyal.
Paghihimagsik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shimabara at Amaku<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Ito ay paghihimagsik na pina<strong>ng</strong>unahan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka <strong>ng</strong> lugar na <strong>ng</strong>ayon ay Naga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki<br />
Prefecture at Kumamoto Prefecture na. Prinotesta nila a<strong>ng</strong> mahal na buwis at pag-uusig <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Kristyano. I<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> bata<strong>ng</strong> lalaki, si Amaku<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shiro Toki<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>da, a<strong>ng</strong> namuno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> paghihimagsik na ito.<br />
Sakoku (Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ra <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> patakaran <strong>ng</strong> Edo Bakufu ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an ipinagbawal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> magbiyahe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, at ipinagbawal a<strong>ng</strong> pakikipagkalakal at diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> ugnayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> maliban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Tsina at Dutch. Hindi rin pwede<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kalakalan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kahit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>a<strong>ng</strong> lugar maliban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Dejima<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Naga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki.<br />
Shorui Awaremi no Rei (Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hayop)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> batas na inilabas <strong>ng</strong> ika-lima<strong>ng</strong> Shogun, si Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. Ipinagbawal a<strong>ng</strong><br />
pagpatay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lahat <strong>ng</strong> may buhay.<br />
Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kyoho<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> reporma<strong>ng</strong> isinulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> ika-walo<strong>ng</strong> Shogun, si Tokugawa Yoshimune, ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an itinayo<br />
muli a<strong>ng</strong> Bakufu mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pa<strong>ng</strong>hihina nito. Binawa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n niya a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gastusin, nagpanukala <strong>ng</strong><br />
kasimplehan at pagtitipid na nagpataas <strong>ng</strong> kita, at ipinagpatuloy a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapaunlad <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kahan <strong>ng</strong> palay, at marami<strong>ng</strong> iba pa.<br />
Mga Pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Edo<br />
Lumaganap a<strong>ng</strong> Ran-gaku, ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an pinag-aralan a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kanlurani<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. At ito ay lumikha<br />
<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tulad ni Sugita Gempaku, a<strong>ng</strong> naglathala <strong>ng</strong> “Kaitai Shinsho (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bago<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lita <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> anatomya ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lita<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>medikal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wika<strong>ng</strong> Dutch ay nai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lita<strong>ng</strong> Hapon).” Dagdag pa rito, sinulat ni Motoori Norinaga a<strong>ng</strong> “Kojiki den (aklat ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an<br />
nakatala a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bagay-bagay hi<strong>ng</strong>gil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sinauna<strong>ng</strong> panahon)”, at itinatag rin niya a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Koku-gaku (Pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Japanese classical literature).<br />
Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kansei<br />
Isinulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Roju na si Matsudaira Sadanobu a<strong>ng</strong> reporma <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabila <strong>ng</strong> maituturi<strong>ng</strong> na ulira<strong>ng</strong><br />
pamumulitika ni Tokugawa Yoshimune. Sinikap niya<strong>ng</strong> itayo muli a<strong>ng</strong> Bafuku pero hindi siya<br />
nagtagumpay.<br />
Kautu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagpapaalis <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Banyaga<strong>ng</strong> Barko<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> kautu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> inilabas <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an, gamit a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanyon, ay pinaaalis a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> banyaga<strong>ng</strong> barko<strong>ng</strong> papasok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon. Ito ay dahil isinara a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> bahagi<br />
<strong>ng</strong> mundo.<br />
Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Taggutom <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tempo<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> matindi<strong>ng</strong> taggutom na na<strong>ng</strong>yari simula 1833 ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> 1839. Dahil hindi maayos a<strong>ng</strong><br />
nagi<strong>ng</strong> pagtugon at pamamalakad <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu, marami a<strong>ng</strong> namatay, at naganap a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong><br />
kaguluhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bawat lugar.<br />
Paghihimagsik ni Oshio Heihachiro<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> paghihimagsik na pina<strong>ng</strong>unahan ni Oshio Heihachiro, i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> hukom-opisyal <strong>ng</strong><br />
bayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka, upa<strong>ng</strong> iligtas a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka na nahirapan dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mahina<strong>ng</strong> ani at bagyo.<br />
Nagulat a<strong>ng</strong> Bakufu dahil a<strong>ng</strong> kaguluhan ay pinamunuan <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nila<strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> opisyal.<br />
29
Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Tempo<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> reporma ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an nagsikap a<strong>ng</strong> Roju na si Mizuno Tadakuni para itayo muli <strong>ng</strong><br />
Bakufu. Ngunit nabigo rin a<strong>ng</strong> reporma<strong>ng</strong> ito katulad <strong>ng</strong> Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kansei. Tinatawag na Sandai<br />
Kaikaku (Tatlo<strong>ng</strong> Reporma) a<strong>ng</strong> Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kyoho, Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kansei, at Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Tempo.<br />
Pagdati<strong>ng</strong> ni Commodore Perry (Pagdati<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Barko<strong>ng</strong> Itim)<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1853, dumati<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Uraga a<strong>ng</strong> Amerikano<strong>ng</strong> si Commodore Perry. Hini<strong>ng</strong>i niya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon na buk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dahil kaila<strong>ng</strong>an nila a<strong>ng</strong> dau<strong>ng</strong>an para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> barko<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>kalakal at<br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>huli <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> balyena <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pasipiko.<br />
Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Pagkakaibigan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Estados Unidos<br />
(Treaty of Peace and Amity between the U.S. and Japan)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> kasundua<strong>ng</strong> pinirmahan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Estados Unidos i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> taon<br />
matapos dumati<strong>ng</strong> si Perry. Binuk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dau<strong>ng</strong>an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shimoda (Shizuoka<br />
Prefecture) at Hakodate (Hokkaido). Na<strong>ng</strong>ako a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na magbibigay <strong>ng</strong> gasolina at<br />
pagkain <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> barko <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos. Dahil dito, natapos a<strong>ng</strong> pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na<br />
tumagal na<strong>ng</strong> mahigit 200 taon.<br />
Kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Komersiyo <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Estados Unidos<br />
(Treaty of Amity and Commerce)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> kasundua<strong>ng</strong> pinirmahan <strong>ng</strong> Tairo (Puno<strong>ng</strong> Ministro) <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu na si Ii Naosuke at <strong>ng</strong><br />
kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos na si Harris. Hindi pantay a<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan dahil hindi maaari<strong>ng</strong> litisin<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> banyaga<strong>ng</strong> kriminal gamit a<strong>ng</strong> o ayon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> batas <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon (pinayagan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> hurisdiksyon kahit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> labas na <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>), at hindi pwede<strong>ng</strong> patawan <strong>ng</strong><br />
buwis a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> produkto<strong>ng</strong> inaa<strong>ng</strong>kat (wala<strong>ng</strong> otonomiya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> taripa).<br />
Ansei no Taigoku (Pagpurga <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pahahon <strong>ng</strong> Ansei)<br />
Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaguluhan matapos buk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mundo, tumindi a<strong>ng</strong> pagkayamot kay Ii Naosuke<br />
na siya<strong>ng</strong> respon<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ble <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagpirma <strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos. Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> kilu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong><br />
Sonno-joi (Sambahin a<strong>ng</strong> Emperador at Paalisin a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma). Pinagmalupitan ni Ii<br />
Naosuke a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> tao at ikinulo<strong>ng</strong> sila upa<strong>ng</strong> matigil a<strong>ng</strong> kilu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n.<br />
Digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Satsuma at Britanya<br />
Napatay <strong>ng</strong> Bushi <strong>ng</strong> Satsuma (Kagoshima prefecture na <strong>ng</strong>ayon) a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Briton <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bara<strong>ng</strong>ay <strong>ng</strong><br />
Namamugi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Yokohama. Ikinagalit ito <strong>ng</strong> Britanya kaya inatake nito a<strong>ng</strong> Satsuma Han. Napin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la<br />
na<strong>ng</strong> malaki a<strong>ng</strong> Satsuma Han, at napagtanto nito<strong>ng</strong> hindi na maaari<strong>ng</strong> sundin at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>mbahin a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Emperador.<br />
Alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> Saccho<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>akuan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Satsuma Han (Kagoshima prefecture <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong>ayon) na natalo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
banyaga<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, at <strong>ng</strong> Choshu Han (Yamaguchi prefecture <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong>ayon) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan ni<br />
Sakamoto Ryoma. Naisipan nila<strong>ng</strong> magbuklod upa<strong>ng</strong> lumaban para mapatalsik a<strong>ng</strong> Bafuku, at<br />
pagkatapos ay magtayo <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan.<br />
Taisei Hokan (Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>uli <strong>ng</strong> Kautu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> Korte <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo)<br />
Ibinalik <strong>ng</strong> ika-15 Shogun na si Tokugawa Yoshinobu a<strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>ng</strong> pamamahala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korte <strong>ng</strong><br />
Emperador. Dahil dito, natapos a<strong>ng</strong> 700-tao<strong>ng</strong> pamumuno <strong>ng</strong> Bushi mula pa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pahahon <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kamakura.<br />
30
Buod<br />
Pagtatayo <strong>ng</strong> Edo Bakufu at Sakoku<br />
1. Nanalo si Tokugawa Ieyasu <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sekigahara, nagi<strong>ng</strong> Seii-taishogun, at itinatag a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Edo Bakufu.<br />
2. Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagtatag <strong>ng</strong> Buke Sho Hatto at pag-uutos <strong>ng</strong> Sankin Kotai, naiwa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
magi<strong>ng</strong> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Daimyo.<br />
3. Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> himagsikan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shimabara at Amaku<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, ipinagbawal a<strong>ng</strong> pagpasok <strong>ng</strong> barko <strong>ng</strong> Portuges<br />
