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N° 2 - Giovanni Ficetola

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Nelle luci del traffico notturno, fermo al semaforo.<br />

Ero lì, un furgoncino bianco davanti a me, con le frecce lampeggianti.<br />

Poi dietro il vetro posteriore del camioncino una figura s’è girata verso di me, nera d’ombra.<br />

I suoi denti bianchi mi sorridevano e mi salutava con la mano, ridendo, seduta nel camioncino<br />

bianco.<br />

Poi lei partì e girò all’incrocio.<br />

Misi la prima.<br />

Tolsi la freccia.<br />

Decisi di andare dritto.<br />

'29(5<br />

Fa freddo sulle scogliere della Francia in inverno.<br />

Si può sentire il ruggire del mare tra gli scogli e le grotte nascoste.<br />

È freddo il mare d’inverno, le onde si infrangono molto più in basso, ma gli schizzi bianchi arrivano<br />

fino a sopra.<br />

L’erba stanca, verde scuro, è bagnata e scivola sotto le scarpe.<br />

Scaraventato dal vento il mare si schianta contro la scogliera di roccia bianca della Normandia, un<br />

movimento eterno.<br />

Mai sfonderà quella diga naturale, ma non per questo mai si arrenderà o fermerà.<br />

Questo penso mentre resto in piedi a guardare la sfida della natura contro sé stessa.<br />

E finché continuerà a lottare contro sé stessa non potrà che perdere sempre.<br />

Questo urlano due gabbiani che turbinano sospinti dal vento gelido di Novembre, tra le nubi e la<br />

nebbia.<br />

L’aria grigia mi penetra nelle ossa col gelo, mentre mi stringo nel mio cappotto imbottito.<br />

E penso.<br />

Penso alle coste dell’Inghilterra, così vicine, ma invisibili.<br />

E penso a te. Ti immagino sulla scogliera di Dover a guardare nella mia direzione.<br />

Ma il gracchiare dei gabbiani mi diceva che non era vero.<br />

E sono rimasto li per ore, sul precipizio tra la vita e la morte, a cercare nel ruggito del mare le tue<br />

parole per me dall’Inghilterra. “Ti amo”.


Inutile.<br />

La mia mente vaga inutile, vaga nel riflesso del mio volto nella finestra di questa stanza di albergo.<br />

Vaga tra gli oggetti della stanza, che mi danno nausea e noia. “It’s no good, it’s no good” ripete la<br />

radio.<br />

Vaga nel ricordo, nel tuo ricordo, la notte là fuori. Chissà tu cosa fai, se mi pensi, cosa pensi di me.<br />

Nel whisky galleggiano ricordi, aggrappati a cubetti di ghiaccio.<br />

Ricordi, sì ti ricordi? Quanto tempo abbiamo passato abbracciati, sdraiati sull’erba fresca,<br />

profumata di nuovo, avvolti nella mia felpa a guardare le nuvole bianche nel cielo perfetto, che<br />

cambiavano le loro facce. E mentre il vento le faceva correre, restavamo a guardarle, a naso<br />

all’insù, come bambini, mentre le voci ci circondavano e ci correvano intorno. Abbiamo fermato il<br />

tempo, insieme.<br />

O ti ricordi i nostri volti che si sfioravano, i nostri occhi che si abbracciavano, le nostre dita<br />

intrecciate, le tue braccia su di me, nel buio.<br />

A giocare, in quell’aria così diversa dalla nostra, a giocare coi miei colori.<br />

Quanto ti sei lamentata quando mi mettevo coi miei colori a lavorare. Alla fine sei venuta da me, e<br />

col rosso mi hai detto “ti amo”, mentre i nostri nasi si sfioravano, ad occhi chiusi.<br />

I miei pennelli, i miei colori, quasi li abbandonavo in quello chalet di legno profumato. La finestra<br />

davanti al mio studio, le montagne, gli alberi fini ed altissimi.<br />

Non ho mai voluto che tu entrassi li dentro.<br />

Una casa così enorme, solo per noi due, così vuota, nei miei ricordi, e se io ripenso a quel posto non<br />

posso che pensare a te, a vedere te, seduta a leggere, sui tavoli bianchi, o quando entravi in cucina, e<br />

mi guardavi, coi tuoi grandi occhi scuri.<br />

Non posso dirtelo “Ti Amo”, perché non si può, non potremmo neanche più rivederci, penso, o<br />

almeno finché questo mondo continuerà a correre in questa direzione, non posso dirtelo. Non so<br />

neanche se lo penso. È stato tutto così veloce, bruciante, ora che il cervello si vuole liberare io lo<br />

spingo verso l’oblio.<br />

E quando i nostri problemi si saranno risolti, ti avrò perso. Chissà chi sarà lui.<br />

