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<strong>BBCGreatLakes</strong>.<strong>com</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>th<strong>is</strong></strong> <strong>material</strong> <strong>is</strong> <strong>subject</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>copy</strong>-right<br />
KWANDIKA INKURU IKORESHWA KURI RADIYO<br />
ALLAN LITTLE (AL):<br />
Ubwo nari umunyeshuli hano Edinburgh, hari gihe nigeze gutanga inyandiko nari<br />
nanditse hutihuti ntiriwe mbanza gusubira mu ibyo nari nanditse. Umwarimu wanjye<br />
yaray<strong>is</strong>omye maze ayinsubiza iherekejwe n’umurungo umwe yari yanditse<br />
ntazibagirwa mu buzima bwanjye bwose, yagize ati “wanditse amagambo meza ariko<br />
nta bintu byinshi wavuze.”<br />
Ibyo byambereye <strong>is</strong>omo rya mbere rikomeye ryo kwandika inyandiko inononsoye<br />
neza.<br />
Isomo rya kabiri, umwe mu bayobozi banjye ba kera,yigeze kumbwira ko hari ikintu<br />
yabonye ku banyamakuru yakoreshaga- abo yumvaga ko ari abanditse beza buri<br />
munsi bazaga kubonana nawe bitwaje igitabo mu n<strong>to</strong>ki.<br />
Ibyo b<strong>is</strong>hobora kuba bigaragara ko ,kandi b<strong>is</strong>hobora kuba ariko byumvikana, ariko<br />
niba ushaka kuba umwad<strong>is</strong>i mwiza ugomba gusoma ibitabo, si gusoma ibinyamakuru<br />
gusa.Kugira ngo ushobore gukoresha uru rurimi neza,ugomba kurukunda, ibyo bivuga<br />
ko mu buzima bwawe bwa muri munsi ugomba gusoma no gusoma ib<strong>is</strong>igo, soma<br />
buhoro, tekereza ukuntu umwanditsi yagoretse amagambo akurikije ibyifuzo bye.<br />
Ijambo rikurikira ni rimwe mu magambo yamamaye cyane mu mateka<br />
y’umikoreshereze y’indimi.<br />
(IJAMBO RYA WINSTON CHURCHILL MU NTEKO NSHINGA MATEGEKO<br />
KU TARIKI YA 4/06/1940<br />
“Tuzakomeza tugende kugeza turangije. Tuzarwanira mu Bufaransa.Tuzarwanira mu<br />
nzuzi no mu nyanja. Tuzarwana dufite icyizere cyinshi kandi tuzamuka hejuru mu<br />
kirere. Uko bizagenda kwose tuzarwana ku kirwa cyacu.Tuzarwanira ku<br />
nkengero.Tuzarwanira ku bibuga.Tuzarwanira mu m<strong>is</strong>ozi.Ntabwo tuzitanga.”