noo<strong>ng</strong> 1939. Na<strong>ng</strong> ilipat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Naga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki a<strong>ng</strong> opisina <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Dutch tradi<strong>ng</strong> firm noo<strong>ng</strong> 1641, ganap<br />
na naipatupad a<strong>ng</strong> Sakoku (o pagbubukod <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> mundo). Ta<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> Shin<br />
(Qi<strong>ng</strong>) at Dutch lama<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> pinahintuluta<strong>ng</strong> makipagkalakal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon, at ito ay doon<br />
lama<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Dejima, Naga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki.<br />
Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Pulitika <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Edo Bakufu<br />
Tinawag bila<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> malalaki<strong>ng</strong> Reporma <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Edo a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Kyoho, Reporma <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kansei, at Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Tempo.<br />
Pagbukas <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> at Paglipol <strong>ng</strong> Edo Bakufu<br />
1. Dumati<strong>ng</strong> si Perry gali<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos. Pagkalipas <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> taon, binuk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
dau<strong>ng</strong>an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shimoda at Hakodate dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Pagkakaibigan <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos at<br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
2. Pinirmahan ni Ii Naosuke a<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos at ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Komersiyo.<br />
Hindi ito pantay dahil kahit na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> teritoryo na a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Amerikano, taglay nila at mas<br />
matimba<strong>ng</strong> pa rin a<strong>ng</strong> kanila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> karapatan, at wala<strong>ng</strong> ipinapataw na buwis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
inaa<strong>ng</strong>kat mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Wala<strong>ng</strong> pan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> taripa.<br />
3. Sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> Alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> Saccho, tinipon a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan para maibag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Bakufu.<br />
Ibinalik a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> mamahala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korte. Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Edo Bafuku.<br />
Pagsulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Kultura<br />
1. A<strong>ng</strong> Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Genroku ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kamigata (Kyoto at O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka).<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Kasei ay hinog na<strong>ng</strong> kultura <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Edo.<br />
2. Yumabo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tulad <strong>ng</strong> Ran-gaku at Koku-gaku.<br />
31
(12) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Meiji (1868~1912)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon. A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat<br />
na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
1868 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Boshin. Tinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Keio Gijuku.(1868)<br />
Inilabas<br />
Goseimon.<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> Gokajo no<br />
Binago a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> Edo, at<br />
tinawag ito<strong>ng</strong> Tokyo.<br />
1869 Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> Hanseki Hokan.<br />
Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> Bummei kaika.<br />
1871 Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> Haihan Chiken.<br />
Umalis sina Iwakura Tomomi para<br />
mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>liksik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos at<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Europa.<br />
1873 Inilabas a<strong>ng</strong> utos para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>pilita<strong>ng</strong><br />
pagsusundalo.<br />
Ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> Chiso Kaisei.<br />
1874 Iniharap ni Itagaki Taisuke a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kenpakusho para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagtatayo <strong>ng</strong><br />
Parliyamento, ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an<br />
taumbayan a<strong>ng</strong> pipili (Minsen<br />
giin).<br />
1877 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Seinan.<br />
Saigo Takamori<br />
1881 Ipina<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>ng</strong> Pamahalaan na<br />
bubuk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n a<strong>ng</strong> Parliyamento.<br />
1885 Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> Gabinete<br />
at si Ito Hirobumi a<strong>ng</strong> nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />
kauna-unaha<strong>ng</strong> Puno<strong>ng</strong> Ministro<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Gabinete.<br />
Ito Hirobumi<br />
Pinagpasyahan a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> p<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an.<br />
(1872)<br />
Bumiyahe a<strong>ng</strong> tren <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Shimbashi<br />
~Tokyo.(1872)<br />
“Gakumon no Susume” [Fukuzawa Yukichi]<br />
(1872)<br />
Tinayo a<strong>ng</strong> Rokumeikan. (1883)<br />
32<br />
Larawan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Bummei kaika
1889<br />
1890<br />
Inilabas a<strong>ng</strong> Konstitusyon <strong>ng</strong><br />
Imperyo <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
Binuk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n a<strong>ng</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo.<br />
1894 Nagtagumpay si Mutsu Munemitsu<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-amyenda <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Britanya.<br />
1894 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nisshin<br />
(Hapon at Tsina).<br />
1895 Nagtatag <strong>ng</strong> kasundua<strong>ng</strong><br />
Shimonoseki .<br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>hihimasok a<strong>ng</strong> Tatlo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Partido o ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
1901 Nagsimula <strong>ng</strong> operasyon a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Yahata Seitetsusyo (Kalakal na<br />
bakal <strong>ng</strong> Yahata).<br />
1902 Binuo a<strong>ng</strong> Alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at<br />
Britanya.<br />
1904 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nichiro<br />
(Hapon at Rusiya).<br />
1910 Sinakop a<strong>ng</strong> Korea.<br />
1911 Ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao<strong>ng</strong> ito, nabawi ni<br />
Komura Jutaro a<strong>ng</strong> awtonomiya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pagtataripa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />
pag-amyenda <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pagitan <strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Nakabukas a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> Linya <strong>ng</strong> Tokaido.<br />
(1889)<br />
33<br />
=Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Meiji=<br />
Panitikan<br />
[Tsubouchi Syoyo] “Syosetsu Shinzui”<br />
[Futabatei Shimei] “Ukigumo”<br />
[Mori Ogai] “Maihime”<br />
[Higuchi Ichiyo] “Takekurabe”<br />
[Shimazaki Toson] “Wakana syu”<br />
[Natsume Soseki] “Wagahai wa neko de aru”<br />
[Ishikawa Takuboku] “Ichiaku no suna”<br />
[Ma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>oka Shiki] “Byosyo Rokusyaku”<br />
Agham<br />
[Kitazato Shibazaburo] (Pa<strong>ng</strong>gagamot)<br />
Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>liksik tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tetanus<br />
[Shiga Kiyoshi] (Pa<strong>ng</strong>gagamot)<br />
Pagkatuklas <strong>ng</strong> mikrobiyo (virus) <strong>ng</strong> iti o<br />
disinteria<br />
[Noguchi Hideyo] (Pa<strong>ng</strong>gagamot)<br />
Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>liksik tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Yellow Fever<br />
[Takamine Jyokichi] (Kimika)<br />
Bunutan <strong>ng</strong> adrenalin<br />
[Nagaoka Hantaro] (Pisika)<br />
Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>liksik tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> atomiko<br />
(atomic structure)<br />
Sini<strong>ng</strong><br />
[Okakura Tenshin]<br />
Muli<strong>ng</strong> pagkabuhay <strong>ng</strong> pintura<strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
[Yokoyama Taikan]<br />
Pintura<strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
[Kuroda Seiki]<br />
Pintura<strong>ng</strong> Kanluran (Europa)<br />
Musika<br />
[Taki Rentaro] “Kojo no tsuki”
Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Boshin<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sundalo <strong>ng</strong> dati<strong>ng</strong> Bakufu, at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sundalo <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong><br />
pamahalaan pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Taisei Hokan (Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>uli <strong>ng</strong> Kautu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>ng</strong> Korte <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo). Nanalo<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sundalo <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bago<strong>ng</strong> armas a<strong>ng</strong> gamit nila.<br />
Gokajo no Goseimon (Panunumpa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lima<strong>ng</strong> Artikulo)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> kapahayaga<strong>ng</strong> itinuro para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagbabago <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> pamamahala ni Meiji.<br />
Hanseki Hokan<br />
Upa<strong>ng</strong> mabuo a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gobiyerno a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, pinabalik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gobiyerno a<strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lupain at tao<strong>ng</strong> hawak <strong>ng</strong> Daimyo.<br />
Haihan Chiken<br />
Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Hanseki Hokan, ipinabalik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gobiyerno a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lupain at tao<strong>ng</strong> hawak <strong>ng</strong><br />
Daimyo. Ngunit, patuloy pa ri<strong>ng</strong> namahala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kani-kanila<strong>ng</strong> teritoryo a<strong>ng</strong> Daimyo. Binago ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> pagpapadala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kenrei (Gobernador) mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kapital para makarati<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong><br />
kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno doon.<br />
Sistema <strong>ng</strong> P<stro<strong>ng</strong>>aaral</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an<br />
Sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> sistema<strong>ng</strong> ito, lahat <strong>ng</strong> lalaki at babae<strong>ng</strong> may edad na anim na tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> o pataas<br />
ay pinakuha <strong>ng</strong> edukasyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> elementarya.<br />
Utos <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sapilita<strong>ng</strong> Pagsusundalo<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> lalaki<strong>ng</strong> may edad na dalawampu<strong>ng</strong> tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> o pataas ay kaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> pumasok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
serbisyo<strong>ng</strong> militar upa<strong>ng</strong> mapabila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> binuo<strong>ng</strong> makabago<strong>ng</strong> militar.<br />
Chiso Kaisei (Reporma <strong>ng</strong> Buwis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lupain)<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>anda man o ma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma a<strong>ng</strong> ani <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> palay, na<strong>ng</strong>o<strong>ng</strong>olekta a<strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno <strong>ng</strong> pera<strong>ng</strong> katumbas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
3 % <strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> lupain (Chiso) mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> may-ari nito upa<strong>ng</strong> mapatatag a<strong>ng</strong> pondo <strong>ng</strong><br />
gobiyerno.<br />
Mu<strong>ng</strong>kahi<strong>ng</strong> Itayo a<strong>ng</strong> Parliyamento<strong>ng</strong> Pipiliin <strong>ng</strong> Tao<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> opinyo<strong>ng</strong> sinulat at ipinadala ni Itagaki Taisuke at iba pa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamahalaan. Hinihi<strong>ng</strong>i nito<strong>ng</strong><br />
buk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n a<strong>ng</strong> pamban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Diet at maipamalas a<strong>ng</strong> opinyon <strong>ng</strong> taumbayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> pulitika.<br />
Hindi nagtagal at kumalat na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilos para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalayaan at karapata<strong>ng</strong><br />
pantao.<br />
Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Seinan<br />
Sinimulan ni Saigo Takamori a<strong>ng</strong> paghihimagsik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaniya<strong>ng</strong> lugar na Kagoshima dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>hihimok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kanya <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nagreklamo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> paraan <strong>ng</strong> pamamahala.<br />
Konstitusyon <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