Ma non posso dimenticarti.<br />

Passerà il tempo, e proverò a nasconderti, oppure le fiamme si abbasseranno, ma mai potranno<br />

spegnersi, ed io mai potrò dimenticarti.<br />

Come mai potrò dimenticare l’ultima notte, dove io ho vegliato il tuo sonno, fino all’alba, fino che i<br />

primi raggi di luce scacciassero tutti gli incubi del buio, che volevano catturarti, così che il sorriso<br />

fosse disegnato per tutto il tuo sonno, per tutta l’ultima giornata che avremmo passato insieme.<br />

Tu non sai cosa si cela dietro lo specchio d’acqua della mia superficie, tu non puoi sapere la<br />

tempesta che stritolava il mio stomaco mentre con gli occhi mi dicevi “resta, rivediamoci, cosa ti<br />

costa, voglio rivederti ancora”, mentre ti preparavi a volare verso Cuba. E io resto qui in quest’hotel<br />

dalle luci arancioni, a bere whisky e leggere giornali vecchi.<br />

Guardo la strana folla che percorre la notte silenziosa, e in ogni ragazza io cerco te, coi tuoi difetti<br />

che amo, con il tuo sorriso disarmante, coi tuoi occhi grandi, infiniti, con la tua spruzzata di<br />

lentiggini, che ti rendono più bella.<br />

Non ha importanza allora con chi esco, sappi che io sarò insieme a te, che le mie labbra baceranno<br />

le tue e non quelle di una sconosciuta, e che il mio primo pensiero la mattina sarà per te, non per lei.<br />

Non ha neanche importanza dire che ogni giorno, al mio risveglio il mio primo desiderio era vederti<br />

sorridere, mentre mangiavi la colazione abbandonata sul letto, nel tuo pigiama grigio, le mani<br />

nascoste dalle maniche troppo larghe della mia felpa.<br />

Io ti tiravo il cappuccio e scappavo, scappavo nello studio, a lavorare.<br />

E quando ti vedevo sul ciglio della porta, che mi venivi a chiamare, ti vedevo ogni giorno più bella.<br />

Ora questo sogno è finito, e i ricordi si sgretolano come un muro attaccato dalla pioggia.<br />

Lentamente, ma dolorosamente.<br />

La mia vita continuerà ad andare avanti, scendendo una scala mobile di cui non vedo la fine


Vorrei andare in un altro universo, dove tu ed io possiamo stare insieme, dove potremmo guardarci<br />

negli occhi e tenerci per mano. E magari restare ancora abbracciati nell’erba, a guardare le nuvole<br />

che corrono nel cielo azzurro, mentre il vento soffia.<br />

Canto d’estate, tanto tempo fa.


( 67(//( ', GHGLFDWR D<br />

Il rumore sordo dell’interruttore risuona nel corridoio buio. Il neon risponde a fatica al comando,<br />

poi si accende, illuminando l’ambiente con una fredda luce verdastra. Polvere di calce e di mattoni<br />

si alza a ogni passo, andando a depositarsi su cumuli di libri, borse, scatoloni. La polvere galleggia<br />

nell’aria in tutta quella che lui chiama casa, il sotterraneo di una fabbrica abbandonata, riempita di<br />

rifiuti e scarti di chissà quanti anni e persone.<br />

“Cosa vuol dire «Io ti amo»?” tiene la mano in tasca, i lembi della camicia svolazzano, la mano<br />

sinistra nella tasca dei pantaloni costosi, dal taglio militare. Fruga nel posacenere, tira fuori un<br />

mozzicone spento a metà e lo riaccende, tira lentamente, gustandosi il sapore del tabacco vecchio,<br />

mentre fissa un orologio da muro bianco, rotto e fermo.<br />

Si toglie la parrucca dal viso imperlato di sudore. L’appoggia su una testa in polietilene, vicina ad<br />