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AL: N’iki kidasanzwe muri iri jambo? Ni kuki g<strong>is</strong>him<strong>is</strong>hije? Ed Murrow yavuze ko<br />
Churchill yakoresheje ururimi rw’icyongereza maze urwohereza ku rugamba. Ariko<br />
se, ni kuki amagambo ye yagize ingufu? Hano hari ikintu kimwe, yashoboye<br />
kucengera gice cya kera cy’ururimi, agera ku ntimba ya “Anglo Saxon”, akoresheje<br />
amagambo arobanuye. Biravugwa ko Churchill atigeze agaragaza ubushake bwo<br />
gukunda Ikilatini cyangwa Ikigeriki ari mu <strong>is</strong>huli.Jye ndumva ko amagambo magufi<br />
kandi ayungurye yakoresheje yari asobanutse kubera atakoresheje amagambo<br />
y’imvugo zikomeye.<br />
Kandi Churchill yakundaga gukoresha amagambo y’umugemo umwe. “Tuzarwanira<br />
mu mirima.Tuzarwanira mu m<strong>is</strong>ozi. Tuzakomeza kugeza turangije.” Ubu rero ihe<br />
akazi ko gusubira mu nyandiko zawe za kera , maze ukoreshe gusa amagambo<br />
y’umugemo umwe. Biraba ngombwa ko utekereza n’uburyo butandukanye na mbere<br />
ku mikoreshereze y’ururimi. Biraba ngombwa ko utekereza uko u<strong>to</strong>ranya amagambo<br />
no kuyahuza. Biraba ngombwa ko ushak<strong>is</strong>ha inzira zindi mu gokoresha ururimi<br />
ariko ushaka kugera ku icyo wifuza.<br />
Icya gatatu n’ukumenya icyo wandikira. Kwandikira Radiyo bitandukanye no<br />
kwandikira televiziyo bitandukanye kandi no kwandikira ibinyamakuru. Kuri<br />
televiziyo, inyandiko ntigomba kuvuga ibigaragzwa n’amashusho.Amagambo<br />
agomba kunganira amashusho.Kuri radiyo,amagambo n’amajwi bigomba kujyana mu<br />
gusobanura no gutanga <strong>is</strong>husho y’uko ibintu byifashe. Tega amatwi inkuru yateguwe<br />
na Mike Donkin k’ubuhizi bw’inyamaswa yitwa “seal” bukorwa n’Abainut bo muri<br />
Canada.Umva amagambo akoresha muri iyo nyandiko ye ukuntu atanga <strong>is</strong>husho<br />
y’uko bikorwa.<br />
(INKURUYATEGURIWE IKIGARO “TODAY” CYO KURI BBC RADIO 4<br />
CYATEGUWE NA MIKE DONKIN KU TARIKI YA 13/03/1999. MIKE<br />
DONKIN(MD)<br />
Igihe cyo gufungura mu karere ka Arctic, imbwa za Isaac Gunterlak ziziritse ahantu<br />
hakonje cyane. Ubwa<strong>to</strong>(sled) bakoresha mu guhiga izo nyamaswa burakururwa na<br />
(Skidoo) ariko Isaac na mugenzi we Teeman barakoresha ibikoresho gakondo.
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Isaac: Ibi nibyo bikoresho byonyine turibujyane. Ibyuma byo kubaga “seal”.Umutwe<br />
w’icumu ukoze mu icyuma. Uko ukoze ntabwo bihinduka cyane.<br />
MD:<br />
N’imbunda irakururwa,mbere y’uko ubwa<strong>to</strong> bukururwa ku ruzi rugizwe na barafu<br />
hari urugendo rw’ibirometero mirongo itatu mbere yo kugera ku mazi.Kuri Isaac, ari<br />