Ginaya ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> konstitusyon <strong>ng</strong> Alemanya ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an malawak a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>klaw <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Emperador. Pinaalam ito <strong>ng</strong> Emperador <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao.<br />
34
Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo<br />
Ito ay sistema<strong>ng</strong> binubuo <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an. Una ay a<strong>ng</strong> Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> Kizoku (noble) na<br />
kinabibila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kozoku (pamilya <strong>ng</strong> emperador) at Kazoku (maharlika<strong>ng</strong> pamilya) bila<strong>ng</strong><br />
miyembro. Pa<strong>ng</strong>alawa ay a<strong>ng</strong> Mababa<strong>ng</strong> Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an na binubuo <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> inihalal na miyembro.<br />
Binigyan lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>ng</strong> pagboto <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mababa<strong>ng</strong> Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lalaki<strong>ng</strong> may edad<br />
na 25 tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> o pataas na nagbabayad <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> buwis. Bunsod nito, humigit-kumula<strong>ng</strong><br />
i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> porsyento lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> populasyon a<strong>ng</strong> maaari<strong>ng</strong> bumoto.<br />
Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nisshin (Hapon at Tsina)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> labanan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Shin (Qi<strong>ng</strong>) para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkontrol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea. Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong><br />
digmaan pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> paghihimagsik <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka<strong>ng</strong> Koreano (Kogo Pea<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nt Revolution)<br />
bunsod <strong>ng</strong> paglusob <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon, pagkayamot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> opisiyal, at kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ani.<br />
Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Shimonoseki<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> kasundua<strong>ng</strong> pinirmahan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Shin (Qi<strong>ng</strong>) at Hapon. Ipina<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>ng</strong> Shin (Qi<strong>ng</strong>)<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sumusunod na tatlo<strong>ng</strong> bagay:<br />
(1) Tina<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> Shin (Qi<strong>ng</strong>) a<strong>ng</strong> independensiya <strong>ng</strong> Korea.<br />
(2) Ibinigay <strong>ng</strong> Shin (Qi<strong>ng</strong>) a<strong>ng</strong> Liaodo<strong>ng</strong> (Ryoto) peninsula at Taiwan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
(3) Nagbayad a<strong>ng</strong> Shin <strong>ng</strong> 200 milyo<strong>ng</strong> Ryo (Sa panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito, ito ay katumbas <strong>ng</strong> 310 milyon Yen)<br />
para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> napin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la.<br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>hihimasok <strong>ng</strong> Tatlo<strong>ng</strong> partido o ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Iginiit <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya, Alemanya at Pransiya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na ibalik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shin (Qi<strong>ng</strong>) a<strong>ng</strong> Liaodo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Peninsula na binigay <strong>ng</strong> Tsina noo<strong>ng</strong> manalo a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nisshin.<br />
Yahata Seitetsusyo (Kalakal na bakal <strong>ng</strong> Yahata)<br />
Ginawa ito bila<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> bayad-pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nisshin. Ito’y nagi<strong>ng</strong> batayan <strong>ng</strong><br />
pagsulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> makabago<strong>ng</strong> industriya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
Alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Britanya<br />
Bumuo <strong>ng</strong> alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Britanya upa<strong>ng</strong> maprotektahan a<strong>ng</strong> interes nila <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina<br />
at Korea dahil nauna na<strong>ng</strong> nakipag-alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Rusya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Asya.<br />
Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nichiro (Hapon at Rusiya)<br />
Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Rusiya, at nagi<strong>ng</strong> target a<strong>ng</strong> Manchuria<br />
(hilaga<strong>ng</strong>-sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Tsina). Dahil nagtagal a<strong>ng</strong> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito, nahirapan na a<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> na ipagpatuloy pa ito kaya’t pinirmahan a<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Portsmouth.<br />
Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Portsmouth<br />
Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nichiro, pinirmahan a<strong>ng</strong> kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
at Rusiya. Ipina<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sumusunod:<br />
(1) Tina<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya a<strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na kontrolin a<strong>ng</strong> Korea.<br />
(2) Binigay <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> hiramin a<strong>ng</strong> Lushun (Ryojun) at Dalian (Dairen).<br />
(3) Binigay <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan a<strong>ng</strong> tren <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Timog na Manchuria.<br />
(4) Binigay <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya a<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Sakhalin (Karafuto) na na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Timog mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> latitude 50 °.<br />
(5) Tina<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya a<strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>isda <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Dagat Okhotsk o Dagat Beri<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
Pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kop <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea<br />
Sinakop <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> Korea at naglagay <strong>ng</strong> Governor-General (opisina<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>gobyerno)<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea.<br />
35
Buod<br />
Meiji Ishin at Konstitusyon <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
1. Itinatag <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno a<strong>ng</strong> Sistema<strong>ng</strong> Sentrali<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>syon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> Gokajo no<br />
Goseimon at Hanseki Hokan. Pagkatapos nito, ipinatupad a<strong>ng</strong> Haihan Chiken at pinadala a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
gobernador mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sentro para hindi makapasok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pulitika a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Daimyo.<br />
2. Inilathala a<strong>ng</strong> Utos <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sapilita<strong>ng</strong> Pagsusundalo para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Fukoku kyohei (pamamalakad para<br />
dagdagan a<strong>ng</strong> yaman at kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> militar) at itinayo a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> moderno<strong>ng</strong> pagawaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba’t<br />
iba<strong>ng</strong> lugar na pinamamahalaan <strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno para makahikayat <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bago<strong>ng</strong> industriya.<br />
3. Naghimagsik a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shizoku (dati<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>murai) na may reklamo laban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gobiyerno.<br />
Pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> paghihimagsik a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Seinan.<br />
4. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1874, inilabas ni Itagaki Taisuke a<strong>ng</strong> Mu<strong>ng</strong>kahi para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagtatayo <strong>ng</strong> Parliyamento na<br />
Pipiliin <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tao at a<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalayaan at karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao ay kumalat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkilos na ito, nagi<strong>ng</strong> mas intere<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>do at nakilahok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pulitika a<strong>ng</strong> taumbayan.<br />
5. Inilabas a<strong>ng</strong> Konstitusyon <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na ginaya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> konstitusyon <strong>ng</strong><br />
Alemanya. Layunin nito a<strong>ng</strong> magkaroon <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> naka-sentro a<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
emperador.<br />
6. Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo. Ito a<strong>ng</strong> sistema <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an - a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> Kizoku na binubuo <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kozoku at Kazoku at iba pa, at a<strong>ng</strong> Mababa<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kapulu<strong>ng</strong>an na binubuo <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> representante na hinalal.<br />
Pagkikilos <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mga Iba<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> at Pagpapalawak <strong>ng</strong> Industriya<br />
1. A<strong>ng</strong> pag-amyenda <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kasundua<strong>ng</strong> hindi pantay na<strong>ng</strong> pirmahan noo<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong><br />
panahon <strong>ng</strong> Bakufu ((1) Pag-alis <strong>ng</strong> karapatan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> teritoryo, (2) Pagpapanumbalik <strong>ng</strong><br />
Taripa) ay natupad ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> 1911.<br />
2. A<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nisshin (Hapon at Tsina) ay nagsimula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Shin (Qi<strong>ng</strong>)<br />
pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> paghihimagsik <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka<strong>ng</strong> Koreano (Kougo Pea<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nt Revolution). Nanalo<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito, at kalaunan ay nakipagkasundo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Shimonoseki. Ngunit na<strong>ng</strong>himasok a<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Rusiya, Pransiya at<br />
Alemanya.<br />
3. A<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nichiro (Hapon at Rusiya) ay pag-aaway <strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at<br />
Rusiya, na umabot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Manchuria at Korea. Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dako<strong>ng</strong> hilaga<strong>ng</strong>-sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong><br />
bahagi <strong>ng</strong> Tsina. Pinirmahan nila a<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Portsmouth <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos.<br />
4. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1910, sinakop <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> Korea (Kankoku heigo). Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1911, naganap a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Rebolusyon <strong>ng</strong> Xinhai (Shi<strong>ng</strong>ai) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina, at noo<strong>ng</strong> 1912, itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Republika <strong>ng</strong> Tsina.<br />
5. Sa industriya, nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> lumago at lumaki a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> maliliit na industriya at naitayo a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagawaan <strong>ng</strong> bakal <strong>ng</strong> Yahata noo<strong>ng</strong> 1901.<br />
36
(13) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Taisho (1912~1926)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon. A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat<br />
na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Siglo<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
1914 Sumiklab a<strong>ng</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong> =Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Taisho=<br />
Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig<br />
Panitikan<br />
Nagkaroon<br />
Proletaria.<br />
<strong>ng</strong> panitikan <strong>ng</strong> Shirakaba at<br />
1915 Nagpahayag <strong>ng</strong> dalawampu’t<br />
i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> kahili<strong>ng</strong>an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina.<br />
[Musyanokoji Saneatsu] “Sono imoto”, “Yujyo”<br />
[Shiga Naoya] “Anya koro”<br />
[Kobayashi Takiji] “Kanikosen”<br />
[Akutagawa Ryunosuke] “Rasyomon”, “Hana”<br />
[Kawabata Yasunari] “Izu no odoriko”,”Yukiguni”<br />
1918 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Kaguluhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Bigas.<br />
Si Hara Takashi ay<br />
nag-organi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> partido<strong>ng</strong><br />
gabinete.<br />
1919 Pinirmahan a<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Ver<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>illes.<br />
1920 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
1923 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> mapa<strong>ng</strong>wa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k<br />