altre simili, tutte occupate. Si passa la mano nodosa sul cranio ben rasato, si stacca il trucco in<br />

lattice che gli cambia i lineamenti. Quante persone è? Quante persone è stato? Il suo volto è<br />

anonimo ora “Chi sono io?”<br />

Si guarda intorno, gli oggetti accatastati in pile fin sopra il soffitto, le pareti, la vernice verde<br />

scrostata. “Sono questo? Sono questi oggetti non miei? Sono questo posto?” si guarda le mani<br />

impolverate “Sono questo corpo?” guarda il calco del viso che utilizza, non dissimile da quello di<br />

qualche attore famoso. Vorrebbe distruggerlo. Ma qualcosa lo trattiene, distruggerlo vorrebbe dire<br />

dirle addio per sempre. Lei lo conosce con quel viso.<br />

Scala una pila di scatoloni, contenti coperte, pentole, vestiti, sposta un pannello di plastica scura<br />

appoggiato su una finestra. Il vetro ormai opaco dallo sporco, la apre. Guarda fuori. La cappa delle<br />

nuvole copre il cielo “Nessuna stella stasera”. Salta giù. Ha bisogno di una doccia. Va in uno<br />

stanzino adibito a bagno. L’acqua scende a scatti, fredda, ma pulita. Vive in una topaia, perché? Ha<br />

alcuni appartamenti in centro, ma non li utilizza mai, perché? L’acqua scivola sulla pelle nuda e<br />

porta via con sé i peli finti che ha sulle braccia e sulle gambe.<br />

È passato del tempo, l’auto sfreccia silenziosa sull’autostrada, compie ampi circoli sui cavalcavia,<br />

presi in una direzione, poi in quella opposta. Non riesce a trovare la strada, la cappa di nuvole copre<br />

grigia il cielo, trattenendo un caldo infernale. Non ci sono stelle nel cielo, nessuna rotta da seguire.<br />

Le luci della città sfrecciano in lontananza, a destra, a sinistra. La pistola pesa sul fianco. Pesa, a lui.<br />

Si aggira per casa, seminudo, si è appena rasato ogni pelo sul corpo, è un gesto automatico. La pelle<br />

è ancora umida, la polvere si appiccica e entra in ogni poro della pelle. Guarda la busta appoggiata<br />

su un vecchio banco di scuola. Sa cosa c’è dentro, i complimenti per l’ultimo lavoro e il codice per<br />

accedere ai soldi su un conto cifrato. La busta è lì, chiusa, da almeno una settimana. Sa che non<br />

l’aprirà. Mai probabilmente.<br />

Era scappato di casa quando aveva quindici anni. Era stato arruolato da un esercito paramilitare che<br />

appoggiava i grandi venditori di droga. Un esercito che infettava le città. Dettava legge, aveva<br />

assorbito quasi tutte le bande. Fu li che imparò a uccidere. Dopo due anni era ai vertici, dopo altri<br />

sei mesi aveva ammazzato personalmente più della metà di quegli uomini. L’esercito si era dissolto<br />

come neve sporca al sole. Lui era partito, era stato otto mesi in Sudamerica, poi era andato a<br />

Detroit.<br />

Una delle sue identità conosceva molta gente, gente ricca, da feste negli attici.<br />

L’aveva conosciuta a una di queste.<br />

Buttò una coperta leggera sopra una poltrona, in velluto marrone. Si alzò polvere grigia e arancione,<br />

lui si stese, cercando di dormire almeno qualche ora. Si rigirò per qualche tempo, poi accese il<br />

fornelletto, mise del te a scaldare. Si riempì mezza tazza sbrecciata, prese del gin di sottomarca e si<br />

riempì l’altra metà della tazza.<br />

Ne bevve lunghi sorsi, lanciando sempre un occhio all’orologio sulla parete.