kuri ubwo bwa<strong>to</strong>, ubuzima bw’iyo nyamaswa yo mw<strong>is</strong>hyamba iboneka gusa muri<br />
Arctic n’unkuru<strong>to</strong>nde rw’ibyo umuntu ashaka guhaha.<br />
ISAAC:<br />
Izo nyamaswa zitwa “seal”, “walrus”, “polar bear” tugomba kubona ibiryo<br />
tugaburira imiryango yacu n’abaturage.Aho tugiye haba harambuye umwaka wose,<br />
hari umuhengeri ukomeye. Aho tugiye hose duzashobora kubona imyobo y’ izo<br />
nyamaswa.<br />
MD:<br />
Imbere hari igihu gusa. Isaac arahamagara inyamaswa ashaka guhiga( aravugiriza),<br />
aritegura.<br />
ISAAC:<br />
Hariya hari imwe<br />
MD<br />
Buretse ga<strong>to</strong><br />
ISAAC:<br />
Reka ngerageze<br />
MD<br />
N’iby<strong>is</strong>himo nta gushidikanya<br />
ISAAC:<br />
Ngomba kuyitera icumu
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MD:<br />
Ntabwo ari igikorwa cyoroshye.Umuhengeri ujyanye “seal” yapfuye maze uyigarura<br />
ku nkengero,barafu irimo kugwa.<br />
AL: Turi bwumve izindi ngero zo kwandika inkuru itegurirwa Radiyo.Izo ngero<br />
nazikuye mu nkuru zanjye. Kuri buri nkuru ndagerageza kwerekana icyo nashakaga<br />
kugeraho. Icyo nicyo kibazo nawe wagombaga kwibaza-n’iki nshaka gushyira mu<br />
nkuru ndimo gutegura.?<br />
Urugero, ese ndashaka kuvuga inkuru irambuye gusa,ivuga uko ibintu bikurikirana?<br />
Cyangwa se ndashaka kugaragaza uko umwuka wifashe, ig<strong>is</strong>hobora kuba cyangwa<br />
ubwoba buhari. Nshobora kuba nshaka gutangaza inkuru <strong>is</strong>esengura ibibazo.Niba uzi<br />
neza ibigomba kuba bikubiye muri buri nteruro,byagufasha mu kwandika inkuru<br />
yawe neza.<br />
Ibyo nashakaga kugeraho mu nkuru ikurikira-nashakaga kuvuga ibyabaye,nkerekana<br />
uko ibintu byifashe no gusesengura. Mu kwezi kwa gatandatu,2004,nakurikiranye<br />
imihango y’<strong>is</strong>abukuru y’imyaka 60 y’intambara y’<strong>is</strong>i ya kabiri. Nyuma y’amezi<br />
atandatu,mu gihe cya Noheli, Radiyo 4 ya BBC yansabye kuyitegurira inyandiko<br />
igaragaza uko uwo munsi wizihijwe.<br />
(BIVUYE MU KIGANIRO CYAHISE KURI BBC 4, CYATEGUWE NA ALLAN<br />
LITTLE KU TARIKI 26/12/2004<br />
AL: Imbunda zari i Normandy zarashwe mu mpera z’icyo cyumweru mu kwezi kwa<br />
gatandatu,ntabwo zarashwe kubera uburakari ahubwo byari iby<strong>is</strong>himo. Twabonye<br />
abari mu ngabo mu myaka ya 1944,bongeye guhurira hamwe bwanyuma.Ntabwo<br />
bashakaga kuvuga ibyo bakoze.Nta biganiro byo kwivuga ibigwi mu busore<br />
bwabo.Abayobozi b’ibihugu by’Uburayi baje kubashimira , ariko bo ubwabo<br />
ntibifuzaga gushimirwa; bari bafitiye agahinda bagenzi babo batashoboye kugera<br />
aho,inshuti zabo basize inyuma mu butaka bw’Ubufaransa bamaze kububohoza.