na lindol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lu<strong>ng</strong>sod <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kanto.<br />
1925 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> Eleksyon.<br />
Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> Kaayu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Publiko.<br />
Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> Brodkast <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Radyo.(1925)<br />
Nagi<strong>ng</strong> sikat a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Diyaryo, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>asin,<br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> Uri <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>asin, Toki (Pelikula<strong>ng</strong><br />
may tunog) at ponograpo.<br />
37
Una<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig ay na<strong>ng</strong>yari para makuha a<strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> colony o ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> sinakop<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <strong>ng</strong> militar. Nakibahagi dito a<strong>ng</strong> magka-alyado<strong>ng</strong> Alemanya,<br />
Austria at Turkey laban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> Rusiya, Britanya at Pransya. Nakibahagi din a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito dahil kaalyado nito a<strong>ng</strong> Britanya. Sinakop <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> Tsi<strong>ng</strong>tao<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shando<strong>ng</strong> Peninsula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina, na teritoryo <strong>ng</strong> Alemanya.<br />
Dalawampu’t I<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Kahili<strong>ng</strong>an<br />
Hini<strong>ng</strong>i <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina a<strong>ng</strong> karapatan at kita mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Shando<strong>ng</strong> Peninsula na hawak <strong>ng</strong><br />
Alemanya, at karagdaga<strong>ng</strong> karapatan <strong>ng</strong> paggamit <strong>ng</strong> South Manchuria Railway. Sa huli, napilit <strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> Tsina na ibigay a<strong>ng</strong> na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bi<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kahili<strong>ng</strong>an.<br />
Kaguluhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bigas<br />
Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagbili <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao <strong>ng</strong> bigas bunsod <strong>ng</strong> nakatakda<strong>ng</strong> pagpapadala <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tropa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Siberia,<br />
tumaas a<strong>ng</strong> presyo nito. Kaya’t nagsipuntahan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tindahan a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>wa <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
ma<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>isda <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lalawigan <strong>ng</strong> Toyama at hinili<strong>ng</strong> na ibenta <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mura<strong>ng</strong> halaga a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bigas.<br />
Kumalat a<strong>ng</strong> pagkilos na ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> balita <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> diyaryo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Partido<strong>ng</strong> Gabinete<br />
Ito ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Gabinete na inorgani<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> karamihan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> miyembro <strong>ng</strong> partido. Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kaguluhan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bigas, si Hara Takashi na miyembro <strong>ng</strong> partido<strong>ng</strong> “Rikken Seiyu-kai” (Friends of<br />
Constitutional Government o Kaibigan <strong>ng</strong> Konstitusyonal na Pamahalaan) ay nagi<strong>ng</strong> Puno<strong>ng</strong><br />
Ministro, at binuo a<strong>ng</strong> bago at totoo<strong>ng</strong> Partido<strong>ng</strong> Gabinete.<br />
Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Ver<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>illes<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Kapayapaan <strong>ng</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig na pinirmahan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Paris <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Pransya. Na<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong>ahulugan ito na tapos na a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan at kaila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> tiyakin a<strong>ng</strong> ha<strong>ng</strong>ganan <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> teritoryo, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ayos, at iba pa, upa<strong>ng</strong> manaig a<strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan. Sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> kasundua<strong>ng</strong><br />
ito, pinilit <strong>ng</strong> Britanya at Pransya a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Aleman na bayaran a<strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la at<br />
magbawas <strong>ng</strong> armas.<br />
Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> kauna-unaha<strong>ng</strong> organi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>syon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo na may layuni<strong>ng</strong> itaguyod a<strong>ng</strong> pandaigdig na<br />
kapayapaan at pakikipagtulu<strong>ng</strong>an, batay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> narana<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig.<br />
Mapa<strong>ng</strong>wa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k na Lindol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lu<strong>ng</strong>sod <strong>ng</strong> Kanto<br />
Ito ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> lindol na na<strong>ng</strong>yari <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sagami Bay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kanagawa prefecture noo<strong>ng</strong> ika-1 <strong>ng</strong> Setyembre,<br />
1923. Umabot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 250,000 a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nasira<strong>ng</strong> bahay, at 450,000 naman a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nasunog. A<strong>ng</strong><br />
bila<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> patay at nawawala ay umabot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 140,000. Sa lahat <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kuna<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>yari <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon, ito a<strong>ng</strong> may pinakamalaki<strong>ng</strong> pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la.<br />
Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> Eleksyon<br />
Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> batas na ito, a<strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> bumoto ay ibinigay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalalakiha<strong>ng</strong> may edad<br />
25 tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> o pataas. Hindi <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>klaw a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kababaihan.<br />
Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> Kaayu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Publiko<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> batas na naglabas <strong>ng</strong> kautu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n para bantayan a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tutol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sistema <strong>ng</strong> pribado<strong>ng</strong><br />
pag-aari at sistema <strong>ng</strong> emperador. Sa pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> batas na ito, nagi<strong>ng</strong> mahigpit a<strong>ng</strong><br />
pagbabantay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> komunismo at sosyalismo.<br />
38
Buod<br />
Una<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig at Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
1. Naglabanan a<strong>ng</strong> dalawa<strong>ng</strong> grupo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka-alyado<strong>ng</strong> Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, at Mga<br />
Kaalyado<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Una<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig. Sumiklab a<strong>ng</strong> natura<strong>ng</strong> digmaan dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
na<strong>ng</strong>yari <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sarajevo.<br />
2. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> bahagi a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito dahil kaalyado nito a<strong>ng</strong> Britanya.<br />
Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito, nagpaabot a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <strong>ng</strong> dalawampu’t i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> kahili<strong>ng</strong>an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Tsina. Lumakas a<strong>ng</strong> kalakal na iniluluwas (exports) matapos a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan, at nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> umunlad<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
3. Napirmahan a<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Ver<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>illes. Bila<strong>ng</strong> talunan, napilitan a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Aleman na<br />
ma<strong>ng</strong>ako<strong>ng</strong> magbabawas ito <strong>ng</strong> armas at magbabayad ito <strong>ng</strong> malaki para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> napin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la <strong>ng</strong><br />
digmaan.<br />
4. Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Una<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig, itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> na isinulo<strong>ng</strong> ni<br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>ulo<strong>ng</strong> Woodrow <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos. Ngunit, hindi naki<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma dito a<strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos. Dahil<br />
dito at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> dahilan, hindi nagi<strong>ng</strong> ganap na maimpluwensya a<strong>ng</strong> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Demokrasya <strong>ng</strong> Taisho<br />
1. A<strong>ng</strong> Demokrasya <strong>ng</strong> Taisho ay i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> napapanaho<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> liberalismo at demokrasya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Taisho.<br />
2. Isinulo<strong>ng</strong> ni Yoshino Sakuzo a<strong>ng</strong> Mimpon-shugi ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an makikita at mararamdaman <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
gobiyerno a<strong>ng</strong> opinyon <strong>ng</strong> publiko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> halalan.<br />
3. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> Puno<strong>ng</strong> Ministro si Hara Takashi na sikat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan, at naitatag a<strong>ng</strong> partido<strong>ng</strong><br />
gabinete.<br />
4. Sabay na ginawa a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong> Pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> Kaayu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Publiko upa<strong>ng</strong> kitilin a<strong>ng</strong><br />
komunismo at sosyalismo, at tina<strong>ng</strong>gap a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kalahata<strong>ng</strong> Eleksyon.<br />
Kultura<strong>ng</strong> Taisho<br />
1. Urbani<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>syon: Dahil nagkaroon na <strong>ng</strong> gas, tubig at kuryente, nagi<strong>ng</strong> uso a<strong>ng</strong> Kanlurani<strong>ng</strong><br />
pamumuhay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lu<strong>ng</strong>sod.<br />
2. Paglitaw <strong>ng</strong> makabago<strong>ng</strong> kultura (Pop Culture)...Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> mahigit i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> milyo<strong>ng</strong> kopya <strong>ng</strong><br />
diyaryo, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> magasin at pankalahata<strong>ng</strong> uri <strong>ng</strong> magasin. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> sikat rin a<strong>ng</strong> To-ki (talki<strong>ng</strong> picture<br />
o pelikula<strong>ng</strong> may tunog) at ponograpo. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1925, nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> pagbo-brodkast <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> radyo.<br />
39
(14) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Showa (1926~1989)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon. A<strong>ng</strong> pula at makapal na sulat<br />
na may <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lu<strong>ng</strong>guhit ay mas mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Siglo<br />
1929 Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Krisis<br />
Pandaigdigan.<br />
1931 Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> insidente <strong>ng</strong> Mukden.<br />
1932 Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> insidente <strong>ng</strong> Ika-15 <strong>ng</strong><br />
Mayo.<br />
1933 Tumiwalag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> polisiya<strong>ng</strong><br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya na tinawag na New Deal<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos.<br />
1936 Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> insidente <strong>ng</strong> ika-26 <strong>ng</strong><br />
Pebrero.<br />
1937 Nag-umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nicchu<br />
(ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Tsina)<br />
1938 Ipina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Pamban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagpapakilos.<br />
1939 Nag-umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pandaigdig.<br />
1940 Binuo a<strong>ng</strong> Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Axis <strong>ng</strong> Hapon-Alemanya-Italya.<br />
1941 Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Neutral <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Unyo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Sobyet.<br />