Poi riuscì ad addormentarsi. Lo svegliò una telefonata. Rispose con la bocca impastata dal sonno<br />

interrotto, finì la tazza di te e gin, ormai fredda e tornò a dormire.<br />

Quando si svegliò il sole era sorto da poco, il caldo opprimente. Andò a sistemare la pistola.<br />

“Penso di essermi perso”.<br />

Le luci non sono più familiari, la notte è opprimente. “Tu non ci sei. Non ci sei mai stata?”.<br />

Fuma sigarette cinesi, l’accendino ha una scritta in pachistano sul corpo di metallo scheggiato.<br />

L’abitacolo della macchina si fa sempre più stretto.<br />

Sono passati due giorni. “Tu mi ami? Chi ami? Non me, non mi conosci, allora chi? Potrò mai<br />

essere lui?”.<br />

Dall’ultima volta che l’ha vista ha scambiato solo poche parole, con i due tedeschi che gestiscono<br />

sia il drugstore da cui si rifornisce di cibo e gas, che un giro di prostitute minorenni. La cappa delle<br />

nuvole di giorno si fa arancione, pesante. Il sudore imperla i corpi.<br />

«Allora 'RFNWRU, caldo in laboratorio?» lo apostrofa il più giovane. Sono due fratelli, il maggiore è<br />

nel retro, sta guardando la televisione e mangiando una cosa che dovrebbe essere un hot dog, il<br />

minore si stacca la pelle morta dai calli sulle mani.<br />

«E qui che si dice? Merce fresca?»<br />

«Con questo caldo? Di fresco non c’è neanche il frigo» risponde ridendo della battuta divertente.<br />

Lui aspira la sigaretta, incollata alle labbra, fa per scuotere la testa, poi lascia perdere. Prende il<br />

pacco, lattice, uova, carne, te, gin, lamette da barba e sigarette. Sono gli unici nel raggio di cento<br />

miglia che vendono la sua marca.<br />

Dovrebbe prendere dei proiettili, ma non ha voglia di andare dal cileno, non ne ha proprio voglia.<br />

Esce dal negozio dei due papponi tedeschi con un sapore di ruggine sulla lingua.<br />

Guarda in lontananza, e osserva. Osserva i palazzi della gente ricca, laggiù, in centro. Gli<br />

piacerebbe poterle dire, come la prima volta che si sono conosciuti “Quando torneremo, ognuno alla<br />

propria casa, guarderemo dalle nostre finestre e guarderemo la stessa stella”. Si rigira il telefono<br />

nella tasca dei pantaloni. Fa un salto giù al ponte, si prende una birra, guarda detriti umani che<br />

cercano di sopravvivere. Cerca di farsi forza, lui non è come loro, ha delle case in centro, un lusso<br />

che in pochi possono permettersi. Ama una ragazza, ma forse l’uomo che ha gli appartamenti non è<br />

la stessa persona che è innamorata.<br />

Una cassa gracchia una vecchia canzone «Un’estate fa, la storia di noi due, era un po’ come una<br />

favola, ma l’estate va e porta via con sé, anche il meglio delle favole…»<br />

Lui si allontana, torna a casa, “Sono cose che succedono” si dice, mentre cammina col passo spedito<br />

che lo contraddistingue, la mano in fondo la tasca.<br />

Ricorda una cosa che gli aveva detto. «Non c’eri che tu», si chiede se lei mentisse.<br />

La musica scivola nell’abitacolo, lame di luce tagliano il fumo.<br />

Si passa una mano sul cranio, sente il ruvido dei capelli che ricominciano a crescere. La strada porta<br />

dritta al cuore della città. se andasse avanti andrebbe verso sud, verso un altro mondo.<br />

Ferma la macchina nella notte silenziosa. Scende e conta coi passi la lunghezza della piazzola di<br />

servizio. Si appoggia al guard rail, guarda la notte, le luci della città. le dita scivolano sul calcio<br />

della pistola, sulla canna lucida. L’impulso è di gettarla.<br />

Ripensa alla busta.<br />

Alla telefonata ricevuta due giorni prima, cerca di focalizzarne il contenuto. Chi era? Cosa voleva?<br />

Non ricorda.<br />

Cerca di ricordare i visi di tutte le persone che ha ucciso, i volti si mescolano.<br />

Ripensa a un posto che ha chiamato casa, ai cumuli di JRPL accatastato.<br />

Vorrebbe telefonarle, vederla un’ultima volta, le sue scarpe da ginnastica rosse, sentire la sua voce<br />

dolce. «Ditele che non tornerò» sussurra alla notte finalmente stellata.


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