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Nkatwe tutari twakavutse icyo gihe binjira kuri ubwo butaka mu imyaka myinshi<br />
<strong>is</strong>hize,dushobora kuba twarabyiyumv<strong>is</strong>hemo,twifatanije nabo ubwo twari kumwe<br />
nabo.Aho I Normandy baje bafite urwibutso rw’inkengero zinyanyagiyemo imirambo<br />
y’abagabo bari bakiri ba<strong>to</strong>, abo barokotse nibo bari bafite akababaro k’iyo ntambara,<br />
nibo bashakaga gushimira aho gushimirwa. Batambagiye muri ayo marimba<br />
bacecetse.<br />
MAN:<br />
Ntabwo bazasaza,mu gihe twebe twasigaye turimo gukura. Imyaka bafite ntizatuma<br />
basaza kandi ntabwo imyaka izabamagana.Uko bwije uko bukeye,tuzabibuka.<br />
ALAN:<br />
Umunyamakuru w’umunyamerika,Ernie Pile,yambutse uruzi ari kumwe n’ingabo<br />
zagabye igitero.Mu nkuru yohereje ari ku nkengero z’uruzi, yavuze ko inkengero za<br />
Normandy zirangwa n’akababaro.Yavuze ko hari ahantu h’ibirometero byinshi hari<br />
hanyanyagiye umwanda .Ibyo n’ibikoresho by’abaguye mu mirwano badushakira<br />
inzira yo kwinjira mu Burayi. Amasog<strong>is</strong>i,umuti w’inkwe<strong>to</strong>,ibikoresho byo<br />
kudoda,ibitabo bandikamo ibikorwa buri munsi,bibiriya.Izandiko za vuba zavuye<br />
iwabo,ziriho aderese.<br />
Icyakomeje gutangaza Pile n’uko abari mu ntambara bari bakiri ba<strong>to</strong> cyane.Ibyo najye<br />
nabibonye muri Irak ubwo nari kumwe n’abasirikare b’Amerika barwanira k’ubutaka<br />
mu mujyi wa Baghdad ubwo bari bamaze gusenya ig<strong>is</strong>anamu cya Saddam<br />
Hussein.Hari umunsi nari mu cyumba cya Hotel Palestine ,idir<strong>is</strong>hya rireba ku ruhande<br />
rw’umugezi Tigr<strong>is</strong> ryari rifunguye,nabonye abasirikare babiri b’abanyamerika<br />
bategereje k’urugi rw’icyumba cyanje. Byagaragaraga ko bari bakiri ba<strong>to</strong>.Abahungu,<br />
bambaye imyambaro ya g<strong>is</strong>irikare y’abantu bakuru bitwaje imbunda zo mu bwoko<br />
bwa M16. Umwe yagize ati“Nyakubahwa…twumv<strong>is</strong>e ko ufite telefoni ya “satellite”<br />
tumaze amezi ane tutaravugana n’iwacu”Byatangiye gutyo maze biba akamenyero,<br />
nkajya mbaha telefoni yanjye bakayimarana iminota mike. Hafi buri munsi<br />
bahamagaraga ba nyina.
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AL:<br />
Andika interuro ngufi.Bara amagambo agize buri nteruro; niba interuro yawe irengeje<br />
amagambo cumi n’atandatu ,bivuga ko interuro yawe ari ndende cyane. Mu nyandiko<br />
ikurikira, muri rusange interuro igizwe n’amagambo cumi n’atanu.Interuro zimwe ni<br />
ngufi cyane.Interuro imwe cyangwa cyangwa ebyiri ni ndende cyane.Nabikuye mu<br />
nyandiko nandikiye I Kinshasa,umurwa mukuru wa Congo;hari mu cyumweru<br />
inyeshyamba zafashe uwo ujmyi, maze zihirika ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Mobutu<br />
Sese Seko.Icyp nageragezaga gukora cyari kuvuga inkuru,kwerekana <strong>is</strong>husho y’uko<br />
ibintu byifashe,kwerekana umwuka w’imvururu waharangwaga muri iyo minsi.<br />
INYANDIKO YO KURI BBC RADIYO 4: INKURU YATEGURIWE I KINSHASA<br />
NA ALLAN LITTILE KU TARIKI 2/8/1997<br />
Urugendo rurerure rwatangiriye mu burasirazuba rurarangiye, n’intambara irarangiye.<br />