Nag-umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pasipiko.<br />
1945 Pina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bog a<strong>ng</strong> Bomba<strong>ng</strong> Atomic <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Lu<strong>ng</strong>sod <strong>ng</strong> Naga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki at Hiroshima.<br />
Nata<strong>ng</strong>gap a<strong>ng</strong> Deklarasyo<strong>ng</strong> Potsdam at<br />
sumuko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka-alyado<strong>ng</strong><br />
Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Mga Nagkakai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
(United Nations).<br />
1946 Pinalaganap a<strong>ng</strong> Saliga<strong>ng</strong>-Batas <strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
1950 Nag-umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Koreano.<br />
1951 Pumirma <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>himpapawid <strong>ng</strong><br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan (Peace Treaty) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> San telebisyon. (1953)<br />
Francisco.<br />
Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pagtutulu<strong>ng</strong>an<br />
at Pa<strong>ng</strong>seguridad <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
at Estados Unidos.<br />
1956 Pinanumbalik a<strong>ng</strong> Diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong><br />
Relasyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet.<br />
Nakilahok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mga Nagkakai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
1964 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Palaro<strong>ng</strong> Olympics <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> =Palaro<strong>ng</strong> Olympics=<br />
Tokyo.<br />
Tokyo Game (1964) [Tokyo Olympics]<br />
1965 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (Kauna<strong>ng</strong>-unaha<strong>ng</strong> Olympics <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Asya)<br />
Panimula<strong>ng</strong> Ugnayan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Sapporo Winter Game (1972)<br />
Hapon at Korea<br />
[Sapporo Olympics]<br />
40
1970 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka.<br />
1972 Ibinalik a<strong>ng</strong> Okinawa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
Nanumbalik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> normal a<strong>ng</strong><br />
diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-ugnayan <strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina. (Pinag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pahayag <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Tsina)<br />
1973 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> (Una<strong>ng</strong>) Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Krisis<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> La<strong>ng</strong>is.<br />
1978 Tinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan at Pagkakaibigan <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Tsina.<br />
1979 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Mauunlad na Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (Summit) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tokyo.<br />
41<br />
=Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal=<br />
Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <strong>ng</strong><br />
Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon (O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka) (1970)<br />
(Kauna<strong>ng</strong>-unaha<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Asya)<br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>-Internasyonal na Karagata<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal (Okinawa) (1975)<br />
Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Agham<br />
at Teknolohiya (Tsukuba) (1985)<br />
=Pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mauunlad na<br />
Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon=<br />
1979 <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tokyo<br />
1986 <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tokyo<br />
Mga Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari<strong>ng</strong> Importante<br />
=Pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> Home Appliances (Mga Kagamita<strong>ng</strong> Pambahay)=<br />
Tatlo<strong>ng</strong> Banal na Yaman<br />
Sa 1960’s Tatlo<strong>ng</strong> Banal na Yaman<br />
(Black & White na telebisyon, repridyeretor, makina<strong>ng</strong><br />
panlaba)<br />
Sa 1970’s 3 C<br />
(Colored na telebisyon, Car, Air Conditioner)<br />
=Pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> Network <strong>ng</strong> Transportasyon=<br />
1964 Tokaido Shinkansen<br />
Shinkansen<br />
1975 Sanyo Shinkansen<br />
1982 Tohoku, Joetsu Shinkansen<br />
1988 Seikan Tunnel, Seto Ohashi<br />
Seto Ohashi<br />
(Tulay <strong>ng</strong> Seto)<br />
=MgaPagkilala Mula Sa Gantimpala<strong>ng</strong> Nobel=<br />
1949 Yukawa Hideki (Pisika) Pahimakas ni Nobel<br />
1965 Tomonaga Shinichiro (Pisika)<br />
1968 Kawabata Yasunari (Panitikan)<br />
1973 Ezaki Reona (Pisika)<br />
1974 Sato Ei<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ku (Kapayapaan)<br />
1981 Fukui Kenichi (Kimika)<br />
1987 Tonegawa Susumu<br />
(Pa<strong>ng</strong>gagamot at Pisyolohiya)
Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Krisis Pandaigdigan<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1929, dahil bumaba na<strong>ng</strong> husto a<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>pi o stocks <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos, bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ba<strong>ng</strong>ko at pabrika, at dumami a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wala<strong>ng</strong>-trabaho <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lipunan. Tinawag ito<strong>ng</strong><br />
“Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Krisis Pandaigdigan” dahil a<strong>ng</strong> natura<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan ay kumalat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo mula<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos.<br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mukden (Manchurian Incident)<br />
Upa<strong>ng</strong> makakuha <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> karapatan at pribilehiyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Manchuria, sinubukan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapones na paghiwalayin a<strong>ng</strong> Tsina at Manchuria. Pina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bog nila a<strong>ng</strong> riles <strong>ng</strong> Timog Manchuria at<br />
isinisi ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsino, na nagi<strong>ng</strong> daan para lusubin <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapones a<strong>ng</strong> Tsina.<br />
Insidente <strong>ng</strong> Ika-15 <strong>ng</strong> Mayo<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1932, pinatay na<strong>ng</strong> pataksil <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> opisyal na kabila<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo<strong>ng</strong>-dagat (navy) si<br />
Puno<strong>ng</strong> Ministro Inukai Tsuyoshi dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkayamot nila <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sistema <strong>ng</strong> partido <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan.<br />
Dahil dito, nagtapos a<strong>ng</strong> partido <strong>ng</strong> pamahalaan.<br />
Pagtiwalag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1933, hindi tina<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatag <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Manchukuo, at<br />
hinili<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na pauwiin na a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sundalo<strong>ng</strong> Hapones. Pero hindi suma<strong>ng</strong>-ayon<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> payo<strong>ng</strong> ito kaya’t tumiwalag ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Programa <strong>ng</strong> Panibago<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan (New Deal)<br />
Ginawa ni Pa<strong>ng</strong>ulo<strong>ng</strong> Roosevelt <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapanukala upa<strong>ng</strong> manumbalik a<strong>ng</strong><br />
ekonomiya. Binigyan <strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno <strong>ng</strong> trabaho a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wala<strong>ng</strong> trabaho <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamamagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
proyekto<strong>ng</strong> pampubliko (tulad <strong>ng</strong> paggawa <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dam), at nakabawi a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya.<br />
Insidente <strong>ng</strong> Ika-26 <strong>ng</strong> Pebrero<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1936, sinalakay <strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> opisyal <strong>ng</strong> Army a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> pulitiko at sinakop a<strong>ng</strong> sentro <strong>ng</strong> Tokyo<br />
tulad <strong>ng</strong> opisyal na tirahan <strong>ng</strong> Puno<strong>ng</strong> Ministro, a<strong>ng</strong> gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li <strong>ng</strong> Diet (o Parliamento), at iba pa.<br />
Bagama’t nabigo a<strong>ng</strong> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>ka<strong>ng</strong> ito, lumakas naman a<strong>ng</strong> impluwensya <strong>ng</strong> militar <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> pulitika.<br />
Digmaan <strong>ng</strong> Nicchu (ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Tsina)<br />
Pumasok a<strong>ng</strong> hukbo<strong>ng</strong> Hapones <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kontinente kaya hindi nakakapagtaka<strong>ng</strong> magdulot ito <strong>ng</strong><br />
digmaan laban <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo<strong>ng</strong> Tsino. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1937, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> labanan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hukbo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapones at Tsino <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tulay <strong>ng</strong> Marco Polo (Rokokyo) malapit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Peki<strong>ng</strong>, at dito na nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong><br />
digmaan.<br />
Pamban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong> Pagpapakilos<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> napagpasyaha<strong>ng</strong> batas na nag-udyok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lahat <strong>ng</strong> tao na magtulu<strong>ng</strong>an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panahon <strong>ng</strong><br />
digmaan. Dahil dito, lahat <strong>ng</strong> bagay at pati <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon ay napakinaba<strong>ng</strong>an<br />
ala<strong>ng</strong>-ala<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan.<br />
Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig<br />
Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> pag-atake <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Poland <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Alemanya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pamumuno ni Hitler noo<strong>ng</strong> 1939. A<strong>ng</strong> digmaan ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka-alyado (Allied Powers), tulad <strong>ng</strong> Britanya, Pransya, Estados Unidos, Tsina, at Rusya, at <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Axis Powers, tulad <strong>ng</strong> Alemanya, Italya at Hapon.<br />
42
Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Axis <strong>ng</strong> Hapon-Alemanya-Italya<br />
Lumagda at nakipagsundo a<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Alemanya at<br />
Italya upa<strong>ng</strong> labanan a<strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos at Britanya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pananalu<strong>ng</strong>at <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> patakaran <strong>ng</strong><br />
pag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kop <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Katimugan.<br />
Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Neutral <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet<br />
Upa<strong>ng</strong> hindi lusubin <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Norte, ipina<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na hindi ito magigi<strong>ng</strong><br />
kapanig o kalaban <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet.<br />
Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pasipiko<br />
Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito pagkatapos umatake <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pearl Harbor <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hawaii<br />
noo<strong>ng</strong> 1945 dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> paru<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> ipinataw <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ginawa<strong>ng</strong> pananakop <strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
Pagkakaiba <strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig at Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pasipiko<br />
Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig…<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> digmaan ay naganap <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Axis Powers na kinabibila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon, Alemanya at Italya, at <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka-alyado<strong>ng</strong> Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (Allied Powers) na<br />
binubuo <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos, Britanya at Rusya. Na<strong>ng</strong>yari ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba’t iba<strong>ng</strong> lugar <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mundo mula<br />
1939 ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> 1945.<br />
Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pasipiko…<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> digmaan ay naganap <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sentro <strong>ng</strong> Pasipiko <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka-alyado<strong>ng</strong> Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> na binuo <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos at Britanya, haba<strong>ng</strong><br />
na<strong>ng</strong>yayari rin a<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig. Tinawag ito <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka-alyado<strong>ng</strong><br />
Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> na “Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pasipiko,” pero para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapon, ito a<strong>ng</strong> “Digmaan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Kalakha<strong>ng</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Asya (Greater East Asia War)”.<br />
Deklarasyon <strong>ng</strong> Potsdam<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> deklarasyo<strong>ng</strong> inilabas noo<strong>ng</strong> 1945 <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong>alan <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos, Tsina at Britanya. Hinili<strong>ng</strong><br />
nito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> pasubali<strong>ng</strong> pagsuko (pagta<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> pagkatalo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan,<br />
na<strong>ng</strong> wala<strong>ng</strong> anuma<strong>ng</strong> kondisyon). Sa sumunod na araw, inihayag kaagad <strong>ng</strong> emperador <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> radyo<br />
na tapos na a<strong>ng</strong> digmaan.<br />
Mga Nagkakai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (United Nations)<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> organi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>syo<strong>ng</strong> pandaigdig na nagsisilbi para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kapayapaan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> matapos<br />
pagsisihan a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig noo<strong>ng</strong> 1945. Pinayaga<strong>ng</strong> magi<strong>ng</strong><br />
miyembro a<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> panunumbalik <strong>ng</strong> diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> relasyon nito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet (<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nib na Pahayag o Joint Declaration <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet,<br />
1956).<br />
Saliga<strong>ng</strong>-Batas <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
Ipinahayag ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan bila<strong>ng</strong> batas na binago <strong>ng</strong> Konstitusyon <strong>ng</strong> Imperyo <strong>ng</strong><br />
Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon pagkatapos talakayin at pag-aralan a<strong>ng</strong> bala<strong>ng</strong>kas na ginawa ni Mc Arthur.<br />
Paulit-ulit muna ito<strong>ng</strong> binago. A<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> prinsipyo <strong>ng</strong> Saliga<strong>ng</strong> Batay ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />
paggala<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dakila<strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong> pantao at Pasipismo.<br />
Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Koreano<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> digmaa<strong>ng</strong> ito ay nagsimula pagkatapos sinalakay <strong>ng</strong> Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korea a<strong>ng</strong> Timog Korea noo<strong>ng</strong><br />
1950. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1953, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ako <strong>ng</strong> pagtigil <strong>ng</strong> labanan <strong>ng</strong>unit wala pa sila<strong>ng</strong><br />
kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan.<br />
43
Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> San Francisco<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> kasundua<strong>ng</strong> ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at ila<strong>ng</strong> miyembro <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kaalyado<strong>ng</strong><br />
Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ay nilagdaan <strong>ng</strong> 48 ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> San Francisco <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos noo<strong>ng</strong><br />
1951. Dahil dito, nabawi <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan nito i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> taon a<strong>ng</strong> makalipas.<br />
Gayunpaman, nanatili<strong>ng</strong> na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ilalim <strong>ng</strong> pamamahala <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos a<strong>ng</strong> Okinawa at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> isla<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Oga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>wara. Ibinalik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> isla <strong>ng</strong> Oga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>wara noo<strong>ng</strong> 1968, at a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Okinawa naman ay ibinalik noo<strong>ng</strong> 1972.<br />
Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>seguridad <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Estados Unidos<br />
Ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bay <strong>ng</strong> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> San Francisco, nilagdaan din <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
at Estados Unidos a<strong>ng</strong> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>seguridad. Naka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ad dito na ipagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>ng</strong> Estados<br />
Unidos a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kupin ito <strong>ng</strong> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Kapalit <strong>ng</strong> proteksyo<strong>ng</strong> ito,<br />
pumayag a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon na magbigay <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> base<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-militar at magpanatili <strong>ng</strong> garrison<br />
<strong>ng</strong> hukbo <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos.<br />
Panunumbalik <strong>ng</strong> Diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> Relasyon <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet, Korea at Tsina<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> panunumbalik <strong>ng</strong> Diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> Relasyon ay a<strong>ng</strong> pagkakaroon ulit <strong>ng</strong> mahu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>y na<br />
pakikitu<strong>ng</strong>o o diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> ugnayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagitan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> natura<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Kasosyo<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Taon Mga Kaganapan Iba Pa<strong>ng</strong> Detalye<br />
Union of Soviet<br />
Socialist Republics<br />
(Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet)<br />
Republika <strong>ng</strong> Korea<br />
(Timog Korea)<br />
Republika <strong>ng</strong> Tsina<br />
(Tsina)<br />
1956 <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nib na<br />
Pahayag <strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
at Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet<br />
1965 Kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />
Ugnayan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at<br />
Republika <strong>ng</strong> Korea<br />
1972 <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nib na<br />
Pahayag <strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
at Tsina<br />
1978 Kasundua<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagkakaibigan at<br />
Kapayapaan <strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon at Tsina<br />
44<br />
Nananatili pa a<strong>ng</strong> agawan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
teritoryo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> hilaga (northern<br />
territories dispute) at wala pa<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan. Dapat<br />
talakayin pa ito <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Rusya.<br />
Ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> ito, wala<br />
pa<strong>ng</strong> diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Democratic People’s Republic of<br />
Korea (Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korea).<br />
Ipinagbigay-alam <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Republika <strong>ng</strong><br />
Tsina (Taiwan) na naputol a<strong>ng</strong><br />
diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> relasyon.<br />
Nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kanais-nais na<br />
palita<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Taiwan.<br />
Palaro<strong>ng</strong> Olympics <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tokyo (1964) at Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka (1970)<br />
Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> digmaan, nagsimula<strong>ng</strong> buma<strong>ng</strong>on a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pinakamababa<strong>ng</strong> antas. Ginanap a<strong>ng</strong> Palaro<strong>ng</strong> Olympics <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tokyo na kauna-unahan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Asya noo<strong>ng</strong><br />
1964 ku<strong>ng</strong> kailan maunlad na rin a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Sa na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bi<strong>ng</strong> taon, binuk<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n a<strong>ng</strong> Tokaido Shinkansen<br />
(bullet train). Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1970, a<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal ay ginanap <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka.<br />
Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Krisis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> La<strong>ng</strong>is<br />
Nagkagulo a<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya noo<strong>ng</strong> 1973 dahil, bunsod <strong>ng</strong> ika-apat na digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gitna<strong>ng</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an<br />
(Middle East war o Arab-Israeli conflict), itinaas <strong>ng</strong> OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum<br />
Exporti<strong>ng</strong> Countries o Organi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>syon <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Nagpapa-a<strong>ng</strong>kat <strong>ng</strong> La<strong>ng</strong>is) a<strong>ng</strong> presyo <strong>ng</strong><br />
krudo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> tumulo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Israel. (Una<strong>ng</strong> Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Krisis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> La<strong>ng</strong>is ). Partikular na<br />
tumaas na<strong>ng</strong> apat na beses a<strong>ng</strong> presyo <strong>ng</strong> krudo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon. Kumalat a<strong>ng</strong> bulu<strong>ng</strong>-bulu<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong><br />
“mauubos a<strong>ng</strong> toilet paper” na ikina-alarma <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hapones, kaya’t pumila a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ito na<strong>ng</strong><br />
pagkahaba-haba <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tindahan para lama<strong>ng</strong> makabili.
Pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mauunlad na Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (Summit)<br />
Tinalakay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kinatawan <strong>ng</strong> walo<strong>ng</strong> na<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong>una<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> isyu<strong>ng</strong><br />
pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya at kalakal. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1975, ginanap a<strong>ng</strong> ika-lima<strong>ng</strong> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
at nasundan pa na<strong>ng</strong> apat na beses (ayon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tala ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> 2012). Na<strong>ng</strong> napabila<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Rusya noo<strong>ng</strong> 1998, tinawag na ito<strong>ng</strong> “A<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kat <strong>ng</strong> Walo, o Group of Eight, o G8.”<br />
Buod<br />
Koneksyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig<br />
1. A<strong>ng</strong> biglaa<strong>ng</strong> pagbag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k na<strong>ng</strong> husto <strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>pi o stocks <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos ay nagdulot<br />
<strong>ng</strong> Matindi<strong>ng</strong> Krisis Pandaigdigan at nagdulot <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> gulo<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mundo.<br />
Ipinatupad a<strong>ng</strong> Programa <strong>ng</strong> Bago<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan (New Deal) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos.<br />
2. A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> militar <strong>ng</strong> Hapones ay nagpasimuno <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tinawag na Insidente <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mukden at itinayo a<strong>ng</strong><br />
ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Manchukuo. Inaku<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>han a<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Insidente <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mukden. Dahil dito, ito ay<br />
tumiwalag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Liga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
3. Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <strong>ng</strong> Insidente <strong>ng</strong> Ika-15 <strong>ng</strong> Mayo at Insidente <strong>ng</strong> ika-26 <strong>ng</strong> Pebrero,<br />
nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> kapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> pampulitika a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> militar <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
4. Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Nicchu (ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Tsina). Ipina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> Pamban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong><br />
Pagpapakilos upa<strong>ng</strong> makapaghanda a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan.<br />
5. Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-atake <strong>ng</strong> Alemanya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Poland, nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> Ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Pandaigdig.<br />
Lumagda <strong>ng</strong> pakikipag-alyan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Alemanya at Italya, at sumali<br />
rin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan.<br />
6. Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-atake <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pearl Harbor <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hawaii, naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pasipiko. Nagtapos ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagbag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k <strong>ng</strong> bomba atomika <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> siyudad <strong>ng</strong> Hiroshima at Naga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ki<br />
kaya’t tina<strong>ng</strong>gap <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> Deklarasyon <strong>ng</strong> Potsdam, at inamin a<strong>ng</strong> pagkatalo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
digmaan.<br />
Pagsuko <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Reporma Pagkatapos <strong>ng</strong> Digmaan<br />
1. Pagkatapos matalo <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan, ipinatupad a<strong>ng</strong> marami<strong>ng</strong> reporma na may<br />
suporta <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kaalyado nito<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>.<br />
2. Nagpa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> patakaran <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagtatrabaho (policy of occupation) a<strong>ng</strong> GHQ (General Headquarters)<br />
o Puno<strong>ng</strong> Himpilan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka-alyado<strong>ng</strong> Makapa<strong>ng</strong>yariha<strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Puno<strong>ng</strong> Kumander si Mc<br />
Arthur.<br />
3. Ipinag-utos <strong>ng</strong> GHQ a<strong>ng</strong> pagbuwag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Zaibatsu dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> impluwensya nito at pagkakaroon <strong>ng</strong><br />
ambag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan bunsod <strong>ng</strong> pagkontrol nito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon. Tinawag ito<strong>ng</strong><br />
“Zaibatsu Kaitai” (Pagbuwag <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kalipunan <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Industriya at Negosyo<strong>ng</strong> Pampinansyal).<br />
4. Bumili a<strong>ng</strong> gobiyerno <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lupa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mura<strong>ng</strong> presyo mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> may-ari <strong>ng</strong> lupain. Ibinenta<br />
naman ito <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mura<strong>ng</strong> presyo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka na wala<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> lupa. Ito a<strong>ng</strong> Reporma <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lupa.<br />
45
5. Isinagawa a<strong>ng</strong> pagbabago <strong>ng</strong> batas tu<strong>ng</strong>kol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> halalan. Dahil dito, binigyan <strong>ng</strong> karapata<strong>ng</strong><br />
lumahok <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> halalan a<strong>ng</strong> lahat <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lalaki at babae na may edad 20 tao<strong>ng</strong> gula<strong>ng</strong> o pataas.<br />
6. A<strong>ng</strong> Saliga<strong>ng</strong> Batas ay itinatag. (1) Dakila<strong>ng</strong> Kapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan, (2) Pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> Karapata<strong>ng</strong><br />
Pantao, at (3) Pasipismo a<strong>ng</strong> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong> prinsipyo nito.<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> labanan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos at Rusya, A<strong>ng</strong> Kalayaan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon,<br />
Pagtatag <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Tsina<br />
1. Na<strong>ng</strong>una a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> nanalo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagtatag <strong>ng</strong> Mga Nagkakai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (United<br />
Nations).<br />
2. Hindi nagkasundo a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kapitalista na pina<strong>ng</strong>unahan <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos, at a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
komunista o sosyalista<strong>ng</strong> pinamunuan <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> u<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>pi<strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya at militar. Tinawag<br />
ito<strong>ng</strong> “Cold War” o Tahimik na Digmaan dahil hindi naman ito umabot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> ganap na labanan.<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> halimbawa nito ay a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaa<strong>ng</strong> Koreano at Digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Vietnam. Nagi<strong>ng</strong> simbolo rin<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> paghahati <strong>ng</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an at Kanluran <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Alemanya a<strong>ng</strong> “Pader <strong>ng</strong> Berlin”.<br />
3. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1949, itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Republika <strong>ng</strong> Tsina. Si Mao Tse-Tu<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> nagtatag <strong>ng</strong> bago<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
4. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1951, pumirma a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> San Francisco at<br />
nabawi a<strong>ng</strong> kalayaan nito. Ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bay nito, nilagdaan a<strong>ng</strong> Kasundua<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>seguridad <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon at Estados Unidos. Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1956, nanumbalik a<strong>ng</strong> diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet<br />
(Pinag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nib na Deklarasyon <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet), at nagi<strong>ng</strong> ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>pi a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mga Nagkakai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Mga Kasunod na Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at <strong>ng</strong> Daigdig<br />
1. Ekonomiya<br />
◇Mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> huli<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 1950’s ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 1970’s, napabuti a<strong>ng</strong> buhay <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mamamayan dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya. Tuluya<strong>ng</strong> nagi<strong>ng</strong> makapa<strong>ng</strong>yarihan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> buo<strong>ng</strong><br />
mundo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lara<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon. Ginanap a<strong>ng</strong> Palaro<strong>ng</strong> Olympics <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tokyo<br />
noo<strong>ng</strong> 1964, at naganap naman a<strong>ng</strong> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka noo<strong>ng</strong> 1970. Dagdag pa rito ay a<strong>ng</strong><br />
pagbukas <strong>ng</strong> Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train) kasunod <strong>ng</strong> Palaro<strong>ng</strong> Olympics <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tokyo.<br />
◇Noo<strong>ng</strong> 1973, dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gitna<strong>ng</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> Krisis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> La<strong>ng</strong>is at<br />
naapektuhan a<strong>ng</strong> pag-unlad <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon.<br />
2. Diplomasya<br />
◇<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Mag</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kakasunod a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatag <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> diplomatiko<strong>ng</strong> relasyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet (1956,<br />
Pinag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nib na Deklarasyon <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet); <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Korea (1965, Pa<strong>ng</strong>unahi<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kasunduan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagitan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Korea); at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Tsina (1972, Pinag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ma<strong>ng</strong> Pahayag <strong>ng</strong><br />
Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Tsina; at 1978, Pa<strong>ng</strong>kapayapaan at Pagkakaibiga<strong>ng</strong> Kasunduan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon at Tsina).<br />
◇Isinauli a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> isla <strong>ng</strong> Oga<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>wara <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon noo<strong>ng</strong> 1968 at a<strong>ng</strong> Okinawa naman<br />
noo<strong>ng</strong> 1972.<br />
46
(15) Panahon <strong>ng</strong> Heisei (1989~)<br />
*Legend…A<strong>ng</strong> kulay itim at makapal na sulat ay mahalaga<strong>ng</strong> panahon.<br />
Taon at<br />
Pulitika at Ekonomiya Kultura, Pamumuhay at Sa<strong>ng</strong>gunian<br />
Siglo<br />
1989 Pinalawak a<strong>ng</strong> Buwis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Bilihin.<br />
Banda<strong>ng</strong><br />
huli <strong>ng</strong><br />
1980’s<br />
Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>klaw <strong>ng</strong><br />
“Economic Bubble” (Hindi<br />
Matatag na Paglobo <strong>ng</strong><br />
Ekonomiya).<br />
1991 Natapos a<strong>ng</strong> “Economic<br />
Bubble” (Hindi Matatag na<br />
Paglobo <strong>ng</strong> Ekonomiya).<br />
Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Sobyet.<br />
1992 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> Batas <strong>ng</strong><br />
Damaya<strong>ng</strong> PKO (PKO<br />
Cooperation Law).<br />
1993 Itinatag a<strong>ng</strong> EU (European<br />
Union).<br />
2001 Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> Pag-atake <strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Terorista <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados<br />
Unidos (noo<strong>ng</strong> ika-11 <strong>ng</strong><br />
Setyembre).<br />
2002 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> o<br />
Summit <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at<br />
Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korea.<br />
2003 Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Iraq.<br />
2004 Pinadala a<strong>ng</strong> Japan Ground<br />
Self-Defense Force o <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
sundalo<strong>ng</strong> Hapon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Iraq.<br />
Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal <strong>ng</strong> kahalamanan (Garden and<br />
greenery exposition) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ka, 1990.<br />
Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> lindol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hanshin at<br />
Awaji (1995).<br />
Palaro<strong>ng</strong> Olympics <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nagano (1998)<br />
Nagbukas a<strong>ng</strong> Tulay <strong>ng</strong> Akashi Kaikyo (1998)<br />
Puno<strong>ng</strong> Abala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> FIFA World Cup, football<br />
(Ka<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>mahan <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Korea bila<strong>ng</strong> Puno<strong>ng</strong><br />
Abala) (2002)<br />
Pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>hal Sa Aichi (2005)<br />
Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong> lindol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Hapon (2011).<br />
47
Mga Pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari<strong>ng</strong> Importante<br />
=A<strong>ng</strong> Pa<strong>ng</strong>kat <strong>ng</strong> Walo o Group of Eight, G8 <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon=<br />
(mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Heisei)<br />
1993, Tokyo<br />
(Naganap ito “bila<strong>ng</strong> Pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> o Summit Conference <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mauunlad na Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>”)<br />
2000, Kyusyu at Okinawa<br />
2008, Hokkaido<br />
=Mga Tagugumpay <strong>ng</strong> Gantimpala<strong>ng</strong> Nobel =<br />
(mula <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Heisei)<br />
1994 Oe Kenzaburo (Panitikan)<br />
2000 Shirakawa Hideki (Kimika)<br />
2001 Noyori Ryoji (Kimika)<br />
2002 Koshiba Ma<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>toshi (Pisika), Tanaka Koichi (Kimika)<br />
2008 Kobayashi Makoto (Pisika), Masukawa Toshihide (Pisika),<br />
Shimomura O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>mu (Kimika)<br />
2010 Suzuki Akira (Kimika), Negishi Eiichi (Kimika)<br />
Pagpapalawak <strong>ng</strong> Buwis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bilihin<br />
Mula noo<strong>ng</strong> panahon <strong>ng</strong> Showa ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> noo<strong>ng</strong> 1989 na panahon <strong>ng</strong> Heisei, pinalawak na a<strong>ng</strong><br />
buwis <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bilihin. Upa<strong>ng</strong> mapunan a<strong>ng</strong> kakula<strong>ng</strong>an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakokolekta<strong>ng</strong> buwis, pinatawan <strong>ng</strong><br />
buwis a<strong>ng</strong> iba’t iba<strong>ng</strong> serbisyo at kalakal. Nagsimula a<strong>ng</strong> si<strong>ng</strong>il <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tatlo<strong>ng</strong> porsiyento (3%). Ngunit,<br />
noo<strong>ng</strong> 1997, ito ay tinaa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n at nagi<strong>ng</strong> lima<strong>ng</strong> porsiyento (5%).<br />
Hindi Matatag na Paglobo <strong>ng</strong> Ekonomiya<br />
Ito a<strong>ng</strong> estado <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya ku<strong>ng</strong> kalian mabilis na tumaas a<strong>ng</strong> halaga <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>pi (stocks) at lupa<br />