Uyu munsi najyanye n’inyeshyamba tugera ku ngoro y’ingoma ya Mobutu<br />
yaranzwe na ruswa.Abasirikare bagenda ku murongo umwe bi<strong>to</strong>nze,barushye,bumvira<br />
amategeko, binjiye mu kigo cya g<strong>is</strong>irikare cya Chachi cyubatse ku musozi. Bavuye I<br />
Kalemie,kure cyane ku nkengero z’ikiyaga Tanganyika banyura hagati y’icyo gihugu<br />
kinini bagenda n’amagauru ku buryo buri muntu yab<strong>is</strong>hoboye.Ni gake cyane barashe<br />
imbunda zabo. Uburyo ubutegesti bwa Mobutu bwatereranye igihugu amaherezo<br />
bigize icyo bikimarira.Ig<strong>is</strong>irikare cyari cyarashegejwe cyane ku buryo kitashoboraga<br />
kurwana. Hari ubwoba ko i K<strong>is</strong>hasa hari bumeneke maraso menshi ariko siko<br />
byagenze. Iyi ntabwo yari intambara,yari imyivumbaganyo y’abaturage.Amizero yo<br />
kubaho agenda n’amaguru yambutse amashyamba y’nzitane,yambuka imigezi, yinjira<br />
muri uwu mujyi<br />
Ubu rero hari ukwihorera.Mu muhanda uri mu nkengero z’umujyi,abantu barindwi<br />
bakoraga mu nzego z<strong>is</strong>hinzwe iperereza mu butegetsi bwa kera b<strong>is</strong>hwe n’agatsiko<br />
k’abantu.Imirambo yabo irunze hamwe ,bayimenyeho l<strong>is</strong>ansi iraka umuriro.Jyewe<br />
n’abaturage tuzi ibyo abanyeshuli bose biga, abahemukiwe nabo barihimura<br />
bagahemuka. Ikirere cyose cyuzuye impumuro y’inyama yokeje ,udutsiko tw’abantu<br />
turimo kuririmba indirimbo zo kwibohoza binyuze mu mwotsi.
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AL: Andi mategeko abiri akomeye,yombi afitanye <strong>is</strong>ano-Gusobanura n’icyo wifuza .<br />
Sobanura neza icyo urimo kugerageza kuvuga. Niba igiciro cy’ikintu gihanitse,vuga<br />
uko gihanitse.Ntuvuge ngo kirahanitse cyane. I<strong>to</strong>ndere gukoresha za ntera.Hashize<br />
imyaka igera kuri mirongo itanu Norman Mailer yanditse igitabo cyitwa “The Naked<br />
&The Dead” Muri icyo gitabo yanditse, Norman Miller yavuze ko yagitekerejeho<br />
yumva ko ari igitabo cy’umusore. Yavuze ko muri icyo gitabo harimo amazina make<br />
adahrekejwe na ntera. Mu nyandiko zawe,shak<strong>is</strong>hamo amagambo wakoresheje<br />
cyane,asa n’aharekeje andi, kuko iyo bigenze gutyo amagambo atakaza agaciro ko<br />
kumenyekan<strong>is</strong>ha icyo wifuza kuvuga.<br />
Ibyo kandi bijyana no gukoresha inshobera mahanga.Ntukoreshe ijambo utazi neza<br />
icyo rivuga. Ugomba kwandikira uguteze amatwi. Ugomba kwandika interuro<br />
yumvikana nkaho arimo kuganira.Ushobora kuba uvugira kuri radiyo, uzi ko abantu<br />
babariwa muri za miliyoni barimo kukumva ariko gerageza w<strong>is</strong>hyiremo ko urimo<br />
kuganira n’umuntu umwe ushobora kuba yicaye iruhande rwawe.Kandi uzirikane ko<br />
ari inshuro imwe gusa abakumva bashobora gusobanukirwa icyo urimo<br />
kubabwira.Ntabwo bashobora gusubira inyuma bakajya gusoma interuro batumv<strong>is</strong>e<br />
neza. N’ukuvuga rero ko iyo umaze kwandika, ongera usubire mu nyandiko yawe,<br />
wongere uy<strong>is</strong>ubiremo.Buri gihe iyo usubiyemo urayitunganya.Ntugerageze kutesha<br />
agaciro igitekerezo ushaka gutanga. Muri uko gutanga igitekerezo cyawe,koresha<br />
amagambo yumvikana, yoroshye gukurikira.<br />
BIRARANGIYE.
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