simula noo<strong>ng</strong> huli<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> dekada 80 o 1980s, ha<strong>ng</strong>ga<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> una<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 1990s. Ginamit<br />
a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lita<strong>ng</strong> “bubble” o bula bila<strong>ng</strong> paglarawan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mas mataas kay<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> normal na halaga <strong>ng</strong> lupa at<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pag-aari bunsod lama<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> spekulasyon. A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lita<strong>ng</strong> “bubble” ay a<strong>ng</strong>kop <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> imahe<strong>ng</strong><br />
biglaa<strong>ng</strong> lumalaki, na wala<strong>ng</strong> kalaman-laman, at mabilis na pumuputok.<br />
Pagbag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> dekada 80 o 1980s, nagsisulputan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Europa a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bago<strong>ng</strong> pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong><br />
nagnanais <strong>ng</strong> demokrasya. Noo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> panaho<strong>ng</strong> iyon, malakas a<strong>ng</strong> impluwensya <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Sobyet. Sinubuka<strong>ng</strong> itayo muli <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet a<strong>ng</strong> pulitika at ekonomiya, pero nagi<strong>ng</strong><br />
independente a<strong>ng</strong> bawat republika tulad <strong>ng</strong> Russian Federation.<br />
Batas <strong>ng</strong> Damaya<strong>ng</strong> PKO<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> opisyal na tawag ay “batas ukol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kontribusyon para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Operasyon <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Nagkakai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> Kapayapaan.” Tinatawag rin ito<strong>ng</strong> “batas ukol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kontribusyon para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pandaigdiga<strong>ng</strong> kapayapaan.”<br />
A<strong>ng</strong> PKO ay a<strong>ng</strong> Peacekeepi<strong>ng</strong> Operations <strong>ng</strong> United Nations o a<strong>ng</strong> Operasyon <strong>ng</strong> Mga<br />
Nagkakai<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagpapanatili <strong>ng</strong> Kapayapaan. Sa ilalim <strong>ng</strong> batas na ito,<br />
pinahihintulutan a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapadala <strong>ng</strong> SDF (Self-Defense Forces o Pwer<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Para</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Sarili) <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. May <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bi<strong>ng</strong> hindi tama a<strong>ng</strong> pagpapadala <strong>ng</strong> SDF <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
dahil a<strong>ng</strong> misyon nito ay para lama<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagtata<strong>ng</strong>gol <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. Ngunit, ipinakita <strong>ng</strong><br />
pamahalaan na a<strong>ng</strong> konsepto<strong>ng</strong> ito ay para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rili<strong>ng</strong> proteksyon lama<strong>ng</strong> talaga, at hindi para<br />
palakasin a<strong>ng</strong> militar. Sa natura<strong>ng</strong> taon (1992), a<strong>ng</strong> Self-Defense Forces ay ipinadala <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
Cambodia <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> una<strong>ng</strong> pagkakataon. Simula rin noon, a<strong>ng</strong> SDF ay pinadala rin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Iraq bila<strong>ng</strong><br />
suporta.<br />
48
Pagtatag <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Europeo<br />
Nagtatag a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> taga-Europa <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya<strong>ng</strong> sona na kinabibila<strong>ng</strong>an <strong>ng</strong> 15 ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> upa<strong>ng</strong><br />
makipagkumpetensya <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon o Amerika. Base <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pinakahuli<strong>ng</strong> tala noo<strong>ng</strong> 2011, a<strong>ng</strong><br />
miyembro <strong>ng</strong> Estado ay na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 27 na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Lindol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hanshin-Awaji<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> ika-17 <strong>ng</strong> Enero 1995, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ganap na 5:46 <strong>ng</strong> umaga, nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> lindol na may lakas 7.3<br />
magnitude. A<strong>ng</strong> sentro nito ay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> isla <strong>ng</strong> Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Awaji. May 6,434 katao<strong>ng</strong> nakilala na namatay,<br />
tatlo (3) a<strong>ng</strong> nawawala, haba<strong>ng</strong> may 43,792 naman a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nakilala<strong>ng</strong> sugatan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kalamidad na ito.<br />
Tinataya<strong>ng</strong> may 105,000 na <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kabahayan at gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li a<strong>ng</strong> nawa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k, haba<strong>ng</strong> umabot naman <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
144,000 a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li<strong>ng</strong> bahagya<strong>ng</strong> nawa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagka-uga.<br />
Pag-atake <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Terorista <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Estados Unidos<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> ika-11 <strong>ng</strong> Setyembre 2001, apat na pampa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hero<strong>ng</strong> eroplano a<strong>ng</strong> kinontrol <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> terorista.<br />
Dalawa rito ay pinuntirya a<strong>ng</strong> gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li <strong>ng</strong> World Trade Center <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> New York, a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ay ibinag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Kagawaran <strong>ng</strong> Depen<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (Pentagon), at a<strong>ng</strong> natitira<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ay ibina<strong>ng</strong>ga. Tinawag a<strong>ng</strong> insidente<strong>ng</strong> ito<br />
na “9/11” dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pet<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>yayari. Marami a<strong>ng</strong> nagi<strong>ng</strong> biktima <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> trahedya<strong>ng</strong> ito.<br />
Pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> Ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korea<br />
Dalawa<strong>ng</strong> beses na nagpulo<strong>ng</strong> a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> lider <strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korea (sina Koizumi<br />
Junichiro at Kim Jo<strong>ng</strong> Il). A<strong>ng</strong> una ay naganap noo<strong>ng</strong> 2002 ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an nilagdaan a<strong>ng</strong> “Deklarasyon<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pyo<strong>ng</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong> <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon at Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korea” (The Japan-North Korea Pyo<strong>ng</strong>ya<strong>ng</strong><br />
Declaration). Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> na ito, nakabalik <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon a<strong>ng</strong> lima<strong>ng</strong> Hapones na<br />
dinukot <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hilaga<strong>ng</strong> Korea. Naganap naman a<strong>ng</strong> ikalawa<strong>ng</strong> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> noo<strong>ng</strong> 2004.<br />
Digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Iraq<br />
Noo<strong>ng</strong> 2003, inilun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d ni Pa<strong>ng</strong>ulo<strong>ng</strong> Bush <strong>ng</strong> Estados Unidos a<strong>ng</strong> pag-atake <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Iraq dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
pagtago raw nito <strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> armas para <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mass destruction (o yu<strong>ng</strong> nagdudulot <strong>ng</strong> malawaka<strong>ng</strong><br />
pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la). Ngunit, wala<strong>ng</strong> nahanap na armas. Hinuli a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>ulo <strong>ng</strong> Iraq na si Saddam Hussein at<br />
hinatulan <strong>ng</strong> paru<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> kamatayan.<br />
Lindol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Hapon<br />
Na<strong>ng</strong>yari a<strong>ng</strong> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> lindol <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sentro <strong>ng</strong> baybayi<strong>ng</strong> Sanriku na may lakas 9.0 noo<strong>ng</strong> ika-11 <strong>ng</strong> Marso<br />
2011 (Heisei 23), banda<strong>ng</strong> alas 2:16 <strong>ng</strong> hapon. Sinundan ito <strong>ng</strong> tsunami na nag-iwan <strong>ng</strong> malaki<strong>ng</strong><br />
pin<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> rehiyon <strong>ng</strong> Tohoku at <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> iba pa<strong>ng</strong> lugar. Lampas 19,000 a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> namatay at nawala, at<br />
mahigit 6,000 naman a<strong>ng</strong> nasugatan. Mahigit 120,000 naman a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gumuho<strong>ng</strong> gu<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>li, at mahigit<br />
240,000 iba pa a<strong>ng</strong> bahagya<strong>ng</strong> nasira. Lumala pa a<strong>ng</strong> sitwasyon na<strong>ng</strong> madamay <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nasira a<strong>ng</strong><br />
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant kaya nagtalaga <strong>ng</strong> napakalawak na lugar ku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>an<br />
ipinagbawal a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> tao.<br />
49
Buod<br />
1. Sa huli<strong>ng</strong> bahagi <strong>ng</strong> 1980’s, a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon ay na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mabuti<strong>ng</strong> kalagayan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gitna <strong>ng</strong> hindi<br />
matatag na paglobo <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya.<br />
2.Dahil <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pagkakabuwag <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet, nagtapos a<strong>ng</strong> “Tahimik na Digmaan” o Cold War <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
buo<strong>ng</strong> mundo na nagsimula noon pa<strong>ng</strong> 1945 at kumalat rin <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sosyalista<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> a<strong>ng</strong> “market<br />
fundamentalism” o konsepto <strong>ng</strong> paniniwala<strong>ng</strong> mareresolba <strong>ng</strong> bukas at malaya<strong>ng</strong> merkado a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
problema<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>-ekonomiya at panlipunan.<br />
◇1989: Gumuho a<strong>ng</strong> tinaguria<strong>ng</strong> Berlin Wall o Pader <strong>ng</strong> Berlin.<br />
Idineklara <strong>ng</strong> lider <strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet at Estados Unidos a<strong>ng</strong> pagtatapos <strong>ng</strong> “Tahimik na<br />
Digmaan” o “Cold War” <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> pagpupulo<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Malta.<br />
Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> rebolusyon <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sila<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong> Europa at i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> komunista<strong>ng</strong><br />
rehimen.<br />
◇1990: Naganap a<strong>ng</strong> Digmaan <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gitna<strong>ng</strong> Sila<strong>ng</strong>an o Gulf War.<br />
◇1991: Bumag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k a<strong>ng</strong> Unyo<strong>ng</strong> Sobyet.<br />
3. Mula noo<strong>ng</strong> umpi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>ng</strong> 1990, nakaranas a<strong>ng</strong> ban<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> Hapon <strong>ng</strong> resesyon na tinaguria<strong>ng</strong> “lost<br />
decade” o na<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ya<strong>ng</strong> na dekada. A<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ba<strong>ng</strong>ko na sina<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bi<strong>ng</strong> hindi kailanman babag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>k ay<br />
nag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ra. Nahirapa<strong>ng</strong> makahanap <strong>ng</strong> trabaho a<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>mga</stro<strong>ng</strong>> estudyante. At nagkaroon <strong>ng</strong> deflation o a<strong>ng</strong><br />
pagbaba <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> antas <strong>ng</strong> ekonomiya. Binuo rin noo<strong>ng</strong> 1993 a<strong>ng</strong> gabinete <stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pamahalaa<strong>ng</strong><br />
kontra-koalisyon <strong>ng</strong> Jimin, at nagtapos a<strong>ng</strong> pa<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong>ibabaw <strong>ng</strong> nag-ii<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sa</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> partido<strong>ng</strong> Liberal<br />
Demokratiko (o Liberal Democratic Party, o Jimin Party).<br />
50
発行年月日:2012(平成 24 年)3月 31 日<br />
作成・編集:子ども多文化共生センター・姫路獨協大学大学院言語教育研究科<br />
日本語コース<br />
翻訳:大塚 敬史・窪田 有莉<br />
高橋 卓也・寺本アナリングバラネ<br />
栗田 珠希<br />
発行:子ども多文化共生センター<br />
〒659-0031 芦屋市新浜町1-2 電話 0797(35)4537<br />
協力:姫路獨協大学外国語学部外国語学科 教授 山崎 恵 氏